Glass. Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT v< / BIRDS OF PARADISE 1. Most beautiful type.— 2. Six-threaded or Golden.— 3. King. iZ? %., ; .'. ■ 1. Purple-cap Lary.— 2. Tri-colored Crested Cockatoo.— 3. Green-winged Macaw.— Love-bird.— 8. Common Gray Parrot.— 9. Tabuan or Australian Parrot.— 10. Warbling Grass nged Parrakeet.— 5. Kakapo or Owl Parrot.— 6. Blue-crowned Parrot.— 7. Rose-colored eet. CHERRIES 1. Large Gobet — 2. Hedelfinger Giant.— 3. Spanish Sour.— 4. Royal Amarelle.— 5. Coburg May- heart —6 Buttner'sLate Red, hard.— 7. Winkler's White Heart.— 8. Ostheimer Common.— 9. Red May.— 10. Kruger's Heart.— 11. Lucien.— 12. Sweet Early Common.— 13. Duchess of Angouleme. —14. Queen Hortense.— 15. Late Amarelle.— 16. Red Muscatel.— 17. Large Long Dark Red.— 18. Large Princess.— 19.. Donissen's Golden, hard.— 20. Large Black, hard. s ORCHIDS 1. Aganisia tricolor.-*. Coryanthcs macrantha.-3. Miltonia Blunti.-4. Nanodes Medusae. — o. Dendrobmm Brymerianum.— 6. Brassia caudata var. hieroglyphica.— 7. Cattleya Trianae var.purpurata.— 8. Ma?devallia spectrum.— 9. Laelia elegans var. Houtteana.— 10. Coelo-yne pandurata.— 11. Taphinia Randi. J ■^.7^"— -Tr-^^5r— ' -^"— - — ^—r-rry .-.. ,^,„--,^.^ : ^^^~_^^ k PLUMAGE la,b. Horned Bell. — 2a,b. Red Starred Blue-Throated Warbler, — 3a,b. Dominican Widow. .1 % t 5_ Teal. — 5 a, b. Running Game Cock. — 6. Golden Snipe Hen. — 7 a. Prairie Hen. — 8 a" b' Crested" Auk. — 9 a, b. Crested Grebe. — 10 a. Temminck Tragopan (Asiatic game bird), with inflated throat-sac and erect horns, (a, female; b, male.) THE NEW UNIVERSITIES DICTIONARY ILLUSTRATED Editor-in-Chief GEORGE J. HAGAR Editor of Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History; one of the revisers of the Columbian, Johnson's, People's, Ameri- cana, New International, New Standard, Standard American, and Everybody's Encyclopedias, and the compiler of the chronology of the world in the new Standard Dictionary. Assisted by a staff of expert lexicographers Leading Contributors PERCY W. LONG, Ph. D. FORREST S. LUNT, A.M. Harvard University Columbia University CLARK S. NORTHRUP, Ph.D. MORRIS W. CROLL, Ph.D. Cornell University Princeton University JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania and many other recognized authorities WORLD SYNDICATE COMPANY (Incorporated) MADE IN U. S. A. J*!** Copyright 1922 by WORLD SYNDICATE COMPANY, INC. PRESS OF THE COMMERCIAL BOOKBINDING CO. CLEVELAND AUG 26 1922 :CI.A683214 - /o HOW OUR LANGUAGE GREW hy Leading American Authorities /* STANDARD ENGLISH By Prof. Percy W. Long, Ph.D., Department of English, Harvard University; Secretary of the American Dialect Society; member of the Editorial Staff of Webster's "New International Dictionary." PRACTICAL SYNTAX By Prof. Forrest S. Lttnt, M.A., Instructor of English, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, Columbia University. ETYMOLOGY By Prof. Clark S. North lp, Ph.D., Department of Eng- lish, Cornell University. PUNCTUATION By Prof. Morris W. Croll, Ph.D., Department cf English, Princeton University. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES By Prof. John C. Rolfe, Ph.D., Department of Latin, University of Pennsylvania. A GUIDE TO CORRECT USE OF TO-DAY'S ENGLISH THE New Universities Dictionary is designed to meet the demand among the masses of the people for a dictionary that shall be complete in its vocabulary, accurate in its definitions, and contain the latest and newest words whose general usage warrants their incorporation into a dictionary designed primarily for the people. The orthography and pronunciations in this work are in accordance with the leading authorities in America and England and have been prepared with painstaking care. The words in the vocabulary have been so arranged in alpha- betical order that reference to any one of them is a matter of the greatest ease and convenience. The type has been chosen with much care and deliberation, and its size is the largest and clearest permissible in a single volume of the scope of the New Universities Dictionary. The pronunciation of each word is plainly and accurately indi- cated by phonetic spelling and the proper diacritical marks. The definitions, while necessarily in concise form, have been prepared by experts in lexicography so as to include the most recent distinctions and shades of meaning. The entire work is printed from new type, on good, strong paper, handsomely and durably bound, and with ordinary care will last many years. It is believed that the New Universities Dictionary embraces all the words that will ever be needed by the ordinary reader, student or investigator. At the same time the scientific student or scholar will find words in this Dictionary that are not to be found in any other dictionary in the English language. The recent and numerous discoveries in science, the European War, the vast strides being made in sociology, political economy A Guide to Correct Use of To-day's English ( Continued) and metaphysics, as well as the marvelous advance in every direc- tion by the peoples of the world today, and the consequent coinage of new words in every sphere of knowledge, render a work of this kind absolutely necessary. The editors of the New Universities Dictionary, after careful deliberation, have concluded to leave out many current words of coarseness and vulgarity, believing their present vogue to be merely ephemeral. Those words of slang, however, that have become, by long usage, a part of our literature and speech, have been included. The twenty-two Supplementary Dictionaries that are encom- passed in the New Universities Dictionary have been prepared with the utmost care from the leading authorities on the various subjects by experts in their respective fields. The information contained in these supplementary divisions will be found of unusual practical value and in many instances not to be obtained elsewhere. The division entitled "Facts Worth Knowing" will be found a miniature encyclopedia in the scope of variety, value and completeness of its contents. All in all, the New Universities Dictionary is the latest, and best work of its kind that has ever been published in the English language and is so conceded by the authorities in lexicography to whom it has been submitted. ILLUSTRATIONS COLOR PLATES Birds of Paradise. Cherries. Pheasants. Orchids. Parrots. Plumage. Gorgeous Fishes of the Southern Seas. 1 INDEX Abbreviations, Classical, Dic- tionary of 1013 Abbreviations, Most Common, Dictionary of 1069 Address, Forms of, Dictionary of 1052 Adjectives 981 Adverbs 983 Americanisms, Dictionary of . . 995 Anniversaries, Wedding 1154 Apostrophe, The 991 Atomic Weights, Dictionary of 999 Automobile, Dictionary of the 1000 Aviation, Dictionary of 1004 Baseball, Dictionary of 1008 Bell Time on Shipboard 1153 Birth Days 1154 Birth Stones 1154 Bracket, The 992 Capital Letters, Use of 993 Census, principal cities, Canada 1168 Census, principal cities, U. S. ... 1161 Changes in Form and Meaning of Words 986 Colon, The 991 Color Plates, List of 6 Comma, The 990 Commerce and Law, Dictionary of 1017 Conjunctions 983 Dash, The 992 Derivation, Principles of 988 Dictionaries, Evolution of Eng- lish. 970 Dictionaries, Supplementary: Abbreviations Classical 1013 Abbreviations, Most Common 1069 Address, Forms of 1052 Americanisms 995 Atomic Weights 999 Automobile, The 1000 Aviation 1004 Baseball 1008 Commerce and Law 1017 Football 1035 Foreign Words and Phrases. . 1039 Golf 1056 Lacrosse 1059 Lawn Tennis. 1062 Military and Naval Terms. . 1065 Music 1096 Mythological and Classical Names 1155 Photography 1100 Polo 1104 State Names and Meanings. . 1107 Wireless Telegraphy 1108 Words of Like and Opposite Meaning 1112 Yachting 1141 Digestibility of Foods 1153 Earth, Facts About the 1148 Elements of Words, The 985 English, Standard 975 Etymology 984 Everyone His Own Weather Prophet 1147 Evolution of English Diction- aries 970 Exclamation Point, The 991 Facts About the Earth 1148 Facts Worth Knowing 1144 Flowers, Language of 1146 Flowers, State 1151 Football, Dictionary of 1035 Foreign Coins, Value of 1145 Foreign Words and Phrases, Dictionary of 1039 Form and Meaning of Words, Changes in 986 Forms of Address, Dictionary of 1052 Golf, Dictionary of 1056 Guide to Correct Use of Today's English - 4 How Our Language Grew 3 Hyphen, The 992 Illustrations, List of 6 Lacrosse, Dictionary of 1059 Language of the Flowers 1145 Language of Gems 1154 Lawn Tennis, Dictionary of . . . . 1062 Meaning of Words, Changes in Form and 986 vr INDEX (Continued) Metric System of Weights and Measures 1149 Military and Naval Terms, Dic- tionary of 1065 Music, Dictionary of 1096 Mythological and Classical Names 1155 National Parks in the U. S 1152 Nouns, Uses of 980 Nutritive Value of Foods 1153 Parenthesis, The 992 Period, The 989 Photography, Dictionary of . . . . 1100 Polo, Dictionary of 1104 Population, Principal Cities, Canada 1168 Population, Principal Cities, U. S 1161 Practical Syntax 979 Prepositions 983 Principles of Derivation, The . . 988 Pronouns 981 Punctuation 989 Question Mark, The 991 Quotation Marks, The 992 Semi-colon, The 990 Sources of Our Vocabulary 984 Standard English 975 State Names and Meanings, Dictionary of 1107 Syntax, Practical 979 Time and Its Variation 1150 Value of Foreign Coins 1145 Verbs 982 Vocabulary 968 Vocabulary, Sources of Our. . . . 984 Wedding Anniversaries 1154 Wireless Telegraphy, Dictionary of 1108 Words, Changes in Form and Meaning of 986 Words, Elements of 985 Words of Like and Opposite Meaning, Dictionary of 1112 Yachting, Dictionary of 1141 A A (a or a), usually the first letter in the alphabets of the world. a (a or a), indef. art. (contraction of an), one; any; used before words be- ginning with a consonant or the sound of h. aback (a-bak'), adv. backward; pressed back against the mast: said of sails; by surprise. abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance of beads or balls strung upon rods or wires: used for arithmetical compu- tation; the slab crowning a column or pillar. abaft (a-baft'), adv. & prep, at, toward, or in the direction of the stern of a ship; astern. abaiser (a-ba'ser), n. bone black. abalone (ab-a-lo'ne), n. an ear-shaped gastropod. abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; desert or forsake utterly; give up all claim to; yield one's self. abandoned (a-ban'dund), adj. given up entirely; shamelessly profligate. abandonment (a-ban'dun-ment), n. the act of abandoning; the state of being abandoned. a-bas (a-ba/), [French] down with. abase (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- grade; debase morally; dishonor. abasement (a-bas'ment), n. the act of abasing or humiliating. abash (a-bash'), v.t. to put to con- fusion; confound or make ashamed by consciousness of guilt or error. abasia (a-ba'si-a), n. incapacity to walk because of muscular defects. abatable (a-ba'ta-bl), adj. that may be abated. abate (a-baf), v.t. to lessen; suppress: v.i. to decrease ; moderate; subside. abatement (a-bat'ment), n. the act of abating; the state of being abated; diminution; the amount by which a sum or quantity is reduced. abatis, abattis (English ab'a-tis; French a-ba-te'), n. a barricade composed of felled trees with the branches pointing outward. abattoir (a-bat-twar'), n. a public slaughter-house. abb (ab), n. the yarn of the warp in weaving. abbacy (ab'a-si), n. the office and jurisdiction of an abbot. abbe (a-ba/), n. an ecclesiastic devoted to literature. abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of a convent or nunnery. abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abtJbys (-iz)], an establishment for religious devotees of either sex, renounced to celibacy and seclusion from the world. abbot (ab'ut), n. the superior or head of an abbey. abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to shorten, as by contraction of a word, or the omission of words in a sen- tence; reduce a quantity to its lowest terms. abbreviation (ab-bre'vi-a/shun), n. the act of shortening or abbreviat- ing; the state of being abbreviated; the word, phrase, or title so con- tracted, as M.D. for Doctor of Medi- cine. abbreviator (ab-bre'vi-a-ter), n. one who shortens or abbreviates. abbreviature (ab-bre'vi-a-tiir), n. the sign, letter, or character used for contraction; a compendium or abridgment. abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not: boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. C9> ABDICATION 10 ABJECTION give up, or withdraw from; to re- linquish the crown in favor of a successor. abdication (ab-di-ka/shun), n. the act of relinquishment or resignation. abdicator (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one who abdicates or resigns. abdomen (ab'd5-men), n. the belly; the cavity containing the digestive apparatus or viscera; the posterior segment or third division of the body of an insect. abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), adj. per- taining to the abdomen. abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away by persuasion or argument; draw aside by an abductor muscle. abduct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by stealth or force; kidnap. abduction > (ab-duk'shun), n. the act of abducting or kidnapping. abductor (ab-duk'ter), n. one who, or that which, abducts; a muscle moving certain parts from the axis of a limb. abeam (a-beW), adv. at right angles to the keel of a ship. abecedarian (a-be-se-da/ri-an), or abecedary, adj. belonging to the alphabet: n. one teaching or learn- ing the alphabet. abed (a-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. aberrant (ab-er'ant), adj. departing from the usual path, type, or stand- ard. aberration (ab-er-ra/shun) , n. the act of departing from the usual path, type, or standard; mental de- rangement; the unequal refraction of rays of light from a lens so that they do not converge to a single point. abet (a-bef), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid or assist in the performance of an act, usually to a criminal nature; to incite, or instigate. abetment (a-bet'ment), n. the act of abetting or instigating to action or crime. abetter or abettor (a-bet'er), n. one who aids or abets in the commission of a crime; one who protects a criminal or assists him to escape from justice. abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. held or kept back; held over; a state of suspen- sion. abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- horred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, loathe, execrate, abominate; be strongly averse to; shrink or recoil from with horror, dread, or disgust. abhorrence (ab-hor 'rens), n. detes- tation; extreme hatred; that which excites a feeling of strong repug- nance. abhorrent (ab-hor 'rent), adj. detest- able, hateful, repulsive. abhorrer (ab-hor'rer), n. one who abhors or detests. abide (a-bld'), [p.t. & p.p. abode, p.pr. abiding], v.t. to await, endure, withstand, tolerate: v.i. to dwell, re- side, continue, stand firm. abiding (a-bl'ding), p. adj. remain- ing; staying; steadfast, in faith or in purpose. abigail (ab'i-gal), n. a waiting-maid, so called from Abigail, "thine hand- maid" (I Sam. xxv. 2-41). ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. power to per- form; skill to achieve; capability for carrying out; capacity to devise, receive, retain, or make use of; physical or moral strength; talents or gifts, in a special or general de- gree; wealth; means. abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat), adj. suc- ceeding to the estate of a person dying without a will. abiogenesis (ab-i-o-jen'e-sis), n. spon- taneous generation. abiology (ab-i-ol'o-ji), n. the study of non-living things; in contra- distinction to biology or the study of living things. abion (ab'i-on), n. non-living things in the aggregate, as contrasted with living. abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; mean; low; despicable; in a sunken or degraded condition. abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the act ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABJURATION 11 ABORIGINES of being cast down; cast away; deg- radation. abjuration (ab-ju-ra/shun), n. an oath of renunciation, as of allegi- ance; the act of renouncing. abjure (ab-jur'), tr.t. to renounce upon oath; forswear allegiance to; repudiate or recant. ablactation (ab-lak-ta'shun), n. the act of weaning a child from the breast. ablation (ab-la'shun), n. the act of removal or carrying away. ablative (abla-tiv), n. one of the cases of Latin nouns, expressing chiefly separation and instrumental- ity. ablaut (ab'lout), n. the changing of a vowel in the root of a word, indicating modification of meaning or use, as get, got. ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj. on fire; well alight; in a blaze; eager; in- flamed with desire; resplendent. able (a'bl) adj. possessed of power, means, or ability; qualified, compe- tent; bodily or mentally strong; legally authorized or entitled. able-bodied (bod'id), adj. possessed of physical strength; capable or effi- cient for duty. ablegate (able-gat), n. the envoy sent by the Pope with insignia, &c, to newly-appointed cardinals. abloom (a-bloom'), adv. & adj. in bloom. abluent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleansing: n. that which cleanses; a substance which purifies the blood. ablution (ab-lu'shun), n. a washing or cleansing of the body by water; moral purification. ablutionary (ab-lu'shun-a-ri), adj. pertaining to cleansing. abnegate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to refuse or deny to one's self. abneural (ab-nu'ral), a. relating to the side of the body farthest from the neural or nervous axis; this being, in higher organisms, the abdominal surface. abnormal (ab-nor'mal), adj. irregu- lar; deformed; unnatural; depart- ing from a type, standard, or rule, exceptional; out of the common. abnormality (ab-nor-mal'i-ti), n. [pi. abnormalities (-tiz) ], the state or condition of being abnormal or irregular; difference or departure from a regular type or rule. abnormally (-li), adv. in an abnor- mal manner. abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. abnormities (-tiz) ], deformity; ir- regularity. aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a vessel: prep, into a ship. abode (a-bod'), n. a place of contin- ued residence; a dwelling; a hab- itation; residence generally. abolish (a-bol'ish), v.t. to efface; do away with; put an end to. abolition (ab-o-lish'un), n. the act of abolishing; the state of being abolished; the annulment or abro- gation of decrees, rites, customs, &c. abolitionism (ab-o-lish'un-izm), n. the doctrine or principles of these advocating the abolition of certain laws or customs, as the traffic in drink, slaves, &c. abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist) , n. one who is in favor of the repeal or abolition of some existing law or custom, as the slave trade or drink traffic. aboma (a-bo'ma), n. the name of a large species of boa or anaconda of tropical America. abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), adj. hateful; odious; offensive; unclean. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), v.t. to ab- hor; regard with feelings of disgust or hatred. abomination (a-bom-i-na'shun), n. excessive hatred; the act of abomi- nating; the thing abominated; de- filement; pollution. aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-nal), adj. orig- inal; primitive; existing from the beginning: n. the species of animals or plants presumed to have orig- inated within a given area. aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABORT 12 ABSENTEEISM first or primitive inhabitants of a country; the native or indigenous animals or plants of any geograph- ical area. abort (a-borf), v.i. to miscarry in birth; to remain undeveloped. aborted (a-bor'ted), p. adj. prema- turely born; checked or arrested in development; functionally imper- fect. abortion (a-bor'shun), n. untimely birth; miscarriage; that which falls short of maturity by arrest of de- velopment. abortionist (a-bor'shun-ist), n. one who is guilty of the crime of pro- curing a criminal abortion, or who induces abortion. abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born im- perfect; m arrested in development; without issue or result. abound (a-bound'), v.i. to have in plenty or abundance; to exist in great numbers or quantity (followed by in or with). about (a-bout')> adv. around; on every side; circuitously; near to; intending; prep, concerned in; re- lating to. above (a-buv'), adv. in a higher place; overhead; in heaven; before; besides: prep, superior; beyond; in excess of. aboveboard (a-buv'bord), adj. & adv. in open sight; without trickery. abradant (ab-ra'dant), adj. having the property of rubbing away: n. substance employed for abrading or scouring. abrade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or rub away; to remove as by friction or abrasion; to corrode, as by acids. abrasion (ab-ra/zhun), n. the act of wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. abreast (a-bresf), adv. side by side; in line with; opposite to; at the same level. abridge (a-brij'), v.t. to curtail, shorten, condense, epitomize. abridgment (a-brij 'ment), n. the state of being contracted or cur- tailed; an epitome. abroach (a-brach'), adv. & adj. letting out; placed in position for yielding the contents. abroad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; ex- pansively; beyond the limits of house or country; wide of the mark. abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abolish, annul, or repeal by authority. abrogation (ab-ro-ga'shun), n. the act of abrogating; the repeal or an- nulling of a law. abrogator (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one who repeals by authority. abrupt (ab-rupf), adj. broken; ter- minating suddenly; steep; precip- itous; rough; unceremonious. abrupted (ab-rupt'ed), p. adj. broken off with suddenness; torn off or asunder. abruption (ab-rup'shun), n. a sep- aration with violence; a sudden or abrupt termination. absampere (abs'am'-par), n. the electromagnetic unit of current in the centimeter-gram-second system. absohm (abs'om), n. the unit of electromagnetic resistance in the centimeter-gram-second system: a definite minute fraction of an ohm. abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses (-ez) J, a collection of morbid mat- ter or pus in the tissues of the body. abscission (ab-sizh'un), n. the act of severance; the breaking off in a sentence, leaving the rest to be im- plied. abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or retire in haste from the place of one's residence or post of duty; quit the country in secret. absence (ab'sens), n. the state of being absent; the period of being absent. absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; away; wanting; regardless; ab- stracted. absent (ab-senf), v.t. to retire or keep away from. absentee (ab-sen-te'), n. one who is absent or absents himself purposely from home or duty. absenteeism (ab-sen-te'izm), n. the ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABSENTLY 13 ABSTRACT state or custom of living away from amount of gas absorbed by a unit one's country or estate. volume of a fluid. absently (ab'sent-li), adv. in an ab- absorption (ab-sorp'shun), n. the stracted manner. process or act of absorbing; the absinthe (English ab'sinth; French state of being absorbed; entire oc- ab-sangt'), n. wormwood; a bitter cupation of the mind, aromatic liqueur compounded of absorption-bands (-banz), n.pl. the brandy and wormwood, formerly dark bands in the spectrum, more largely drunk in France. or less wide, and not usually sharply absinth in (ab-sin'thin), n. the bitter defined. principle of wormwood. absorption-lines (-lins), n.pl. dark absolute (ab'so-liit), adj. free as to lines in the spectrum produced by condition; perfect in itself; unlim- the absorption of cool vapors through ited in power; fixed; irrevocable; which the light has passed, despotic; positive: n. the will or absorptive (ab-sorp'tiv), adj. having power of the Almighty. power or capacity for absorption. absolution (ab-so-lu'shun), n. the absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti), n. the act of absolving from the conse- power of absorption, quences of sin. abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; absolutism (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. the refrain; hold aloof ; keep away from, state of being absolute; the principle abstainer (ab-stan'er), n. one who or system of absolute government. abstains, especially from intoxicants. absolutist (ab'so-lut-ist), n. a sup- abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. porter or advocate of despotic or moderate and sparing in the use of absolute government. food and drink; non-indulgent. absolutory (ab-sol'u-to-ri), adj. ab- abstention (ab-sten'shun), n. the act solving; capable of absolving. of holding off or abstaining. absolvatory (ab-sol'va-to-ri), adj. abstentionist (ab-sten'shun-ist), n. containing or conferring absolution; one who favors or practices absten- having power to pardon or absolve. tion. absolve (ab-solv'), v.t. to release or abstentious (ab-sten'shus), adj. char- set free; clear of crime or guilt; to acterized by abstention, forgive or remit. abstergent (ab-ster'jent), adj. pos- absorb (ab-sorb')> v.t. to drink in; sessing cleansing or purging proper- imbibe; suck or swallow up; en- ties: n. that which cleanses or gross or engage wholly. purges; a detergent. absorbability (ab-sorb-a-bil'i-ti), n. abstersion (ab-ster-shun), n. the act the state or quality of being absorb- of wiping clean; the act of cleans- able. ■ ing by the use of abstergents. absorbable (ab-sorb'a-bl), adj. cap- abstersive (ab-ster'siv), adj. cleans- able of being absorbed. ing; of the nature or quality of an absorbency (ab-sorb 'en-si), n. ca- abstergent: n. that which cleanses pacity for absorbing. or purifies. absorbent (ab-sorb'ent), adj. ab- abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. the act sorbing: n. the capacity for absorb- or practice of abstaining; self- ing; anything which absorbs or denial; partial or total forbearance takes in nutritive matter; a vessel from the use of food or drink. in the body; a substance capable of abstinent (ab'sti-nent), adj. refrain- absorbing or withdrawing gases or ing from over-indulgence, especially moisture from the air. with regard to food and drink; n. absorptiometer (ab-sorp-shi-om'e- an abstainer. ter), n. an instrument to show the abstract (ab-strakf), v.t. to take or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ABSTRACT 14 ACCELERANDO draw away; separate; purloin or steal; epitomize-; separate from and consider apart. abstract (ab'-strakt), n. an epitome; a summary or abstract comprising the essence or principal parts of a larger work: adj. considered or con- ceived apart from its concrete or material nature; abstract noun, n. the name of a state or quality considered apart from the object to which it belongs. abstracted (ab-strakt'ed), p. adj. sep- arated; disjoined; refined; abstruse; mentally absent. abstraction (ab-strak'shun), n. the act of separating or drawing away; the state of being withdrawn or ab- stracted; concentration of mind or attention. abstract ional (ab-strak'shun-al), adj. pertaining to abstraction. abstractionist (ab-strak'shun-ist), n. one who deals with abstractions; an idealist; a dreamer. abstractive (ab-strak'tiv), adj. haying the quality or power of abstraction. abstractly (ab'strakt-li), adv. in an abstract manner. abstrahent (ab'stra-hent), adj. ab- stract; eliminating from unessential or foreign elements. abstruse (ab-stroos') , adj. obscure; hidden; difficult of comprehension; profound. absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary to reason or sense; ridiculous. absurdity (ab-serd'i-ti), n. [pi. ab- surdities, V-tiz) ] the state of being absurd; that which is absurd. abundance (a-bun'dans), n. in great plenty; an over-flowing quantity; affluence. abundant (a-bun'dant), adj. plenti- ful; fully sufficient; abounding. abuse (a-buz'), v.t. to use ill; treat rudely or wrongfully; to defile or violate; use violent or abusive lan- guage toward ; vituperate. abuse (a-biis'), n. ill-treatment; the excessive or injudicious use of any- thing; insult; violation. abusive (a-bu'siv), adj. practicing or containing abuse. abut (a-buf), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. abut- ted, p.pr. abutting], to border upon; touch at one end ; terminate. (Used with on, upon, against.) abutment (a-but'ment), n. that which borders upon something else; the solid structure which supports the extremity of a bridge or arch. abuzz (a-buz'), adv. filled with buzz- ing sounds. abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss, a gulf. abysmal (a-biz'mal), adj. pertaining to an abyss; bottomless. abyss (a-bis'), n. a bottomless gulf; that which is unfathomable; hell. acacia (a-ka'-shi-a), n. a plant of the genus of same name. academic (ak-a-dem'ik), or aca- demical (-al), n. a college student or member of a university: adj. be- longing or appertaining to a college or university. academically (-li), adv. in an aca- demical manner; after the fashion of an academy. academicals (ak-a-dem'i-kals), n.pl. the costume worn by graduates and undergraduates at a university or a college. academician (ak-a-de-mish'an), n. a member of an academy or society for promoting the arts, sciences, and literature. academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. a private school or seminary for the teaching of the higher branches of education; a school for instruction in special subjects; an association or society of men eminent in literature, science, and art; a building devoted to academic purposes. acanthus (a-kan'thus), n. a plant having sharp-toothed leaves; orna- mentation adopted in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and resembling the foliage of the acanthus. accede (ak-sed'), v.i. to come or at- tain to; to agree or yield to. accelerando (ak-chel-e-ran'do). A ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACCELERATE 15 ACCESSION musical term indicating faster tempo. accelerate (ak-sel'er-at), v.t. to hasten; to cause to move or pro- gress faster; quicken the speed of; bring nearer in time. acceleration (ak-sel-er-a/shun), n. the act of accelerating; the state of being accelerated. accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv), adj. hastening; tending to increase ve- locity. accelerator (ak-sel'er-a-ter), n. that which quickens or accelerates; any method in photography by which a sensitized or chemical plate is ex- posed for a less time to the light. acceleratory (ak-sel'er-a-to-ri), adj. accelerating or tending to accelerate. accelerograph (ak-sel'e-ro-graf), > n. an apparatus to record the changing pressure in a powder chamber at successive stages of the combustion of an explosive: of practical value in determining the necessary strength of cannon at different parts of the bore to resist a given charge. accelerometer (ak-sel-e-rom'e-ter), n. same as accelerograph; also used to designate an instrument for determining the force necessary to start a train and keep it in motion and the centrifugal force in rounding a curve. accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by the voice upon a particular syl- lable of a word, so as to render it more prominent than the rest; the mark or character used in writing and printing to express the manner of pronouncing of a word: a peculiarity of utterance or ex- pression distinguishing the language of different parts or districts of the same or a foreign country; the em- phasis placed upon certain notes of a bar of music: v.t. to express the accent, or denote the vocal division of a word by stress or modulation of the voice; to pronounce; mark or accent a word in writing by use of a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as a passage of music. accentual (ak-sen'tu-al), adj. be- longing to accent; rhythmical. accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at). v.t. to speak, pronounce or mark with an accent; give prominence to in speak- ing or writing; lay stress upon. accentuation (ak-sen-tu-a/shun), n. the act of accentuating by stress or accent; the act of speaking (or writing) with emphasis or distinc- tion. accept (ak-sepf), v.t. to take or re- ceive with approbation; entertain; agree to, or acquiesce in; under- stand or receive in a particular sense; to agree or promise to pay. acceptable (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. capa- ble of giving pleasure or gratification. acceptability (ak-sep'ta-bil'i-ti), or acceptableness (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes), n. the quality of being acceptable or agreeable. acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. the act of accepting; the fact of being ac- cepted, or received with approba- tion; the subscription to a bill of exchange; the bill accepted or the sum contained in it. acceptation (ak-sep-ta/shun) , n. the act of accepting, or state of being accepted or acceptable; the meaning or sense of a word or statement in which it is to be understood. accepter or acceptor (ak-sep'ter), n. one who accepts; the person who accepts a bill of exchange. access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- proach to a person or place; means of approach or admission; addition or increase; the recurrence of fits or paroxysms in diseases. accessibility (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti), n. the condition of being accessible. accessible (ak-ses'i-bl), adj. capable of being approached; easy of access; attainable. accession (ak-sesh'un), n. a coming to, as by succession or by right; entrance or attainment; the act of acceding by assent or agreement ; in- crease or augmentation; the acquire- ment of property by improvement, Ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, bo^k; hue, hut; think, then. ACCESSIONAL 16 ACCOMPANY growth, or labor expended; the at- tack or commencement of a disease. accessional (ak-sesh'un-al), adj. ad- ditional; pertaining to an accession. accessorial (ak-ses-o'ri-al), adj. per- taining to an accessory, as acces- sorial guilt or agency. accessory (ak-ses'o-ri), [pi. acces- sories (-riz) ], adj. aiding; contrib- uting to some result or effect: n. one who aids in the commission of a felony; an accomplice; that which is in the nature of an appendage. accidence (ak'si-dens), n. the por- tion of grammar which deals with the inflections of words; a book containing the rudiments of gram- mar; the rudiments themselves. accident (ak'si-dent), n. an event which is unexpected, or the cause of which was unforeseen; a contingen- cy, casualty, or mishap; a property of a thing which is not essential to it- accidental (ak-si-den'tal), adj. hap- pening by chance or unexpectedly; fortuitous; non-essential; connected with, but not necessarily belonging to: n. that which happens unex- pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or natural introduced into a piece of music to lower or raise the note be- fore which it is placed. accidentally (-li), adv. in an acci- dental manner. acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; acclamation. acclamation (ak-kla-ma'shun) , n. a shout of applause, or other demon- stration of hearty approval; an out- burst of joy, or praise; the adoption of a resolution viva voce; a mode of papal election. acclamatory (ak-klam'a-to-ri), adj. expressing joy or applause by ac- clamation. acclimate (ak-kli'mat) , v.t. to accus- tom a person to a foreign climate. acclimation (ak-kli-ma'shun), n. the process ol acclimatizing, or the state of being inured to a foreign climate; acclimatization. acclimatize (ak-kli'ma-tiz), v.t. & v.i. to accustom or become accus- tomed to a foreign climate; said of plants or animals. acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. ac- clivities (-tiz) ], an ascent or up- ward slope of the earth; the talus of a rampart. accolated (ak'ko-la-ted), p. adj. con- taining two or more profile heads, so arranged that one partially over- laps the next, as in the shilling of William III. and Mary. accolent (ak'o-lent), a. and n. dwel- ling in the same vicinity; one who dwells not far away. accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat), v.t. to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- just, settle; supply or furnish; do a favor to; lend money for the con- venience of a borrower: v.i. to be comformable to. accommodating (ak-kom'mo-da- ting), p.adj. obliging; of a yielding disposition; adapting one's self to the desires of others. accommodation (ak-kom-mo-da'- shun), n. the act of accommodating; or the state of being accommodated; that which supplies a want or de- sire. accommodation-bill (-bil), n. sl bill or note endorsed by one or more parties to enable the drawer to raise money upon it. accommodation-ladder (-lad'er), n. a ladder or stairway suspended at the gangway of a ship. accommodative (ak-kom'mo-da-tiv) , adj. disposed or tending to accom- modate. accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- ment), n. something which is added to, or attends the original or princi- pal thing by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. accompanist (ak-kum'pa-nist), n, one who plays an accompaniment. accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), v.t. to keep company with; escort; join in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACCOMPLICE 17 ACCRUEMENT movement or action; perform the accompaniment in a composition for voice and instrument. accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. an as- sociate or companion in crime. accomplish (ak-kom'plish), v.t. to bring to completion, or to an issue; fulfill; attain as the result of exer- tion. accomplished (ak-kom'plisht), p. adj. finished; perfected; possessed of social qualifications. accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- ment), n. the completion of an act or undertaking; fulfillment; an ac- quirement or qualification in art or manners. accord (ak-kord'), v.t. & v.i. to be in agreement with; reconcile; agree; give; grant; concede; to adjust or bring to agreement; to be in corre- spondence or harmony; agree in pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- son; concurrence of will or opinion; harmony. accordance (ak-kord'ans), n. the state of being in harmony or accord. accordant (ak-kord 'ant), adj. corre- sponding; of the same mind. according (ak-kord'ing), p.adj. agree- ing, harmonious: adv. in accordance (with) or agreeably (to). accordion (ak-kord'i-un), n. a small wind instrument, having keys and metallic reeds, and worked by means of a bellows, after the fashion of a concertina. accost (ak-kosf), v.t. to draw near, or come face to face with; speak to; salute: n. the act of accosting; manner. accouchement (ak-koosh'mong), n. delivery in child-bed ; parturition; a lying-in. accoucheur (ak-koosh-eV), n. a medical man who attends confine- ment cases. account (ak-kount'), v.t. to reckon or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. to assign an explanation [with for] ; take into consideration; relate: n. a reckoning; a financial statement or memorandum; a narrative; any- thing in the form of a statement, written or verbal; reason or con- sideration; profit; advantage; esti- mation; consequence; importance. account-current (-kur'ent), n. the statement of account between two or more persons, drawn out in the form of debtor and creditor. accountability (ak-kount-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being liable or ac- countable. accountable (ak-kount'a-bl), adj. answerable; responsible; liable to be called to account. accountably (-bli), adv. in an ac- countable manner. accountancy (ak-koun'tan-si), n. the art or practice of an accountant. accountant (ak-koun'tant), n. one skilled in the keeping or examina- tion of accounts: adj. giving ac- count; responsible. accoutre (ak-koo'ter), v.t. to dress; equip; to array in military dress; furnish with accoutrements. accoutrements (ak-koo'ter-ments), n.pl. equipage; dress; military equipments. accredit (ak-kred'it), v.t. to give credit to; have confidence in; au- thorize; stamp with authority; to believe and accept as true. accrescent (ak-kres'sent), adj. in- creasing; growing. accrete (ak-kref), v.i. to adhere; be added: v.t. to cause to grow or unite. accretion (ak-kre'shun), n. increase by natural growth; the addition of external parts; the growing together of parts or members naturally sepa- rate. accretive (ak-kre'tiv), adj. adding to or increasing by growth. accroachment (ak-kroch'ment), n. the act of accroaching; usurpation. accrue (ak-krdo), v.i. to happen or to result naturally as an increment, as of profit or loss. accruement _ (ak-kroo'ment), n. an addition or increment. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, JAen. ACCULTURAL 18 ACETIFICATION accultural (a-kuTtu-ral), a. racial or communal improvement due to the adoption of foreign culture. acculture (a-kul'tur) n. culture ac- quired through the adoption of foreign habits or methods. accurnbent (ak-kum'bent), adj. re- clining or recumbent. accumulate (ak-ku'nm-lat), v.t. to collect or bring together; amass; heap up: v.i. to increase in size, number, or quantity. accumulation (ak -ku- mu - la/shun), n. the act of accumulating or amass- ing; the addition of interest to princi- pal; the mass accumulated. accumulative (ak-ku'mu-la-tiv) , adj. tending to accumulate. accumulative judgment (-juj'- ment), n. a second judgment which takes effect against a person after the first sentence has expired. accumulator (ak-ku'mu-la-ter), n. one who or that which, accumu- lates; an apparatus for equalizing pressure an electric storage battery. accuracy .(ak'ku-ra-si), n. the qual- ity of being accurate; exactness or correctness. accurate (ak'ku-rat), adj. in exact conformity with the truth; free from error; precise. accursed (a-ker'sed), or accurst (a-kersf), p.adj. under or subject to a curse; doomed to destruction; de- testable; execrable. accusable (ak-kuz'a-bl), adj. liable to be censured or accused. accusation (ak-ku-za/shun), n. & charge or imputation of wrong-doing; the act of accusing or imputing. accusatival (ak-ku-za-tl'val), adj. pertaining to the accusative case. accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv), adj. accus- ing: n. the objective case, denoting the object of the verb. accusatory (ak-ku'za-to-ri), or ac- cusatorial (ak-ku-za-to'ri-al), adj. accusing, or containing an accusa- tion. accusatorially (-li), adv. in an ac- cusatorial manner. accuse (ak-kuz r ), v.t. to charge with guilt or blame; make or bring an imputation against. accuser (ak-kuz'er), n. one .who ac- cuses; one who formally charges an offense against another. accustom (ak-kus'tum), v.t. to habit- uate or familiarize by customer use. accustomed (ak-kus'tumd), p.adj. frequent; usual; often practiced. ace (as), n. [pi. aces (-ez) ], a unit; in playing cards and dice, a card or die marked with a single pip; an aviator destroying five enemy air- planes. ace-point (-'point), the single mark of the ace-card and of the die marked with one spot. acedia (a-se'di-a), n. an abnormal condition of the mind, characterized by lassitude, listlessness, and general indifference. acentric (a-sen'trik), adj. away from the center; having no center. Acephala (a-sef'a-la), n.pl. a term applied to all ordinary bivalves, as the oyster, having no distinct head. acephalous (a-sef a-lus), adj. head- less; without a leader; an ovary of a plant that has its style springing from the base instead of the apex. m acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti), n. [pi. acerbi- ties (-tiz)], sourness; sharpness; harshness or severity of temper or expression. acetanilide (as-et-an'i-lid), n. a pun- gent white powder, formed by the action of acetyl chloride on aniline: used in medicine as an antipyretic. acetate (as'e-tat), n. a salt of acetic acid. acetated _ (as'e-ta-ted), p.adj. com- bined with acetic acid. acetation. See acetification. acetic acid (a-se'tik & a-set'ik as'id), n. a clear liquid, with a strong acid taste and peculiar sharp smell. It is present in a dilute form in vinegar. acetification (a-set-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act or process of acetifying _ or becoming acetous; the preparation of vinegar. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACETIFY 19 ACLINIC acetify (a-set'i-f I) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acetified, p.pr. acetifying] to turn into vinegar; make acetous. acetimeter (as-e-tim'e-ter), n. an instrument for gauging the strength or purity of vinegar or acetic acid. acetin (as'e-tin), n. a combination of acetic acid with glycerine. acetone (as'e-ton), n. a clear volatile liquid, composed of carbon, hydro- gen, and oxygen. acetose (as'e-tos), or acetous (as'e- tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar; sour; causing acetification. acetylene (a-set'i-len) , n. a brilliant illuminating gas, produced by sub- jecting calcium-carbide to the ac- tion of water. ache (ok), n. pain, more or less con- tinuous: v.i. to suffer, or be in pain. achievable (a-che'va-bl) , adj. possi- ble to achieve; capable of being performed. achieve (a-chev), v.t. to perform, carry out, accomplish; to gain or bring to a successful issue by an effort: v.i. to bring about a desired result. achievement (a-chev'ment) , n. the act of achieving; accomplishment; that which is achieved or accom- plished; an escutcheon or armorial shield; also called a hatchment. Achilles-tendon (a-kil'ez-ten'dun) , the powerful tendon placed in, and moving, the heel. aching (a'king), p. adj. enduring or causing pain; painful: adv. with aching; painfully. achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik) , adj. free from coloration; transmitting light without decomposition. achromatic-lens (-lens), a lens free from chromatic aberration. achromatically (-al-li), adv. in an achromatic manner. achromatize (ak-ro'ma-tiz), v.t. to deprive of the power of transmit- ting color; to render achromatic. achromatous (ak-ro'ma-tus) , adj. without color. acid (as'id), adj. sour and sharp or biting to the taste, as vinegar: n. anything sour; the name applied to a large number of compounds con- taining one or more atoms of hydro- gen which may be displaced by a metal. acidic (a-sid'ik), adj containing a large proportion of the acid ele- ment; opposed to basic. acidiferous (as-i-dif 'e-rus), adj. pro- ducing or containing acids. acidific (as-i-dif 'ik), adj. acidifying; producing acidity or an acid. acidification (a-sid-i-n-ka'shun) , n. the process of acidifying. acidifier (a-sid'i-f i-er) , n. a substance having the property of imparting an acid quality. acidify (a-sid'i-f I), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acidified, p.pr. acidifying], to make acid; convert into an acid; sour; embitter. acidity (a-sid'i-ti) , n. the quality of being acid or sour. acidulate (a-sid'u-lat), v.t. to render slightly acid. acidulent (a-sid'u-ient), adj. some- what acid; tart; peevish. acidulous (a-sid'u-lus) , adj. slightly sour; subacid. acierage (as'i-er-aj), n. the term given to the process of electrically depositing iron on an engraved copper plate. aciform (as'i-f6rm), adj. needle- shaped. acinaceous (as-i-na'shus), adj. con- sisting of or full of kernels, as the grape, mulberry, &c. acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- edging], to admit or own to be true; recognize, confess; admit the re- ceipt of. acknowledgment (ak-noPej-ment) , n. the act of acknowledging; the admission or recognition of a truth; confession; the expression of appre- ciation of a favor or benefit con- ferred; a receipt. aclinic (a-klin'ik), adj. without in- clination. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tf*en. ACLINIC-LINE 20 ACQUITTANCE aclinic-line (-lin), n. the imaginary point near the equator where the magnetic needle has no dip. acme (ak'me), n. the highest poimt; the utmost reach; the crisis of a disease. acne (ak'ne), n. a pustular eruption of the body, chiefly confined to the face, shoulders and chest. acock (a-kok'), adv. in a cocked or turned up manner. acock-bill (-bil), adv. with the ends directed upwards, as of an anchor or yards of a ship. acology (a-kol'o-ji), n. the science of remedies. acolyte (ak'o-lit), or acolyth (ak'o- llth & -lith), n. the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking next be- low the subdeacon. acomia (a-ko ; mi-a), n. absence of hair, usually due to skin disease. aconite (ak'o-nlt), n. the plant wolf's-bane or monk's-hood; the drug prepared from the plant. aconitine (a-kon'i-tin & -tin), n. the narcotic drug prepared from the roots and leaves of several species of aconite, used as a remedy for neu- ralgia. acorn (aTsorn), n. the fruit of the oak; a conical piece of wood affixed to the spindle above a vane, to keep the vane from being blown off. acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun), n. a plant whose seeds (spores) are not furnished with cotyledons (seed- lobes). acotyledonous (a-kot-i-led'un-us) , adj. having no cotyledons or seed- lobes. acoumeter (a-kou'- & a-koo'me-ter), n. an instrument to test the power of hearing, or sensibility to sound. acoustic (a-kous'- & a-koos'tik), adj. belonging to the science of sound : n. a remedy for deafness. acoustics (a-kous'- & a-koos'tiks), the science of sound; the study of the effects of sound upon the organ of hearing. acoustometer (a-kos-tom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for testing the acoustic properties of an auditorium. acquaint (ak-kwanf), v.t. to famil- iarize or make one's self conversant with; furnish information. acquaintance (ak-kwant'ans), n. the state of being acquainted with a person or subject; personal knowl- edge less than friendship; a person with whom one is acquainted. acquainted (ak-kwan'ted), p.adj. having personal knowledge; famil- iar, known (of or with). acquiesce (ak-kwi-es'), v.i. to agree; comply passively; assent [followed usually by in]. acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens), n. the act of submitting; silent assent; neglect to take legal proceedings, so as to imply consent. > acquiescent (ak-kwi-es'ent), adj. disposed to submit or yield tacitlv; resting satisfied. acquirable (ak-kwfr'a-bl), adj. cap- able of being acquired. acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- tain possession of by one's own physical or intellectual exertions. acquirement (ak-kwlr'ment), n. the act of acquiring; that which is ac- quired. ^ • acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un), n. the act of acquiring; the object ac- quired. acquisitive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. hav- ing a propensity to acquire; greedily disposed. acquisitiveness (-nes), n. the pro- pensity to acquire. acquit (ak-kwif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- lease; set free; discharge; to pro- nounce not guilty. acquittal (ak-kwit'al), n. the act of releasing or acquitting; the state of being acquitted; the judicial pro- nouncement of "not guilty." acquittance (ak-kwit'ans), n. a dis- charge or release from debt or other liability; a- receipt barring a further demand. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACRE 21 ACTIVE acre (a'ker), n. a superficial measure of land containing, in Great Britain, the United States and the Colonies, 4,840 sq. yds. acreage (a'ker-aj), n. the number of acres in a tract of land. acred (a'kerd), adj. possessing acres or landed property. acre-foot (a'ker-f oot) , n. a term used in practical irrigation, designating the amount of water necessary to cover one acre to the depth of one foot; equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, or a cubic foot per second for twelve hours. acrid (ak'rid), adj. sharp or biting to the taste; pungent; irritating; sting- ing: n. an acrid or irritant poison. acridity (ak-rid'i-ti), n. the quality of being acrid. acrimonious (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), adj. bitter; caustic; stinging. acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni), n. sharp- ness of temper; bitterness of ex- pression. acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on the tight-rope; one who practices tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. acrobatism (ak'-ro-bat-izm) , n. the performance of acrobatic feats; the profession of an acrobat. acrolith (ak'ro-lith) , n. a sculptured figure, the head and extremities of which are of stone and the rest of wood. acrophobia (ak'ro-f 6'bi-a) , n. mor- bid fear of being on an elevation, as at the top of a building. acropolis (a-krop'o-lis) , n. the high- est part or citadel of a Grecian city, as that of Athens, hence a citadel. across (a-kr6s'), adv. & prep, from side to side; transversely; adverse- ly; athwart; intersecting at an angle. acrostic (a-kros'tik), n. a composi- tion, usually in verse, in which the first or last letters of the lines, or other letters, taken in order, form a motto, phrase, name, or word. act (akt), n. an action; process of do- ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; the judgment of a court; a formal writing; one of the principal divi- sions of a drama; a thesis main- tained by a candidate for a degree at a university: v.t. to do; perform; play, as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to exert force or energy. acting (akt'ing), p. adj. performing services, as those of an official. actinic (ak-tin'ik), adj. having the property of actinism. actinism (ak'tin-izm) , n. that prop- erty of the sun's rays which pro- duces chemical action. actinium (ak-tin'i-um), n. a recently discovered radio-active element. actinograph (ak-tin'o-graf ) , n. an instrument for measuring the varia- tion of the chemical rays of light. actinoid (ak-tin'oid), adj. having the form of rays; resembling a star- fish. actinology (ak-ti-nol'6-ji), n. the science that treats of the chemical action of light. actinometer (ak-tin-om'et-er), n. an instrument for measuring the inten- sity of heat-rays. actinotherapy (ak'ti-no-ther'a-pi) , n. the department of medicine that deals with the therapeutic uses of the X-ray and radium; same as radio-therapy. action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- ing active, as opposed to rest; the effect of one body upon another (used in sing.) ; an act or thing done (used in pi.); a suit instituted by one party against another in a court of law; the gesture or deportment of a speaker; the performance of a function; effective motion, as of machinery; the appearance of ani- mation, &c, given to figures; an engagement on sea or land, less important than a battle. actionable (ak'shun-a-bl) , adj. giv- ing grounds for an action at law. active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or exercising the power or quality of action; constantly active; the per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ACTIVITY 22 ADDRESS formance and not the continuance of an action; lively, moving freely; acting quickly. activity (ak-tiv'i-ti), ft. [pi. activities (-tiz) ], energy; the state of action. actor (ak'ter), ft. one who acts or performs; a stage-player; a proctor or advocate in civil causes. actress (ak'tres), ft. a female actor. actual (ak'tu-al), adj. real; existing; present. actuality (ak-tu-al'i-ti) , n. {pi. actu- alities (-tiz) ], the state of being real or actual; that which is in full existence. actualization (ak'tu-al-i-za/shun), ft. making actual. actualize (ak'tu-al-Iz), v.t. to make actual. actually (ak'tii-al-li) , adv. as an existing fact. actuary (ak'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. actuaries (-riz) ], a registrar or clerk of a court; one who is skilled in life as- surance and similar computations. actuate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move or incite to action. actuation (ak-tti-a'shun), ft. the state of being actuated or impelled. aculeate (a-ku'le-at) , adj. equipped with a sting; having aculei or sharp prickles: ft. certain insects furnished with stings, as the bee. acumen (a-ku'men), ft. quickness of perception; penetration; insight; discrimination. acuminate (a-ku'min-at) , adj. end- ing in a sharp point. acupress (ak'u-pres), v.t. to check hemorrhage by acupressure. acupressure (ak'u-presh'er) , ft. a method of checking hemorrhage in arteries during amputations by needles or wire. acute (a-kut), adj. sharp-pointed; intellectually sharp; quick of per- ception; severe, as pain or symp- toms attending a disease; high in pitch; shrill. adage (ad'aj), ft. an ancient proverb, or pithy saying. adagio (a-daj'i-o), a term in music, indicating a somewhat slower tempo. Adam's ale (ad'amz al), ft. water. Adam's apple (ap-1), ft. a lofty spe- cies of the banana; the prominence in front of _ the throat, especially conspicuous in males. adamant (ad'a-mant), ft. a substance of extreme hardness; the diamond: adj. formed of adamant; hard. adamantine (ad-a-man'tin), adj. made of adamant; impenetrable. adapt (a-dapf), v.t. to make to cor- respond; fit by alteration or adapta- tion. adaptability (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti), ft. the quality of being adaptable. adaptation (ad-ap-ta'shun), ft. the act of adjusting or adapting; the state of being adapted; that which is adapted. add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; increase; affix. ^ addendum (ad-den'dum), ft. [pi. ad- denda (-da) ], an appendix. adder (ad'er), ft. the popular name for the viper. addict (ad-dikf), v.t. to devote or give one's self up to; to practice sedulously (usually in a bad sense). addition (ad-dish'un) , ft. the act or process of adding together; increase; the result of addition; the thing added; the adding or uniting of two or more numbers in one sum ; a title added to a name, denoting rank, as esquire; a dot placed at the side of a note to indicate the lengthening of the sound by one-half. additional (ad-dish'un-al), adj. add- ed; supplementary. additionally (-li), adv. in addition to. additive (ad'di-tiv), adj that may be, or is to be, added. addle (ad'l), ft. & adj. rotten, as eggs that are barren or putrid, v.t. to make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v. i. to become addled. addle-headed (adl-hed'ed),or addle- pated (ad-1-pa'ted), adj. stupid; weak-brained; muddled. address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; to bring into line; to arrange, re- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADDRESSEE 23 ADJUSTER dress, as wrongs, &c; to direct, speak or write to; get ready; con- sign: n. a speech delivered or writ- ten; manners and bearing; tact; adroitness; the attention of a lover, addressee (ad-dres-e'), n. one who is addressed. adduce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring for- ward or cite in proof or substantia- tion of what is alleged. adducent (ad-du'sent), adj. bringing forward or together. adducible (ad-du'si-bl) , adj. capable of being adduced. adductive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. bringing forward. adductor (ad-duk'ter), n. one who draws to. adductor muscles (mus'lz), n.pl. muscles which draw certain parts to a common center. adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. a swelling of the tissue in the roof of the naso- pharynx. adept (a-depf), adj. well skilled: n. one who is fully proficient or skilled in an art. adequacy (ad'e-kwa-si), n. sufficiency for a particular purpose. adequate (ad'e-kwat), adj. equal to requirement or occasion; fully suffi- cient. adhere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick fast; become firmly attached to. adherence (ad-her'ens), n. the act or state of adhering; unwavering at- tachment. adherent (ad-her'ent), adj. adher- ing; sticking: n. one who adheres; a follower of a party or leader. adhesion (ad-he'zhun), n. the state or act of adhering. adhesive (ad-he'siv), adj.^ holding fast; gummed for use; sticky. adieu (a-du'), n. [pi. adieus, adieux (a-diiz') ], a farewell; good wishes at parting: inter j. goodby; fare- well. adipomatous (ad-i-pom'a-tus), adj. composed chiefly of adipose tissue, as a tumor. adit (ad'it), n. an entrance or pas- sage; an entrance to a mine more or less horizontal. adjacency (ad-ja'sen-si), n. the state of being close or contiguous. adjacent (ad-ja'sent), adj. near; close to. adjectival (ad-jek-tl-val), adj. of the nature of an adjective. adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. sl word used with a substantive or noun to express the quality or attribute of the thing named, or to limit and define a thing as distinct from something else. adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or join: v.i. to lie next to. adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t to put off to another day. adjournment (ad-jern 'ment), n. the act of adjourning; the postpone- ment of a meeting. adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t to determine in a controversy. adjudged (ad-jujd'), adj. determined by judicial decree. adjudgment (ad-juj 'ment), n. the act of judging. adjudicate (ad-ju-di-kat), vd.Xo try and determine a case as a court. adjudication (ad-ju'di-ka'shun), n. the act of determining judicially; a judicial sentence. adjudicator ( a-ju'di-ka-ter), n. one who adjudicates. adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something added to another thing, but not an essential part of it. adjunctive (ad-jungk'tiv), adj. hav- ing the quality of joining or uniting. adjunctly (ad-jungkt-li), adv. in connection with. adjuration (ad-ju-ra'shun), n. the solemn charging on oath; the form of an oath. adjure (ad-jur'), v.t. to command on oath under pain of penalty; to charge solemnly. adjust (ad-just'), v.t to fit, or make exact; to make correspondent; to make accurate. adjuster (ad-jus'ter), n. one who regulates or adjusts. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. ADJUSTMENT 24 ADORATION adjustment (ad-just'ment), n. the act of adjusting. adjutancy (ad'ju-tan-si), n. the office of an adjutant. adjutant (ad'ju-tant), n. a regimen- tal staff-officer who assists the commanding officer. adjutant-general (-jen'er-al), [pi. adjutants-general], the chief staff- officer of an army, through whom all orders, &c, are received and is- sued by the general commanding. admeasure (ad-mezh'ur), ^.t. to measure dimensions; apportion. admeasurement (ad-mezh'ur-ment), n. a measurement by a rule. administer (ad-min'is-ter), v . to manage as chief agent or minister, as a king, president, or judge; direct the application of the laws; dispense; to cause to be taken, as medicine; to give, as an oath or a sacrament. administerial (ad - min - is - ter 'i - al) , adj. pertaining to administration. administrate (ad-min'is-tra-bl), adj. capable of being administered. administration (ad-min-is-tra'- shun), n. the act of administering, as government, justice, medicine, a sacrament, or an intestate's estate; the ministry. administrative (ad-min'is-tra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to administration. administrator (ad-min-is-tra/ter) , n. one who administers affairs; one who settles the estate of an intestate. administratrix (-tra'triks), ft. a female administrator. admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl), adj. wor- thy of admiration; excellent. admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief commander of a fleet; a naval offi- cer of the highest rank. Admiralty (ad'mi-ral-ti), n. [pi. Admiralties (-tiz)j, the department of the English government having authority over naval affairs; the building in which British naval af- fairs are transacted; the office of an admiral. admiration (ad-mi-ra/shun), ft. won- der excited by beauty or excellence. admire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard with strong approval. admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), adj. wor- thy of being admitted. admission (ad-mish'un), ft. the power or permission to enter; the granting of ai» argument. admit (ad-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ad- mitted, p.pr. admitting], to permit to enter; allow in argument; receive. admittance (ad-mit'ans), ft. the power or permission to enter. admix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix with something else. admixture (ad-miks'tur), ft. a com- pound of substances mixed together. admonish (ad-mon'ish), v.t. to re- prove gently; warn; instruct. ' admonition (ad-mo-nish'un), n. friendly reproof or warning. admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri), adj. conveying reproof or warning. ad nascent (ad-nas'ent), adj. grow- ing upon something else. adnate (ad'nat), adj. with organic cohesion of unlike parts. ado (a-doo'), n. bustle; trouble. adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick dried in the sun, used for building in Central America and Mexico. adolescence (ad-o-les'ens), n. the period of life between puberty and maturity; youth. adolescent (ad-o-les'ent), adj. grow- ing to maturity. adon (a-don'), a combination of lenses to give an enlarged image of the object photographed in tele- photography. adopt (a-dopf), v.t. to choose or take to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or a course of action. adoption (a-dop'shun), n. the act of adopting; the state of being adopt- ed; voluntary acceptance; admis- sion into more intimate relations. adoptive (a-dop'tiv), adj. consti- tuted by adoption. adorable (a-aor'a-bl), adj. worthy of worship. adoration (ad-o-ra'shun), n. the act of worship. ate, arm, ask, at* awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADORE 25 ADVERSITY adore (a-dor), v.t. to pay divine honors to; honor highly; love in- tensely; admire greatly; v.i. to of- fer worship. adorn (a-dorn), v.t. to beautify; dig- nify; ornament; embellish. adornment (a-dorn 'ment) , n. orna- ment; decoration. adown (a-doun'), adv. & prep, down- ward; down. adrift (a-drift 7 ), adj. & adv. floating at random. adroit (a-droif), adj. exhibiting skill; dextrous. adulation (ad-u-la'shun), n. inter- ested praise: flattery. adulator (ad'u-la-ter), n. a flatterer. adulatory (ad'u-la-to-ri) , adj. flat- tering. adult (a-duItO, adj. grown up to full age, size, and strength; n. a man or a woman. adulterant (a-dul'ter-ant), adj. adul- terating: n. the person or thing that adulterates. adulterate (a-dul'ter-at), v.t. to cor- rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- rupted by baser admixture. adulteration (a-dul'ter-a'shun), n. the debasing or being debased by admixture; deterioration. adulterator (a-dul'ter-a-ter), n. one who corrupts or adulterates. adulterer (a-dul'ter-er), n. a man who commits adultery. adulteress (-es), n. a woman who commits adultery. adulterous (a-duTter-us), adj. guilty of adultery. adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries (-iz)], violation of the marriage-bed. adumbrant (ad-um'brant) adj. shad- owing forth. adumbrate (ad-um'brat), v.t. to shadovv forth; give a faint resem- blance of adumbration (ad-um-bra'shun), n. something that shadows forth. adumbrative (ad-um'bra-tiv), adj. faintly representing; typical. aduncous (ad-ung'kus), adj. hooked, as a parrot's bill. advance (ad-vans') v.i. to go for- ward; v.t. to further; to make a payment of beforehand; n. improve- ment; an addition to or rise in value; an overture (usually used in pi.) ; a loan; payment beforehand. advancement (ad-vans'ment), n. furtherance; progress; promotion. advantage (ad-van'taj), n. a state of advance or forwardness; a ben- efit; the first point gained after deuce. advantageous (ad-van-ta/jus), adj. of advantage; beneficial. advent (ad- vent) , n. a coming or ar- rival. Advent (ad'vent), n. the period in- cluding the four Sundays before Christmas. adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us). adj. happening by chance; casual; for- tuitous; accidental; produced out of normal and regular order. adventual (ad-ven'tti-al), adj, relat- ing to the season of Advent. adventure (ad-ven'tur), n. an event the issue of which is determined by chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. adventurer (ad-ven'tur-er), n. one who undertakes adventures; a spec- ulator; one who seeks social distinc- tion by false or specious pretenses. adventuress ('tur-es), n. a female adventurer; (usually in a bad sense). adventuresome (ad-ven'tur-sum), or adventurous (ad-ven'tur-us), adj. inclined to incur risk; full of risk; daring. adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to modify the sense of a verb or adjec- tive. adverbial (ad-ver^i-al), adj. of the nature of an adverb. adverbially (-li), adv. with the force of an adverb. adversary (ad'ver-sar-i), n. {pi. ad- versaries (-iz)], an opponent. adversative (ad-ver'sa-tiv), adj. ex- pressing opposition. adverse (ad 'vers), adj. opposed to: contrary; unfortunate; inimical. adversity (ad-ver'si-ti), n. a state ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADVERT 26 AEROPHONE of things adverse; the reverse of prosperity; misery. advert (ad-verf), v.i. to turn one's attention to; refer. advertence (ad-ver'tens), n. attention. advertency (ad-ver'ten-si), n. the habit of being attentive. advertent (ad-ver'tent), adj. attentive. advertently (-li), adv. in an inten- tional manner. advertise (ad'ver-tiz), v.t. to turn the attention of others to; announce; publish. advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment), n. a notice in a public print; an an- nouncement. advice (ad- vis'), n. an opinion given for the practical direction of conduct; information given by letter; counsel. advisable (ad-vi'za-bl), adj. fit to be advised; prudent; expedient. advisability (ad-viz-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being advisable; desira- bility. advise (ad- viz'), v.t. to offer an opin- ion to; counsel; inform. advised (ad-viz'd), p.adj. acting with caution. advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. with advice; with intention; deliberately. advisory (ad-vi'zo-ri), adj. having power to advise; containing advice. advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si), n. the act of pleading for. advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to the aid of another; one who pleads the cause of another. advocator (ad'vo-ka-ter), n. an ad- vocate; a supporter. advolution (ad-vo-lu'shun), n. evo- lution philosophically considered with regard to its ultimate trend. advowee (ad-vou-e'), n. one who has an advowson; the patron of a living. advowson (ad-vou'zn), n. the right of presentation to a benefice, adynamia (a-din-a/mi-a), n. great debility; physical weakness. _ adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting tool having a curved blade at right an- gles to the handle, used for dressing timber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. adze-plane, a tool for molding and rabbeting. eedile or edile (e'dil), n. a Roman magistrate who exercised supervi- sion over the temples, public and private buildings, the markets, pub- lic games, sanitation, &c, hence a municipal officer. seolian harp (e-o'li-an harp), n. a stringed instrument, the wires of which are set in motion by air. aeon or eon (e'on), n. a period of im- mense duration; an age. aerate (a'er-at), v.t. to combine or charge with carbonic-acid gas, or with air. aerated bread (bred), n. bread raised by charging the dough with carbonic- acid gas. aeration (a-er-a'shun), n. the act of aerating; oxygenation of the blood by exposure to the air in respiration. aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the air. aerially (-H), adv. like the air. aerification (a-er-if-i-ka/shun), n. the state of being aeriform. aeriform (a/er-i-form), adj. having the form of air; gaseous. aerify (a/er-i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. aeri- fied, p.pr. aerifying], to combine with air. aerocyst (a'er-o-sist), n. one of the air-bladders of algse. aerodrome (a/er-d-drom), n. a place to exhibit flying machines. aero-dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks) , n. the science which treats of air in motion. aerogram (a'er-o-gram), n. a wire- less telegraph message. aerolite (a'er-o-lit), n. a meteorite. aerometer (a-er-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for weighing the air. aeronaut (a'er-o-nawt), n. an aerial navigator; a balloonist. aeronautic (a-er-o-naw'tik), or aero- nautical (-al), adj. pertaining to aeronautics. aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks), n. aerial navigation. aerophone (a'er-o-fon), n. an instru- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AEROPHOR 27 AFFIRMATIVE ment invented by Edison for in- creasing the intensity of sound. aerophor (a'er-6-fer), n. an appara- tus used in spinning-factories to moisten the air, to counteract the electricity produced by the friction of the machinery. aerophyte (a/er-o-fit), n. an air- plant; a parasitical plant. aeroplane (a/er-o-plan), n. a flying machine, distinguished from an air- ship or balloon. aerostat (a'er-o-stat), n. a balloon; a flying, machine. aerostatic: (a-er-o-stat'ik), or aero- statical (-al), adj. pertaining to aerostatics. aerostatics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. the science which treats^ of the equilib- rium of bodies sustained in air. aery (er-i), n. an eagle's nest; a brood of eagles or hawks. eesthesiometer (es-the-si-om'e-ter) , n. an instrument for determining sensibility of touch. aesthetic or esthetic (es-thet'ik), adj. pertaining to aesthetics. aesthetic school (-skool), a school of art composed of devotees of the beautiful. aestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm), n. love for, or devotion to, the beautiful. aesthetics or esthetics (es-thet'iks),n. the science or theory of the beautiful, in taste and art. aether. See ether. aethrioscope (eth'ri-o-skop), n. an instrument for measuring changes of temperature of the sky, as when clear or clouded. afar (a-faV), adv. at, to, or from, a distance. affability (af-a-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being affable. affable (af'&-bl), adj. easy to be ad- dressed; courteous. affair (af-ar'), n. that which is done, or is to be done; business. affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an effect upon; seek by natural affinity; assume the appearance of; pretend. affectation (af-ek-ta/shun) , n. the assuming a manner which is not one's own. affecting (af-fek'ting), adj. having power to excite the emotions; pa- thetic. affection (af-fek'shun), n. having the feelings affected; inclination; attach- ment; fondness; disease. affectional (af-fek'shun-al), adj. re- lating to the affections. affectionate (af-fek'shun-at), adj. having affection; kind. afferent (af'fer-ent), adj. conveying inwards or to a part. affiance (af-fl'ans), n. trust; a mar- riage-contract; v.t. to betroth. affidavit (af-i-da'vit), n. a sworn statement in writing. affiliable (af-fil'i-a-bl), adj. capable of being affiliated. affiliate (af-fil'i-at), v.t. to assign a child to its father; connect with in origin; connect with a parent society : v.i. to be intimately connected or associated (followed by with). affiliation (af-fil-i-a'shun), n. assign- ment of a child to its father; connec- tion by way of descent. affinity (af-fin'i-ti), n. [pi. affinities (-tiz) ], nearness of kin. [Affinity is relationship by marriage; consan- guinity, relationship by blood.] Phys- ical or chemical attraction; a rela- tionship between species or groups depending on similaritv of structure. affirm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert strong- ly: v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, in an appellate court; aver. affirmance (af-fer'mans), n. confir- mation. affirmant (af-fer'mant), n. one who affirms; one who affirms instead of taking an oath. affirmation (af-fer-ma'shun), n. an averment; the solemn declaration permitted to those who have con, scientious scruples about taking an oath. affirmative (af-fer'ma-tiv), n. that which affirms; adj. relating to, or containing, an affirmation; positive. , ate> arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AFFIX 28 AGENT affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a letter or syllable added to the end of a word; a suffix. afflatus (af-fla/tus), n. a breath or blast of wind; inspiration. afflict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause prolonged pain to body or mind; distress. affliction (af-flik'shun), n. prolonged pain of body or mind; distress. afflictive (af-flik'tiv) , adj. causing pain. affluence (af'lu-ens), n. an abundant supply, as of thoughts, words, riches, wealth. affluent (aflti-ent), n. a tributary stream: adj. abundant. afflux (af'luks), n. an increase; an influx. afford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- duce; yield; be capable of bearing the expense of. affranchise (af-fran'shiz), v.t. to make free; enfranchise. affray (af-fra/), n. the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror of others. affright (af-frit'), v.t. to frighten; terrify; alarm; confuse. affront (af-frunf), v.t. to confront, oppose face to face; insult designedly. affusion (af-fii'zhun), n. the act of pouring upon. Afghan (afgan), adj. pertaining to Afghanistan: n. a native of Afghan- istan. afghan (af'gan), n. a crocheted or knitted soft wool blanket or carriage- robe. afield (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, the field; astray. aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in flames; ablaze. afloat (a-flot), adj. & adv. floating; in circulation; unfixed; adrift. afoot (a-foof), adv. on foot; astir. afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. African _ (afrik'an), adj. pertaining to Africa; also Afric: n. a native of Africa. Africander (af-ri-kan'der), n. a na- tive of South Africa born of white parents. aft (aft'), adj. & adv. towards the stern* after (after), adj. next, subsequent, later: prep, behind in place; in suc- cession to; later in time; in imita- tion of; according to; next in rank or excellence; in proportion to; in pursuit of: adv. behind; subse- quent in time or place: n. the future. after-clap (-klap), n. an untoward event happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. after-damp (-damp), n. the car- bonic acid found in coal mines after an explosion of fire-damp; choke- damp. after-hold (-hold), n. that part of the hold which lies abaft the main- mast. aftermath (-math), n. a second mowing in a season. afternoon (af-ter-noon'), n. the part of the day between noon and evening. afterward (after-ward), or after- wards (-wardz), adv. at a later time; subsequently. after- wit (-wit), n. wisdom that comes too late. again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; in return; further; anew. against (a-gensf), prep, opposite to; in opposition to; contrary to one's inclinations. agape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gaping; with the mouth wide open in a state of expectation or astonishment. agate (ag'at), n. a precious stone, a variety of chalcedony; Scotch pebble. agave (a-ga've), n. a genus of amaryllidaceous plants of tropical and semi-tropical America of which the century plant, or American aloe, is the best known. age (aj), n. a particular period of time in life or in history; time: v.i. to grow old. agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; ac- tion; an establishment for the pur- pose of doing business for another. agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- cially for another; an active power or cause. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n ote, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. AGGLOMERATE 29 AGONIZE agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at), v.t. to gather into a heap; accumulate. agglomeration (ag-glom-er-a'shun), n. a heap. agglomerative (ag-glom'er-a-tiv), adj. tending to gather together. agglutinant (ag-glu'ti-nant), adj. uniting: n. any sticky substance which causes bodies to adhere to- gether. agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together. agglutination (ag-glu-ti-na/shun) , n. the act or condition of being united or joined together. aggrandize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to make great or greater in power, rank, or riches; augment. aggrandizement (ag'gran-diz-ment) , n. exaltation; advancement. aggravate (ag-gra-vat), v.t. to add to a load; be troublesome; intensify. aggravating (ag'gra-va-ting), p. adj. making worse or more heinous. aggravation (ag-gra-va/shun), n. the act of making worse. aggregate (ag'gre-gat), v.t. to collect or bring together; gather into a mass or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; a mass formed by the union of similar particles: adj. formed into a mass or total. aggregation (ag'gre-ga/shun), n. a collection of particulars. aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), adj. collective ; social. aggress (ag-gres'), v.i. to attack; begin a quarrel or controversy. aggression (ag-gresh'un), n. unpro- voked attack. aggressive (ag-gres'iv), adj. unjustly attacking. aggressor (ag-gres'er), n. one who attacks. aggrieve (ag-grev'), v.t. to bear heavily upon; oppress. aghast (a-gasf), adj. struck with sudden astonishment, or terror. agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; active in body; nimble. agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. agio (a/ji-o), n. [pi. agios (-oz)], the premium on money or foreign bills of exchange; discount. agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. exchange business; stock-jobbing. agitable (aj'i-ta-bl), adj. capable of being moved, or debated; debata- ble. agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir vio- lently; discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; disturb; keep constantly before the public. agitation (aj-i-ta'shun), n. the act of agitating; excitement; discus- sion. agitative (aj'i-ta-tiv), adj. tending to agitate. agitator (aj'i-ta-ter), n. one who starts or keeps up a political or other agitation; an implement for stirring. aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; glowing. aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un), n. ina- bility to swallow. agnail (ag'nal), n. a sore under or near the nail; a whitlow. agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an addi- tional name or epithet, as Milton, the poet. agnostic (ag-nos'tik), n. one who denies that man possesses any knowledge of the ultimate nature of things; one who neither affirms nor denies the existence of a personal Deity: ad;', pertaining to the agnos- tics or their teachings; expressing ignorance. agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), n. the doctrines of the agnostics. ago (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used always after the noun): adv. in past time (used only in the phrase long ago). agog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agita- tion or expectation; eager. agoing (a-go'ing), adv. on the go- ing; in motion. ago rustics (ag-o-nis'tiks), n. the science of athletic combats. agonize (ag'-o-niz), v.i. to suffer anguish, make convulsive efforts: v.t. to torture. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AGONIZINGLY 30 AIR-GAS agonizingly (ag 7 o-ni-zing-li), adv. with anguish or struggles. agony (ag'o-ni), n. [pi. agonies (-niz)], extreme pain; anguish. agouti (a-goo'ti), n. a rodent found in the West Indies and South America. agrarian (a-gra/ri-an), adj. relating to land, or to land-tenure; growing wild in the fields: n. one who is in favor of a redistribution of land. agrarianism (a-gra'ri-an-ism), n. the principle of a uniform division of land; agitation with respect to land-tenure. agree (a-gre 7 ), v.i. to harmonize phys- ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- cord. agreeability (a-gre-a-biTi-ti), n. agreeableness. agreeable _ (a-gre'a-bl), adj. pleasing to the mind or senses. agreement (a-gre'ment), n. harmony of opinions or feelings; concord of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person; a com- pact; a contract; mutual under- standing. agricultural (ag-ri-kul 7 tur-al), adj. pertaining to tillage. agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tur), n. the science and art of cultivating fields by the plow, &c; tillage; farming. agriculturist (ag-ri-kuTtur-ist), n. one engaged in tillage; a farmer. agrin (l-grin'), adj. & adv. in the act or state of grinning. agronomy (a-gron'o-mi), n. scien- tific agriculture, with particular reference to general farm crops. aground (a-ground 7 ), adj. & adv. on the ground; the situation of a ship whose bottom touches the ground; stranded. ague (a'gu), n. an intermittent fever; the cold fit of the intermittent fever. ague-cake (-kak), n. an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. aguish < (a'gu-ish), adj. having the qualities of an ague; producing ague ; intermittent. ah (a), inter j. an exclamatory expres- sion of surprise. aha (a-ha'), inter j. an exclamation expressive of satisfaction or irony. ahead (a-hed 7 ), adv. in the front; forward. aheap (a-hep 7 ), adv. heaped up. ahem (a-hem 7 ), inter j. an exclamatory sound to attract attention. ahoy (a-hoi 7 ), inter j. a term used in hailing a vessel. ahull (a-hul 7 ), adv. with sails furled and helm lashed alee: said of a ship in a storm. ai (a 7 i), n. [pi. ais (a'ez)], the three- toed sloth of America. aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support; n. help; assistance. aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. [p. aides-de-camp], an officer who as- sists a general. aigret (a/gret) or aigrette (a-gret 7 ), n. the small white heron; a plume arranged in imitation of the feathers of the heron, worn on helmets, and as an article of women's head-attire; a feathery crown of seed. ail (al), v.t. [p,t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to give or cause pain: v.i. to feel pain: be afflicted with pain. aileron (al'er-on), n. a small deflect- ing plane, placed at each end of the Curtiss biplane, between the upper and lower planes, to steady the ma- chine. ailment (al 7 ment), n. a slight dis- order of the body; sickness. aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to endeavor after; direct at something; seek: n. a purpose; an endeavor. air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry, thoroughly, as clothes; to ex- hibit ostentatiously: n. the fluid which we breathe; the atmosphere; external manner; appearance; bear- ing; a melody. air-brake (ar-brak), n. an automatic brake invented by George Westing- house operated by a reduction in air pressure. airedale (ar'dal), n. dog of terrier type; very domesticated; fond of children. air-gas (-gas), n. an illuminating ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book;, hue, hut; think, then. AIR-GUN 31 ALBUMINOID gas made from air charged with the vapor of petroleum, naphtha, &c. air-gun (-gun), n. a gun discharged by the elastic force of condensed air. airily (ar'i-li), adv. in an airy man- ner; gaily. airiness (ar'i-nes), n. the state of being airy; gaiety. airing (ar'ing), n. a walk, ride, or drive in the open air; exposure to the air or fire. air-line (-Hn), n. a straight line. Also called a bee-line. air-plant (-plant), n. a plant which derives its nourishment from the air. air-pump (-pump), n. a machine for exhausting the air from a re- ceiver; the pump used to exhaust the water and gases from the con- denser of a steam-engine. airship (ar'ship), n. a steerable bal- loon. airy (a.v'i),adj. exposed to or composed of air; breezy; unsubstantial; gay. aisle (II), n. a passageway between rows of seats. ait. See eyot. ajar (a-jar')» adj. & adv. slightly turned or opened, as a door. ajog (a-jogO, adv. on the jog; jog- ging. akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. with the hands on the hips and the elbows turned outwards. akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; related by blood; allied by nature. alabaster ^ (al'a-bas-ter), n. a white marble-like mineral; a box made of alabaster, in which the ancients held ointments. alack (a-lakO, inter j. an exclamation expressive of blame, sorrow, or surprise. alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- ness; joyous activity; briskness. alalia (a-la'li-a), n. loss of speech by paralysis of the muscles. alalus (al'a-lus), n. the hypothetical ape-man. alamode (a-la-mod'), adv. in the fashion: adj. fashionable: n. a thin light, glossy black silk. alar (alar), adj. pertaining to or having wings; wing-shaped. alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense cf danger; strike with appre- hension of danger; n. a call to arms; a warning of danger; the apprehen- sion of danger. alarming (a-larm'ing) , adj. exciting apprehension; ominous. alary (a'la-ri), adj. of or pertaining to wings; wing-shaped. alas (a-las'), inter j. an exclamation expressive of happiness. alate (a'lat), or alated (-ed), adj. having wings or wing-like side- appendages. alb (alb), n. a white priestly vest- ment worn at the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches. albata (al-ba'ta), n. an^ alloy imi- tating silver; German silver. albatross (al'ba-tros), n. a sea-bird allied to the petrel; also name of a 1916 German aeroplane. albeit (awl-be'it), conj. although; even though; notwithstanding. albino (al-bi'no), n. a person with white skin and hair and pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or plant ab- normally white in color. albugineous (al-bu-jin'e-us), adj. of the nature of white-of-egg; albumi- nous. album (al'bum), n. a blank book in which to insert autographs, photo- graphs, stamps, &c. " albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white of an egg; the nutritious farina- ceous matter stored up with the embryo of an animal or plant. albumenize (al-bu'men-iz), v.t. in photography, to coat paper with an albuminous solution. albumin (al-bu'min), n. a variant of albumen. albuminoid (al-bu'mi-noid) , adj. like albumen: n. a class of organic compounds which form the chief part of the organs and tissues of animals and plants; proteids. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ ALBUMINOUS 32 ALIGHT albuminous (al-bii'mi-nus) or al- buminose (-nos), adj. like, or con- taining albumen. albuminuria (al-bu'mi-nu'ri-a), n. the presence of albumen in the kid- neys and the urine. alburnum (al-ber'num), n. the white and softer part of wood between the bark and the heart-wood; sap wood. alcalde (al-kal'da), n. a magistrate or justice in Spain or Portugal. alchemist (al'ke-mist), n. one who studies or practices alchemy. alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. the chemistry of the Middle Ages; the professed art of transmuting the baser metals into gold. alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or recti- fied spirits of wine; the spirituous or intoxicating element in ferment- ed liquors; rectified spirits; a class of compounds of the same type as spirits of wine. alcoholic (al-ko-hol'ik), adj. con- taining alcohol: -s, n.pl. alcoholic liquors. alcoholism (arko-hol-izm), n. a dis- eased condition produced by alcohol. alcoholization (al-ko-hol-i-za/shun) , n. subjection to the influence cf alcohol. alcoholize (al'ko-hol-iz), v.t. to sub- ject to the influence of alcohol; to rectify (spirits of wine). Alcoran (al'ko-ran & al-ko-ran'), n. the Koran; the Mohammedan Bible. alcove (al-kov'), n. a recess in a room or a garden; a bower. alder (awl'der), n. a genus of plants growing in moist land and related to the birch. alderman (awl'der-man), n.) pi. aldermen (-men), in many cities of the United States a member of the common council or legislative body, chosen by popular vote. ale (al), n. a liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation. alee (a-le'), adv. & adj. on the lee or sheltered side of the ship; opposite to aweather. alert (a-lerf), adj. on the watch; active: n. an alarm; a sudden attack. alexandrine (al-eks-an'drin), n. a kind of heroic verse of six iambic feet, or twelve syllables. alfalfa (al'fal'fa), n. [see lucerne]. algae (al'je), n.pl. one of the great divisions of cryptogamic plants, including seaweeds and kindred fresh-water plants. algebra _ (al'je-bra) the science of calculation by general symbols. algebraic (al'je-bra-ik), or alge- braical ('ik-al), adj. occurring in or dealing with algebra. algebraically (-li), adv. by means of algebraic processes. algine (al'jin), n. a substance ob- tained from seaweed, and used in manufactures instead of horn. alias (a/li-as), adv. otherwise [named]: n. [pi. aliases (-ez)], another name; an assumed name. alibi (ari-bl), n. the plea of having been elsewhere when the alleged act was committed. alien (a/li-en), adj. belonging to an- other: n. a foreign-born resident of a country in which he is not nat- uralized. alienable (a'li-en-a-bl), adj. capable of alienation; salable. alienability (a-li-en-a-biri-ti), n. the quality of being alienable; sala- bility. alienage (a'li-en-aj), n. the state or legal status of an alien. alienate (a'li-en-at), v.t. to estrange, as the affections; transfer to an- other, as property. alienation (a-li-en-a'shun), n. es- trangement; transference; diversion to another purpose; mental derange- ment. alienism (a'li-en-izm) , n. the posi- tion of being an alien; the study and treatment of mental diseases. aliform (al'l-form), adj. wing-shaped. alight (a-llf), v.i. to dismount; to descend and settle; to come upon accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted- up; in a flame. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALIGN ALL ONE align (a-iin'), same as aline. alignment (a-lin'ment), same as alinement. alike (a-lik'), adj. like one another: adv. in like manner; similar. aliment (al'i-ment), n. food; the necessaries of life generally; an al- lowance for support by degree of court: v.t. to make provision for the maintenance of; make provision for the support of parents or chil- dren respectively. alimental (al-i-men'tal), adj. hav- ing the quality of, or supplying the materials for, nourishing. alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to food; nutritious. alimentary canal (ka-nal'), n. the great duct which conveys food to the stomach and carries off solid excreta. alimentation (al-i-men-ta/shun), n. the act of giving nourishment; the function of the alimentary canal. alimentiveness (al-i-men'tiv-nes), n. the instinct for food. alimony (al'i-mon-i), n. means of living; an allowance made by decree of court to a wife out of her hus- band's estate m on separation, or pending an action for the same. aline (a-lin'), v.t. to lay out or ad- just by a line: v.i. to form or fall into a line. alinement (a-lin'ment), n. the act of laying out or adjusting by a line; the ground-plan of a railway or road. aliped (al'i-ped), adj. wing-footed, like the bat. aliquant (al'i-kwant), adj. being a part of a number which does not divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an aliquant part of 25. aliquot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a part of a number or quantity which will divide it without a remainder, as 8 is an aliquot part of 24. alive (a-hV), adj. having life; in a state of action; sprightly; sensi- tive; thronged. alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. the pre- tended universal solvent of the al- chemists. alkalescent (al-ka-les'sent), adj. tend- ing to become alkaline. alkali (al'ka-li & -li), n. [pi. alkalis & -ies], one of a class of caustic bases, as soda, potash, having the common properties of being soluble in water and in alcohol, combining with fats to form soap, neutralizing acids and forming salts with them, and changing the tint of many vege- table coloring-matters. alkaline (al'ka-lin & -lln), adj. per- taining to, or having the properties of, an alkali. alkaloid (al'ka-loid), n. a body or substance containing alkaline prop- erties; pl.^ nitrogenous compounds met with in plants in combination with organic acids: adj. resembling an alkali in its properties. alkanet (al'ka-net), n. a plant the root of which yields the rich red dye of commerce. all (awl), adj. the whole quantity of, as substance, duration, extent, de- gree or amount; the whole number of, collectively, as individuals, par- ticulars, or parts; every, as with kind; any, used after a preposition or verb: pron. the whole; the whole quantity or amount ; total ; aggregate : n. a whole; an entirety; one's entire possessions: adv. wholly; entirely; completely. all along (a'long), adv.phr. throughout. all but (but), adv.phr. everything but; almost. all-fours (-forz), n. a game of cards which comprises four points or chances for scoring: adv. on hands and knees. all-hail (hal), inter j. all health! a phrase of salutation. All-hallowe'en (awl-hal-o-en'), n. evening before All Saints' Day. All-hallows (hal'oz), n.pl. All Saints' Day, celebrated on the first of No- vember, in honor of all the saints. all one (wun), adj. & n. in effect the same; quite the same. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALL-ROUND 34 ALLOMORPHISM all-round (round), adj. versatile; capable of doing anything; many- sided. all-sorts (sorts), n. remnants of va- rious liquors blended together. All Souls' Day (solz da), n.pl. the day, celebrated second of November by the Roman Catholic Church, in honor of the departed. all told (awl told), adv. all counted. Allah (al'la), n. the Arabic name for the Supreme Being, in use among the Mohammedans. allay (al-la/), v.t. to quiet or calm; assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; relieve; as pain or grief. allegation (al-e-ga shun), n. the act of alleging; assertion; declaration; that which is asserted or alleged; that which is offered as a plea; an excuse or justification; the state- ment of a party to a suit of that which he is prepared to prove. allege (al-lej'), v.t. to produce or adduce as argument, plea, or excuse; affirm; declare; assert. allegeable (al-lej 'a-bl), adj. that may be alleged or affirmed. allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or obligation of a subject to his sover- eign or government; fealty; fidelity to a cause or person. allegoric (al-e-gor'ik) or allegorical , (al-e-gor'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or in the nature of allegory; figurative. allegorically (-li), adv. figuratively; in an allegorical manner. allegorize (al'e-go-riz), v.t. to turn into allegory; to treat allegorically; to interpret in an allegorical sense: v.i. to make use of, or indulge in, allegory. allegory . (al'e-go-ri), n. [pi. allego- ries (-riz) ], a figurative manner of treating a subject by the use of other terms analogous in properties or circumstances; a figurative rep- resentation in which the meaning is conveyed symbolically. alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to lighten; lessen; make easier; mitigate. alleviation (al-le-vi-a'shun), n. the act of alleviating; that which lessens or lightens. alleviative (al-le'vi-a-tiv), adj. tend- ing to alleviate: n. that which alle- viates. alleviator (al-le'vi-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, alleviates. alley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (-iz) ], a passage; a way (generally narrow); a lane. alliaceous (al-i-a'shus), adj. of the nature or property of garlic or the onion. alliance (al-H'ans), n. the state of being allied; relation or connection by birth or marriage; union be- tween nations. allegation (al-i-ga/shun), n. a rule for ascertaining the value or price of a compound by determining the relative proportions and prices of the ingredients. alligator (al'i-ga-ter), n. the Ameri- can crocodile. alliteration (al-lit-e-ra'shun), n. the repetition of the same initial letter in closely-succeeding^ words, or in words directly following each other, as "apt alliteration's artful aid." alliterative (al-lit'e-ra-tiv), adj. per- taining to, or characterized by, allite- ration. allocate (al'o-kat), v.t. to assign or allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- portionate parts or shares. allocation (al-o-ka'shun), n. the act of allotting, allocating, or assigning; an allotment or assignment; an al- lowance made on account. allocution (al-5-ku'shun), n. an ad- dress of a formal nature, as that delivered by the Pope to his clergy or to the Church generally. allodial (a-ld'di-al), adj. freehold; not feudal: n. land thus held. allodium (a-lo'di-um), n. [pi. allo- dia (-a) ], freehold estate. allograph (al'o-graf), n. a signature by one person in behalf of another: opposed to autograph. allomorphism (al-o-mor'fizm), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then.. ALLOPATH 35 ALMADIA property in certain substances of as- suming a different form while re- maining the same in constitution. allopath (al'o-path), n. one who fa- vors or practices allopathy; an al- lopathist. allopathic (al-o-path'ik), adj. per- taining to allopathy. allopathically (-al-li), adv. in an al- lopathic manner. allopathy (al-op'a-thi), n. a method of treating disease by inducing an action opposite to the disease it is sought to cure; opposed to homoeop- athy. alloquialism (a-lo'kwi-al-izm), n. a phrase or manner of speech used in allot (a-lof), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; assign or grant for a specific pur- pose. alio tee (al-lot-te'), n. one to whom an allotment is made. allotment (a-lot'ment), n. the act of allotting; that which is allotted; a portion of land assigned or al- lotted. allotropic (al-o-trop'ik), adj. per- taining to or characterized by al- lotropy. allotropism (a-lot'ro-pizm), n. di- versity of molecular arrangement. allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi), n. the capa- bility shown by certain chemical elements to assume different forms, each characterized by peculiar qual- ities, as the occurrence of carbon in the form of the diamond, charcoal, and plumbago, respectively. allow (a-lou'), v.t. to grant, yield; admit; deduct; permit; approve: v.i. to make concession or provision (followed by for). allowable (a-lou'abl), adj. that may be _ allowed; permissible; lawful; praiseworthy; acceptable. allowance (a-lou'ans), n. the act of allowing; admission; concession; a definite sum granted; sanction or approval; abatement or deduction: v.t. to put upon allowance; limit to a fixed expenditure or consumption of money or food. alloy (a-loi')> v.t. to combine; to form a compound, by fusion, of two or more metals; reduce in standard or quality by mixture, as with a metal of baser value; debase: n. a com- pound or fusion of two or more metals; a mixture of two metals of differing nature and value; an ad- mixture of evil with good. allspice (awl'spis), n. the fruit or berry of the pimento; so named in allusion to its taste being supposed to combine the flavors of other spices. allude (a-liid'), v.t. to compare: v.i. refer or make an allusion indirectly (with to). allure (a-lur'), v.t. to tempt by the offer of something good, real or ap- parent; entice; attract. allurement (a-lur'ment), n. the act of alluring, or that which allures. allusion (&-lu'zhun), n. a casual ref- erence; a comparison or reference by symbol or metaphor. allusive (a-lu'siv), adj. having refer- ence to something not definitely expressed. allusory (a-lu'so-ri), adj. allusive. alluvial (a-lti'vi-al), adj. pertaining to or composed of alluvium. alluvion (&-lu'vi-un), n. land added to a shore or river-bank by the action of water. alluvium (a-lu'vi-um), n. [pi. allu- via (-a) ], a deposit of mingled sand and clay (mud), or of alternating layers of sand and clay, of river origin. ally (a-ll'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. allying], to unite by marriage, treaty, league or confederacy; bind or connect by friendship or resem- blance: n. [pi. allies (a-liz') ], one united, related, or associated by these means; a confederate. almadia (al-ma-de'a), n. an Indian river-boat, shuttle-shaped, about 80 ft. in length, with a narrow beam; a small African bark-canoe. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALMAGRA 36 ALPHABETIZE almagra (al-ma'gra) , n. a fine deep- red ochre used in India for staining the skin; used also as a paint and polish (Indian-red.). almanac (awl'ma-nak) , n. a year- book or calendar giving the order of the days of the week and month, astronomical data, tide-tables, ec- clesiastical festivals and fasts, and other varied information. almighty (awl-mi'ti), adj. possessing all power; omnipotent. Almighty (awl-mi'ti), n. the omnip- otent God. almightiness (-nes), n. omnipotence; infinite or boundless power. almond (a'mund & al'mund), n. the kernel of the fruit of the almond tree; anything resembling the al- mond in shape. almoner (al'mun-er), n. one who dispenses or distributes alms or charity; an alms-purse; a pouch or purse which in early times was sus- pended from the girdle. almonry (al'mun-ri), n. [pi. almon- ries " (-riz) ], the residence of the almoner; the place where alms are dispensed. almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very nearly; well-nigh; all but. alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as n.pl.] the act of relieving by charitable aid; that which is be- stowed in or out of charity. alms-house (-hous), n. a house endowed by private or public charity and appropriated to the use of the poor. aloe (al'o), n. [pi. aloes (-6z) ], the common name for succulent plants, natives of the warm climates of the Old World, and especially of the southern part of Africa. aloes (al'oz), n. a. drug, the inspis- sated juice of several species of aloe, and obtained from the leaves; the fragrant resin or wood of the agallochum. aloft (a-16ft'), adv. on high; far above the earth; at the mast-head; or on the higher yards or rigging. alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or apart from another; single or singly; only; separately; by itself. along (a-long'), prep. & adv. by the length; likewise; in a line paralleled with the length; onward. alongshoreman (-shor'man), n. [pi. -men], a laborer employed at docks in loading and unloading vessels. alongside (-sid), adv. by the side; side by side. aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate distance but within sight; purposely keeping apart. alopecia (al-6-pe'si-a), or alopecy (al'6-e-si), n. baldness; loss of hair through skin disease. alopecist (al'6-pes-ist), n. one who undertakes the cure or prevention of baldness. aloud (k-\oud r ) , adv. with, raised voice; loudly; with a great noise; audibly. alpaca (al-pak'a), n. a mammal, closely allied to the llama, a native of the Andes of Chili and Peru; the fabric constructed from the long, soft, silky wool of the alpaca. alpen-glow (al'pen-glo), n. a peculiar purple glow on the snow on the Alps seen just before sunrise and after sunset. alpen-horn (-horn), n. a long and nearly straight horn used by the mountaineers of the Alps. alpen-stock (-stok), n. a stout staff, furnished with an iron spike, used by mountain-climbers. alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters of a language arranged in the cus- tomary order; the first rudiments of any branch of knowledge; v.t. to arrange or classify in alphabetical sequence; mark by the letters of the alphabet. alphabetic (al-fa-bet'ik), or alpha- betical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to an alphabet; in the order of the alphabet. alphabetically (-li), adv. in an al- phabetical order or manner. alphabetize (al'fa-bet-iz), v.t. to arrange in alphabetical order. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ALREADY 37 ALTOGETHER already (awl-red'i), adj. quite ready; fully prepared: adv. by, at, or be- fore, a specified time. also (awl 'so), adv. & conj. wholly so; in like manner; likewise; further, or in addition to. altar (awl-tar), n. a raised place, structure, or elevation, whether of earth or stone, for the offering of sacrifices or burning of incense; the Communion-table; a place of wor- ship. altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), an in- strument employed to determine the altitudes and azimuths of the heav- enly bodies. alter (awl-ter), v.t. to effect some change in: modify or vary; change entirely or materially. alterable (awl'ter-a-ble), adj. capable of being changed. alterability (awl-ter-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being alterable or liable to change. alterant (awl'ter-ant), adj. produc- ing or effecting change: n. a sub- stance used in dyeing to change or modify a color. alteration (awl-ter-a'shun), n. the act of altering or changing; the change or modification effected. alterative (awl'ter-a-tiv), adj. pro- Iducing change; having the power to alter: n. a medicine which restores the healthy functions of the body. altercate (awl'ter-kat), v.i. to con- tend in words; wrangle; dispute with anger or heat. altercation (awl-ter-ka'shun), n. the act of wrangling; warm contention in words; a dispute. alter ego (al'ter e'go), a second self; one's double: frequently applied to a person fully authorized to act for another. alternant (al-ter'nant), adj. composed of alternate layers. alternate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to perform by turns; cause to succeed by turns; exchange reciprocally: v.i. to take place by turns (followed with) : adj. by turns; following each other in reciprocal succession; succeeding each other by turns on opposite sides of a stem. alternate angles (ang'glz), n.pl. the internal angles made by two lines with a third on opposite sides of it. alternation (al-ter-na'shun), n. the act of alternating, or state of being alternate; reciprocal succession; an- tiphonal singing or reading. alternative (al-ter'na-tiv), adj. giv- ing the choice of two things: n. the option or choice of two possibilities, so that if one be rejected the other must be accepted. alternator (al'ter-na-ter), n. an al- ternating current dynamo. alt-horn (alt 'horn), n. a musical in- strument of the sax-horn class, fre- quently used in military bands. although (awl-£/io'), conj. granting that; though: even if; notwith- standing. altimeter (al-tim'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring altitudes trigonometrically. altimetry (al-tim'e-tri), n. the art of measuring altitudes by the use of the altimeter. altiscope (al'tis-kop), n. an instru- ment consisting of mirrors and lenses by means of which an object is brought to the view of the ob- server notwithstanding intervening obstacles; used to guide submarine boats. altisonant (al-tis'o-nant), adj. high- sounding; pompous in language. altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space ex- tended upward; height; highest point or degree; the elevation of a celestial body above the horizon; the perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit or to the side parallel to the base. altitudinal (al-ti-tti'di-nal), adj. of or pertaining to height. alto (al'to),ad;. high: n. the contralto: the tenor violin or viola. altogether (awl-too-getfi'er), adv. wholly; completely; without excep- tion; conjunctly; entirely. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. !_ ALTO-RELIEVO 38 AMASSMENT alto-relievo (al'to-re-le'v5), or alto- rilievo (al'to-re-le-a'vo), n. [pi. alto- relievos (-voz)j, high relief; figures or other objects that stand out boldly from the background, and having more than half their thick- ness projecting. altropathy (al-trop'a-thi), n. sym- pathy for others. altruism (al'troo-izm), n. the prin- ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- volving the sacrifice of %elf in the interests of others: opposed to egoism. altruist (al r troo-ist), n. one who ad- vocates or practices altruism. altruistic (al-troo-is'tik), adj. per- taining to altruism; mindful of the wants and interests of others. altruistically (-al-li), adv. in an al- truistic manner. alum (al'um), n. a double sulphate formed of aluminum and some other element, usually an alkali metal. alum-root (-root), n. a popular name given to certain roots of an astringent nature belonging to the saxifrages. alumina (a-lu'mi-na), n. the single oxide of aluminum, the most abun- dant of the earths; a notable constit- uent of common clay. Alumina is largely used in dyeing and calico- printing as a mordant. aluminite (a-lu'mi-nit), n. the hydrous 'sulphate of aluminum. aluminous (a-lu'mi-nus), adj. per- taining to, or containing, alum or alumina. aluminum (a-lu'mi-num), or alu- minium (al-u-min'i-um), n. a blu- ish-white, light, sonorous, ductile, malleable metal. alumna (a-lum'na), n. [pi. alumnse (-ne)], a female graduate or pupil of a umversity or college. alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni (-ni)], a pupil, more particularly the graduate of a university; one educated at a school, college, or university. alveolated (al-ve'o-la-ted), adj. with deep pits or cells resembling the honeycomb. always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; ever; regularly at intervals; con- tinually. am (am), 1st pers. sing, indie, mood of the verb to be. See be. amain (a-man'), adv. with force or violence; suddenly; at once. amalgam (a-maFgam), n. any me- tallic mixture or alloy of which mercury is the chief constituent; a mixture or compound of different things. amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat), v.t. to alloy mercury with another metal; mix to form a compound: v.i. to blend, combine, as one race with another. amalgamation (a-mal-ga-ma'shun), n. the act or process of compound- ing mercury with another metal; the separation of precious metals from the mother-rock by means of quicksilver; the blending or mixing of different elements or things; the union or consolidation of two or more companies or businesses into one concern. amalgamator (a-mal'ga-ma-ter), n. one who or that which amalgamates; a machine for purifying ore con- taining precious metals by amalga- mation with mercury; one who takes an active part in combining two or more active businesses. amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis), n. [pi. amanuenses (-sez)], one who is employed to write at the dictation or direction of another; a secretary. amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. an im- aginary flower said by poets to be unfading; a plant of the genus am- arantus; a color-mixture in which magenta is the chief ingredient. amaranthine (am-a-ran'thin), adj. pertaining to the amaranth; never- fading, like amaranth; purplish. amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a heap; gather together in great quan- tity or amount; accumulate. amassment (a-mas'ment), n. the act ace, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon m book; hue, hut; think, then. AMATEUR 39 AMBROSIAL of amassing; a heap or accumula- tion; a great quantity or number brought together. amateur (am'a-tur & am-a-ter'), n. one who cultivates an art or pur- sues a study from love or attach- ment, and without reference to gain or emolument: adj. applied to the work or productions of an amateur as opposed to professional. amative (am'a-tiv), adj. amorous full of love. arnativeness (am'a-tiv-nes), n. the tendency to love; the desire for sexual intercourse. amatorial (am-a-tor'i-al), adj. per- taining to love; amatory; pertain- ing to the oblique jnuscles of the eye used in ogling. amatorially (-li), adv. in an ama- torial manner. amatory (am'a-to-ri), adj. relating to or expressive of love. amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. loss or decay of sight due to partial, period- ic, or complete paralysis of the optic nerve. amaurotic (am-aw-rot'ik) , adj. relat- ing to, or affected with, amaurosis. amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or stun with fear, surprise, or wonder; astonish: n. astonishment; con- fusion; perplexity. amazement (a-maz'ment) , n. the state of being amazed; astonish- ment; perplexity arising from sud- den surprise. ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , n. an accredited representative of a sov- ereign or state at the court of an- other; a diplomatic agent of high rank; a representative or agent pi another charged with a special mission. ambassador-extraordinary (-eks- tra-or'din-a-ri) , n. an ambassador sent on a special mission. ambassador-plenipotentiary (plen- i-po-ten'shi-a-ri), n. an ambassa- dor sent with full powers to make a treaty. ambassadorial (am-bas-a-dor'i-al) , adj. belonging to an ambassador, or to his office. ambassadress (am-bas'a-dres), n. the wife of an ambassador; a female ambassador. amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil resin found on the shores of the Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- colored. ambergris (am'ber-gres), n. a mor- bid secretion from the intestines of the sperm-whale, usually found floating in tropical seas: used in perfumery. ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter) , adj. using both hands equally: n. a man of unusual dexterity. ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus) , adj. able to use both hands alike; unusually clever. ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- ing; investing. ambiguity (am-bi-gu/i-ti) , n. [pi. ambiguities (-tiz) ], double or du- bious signification ; vagueness. ambiguous (am-big'tl-us) , adj. doubtful; equivocal. ambit (am'bit), n. sl circuit or com- pass; the line or sum of the lines by which a figure is bounded; the perimeter. ambition (am-bish'un), n. a seeking for preferment; a consuming desire to achieve some object or purpose, as to gain distinction, influence, &c. ambitious (am-bish'us), adj. having ambition; aspiring. amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a peculiar pace, as a horse, by lifting the two feet on one side together: n. at an easy pace. amblyopia (am'bli-6-pi-a) , or am- blyopy (-pi), n. dimness of vision. amboyna-wood (am-boi'na-wood), n. a beautifully mottled and curled wood used in cabinet-work. ambrosia (am-bro'-zhi-a), n. any- thing exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell; a genus of weeds allied to wormwood. ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al) , adj. di- vinely delicious; fragrant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AMBROSIALLY 40 AMIADILITY ambrcsially (-li), adv. with ambro- sial fragrance. ambrotype (amlDro-tlp), n. a pho- tographic process by which the light parts of a photograph are produced in silver, the dark parts showing as a background through the clear glass. ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. a field hospital; an ambulance cart or wagon for the conveyance of the sick and wounded. ambulant (am'bu-lant), adj. walking; moving about. ambulation (am-bu-la/shun), n. the act of walking about. ambulator (am'bu-la-ter), n. a walker; a pedometer. ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri), adj. of or pertaining to walking; movable; temporary: n. a place for walking in; a covered way. ambuscade (am-bus-kad'), n. a strategic disposition of troops in ambush. ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in ambush to surprise an enemy; waylay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose of attacking by surprise. ameer (a-mer'), n. a prince; govern- or; the Mohammedan ruler of Af- ghanistan. Also written amir, emir. ameliorable (a-me'li-or-a-bl), adj. capable of improvement. ameliorate (a-me'li-or-at), v.t. to make better: v.i. to grow better; improve. amelioration (a-me-li-or-a/shun), n. the making or growing better; im- provement. ameliorative (a-me'li-or-a-tiv), adj. producing amendment; improving. ameliorator (a-me'li-or-a-ter), n. one who amends. amen (a-men[ & a/men'), adv. verily; interj. so be it. amenability (a-me-na-bil'i-ti) or amenableness (a-me'na-bl-nes), n. liability to answer (to a charge, &c.) ; tractableness; responsibility. amenable (a-me'na-bl), adj. easy to lead; submissive; liable. amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free from fault; improve; correct. amendatory (a-men'da-tor-i), n.adj. tending to amend. amende- honorable (a-mangd-on'or- a-bl), n. a public apology and repa- ration^ a punishment formerly in- flicted in France on traitors and the sacrilegious. amendment (a-mend'ment), n. the removal of faults; the alteration of a bill before a body; a counter- motion at a public meeting. amends (a-mendz') ? n.pl. compensa- tion for loss or injury; reparation. amenity (a-men'i-ti), n. [pi. amenities (-tiz)], pleasantness, as of climate or demeanor; geniality. amenorrhcea _ (a-men-or-re'a), n. en- tire or partial suppression of the menses. amentia (a-men'shi-a), n. want of reason; mental imbecility. amerce (a-mers 7 ), v.t. to punish by an arbitrary fine. amerceable (a-mer'sa-bl), adj. liable to be amerced. amercement (a-mers'ment), n. an arbitrary fine left to the discretion of a court. American (a-mer 'i-kan), adj. belong- ing to, or characteristic of, America. Americanism (a-mer'i-kan-izm), n. a form of expression peculiar to the United States; a custom peculiar to the United States or America; attachment to the United States. Americanize (a-mer'i-kan-Iz), v.t. to render American; assimilate to the political institutions of the United States. amethyst (am'e-thist), n. a violet- purple variety of quartz or rock- crystal. amethystine (am-e-this'tin), adj. containing, composed of, or colored, like amethyst. amiability (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti), n. ami- ableness; excellence of disposition; lovableness. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, ! book; hue, hut; think, then. AMIABLE 41 AMPHITYPE amiable (a'mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; worthy of love; lovable. amicable (am'i-ka-bl), adj. friendly; peaceable. amice (am'is), n. a square of white linen formerly worn on the head, but now worn about the neck and shoulders, by celebrant priests while saying Mass. amid (a-mid'), or amidst ('st), prep. in the middle of; among. amidships (a-mid'ships), adv. in the middle of a ship. amir. See ameer. amiss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. wrongly; that misses the mark. amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; friendship. ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- parent, pungent, volatile gas, used in medicine and the arts; spirits of hartshorn. ammoniac (a-mo'ni-ak), adj. per- taining to ammonia: n. sal ammo- niac; chloride of ammonium, form- erly called muriate of ammonia. ammonite (am'on-it), n. a fossil shell, twisted like a ram's horn; snake-stone. ammonol {am'o-nol'), n. a drug used for relieving pain. ammunition (am-u-nish'un) , n. powder, balls, &c, used in charging firearms of all kinds; military stores: adj. supplied to troops as equipment, &c. amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of memory. amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of oblivion for political offenses; a general pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amnestied, p.pr. amnestying], to grant pardon to. amnion (am'ni-on), n. the thin in- nermost membrane surrounding the foetus of mammals, birds, and rep- tiles. amoeba (a-me'ba), n. [pi. amoebas ('baz) & -bae ('be) ], a genus of mi- croscopic organisms, consisting of a mass of protoplasm which moves about in fresh-water ponds by means of finger-like processes with which it grasps its food. among (a-mung'), or amongst ('st), prep. & adv. mixed with; amidst. amorous (am'6r-us), adj. fond of the opposite sex: loving. amorphism (a-mor-fizm), n. want of regular form; without crystalline structure. amorphous (a-m6r-fus), adj. form- less; irregularly shaped; un crystal- lized; anomalous; unorganized. amortize (a-mor'tiz),yJ.to extinguish a debt by means of a sinking fund. amount (a-mounf), v.i. to mount up to; be equivalent or equal to: n. the totality; sum. amour (a-moor'), n. a love-intrigue. ampere (am-par), n. the unit of measurement of the strength of an electrical current. ampere-balance (am-par'bal'ans) ,n. an instrument for measuring elec- tric current by means of a fixed and a movable coil. ampere-meter (am-par'me-ter) or amperometer (am-pe-rom'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring in amperes the power of an electric current. Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. the fourth division of vertebrates, in- termediate between fishes and rep- tiles, which in their early state breathe^by gills. amphibian (am-fib'i-an), n. one of the Amphibia. amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. hav- ing the power of living both on land and in water. amphibrach (am'fi-brak), n. a foot of three syllables, the middle long, the first and last short. amphioxus (am-fi-ox'us) , n. the name of the lancelet, a fish with a body tapering at both ends, the lowest in organization of the vertebrates. ampitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) n. a double theater; a theater with seats all round the arena; a circus. amphitype (am'fi-tlp), n. a photo- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AMPHORA 42 ANADROMOUS graphic process which simultaneous- ly produces negatives and positives. amphora (am'for-a), n. [pi. am- phora} (-re) ], a two-handled vessel of oblong shape, used by the an- cients for holding wine, &c; a Greek and Roman liquid measure, the former = 9 gals., the latter = 6 gals. ample (am'pl), adj. full; large; abun- dant. ampliative (am'pli-a-tiv), adj. en- larging; synthetic. amplification (am-pli-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of amplifying or expanding; enlargement. amplify (am'pli-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amplified, p.pr. amplifying], to make large: v.i. to speak or write diffuse- ly; expand. amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. the angu- lar distance of a celestial body at rising or setting from the eastern or western points of the horizon; an angle on which the value of some mathematical function depends; the distance which a particle moves in performing a complete vibration. amply (-li), adv. in an ample man- ner; liberally. ampulla (am-pul'la), n. [pi. am- pullae (-le)], an ancient vessel which contained unguents for the bath; a drinking vessel; a vessel for con- secrated oil or chrism used in church rites, o and at the coronation of sovereigns. amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- member. amputation (am-pu-ta'shun), n. a cutting off; the operation of cutting off a limb. amt (amt), n. the largest territorial administrative division of Norway and Denmark. amt-man (-man), n. [pi. -menl, the principal executive official of an amt. amuck (a-muk'), adj. or adv. (used only in the phrase, to run amuck) running about armed, in a state of frenzy, attacking all that come in the way, or committing indiscrimi- nate slaughter. amulet (am'u-let), n. a charm worn to protect against evil; a talisman. amuse _ (a-rimz'), v.t. to occupy the attention pleasantly; beguile; en- tertain; divert. amusement (a-muz'ment), n. that which amuses; a pastime. amusively (a-mu'ziv-li), adv. in an amusive manner. amygdalin (a-mig'da-lin), n. white crystalline substance obtained from the kernels of almonds. amyl (am'il), n. the hypothetical al- cohol radical of many chemical compounds. amylaceous (am-i-la/shus), adj. starchy. amylene (am'i-len), n. a hydrocarbon obtained by the removal of water from amyl alcohol. amylic (a-mil'ik), adj. of or pertaining to amyl. an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An is properly an adj., and is used be- fore nouns of the singular number only; also before a word having an initial vowel and silent h (see H). An has a distributive force in such expressions as "once an hour"; "a dime an ounce."] ana (a'na), [pi. anas ('naz) ], a col- lection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, &c, as Shakes- periana, boxiana. anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm), n. an error in the order of time, hence any error in the misplacement of persons or events in point of time. anachronistic (an-ak-ron-is'tik), adj. out of date. anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. the spe- cific name of a large South Amer- ican boa, and loosely applied to any large snake which crushes its prey anacrusis (an-a-kru'sis), n. a stroke in music, slanting upward. anadromous (a-nad'ro-mus), adj. as- cending from the sea to fresh-water rivers to deposit spawn, as the lite, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut. think, Men. ANAEMIA ANALYSIS salmon, &c; tending upwards: said of ferns. anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- ficiency or low condition of the blood. anaesthesia, anesthesia (an-es- the'si-a), n. a condition of insensi- bility to pain, combined with loss of the sense of touch, produced by anaesthetics. anaesthetic. See anesthetic. anaglyph (an'a-glif), n. a work of art carved in relief, as distinguished from intaglio. anaglyphic (an'a-glif'ik) or ana- glyptic (-glip'tik), adj relating to anaglyphs, or the art of decoration in relief. anaglyphy (an-agli-fi), n. the art of producing sculpture, or ornamenta- tion, in relief . anaglyptograph (an-a-glip'to-graf ) , n. an instrument by which a medal- lion-engraving of any object in relief can be made. anaglyptographic (an-a-glip'to-graf ' ic), adj. relating to the production of engravings in relief. anaglyptography (an-a-glip-tog'ra- fi), n. the art of reproducing relief- work on paper. anagram (an'a-gram), n. a word or a sentence constructed out of anoth- er by the transposition of the letters contained in the second; a word ob- tained by reading the letters of an- other word backwards. anagrammatic (an-a-gram-mat'ik) or anagrammatical ('i-kal), adj. relating to, or forming an anagram. anagrammatically (-li), adv. in the style of an anagram. anagrammatize (an-a-gram'ma-tiz), v.t. to make into an anagram: v.i. to construct anagrams. anal (a'nal), adj. relating to the anus; situated near to the anal ori- fice. analect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. analects (-lekts) & analecta (-ta) J, a pas- sage or extract from a published work: pi. a collection of such ex- tracts from different authors. analectic (an-a-lek'tik), adj. pertain* ing to, or composed of, selections from other works. analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. the in- sensibility to pain in any part of the body. Called also analgia. analgesic (an-al-jes'ik), adj. that al- lays pain: n. an anodyne. analgetic (an-al-jet'ik), adj. per- taining to analgesia; insensible to pain; painless. analogical (an-a-loj 'i-kal), adj. bear- ing reference; having relation or re- semblance. analogically (-li), adv. by way of analogy. analogism (a-nal'o-jism), n. a reason- ing from the cause to the effect; study and examination of matters and things by reference to their analogies. analogist (a-nal'o-jist), n. one who reasons from the standpoint of analogy. analogize (a-nal'o-jiz), v.t. to reason or expound by reference to analogy: v.i. to treat or investigate by use of analogy. analogous (a-nal'o-gus), adj. pos- sessing points of analogy; linked by resemblance; similar. analogue (an'a-log), n. an object which bears analogy to something else; a part which corresponds with another in structure, function, or other relations. analogy (a-nal'o-ji), n. [pi. analo- gies (-jiz) ], agreement, resemblance, or correspondence in relations be- tween different objects; the infer- ence as to general agreement which is derived from similarity in certain essential particulars; equality of mathematical ratios-; conformity of its parts to the general rules and structures of a language. analysis (a-nal'i-sis), n. [pi. analy- ses (-sez) ], the resolution of a com- pound into its constituent parts; the method of determining the nature of a compound by resolution into its constituent parts; the resolving of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hutj think, then. ANALYST 44 ANCESTRAL problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations; a synopsis. analyst (an'a-list), n. one who is skilled in analysis; one skilled in the resolution of chemical com- pounds. analytic (an-a-lit'ik) or analytical (-i-kal), adj. relating to, or charac- terized by, the method of analysis. analytically (-al-li), adv. in the manner or by means of analysis. analytics (an-a-lit'iks), n. pi. the science of analysis. analyzable (an'a-li-za-bl), adj. capa- ble of being resolved by, or that may be subjected to, analysis. analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to separate or resolve; determine the nature cf a compound by resolution of its con- stituent parts. anapest or anapaest (an'a-pest), n. a foot comprising two short syllables and one long syllable. anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz'-i-ak), n. a drug or treatment to lessen sexual desire. anaplasty (an-a-plas'ti), n. the re- pairing _ of wounds by the trans- plantation of adjacent healthy tis- sue. anarchic (an-ar / kik), or anarchical (-al), adj. of or pertaining to anarchy, or the theory of anarchism. anarchism (an'ar-kizm), n. lawless- ness; confusion; anarchy; the doc- trines of the anarchists. anarchist (an'ar-kist), n. one who supports or promotes a scheme for anarchy, or upholds anarchy as a social theory. anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. non-existence or incapability of governmental rule; a lawless condition of society; the theory of individual liberty. anarthrous (an-ar'thrus), adj. with- out the article; destitute of joints; without articulated limbs. anastigmat (an-as'tig-mat), n. a combination of lenses used in photog- raphy to overcome distortion of the image and obtain a flat field. anastrophe or anastrophy (a-nas 7 - tro-fe), n. an inversion of the se- quence of words in a sentence, as "echoed the hills," for "the hills echoed." anathema (a-nath'e-ma), n. [pi. anathemas (-maz)J, the curse ac- companying excommunication pro- nounced by a religious assembly or convocation; an imprecation or curse; the thing or person held to be accursed. anathematize (a-nath'e-ma-tiz), v.t. to pronounce a decree of excommuni- cation against: v.i. to curse. anatomical (an-a- torn 'i-kal), adj. re- lating to, or according to, the laws of anatomy. anatomically (-li), adv. in an ana- tomical manner. anatomism (a-nat'o-mizm), n. ana- tomical analysis or structure; anat- omy as the basis of life of organized bodies; the explanation of vital phe- nomena by anatomical structure; the application of the principles of anat- omy, as in art. anatomist (a-nat'o-mist), n. one possessing a knowledge of anatomy derived from dissection. anatomize (a-nat'o-miz), v.t. to sep- arate by dissection and exhibit the relative position # and structure of the parts of an animal or plant. anatomy (a-nat'o-mi), n. [pi. anato- mies (-miz)], separation by dissec- tion of the various parts of a body, with a view to the examination and determination of their structure and relations; the art or science of dis- section; a descriptive account of the parts of an organic body; a with- ered or emaciated person. anatripsis (an-a-trip'sis), n. mas- sage. ancestor (an'ses-ter), n. a forefather or progenitor, on the side of father or mother, from whom one is de- scended in direct line; one who held previous possession. ancestral (an-ses'tral), adj. belonging to, or connected with, one's ances- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANCESTRESS 45 ANEMOMETER tors; derived from one's progenitors; lineal. ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. a female ancestor. . ancestry (an r ses-tri) , n. the line of one's descent traced from a period more or less emote; the personages comprising such lineage; lineage. anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- ment of varying form, but generally having two curved and pointed arms terminating one end of a shank, to the other extremity of which is af- fixed a caole, used to secure a float- ing vessel to the bottom; that on which dependence is placed "for se- curity or stability; a metallic clamp securing a tie-rod connecting oppo- site walls: v.t. to affix by an an- chor; grapple; hold fast. anchor-ice (ang'ker-is), n. ground-ice. anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n. a suita- ble or customary place for the an- choring of vessels; the hold attained by an anchor; harbor-dues for an- chorage in a port. anchoret (ang'kor-et) or anchorite (-it), n. one who voluntarily se- cludes himself from society and lives a solitary life devoted to re- ligious or philosophic meditation; a recluse; a hermit. anchovy (an-cho'vi), n. [pi. ancho- vies (-viz)], a diminutive fish abound- ing in the Mediterranean, and espe- cially esteemed for its peculiar flavor, used for pickling and as a sauce. ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- taining to the early history of the world; of past times or remote ages; of great age or antiquity: n. one who lived in ancient times; pi. the people of classic times; the Jew- ish elders; the governing body of an Inn of Court: n. formerly a flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. attendant upon; accessory; subservient. ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), adj. two- edged and sharp. ancon (ang'kon), n. [pi. ancones (-ez) ], the upper extremity of the forearm or ulna; the elbow; a bracket or projection for the sup- port of a cornice. ancus (ang'kus), n. an elephant goad formed of metal. and (and), conj. the copulative join- ing words and sentences. And is sometimes used emphatically by way of contrast, as "there are orators and orators," i.e. two very dif- ferent kinds. andesite (an'de-sit), n. a silicate of alumina, soda, and lime. andirons (and'I-ernz), n.pl. metal standards used for open fires, to support the logs; fire-dogs. androcephalus (an-dro-sef *a-lus) , adj. having a human head, as a sphinx, &c. androgynous (an-droj'i-nous), adj. combining both sexes, or bearing both male and female organs; her- maphroditical. androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. a sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a man. anecdotal (an'ek-do-tal), adj. relat- ing to, or consisting of, anecdotes. anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. a brief nar- rative of an entertaining character; a terse and pithy account of some detached incident, chiefly personal or biographical. anecdotic (an-ek-dot'ik), or anec- dotical ('i-kal), adj. relating to anecdotes. anecdotically (-H), adv. by anec- dotes. anelectric (an-e-lek'trik), adj. with- out the properties of electricity; non-electric: n. a conductor in con- tradistinction to an insulator. anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod), n. the positive pole of a galvanic battery. anemia. See anaemia. anemograph (a-nem'o-graf), n. an instrument for registering the force or direction of the wind. anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. a wind-gauge; an instrument which indicates the pressure of the wind. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon> book; hue, hut; think, then. ANEMONE 46 ANGLING anemone (a-nem'o-ne), n. [pi. anem- ones (-nez) ], the wind-flower or wood-anemone; a sea-anemone, a marine zoophyte. anemoscope (a-nem'o-skop), n. an apparatus for exhibiting the direc- tion of the wind. aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no liquid, as quicksilver: n. a barometer shaped like a watch, _ the action depending on the varying pressure of the atmosphere on the top of an elastic metal box. anesthesia. See anaesthesia. anesthetic or anaesthetic (an-es- thet'ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the sense of feeling: n. a drug which produces insensibility. anesthetize or anaesthetize (an- es'the-tiz), v.t. to bring under the influence of an anaesthetic; render insensible to paim aneurism (an'ti-rizm), n. a local swelling or dilation of an artery at a point where the coat is thinned or weakened by disease. anew (a-nu'), adv. afresh; over again; tn a new manner or style. angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; one of an order of spiritual attendants who form a connection between heaven and earth, as from God to mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen angel; the presbyter in the early Christian Church residing in some particular city (Rev. ii. 8); an English gold coin, value about 10s., struck in the reign of Edward IV., and impressed with the figure of the archangel Michael. angel-fish (-fish), n. a species of shark with large pectoral fins, which give to it a winged appearance. angelic (an-jel'ik) or angelical ('i-kal), adj. belonging to or re- sembling an angel in nature or func- tion. angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional exercise in commemoration of the Incarnation, during which the Ave Maria is twice repeated: said morn- ing, noon, and night; the bell which is rung to announce the time of such devotions. anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion or passion aroused by a sense of injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to provoke to resentment; excite to wrath; enrage. angina (an-ji'na^ & an'ji-na), n. an inflamed condition of the throat, as in quinsy, &c. angina pectoris (pek'to-ris), ». a muscular spasm of the chest, very often accompanied by an affection of the heart, and frequently fatal. angiology (an-ji-ol'6-ji), n. that branch of anatomy which treats of the blood-vessels and lymphatics. angle (ang'gl). n. the inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a sharp or projecting corner; the inclination of two lines which meet at a point (the vertex). angle (ang'gl), v.i. to fish with a hook and line : v.t. to fish for. angler (ang'gl er), n. one who fishes with rod and line; a piscator; the name of a fish furnished with fila- mentary appendages, which by their movement attract smaller fish on which it feeds. Also called fishing- frog and sea-devil. anglican (ang'gli-kan), adj. pertain- ing to England as a nation; per- taining to the Church of England and churches in other countries in accord with it, and (popularly) to the High or Ritualistic section of the Anglican Church: n. a member of the Anglican Church; a Ritualist. Anglicanism (ang'gli-kan-izm), n. the principles and ritual of the Anglican Church. anglice (ang'gli-se), adv. according to the English language or manner. anglicism (ang'gli-sizm), n. a, form of speech; a principle or mannerism peculiar to England. anglicize (ang'gli-slz), v.t. to make or to render into English; accord with English manners and customs. angling (ang'gling), n. the piscato- rial art; the act of fishing with rod and fine. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANGLO-AMERICAN 47 ANIMALCULE Anglo-American (ang'glo-a-mer'i- kan), adj. pertaining to England and the United States conjointly, as to commerce or population: n. an American citizen of English descent. Anglomania (ang'glo-man'i-a), n. a predilection carried to excess for everything that is English, in the sense of being peculiar to England. Anglophobia (-fo'bi-a), n. an intense aversion for or fear of everything English. Anglo-Saxon (-saks'un), adj. per- taining to the Saxon settlers in England prior to the Conquest, or to their language: n. one of the Saxon settlers in England as dis- tinguished from those on the Conti- nent: pi. the English race. angora (ang-go'ra), n. cloth made from Angora-wool. angora-cat (-kat), n. a cat of the domestic kind with long handsome hair. angora goat (-got), n. a breed of goats native to the province of Angora, Asia Minor; now raised in other countries, and especially in the U. S. See also mohair. angora-wool (-wool), n. the coat of the Angora goat, much esteemed for its long silky hair. angostura-bark (ang-gos-tu'ra bark), n. a bitter aromatic bark used for v medicinal purposes. angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with anger; provoked; feeling resentment; wrathful; showing anger; fierce; inflamed. angrily ('gri-li), adv. in an angry manner. angriness (-ness), n. the state of being angry. anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain or grief; acute suffering, bodily or mental. angular (ang'gu-lar), adj. possessing an angle or angles; sharp, bent, or cornered; pointed, or full of points. angularity (ang-gu-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. angularities (-tiz) ], the quality of being angular in any sense. angulate (ang'gu-lat), adj. construct- ed of angles; having the form of an angle. angustate (ang-gus'tat), adj. narrow at the base and expanded at the top. anhydride (an-hi'drid), n. an oxygen compound formed by substituting an acid radical for the whole of the hydrogen in one or two molecules of water. anhydrite (an-hl'drit), n. anhydrous sulphate of lime. anhydrous (an-hl'drus), adj. with- out water: applied to minerals in which the water of crystallization is not present. anil (an'il), n. the indigo plant. anile (an'il & 'il), adj. resembling an old woman; aged; old-womanish. aniline (an'i-lin), n. a base used in the formation of many rich dyes obtained from coal-tar, but more ex- tensively from benzole: adj. of or pertaining to aniline. anilism (an'il-izm), n. aniline poison- ing, caused by the inhalation of aniline vapors. anility (It-niTi-ti), n, the state of being -anile; a condition of dotage. animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) , n. the act of observing; capacity for perception; censure; criticism; stricture. animadversive (an-i-mad-ver'siv), ad/, possessing the faculty of obser- vation. animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), v.i. to give the mind to;_ pass comment or stricture upon; criticise. animal (an'i-mal), n. an organized living body, sentient, mobile, and locomotive; an inferior being; a brute: adj. of or belonging to ani- mals. animal-magnetism (an'i-mal-mag'- net-izm), n. another name for mes- merism. animalcular (an-i-mal'ku-lar) or animalculine (-Un), adj. of or re- lating to animalcules. animalcule (an-i-mal'kul), n. one ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANIMALCULIST 48 ANNIHILATIONIST of a class of minute or microscopic organisms abounding in water and infusions; an infusorian. animalculist (an-i-mal'ku-list), ». a specialist of animalcules. animalculum (an-i-mal'ku-lum), n. [pi. animalcula _ (-la) ], a minute organism; an animalcule. animalia m (an'i-ma-li-a), n.pl. the animal kingdom. animalism (an'i-mal-izm), n. the state of being animal, or actuated by animal instincts or appetites; the theory which regards mankind as merely animal^ sensuality. animalistic (an-i-mal-is'tik), adj. characterized by animal or sensual instincts. animality (an-i-mal'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being an animal, or possessing animal characteristics. animalization (an-i-mal-i-za'shun) , n. the act of making animal; the process of becoming bestial. animalize (an'i-mal-Iz), v.t. to make animal; impart animal life, form, and attributes; sensualize or bes- tialize; convert into animal sub- stance by assimilation. animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to^ impart life to; to inspire with energy or action; enliven: adj. endowed with animal life; full of spirit and vigor. animation (an'i-ma'shun), n. the act of g-ving life or spirit; the state of being animated; vivacity. animativs (an'i-ma-tiy), ad/, that has power to impart life or spirit. animism (an'i-mizm), n. the theory of the existence of an immaterial principle or force inseparable from matter to which all life and action are attributable. animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti), n. [pi. animosities (-tiz) ], hostility; ha- tred; active enmity. animus (an'i-mus), n. intention, tem- per, spirit or purpose; hostility. anion (an'i-on), n. the element in a body decomposed by voltaic action, which is evolved at the positive pole or anode. anise (an'is), n. the common name for a plant (indigenous in Egypt) yielding the aniseed of commerce. ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articu- lation connecting the foot with the leg. anklet (ang'klet), n. a diminutive ankle; an ornament or support for the ankle; a fetter or shackle. ankylose (ang'ki-los), v.t. to consoli- date or join by bony growth; stiffen as a joint: v.i. to grow together; become stiff. ankylosis (ang'ki-lo-sis), n. the join- ing or consolidation of parts for- merly or normally separate or mova- ble by means of bony growth. ankylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of ankylosis. annalist (an'al-ist), n. & compiler of ■annals. annals (an'alz), n.pl. a description, history, or chronicle issued from time to time, and comprising the events of each year in order of sequence; chronicles. anneal (an-neT), v.t. to heat or fix by heat; temper and render malleable; bake or fuse. annealing (an-ne'ling), n. the process of tempering, baking, fusing, or fixing. annex (an-neks'), v.t. to add or affix at the end; subjoin or connect; pur- loin: n. (an-neks' & an'neks), that which is added; an addition. annexation (an-eks-a'shun),n. the act of annexing; that which is annexed. annexationist (an-eks-a'shun-ist), n. an advocate for, or promoter of, annexation. annihilable (an-ni'hi-la-bl), adj. ca- pable of annihilation. annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), v.t. to re- duce to nothing; wipe out of exist- ence; destroy. annihilation (an-nl-hi-la/shun), n. the act of annihilating; non-exist- ence. annihilation! st (an-ni-hi-la'shun- ist), n. one who believes that eternal punishment consists of annihilation. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANNIVERSARY 49 ANOMALISTIC anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri), n. [pi. anniversaries (-riz) ], the recurrence in each year of the date of an event; the annual commemoration of an event: adj. recurring once in every twelve months; yearly. annotate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark or note by way of explanation or criti- cism, as a book. annotation (an-o-ta'shun), n. the act of noting or commenting upon; a note, remark, or criticism made in a book. annotator (an'o-ta-ter), n. one who annotates or writes remarks by way of comment or criticism upon the works of authors. announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to pro- claim or make known, formally, or in a public manner; pronounce by judicial sentence; proclaim. announcement (an-nouns 'ment) , n. the act of announcing; that which is announced; a proclamation. annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by repeated acts; harass or discompose by petty injury or opposition: v.i. to be troubled, vexed: n. the feeling of discomfort caused by an injury or vexation. annoyance (an-noi'ans) , n. the act of annoying or causing vexation; the state of being annoyed; the thing or act which annoys. annoyingly (an-noi'mg-h), adv. in a vexatious manner. annual (an'u-al), adj. once in twelve months; yearly; of or belonging to a year; published once a year; com- pleted in a year; lasting or living only for a year or season, as an annual plant: n. an anniversary mass said for a deceased person; the fee paid for such a mass. annually (-li), adv. yearly; happen- ing, returning, or completed year by year. annuitant (an-nii'i-tant), n. one who is in receipt of, or is entitled to receive, an annuity. annuity (an-nu'i-ti), n. [pi. annuities (-tiz) ], the payment of a sum of money by periodical or yearly installments. annul (an-nul'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- nulled, p.pr. annulling], to make void, abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, or compact. annular (an'Q-lar), adj. ring-like; in the form of a ring or annulus: n. the ring of light surrounding the moon's body in an annular eclipse of the sun. annulate (an'u-lat), adj. ringed; hav- ing ring-like bands or circles. angulation (an-u-la/shun), n. a ring- like formation. annulet (an'u-let), n. a little ring; a small fillet encircling a column. annulment > (an-nul'ment), n. the act of reducing to nothing; abolition; invalidation. annulosa (an-u-lo'sa), n. the annu- lose animals, as crustaceans, insects, worms. annulose (an'u-los), adj. composed of a succession of rings. annunciate (an-nun'si-at), v.t. to make known officially or publicly; announce. annunciation (an-nun-si-a/shun) , n. the act of annunciating. Annunciation (an-nun-si-a'shun), n. the church festival (Lady-day, Mar. 25) commemorating the inti- mation of the Incarnation made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 28-33.). annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-ter), n. a signaling apparatus; an indicator used in hotels, and connected with the bells and telephones, to show in which room attendance is required. anode ^ (an'od), n. the path of the electric current from the positive to the negative pole; the positive pole. anodyne (an'o-dln), adj. assuaging pain: n. a drug which relieves pain. anoint __ (a-noint'), v.t. to pour oil upon, in a religious ceremony; con- secrate. anomalistic (a-nom-a-lis'tik), adj. pertaining to the anomaly or angular ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. ANOMALOUS 50 ANTEMETIC distance of a planet from its perihe- lion. anomalous (a-nom'a-lus), adj. de- viating from the common order; ab- normal. anomaly (a-nom'a-li), n. deviation from the natural order; the angular distance of a planet from its peri- helion. anon (a-non'), adv. soon; straight- way; again. anonym (an'o-nim), n. a person who remains nameless; a pseudonym. anonymity (an-6-nim'i-ti), n. the state of being anonymous. anonymous (a-non'i-mus), adj. bear- ing no author's name; nameless. anopheles (an-of'e-les), n. a genus of the mosquito family transmitting to human beings the germ of malaria. another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. one more; not the same; any other; any or some one else. anserine (an'ser-In), adj. relating to or resembling a goose; stupid as a goose. answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in op- position to; to reply to a charge; a counterstatement: n. a response or rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a solu- tion, as of a mathematical problem. answerable (an'ser-a-bl), adj. liable to give answer; responsible. ant (ant), n. a small social insect of the hymenopterous order. ant-bear ('bar), n. the name some- times given (from its likeness to a bear) to the great ant-eater of America; the Cape ant-eater of South Africa. ant-eater ('e-ter), a name applied • to a group of quadrupeds which feed upon ants. ant-lion ('ll-un), n. a neuropterous insect whose larva constructs a pit- fall for ants and other insects. antacid (ant-as'id), adj. counteract- ing acidity: n. a medicine which counteracts the formation of acids in the system. antagonism (an-tag'o-nism), n. the active opposition of two opponents or opposing forces; hostihty. antagonist (an-tag'6-nist), n. a com- petitor in any sphere of action; an opponent. antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'tik), adj, acting in opposition; opposed. antagonistically (-al-li), adv. in rivalry or opposition. antagonize (an-tag'o-niz), v.t. to op- pose; hinder; counteract; contend against; compete with: v.i. to act in opposition; neutralize. antarctic (ant-ark 'tik), adj. opposite to arctic; pertaining to the south- polar regions; southern. antecede (an-te-sed'), v.t. to precede or go before in time or space. antecedence (an-te-se'dens) or an- tecedency ('den-si), n. preced- ence; the act or state of going be- fore; priority. antecedent (an-te-se'dent), adj. pre- ceding: n. the substantive or noun to which a relative or other pro- noun refers; the part of a condi- tional proposition upon which the other depends: pi. the previous events of a person's life. antecedently (-li), at a time pre- ceding. antecessor (an-te-ses'er), n. one who goes before (in office). antechamber (an'te-cham-ber), n. an apartment next the principal room, where persons wait for audi- ence; an outer room. antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry- back to an earlier period; antici- pate: n. a date earlier than the ac- tual date. antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-an), adj. of or pertaining to the world before the Flood; belonging to very ancient times; antiquated: n. one who lived before the Flood. antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name given to numerous species of deer- like ruminants, intermediate be- tween the deer and the goat, with cylindrical ringed horns. antemeridian (an-te-me-rid'i-an), adj. preceding noon. antemetic (ant-e-met'ik), adj. allaying ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTEMUNDANE 51 ANTHROPOMETRIC vomiting: n. a medicine possessing this property. antemundane (an-te-mun'dan), adj. before the creation of the world. antenatal (an-te-na/tal), adj. before birth. antenna (an-ten'a), n. [pi. antennae ('e) ], the jointed horns or feelers upon the heads of insects and Crus- tacea. antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), adj. before marriage. antepaschal (an-te-pas'kal), adj. before Easter; preceding the Jewish Passover. antepenult (an-te-pe-nulf) or an- tepenultima(an-te-pe-nul / ti-ma),n. the last syllable but two of a word. antepenultimate < (an-te-pe-nul'ti- mat), adj. pertaining to the last but two: n. that which is last but two. anteprandial (an-te-pran'di-al), adj. before dinner. anterior (an-ter'i-er), adj. more to the front; former. anteriority (an-ter-i-or'i«ti), n. the quality of being anterior, especially in order of time; priority. anteroom (an'te-room), n. a room before, or forming an entrance to, another; an antechamber. antetemple (an'te-tem-pl), n. the portico of an ancient temple or church; the narthex. anthelion (ant-he'- or an-the'li-on), n. [pi. anthelia (-a) ], a halo or a colored ring or rings, opposite the sun, formed around the shadow of the head of the observer, as pro- jected on a cloud or moist surface. anthem (an'them), n. a composition from the Scriptures or liturgy set to sacred music. anther (an'ther), n. the summit _ of the stamen of a flower containing the pollen or fertilizing dust. antheroid (an'ther-oid), adj. having the form of an anther. anthocarpous (an-tho-kar'pus), adj. having a fruit formed from the ovaries of several flowers, as the pineapple. anthography (an-thog'ra-fi), n. the scientific description of flowers. anthological (an-tho-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to an anthology; consist- ing of beautiful extracts, more es- pecially of those from the poets. anthologist (an-thol'o-jist), n. one who compiles an anthology. anthology (an-thol'o-ji), n. a collec- tion of choice poems, epigrams, and fugitive pieces by various authors; a hymnal. anthracene (an'thra-sen), n. a com- plex hydrocarbon obtained from coal- tar; paranaphthalin. anthracite (an'thra-sit), n. a non- bituminous coal which burns with- out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; stone-coal; hard-coal. anthracitic (an-thra-sit'ik), adj. re- sembling, or of the nature of, an- thracite. anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthra- ces (-sez) ], a carbuncle, or malig- nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep and cattle, caused by the presence of a bacillus in the blood and tis- sues; the carbuncular disease caused in man by inoculation from affected sheep and cattle. anthropography (an-thro-pog'ra-fl), n. _ that branch of anthropology which treats of the actual geograph- ical distribution of the human race, and the local variations of its dif- ferent divisions. anthropoid (an'thro-poid), adj. re- sembling man: n. one of the higher apes resembling man. Anthropoidea (an-thro-poi'de-a), n. pi. a sub-order of primate mammals, including man, the apes, and monkeys. anthropological (an-thro-po-loj'i- kal), adj. relating to anthropology. anthropologist (an-thro-pol'6-jist), n. a student of anthropology. anthropology (an-thro-pol'o-ji), n. the science of man, considered zo- ologically or ethnographically. anthropometric (an-thro-po-mef- rik), adj. relating to the measure- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTHROPOMETRICALLY 52 ANTIMONITE ment or proportions of the human body. anthropometrically (-al-li), adv. in an anthropological manner, or by means of anthropometry. anthropometry (an-thro-pom'e-tri), n. the measurement of the human body; the department of anthropol- ogy relating to such measurement of persons at various ages, and in different tribes, races, occupations, &c. anthropomorphic (an-thro-po-mor'- fik), adj. characterized by anthro- pomorphism; resembling man. anthropomorphism (an-thro-po- mor-fizm), n. the ascription of a human form and attributes to the Deity, or to supernatural beings. anthropophagi (an-thro-pof'a-ji), n.pl. man-eaters; cannibals. anthropophagous (an-thr5-pof'a- gus), adj. feeding on human flesh. anthropozoic (an'thro-po-zo'ik), a. pertaining to the time during which man has existed on the earth; the most recent period in a geological antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a clown; a trick.; a grotesque gesture. Antichrist (an'ti-krist), n. an op- ponent of Christ, especially the great personal opponent expected to ap- pear before the end of the world [I John ii. 22]. antichristian (an-ti-kris'chan), n. one who is an opponent of the Christian religion: adj. pertaining to Anti- christ; opposed to the Christian religion. ' anticipant (an-tis'i-pant), adj. that which operates beforehand: n. one who looks forward. anticipate (an-tis'i-pat), v.t. to take beforehand; use in advance; look for as certain; deal with beforehand: v.i. to treat of something before the proper time. anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun), n. the act of taking beforehand; expecta- tion; hope; preconception. anticipative (an-tis'i-pa-tiv), or anticipatory (-to-ri), adj. taking beforehand; anticipating. anticlimax (an'ti-kli-maks), n. a ludicrous descent in thought and expression; bathos. anticyclone (an'ti-si-klon), n. a me- teorological condition in which the ordinary features of a cyclone are reversed, i.e. the winds, which are light, flow from instead of toward the center. anticyclonic (an-ti-si-klon'ik), adj. pertaining to an anticyclone. antidotal (an'ti-do-tal), adj. of the nature or quality of an antidote. antidotally (-li), adv. in the manner of an antidote. antidote (an'ti-dot), n. a substance which acts medicinally as a counter- active to the effects of poison or disease; that which annuls or tends to prevent the evil effects of any- thing else; a remedy. antifat (an'ti-fat), adj. available for preventing or reducing fatness: n. a remedy* against fatness. antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. capa- ble of allaying fever: n. a fever med- icine or antipyretic. antifebrine (an-ti-feb'rin), n. acet- anilide, used in medicine as an antipyretic. antimask (an'ti-mask), n. sl species of drollery introduced as interlude between acts of more serious nature. Written also antimasque. antimasonic (an-ti-ma-son'ik), adj. opposed to the principles of free- masonry. antimonarchical (an-ti-mo-nar'ki- kal), adj. opposed to monarchy. antimonial (an-ti-mo'ni-al), adj. per- taining to antimony; composed of, or possessing the qualitiesof , antimony. antimoniate (an-ti-mo'ni-at), n. a salt of antimonic acid. antimonic (an-ti-mon'ik), or anti- monious (an-ti-mo'ni-us), adj. re- lating to, composed of, or obtained from antimony. antimonite (an'ti-mS-nlt), n. native sulphide of antimony. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, #&en. ANTIMONY 53 ANTIQUE antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n. a white lustrous metal, entering largely into medicinal preparations and various important alloys. antinomianism (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm) , n. the doctrine that faith frees one from the moral law. antinomy (an-tin'o-mi), n. [pi. an- tinomies (-miz)], the opposition of one law or part of a law to another. anti parallel (an-ti-par'a-lel), adj. running parallel, but in an opposite direction: n. one of two or more lines making equal angles with two other lines, but in contrary order. antipathetic (an-ti-pa-thet'ik), or antipathetical ('i-kal), adj. pos- sessing a, natural antipathy or aver- sion [with to]. antipathic (an-ti-path'-ik), adj. per- taining to antipathy; adverse; op- posite. antipathy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. an- tipathies (-thiz)], natural aversion; an instinctive dislike; the object of aversion (followed in composition by to, against, between, and for). antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. preventive of return in periodic or intermittent diseases: n. a medicine for periodic diseases. antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'tik), adj. efficacious in counteracting fever or inflammation: n. any remedy which serves to check inflammatory symptoms. antiphon (an'ti-fon), or antiphone (-fon), n. a chant or hymn rendered alternately by two choirs, as in English cathedral services. anti phonal (an-tif'o-nal), adj. char- acterized by antiphony or responsive singing: n. a collection of antiphons. antiphonary (an-tif'o-nar-i), n. [pi. antiphonaries (-iz)], a book of re- sponses used in the services: adj. antiphonal, or responsive. antiphone tic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adj. similar in sound; applied to words which rhyme. antiphony (an-tif'6-ni), n. [pi. an- tiphonies (-niz)], the alternate or responsive rendering of psalms or chants by a dual choir; a musical setting of sacred verses arranged for alternate singing. antiphrasis (an-tif'ra-sis), n. the employment of a word, or words, in a sense contrary to its, or their, true meaning. antipodal (an-tip'o-dal), adj. per- taining to the antipodes; opposite or extreme. antipode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. antip- odes (an-tip'o-dez)], one who re- sides on the opposite side of the earth; that which is directly oppo- site to another. _ antipodean (an-tip-o-de'an), adj. be- longing to the antipodes: n. one who resides on the opposite side of the earth. antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n. pi. those who, residing at opposite sides of the globe, have their feet directly opposed; the two portions of the earth's surface which are exactly opposite to each other; the direct opposite of a person or thing. antipyretic (an-ti-pi-ret'ik), adj. pre- ventive of, or remedial to, fever: n. a remedy of such nature. anti pyrin (an-ti-pl'rin), n. a drug, obtained from coal-tar, employed for the relief of neuralgia, nervous headaches, and reduction of heat in fevers. antiquarian (an-ti-kwar'i-an), adj. pertaining to antiquaries or to an- tiquity: n. an antiquary. antiquarianism (an-ti-kwar'i-an- izm), n. the attachment to what is old or antiquated which character- izes the antiquary; the study or col- lepting of antiquities. antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i), n. one who is attached to ancient things, and is learned in their history; one who collects antiquities for the pur- pose of study. antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted), p. adj. grown old; old-fashioned; obsolete; ancient. antique (an-tek'), adj. of or belong" ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANTIQUENESS 54 ANY ing to a former age; ancient:" n. something of great age; a relic of antiquity. antiqueness (-nes), n. the quality of being ancient, or having the ap- pearance of antiquity. antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti), n. [pi. an- tiquities (-tiz) ], great age; ancient- ness; early ages; the people or races of ancient times; that which be- longed to, or survives from, ancient times; a relic. antiscorbutic (an-ti-sk6r-bu'tik), adj. & n. counteractant or remedial to scurvy. anti-Semite (an-ti-sem'It), n. one who favors the social and political persecution of Jews. anti-Semitic (an-ti-sem-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, anti-Semitism. anti-Semitism (an-ti-sem'it-izm), n. antagonism to the Jewish race. antisepsis (an-ti-sep'sis), n. the ex- clusion of bacteria from wounds, &c, by the use of antiseptics. antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj. de- structive to the germs of disease or putrefaction: n. a substance that acts as a preventive to putrefaction. antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i), adj. opposed to slavery: n. opposition to slavery. antispasmodic (an-ti-spaz-mod'ik) , adj. counteractive to, or curative of, spasms: n. a medicine having such an effect. antisplenetic (an-ti-sple-net'ik), adj. of use remedially in diseases of the spleen: n. a medicine for spleen diseases. antistrophe (an-tis'tro-fe), n. in the ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- ing part immediately following the strophe and sung in moving to the right, the strophe having been sung When moving to the left. antithermic (an-ti-ther'mik), a. tend- ing to reduce the bodily temperature; same as antipyretic. antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. an- titheses (-sez) ], opposition; contrast; expression by contrast or opposition of words or sentiments. antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), or anti- thetical (-al), adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing anti- thesis. antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in), n. a serum used hypodermically as a preventive of, or cure for, certain diseases. antitrade (an'ti-trad), n. a tropical wind blowing steadily in an opposite direction to the trade wind. anti-trust (an'ti-trust), a. antagonistic to trusts or corporations formed to control trade, industries, &c. antitype (an'ti-tip), n. that which preceded the type, and of which the type is the prefigurement or repre- sentation. antitypical (an-ti-tip'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an antitype. antizymotic (an-ti-zl-mot'ik) , adj. preventing fermentation: n. the agent so used. antler (ant'ler), n. the individual branches of a stag's horns; the horn in its complete condition. antonym (an'tS-nym), n. a word meaning the opposite of some other word; as unhappy is the antonym of happy. anurous (a-nu'rus), adj. having the character of the Anura, as the frogs and toads, which are tailless when adult. anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion of the rectum; the excremental ori- fice. anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used for the hammering and shaping of metals. anxiety (ang-zl'e-ti), n. [pi. anxieties (-tiz) ], a condition of mental uneasi- ness arising from fear or solicitude. anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- sive. any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- minately, unlimited ; some, an indef- inite number, quantity, or degree: adj. one indefinitely; ( pi.) some: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ANYBODY 55 APHRODISIAC pron. one; anyone; (pi.) some: adv. to any extent; at all; in any degree (used with comparatives, as any better). anybody (-bod-i), n. any person; some one of importance. anyhow (-hou), adv. in any way or manner; in any case; at any rate, anything ^ (-thing), n. any object as distinguished from a person; aught; with as or like, as "It rains like anything." anyway (-wa), adv. in any manner. anywhere (-hwar), adv. in any place. any- whither (-hwither), adv. to or towards any place. any- wise (-wlz), adv. in any way or manner; anyhow. aorist (a'6-rist), n. one of the tenses of a Greek verb, denoting past indefinite time. aorta (a-6r'ta), n. [pi. aortae (-te)J, the chief artery or main trunk of the arterial system, opening from the left ventricle of the heart and supplying all parts of the body, excepting the lungs, with arterialized blood. aortic (a-6r'tik), adj. pertaining to the aorta. aortitis (a-6r-tl'tis), n. inflammation of the aorta. aoudad (a'u-dad), n. a sheep-like animal of North Africa, somewhat resembling the chamois. apace (a-pas'), adv. quickly; at a quick pace; speedily. Apache (a-pa'che), n. an American Indian; a Parisian ruffian. apart (a-parf), adv. separately; aside; asunder. apartment (a-part'ment) , n. a room or part of a divided building: pi. a set or suite or two or more rooms of a house set apart as lodgings. apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik) , or apa- thetical (-al), adj. devoid of, or insensible to, feeling or emotion. apathetically (-li), adv. in an apa- thetical manner. apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies (-thiz)], lack of feeling; want of passion or emotion; indifference. apatite (ap'a-tit), n. a crystalline phosphate of lime. ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having teeth in number and appearance as man;a sillymimic; a fool. The family of the apes including the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c: v.t. to imitate servilely ; mimic, as an ape. apeak (a-pek 7 ), adv. nearly vertical in position. aperient (a-per'i-ent), adj. gently laxative; opening the bowels: n. a mild laxative medicine. aperiodic (a-per-i-od'ik), adj. without "periodicity. aperitive (a-per'i-tiv), adj.; n. same as aperient. aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; a perforation or passage; the space between two intersecting right lines; the diameter of the exposed part of the object-glass of a telescope or other optical instrument. apetalous (a-pet'a-lus), adj.. without petals or corolla. apex (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i- sez), & apexes (a'pek-sez) ], the point tip, or summit of anything. aphagia (a-fa/ji-a), n. inability to swallow. aphasia (a-fa'zi-a), n. loss of the power of speech, or the appropriate use of words, due to disease or injury of the brain. aphelion (a-f e'li-on) , n. [pi. aphelia (-a) ], that point in the orbit of a planet or a comet which is farthest from the sun. aphid (af'id), n. a plant-louse be- longing to the genus Aphis. aphides, pi. of Aphis. aphidian (a-fid'i-an), n. an aphid: adj. pertaining to the genus Aphis. Aphis (a/fis), n. {pi. Aphides (afi- dez) ], the genus of plant-suckers, to which the aphides belong; a member of the genus. aphorism (af'6-rizm), n. a concise and pithy statement of a rule or precept; a maxim. aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz'i-ac), n. a drug exciting sexual desire. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ■ APHTHONG 56 APOSTATIZE aphthong (af 'thong), n. a letter or apologia (ap-o-lo'gi-a), n. an argu- letters not sounded in a word. ment in defense of one's actions or apiary (a/pi-a-ri), n. [pi. apiaries principles. (-riz) ], a place where bees are kept; apologist _ (a-pol'o-jist), or apolo- a bee-house. gizer (-ji-zer), n. one who apolo- apiece (a-pes'), adv. to or for each; gizes; one who pleads in extenua- each; severally. tion or defense of the actions or apish (a/pish), adj. resembling an principles of another. ape in manners; foppish; foolish. apologize (a-pol'd-jiz), v.i. to make aplomb (a-plong'), n. self-possession; an apology or excuse; to express re- assurance, gret or make amends for anything Apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. the last said or done, on one's own behalf or book of the New Testament. that of another: v.t. to write a de- Apocalyptic (a-pok-a-lip 'tik) , or f ense of ; to defend. Apocalyptical ('ti-kal), adj. per- apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral taining to or containing the Apoca- fable; a fiction or allegory embody- lypse. ing a moral application, as iEsop's apocope (a-pok'o-pe), n. the cutting fables. off or deletion of the last letter or apology (a-pol'6-ji), n. [pi. apolo- syllable of a word. _ gies (-jiz) ], a vindication # or ex- apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), n.pl. used cuse; something spoken, written, or as a sing, with pi. apocryphas, offered in defense or extenuation; (-faz), a writing, or something, of an explanation by way of amends, doubtful authorship ; certain writ- apophthegm. See apothegm, ings received by some Christians as apoplectic (ap-o-plek'tik), or apo- an authentic part of the Holy Scrip- plectical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining tures, but rejected by others, as to, or of the nature of, apoplexy; Ecclesiasticus. afflicted with apoplexy. apocryphal (a-pok'ri-fal), adj. of apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si), n. the sud- doubtful authority; uncanonical; of den loss of consciousness and mo- or pertaining to the apocrypha. tive power, resulting from cere- apocryphally (-li), adv. in an apocry- bral rupture. phal manner; doubtfully. aport (a-port'), adv. on or towards apod (ap'od), n. an animal without the port or left side of a ship. feet. apostasy (a-pos'ta-si), n. [pi. apos- apodictic (a.p-5-dik'- tik), adj. absolute tasies (-siz) ], the forsaking or certainty. abandonment of what one has hith- apodosis < (a-pod'o-sis), n. the lat- erto professed or adhered to, as ter portion, or consequent clause, of faith, principles, or party, a conditional sentence. apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has apogean (ap-o-je'an), or apogeic forsaken or apostatized his faith or ('ik), adj. pertaining to the apogee. party; one who renounces his pro- apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the fession after having been in holy orbit of a planet which is most dis- orders: adj. false; traitorous; rene- tant from the earth. gade. apologetic (&-pol-6-jet'ik), or apol- apostatical (ap-os-tat'i-kal), adj. re- ogetical ('i-kal), adj. in the way bellious, in the manner of apostasy; of defense or apology. apostate. apologetically (-li), adv. in an apostatize (a-pos'ta-tlz), v.i. to apologetic manner. _ _ abandon one's faith, _ church, or apologetics (a-pol-5-jet'iks), n. the party; change one's religion for an- defense. other. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. A POSTERIORI 57 APPARITION a posteriori (a-pos-te-ri-o'ri), reason- ing founded on observation of facts, effects, or consequences, by means of which the causes are reached. apostle (a-pos'1),^ n. one charged with a high mission; one of the twelve persons specially selected by Christ to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 13) ; one who performed apostolic functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1) ; the first missionary who plants the Christian faith in any region; one who labors with special success as a moral or social re- former. Apostles' Creed (kred), n. the shortest of the three creeds, so named as containing a summary of apostolical doctrine. apostle-spoon (-spoon), n. a spoon having a figure of one of the Apos- tles at the top of the handle. apostolate (a-pos'to-lat), n. apostle- ship (now restricted to the dignity or office of the Pope). apostolic (ap-os-tol'ik), or apos- tolical (-'i-kal), adj. & n. of or pertaining to an apostle or apostles, and their age, doctrine, or practice; papal apostolical succession (suk-sesh' un), n. the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial author- ity by bishops from the Apostles. apostrophe (a-pos'tro-fe), n. a break- ing off in a speech to address directly a person or persons who may or may not be present; the omission from a word of one or more letters, such omission being indicated by the sign ('); the sign (') so employed in writ- ing or printing. apostrophic (ap-o-strof'ik), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, an apostrophe. apostrophize (a-pos'tro-fiz), v.t. to address by apostrophe; omit a let- ter or letters; mark an omission by the sign ('); v.i. to make an apos- trophe or short digressive address in speaking. apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri), n. [pi. apothecaries (-riz)], one who pre- pares and dispenses medicines and drugs for profit; one who is licensed to prescribe; a pharmacist. apothecaries' weight (wat), n. the weight used for dispensing drugs, and comprising the pound (12 oz.), the ounce (8 drachms), the drachm (3 scruples), the scruple (20 grs.), and the grain. apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy say- ing, embodying a wholesome truth or precept. Also spelt apophthegm. apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis), n. [pi. apotheoses (-sez)], deification; the god-like personification bestowed up- on deceased emperors under the Roman Empire; excessive honor paid to a distinguished person; canon- ization. apotheosize (ap-o-the-o'siz), v.t. to exalt to the rank of a God; deify. appal (ap-pawl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- palled, p. pr. appalling], to fright; depress or discourage by fear; dis- may; terrify. appalling (ap-paw'ling), p.adj. in- spiring horror or dismay. apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus), n. sing. & , pi. an outfit of tools, utensils, or in- struments adapted to the accom- plishment of any branch of work, or for the performance of an ex- periment or operation; a set of such appliances; a group or set of organs concerned in the performance of a single function. apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- ture; garb, or dress; the equipment of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appar- eled, p. pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn; furnish or fit out. apparent (ap-par'ent), adj. open to view; capable of being readily per- ceived or understood; evident; seem- ing, but not real. apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. a vis- ible object; an appearance of some- thing not real or tangible; a ghost or specter; the first appearance of a luminary after obscuration: op- posed to occultation. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APPEAL 58 APPLICABILITY appeal (ap-pel'), v.t. to transfer or refer to a superior court or judge; to refer to another person or tri- bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke aid, sympathy, or mercy: n. a call or invocation for aid or sympathy; the right of appeal; a summons to answer a charge; a call or reference to another; recourse; the removal of a cause from an inferior to a su- perior court, the latter having the power to revise the decision of the lower tribunal. appear (ap-per'), v.i. to be or become visible; come before; seem. appearance (ap-per'ans), n. the act of becoming visible; the object seen; a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- blance; outward show; the act of coming before the public; coming into court; look; bearing or aspect. appeasable (ap-pez-za-bl), adj. ca- pable of being appeased. appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; assuage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. appeasement (ap-pez'ment), n. the act of appeasing; the state of being appeased. appeasive (ap-pe'ziv), adj. of a nature to appease; that tends to quiet or assuage. r apellant (ap-pel'ant), n. one who appeals to a higher court; one who appeals to a judge, or to any tribunal. appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining to appeals; having cognizance of appeals: n. the person appealed against or called upon to appear. appellation (ap-e-la/shun) , ft. the name, title, or designation by which a person or thing is called or known; the act of appealing. appellative (ap-pel'a-tiv) , adj. serving to distinguish, as a name or denomi- nation of a group or class; common, as a noun: ft. a common, as dis- tinguished from a proper, name; the designation of a class. appellatory (ap-pel'a-to-ri), adj. containing an appeal. appellee (ap-e-le'), ft. the person ap- pealed against; the defendant in an appeal. append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, hang' or suspend; subjoin or add to, as an accessory part; annex. appendage (ap-pen'daj), ft. some- thing appended or attached as a part of; something added as an adjunct. appendant (ap-pen'dant), or ap- pendent ('dent), adj. attached or annexed: ft. that which is appended or added. appendicitis (ap-pen-di-si'tis) , ft. inflammation of the vermiform appendix of the caecum. appendix (ap-pen'diks), ft. [pi. ap- pendixes ('dik-sez) & appendices ('di-sez) ], that which is added as supplemental. apperception (ap-per-sep'shun), ft. perception involving self-conscious- ness. The relation of new ideas to old ideas. appertain (ap-er-tan'), v.i. to belong or pertain to, as by relation or custom. appetite (ap'e-tlt), ft. the desire for gratification of some want, craving, or passion that is natural or acquired ; the relish for food induced by keen- ness of stomach. appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer), ft. something that excites or whets the appetite. applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; express approval or approbation by clapping of the hands or acclama- tion. applause (ap-plawz'), ft. the ex- pression of approval by clapping; approbation openly shown by ac- clamation. applausive (ap-plaw'siv) , adj. ap- plauding; manifesting approval. apple (ap'l), ft. the round fleshy fruit of the apple-tree, and its numerous cultivated varieties; any fruit re- sembling an apple. appliance (ap-pll'ans), ft. the act of applying; that which isused with, or as a part of, something else. applicability (ap-li-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being applicable. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APPLICABLE APPREHENSION applicable (apli-ka-bl), adj. capable of being, or fit to be, applied. applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one who applies, or prefers a request for something; a petitioner. application (ap-li-ka'shun), n. the act of applying, putting to, or on; the thing applied; the applying or reducing to practice; the practical demonstration ^ of a principle; the act of requesting; request; mental assiduousness. applicative (ap'li-ka-tiv), adj. capable of being applied. applicatory (ap'li-ka-to-ri), adj. fitness to be applied: n. that which applies. applied (ap-plld'), p. adj. practical. applique (ap-li-ka'), n. a method of ornamentation in dress or uphol- stery in which portions or figures cut from other patterns are fixed or applied to a groundwork or founda- tion of any material. apply (ap-pir), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ap- plied, p.pr. applying], to place one to another; lay on; put into prac- tice; devote to a particular purpose; refer or ascribe as fitting to a per- son or thing; address or direct; fix the mind upon: v.i. to suit; have connection with or reference to; make application to. appoint (ap-point'), v.t. to fix; settle; found; make fast; establish by decree; assign or ordain; fix the time and order of ; furnish or equip; v.i. to decree; ordain; determine. appointee (ap-poin-te'), n. one in whose favor an appointment is made. appointment (ap-point'ment), n. the act of appointing; the assign- ing to an office or trust; the state of being appointed; the position or office assigned or held; a stipula- tion; an engagement; an arrange- ment to meet by mutual agreement; an ordinance or decree established by authority; furniture or equipment. apportion (ap-por'shun), v.t. to assign by equal or proportionate division; distribute or set out in just propor- tions. apportionment (ap-por'shun-ment) , n. the act of apportioning or dividing into just shares. apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; pertinent; well-adapted. apposition (ap-o-zish'un), n. the act of adding; addition by application, or placing together; the placing of a second noun in the same case in juxtaposition to the first, which it characterizes or explains, as St. Mark, the Evangelist. oppositional (ap-o-zish'un-al), adj. belonging to apposition. appraisal (ap-pra/zal), n. the act of appraising, or putting a price upon with a view to sale. appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price upon; value; estimate the worth of, as by a licensed appraiser. appraisement (ap-praz 'ment), n. the act of valuing; an authorized valu- ation. appraiser (ap-pra'zer), n. one who appraises; a person licensed and sworn to estimate the value of goods or estates. appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being appreciated, per- ceived, or estimated. appreciate (ap-pre-shi-at), v.t. to value; estimate the worth of; es- teem highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in value. appreciation (ap-pre-shi-a'shun), n. the just valuation, or proper esti- mate of worth or merit; a rise in value. appreciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv), adj. exhibiting appreciation. appreciatory (ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri) , adj. expressive of admiration. apprehend (ap-re-hend'), v.t. to take or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a mental hold of; anticipate or ex- pect: v.i. to incline to belief; form a conception. apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si-bl), adj. capable of being apprehended or conceived. apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun), n. the act of seizure or laying hold of; J&te, arm, Jisk; at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. APPREHENSIVE 60 A PRIORI arrest; the act of conceiving; per- ception; anticipation of evil; fear or distrust of the future. apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv), adj. capable of apprehending; quick to learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; anxious for the future. apprentice (a-pren'tis), n. one bound or articled by indenture to serve a certain number of years to learn some trade or craft; a novice or tyro: v.t. to put under the care of a master for instruction in some trade or craft. apprize (a-priz'), v.t. to give notice to; inform. approach (ap-proch'), v.i. to draw or grow near; approximate: v.t. to resemble, come near to. approach (ap-proch'), n. the act of drawing near; access; passage. approbate (ap'ro-bat), v.t. to express approval of; license or sanction. approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun), n. the act of approving; commendation. approbative (ap'ro-ba-tiv), adj. ap- proving; expressing approbation. approbativeness (-nes), n. love of praise or fame; ambition. approbatory (ap'ro-ba-to-ri), adj. con- taining or expressing approbation. appropriable (ap-pro'pri-lt-bl), adj. capable of appropriation. appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at), v.t. to take to one's self, in exclusion of others; claim or use, as by an ex- clusive right; set apart or assign to a particular use; annex a benefice to a religious corporation: adj. peculiar; fit; apt. appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a'shun), n. the act of assigning to one's self, or to a particular use or person; application to a special use or pur- pose; the annexation of a benefice to a religious corporation. appropriative (ap-pro'pri-a-tiv), adj. appropriating; making or tending to appropriation. appropriator (ap-pro'pri-a-ter), n. one who appropriates; one who holds an appropriated benefice. approvable (ap-proo'va-bl), adj. de- serving of or meriting approval.. approval (ap-proov'al), n. approba- tion; sanction; ratification; consent, approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, or demonstrate; ratify; pro- nounce efficient or sufficient; be pleased or satisfied with; commend: v.i. to express approval (usually fol- lowed by of). approver (ap-proo'ver), n. one who approves. approvingly (ap-proo'ving-li), adv. in a commendatory manner. approximate (ap-pr ok 'si-mat), v.t. to bring or carry near; cause to ap< proach: v.i. to draw near; approach closely: adj. making approach to; near in resemblance or position. approximately (ap-prok'si-mat'li), adv. very nearly but not absolutely. approximation (ap-prok-si-ma'- shun), n. the act of approximating: approach to anything as a standard; continual approach in exactness to the quantity sought, without actual- ly arriving at it; a value nearly but not quite correct. approximative (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv) , adj. with a tendency to exactness. approximatively (ap-prok'si-ma-tiv- fi), adv. in an approximative manner. appulse (ap-puls'), or appulsion (-pul'shun), n. a coming toward; the near approach of a planet to a conjunction with the sun or any fixed star. appurtenance (ap-per'te-nans), n. that which belongs or relates to something else; an adjunct or ap- pendage; that which belongs to, or is accessory to, an estate or property. appurtenant (ap-per'te-nant), adj. belonging or pertaining to; acces- sory. apricot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), n. the fruit ol a tree, allied to the plum. April fool (fool), n. one who is im- posed upon or deceived in a jocular manner on April 1st, or All Fools" Day. a priori (a pri-o'ri), from something 5te, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon/ book; hue, hut; think, then. APRON 61 ARABIC NUMERALS prior; proceeding from antecedent to consequent. apron (a/prun), n. a portion of cloth,, leather, or other material, worn as a protective or ornamental covering to the front of the person; a leathern covering for the legs; used in driving; the vent-cover of a cannon; the curved timber placed above the foremost end of a ship's keel; a plat- form at the entrance to a dock. apropos (a-pro-po'), adv. to the pur- pose; to the point; opportunely; in respect (followed by of) : adj. season- able; happy. Written also £ propos. apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (-ez)], a polygonal or semicircular recess ter- minating the choir or other portion of a churchy apsidal (ap'si-dal), adj. pertaining to the apsides. apsis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides ('si-dez)], one of two points in the orbit of a planet situated at the furthest or the least distance from the central body or sun; the imaginary line con- necting these points. apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; appropriate; liable; inclined; ready; expert; quick of apprehension. # apteral (ap'te-ral), adj. without wings; without side-columns. apterous (ap'te-rus), adj. destitute of wings, or wing-like expansions. apteryx (ap'te-riks), n. a wingless and tailless bird peculiar to New Zealand. aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for anything ; fitness; tendency; readi- ness in learning. aqua (a'kwa), n. a term much used in pharmacy in the abbreviated form of Aq. and denoting the addition of water. aqua ammoniae (am-mo'ni-e), water containing an infusion of ammonia- gas. aqua fortis (for'tis), n. (strong wa- ter), impure nitric acid. aqua regia (a'kwa re'ji-a), n. (royal- water), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, capable of dis- solving gold. aqua vitae (a'kwa vl'te), n. (water of life) unrectified alcohol; brandy and other ardent spirits. aquamarine (a'kwa-ma-ren'), n. a pale bluish-green variety of beryl; a color resembling the precious beryl. aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pi. aquaria (-a) & aquariums (-umz) ], a tank or globe for the keeping and cultivation of aquatic plants and ani- mals; a series of such receptacles. aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining to water; growing or living in or upon water; performed in or upon water, ^ as sports: n. an animal or plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic sports. aquatint (a'kwa-tint), n. a species of etching resembling a water-color drawing in India ink or in sepia; an engraving produced by this process: v.t. to etch or engrave in aquatint. aqueduct (ak'we-dukt), n. a struc- ture in the form of a conduit or ar- tificial channel for conducting water from a source, as for the supply of a large city. aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the nature of, or abounding in, water; watery; formed in or by means of water. aquiform (a-kwi-form), adj. having the form of water; liquid. aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- longing to or resembling an eagle; curved, as the beak of an eagle. Arab (ar'ab), n. a native of Arabia; a desert-dweller; one of the Arabic * races spread over the African and Syrian deserts; a homeless street- urchin or outcast: adj. pertaining to Arabia or the Arabs. arabesque (ar-a-besk'), n. the style of Arabic decorative art, which con- sists of the painting, inlaying, or carving in low relief of figures of plants, fruits, flowers, and foliage, variously combined or fantastically grouped: adj. pertaining to or ex- hibiting the arabesque style of ornamentation: v.t. enrich with ornament in arabesque. Arabic numerals (-num'er-alz), n.pl. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARABLE 62 ARCHEOLOGY the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, &c, of Indian origin, used by the Arabs and introduced into Europe in the 12th century. arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; suited to the purposes of cultivation. arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or judge; an arbitrator. arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. the decision of arbitrators; an award. arbitrarily (-li), adv. in a capricious manner; imperiously. arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i), adj. depending on the will of the arbiter; discretion- ary; capricious; imperious. arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), v.i. to act as arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an umpire; mediate. arbitration (ar-bi-tra'shun), n. the set- tlement of a dispute by an umpire. arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-ter), n. one chosen by the parties in a dispute to settle it ; an umpire. arbor (ar'ber), n. a bower; a shaded nook or walk. Arbor Day (ar'ber da), a day legally set apart in certain states for plant- ing trees. arboraceous (ar-bo-ra/shus), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a tree or trees; living on or among trees. arboreous (ar-bo're-us) or arboreal (-al), adj. pertaining to trees; wooded. arborescence (ar-bo-res'ens) , n. something having the shape of a tree, as certain crystals. arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent), adj. tree-like. arboretum (ar-bo-re'tum), n. [pi. arboreta, (-ta) & arboretums (-tumz) ], a place in which rare trees are cultivated and exhibited. arboriculture (ar-ber-i-kul'tur), n. the cultivation of trees. arborise (ar-ber-e-za/), adj. marked like the branching of trees, as agates, enamels, &c. arborisation or arborization (ar-ber- i-za/shun), n. tree-like appearance. arborous (ar'ber-us), adj. having the appearance or nature of an arbor. arbor-vita? (ar-ber-vi'te), n. an ever- green tree extensively cultivated in gardens, &c. arc (ark), n. a curved line or any part of a curve forming the segment of a circle; the portion of a circle described by the sun or any heavenly body in its apparent passage through the heavens. arc-lamp (-lamp), n. a lamp having a luminous bridge or arc. arc-light (-lit), a light produced by a current of electricity passing be- tween two carbon points placed a short distance from each other. arcade (ar-kad'), n. a series of arches supported by pillars; an arched gal- lery, or promenade, lined with shops. arcadian (ar-ka'di-an), adj. rurally simple. arcanum (ar-ka'num), n. [pi. arcana ('na) ], a secret; a mystery; a val- uable elixir. arch (arch), n. structure of brick or masonry, the component wedge- shaped parts of which follow a curved line; any curvature having the form of an arch: v.t. to cover with an arch or arches; to bend or curve into the form of an arch: v.i. to form an arch or arches; curve: adj. chief; of the first rank; cunning; crafty; shrewd; waggish; mischiev- ous; roguish; sportive; coy. arch-board (areh'bord), n. the portion of the stern over the counter of a ship. arch-brick (arch'brik), n. a wedge- shaped brick used in the construc- tion of arches. archaeologic (ar-ke-o-loj'ik) or archaeological ('i-kal), adj. per- taining to the study of antiquities. archseologically (-li), adv. in ac- cordance with the science of antiq- uities archaeologist or archeologist (ar- ke-ol'o-jist), n. one versed in the study of ancient things; an anti- quary. archaeology or archeology (ar-ke- ol'o-ji), n. the science of antiquities; the study of prehistoric remains, or ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARCHAIC 63 ARCHITECTURAL the relics of the early races of mankind. archaic (ar-ka'ik) or archaical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to a remote period; characterized by antiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity of style or use; an antiquated, old- fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- sion, or idiom. archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel of the highest order. archangelic (ark-an-jel'ik), adj. per- taining to archangels. archbishop (arch-bish'up), n. a chief bishop, one who # supervises the bishops in his province, and also ex- ercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. archbishopric (arch-bish'up-rik), n. the jurisdiction, office, or see of an archbishop. archdeacon (arch-de'kn), n. digni- tary ranking next below a bishop, and who acts as his vicar or vice- regent. archdeaconate, office of archdeacon archdeaconry (arch-de'kn-ri), n. the office, rank, jurisdiction, or residence of an archdeacon. archducal (arch-du'kal), adj. pertain- ing to an archduke or an archduchy. archduchess (arch-duch'es), n. the wife of an archduke^ a daughter of the Emperor of Austria. archduchy (arch-duch'i), n. [pi. arch- duchies (-iz) ], the territory or rank of an archduke or archduchess. archduke (arch-duk ; ), n. a prince of the imperial house of Austria. archdukedom (arch-duk'dom), n. the dignity or territory of an archduke. archebiosis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis), n. ^ the origination of living from non-living matter; abiogenesis. archegony (ar-keg'o-ni), n. the doc- trine of the origin of life. archenemy (arch-en'e-mi), n. a princi- pal enemy; Satan. archar (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one skilled in the use of the bow and archer-fish (-fish), n. a scaly-finned fish of the Java seas, which catches insects by darting drops of water upon them. archery (ar'cher-i), n. the art, prac- tice, or skill of one who uses the bow and arrow. archet ye (ar'ke-tip), n. the original type or pattern upon or after which a thing is made; a model; the orig- inal or fundamental type-structure from which a natural group of plants or animals are assumed to have descended. archetypic (ar-ke-tip'ik), arche- typal (-ti'pal), or archetypical (-tip'i-kal), adj. of or pertaining to an archetype. archibald (ar'chi-bald), n. a 1916 type of British aeroplane. archiepiscopacy (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa- si), n. the rule or dignity of an archbishop. archiepiscopal (ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pal), adj. pertaining to an archbishop or to his office. archiepiscopate. See archiepisco- pacy. arching (ar'ching), adj. curving like an arch: n. arched work. archipelagic (ar-ki-pe-laj'ik), adj. pertaining to a collection of islands with the sea dividing them. archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go), n. [pi. archipelagoes & -gos (-goz) ], any sea or body of salt water inter- spersed with numerous islands; the island-group itself. architect (ar'ki-tekt), n. one versed in the art of building and the vari- ous styles of architecture; one who plans or designs buildings and su- perintends their construction, hence one who forms or designs. architective (ar'ki-tek-tiv), adj. used in building; proper for building. architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton'iks) , n.pl. the science of architecture. architectural (ar-ki-tek'tii-ral), adj. pertaining to the art of building; in accordance with the rules of the building art. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARCHITECTURALLY 64 ARGILLACEOUS architecturally (-K), adv. with re- gard to the principles of the build- ing art; from the designer's point of view. architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur), n. the science or art of building; the meth- od or st3^e of building; construc- tion; workmanship. architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. the low- est division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column. archival (ar-ld'val & ar'ki-val), adj. pertaining to, or included in state records. archive £ (ar'kiv), n. [pi. archives (-klvz) ], a record preserved as evi- dence: pi. the place where public or state records are kept; state or pub- lic documents, or records of histori- cal value pertaining to a nation or to a family. archly (-li), adv. roguishly; wag- gishly; coyly. archness (-nes), n. shyness; coyness. archon (ar'kon), n. a chief magis- trate of ancient Athens; one of- the nine chief magistrates chosen to su- perintend civil and religious matters. archpriest (arch'prest), n. a chief priest; a rural dean. archway (arch'wa), n. an opening or passage beneath an arched or vaulted roof. arcograph (ark'o-graf), n. • an in- strument for drawing an arc with- out the use of a central point. arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the region of the north pole; polar; northern; frigid. arctic circle (serTd), n. an imagin- ary circle parallel to the equator and distant 23° 28' from the north pole. ardent (ar'dent), adj. hot; burning; fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; eager; zealous; vehement. ardent spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. alco- holic beverages, as brandy, whiskey, &c. ardor (ar'der), n. heat in a physical sense; warmth of affection or pas- sion; eager desire; zeal. arduous (ar'du-us), adj. steep; hard to climb; attended with great labor or exertion; difficult. are (ar), pres. tense pi. of the verb to be. See be. are (ar), n. the unit of French super- ficial or square measure containing 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English sq. ft. area (ar'e-a), n. [pi. areas (-az)], any plane surface having bounds, whether natural or artificial, as the floor of a hall, &c; any defined ex- tent of land-surface; the sunken space situated at the base of a build- ing and separating it from the street; the superficial contents of any space or figure; extent; range; scope; a compass of ore allotted to miners. arena (a-re'na), n. [pi. arenas (-naz)], the central enclosed space (usually strewn with sand) of a Roman am- phitheater, in which the gladiatorial combats took place; hence the scene or field for combat or exertion of any kind. arenaceous (ar-e-na/shus), adj. sandy; abounding in, or having the properties of, sand, Areopagus (ar-e-op'a-gus), n. the tribunal, or highest court, of ancient Athens, so named from its situation on the hill of Ares (Mars); hence any high court or tribunal. Argand lamp (lamp), n.^ a lamp hav- ing a hollow circular wick to permit the passage of air inside and outside the flame. argent (ar'jent), n. the silver of a coat of arms, represented in drawing or engraving by a plain white sur- face, symbolical of purity, beauty, &c. : adj. made of, or resembling, sil- ver; silvery white; bright like silver. argentite (ar'jen-tit), n. sulphide of silver of a lead-grey color. argentous (ar-jen'tus)^ adj. pertain- ing to, or containing, silver. argil (ar'jil), n. potters' clay or earth. argillaceous (ar-ji-la/shus), adj. of the nature of, or containing, clay; clayey. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARGILLITE 65 ARK argillite (ar'ji-lit), n. clay-state. argol (ar'gol), n. crude tartar from which cream of tartar is prepared. argon (ar'gun), n. an element asso- ciated with nitrogen, and forming one of the constituents of the air. argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a cepha- lopod commonly known as the pa- per-nautilus, and paper-sailor of the Mediterranean. argosy (ar'go-si), n. [pi. argosies (-siz)], a large richly-freighted mer- chant-vessel. argot (ar'go), n. slang. arguable (ar'gu-a-bl), adj. capable of being disputed or discussed. argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer reasons in support of, or in opposi- tion to, a proposition, opinion, or measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; contend in debate: v.t. to debate or discuss ; prove or evince. argument (ar'gu-ment), n. that which is advanced in support or proof with a view to persuade or convince the mind; a discussion, controversy, or debate; the subject of a discourse or writing; an abstract or summary of a book. argumental (ar-gu-men'tal) , adj. per- taining to reasoning; consisting of reasons. # argumentation (ar-gu-men-ta'- shun), n. the act of arguing; discus- sion. argumentative (ar - gu - men'ta - tiv) , adj c:nsisting of, or exhibiting a process of reasoning; addicted to argument; disputatious. argus-eyed (ar'gus-id), adj. watch- ful; vigilant; extremely observant. aria (ar'e-a & ar'-i-a), n. an air; a melody or tune for single voice with accompaniment; a solo part in a cantata or oratorio, &c. Arian (a/ri-an), adj. pertaining to the doctrines of the Arian sect. Arianism (a'ri-an-ism), the doctrine of the Arian sect, denying the divin- ity of Christ. arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up; barren. aridity (a-rid'i-ti) or aridness (ar'" id-nes), n. the state of being dry J dryness; want of life or interest. arietta (ax-e-et'ta), n. a short song or air. aright (a-rft'), adv. rightly; in a right way or form; without sin or error. arise (a-riz'), v.i. m [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen, p. pr. arising], to mount up or ascend; to come into Yiew; rise or get up; spring up; come into existence or action; originate. aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si), n. [pi. aristocracies (-siz) ], government by persons of the highest rank in a state; the nobility or chief persons in a state. aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat & a-ris'to- krat), n. a personage of rank and noble birth; one who upholds the aristocracy or favors government by the nobles; a person who pos- sesses traits supposed to charac- terize the nobility. aristocratic (ar-is-to-krat 'ik) or aristocratical (-i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or consisting in, a gov- ernment of the nobles; pertaining to, or characteristic of, the higher class or nobility. aristocratically (-li), adv. in an aristocratic manner. aristocratism (ar'is-to-krat-izm & ar-is-tok'ra-tizm), n. tlie rank, con- dition, or privileges of one of noble birth; the principles of aristocracy. arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. the science of numbers; the art of com- putation by figures. arithmetical ^ (ar-ith-met'i-kal), adj. of or pertaining to arithmetic. arithmetically (-li), adv. according to the rules or methods of arithmetic. arithmetician (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. one skilled in the science of numbers. arithmometer (ar-ith-mom'e-ter), n. a calculating machine which per- forms multiplication and division. ark (ark), n. the repository of the Covenant, or tables of the Law, in the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv.), and subsequently placed in the Tem- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merre, rret; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 5 ARM 66 ARMS pie of Solomon (I Kings viii.) ; the vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge, hence a place of safety or refuge; a large boat used for transporting produce on American rivers. arm (arm), n. the limb of the human body which extends from the shoul- der to the hand; the anterior or fore- limb of any vertebrate animal; any projecting or diverging organ or part of a main body or trunk, as the tentacle of a star-fish, the branch of a tree, an inlet of the sea, &c; might; power; support. arm (arm), n. a weapon; a branch of the military service: v.t. to fur- nish or equip with weapons of of- fense or defense; fortify or provide against; furnish with an armature: v.i. to fit one's self with arms, or take to one's self means of defense. armada (ar-ma/da), n. fleet of war vessels; especially the Spanish fleet sent against England in 1588, and destroyed off the English coast by the English fleet. arm-chair (arm'-char), n. a chair furnished with supports for the elbows. arm-pit (arm'-pit), n. the cavity be- neath the shoulder; the axilla. armadillo (ar-ma-dil'o), n. [pi. ar- madillos ('oz) ], a South American quadruped, armed with a bony shell divided into belts consisting of nu- merous small plates, and resembling a coat of mail; an electric battery so named, worn round the body as a cure for nervous and other affec- tions. armageddon (ar-mag'ed-don), n. a mighty battle against evil, used figuratively. See Rev. 16: 16-20. armament (ar'ma-ment), n. a body of forces equipped for war, either military or naval; the cannon and small arms collectively of a warship or fortification; the number and weight of guns of a war-vessel. armature (ar'ma-tur), n. armor: that which serves as a means of de- fense; a piece of soft iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or elec- tro-magnet, to preserve and increase the magnetic force; iron bars or frame-work used to strengthen a building. armful (arm'fool), n. as much as can be compassed by the arms. armistice (ar'mis-tis), n. a tempo- rary cessation of hostilities agreed upon by opposing forces; a truce. armlet (arm'let), n. a small arm of the sea; a metal band for the arm used for ornament or for protection. armoire (ar-mwar'), n. a movable cupboard with doors. armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; protective covering for the body in battle; the steel plating of a warship. armor-clad (-klad), adj. ironclad: n. a war vessel protected by steel plating. armor-grating (-gra/ting), n. deep iron gratings used to protect the boilers of ironclads from missiles during an engagement. armor-plate (-plat), n. a plate of iron or steel intended to be affixed to the side of a ship as part of a casing for protection against shell fire. armorer (ar'mor-er), n. formerly a maker of arms or armor, or one who had charge of the armor of another; the custodian of the arms of a troop or battleship. armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to armor or to the arms or es- cutcheon of a family: n. a book or dictionary of heraldic devices and the names of persons entitled to use them. armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, (-riz) ], a place for arms or the as- sembly of soldiers; a manufactory of arms. armozeen or armozine (ar-mo- zen'), n. a thick plain silk, generally black, used for clerical robes. arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of offense or defense; the military service; war as a profession; armorial bearings. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARMY 67 ARRIS army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies (-miz) ], a body of men trained and equipped foi war, and organized in regiments, brigades, or similar divisions under proper officers; a great number or multitude; an organized body of persons engaged in moral warfare. army-worm (-werm), ft. the larva of a moth which devastates grain and other crops. arnica (ar'ni-ka), ft. a genus of per- ennial herbs; the mountain tobac- co: from the roots or flowers of a species of this herb a valuable ex- ternal remedy for bruises is made. aroma (a-ro'ma), ft. [pi. aromas ('maz) ], the odor exhaled by plants or other substances, generally of an agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; fragrance. aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik) or aromat- ical ('i-kal), auj. giving out aro- ma; fragrant; spicy; odoriferous: ft. a plant, herb, or drug yielding a fragrant smell, aromatically (-li), adv. with an aromatic taste or smell. aromatic-vinegar (-vin'e-gar), n. a powerful perfume composed of strong acetic acid, the essential oils of lavender, camphor, &c. aromatous (a-ro'ma-tus), adj. full of fragrance; aromatic. arose (a-roz'), p-t. of arise. around (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on every side; roundabout: prep. about; on all sides; encircling; en- compassing. arousal ' (a-rou'zal), ft. the act of awakening; the state of being awak- ened. arouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; put in motion that which is at rest; awaken from sleep or a state of inactivity; stimulate; ani- mate. arow (a-ro'), adv. in a row; in order; successively. arraign (a-ran'), v.t. to summon or set, as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to a charge; cen- sure publicly . impeach; indict. arraignment (a-ran 'ment), n. ao accusation; an impeachment. arrange (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper order or sequence; classify; adjust or settle; adapt; group. arrangement (a-ranj 'ment), ft. the act of putting in proper form or or- der; that which is ordered or dis- posed; the method or style of dis- position; a preparatory measure; preparation; settlement; classifica- tion; adjustment; adaptation. arrant (ar'ant), adj. notorious; un- mitigated; thorough or downright (in a bad sense) ; shameless. arras (ar'as), n. tapestry; hangings made of rich figured fabric. arrasene or arasene (ar-as-sen'), n. a kind of > mL\ed thread of wool and silk used in raised embroidery. array (ar-raO, ft. order; the group- ing or arrangerrent of a body of men as drawn up for battle; an orderly collection or series of things impos- ingly displayed; dress arranged on the person; _ apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in order; marshal; deck or dress. arrayal (ar-ra'al), n. the process of arraying. arrear (ar-rer'), ft. the state of being behind-hand; that which is not done, is outstanding, or unpaid. arrearage (ar-rer'aj), ft. the state or condition of being in arrears; that which remains unpaid and overdue after a previous payment. arrest (ar-resf), v.t. to stop or stay; check or hinder the action or motion of; seize, take, or apprehend by le- gal authority; seize and fix, as the eye or attention: n. the act of seiz- ing; stoppage or holding back by force or restraint ; the state of being seized or detained by legal au- thority. arriere-ban (ar-ri-yar'ban), ft. reserve force of the Irench National Guard. arris (ar'is), ft. the fine or edge in which two curved or straight sur- faces of a body, forming an exterior angle, meet each other. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ARRIS-WISE 68 ARTERIOLOGY arris-wise (-wiz), adv. diagonally laid, like tiles; ridge- wise. arrival (ar-ri-val), n. the act of com- ing to a place, or reaching a destina- tion from a distanee; attainment of any object; the person or thing ar- riving, or which nas arrived. arrive (ar-riv'), v.i. to come to or reach, as a destination; reach a point or stage; gain or compass an object; attain to a state or result [with at]. arrogance (ar'ro-gans), n. an undue degree of self-importance; an exor- bitant claim to dignity, rank, or estimation; a lordly contempt of others. arrogant (ar'ro-gant), adj. making exorbitant claims to dignity or esti- mation, by presuming upon one's self- importance; overbearingly haughty. arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to Assume or lay claim to unduly, or with pre- sumptuous pride. arrogation (ar-ro-ga'shun), n. the act of arrogating. arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed missile weapon, usually feathered and barbed, made to be shot from a bow. arrow characters (kar'ak-ters) , n. pi. the arrow-headed (cuneiform or wedge-shaped) characters of the As- syrian inscriptions. arrow-head (-hed), n. the head or barb of an arrow; an aquatic plant so named from its leaves. arrowroot (ar'ro-root), n. a starch obtained from the rootstocks of sev- eral species of West Indian plants. arrow- wood (-wood), n. a wood of which the arrows of the Indians are made. arroyo (a-roi'o), n. [pi. arroyos (-6z) ], a watercourse or rivulet; the dry bed of a small stream. arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for the storage of arms and military stores for land or naval service, or their manufacture. arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. an element of steel-gray color and brilliant luster, and exceedingly brittle, occurring usually in combination. arsenic (ar-sen'ik), or arsenical ('i-kaM), adj, __ pertaining to or con- taining arsenic. arsenious (ar-se'ni-us). adj. pertain- ing 10 or containing arsenic. arsenite (ar 'sen-it), n. a salt of ar- senious acid. arsis (ar'sis), n. that part of a foot where the metrical accent is placed. arson (ar'sn), n. the malicious firing of any building, agricultural prod- duce, ship, &c, belonging to anoth- er, or one's own property, with the intent to defraud an insurance office. art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, mood, pres. tense, of the verb to be. [Art is used only in solemn or poetic style.] See be. art (art), n. the employment of means to the accomplishment of some end; the skilful adaptation and application to some purpose or use of knowledge or power acquired from Nature; a system of rules and established methods to facilitate the performance of certain actions; fa- miliarity with such principles, and skill in applying them to an end or purpose, as of a practical, useful, or technical character: opposed to sci- ence; one of the fine arts; the fine arts collectively; the power or qual- ity of perceiving and transcribing the beautiful or sesthetical in na- ture, as in painting or sculpture; practical skill; dexterity; knack; cunning; artifice: pi. the branches of learning included in the ordinary course of academic study. arterial (ar-ter'i-al). adj. pertaining to an artery or the arteries; con- tained in an artery. arterialization (ar-ter-i-al-i-za/- shun), n. the process of converting venous blood into arterial blood. arterialize (ar-ter'i-al-iz), v.t. to con- vert venous blood into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs. arteriology (ar-te'ri-ol'o-ji), n. that ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon; n book; hue, hut; think, then. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ARTILLERY branch of anatomy which treats of the arteries. arteriosclerosis (ar-te'ri-d-skle-ro'- sis), n. thickening of the walls of the arteries, with more or less hard- ening, due to defects of assimilation or to senility. arteriotomy (ar-ter-i-ot'o-mi), n. the opening of an artery; the part of anatomy treating of the dissection of the arteries. artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (-iz)J, one of a system of tubes or vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. artesian well (ar-te'zhan wel), n. a well formed by boring, often to great depth, through strata the na- ture and arrangement of which permit of the permeation and accum- ulation of water; on being freed from constraint, the water rises by pres- sure in the tube and overflows at the surface. artful (art 'fool), adj. cunning; crafty. artfully (-li), adv. in a cunning or crafty manner. arthritis (ar-thri'tis), n. any inflam- mation of the joints; the gout. artichoke (ar'ti-chok), n. a plant with thistle-like foliage, and bearing large terminal flower-heads, the low- er portion of which, consisting of a fleshy receptacle covered with thick scales, is used as food; the tuberous root of an American sunflower (Helianthus tuberosis), used as a substitute for potatoes. article (ar'ti-kl), n. & distinct_ portion or member; a single clause, item, or particular, as in a formal agree- ment or treaty; a concise statement; a prose composition, complete, in itself, in a newspaper, magazine, or work of reference; a material thing, as one of a class; an item; a point of duty, faith, or doctrine; one of the words (an [a before consonant- sounds], the indefinite article, and the, the definite article [see a, an, & the]) used before nouns or substan- tives to define or limit their applica- tion; a jointed segment connecting two parts of a limb or body: v.t. to bind by articles of covenant or stip- ulation; specify. articular (ar-tik'a-Iar), adj. pertain- ing to the joints or to a joint. articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), v.t. to joint; unite by means of a joint; to form words; utter in distinct syllables; speak as a human being: v.i. to unite or form an articulation (with) ; utter articulate sounds; speak with distinctness: adj. jointed; formed with joints; segmented; character- ized by _ syllabic division; uttered with distinctness. articulation _ (ar-tik-u-la'shun), n. the act of jointing; the act of speak- ing distinctly; a distinct utterance; the state of being articulated; a joint or juncture between bones; the point of separation of organs or parts of a plant; a node or joint of the stem, or the space between two nodes. articulator (ar-tik'ii-la-ter) , n. one who pronounces distinctly; an in- strument to cure stammering; an apparatus attached to a telephone to secure regularity of tone; one who mounts skeletons. artifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or crafty device; an ingenious expedi- ent; a trick or stratagem; a ma- noeuvre. artificer (ar-tif 'i-ser) , n. a skilled or artistic worker; a mechanic; a maker or constructor; an inventor. artificial (ar-ti-fish'al), adj. made or contrived by art; produced by hu- man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; assumed; affected; not genuine or natural. artificiality (-fish-i-al'i-ti) or ar- tificialness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being unreal or unnatural; that which is artificial. artificially (-li), adv. by human skill or contrivance. artillery (ar-til'ler-i), n. cannon; great guns; ordnance of all kinds, with its equipment of carriages, men, ate, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. ARTISAN 70 ASCETICISM and material; the officers and men forming the artillery division of an army; the science which treats of the use or management of ord- nance. artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. one skilled in any art or trade; a mechanic; a handicraftsman. artist (ar'tist), n. one skilled in any branch of high art; one professing or practicing one of the fine arts. artiste (ar-test'), n. one who is an expert in any branch of professional art other than the fine arts, as a public singer, cook, &c. artistic (ar-tis'tik), _ or artistical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to art or to artists; characterized by aesthetic feelings or conformity to the princi- ples of a school of art or design. artistically (-al-li), adv. in a manner conformable to the rules and prin- ciples of art. artistry (ar'tis-tri), n. the qualities peculiar to an artist. artless (art'les), adj. lacking art; unskilful; devoid of cunning; simple; natural ; undesigning ; unaffected ; ingenuous. Aryan (ar'yan), adj. pertaining to the Aryans, or to their language. as (az), n. conjunc. adv. like; compar- able or proportionate to. as (as), n. [pi. asses (as'sez) ], a Roman weight equivalent to the libra or pound. asafetida or asafoetida (as-a-fet'i- da), n. a fetid sap obtained from the roots of several large umbelliferous plants of Persia and Afghanistan. asbestine (as-bes'tin), adj. pertaining to or of the nature of, asbestos; incombustible. asbestos (as-bes'tos) or asbestus ('tus), n. a fibrous variety of horn- blende, separable into flexible fila- ments of flax-like appearance and silky luster, and possessing the property of being incombustible. ascend (as-send'), v.i. to take an up- ward direction; mount; go up; rise; to proceed from an inferior to a superior; rise from a lower to a higher pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move up- ward upon: climb; go upward along. ascendable (as-sen'da-bl) or as- cendible ('di-bl), adj. capable of being climbed or navigated. ascendancy (as-sen'dan-si) or as- cendency ('den-si), n. a govern- ing or controlling power or influ- ence; domination. ascendant (as-sen'd&nt) or ascend- ent ('dent), adj. rising; superior; predominant; above the horizon: n. superiority or commanding influ- ence; predominance; an ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred: opposed to descendant: the particular zodiacal sign appearing above the horizon at the time of one's birth. ascension (as-sen'shun), n. the act of moving upward; a rising; the ascent of our Lord to heaven; the rising of a star or point above the ce- lestial horizon. Ascension Day (da), w. a movable feast to commemorate Christ's as- cension into heaven, celebrated on the Thursday next but one before Whit-Sunday: also called Holy Thursday. ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; an upward movement; the act of climbing; the way or means of reaching a height; an acclivity; an upward slope. ascertain (as-ser-tan'), v.t. to make certain; find out or determine defi- nitely by test or examination. ascertainment (as-ser-tan'ment), n. the act of ascertaining. ascetic (as-set'ik), adj. exceedingly rigid in the exercise of religious du- ties and mortification of worldly desires: n. one who renounces the world and devotes himself to re- ligious exercises; one who subjects himself to severe disciplinary meth- ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. ascetically (-al-li), adv. in an ascetical manner. asceticism (as-set 'i-sizm), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASCRIBABLE 71 ASPERMOUS condition or mode of life adopted by one who renounces worldly matters; austerity. ascribable (a-skrl'ba-bl), adj. capa- ble of being attributed or imputed. ascribe (a-skrlb'), v.t. to attribute, impute, or refer; assign; attribute. ascription (a-skrip'shun), n. the act of attributing or imputing; that which is assigned. aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the germs of disease or putrefaction; not Sable to putrefy: an aseptic sub- stance. asexual (a-seks'u-al), adj. not sex- ual; produced by other than sexual processes. asexually (-li), adv. in a manner other than by conjunction of the sexes: applied to reproduction. ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, many of which supply valuable tim- ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adj. pertaining to, or like, the ash; made of ash. ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes ('ez),] the residue of plant or animal substance remaining after subjection to red- heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; the remains of a human body when cremated, hence a corpse. ashamed (a-shamd'), p. adj. affected or touched by shame; cast down or dejected by conscious guilt; abashed by a sense of indecorum; reluctant through fear of shame (followed by an infinitive). ashen (ash'n), adj. pertaining to the ash-tree; made of ash; of the color of ashes; pale. ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the shore; on land. aside (a-sid'), adv. on or to one side; out of a given direction; apart; away from: n. a speech or utter- ance not intended for the present company; a remark made by an ac- tor on the stage, and assumed to be heard only by the person for whom it is intended. asinine (as'i-nin), adj. pertaining to the ass; having the nature or char- acteristics of an ass. asininity (as'i-nin'i-ti), n. the quality of being asinine; obstinate stupidity. ask (ask), v.t. to request; seek to obtain by words; petition or beg for; claim or demand; expect or require; inquire respecting; interrogate; in- vite: v.i. to prefer by request; in- quire after. askance (a-skans'), or askant (a- skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; awry; from the corner of the eye; aslant. askew (a-sku.'), adv. obliquely; awry; out of position or arrangement. aslant (a-slanf), adv. not at right angles; sloping; oblique; slanting; athwart. asleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. sleeping; in state of slumber; dormant. aslope _ (a-slop'), adv. in a sloping direction. asoak (a-sok'), adv. in a state of saturation or soaked with moisture. asp (asp), n. a small venomous snake of Egypt; the common viper, or adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of ancient Egypt. asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. a plant having tender edible shoots. aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental appearance; look; mien; air; out- look or prospect; the relative posi- tion of the planets as viewed from the earth; appearance. aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar whose leaves have the property of trembling in the slightest breeze: adj. pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering like an aspen-leaf. asper _ (as'per), adj. rugged; hard; warlike: n. the mark (') in Greek, to indicate the rough breathing, or aspirate. asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. [pi. asperi- ties (-tiz)], roughness of surface; roughness or harshness of sound; sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- per. aspermous (a-sper'mus), adj. with- out seed; not producing seed. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think- then. ASPERSE ASSAY asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; injure in reputation by calumny; slander. aspersion (as-per'shun), n. a sprink- ling as of dust or water; injury by false and calumnious charges or re- ports; slander. asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brit- tle variety of native bitumen, em- ployed for the purpose of paving, roofing, and cementing: v.t. to lay down or cover with asphalt. asphaltic (as-fal'tik), adj. of the na- ture of, composed of, or containing asphalt. asphaltum. Same as asphalt. asphodel (as'fo-del), n. the name of several plants of the liliaceous genus Asphodelus; the daffodil of the older English poets; the unfading plant of the dead, which covered the meadows of Hades. asphyxia (as-fik'si-a) or asphyxy ('si), n. the condition of lifelessness occasioned by _ suspension or inter- ruption of respiration. asphyxiate (as-fik'si-at), v.t. to suf- focate; deprive of oxygen, and so cause death or dangerous symptoms. aspic (as'pik), n. a venomous asp; the great lavender; a side-dish com- posed of game, fish, &c, encased in clear, savory meat-jelly. aspirant (as-pi'rant), adj. aspiring; ambitious: n. one who seeks to at- tainder aspires to, a high object or position. aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce with a full breathing; to prefix the sound of the letter h: n. the sound of the letter h, as in horse; the mark or sign used to denote the sound: adj. pronounced with the audible breath. aspiration (as-pi-ra/shun), n. the act of aspirating; an aspirated sound; a breath; the yearning desire for something higher or better than that already possessed; ambition. aspiratory (as-pl'ra-to-ri), adj. per- taining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air. aspire (as-pir'), v-.i. to seek after or desire with longing; yearn for that which is better or nobler; rise or ascent; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, or into; breathe forth; soar to; at- tain. asquint (a-skwinf), adv. with a squint; to or out of the corner of the eye; obliquely. ass (as'), n. a quadruped of the genus Equus, allied to the horse, usually employed in its domesticated state as a beast of burden; a dull, stupid fellow. assafoetida. See asafetida. assail (as-saT), v.t. to fall upon or attack with vehemence; attack with argument or abuse. assailant (as-sa'lant), adj. assaulting; attacking: n. one who, or that which, assails. assassin (as-sas'sin), n. one who slays treacherously or by covert assault; one who kills, or attempts to kill, secretly as the agent of another or others, or for reward; formerly one of a band of Syrian fanatics. assassinate (as-sas'si-nat), v.t. to kill, or attempt to kill, by secret or treacherous means; slay suddenly or unawares; murder. assassination (as-sas-si-na'shun), n. the act of slaying in secret, or at the bidding or reward of others; murder. assault (as-sawlf), n. an attack with violence by physical means; an on- slaught; an attack by military force; a violent attack by moral force; an attempt or threat to do bodily violence or injury to another; the charge of an attacking party en a fortified position: v.t. to attack violently; storm, as by armed force; attack by moral force; threaten or attempt by visible means bodily vio- lence or injury to another; attack a fortified position by a sudden charge. assay (as-sa'), n. the act or process of determining by analysis the quan- tity or proportion of any one or more metals in a metallic compound, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASSAYER 73 ASSIGN ore, or alloy, especially the standard a certain charge upon, as a tax; purity of gold or silver coin or bal- estimate or value officially for the lion; the substance or metal to be purpose of taxation. assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p. pr. assessed taxes (taks'ez), n.pl. taxes -ing], to subject to analysis; to de- levied on income, houses, and prop- termine the quantity or proportion erty. of one or more of the constituents assessment (as-ses'ment), n. the act of a metal. of assessing or determining an assayer (as-sa'er), n. one who as- amount to be paid; an official valua- says; an officer of the mint appoint- tion of property, or income, for the ed to test the purity of bullion and purpose of taxation ; the specific sum coin. levied as tax, or assessed for damages. assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. the act assessor (as-ses'er), n. one appointed of assembling; the state of being to assess property or persons for assembled; a group or collection of taxation, persons or particular things. assessorial (as-ses-so'ri-al), adj. per- assemhle (as-sem'bl), v.t. to collect taining to an assessor. or gather together in one place or assets (as'sets), n.pl. the property, body; congregate: v.i. to meet or whether real or personal, of a de- come together; convene. ceased person which is subject by assembly (as-sem'bli), n. [pi. assem- law to the discharge of his debts ancl blies (-bliz) ], a collection or com- legacies; the property or effects of pany of persons brought together in an insolvent debtor which are avail- one place, and for a common object; able for the satisfaction of his cred- a meeting; a congregation. itors; the entire property of a assembly-man (-man), n. a mem- trader or company of traders. ber of a legislative assembly. asseverate (as-sev'er-at), v.t. to a r - assent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as firm or aver positively, or with so- true; concede; agree to; consent: n. lemnity. the act of agreeing to; consent; ac- asseveration (as-sev-er-a/shun), n. a quiescence; approval; concurrence. solemn affirmation or declaration, as assentation (as-sen-ta/shun), n. com- upon oath. pliance with the opinion of another, assibilate (as-sib 'i-lat), v.t. to pro- in flattery or obsequiousness. nounce with a hissing sound; to assentient (as-sen'shi-ent), adj. as- alter to a sibilant. senting: n. one who assents. m assibilation (as-sib-i-la/shun), n. pro- assert (as-serf), v.t. to maintain; nunciation with a hissing sound; th i declare positively, or with assur- change of a dental or guttural mute ance; aver; affirm; defend or vin- into a sibilant or a similar sound, dicate; declare. assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. assi- assertion (as-ser'shun), n. the act duities (-tiz) ], close application or of asserting; that which is assert- unremitting attention to; diligence; ed; positive declaration; allegation; pi. studied and persevering atten- maintenance or defense. tion to please. # assertive (as-ser'tiv), adj. positive; assiduous (as-sid'ti-us), adj. constant dogmatical; confident in assertion. in application; devotedly attentive; assertor (as-ser'ter), ri. one who as- perse veringly diligent. serts; one who maintains or defends, assign (as-sln'), v.t. to appoint, mark assertory (as-ser'to-ri), adj. affirm- out, apportion, make over; fix; des- ing; supporting. ignate for a specific purpose; point assess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or deter- out exactly; to transfer or make mine, as damages; fix, rate, or set ov?r to another, as for the benefit ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on f book; hue, hut; think, then. ASSIGNAT 74 ASSUADE of creditors: n. an appurtenance; one to whom property or interest is assigned by will or deed. assignat (as'ig-nat, French a-se-nya'), n. a money or currency bond issued by the French Revolutionary Gov- ernment (1789-96). assignation (as-ig-na'shun), n. the act of assigning; an appointment to meet [used chiefly of love-meetings and in a bad sense]; the transfer of title, or the deed of transferment. assignee (as-si-ne), n. one to whom an assignment of anything is made, either in trust or for his own use and enjoyment. assignment (as-sin'ment), n. a set- ting apart, allotment, or appoint- ment to some particular person or use; transfer of title or interest; the deed of writing effecting such a transfer. assignor (as-si-nor'), n. one who as- signs or transfers an interest. assimilable (as-sim'i-la-bl), adj. ca- pable of being assimilated. assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring to conformity or agreement with something else; convert or incor- porate into organic substance; ab- sorb or appropriate, as nourishment: v.i. to be converted into or become incorporated with the substance of the animal body. assimilation (as-sim-i-la'shun) , n. the act or process of assimilating; the state of being assimilated. assimilative (as-sim'i-la-tiv), adj. having the power of assimilating, or causing assimilation. assist (as-sisf), v.t. to help; aid; give support to; attend: v.i, to lend help or aid. assistance (as-sis'tans), n. help; fur- therance; aid; succor; support. assistant (as-sis'tant), adj. helping; lending aid; auxiliary: n. one who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary. assistful (as-sist'fool), adj. helpful. assize (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes ('ez)j, a court or session of justice for the trial by jury of civil or criminal 1 cases; the sessions held peroidically in each county of England by judges of the Supreme Court [usually in the pi.]; the time or place of hold- ing the assize [usually in the pi.]. assizement (as-siz'ment), n. an in- spection of weights and measures, enacted by statute. assizer (as-sl'zer) or assizor ('zer), n. a juror. associate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; join with; connect; accompany, as a companion, friend, or confederate; v.i. to unite in company; keep com- pany; unite in action: adj. joined in interest, object, or purpose; sharing office or employment, as a colleague or partner; connected by habit, function, or sympathy: n. a companion; a confederate; an ally; one belonging to a society or insti- tution, usually of a lower grade than a Member or Fellow. association (as-so-shi-a/shun), n. the act of associating or state of being associated; union; conjunction; an associate body of persons formed for a common object; _ a society. associative (as-so-shi-a/tiv), adj. tend- ing to or characterized by associ- ation. assonance (as'so-nans), n. resem- blance of sound; a species of rhyme which consists in the use of the same vowel-sound in the last sylla- ble of words having different conso- nants. assonant (as'so-nant), adj. having resemblance of sound; pertaining to, or possessing, assonance. ^ assort (as-s6rf), v.t. to divide or separate into lots according to ar- rangement; to classify; arrange: v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance with. assortment (as-s6rt'ment), n. the act of assorting or placing out; a classified collection of articles or goods of a varied character. assuade (as-swad'), v.t. to present, as advice; urge persuasively. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b56n, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASSUAGE 75 ASTHMA assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften; mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or ap- pease. assuagement (as-swaj 'ment), n. mitigation; a lenitive application or medicine. assume (as-sum'), v.t. to take to; take in or into; take upon one's self; arrogate or appropriate; take for granted; take in appearance; pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- gant; presume; claim more than is one's due; give a legal undertaking; pretend; usurp. assumpsit (as-sump'sit), n. a verbal or unsealed contract based on a con- sideration; an action to enforce such a contract. assumption (as-sump'shun), n. the act of assuming or taking to or upon one's self; taking for granted; the thing supposed; a postulate; the taking up of a person to heaven; a verbal or unsealed contract. assumptive (as-sump'tiv), adj. as- sumed, or capable of assumption. assurable (a-shur'a-bl), adj. capable of being assured or insured. assurance (a-shur'ans), n. the act of assuring; an earnest or testimony intended or tending to elicit or in- spire confidence; certain expectation; confidence; self-possession; self-re- liance; impudence; a deed or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a security or contract to make good a loss, or pay over a sum at death or at some determinate age. assure (&-shur'), v.t. to make sure or certain; to inspire confidence by declaration or promise; secure to another; insure, or covenant for in- demnity in event of loss or death. assured (a-shurd'), p. adj. made cer- tain; guaranteed; self-possessed; in- sured : n. a person insured. assuredly (-li), adv. certainly; with assurance. assuredness (-nes), n. certainty; full confidence. assurer (a-shur'er), n. one who assures. Assyrian (as-sir'i-an), adj. pertaining to Assyria or to its inhabitants. Assyriology (as-sir-i-ol'o-ji), n. the science or study of the language and antiquities of Assyria. astatic (a-stat'ik), adj. without po- larity. astatically (-al-li), adv. in an astatic manner. astaticism (a-stat'i-sizm), n. the state of being astatic. astay (a-sta), adv. said of an anchor when on heaving it the cable makes an acute angle with the level of the water. Aster (as'ter), n. a genus of flower- ing-plants with rosette-shaped flow- ers, to which the Michaelmas-daisy belongs. aster, n. any plant of the genus Aster. asterial (as-te'ri-al), adj. connected with, or related to, the stars. asteriated (as-te'ri-a-ted), adj. ra- diated; having the form of a star. asterisk (as'ter-isk), n. the mark (*) used in printing as a reference to a marginal passage or footnote appended to the text, or to indicate letters or words omitted (***): v.t. to mark with an asterisk. asterism (as'ter-izm), n. a group or cluster of stars; three asterisks placed in the form of a triangle [*** or ***] to direct attention to a particular passage; the star-like appearance in certain crystals. astern (a-stern') adj. & adv. at or toward the hinder part of a ship: behind a ship. asternal (a-ster'n&l), a#. not joined to the sternum or breastbone: said of ribs. asteroid (as'ter-oid), adj. star-like; star-shaped: n. one of the small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; a minor planet. asthenia (as-the-ni'a), n. debility. asthenic (as-then-ik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, asthenia; feeble. asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not: boon book; hue, hut; think, then. ASTHMATIC 7G ASTROLOGY ratory disease, chronically recurrent and attended by difficulty of breath- ing, with a wheezing cough and a sense of constriction in the chest. asthmatic (ast-mat'ik), or asth- matical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to asthma; affected by asthma: n. a person suffering from the disease. asthmatically (-li) ,adv. in an asthmatical manner. astigmatic (as-tig-mat 'ik), adj. per- taining to, affected with, or curing astigmatism. astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm), or astigmism ('mizm), n. a defect in the structure of the eye causing variation of the focus of the crys- talline lens. astir (a-ster'), adv : or adj. on the move; active; stirring. astomatous (as-tom'a-tus), or as- tomous (as'to-mus), adj. destitute of a mouth; without breathing pores. astonish (as-ton'ish), v.t. to strike with sudden wonder; surprise; amaze. astonishment (as-ston'ish-ment) , n. the state of being astonished; amazement. astound (as-tound'), v.t. to strike with amazement; shock; alarm; stun. astraddle (a-strad'l), adv. with one leg on each side of something; astride. astragal (as'tra-gal), n. a small mold- ing or bead of semicircular form: called also a roundel; the astragalus; the circular molding near the mouth of a cannon. astragalus (as-trag'al-us) , n. [pi. astragali (-11) ], the ball of the ankle-joint; ^ the lower bone into which the tibia articulates. astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins of young lambs with curly wool, ob- tained from ^ Astrakhan, a city in Russia ;_ an imitation with a pile resembling this wool or fur. astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the stars; starry; star-shaped; per- taining to a super-sensible sub- stance presumed by occultists to pervade the regions of space and to enter into the composition of all bodies. astral body (bod'i), n. a kind of ethereal body said by the occultists to be capable of projection to a dis- tance, and to possess the power of occupying two places at the same instant; a ghost or double. astral lamp (lamp), n. a lamp sim- ilar to an Argand lamp, giving an uninterrupted light. astral spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. spirits formerly supposed to inhabit the stars, and represented as fallen an- gels or spirits of fire. astray (a-stra/), adv. out of the right way; wandering. astride (a-strid'), adv. with the legs wide apart; astraddle. astringency (as-trin'jen-si), n. the quality of being astringent; harsh- ness; severity. astringents (as-trin'jent), adj. bind- ing; contracting, opposed to laxa- tive: n. a substance or medicine that produces contraction of the tissues and checks discharges. astrolabe (as'tro-lab), n. an instru- ment formerly employed for taking the altitude of the sun or stars; a stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the equator or a meridian. astrologer (as'trol'o-jer), n. one who professes to forecast events by means of the stars. astrological (as-tro-loj 'i-kal), adj. pertaining to astrology, or the prac- tice of astrology. astrologically (-li), adv. in an as- trological manner; according to astrology. astrology (as-trol'o-ji), n. predesti- nation by the stars; the art ancient- ly pursued of foretelling or fore- casting the future of mankind, by reference to the influence supposed to be exerted by the stars in their various aspects and relative posi- tions upon the course of human destiny. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ASTROMETER 77 ATHERMANOUS astrometer (as-trom'e-ter), n. an instrument for ascertaining ^ and comparing the relative magnitude and luster of the stars. astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), n. one who studies, or is versed in, astron- omy. Astronomer Royal (roi'al), n. the official title of the astronomer in charge of a royal observatory in Great Britain and Ireland. astronomic (as-tro-nom'ik) or as- tronomical (1-kal), adj. pertain- ing to astronomy, or according to astronomical laws. astronomical clock (klok), n. a clock which keeps sidereal time. astronomical signs (slnz), n.pl. the signs of the zodiac. astronomical year (yer), n. a year the length of which is determined by astronomical observations. astronomically (-li), adv. in an as- tronomical manner. astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), n. the study of the heavenly bodies; the Science which treats of their mag- nitude, motions, relative positions, and all connective phenomena. astrophotography (as-tro-fo-tog'-ra- fi), n. photography applied to the delineation of the heavenly bodies. astrophotometer (as-tro-fo-tom'e- ter), n. an instrument for measuring the intendty of the light of stars. astrophysical (as-tro-fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the physical structure of the stars. astute (as-tut'), adj. shrewd; keenly penetrating; sagacious; cunning; crafty. asunder (a-sun'der), adv. separately; apart; into parts. aswail (as'wal), n. the sloth-bear of India. asylum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asylums ('lumz) ], a sanctuary or place of refuge wherein formerly criminals and debtors might find immunity from arrest; an institution for the care or relief of the aged, destitute, or afflicted. asymmetrical^ (as-i-met'ri-kal), adj. not symmetrical; disproportionate. asymmetrically (-li), adv. not sym- metrical. asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri), n. lack of symmetry or proportion between the parts of a thing. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton), n. a figure of speech which omits connectives, as "I came, I saw, I conquered." atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the rever- sion, or tendency to revert, to the ancestral type of a species; resem- blance to a remote ancestor, ex- hibited by a certain organism; the recurrence of any peculiarity or dis- ease from which an ancestor in re- mote generations has suffered. atavistic (at-a-vis'tik), adj. of, or pertaining to, atavism. ataxia (a-tak'si-a), or ataxy ('si), n. irregularities in the functions of the body or in the course of a disease. ataxic (a-tak'sik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, ataxy. ataxic fever (-fe'ver), n. typhus fever of a malignant type. ate (et & at), p.t. of eat. atelier (a'te-lya), n. a workshop; the studio of a painter or sculptor. atheism (a'the-izm), n. disbelief in the existence of a God. atheist (a'the-ist), n. one who dis- believes or denies the existence of a God. atheistic (a-the-is'tik), or atheis- tical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, containing, or implying atheism. atheist ically (-li), adv. in an athe- istic manner; impiously. Athene (a-the'ne), n. a Greek god- dess; called by the Romans, Minerva. atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne' um), n. [pi. atheneums j'umz) & athenaea ('a) ], an institution, club, or building devoted to the purposes or study of literature, science and art. athermancy (a-ther'man-si), n. im- permeability to radiant heat. athermanous ('ma-nus), adj. im- pervious to radiant heat. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, m°t; mfte, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ATHIRST 78 ATOMIZER a thirst (a-thersf), adj. in want of drink. athlete (ath'let), n. a competitior for a prize in public games; one trained to contend in feats of physical prowess; one possessed of great physical strength. athletic (ath-let'ik), adj. pertaining to athletes, or their performances; strong; robust; vigorous; muscular. athletically ('i-kal-li), adv. in an athletic manner. athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. the practice of athletic games or exer- cises. athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any sys- tem of athletic training by gymnas- tic exercises or outdoor sports; ath- letic exercises collectively. at-home (at-hom'), n. a more or less formal reception held at a specified time for the entertainment of in- vited guests. athwart (a-thwawrt'), prep, across; from side to side; adv. cross- wise; obliquely; across the course or di- rection of a ship. athwart-ships (-ships), adv. phr. across a ship from one side to th3 other. atilt (a-tilf), adv. & adj. in the posi- tion or with the action of a person making a thrust; tilted. atlantes (at-lan'tez), n.pl. figures or half -figures of men, used in place of columns or pilasters to support an entablature. atlas (at'las), n. [pi. atlases ('ez) ], a collection of maps in a volume; a work in tabulated form; a large size of drawing-paper. atlas-powder (at'las-pou'der), n. a powerful nitro-glycerine blasting compound. atmidometer (at-mi-dom'e-ter;, n. an instrument for measuring the evapor- ation from ice, snow, or water. atmology (at-moro-ji),_w. the science of aqueous vapor, its laws and phenomena. atmometer (at-mom'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the rate and amount of evaporation from a moist surface. atmosphere (at'mos-fer), n. the aeriform fluid surrounding the earth, composed of a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen with 21 parts of oxygen, and a trace of carbonic acid and argon, with a varying proportion of aqueous vapor, ammonia, ozone and organic matter; the gaseous envelope surrounding any of the heavenly bodies; the in- fluence, mental and moral, exerted on a person by his environments. atmospheric (at-mos-fer'ik), or at- mospherical ('i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, resembling, or consisting of, existing in, or dependent upon, the atmosphere. atmospheric pressure (-presh'er), n. the pressure exerted in every di- rection upon a body by the atmos- phere; equivalent to 14 2-3 lb. on the sq. in., or 1,033 grams on the sq. centimeter. atoll (a-tol' & at'ol), n. a coral island having the form of an outer ring of coral surrounding a basin or lagoon. atom (at 'urn), n. an ultimate indi- visible particle of matter. atomic (a-tom'ik), or atomical ('i- kal), adj. pertaining to, or consist- ing of, atoms; extremely minute. atomic weight (a-tom'ik wat), n. the weight of the atom of any ele- ment as compared with another taken as a standard, usually hydro- gen, taken as 1. atomically (-li), adv. in an atomic manner. atomicity (at-o-mis'i-ti), n. .equiva- lence; the combining capacity of an element. atomist (at'6-mist), n. one who be- lieves that the earth was formed by the coming together of atoms swirl- ing in space. atomize (at'um-iz), v.t. to reduce to atoms or exceedingly fine particles. atomizer (at'um-I-zer), n. an instru- ment constructed to reduce a liquid to spray. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ATONABLE 79 ATTAR OF ROSES atonable (a-ton'a-bl), adj. capable of being atoned for. atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, p.pr. atoning], to make reparation or amends, as for injury done or im- plied; expiate; make satisfaction for; reconcile. atonement (a-ton'ment), n. reparation or satisfaction offered or made in return for injury; expiation of wrong or sin by suffering; the recompense for sin typified by the sufferings and death of Christ; reconciliation. atonic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting tone, or vital energy; unaccented: ft. an unaccented word or syllable; a medi- cine to allay excitement. atony (#£'6-ni), ft. want of tone; de- bility; weakness of any organ. atrip (a-trip'), adv. just clear of the ground. atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria (-a) ], the square entrance-hall, lighted from above, constituting the chief apartment in an ancient Roman house; a hall or entrance-court; a portico; the auricular portion of the heart; a cavity. atrocious (a-tro'shus), adj. wicked in the highest degree; extremely crim- inal or cruel; outrageous; exhibiting or characterized by great atrocity; flagrant. atrocity (a-tros'i-ti),ft. [pi. atrocities (-tiz) ], enormous wickedness; abom- inable cruelty; an atrocious deed. atrophy (at'ro-fi), ft. a wasting, or diminution in bulk, of the body, or any part of the body arising from lack of nourishment; the degenera- tion of an organ or part: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to waste away; to dwindle. atropin (at'rd-pin), or atropine (-pin), ft. a crystalline alkaloid of very poisonous nature extracted from the deadly nightshade (bella- donna), having the singular proper- ty of producing dilatation of the pupil of the eye. atropism (at'ro-pizm), ft. poisoning by atropin or belladonna. attach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, or fix, to or on; bind; connect with or appoint to; connect by ties of affec- tion; to take, or seize, by legal authority: v.i. to adhere. attache (at-ta-sha), ft. one who is attached to another, or as part of a suite or staff, as of an embassy or legation. attachment (at-tach'ment), ft. the act of attaching; adherence; fidel- ity; affection or regard; that which attaches, or the thing which is at- tached; a taking into custody or seizure of > the person, goods, or estate by virtue of a legal process. attack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; fall upon with force; assail with intent to overcome or to damage, discredit, or bring into ridicule^ begin to af- fect or act upon, as disease: v.i. to make an onset or attack: n. the act of attacking in any sense of the word. attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; come, or arrive at. attainability (at-ta-na-bil'-i-ti), ft. attainableness. attainable (at-ta'na-bl), adj. capable of being attained. attainableness (-nes), ft. the qual- ity of being attainable. attainder (at-tan'der), n the act of attainting, or the state of being at- tainted; an act, formerly in opera- tion, for the deprivation of all civil rights and of power to inherit or transmit property: applied to per- sons under sentence of death or out- lawry for treason or felony. attainment (at-tan 'ment), ft. the act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching, as the result of exer- tion or effort; that which is attained; an acquisition. attaint (at-tant), v.t. to taint; cor- rupt; sully or stain by disgrace. attar of roses (Var of roz'ez), ft. an essential oil xpressed from the petals of the se. Written also atar, ottar, am fto. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n book; hue, hut; think, then. idrth, not; boon, ATTEMPER 80 ATTRACTABILITY attemper (at-tem'per), v.t. to re- duce, modify, or moderate by mix- ture; regulate; temper; smooth, soften, or mollify; mix in proper proportion; fit or adapt. attempt (at-tempf), v.t. to make an effort to accomplish; try; endeavor or essay to perform; try to win or seduce; attack, or invade: n. a trial, essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain a point; an attack or assault. attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; ac- company or be present with; serve or look after in any capacity; be present at; accompany or follow: v.i. to pay heed or regard to; listen; be in attendance upon. attendance (at-ten'dans), n. the act of attending; waiting on; presence; the persons attending; retinue. attendant (at-ten'dant), n. one who attends or accompanies in service or train of another; one who is pres- ent; that which attends or is conse- quent upon anything else: adj. ac- companying; being present; con- nected or consequent upon; depend- ing on or owing duty or service to. attention (at-ten'shun), n. the act of applying the mind to anything; consideration or regard for any p3r- son or thing; a mark or act of civil- ity or courtesy; care for the com- fort of others; a military command (to assume the attitude of attention). attentive (at-ten'tiy), adj. heedful; full of attention; intent; mindful; regardful of the wishes of others. attenuant (at-ten'u-ant) , adj. mak- ing thin, as fluids; dilating; dimin- ishing in^ denseness; n. a medicine which thins the fluids of the body; a diluent. attenuate (at-ten'u-at) , v.t. to make thin or slender; weaken or reduce; thin out by^ dilution; rarefy: v.i. to become thin, slender, or fine; les- sen: adj. made thin; dilute; rare- fied; tapering; slender. attenuation (at - ten -u- a/shun), n. the act or process of making slender, or thinning out by dilution; the state of being slender. attest (at-tesf), v.t. to bear witness to; certify as being genuine or true, especially in an official sense; give proof of; manifest. attestation (at-tes-ta/shun), n. the act of attesting; testimony or evi- dence given on oath, or by official declaration; swearing in. attestor (at-tes'ter), n. one who attests. attic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room in a house immediately beneath the roof; a garret. Attic (at'tik), adj. pertaining to At- tica, in Greece; classical; elegant. Atticism (at'i-sizm) n. a peculiarity of style or idiom characterizing the Attic rendering of the Greek lan- guage; elegant manner of expression. attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; array; adorn: n. dress; clothes; habit; garb; the horns of a stag, employed as a heraldic bearing. attitude (at'ti-tiid), n. bodily posi- tion or posture; the bearing as- sumed by a person or body of per- sons indicative of feeling, opinion, &c. attitudinal (at-ti-tii'di-nal), adj. pertaining to attitude. attitudinarian (at-ti-tu-di-na'ri- an), n. one who studies or affects attitudes. attitudinize (at-ti-tu'di-niz), v.i. to pose for effect. attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attor- neys (-nez)], one legally qualified to act for another in the transaction of private business, or in the man- agement, prosecution, or defense of actions at law. attorney-general (-jen'er-al), n. the chief law officer appointed to act for the government; the chief law officer of a state. attorneyship (at-ter'ni-ship), n. agency for another. attract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw t"> or toward; cause to approach ; draw by moral influence; allure; entice. attractability (at-trak'ta-bil'i-ti), n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. ATTRACTILE 81 AUDITOR the quality of being attractable; the power of attraction. attractile (at-trak'til), adj. having the power to attract. attraction (at-trak'shun), n. the power or act of attracting; the force exerted by one body or mass upon or over the constituent par- ticles of another, by which it tends to overcome the resistance to mo- tion, and to draw them together; tendency to coherence. attractive (at-trak'tiv), adj. having the power or tendency to attract; al- luring; inviting: n. that which at- tracts, allures, or charms. attributable (at-trib'u-ta-bl), adj. capable of being attributed. attribute (at-trib'ut), v.t. to ascribe, impute, assign : n. (at'tri-but), that which is attributed, as quality; trait; property; a characteristic; an attributive adjunct or adjective; that which may be predicated of any subject. attribution (at-tri-bu'shun)^ n. the act of attributing; designation. attributive (at-trib'u-ti"v), adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or ex- pressing, an attribute: n. a word denoting an attribute; a word joined to and describing a noun; an adjec- tive or adjective phrase. attrite (at-trit'), adj. worn by fric- tion; repentant through fear of pun- ishment. attrition (at-trish'un), n. the act of wearing by rubbing; abrasion; the state of being worn; grief for sin arising only from fear of punish- ment. attune _ (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; bring into accordance or harmony. atypic (a-tip'ik), or atypical ('i- kal), adj. without definite typical character; not conformable to the type. auburn (aw'burn), adj. reddish- brown. auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale of property or effects conducted on the principle of the highest bidder becoming the purchaser of any par- ticular lot put up for sale; the property or effects offered for sale by auction: v.t. to sell by auction. auctioneer (awk-shun-er), n. one licensed to sell property or goods by public auction: v.i. to sell by auction. auction-pool (awk'shon pool), n. a guessing contest held on ship-board in which numbers representing the probable number of miles the ship will run in a day are sold at auction, the pool going wholly or in part to the holder of the successful number. audacious (aw-da'shus), adj. bold; daring; spirited; insolent: impu- dent; characterized by shameless . effrontery. audacity (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. audac- ities (-tiz)], boldness; daring; spir- it; presumptuousness; impudence; effrontery. audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of being heard. audibly (-bli), adv. so as to be heard. audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of hearing; admittance to a hearing or formal interview with one of high position; an assembly of hearers. audient (aw'di-ent), adj, hearing; listening. audiometer (aw-di-om'e-ter), n. an instrument for gauging the power of hearing. audiphone (aw'di-fon), n. an instru- ment constructed to assist the deaf by collecting the sound-waves and conveying the vibrations to the auditory nerves through the medium of the teeth. audit (aw'dit), n. official examina- tion and verification of claims or ac- counts with vouchers and the at- tendance of witnesses to effect a set- tlement; a receipt of rent at stated times: v.t. to examine and adjust, as accounts or claims: v.i. to examine an account; act as auditor. ' auditor (aw'di-ter), n. a hearer or listener; a person appointed to ex- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 6 AUDITORIUM 82 AURICLE amine and verify accounts and claims; one who hears judicially, as in an audience court. _ auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pi. auditoria (-a), & auditoriums (-umz)j, the space in a theater or other public building assigned to the audience. auditory (aw-di-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing: n. an audience; a place or space allotted to hearers; an auditorium. auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring holes. aught (awt), n. anything; any part: adv. in any way; at all. augment (awg-menf), v.t. to in- crease; to enlarge in size or ex- tent; to add an augment to: v.i. to grow larger; ^ increase in size and strength: n. increase; enlargement; a vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel. augmentation (awg-men-ta/shun), n. increase; the increase in time- value of the notes of a theme; an additional charge to a coat of arms bestowed as a mark of honor; the period of increase in a fever before the crisis is reached. augmentative (awg-men'ta-tiv), adj. having the quality or power of augmenting: n. & word or affix which expresses with greater force the idea conveyed by the term from which it is derived; opposed to di- minutive. augur (aw'ger), n. one who officially predicted events by the observation and interpretation of natural signs or omens, the flight of birds, the in- spection of the entrails of slaugh- tered victims, the occurrence of me- teorological phenomena, &c; one who professes to foretell events by omens; a soothsayer; a prophet: v.i. to conjecture from signs or omens: v.t. to predict or prognosti- cate; betoken or infer. augury (aw'gu-ri), ft. [pi. auguries (-riz)], the art or practice of fore- telling events by reference to natural signs or omens; an omen; predic- tion; presage. august (aw-gusf), adj. grand; in- vested with grandeur and dignity; majestic; of a nature to inspire awe and reverence. August (aw'gust), n. the eighth month of the year. Augustan (aw-gus'tan), adj. resem- bling the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus; a period of munificence and splendor; an age of liberality toward literature and the fine arts. auk (awk), n. the name given to the members of a family of arctic diving birds. The Great Auk is now ex- tinct. Also spelled awk. aulic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to a royal court. aunt (ant), n. the sister of one's father or mother. aura (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vaporous streaming, or exhalation, supposed to emanate from a living body or substance, as aroma, effluvium, or the subtle essence of its individual nature; a sensation as of a stream of air rising from a part of the body toward the head, and preceding an epileptic seizure or hysteria. aural (aw'ral), adj. pertaining to the air or to an aura; pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing. aureate (aw're-at), adj. golden; gild- ed; golden-yellow. aurelia (aw-re'lya), n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect. aurelian (aw-re'lyan), adj. pertain- ing to the aurelia: n. one who makes a special study of butterflies and moths. aureola (aw-re'o-la), or aureole (aw[re-ol), n. a halo, radiance, or luminous cloud encircling the figures of Christ, the Virgin, and the saints as represented by the painters; any- thing resembling an aureola. auric (aw'rik), adj. pertaining to gold. auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; that part of the ear which pro- jects from the head; one of two ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AURICULAR 83 AUTHORITY chambers of the heart which receive the blood from the veins and trans- mit it to the ventricle or ventricles. auricular (aw-rik'u-lar), adj. per- taining to the ear or to the sense of hearing; privately addressed, as to the priest in the confessional; per- ceived by the ear; known by report, obtained by the ear; ear-shaped; pertaining to the auricles of the heart. auricula te (aw-rik'u-lat), or auric- ulated (-ed), adj. ear-shaped; hav- ing ears or ear-like appendages. auriferous (aw-rif'er-us), adj. gold- bearing yielding or containing gold. auriform (aw'ri-f6rm), adj. ear- shaped; having the form of the human ear. auriscope (aw'ri-skop). n. an in- strument for examining the ear. aurist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in the treatment of ear disorders. aurochs (aw'roks), n. the European bison, now nearly extinct. aurora (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras ('raz) & aurorae ('re) ], the rising light or the morning; the dawn of dayspring. aurora borealis (bo-re-a'lis), n. the northern lights, a luminous meteoric phenomenon manifesting itself by streams of light ascending from the northern horizon toward the zenith, or assuming the form of an arc having its ends on the horizon. aurora australis (aw-stra/lis), n. a phenomenon of corresponding na- ture in the southern hemisphere. aurous(aw'rus),acfy\pertainingtogold. auscultate (aws'kul-tat), v. t. to ex- amine by auscultation. auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun), n. a method of detecting chest disease by observing the sounds arising in the part, either by applying the ear directly to the chest or thorax, or by means of a stethoscope. auscultator (aws'kul-ta-ter), n. one who practices auscultation; a steth- oscope. auscultatory (aws-kul'ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to auscultation. auspice (aws'pis), n. [pi. auspices (-ez) ], an omen drawn from birds; an omen; a prediction as to the future; protection; patronage; fa- voring influence (generally in pi.) auspicious (aws-pish'us), adj. hav- ing promise of success or happiness; propitious; prosperous; fortunate. austere (aws-ter'), adj. sour; harsh; rough to the taste; severe; rigid in character or mode of living; severely simple. austerity (aws-ter'i-ti), n. severity of manner or life; harsh discipline; rigorous simplicity. austral (aws'tral), adj. southern. authentic (aw-then'tik), or au- thentical ('ti-kal), adj. genuine; original; duly authorized; true; trustworthy; vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. authentically (-li), adj. in an au- thentic manner. authenticate (aw-then'ti-kat) , v.t. to make authentic; give authority to by accordance with legal for- malities; to establish as genuine. authentication (aw-then-ti-ka/- shun), n. the act of authenticating. authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti), n.the quality of being authentic ;authority. author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or prime mover of anything; an effi- cient cause; an originator; a creat- or; one who composes or writes a book; a composer. authoress (aw'ther-es), n. a female author [The term author is now generally used without regard tosex.] authoritative (aw-thor'i-ta-tiv) , adj. having due authority, or the air of being duly authorized; positive, dic- tatorial; magisterial; commanding. authority (aw-thor'i-ti) , n. [pi. au- thorities (-tiz) 1, power or right to act or command; dominion; juris- diction; power derived from opinion, respect, or reputation; influence; justification or support for state- ment or action; a person invested ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, n6rth, not; boon- book; hue, hut: thing, then. AUTHORIZATION 84 AUTOMATON with power to act or command; one deserving of credit, to whom ap- peal or reference can be made; in pi. the government; the constituted authorities. authorization (aw-ther-i-za'shun), n. the act of authorizing; establish- ment by authority. authorize (aw'ther-iz), v.t. to vest with authority; give a right to act or command; empower; legalize; establish or confirm by authority. auto (aw' to), n. an abbreviation in common use for automobile. auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; of itself. autobiographic (aw-to-bi-o-graf 'ik) , or autobiographical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to autobiography. autobiographically (-li), adv. in an autobiographic manner. autobiography (aw-to-bl-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. autobiographies (-fiz) ], a biog- raphy, account, or character-sketch of a person written by himself. autocar (aw'to-kar) n. a carriage containing within itself the machin- ery necessary for its own propulsion. autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si), n. [pi. autocracies (-siz) J, absolute, un- controlled authority; supremacy; government by one invested with absolute and uncontrolled author- ity; autonomy. autocrat (aw'to-krat), n. an abso- lute prince or sovereign; one who rules without restriction. autocratic (aw-to-krat'ik or auto- cratical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to autocracy; absolute. autocratically (-li), adv. in an au- tocratic manner. autocycle (aw'to-si-kl), n. a motor bicycle. autodynamic (aw-to-di-nam'ik),^/. operating by its own force. autogenic (aw-toj'en-ik) or autog- enous (-us), adj. self-generated; produced independently. autograph (aw'to-graf), adj. . self- written; in one's own handwriting: n. a person's own handwriting; an original manuscript or signature: v.t. to reproduce by autography; to sign or write one's autograph. autographic (aw-to-graf'ik), or au- tographical ('i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to an autograph or personal handwriting; relating to, or used in, the process of autography; self- recording. autography (aw-tog'ra-fi), n. the science of study of autographs; an original manuscript; a process in lithography by which copies of writings or drawings are reproduced in facsimile. autogravure (aw-to-grav-ur'), n. a process of photo-engraving. autohypnotic (aw-to-hip-not'ic) ,adj. producing in one's self a hypnotic state by one's own effort. auto-infection (aw'to-in-f ek'shon) , n. poisoning of the system through chemical changes within the body itself. auto-intoxication (aw'to-in-tok-si- ka'shon), n. sl form of auto-infec- tion usually due to imperfect diges- tion of food in which the waste products of digestion are absorbed into the blood,poisoning the system. autolatry (aw-tol'a-tri), n. self-wor- ship. autology (aw-tol'o-ji), n. the scien- tific study of one's self. automat (aw'to-mat), n. a camera shutter operated by a pneumatic bulb; an apparatus for serving foods automatically in response to a coin dropped into a slot; also a res- taurant where this method is used. automatic (aw-to-mat'ik), or auto- matical ('i-kal), adj. having the power of self-motion or self-action; of the nature of an automaton; independent of the will. automatically (-li), adv. in an au- tomatic manner. automatism (aw-tom'a-tizm), n. au- tomatic action; the doctrine which assigns all animal functions to the active operation of physical laws. automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pi. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AUTOMATOUS 85 AVARICE automata (-ta), & automatons (-tonz), that which possesses the power of spontaneous movement without consciousness; a self-acting machine. automatous (aw-tom'a-tus), adj. spontaneous; of the nature of an automaton. autometry (aw-tom'e-tri), n. the es- timation, or measurement, of one's self. automobile (aw-to-mo'bil), adj. self- moving. automobile (aw-to-mo-bel' & aw-to- mo'bil), n. a self -moving vehicle; motor-carriage. automobilist (aw-to-mo'bil-ist), n. one who rides in and manages an automobile; a chauffeur. automorphism (aw-to-morf'ism), n. the judgment of others by analogy from the knowledge of one's self. automotor (aw'to-mo-ter), n. a self- acting machine. autonomic (aw-to-nom'ik), or au- tonomous (-ton'o-mus), adj. per- taining to autonomy. autonomist (aw-ton'o-mist), n. a supporter of autonomy. autonomy (aw-ton'o-mi), n. [pi. au- tonomies (-miz) ], the power or right of self-government; the state of political independence. autonym (aw'td-nim), n. one's own name: opposed to pseudonym; a work published under the author's real name. autophon (aw'to-fon), n. a barrel- organ, the tunes of which are deter- mined by perforated mill-board. autoplasty (aw'to-plas-ti), n. the process of repairing lesions by ap- plication of tissue removed from an- other part. Called also rhinoplasty. auto-suggestion (aw-t5-sug-jes'chun) n #> self-suggestion; arising in one's mind without exterior cause. autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal ob- servation; ocular demonstration; a post-mortem examination. autotoxic (aw-to-toks'ik), adj. self- poisoning. autotruck (aw'to-truk), n. a self- moving truck; motor truck. autotype (aw'to-tip), n. a facsimile; a photo-gelatine process of producing pictures. auto typography (aw-to-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. a kind of nature printing; by the transference of gelatine draw- ings on to a plate of soft metal from which the design is printed. autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- tween summer and winter, begin- ning astronomically at the autumnal equinox, about September 22nd, and ending at the winter solstice, about December 23rd; the period of de- cline or decay. autumnal (aw-tum'nal), adj. belong-, ing or peculiar to autumn; pro- duced or gathered in autumn; per- taining to the period of life when middle age is past: n. a plant that flowers in autumn. autumnal equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. the time of the sun's southward passage across the equator, about September 22nd. auxiliary m (awg-zil'i-a-ri), adj. help- ing; aiding^ assisting; subsidiary; n. [^.auxiliaries (-riz) ], a helper; an assistant ; a confederate or ally; aid of any kind; a verb which helps to form the moods and tenses of oth- er verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. avail (a-vaT), v.i. to be of use, value, or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to profit or advantage: n. use; means towards an end; advantage to an object: pi. proceeds or profits. availability (a-va/la-bil-i-ti), n. the state or quality of being available. avalanche (av'a-lanch), n. the sud- den descent of a mass of compact snow or ice from the higher parts of a mountain; a fall of rocks or earth from the heights of a mountain; anything that overwhelms by sud- denness and irresistible force. avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or insatiable desire of gain; covet- ousness; cupidity; greediness. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AVARICIOUS 86 AWAKE (avaricious (av-a-rish'us), adj. im- pelled by avarice; greedy of gain; grasping. avast (a-vasf), interj. stop! cease! hold! avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (-ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to earth in an incarnate form; a manifestation or embodiment. avaunt (a-vawnt' & a-vant'), interj. begone! depart! an exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. ave (a've & a've), interj. hail? fare- well! n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. avenaceous (av-e-na'shus), adj. be- longing to or resembling oats. avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact pun- ishment or satisfaction for wrong or injury done to one's self or another: v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive satisfaction for injury by the pun- ishment of the offender. avenue (av'e-nu), n. a way or means of approach to a place, a passage- way, drive, or alley bordered by trees leading to a house; a broad road- way or street planted with trees. aver (a-ver), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; declare to be true; verify. average (av'er-aj), n. any charge ad- ditional to the cost of freightage: v.t. to find the mean, as of unequal sums or quantities; reduce to a mean; assign proportionately. averment (a-yer'ment), n. the act of affirming positively^ verification; a statement or allegation as to facts. averse (a-vers') ? adj. unwilling; un- favorable; having a repugnance or disinclination to. aversion (a-ver'shun), n. opposition or repugnance of mind; antipathy; fixed dislike; hatred; the object or cause of dislike or repugnance. avert (a-vert'), v.t. to turn aside or away; turn or ward off; prevent. avertible (a-vert'i-bl), adj. capable of being ward d off, or averted. Avesta (a-ves'ta), n. the sacred writ- ings attributed to Zoroaster; the Zend-Avesta, avian (a/vi-an), adj. pertaining tc birds. aviary (a'vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (-riz) ], a house, large cage, or in- closure for the keeping and rearing of birds in confinement. aviation (a/vi-a-shun), a. the art of flying. aviator (a'vi-a-ter), n. one who op- erates a flying machine. avicularium m (a-vik'u-lar-i-um), n. [pi. avicularia (-a) ], the small pre- hensile process, resembling the head of a bird with a movable mandible, which continually snaps. aviculture (a'vi-kul-tur) , n. the breed- ing and rearing of birds. avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. greediness; eagerness; strong appetite. avocation (av-o-ka'shun), n. a sub- ordinate or occasional occupation, as contradistinguished from vocation. avoid (a-void'), v.t. to keep away, shunning; the state of being vacant, make void: v.i. to become vacant or void. avoidance (a-voi'dans), n. the act of annulling or making void; the act of shunning; the state of being vacant. avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz')> a sys- tem of weights in which one pound contains 16 ounces: used generally for all commodities except precious metals, gems and drugs. avouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm open- ly; maintain; declare positively; vouch for; admit or confess. avow (a-vou'), v.t. to declare openly; acknowledge frankly; to admit and justify. avowal (a-vou'M), n. an open decli- ration; a frank acknowledgment; a confession. awabi (a-wa'be), n. an edible shell- fish found on the coast of Japan; the abalone. await (a-waf), v.t. to wait for; look for or expect ; be ready for. awake (a-wak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse from sleep, or from any state resembling sleep; put into action; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon- book; hue, hut; think, then. AWAKENING 87 AXIOMATICALLY infuse new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; roused from sleep or in- activity; in a state of vigilance or action. awakening (a-wak'ning) , n. the act of rousing from sleep; a revival of religion, or activity of a particular religious sect: adj. rousing; excit- ing; alarming. award (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- tration; bestow in consideration of merit; to determine or make an award: n. a judgment; a decisior; a sentence; the decision of arbitrators on points submitted to them; the document containing such decision; that which is awarded or assigned. aware (a-war'), adj. on guard; vig- ilant ; watchful ; apprised ; cognizant ; conscious. awash (a-wosh'), adj & adv. on a level with the waves. away (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a dis- tance; out of; off; in another direc- tion; continuously: inter j. begone! depart! awe (aw), reverential fear; the feeling or emotion inspired by the contemplation of something sub- lime; a sense of profound admira- tion and respect; reverence: v.t. to strike or inspire with feelings of rev- erential respect or fear; restrain by fear or respect. aweather (a-weth'er), adv. on the weather side, or toward the wind: n. opposed to alee. awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- pressing with profound fear or rev- erence; of a dreadful or appalling nature; solemn. awfully (-li), adv. in an awful man- ner; excessively. awhile (a-whil'), adv. for a period of time. T awk. See auk. awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or ungainly in shape, movement or manners; clumsy. awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for piercing. awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle- like appendage of the outer glume of wheat,barley and numerous grasses. awning (awn'ing), n. a covering of canvas or other cloth stretched upon a frame and used as a shelter from wind or sun. awny (aw'ni), adj. having bristles; bearded. awoke, p.t. of awake. awry (a-ri'), adj. or adv. turned or twisted toward one side; erroneous. axal. See axial. axe or ax (aks), n. a tool or instru- ment of steel, or iron with a steeled edge, attached to a handle, used for the hewing of timber and chopping of wood. axial (aks'i-al), adj. pertaining to an axis in any sense of the word. axially (-li), adv. in the direction of an axis. axiferous (ak-sif 'e-rus) , adj. consisting of stem or axis alone without leaves. axiform (ak'si-f6rm), adj. in the form of an axis. axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by the upper side of an organ or branch with the stem or trunk to which it is attached. axile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to the axis; situated or lying in the axis. axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillae ('e) ], the armpit, or cavity in the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axil of a leaf. axillar (ak'si-lar), or axillary (-lari), adj.^ pertaining to the armpit; per- taining to, springing from, or situated in, the axil. axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable self-evident truth; a proposition embodying a truth at once obvious and incontrovertible; an established principle in an art or science. axiomatic (ak-si-6-mat'ik) or axio- matical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an axiom. axiomatically (-li), adv. in the man- ner, or by use, of accepted truth. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. AXIS 88 AZZIMINA axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes ('sez) ], the straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, upon or around which such body revolves, or is supposed to revolve; a straight line drawn through the center of a bilateral symmetrical figure, as the spinal column; the central line of any symmetrical body; the stem or central column of a plant, round which the organs or parts are dis- posed; the central region of a moun- tain chain. axis (ak'sis), n. the hog-deer of India. axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or por- tion of the axle-tree, which is in- serted in the hub of the wheel, and on which the wheel revolves. axle-box (-boks), n. a bushing in the hub of a wheel through which the axle passes. axle-tree (-tre), n. a bar connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the rounded ends of which the wheels revolve. ay or aye (a), adv. always; for ever; continually. aye or ay (a or I), adv. or inter j. yes; yea; even so; indsed: n. [pi. ayes (iz)], the affirmative votes in a parliamentary division; the mem- bers so voting. aye-aye (i'l), n. a singular nocturnal quadruped, native of Madagascar, and allied to the lemurs. Ayrshire (ar'shir), n. a fine breed of cattle from the county of Ayr, Scot- land, noted for their rich milk. Azalea (a-za'le-a), n. [pi. azaleas (-az)], a genus of plants, belonging to the rhododendron tribe, and re- markable for their showy flowers. azarine (az'a-rin), n. a bright red dye obtained from coal-tar. azimuth (az'i-muth), n. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of a place and the vertical circle passing through the center of a celestial body. azote (az'ot), n. the old name for nitrogen. Azrael (az'-ra-el), n. name given by the Mohammedans to the Angel of Death. Aztec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to the Aztec race. Also written Aztecan. azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj. like the blue of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear blue of the sky; any pigment of this color; the blue tint expressed in heraldry by horizontal shading. azure-stone (azh'ur-ston), n. the lapis lazuli, from which genuine ul- tramarine is made. azurine (azh'ur-in), n. a greyish-blue color. azurite (azh'u-rit), n. blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite or ches- sylite; lazulite. azzimina (at-si-me'na), a mode of decoration by damaskeening in gold and silver, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. B b, the second letter in the alphabet of all European tongues, except the Russian and its derivatives. baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; bleat: n. the cry or bleating of a Baalism (ba/al-izm), n. the worship of Baal; gross idolatry. bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], to fish with a bob. baba (ba'ba), n. an Eastern title of respect. Babbitt-metal (bab'it-met-al), n. an anti-friction alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, used in crank and axle bearings, &c. babble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter indis- tinct or imperfect sounds; prattle; talk childishly; murmur continu- ously: v.t. to utter; prate; repeat unintelligently; tell secrets: n. un- meaning or foolish talk; a confused murmur. babbler (bab'ler), n. one who bab- bles; a dog that gives tongue too frequently when on scent. babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an infant or young child of either sex. babiroussa or babirussa (bab-i- roo'sa), n. the wild hog of Eastern Asia. Written also babyroussa, babyrussa. bablah (babla), or babul (ba-bool'), n. the rind of the legume of an East Indian species of the acacia, con- taining gallic acid and tannin. baboo or babu (ba-boo'), n. a title of honor among the Hindus. baboon (ba-boon'), n. the popular name of a large division of monkeys, which inhabit Africa and Arabia, and are characterized by a long dog- like snout, large canine teeth, great head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- ties on the hips, and capacious cheek pouches; an epithet of contempt. baboonery (ba-boon'er-i), n. [pi. babooneries, (-iz)], a collection of baboons; behavior or conduct like that of a baboon. baboonish (ba-boon'ish), adj. like a baboon. baboosh or babouche (ba-boosh'), n. a kind of loose slipper worn in Oriental countries. Also written pabouche. babuina (bab-ti-i'na), n. a female baboon. babul. See bablah. baby _ (ba'bi), n. _ [pi. babies ('biz)J, an infant of either sex; a small child: adj. pertaining to an infant or young child: v.t. [pJ. & p.p. babied, p.pr. babying], t(- treat or fondle like a baby or young child; to keep dependent. baby-farm (ba/bi-farm), n. a place where young children are put out for nursing. babyhood (ba'bi-hood), n. the stage of infancy. babyish (ba'bi-ish), adj. childish. babyism (ba/bi-izm), n. the charac- teristics of a baby; a childish man- ner of speech. Babylonian (bab-i-lo'ni-an), adj. per- taining to Babylonia; magnificent; luxurious. Also Babylonish. bacca (bak'a), n. a berry; any fleshy fruit; a one-celled fruit with a soft outer envelope, m and with naked seeds immersed in pulp. baccalaureate (bak-a-law're-at), n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BACCARAT 90 BACK-RENT the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Sci- ence, &c: adj. pertaining to the degree of Bachelor. baccarat (bak-a-ra/), n. .a French card game played between a banker and an unlimited number of betters with one or more packs of cards. baccate (bak'at) or baccated (-ted), adj. having many berries. bacchanal (bak'a-nal) or baccha- nalian (bak-a-na'li-an), adj. in- dulging in or characterized by drunken revelry; drunken: n. a vo- tary of Bacchus; a drunken rev- eler; a drunken feast. bacchante (bak-an'te), n. female votary of Bacchus. bacchantic (ba-kan'tik), adj. of or resembling a bacchanal; noisy; jo- vial. bacchic (bak'ik) or bacchical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to Bacchus or the feasts in his honor; riotous, or mad with drink. bachelor (bach'el-er), n. one who has taken the lowest university de- gree in any faculty; an unmarried man. bachelorhood (bach'el-er-hood) , n. state of an unmarried man. bachelor girl (bach-el-er gerl), n. a modem young woman who earns her own li nng and enjoys bachelor-like independence, usually keeping house by herself or with other bachelor girls. bachelor's buttons (bach'el-erz- but'unz) n.pl. the name popularly given to several flowering plants whose blossoms somewhat resemble buttons. bacillaria (bas-i-la/ri-a.), n. a genus of microscopic diatoms. bacillary (bas'i-la-ri), adj. consist- ing of bacilli. bacillian (ba-sil'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a bacillus. bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sid), n. an agent employed for destroying bacilli. bacilliculture (ba-sil'i-kul-tur), n. the culture of bacilli in animal or vegetable infusions for scientific research. bacillus (bH-sil'us), n. [pi. bacilli Ci), a genus of microscopic vege- table organisms commonly known as bacteria, having slender rod-like jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- sessing the power of constant move- ment, present in many ferments, in all stages of putrefaction, and asso- ciated with the earliest stages of ma- lignant or zymotic disease. back or bac (bak), n. a flat-bot- tomed ferry-boat. ^ especially one adapted for carrying vehicles; a large cistern or vat used by brew- ers, &c, for liquids. back (bak), n. the hinder part of the body in man. or in other animals the upper portion; the whole region of the spine, extending from the base of the neck to the buttocks; the dorsal region of a fish; that which is opposed to the front; the rear or hinder part of anything; the part of a tool or weapon op- posed to the edge: adj. lying or being behind or in the rear, as to time, situation, or direction; in a backward direction: adv. into or toward the rear; to or toward a for- mer or original place, state, or con- dition; to or toward times past; not advancing; in a state of hin- drance or restraint; in withdrawal or retirement; • away; in return; again, v.t. to furnish with a back or backing; get upon the back of or mount; second or support; bet or wager; sign or indorse; put backward or cause to recede: v.i to move or go backward. backfire _ (bak'flr), v.i. to fight forest or prairie fires by starting local fires that can be controlled or ex- tinguished, producing a burnt area that the original fire cannot cross. back-firing (bak-fir'ing), n. prema- ture ignition of the gas and air in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine, due to a compression of the combustible mixture or to advanced- spark adjustment, back-rent (bak'rent), n. arrears of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. BACK-REST 91 BACKWOODS rent; rent paid after reaping the • first crop by a tenant entering on a lease. back-rest (bak'rest), n. a guide, at- tached to the slide-rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work to steady it. back-settlement (bak-setl-ment), n. an outlying or partially reclaimed portion of a country beginning to be cultivated. back-settler (bak-set'ler), n. one living in the outlying districts of a settlement. backbite (bak'blt), v.t. [p.t. backbit, p.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. backbiting], to slander or speak evil of in absence: v.i. to censure absent persons. backboard (bak'bord), n. a board to support the back; a thin wooden backing used for picture frames, mirrors, &c. backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of the back; the vertebral column of animals; that which serves as a backbone; hence, firmness or de- cision of character. backer (bak'er), n. one who sus- tains or abets another; especially one who bets in favor of a person or animal in a contest. backgammon (bak-gam'un), n. a game played by two persons upon a table or board made for the pur- pose, with fifteen piece3 each, rvnd dice-boxes, and dice. background (bak'ground), n. ground in the rear; the distant portion of a landscape; the portion of a pic- ture furthest from the spectator; that which is dimly seen; a subordi- nate positior ; a place of retirement or reserve. backhand (bak'hand), n. writing which slopes backward or to the left. backhanded (bak'han-ded), adj. with the hand turned backward; unfair; indirect; ambiguous; sloping back- ward. backing (bak'ing), n. something placed behind to support or strengthen; aid or support given to a person or cause. backsheesh or backshish. See bakshish. backside (bak'sld), n. the hind part of anything or that which is op- posed to the front; the hind part of an animal. backslide (bak-slidO, v.i. [p.t. backslid, backslided, p.p. backslid, backslid- den, backslided, p.pr. backsliding], to slide back; fall off or away from; apostatize. backstair (bak'star) or backstairs ('starz), n. stairs in the back part of a house; stairs for private use: adj. indirect; underhand; secret; intriguing. backstays (bak'staz), ft.pl. long ropes extending from the masthead to the side of the ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. backsword (bak'sord), n. a sword with one sharp edge; a stick with a basket handle used in the game of singlestick. backward (bak'werd) or back- wards (-werdz), adv. with the back foremost; toward the back; in a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; toward past times or events; from a better to a worse state. backward (bak'werd), adj. directed to the back or rear; unwilling; re- luctant; hesitating; slow; behind in learning or progress; behind in time. backwater (bak'waw-ter), n. water caused to flow backwards by ob- struction of its course; accumula- tion of water overflowing lowlands, caused by obstruction; water held back by a dam or weir; water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel or the paddles of a steamer. backwoods (bak-woodz"), n.pl. for- ests or partially cleared land situ- ated far from the centers of popula- tion. ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BACKWOODSMAN 02 BAGGALA backwoodsman (bak-woodz'man), n. a dweller in forests; one who lives remote from villages or towns. bacon (ba'kn), n hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. bacteria (bak-te'ri-a), n.pl. of bac- terium. bacteriological (bak-te-ri-o-loj 'i-kal) , adj. of or pertaining to bacteriology. bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), n. a student of bacteriology. bacteriology (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific investigation or study of bacteria. bacterioscopy (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi), n. the examination of bacteria by the microscope. bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), n. [pi. bacteria (-a)], a microscopic or- ganism of various forms and shapes; a disease germ. bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, su- perl. worst], the opposite of good; evil; ill; wicked; depraved; vicious; pernicious; corrupting; hurtful; offensive; noxious, physically or morally; defective; worthless; un- happy; unfortunate. bad form (bad 'form), ... that which is bad; not very refined; somewhat vulgar. badderlocks (bad'er-loks), n. a large dark green edible seaweed. badelaire (ba-de-lar'), n. a curved sword used as a heraldic bearing. badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or token, or cognizance, to denote the occupation, allegiance, association, or achievements of the person by whom it is displayed; the mark or token of anything; a carved orna- ment on the stern of a vessel. badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- nivorous mammal, of nocturnal hab- its; an artist's brush of badger's hair v.t. to worry or annoy, as a badger when baited; pester; per- sistently assail. badger-baiting (baj'er-ba'ting), n. a cruel sport formerly practiced of assailing a badger placed in a barrel with dogs. badger-dog (baj'er-dog), n. another name for the dachshund. badiaga (bad-i-a/ga), n. a seaweed, the powder of which is used for removing discoloration caused by bruises. badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh'), n. light or playful raillery or banter. badly (bad'li), adv. wickedly; griev- ously; unskilfully; defectively; ill. badminton (bad'min-tun), n. an out- door game similar to tennis, but played with shuttlecocks; a kind of claret-cup. badness _ (bad'nes)^ n. the state of being wicked or vicious; depravity. baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or circum- vent by artifice or the interposition of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; frustrate; thwart; subject to indig- nities. bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wal- let; a receptacle for holding any- thing; that which is contained in a bag, or the result of a day's sport; a sack or receptacle in animal bod- ies, containing a fluid or other sub- stance; a definite quantity of cer- tain commodities: v.t. to enclose in a bag; distend; swell; secure or capture, as game; steal: v.i. to bulge; hang down like a full bag. bagasse (ba-gas'), n. sugar-cane refuse as delivered from the crush- ing mill. bagatelle (bag-a-tel'), n. a trifle; a game played on a nine-holed board, baized and cushioned, with a cue and nineballs. baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- ing, utensils, &c, of an army or ex- peditionary force on the march; the trunks, bags, and other impedimenta or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- moral woman; a coquettish or frol- icsome girl. baggage-master (bag'aj-mas'ter), n. person in charge of receiving and forwarding baggage in railroad sta- tions. baggala (bag'a-la), n. Arab trading vessel with two masts. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BAGGING 93 BALANCE OF POWER bagging (bag'ing), n. the act of put- ting into bags; coarse cloth or other material used for bags; filtration through canvas bags. baggy (bag'i), adj. having a loose or flabby appearance; swelled or puffed out. bagnio (ban'yo), n. a bath-house; a brothel; an oriental prison. m bagpipe (bag'plp), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument, consisting of a leathern wind-bag from which air is forced by the performer's elbow into pipes, one (the chanter) giving the melody. [Commonly used in pi.] bah (bii), interj. an exclamation ex- pressing incredulous contempt or disgust. bail (bal), v.t. to set free or liberate from arrest on security for reappear- ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, on contract expressed or implied that the person entrusted shall re- turn or account for the same : n. the person or persons who provide se- curity for the release of a prisoner; the security tendered, or accepted. bail (bal), v.t. to free from water by dipping; to lade out with a bucket or other utensil, as in a boat: n. a bent or arched handle of a pail or kettle; a half -hoop supporting the cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the two small sticks, 4 in. long, which are laid across the tops of cricket stumps. bailee (ba-le'), ft. the person to whom goods are committed in trust. bailer. See bailor. bailiff (ba'lif), n. a sheriff's officer who serves ^ processes, &c; any subordinate civil officer; an overseer or under-steward on an estate. bailiwick (ba'li-wik), n. the district within which a bailiff has jurisdic- tion. bailment {bal'ment), n. a delivery of goods in trust to another; the action of becoming surety for one in custody. bailor (ba'ler) or bailer (ba'ler), n. one who delivers goods to another in bailment. bairn (barn), n. a child [Scotch]. bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, as by the setting on of dogs; worry; torment, for sport; annoy persistent- ly; prepare a hook, trap, or snare by covering it with food or other substance; give food and drink to upon a journey: v.i. to take food or drink upon a journey: ft. any sub- stance used to entice or allure fish or other animals with a view to cap- ture; an allurement; temptation; refreshment taken on a journey. baize (baz), ft. a coarse woolen stuff, with a nap on one side. bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare food by subjection to dry heat in a closed place, as an oven; to dry and harden by heat: v.i. to do the work of baking; become hard by heat: n. the result of baking, as a clam bake. baker # (ba'ker), n. one whose busi- ness is to make bread, biscuits, &c. bakery (ba'ker-i), n. [pi. bakeries (-iz)], a place used for bread-mak- ing; a baker's shop. baking _ (ba/king), n. the quantity of anything baked at the same time; a batch. bakshish, bakhshish, or baksheesh (bak'shesh), n. an Eastern term for a present or gratuity. balance (bal'ans), n. an instrument for < determining the weight of bodies; a pair of scales; a steel- yard; a spring balance; the act of weighing mentally; equilibrium; equipoise; equality; an equality be- tween the two sides of an account; the excess shown on either side; the sum or weight necessary to make two unequal sums or weights equal; v.t. to weigh; compare; bring to a state of equipoise; keep in equilib- rium; poise; equal or make equal; counterbalance; adjust or settle; to examine and compare accounts: v.i. to have equal weight; be in equi- poise; be employed in the adjust- ment of accounts. balance of power, ft. a theory in di- plomacy that there should be a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BALANCE OF TRADE 94 BALLAST balance among nations, so that no single power should be overwhelm- ingly dominant, thus conserving peace. balance of trade (bal'ans of trad), n. the difference between the imports and exports of a country. balance-reef (bai'ans-ref), n. a reef- band crossing a sail diagonally. balance-sheet (bal'ans-shet), n. a statement of the assets and liabili- ties of a business, balance-wheel (bal'ans-hwel), n. a wheel in a watch chronometer which regulates the beats. balancer (bal'an-ser), n. one who, or that which, keeps anything in equilibrium; an acrobat: pi. the or- gans placed under the wings of cer- tain insects to balance the body. balata (ba-la/ta), n. the dried^ gum of the bully-tree, similar to india- rubber, and used for insulating elec- tric wires. halayeuse (bal-a-yez'), n plaited muslin or lace inserted at the bot- tom of a dre«s to protect it from the ground. balconet (bal-ko-net'), n. a slightly projecting low ornamental railing to a door or window. balconied (bal'ko-nid), adj having a projecting exterbr platform or in- terior gallery. balcony (bal'ko-ni), n. [pi. balco nies (-niz)], a platform or gallery- projecting from the wall of a build- ing, enclosed by a balustrade or parapet. bald (bawld), adj. without the natu- ral or usual covering to the head or summit; unadorned; bare: literal; undisguised ; having a white spot or patch on the head; bald-faced. bald-heac (bawld'hed) n. a man bald on the head. balderdash (bawl'der-dash), n, a nonsensical jumble of words; 6illy talk or writing; a worthless mixture. baldric or baldrick (bawl'drk), n. a broad belt, often richly orna- mented, worn round the waist or over one shoulder and across the breast. bale (bal), n. a large bundle or pack- age of goods; v.t. to make up into a bale or bales; to bale out as water. bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mis- chief. baleen (ba-len'), n. whalebone in its natural condition; the horny elastic material fringing the jaws of right whales. bale-fire (bal 'fir), n. a beacon or signal-fire; a bonfire; a funeral pyre. baleful (bal'fool), adj. replete with deadly or malign influence; full of woe; direful; predicative of disaster. balefully (h). adv. calamitously; miserably. balise or balize (ba-lez '), n. a sea- mark or beacon, consisting of a pole or buoy surmounted by a flag or other object balk or baulk (bawk), n a strip or ridge of land left unplowed; a thick, heavy piece of timber; a barrier or check; frustration or disappoint- ment: v.t. to thwart, check, or disappoint: vi to stop short, or swerve; to signify the position of herring or pilchard shoals from a height, and indicate their position to the fishermen. ball (bawl), n. a round body; any mass resembling a sphere; a spheri- cal body used for play; a bullet; any roundish part of the body; a game played with a ball; the globe or earth: v.t. to make into a ball: v.i. to form or gather into a ball, ball- bearing (bawl'bar-ing), n. a bear- ing containing loose balls of metal to reduce friction. ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social as- sembly of persons of both sexes for the purpose of dancing. ballad (bal 'ad), n. a short narrative poem, adapted for reciting or singing ballast (bal'ast), n. weighty material carried by a ship to ensure stability; sand carried in the car of a balloon to steady it; gravel or rubble filling the space between the sleepers of a ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BALLASTAGE 95 BAM railway; that which imparts stability to the character: v.t. to place ballast in or on; impart steadiness to. ballast age (bal'as-taj), n. a toll paid for leave to take ballast. ballast- tank (bal'ast-tank), n. one of a series of tanks in a ship designed to carry water ballast when the cargo is light, being pumped out to give buoyancy when the ship is heavily laden. ballet (bal'a), n. a theatrical repre- sentation in which a story is told, and actions, characters, and pas- sions represented by gestures, ac- companied by music and dancing; the company of persons who per- form the ballet. _ ballistic (bal-lis'tik), adj. pertaining to the scientific construction and use of projectiles. ballistics (bal-is'tiks), n. the science of the motion of projectiles. ballon d'essai (ba-long da-se'), a balloon used to test the direction of air currents; hence a feeler to test public opinion. balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag of prepared silk or other material, which, when inflated by hydrogen gas or heated air, ascends and floats in the atmosphere; a round vessel with a short neck used in distillation. balloon- jib (bal-loon'jib), n. a tri- angular sail used by yachts in a slight breeze. ballooning (bal-loon 'ing), n. the art or practice of managing balloons or making balloon ascents. balloonist (bal-Ioo'nist), n. one who makes or ascends in a balloon; an aeronaut. balloon-kite (bal-loon'kit), n. a com- bination of balloon and kite used for meteorological observations and for military scouting, although for the latter purpose the dirigible bal- loon and the aeroplane have largely superseded it. ballot (bal'ot), n. a ball, ticket, or paper by which a vote is registered; the system of secret voting by the use of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- tion by secret vote; also the total number of votes cast or recorded: v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. ballot-box (bal'lot-boks), n. a recep- tacle for the deposit of ballots. balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs, used for healing or soothing; bal- sam; anything which heals, or that soothes pain; an odoriferous tree or shrub yielding balm. balm of gilead (of gil'e-ad), n. the name of various kinds of fragrant resins, as that of the evergreen tere- binth tree of Arabia. balmily (bam'i-li), adv. in a soothing manner; fragrantly. balminess (-nes), n. the state or quality of being soothing or refresh- ingly fragrant. bal moral (bal-mor'al), adj. & n. the name given to various strong arti- cles of dress, as a petticoat, or lace up boots. baimy (bam'i), adj. having the quali- ties of balm; soft; fragrant; refresh- ing. balsam (bawl'sam), n. an oily, aro- matic, resinous substance obtained from certain trees or shrubs, and used medicinally or in perfumery; balm; the name applied to several trees, shrubs, or plants yielding bal- sam, as the balsam-tree; anything soothing or healing. balsamic (bawl-sam'ik), or bal- samical (-al), adj. having the qualities of, or yielding, balsam; soft; soothing; healing. baluster (bal'us-ter), n. a small col- umn or pilaster to support the rail of a parapet or balustrade. balustrade (bal-us-trad'), n. a series of small columns or pilasters, sur- mounted by a top-rail or coping, serving as a parapet or protective railing, staircase, &c. balzarine (bal'za-rin), n. a dress fabric o f wool and cotton. bam (bam), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. bammed, p.pr. bamming], to bamboozle; cheat ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BAMBINO 96 BANDOLEER wheedle: n. an imposition; a cheat; a hoax. bambino (bam-be'no), n. [pi. bam- bini ('ne)], a child or baby; a fig- ure of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes: exhibited in many Roman Catholic churches from Christmas to Epiphany. bamboo (barn-boo'), n. the name of certain tropical grasses having thick- jointed stems of exceeding hardness, and attaining to a height of from 20 to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.t. to flog with a bamboo rod. bamboozle (bam-boo'zl), v.t. to hoax; deceive by trickery; mystify; hum- bug: v.i. to practice cheating. ban (ban), n. in feudal times a public proclamation, or summons to arms; an edict of proscription or interdic- tion; prohibition; excommunica- tion; curse; anathema: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. banned; p.pr. banning], to curse; to interdict or prohibit; to place under a ban. ban (ban), n. the title of the gov- ernor of Croatia and Slavonia as viceroy of the Austrian emperor. banana (ba-na'na), n. a tropical her- baceous plant, closely allied to the plantain; its soft, luscious fruit, which furnishes a nutritious and important article of food in tropi- cal countries. banate (ban'at), n. the territory ruled by a ban: the office itself. band (band), n. that which binds to- gether; that which connects; that which encircles, supports, or re- strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving belt; a company of persons united by a common object; a body of soldiers; a company of musicians forming an orchestra, a military or other band: v.t. to unite in a troop, company, or confederacy: v.i. to associate or unite for some common purpose. bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of cotton or other material used in dressing and binding up wounds, &c; a band or ligature: v.t. to dress or bind with a bandage. bandala (ban-da/la), n. manila white rope. bandana or bandanna (ban-dan'a), n. a large silk or cotton handker- chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with white or yellow spots; a style of calico printing in imitation of the bandana. bandbox (band'boks), n. a light box of pasteboard, &c, for holding bon- nets. bandeau (ban-do'), n. [pi. bandeaux (-doz')], a ribbon worn over the forehead. banded (ban'ded), p. adj. allied; con- federated; having bands; marked by stripes of different color or ma- terial; having a band differing in tincture from the garb. bandelet, same as bandlet. bander ilia (ban-de-rel'ya), n. a dart, with a banderole attached, used in bull fights to exasperate the bull. banderillero ^ (ban-der-il-ya'-ro), n. the person in bull fights who plants the dart or banderilla in the flesh of the bull. banderole (ban'de-rol), or banderol (-rol), n. a little flag or streamer; a small flag carried at the head of a lance or mast. bandicoot (ban'di-koot), n. a large rat, native of India and Ceylon, very destructive to rice fields and gardens; the name given to rat-like marsupials of several species found in Australia and Tasmania. bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits ('dits) & banditti (-dit'i)], an outlaw; a brigand; a robber; a highwayman. bandlet (band'let), n. a small band; a little band or flat molding encirc- ling a column. bandog (ban'dog), n. a large fierce kind of dog usually kept chained; a mastiff. bandoleer (ban-do-ler'), n. a broad leather belt, worn over the shoulder and across the breast, for holding ammunition. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BANDOLINE 97 BANK-NOTE bandoline (ban'do-lin), n. a gummy perfumed substance used for im- parting a gloss to the hair or for fixing it in any position. bandore (ban-dor' & ban'dor), n. an ancient stringed instrument resem- bling a zither. handsaw (band'saw), n. an endless steel saw running on pulleys. bandy (ban'di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ban- died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or beat to and fro, as a ball in play; toss from one to another; give and take: v.i. to contend; strive: n. a club bent at the end for striking a ball; a hockey-stick; a game played with such a club, commonly called hockey: adj. bent; having a bend or crook outward. bandy (ban'di), n. a kind of cart or buggy used in India, drawn by oxen. bane (ban), n. that which causes death, ruin, or destruction, hence a deadly poison, vice, or sin; a dis- ease (rot) in sheep. baneful (ban'fool), adj. poisonous; pernicious. banefully (-li), adv. in a pernicious manner; destructively. bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with a club or cudgel; thump; handle roughly; produce a loud sound by or from (as, bang the door); sur- pass or excel: v.i. to make a loud noise; thump violently: n. a heavy blow ; a loud, sudden noise : adv. with a sudden or violent blow; abruptly. bang (bang), n. {pi. bangz], hair cut straight across the forehead so as to form a fringe; false hair so worn: v.t. to cut the hair across the fore- head so as to form a fringe. bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental ring worn upon the wrists and ankles in India and Africa; a ring- bracelet. banian or banyan (ban-yan'), n. a Hindu trader or merchant; a Ben- gali native who manages money af- fairs for Europeans; a loose gown for men, like that worn by the Hindus. banian-tree (-tre), n. the Indian fig-tree, which spreads over a large area by sending down shoots from its branches; these take root and become new trunks. banish (ban'ish), v.t. to condemn to exile; expel from the country as a punishment; drive away; dispel from the mind. banishment (ban'ish-ment), n. the act of expelling or driving away; the state of being expelled. banister or bannister (ban'is-ter), n. corrupt forms of baluster. banjo (ban' jo), n. a musical instru- ment, of from five to nine strings, having a neck like a guitar, and a circular body covered in front with tightly-stretched parchment. banjoist (ban'jo-ist), n. a performer on the banjo. bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, or ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; an elevation or rising ground be- neath the sea or at the mouth of a river, forming a shoal or shallow; a bench for rowers; a tier of oars: v.t. to enclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; pile or heap up. bank (bangk), n. an establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue of money; the office of a bank- ing company; in certain games of chance, the fund held against the table: v.t. to deposit money in a bank: v.i. to have an account with • a banker. bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. a note or a bill of exchange of a bank payable on demand or at a future specified time. bank-book (bangk-book), n. the pass-book kept by a depositor, in which a cashier of the bank enters the debits and credits. bank-credit (bangk-kred'it), n. the amount a person, on giving proper security, is allowed to draw upon a bank. bank-note (bangk-not), n. a promis- sory note issued by a legally author- ized bank, payable on demand, and forming part of the money currency. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BANKABLE 98 BAR bankable (bang'ka-bl), adj. receivable by a bank. banker (bang'ker), n. one who keeps a bank; one who traffics in money, receives^ and remits money, nego- tiates bills of exchange, &c; a ves- sel employed in the cod-fishery on the banks of Newfoundland; the stone bench on which masons cut and square their work; a ditcher. banking (bang'king), n. the act of raising a mound or bank; fishing on the banks of Newfoundland; the loading of coals at the pit's mouth. bankrupt (bangk'rupt), n. a person legally declared to be unable to dis- charge his liabilities; an insolvent debtor: adj. unable to meet one's obligations; insolvent; v.t. to make or render insolvent: v.i. to exhaust one's financial credit; become insolvent. bankruptcy (bangk'rupt-si), n. [pi. bankruptcies > (-siz) ], the state of being legally insolvent, or unable to pay all debts; failure in trade. banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or silk attached to a pole or staff, and usually worked with some device or motto, heraldic or emblematical: an ensign, standard, or flag of a country, state, or order. bannock (ban'uk), n. a thick cake made of oatmeal, barley-meal, or pease-meal, and baked on an iron plate or griddle. banns (banz), n.pl. the proclamation in church of an intended marriage. banquet (bang'kwet), n. a sumptuous entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat with a feast or rich entertainment: v.i. to regale one's self sumptuously. banquet or banquette (bang-kef), n. a bank running along the inside of a parapet, on which soldiers stand to fire upon the enemy; the footway of a bridge when raised above the carriage-way; a sidewalk. banshee (ban'she), benshie (ben' she), or benshi ('she), n. a kind of female fairy who, according to the belief of the peasantry of Ireland, and some parts of Scotland, attaches herself to a particular house, and foretells the death of any member of the family by an appearance. bantam (ban'tam), n. a diminutive breed of domestic fowl: adj. pertain- ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- sequential. banter (ban'ter), v.t. to rail at good- humoredly; attack jestingly; make fun of : n. humorous raillery. bantling (bantling), n. a young child. Bantu (ban'tu), n. sl term sometimes used to designate the languages of South Africa. banyan or banyan-tree. See banian. banzai (ban-za'i), inter j. [lit. ten thou- sand years] the Japanese battle-cry; hurrah. baobab (ba/6-bab & ba/o-bab), n. an African tree of huge size, called the sour-gourd, or the cream-of- tartar tree, largely used as an article of food by the natives. baptism (bap'tizm), n. the applica- tion of water by an authorized ad- ministrator, in the name of the Holy Trinity, to a person, by sprinkling, effusion, or immersion, constituting the sacrament or rite by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. baptismal (bap-tiz'mJil), adj. per- taining to the ceremonial application of water or initiatory rite of the Christian Church. baptisrnally (-li), adv. in the manner of, or by means of, baptism. Baptist (bap'tist), n. one of a Chris- tian denomination who baptize adult believers only ? and who maintain the necessity for immersion. baptistery (bap'tis-ter-i), or bap- tistry (-tri), n. [pi. baptisteries (-iz) -tries (-triz) ], a building or portion of a building in which the rite of baptism is administered. baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer the rite of baptism to; admit to the Christian Church by the ceremonial application of water; christen. bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. BAR SINISTER 99 BARCAROLE or other solid matter, long in pro- portion to its thickness; anything which impedes or obstructs; a bank of sand, gravel, &c, obstructing navigation at the entrance to a har- bor or mouth of a river; the railing enclosing the space occupied by counsel in courts of justice; the place in court where prisoners are stationed for trial, or sentence; the members of the legal profession col- lectively, entitled to plead in court; any tribunal ; the portion of a hotel, &c, where liquors are served out; a band or stripe; a line drawn ver- tically through the staff of a piece of music, dividing it into equal measures of time; the space and notes enclosed by two such lines; an ordinary, similar to, but narrower than, a iess, and filling one-fifth of the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. barred: p.pr. barringl, to fasten with a bar; to hinder; obstruct; exclude. bar sinister (bar sin'is-ter), n. heral- dic term, meaning a bar drawn from the upper left corner of a shield to the lower right corner; usually in- dicating illegitimate birth. barb (barb), n. that which resembles a beard in lower animals; a hair or bristle ending in a double hook; the sharp point projecting backwards from the extremity of an arrow, fish- hook, &c. : v.t. to furnish with barbs. barb (barb), n. a horse of the Bar- bary breed, remarkable for speed, endurance, and docility; a short- beaked pigeon of a breed originally brought from Barbary. barbarian (bar'ba/ri-an), n. a for- eigner; a man in a rude, savage state; an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, brutal man: adj. pertaining to savages; rude; uncivilized; inhu- man. barbaric (bar-bar 'ik), adj. pertain- ing to or characteristic of savage or uncivilized people; rude; savage. barbarism (bar'ba-rizm), n. an of- fense against purity of style or lan- guage; an uncivilized state or condi- tion; a cruel or barbarous action; an outrage. barbarity (bar-bar'i-ti), n. [pi. bar- barities (-tiz) ], the state of being uncivilized; cruelty; inhumanity; an act of savage cruelty. barbarize (bar'ba-rlz), v.i. to adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech: v.t. to make barbarous. barbarous (bar'ba-rus), adj. uncivil- ized; rude and ignorant; contrary to pure idiom; savage; cruel; fero- cious; inhuman; wild. barbate (bar'bat), or barbated ('ba- ted), adj. bearded; furnished with long and weak hairs. barbecue (bar'be-ku), n. a frame on which all kinds of meat or fish are roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass of an ox, hog, &c, roasted whole; a social or political entertainment at which animals are roasted whole, with appropriate surroundings: v.t. to dress and roast whole. barbel (bar'bel), n. a slender vermi- form process appended to the lips of certain fishes; a European fresh- water fish, _ having its upper jaw furnished with four barbels. barber (bar'ber), n. one whose occu- pation is to shave the beard and cut and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and dress the hair of. barbette (bar-bet'), n. the platform or breastwork of a fortification, from which cannon may be fired over a parapet instead of through the embrasures. barbette-turret (bar-bet 'tur'et), n. the rotary protected mechanism in which the heavy guns of modern battleships are commonly mounted. barbican (bar'bi-kan) , n. a tower or advanced work defending the en- trance to a castle or city. barbotine _ (bar'bo-tln), n. kaolin clay, thinly mixed, used for ornamenting pottery. barbule (bar'bul), n. a very minute barb. barcarole or barcarolle (bar'ka-rol), n. a simple song or melody sung by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BARD 100 BARN-OWL Venetian ^ gondoliers; a piece of music in imitation of such a song. bard (bard), n. a poet and singer. bard or barde (bard), n. one of the ornaments and housings of a horse; one of the pieces of defensive ar- mor of a mediaeval war-horse. bardie (bar'dik), adj pertaining to bards or to their poetry. bar dish (bar 'dish), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, bards. bardism (bar'dizm), n. the methods, maxims, and sentiments of bards. bare (bar), adj. naked; with the head uncovered; unconcealed; simple; unfurnished; threadbare; poor; mere: v.t. to divest of covering. barefaced (bar 'fast), adj. with the face uncovered; undisguised; shame- less; impudent. barege (ba-razh'), n. thin gauze-like fabric, usually of silk and worsted. bargain (bar'gan), n. an agreement or contract between two or more parties with reference to the sale or transfer of property; a compact or pledge mutually agreed upon; the thing purchased or stipulated for; that which is acquired or sold at a low price; an advantageous pur- chase: v.i. to make a contract or agreement: v.t. to sell or transfer for a consideration. bargainee (bar-ga-ne'), n. the party to whom a bargain and sale is made. bargainer or bargainor (bar'ga- ner), n. one who stipulates or con- tracts to sell or transfer to another for a consideration. barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed ves- sel employed in loading and unload- ing ships, and for the conveyance of goods on rivers and canals; a vessel of state. barilla (ba-ril'a), n. an impure car- bonate and sulphate of soda im- ported from Spain and the Levant, and obtained from the alkaline ashes of certain plants. barillet (bar'il-let), n. the cylindrical case containing the mainspring of a watch. baritone. See barytone. barium (ba'ri-um), n. one of the ele- mentary metals. bark (bark), v.i. to utter a sharp, short sound, as the cry of a dog; to cough: n. the sound or cry emitted by dogs. bark (bark), n. the exterior layer or rind of woody stems or trunks; Peruvian bark: v.t. to remove by stripping. bark or barque (bark), n. a three- masted vessel having the fore- and main-mast square-rigged, and the mizzen-mast fore-and-aft rigged. barkantine or barkentine (bar'- kan-ten), n. a three-masted vessel having the fore-mast square-rigged, and the main- and mizzen-mast fore-and-aft or schooner-rigged. Also barquantine. barker (bark'er), n. a person who stands outside of a side-show or place of amusement to attract at- tention of passers-by. barking (bar 'king), n. a sharp sound like that of a dog; coughing: n. the process of stripping bark from trees; the process of tanning leather and of dyeing withbark. barky (bar'ki), adj. consisting of, or covered with bark. barley (bar'li), n. the grain grown and used chiefly for malting; the plant which yields the grain. barley-corn (bar'li-korn), n. a grain of barley; formerly a measure of length equal to the third part of an inch. Barleycorn, John (jon), n. a name sometimes jocularly given to whisky. barm (barm), n. the foam rising upon beer or other malt liquors when fermenting, and used as leaven in bread-making; yeast. barmy (barm'i), adj. containing or consisting of yeast; frothy. barn (barn), n. a covered building for the storage of grain or other farm produce. barn-owl (barn'oul), n. the white or screech owl. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BARNACLE 101 BARREN barnacle (bar'na-kl), n. a species of wild goose, called barnacle or ber- nicle goosey a cirriped crustacean, found adhering in groups or clusters to rocks or to the bottoms of ships, &c; an official who holds # tenacious- ly to his post: n.pl. an instrument placed on a horse's nose to restrain him while being shod, bled, or dressed; a pair of spectacles. barogram (bar'o-gram), n. the record traced by the barograph. barograph (bar'o-graf), n. an in- strument recording automatically variations in atmospheric pressure. barology (ba-rol'o-gi), n. the science of weight or gravity. barometer (ba-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere : used for indicating the various changes of weather, or to determine the alti- tude of a particular place. barometric (bar-o-met'rik), or bar- ometrical ('ri-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, made with, or indicated by, a barometer. barometrically (-li), adv. by means of a barometer. baron (bar'un), n. the title of an English peer of the lowest rank, next below a viscount ; formerly the title of the judges of the Court of Exchequer. baronage (bar'un-aj), n. the whole body of barons; the dignity or rank of a baron. baroness (bar'un-es), n. a baron's wife; a lady holding a baronial title in her own right. baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of hereditary rank or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight. baronetage (bar'un-et-aj), n. the collective body of baronets; the dignity or rank of a baronet. baronetcy (bar'un-et-si), n. the title and dignity of a baronet. baronial (bar-o'ni-al), adj. pertain- ing to a baron or a barony. baronism (bar'un-izm), n. th« feudal system of government by barons. barony (bar'un-i), n. [pi. baronies (-iz)], the rank or dignity of a baron; the domain or lordship of a baron; a territorial division in Ire- land, corresponding nearly to the English hundred; a large freehold estate in Scotland. baroque (ba-rok'), adj. grotesque; in bad taste. baroscope (bar'o-skop), n. an in- strument for indicating variations in the pressure of the atmosphere with- out actual measurement of its weight; a storm- or weather-glass. barouche (ba-rSosh'), n. a roomy, four-wheeled carriage with a folding or falling top. barquantine. See barkantine. barque. See bark. barracan (bar'a-kan), n. a thick strong stuff made of camel's hair. barrack (bar'ak), n. a large build- ing, or series of buildings, for the lodgment of soldier? and officers. barrage (bar-razh'), n. a barrier, cur- tain; an attack by a line of shell- fire prior to a drive against the enemy. barratry _ (bar'il-tri), n. the practice of vexatiously inciting and encourag- ing to lawsuits or litigation; the committal by a ship's master, officer, or mariner, of an act of fraud, or breach of duty, whereby the owners, freighters, or insurers of the vessel are defrauded or injured. barred (bard), p. adj. furnished with, bars; obstructed; secured; striped. barrel (bar 'el), n. sl vessel or cask, cylindrical in form, bulging in the middle, made of wooden staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads; the quantity which a barrel should contain ; anything resembling a barrel in shape; a drum or cylin- der; a metallic tube. barrel (bar'el). v.t. [pi. & p.p. bar- reled^ p.pr. barreling], to put or pack in a barrel. barren (bar'en), adj. incapable of producing its kind; unproductive; unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BARRICADE 102 BASE-BORN profitless; empty: n. an unproduc- tive tract of land. barricade (bar-ri-kad'), n. a forti- fication constructed in haste of such materials as are nearest to hand, and which will serve to obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy, or shield a besieged party; any bar or obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop lip; fortify or enclose by a barricade. barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything which hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to progress, approach, or attack; an enclosing fence or boundary wall; a limit or boundary. barrier-reef (-ref), n. a reef of coral encircling an island, or skirt- ing the mainland, and enclosing an open channel or lagoon. barring (bar'ing), p.pr. as prep, ex- cepting; leaving out of account. barrister (bar'is-ter), n. in England, a member of the legal profession qualified to plead at the bar; in Scotland, an advocate; counselor at law. barrow (bar'o), n. a frame covered with boards, and furnished with handles at both ends, or with a pair of wheels and handles or shafts at one end; a hand-barrow; a shallow box, with a single wheel and handles and supports; a wheel-barrow; a mound of earth or heap of stones forming an ancient or prehistoric grave, constructed in various forms. bar-shot (bar'shot), n. double-head- ed shot. barter (bar'ter), v.i. to traffic or trade by exchanging one commodity for another: v.t. to give in exchange: n. trafficking by exchange of com- modities; the thing given in exchange. bartizan (bar'ti-zan), w. a small overhanging turret, with loopholes or embrasures, projecting from the top of a tower or wall. barwise (bar'wiz), adv. horizontally. bar wood (bar'wood), n. a red dye- wood. baryta (ba-ri'ta), n. the oxide of barium. barytes (ba-n'tez), n. the native sul- phate of barium. Also called heavy- spar. tarytic (ba-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to or containing baryta. barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton), adj. intermediate between bass and tenor, as a male voice or instru- ment : n. a person with a voice hav- ing this range: adj. having the last syllable unaccented: v.t. to leave the last syllable unaccented. barytone-clef (-kief), n. the F clef on the middle line of the bass staff. basal (bas'al), adj. pertaining to or forming the base; fundamental: n. a basal part. basalt (ba-sawlf & bas'awlt), n. an igneous rock of greenish black color, and composed of feldspar, augite, titaniferous iron, and frequently olivine. basaltic (ba-sawl'tik), adj. pertain- ing to or formed of basalt. basanite (bas'a-nit), n. a black sili- ceous rock or jasper; Lydian stone; touchstone. bas-bleu (ba-ble'), n. a bluestock- ing; a literary woman. bascule (bas'kiil), n. a mechanical arrangement on the see-saw prin- ciple by which the lowering of one end raises the other. base (bas), adj. worthless; spurious; of mean spirit; morally abject; deep or grave in sound (commonly bass). base (bas), n. the part of a thing on which it rests; a foundation m or groundwork; that which combines with an acid to form a salt; the line or surface forming that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand; a fortified line from which the operations of an army proceed; a starting place; the lower part of a heraldic field : v.t. to lay a foundation. baseball (bas'bawl), a game of ball played by nine on a side; ball used in playing baseball. base-born (bas'born), adj. born out of wedlock; of low or mean paren- tage; mean. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BASEMAN 103 BASS baseman (bas'man), n. [pi. basemen ('men) ], a player placed at base- ball at the first, second, and third bases, respectively. basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest part of a structure; the lowest story of a building. bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily; to knock out of shape. bashaw (ba-shaw'), w. a pasha; a magnate or grandee; a bigwig. bashful (bash 'fool), adj. easily dis- concerted; modest to excess; dim- dent; shy. bashfully (-li), adv. in a bashful manner. bashi-bazouk (bash'i-ba-z66k'), n. a volunteer or irregular in the Turkish army. bashlyk (bash'lik), n. a kind of hood with long ends, worn in Russia. basic (ba'sik), adj. pertaining to a base; fundamental; performing the office of a base in a salt. basil (baz'il), n. a sheepskin tanned with bark; the name given to several aromatic herbs used in cookery. basil (baz'il), n. the angle to which the cutting edge of a tool is ground: v.t. to grind or form the edge of to an angle. basilar (bas'i-lar), or basilary (-la- ri), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the base. basilic (ba-zil'ik), or basilical ('i- kal), adj. kingly; royal; pertaining to a basilica: n. the middle vein of the arm. basilica (ba-zil'i-ka), n. [pi. basilicas (-kaz) ], in ancient Rome, a public hall of rectangular shape used for judicial assemblies; a church built on such a plan. basilicon (ba-zil'i-kon), n. an oint- ment composed of yellow wax, black pitch, resin, and olive oil. basilisk (bas'i-lisk) , n. a fabulous creature, variously conceived as a kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, and sometimes identified with the cockatrice; the name of a lizard with an inflatable crest: adj. per- taining to the basilisk; penetrating or malignant. basin (ba'sn), n. a circular vessel for holding water or other liquid; a pond, or dock, or other reservoir for water; the area drained by a river; a set of strata or stratified forma- tions occupying a basin-shaped depression in older rocks. basis (ba'sis) n. [pi. bases ('sez) ], a foundation; the groundwork or fun- damental principle of anything. bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; be exposed to genial heat; be at ease and thriving under benign influences: v.t. to warm by con- tinued exposure to heat. basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of rushes, or other flexible material, plaited or interwoven; as much as a basket will hold. basket-ball (bas'ket-ball), n. an in- door or open-air game, the object being to toss a large inflated ball into a goal at either opposing ends of the floor or field. basketful (bas'ket-fool), n. {pi. bas- ketfuls], as much as a basket will hold. basking-shark (bas'king-shark), n. one of the largest of the sharks in- habiting the northern seas; it is harmless; and has the habit of basking at the surface in the sun. Basque (bask), adj. of, or pertaining to, the Basque race or language. basque (bask), n. a kind of a woman's jacket with a short skirt. bas-relief (ba-re-lef), n. low relief; a form of relief in which the figures stand out very slightly from the ground. Also spelled bass-relief, basso-relievo, & basso-rilievo. bass or basse (bas), n. the name of various edible fishes allied to the perch. bass (bas), n. the American lime- tree; matting made from its bark; a hassock. bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. the lowest part in the harmony of a musical composition; the lowest ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BASS-BAR 104 BATCH male voice, ranging from D below the bass staff to D or E above it; one who sings bass. bass-bar (bas'bar), n. a piece of wood placed lengthwise inside stringed instruments to resist the pressure of the bridge. bass clef (bas'klef), n. the character placed at the beginning of the bass staff. bass horn (bas'horn), n. a modified form of a clarionet. bass staff (bas'staf), n. the staff on which the notes of the bass of a harmonized composition are written. bass viol (bas'vil), n. a large stringed instrument of the violin class for playing bass. basset (bas'et), v.i. to crop out at the surface. basset-horn (bas'et-horn), n. an in- strument resembling a clarionet, but of greater compass. bassinet (bas'i-net), n. a wicker bas- ket with a hood at one end. basso (bas'6), adj. Italian for bass: n. one who sings bass. basso-prof ondo (-pro-f on'do) , n. the lowest bass voice; a singer hav- ing such a voice. bassoon (bas-oon'), n. an instrument of the reed kind. bassoonist (bas-oon'ist), n. a per- former on the bassoon. basso-relievo. See bas-relief. bassorin (bas'o-rin), or bassorine (-rin), n. a substance extracted from gum tragacanth and some other gums. bast (bast), n. the tough inner fibrous bark of various trees, especially of the lime; rope or matting made from this bark. bastard (bas'tard), n. a child be- gotten and born out of wedlock; an animal of inferior quality or breed; a kind of hawk formerly used in falconry; a coarse brown sugar made from syrup previously boiled: adj. begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; spurious; adulterate. bastardize (bas'tar-dlz), v.i. to make or prove to be a bastard; declare to be illegitimate. bastardy (bas'tar-di), n. the state of being illegitimate, or born out of lawful wedlock. baste (bast), v.i. to beat with a stick; to drip or pour melted fat or butter on meat while roasting; to sew slightly, or fasten with long stitches, as in dressmaking. bastile or bastille (bas-tel'), n. a tower or fortification used for the defense or siege of a fortified place; an old castle in Pans used as a state prison, demolished by the pop- ulace in 1789. bastinado (bas-ti-na'do), n. an Orien- tal mode of punishment, consisting in beating an offender upon the soles of his feet with a stick or rod. Spelled also bastinade: vt. [p.t. & p.p. bas- tinadoed; p.pr. bastinadoing], to beat the soles of the feet with a stick or cudgel. bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork faced with brick or stone, promoting from the angles of a rampart, and having two flanks and two faces. basto (bas'to), n. the ace of clubs in the card games of quadrille and ombre. Basuto (bas'u-to), n. a native of Basutoland, a British possession in South Africa. bat (bat/, n. a heavy stick or club; the flattened club used in cricket or similar games; a batsman; a part of a brick with one end whole; a plate of flexible gelatine used to print impressions on glaze; bitumi- nous shale: v.i. [p.t. & p p. batted; p.pr. batting], to hit or strike: v.i. to use or wield a bat in cricket or baseball. bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mam- mal furnished with winga formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. batch (bach), n. the quantity of bread baked at one time; a quanti- ty of anything produced at one ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BATE 105 BATTLE operation; a group or collection of similar things. bate (bat), v.t, to lessen or reduce; deduct. bateau or batteau (ba-to'), n. [pi. bateaux, batteaux (-toz)], a light boat used on Canadian rivers; a pontoon of a floating bridge. bateau-bridge (-brij), n. a floating bridge constructed on boats. bath (bath), n. [pi. baths, Qb&thz)], the act of washing or immersing the body in water, or exposing it to any- other fluid or vapor; a vessel holding water for bathing; a building fitted up for bathing purposes; a medium through which heat is applied to a body; a vessel containing a solution for treatment of an object by im- mersion. bathe (b&th), v.t. to subject to a bath; immerse in water or other liquid; to suffuse or moisten with a liquid; immerse or surround with anything analogous to water, as vapor or light: v.i. to take a bath. bathometer (ba-thom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring depths. bathos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous de- scent from the elevated to the com- monplace in writing or speech. bathymetric (bath-i-met'rik), or bath y metrical ('ri-kal), adj. per- taining to the measurement of depths. bathymetry (ba-thim'e-tri), n. the art of sounding or of measuring sea depths batiste (ba-tesf) , n. a kind of cambric. baton (bat'un, French ba-tong'), n. a staff or truncheon used as a weapon, or as a mark or badge of office; the wand of an orchestral conductor; a heraldic mark indicating illegitimacy : v.t. to strike with a baton or trun- cheon. Batrachia (ba-tra'ki-a) , n.pl. the order of Amphibia which includes the frogs and toads. batrachian (ba-tra/ki-an), adj. per- taining to the Batrachia: n. one of that order. batrachoid (bat'ra-koid), adj. having the form of a frog. batsman (bats'man), n. the man wield- ing the bat in baseball or cricket. battalion (M-tal'yun), n. a body of infantry usually forming a division of a regiment. batten (bat'n), v.t. to make fat by plenteous living; fertilize or en- rich: v.i. to grow or become fat; thrive at the expense of others. batten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip or scantling of wood used for various, purposes; a strip of wood used to fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck of a ship: v.t. to fasten or form with battens. batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with heavy, repeated blows, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; injure or impair: v.i. to make an attack by heavy blows. batter (bat'er), n. a mixture of sev- eral ingredients, as flour, eggs, &c, beaten together, used in cookery. battering-ram (bat'er-ing-ram), n. a military engine anciently used to beat down the walls of besieged places, and consisting of a large beam with a head of iron somewhat resembling the head of a ram. battery (bat'er-i), n. [pi. batteries, (-iz) ], the act of battering or beat- ing; a body of cannon, with its com- plement of officers, men, and equip- ments, for field operations; any raised work or parapet where guns are mounted and gunners screened; a number of Ley den jars connected for charging and discharging sim- ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- erating voltaic electricity. battle (bat'l), n. a fight or encounter between opposing forces; a combat; a contest or struggle for mastery: v.i. to contend in fight; struggle (followed by against, with), battle- piece (bat'1-pes), n. a painting, poem, or writing descriptive of a battle, battle-royal (bat'l-roi'&l), n. a match in which more than two game-cocks are engaged ; a melee. 6te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BATTLEDORE 106 BE battledore or battledoor (bat'l- proaching to chestnut [applied to dor), n. a kind of light racket used horses]: n. a horse of such color, for playing battledore and shuttle- bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of cock. a sea or lake; the expanse of water battlement (bat'1-ment) n. an in- between two capes or headlands; a dented parapet consisting of alter- recess or opening in walls; a place nate solids and openings. or receptacle for depositing or stor- battleship (bat'1-ship), n. a heavily- ing coal; the fore part of a ship armored warship, classed just below between decks; the laurel-tree, a modern dreadnaught. noble laurel, or sweet-bay; an hon- battue (bat-tii'), n. in shooting over orary garland or crown, composed cover, the method pursued by the of woven laurel leaves, bestowed as beaters who surround the preserve a prize upon successful poets and and drive the game by beats and conquerors, hence [pl.\ fame, cries toward the sportsmen. bay-salt (ba'sawlt), n. salt resulting bauble (baw'bl), n. a trifling piece from the evaporation of seawater, of finery; anything showy or gay; and used for artificial seabaths. a child's cheap trinket: n. the club bay-window (ba'win'do), n. the or staff formerly carried by a court window or windows forming a bay jester, or king's fool. or recess in a room, and extendm?; bavin (bav'in), n. wood easily kin- outwards from the wall, usually of died. a rectangular, semicircular, or bawbee or baubee (baw-be'), n. polygonal shape. originally a coin issued in 1542 by baya (ba'ya), n. the weaver-bird of James V. of Scotland, of the value the East Indies, resembling the ball- of lM>d., Scotch; now applied in finch. Scotland to the halfpenny. bayadeer or bayadere (ba-ya-der'), bawble. Same as bauble. n. a Hindu dancing girl. Also wri^- bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps ten bajadere. a house of prostitution; one who bayamo (ba-ya'mo), n. a violent procures women f or_ lewd purposes, tempest of wind with lightning. or acts as agent in illicit inter- bayonet (ba'o-net), n. a short dag- course, ger-like instrument constructed to bawdiness ('i-nes), n. obscenity; fix on to the barrel of a rifle: v.t. lewdness. to stab or drive with a bayonet. bawdry (bawd'ri), n. the business bayou (bl'oo), n. [pi. bayous ('ooz) ], or practice of a procuress; illicit in the southern United States, the intercourse; obscenity; filthy Ian- outlet of a lake, or one of the delta guage. streams of a river; a sluggish water- bawdy (bawd'i), adj. obscene; un- course. chaste. bazaar or bazar (ba-zar'), n. in the bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with a East, a market-place or exchange; loud, full, and sustained sound; a hall or series of rooms with stalls vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: for the sale of goods; a sale of n. a loud prolonged cry. fancy articles in aid of some char- bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with ity; a fancy fair. a deep sound, as hounds in the bdellium (dd'yum), n. an aromatic chase: v.t. to bark at; < to pursue gum-resin brought from Africa, In- with barking so as to bring to bay: dia and Persia, and used medici- n. the deep-toned prolonged bark of nally and as a perfume. a dog. be (be), v.i. [p.t. was, p.p. been, p.pr. bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, ap- beingl, to exist; have existence in .ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BEACH 107 BEAR fact, physical or mental; include or involve as a result; bnng; produce; come about; become; remain; sig- nify; answer to. Beach (been), n. [pi. beaches ('ez) ], the portion of the shore of the sea or of a lake which is washed by the waves; the strand; shingle: v.t. to run or haul up (as a vessel or boat) upon the beach: v.i. to land on a beach. beach-comber (bech'kom-er), n. a long curling wave rolling in from the ocean; one who hangs about the shore on the look-out for wreckage or plunder. beachy (bech'i), adj. having a beach; covered with shingle. m beacon (be'kn), n. a signal of warn- ing or guidance, on sea or land; for- merly a fire lighted on a hill or high tower to signal danger or assemble troops, &c: v.t. to light up, as a beacon; furnish with beacons: v.i. to serve as a beacon. bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball of any suitabb material, intended to be strung with others and worn as an ornament or used to form a rosary; any small globular body; a drop or bubble; a small knob of metal at the end of a gun-barrel used as a sight; a narrow rounded molding; an astragal: v.t. to orna- ment with beads or beading. bead-roll (bed'rol), n. a list of per- sons for the repose of whose souls a certain number of prayers are as- signed to be repeated; a rosary. beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier of a court; a parish officer with various subordinate duties con- nected with a church or vestry, &c. beagle (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- merly used for hunting hares. beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the horny jaws or mandibles^ of other animals; anything which is pointed or shaped like a beak; the metal- sheathed prow of an ancient galley intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy; the powerful appendage of steel forming part of the bow of modern war- vessels; a magistrate. beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking cup or vessel with a wide mouth ; an open-mouthed glass vessel with a projecting Up. beam (bem), n. a long piece of tim- ber or iron used horizontally or ver- tically to support the rafters of a building; one of the principal hori- zontal timbers of a building or ship; the extreme breadth of a ship; the shank of an anchor; the oscillating lever which transmits motion in a steam-engine; a cylinder of wood around which, before weaving, the warp is wound; the pole of a car- riage; the main part of a plow to which the handles are secured; the bar of a balance which suspends the scales; the principal stem of a deer's horns which bears the antlers; a collection of parallel rays of light emitted from the sun or other lumi- nous body: v.t. to send forth, as rays of light: v.i. to shine. beam-compass (bem-kum'pas), n. an instrument used for describing large circles. beam-feather (bem'fefft-er), n. one of the long feathers in the wing of a bird. beamy (be'mi), adj. emitting rays of light resembling a beam in size and weight. bean (ben), n. the smooth, kidney- shaped seed of many leguminous plants; the plant itself; the popular name of other seeds or fruits re- sembling true beans. bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p. borne, p.pr. bearing], to support, hold up; carry or convey; suffer or endure; be answerable for; pos- sess, wear, or use; have in or on; contain; cherish; carry in the mind; admit or be capable of; show or exhibit; bring forth or produce: v.i. to be capable of supporting; be fruitful; to bear, press, or weigh upon or against; tend; relate; take effect; be situated. [N. B. — When ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfAen. BEAR 10S BEATIFY used passively bear (to produce) has as its p.p. born, as an infant was born.] bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- orous mammal, belonging to the genus Ursus, the three best known species of which are: the brown or black bear of Europe, the grizzly bear of North America, and the po- lar bear of arctic regions; the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Great Bear and the Little Bear; one who at- tempts to depreciate the value of stock in order to buy cheap; opposed to a bull; a rude, uncouth, or brutal person: v.t. to endeavor to lower the price of. bear-baiting (bar'bat-ing) , n. the illegal sport of setting dogs to fight with captive bears. bear-garden (bar'gar-dn), n. a place where bears are kept for sport; hence any scene or place of tumult or disorder. beard (herd), n. the hair that grows en the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face; anything which resembles a beard; the awn of bar- ley and other grains; the barb of an arrow, fish-hook, &c: v.t. to take by the beard; oppose to the face; set at defiance. bearing (bar'ing), n. the act of en- during with patience; carriage; be- havior; mutual relation of the parts of a whole; meaning or application; the act or power of producing; the part of a machine^ that bears the friction; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; the position of one object with respect to another; the heraldic charges that fill the escutcheon. bearing-rein (-ran), n. a short rein for holding up the head of a horse. bearish (bar'ish), adj. resembling a bear in qualities; rude; surly. beast (best), n. any four-footed ani- mal, as distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; an irra- tional animal ; a person rude, coarse, or filthy, or whose actions degrade him below the level of a rational be- ing; a brute. beastly (best'li), adj. like a beast; nasty; disagreeable. beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, beat, p.pr. beating], to strike with repeated blows; thrash; knock; pound or break; flatten or spread by blows; scour and range with blows and cries in order to rouse or drive game; dash or strike against, as water or wind; tread, as a path; overcome or vanquish; ex- cel; baffle; be too difficult for; exhaust; flutter, as wings: v.i. to strike repeatedly; throb; dash or fall with force or violence; signal or summon by beat of drum ; sound, as a drum, when struck: n. a re- curring stroke; a pulsation; a throb; a footfall; a round or course which is frequently gone over; a place of habitual resort : the rise or fall of the hand or foot marking the divisions of time ; the divisions of the measure so marked. beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by mental or bodily fatigue. beaten (be'tn), p.adj. worn by use, as by the beat or tread of feet; con- quered; exhausted; baffled. beaten-work (-werk), n. metal shaped by being beaten on an anvil. beatific (be-a-tif'ik), adj. having power to bless or render perfectly happy; blissful. beatific-vision (-vizh'un), n. the direct vision of God, regarded as the bliss of the angels and saints. beatifically (-li), adv." in a blissful manner. beatification (be-at-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of blessing or the state of being blessed ; the act of the Pope in declaring a deceased person to have attained the rank of "the blessed": usually the second step toward canonization. beatify (be-at'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beatified, p.pr. beatifying], to make happy; bless with the completion of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. _ BEATING 109 BED celestial enjoyment; to declare by public decree that a deceased person has attained the rank of "the blessed." beating (be'ting), n. the act of striking; a flogging; pulsation or throbbing; a defeat; tacking against the wind. beatitude (be-at'i-tud), n. felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz) ], one who dresses himself in strict accordance with the fashion; a ladies' man or suitor. beau-ideal (bo-I-de'al), n. ideal ex- cellence. beau monde (bo-mond'), n. the fash- ionable world. beauish (bo'ish), adj. like a beau; foppish. beauteous (bu'te-us), adj. possess- ing beauty. beautiful _ (bu'ti-ftil), adj. possess- ing qualities which charm and de- light the senses; lovely .^ beautifully (-li), adv. in a charm- ing or attractive manner. beautify (bu'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beautified; p.pr. beautifying], to make or render beautiful; embel- lish : v.i. to grow beautiful. beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties ('tiz)], an assemblage of graces or properties which command the ap- probation of the senses; those qual- ities which are most pleasing to the eye; a particular grace or charm; a beautiful woman. beauty-sleep (-slep), n. sleep taken before midnight, popularly supposed to be more restorative than that taken later. beauty-spot (-spot), n. a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast. beauty-wash (-wosh), n. a cosmetic. beaver (be'ver), n. a rodent quadruped of amphibious habits, and valued for its fur; the fur of the beaver; a hat formerly made of beaver fur. beaver (be'ver), n. the portion of ar- mor which served to protect the lower part of the face, and could be raised or depressed. beaver-rat (be'ver-rat), n. a water rodent of Australia and Tasmania, similar in habit to the European water vole. beaver-tree (be'ver-tre), n. the sweet-bay, common in United States. beaver teen (be'ver-ten), n. a species of fustian. becalm (be-kam'), v.t. to make calm or still. because (be-kawz'), conj. by reason of; on account of the fact. bechamel (besh'a-mel), n. a fine white sauce thickened with cream. beche-de-mer (bash'de-mar'), n. the trepang, a sea-slug dried and eaten by the Chinese. beck (bek), n. a nod, or other signifi- cant gesture. becket (bek'et), n. a contrivance in ships to confine small spars or loose ropes, &c. beckon (bek'n), v.i. to make a signal to another by a motion of the head or hand: v.t. summon or signal by signs. becloud. See cloud. become (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. became, p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass from one state to another; come or grow to be: v.t. to suit, or be suit- able to; befit; accord with; grace or adorn. becoming (be-kum'ing), p.adj. fit; suitable; seemly; proper; appropri- ate; befitting. Becquerel rays (bek-rel'raz), n, pi. radio-active energy manifested by radium, polonium, and certain com- pounds of uranium. bed (bed), n. an article of domestic furniture upon or within which one rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; anything which serves as a resting- place, or in which something lies or is imbedded; a portion of a garden prepared and set apart for bedding plants; the bottom of a river or other stream, or of any body of water; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BEDBUG 110 BEE-MOTH a layer or stratum of rock; a mass or heap of anything resembling a bed; either of the horizontal sur- faces of a building stone: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedded; p.pr. bedding], to fur- nish with a bed; plant, as flowers; lay in a stratum ; lay flat, or in order : v.i. to go to bed; cohabit. bedbug (bed'bug), n. a flat-bodied, reddish-colored insect infesting fur- niture, &c. bedpan (bed'pan), n. a warming- pan; a utensil for the use of those confined to bed. bedstraw (bed'straw), n. straw for stuffing beds; a popular name of plants used formerly in beds. bed-tick (bed'tik), n. a bag or case of strong linen or cotton for con- taining the feathers or other ma- terials of a bed. bedabble. See dabble. bedaub. See daub. bedazzle. See dazzle. bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for manor beast; stratifica- tion; occurrence in layers; a founda- tion, or bottom laver. bedeck. See deck. bedevil (be-dev'l), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. (-ed), p.pr. (-ing)], to throw into disorder or confusion; spoil or cor- rupt, as by evil agency. bedevilment (be-dev'1-ment), n. the state of being vexatiously and be- wilderingly disordered or confused. bedew (be-du/), v.t. to moisten with dew. bedim. See dim. bedizen (be-diz'n & -dl'zn), v.t. to deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar finery. bedlam (bed'lam), n. a madhouse; an asylum or hospital for lunatics; hence, any scene of uproar and con- fusion. bedlamite (bed'lam-it), n. a mad man; an inmate of Bethlehem Hos- pital or bedlam. Bedouin (bed'oo-in), n. a nomadic Arab or tent-dweller of Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa: adj. nomad. bedrabble. See drabble. bedraggle. See draggle. bedrench. See drench. bedrid (bed'rid) or bedridden ('rid- n), adj. confined to bed by age or infirmity. bedrop (be-drop'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedropped, p.pr. bedropping], to sprinkle as with drops; bespatter. bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect of the genus Apis; the hive or honey- bee kept in hives for the sake of its honey and wax; an industrious person; a social meeting for work on behalf of a neighbor or a charitable object; strips of wood bolted each side of a bowsprit, through which the foretopmast stays are reeved. bee-bread (be'bred), n. a brown bit- ter substance consisting of the pol- len of flowers collected and stored by bees as food for their young. beech (bech), n. [pi. beeches _('ez)], a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding a hard timber and edible triangular nuts. beechen (be'ehen), adj. pertaining to, or made of the wood or bark of, the beech. bee-eater (be'et-er), n. one of the numerous species of bee-eating birds. beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, when killed. beefeater ('e-ter), n. a yeoman of the English royal guard, attending the sovereign on state occasions. beefy (be'fi), adj. resembling beef; fleshy. beehive (beluv), n. a box or other covering for a swarm of bees, and serving for the storage of honey. bee-line (be'lm), n. the straight course pursued by a bee returning laden to the hive: hence the most direct way from one point to an- other. bee-moth (be'moth), n. a moth which lays its eggs in beehives, and whose larvie feed upon the wax. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BEEN 111 BEGINNING been (bin), p.p. of be. beer (ber), n. a fermented liquor made from any farinaceous grain, but generally from malted barley, with hops or other substances added to impart a bitter flavor; a ferment- ed extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as ginger, spruce, (be-gin 'ing) , ft. the first cause; origin; the initial stage of anything. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, */ien BEGIRD 112 BELFRY begird. See gird. begirdle. See girdle. begone (be-gon'), inter j . go away! depart! begonia (be-go'ni-a), n. a genus of tropical plants, cultivated for their ornamental leaves and showy flow- ers. begot (be-gof), p.t. & p.p. of beget. begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. begrease. See grease. begrime. See grime. begrudge. See grudge. beguile (be-gll'), v.t. to impose upon or delude by guile; deceive; cause to pass pleasantly ; divert or entertain. beguilement _ (be-gll'ment), n. the act of beguiling; the state of being beguiled. begum (be'gum), n. in the East In- dies, a princess or lady of high rank. begun, p.p. of begin. behalf (be-haf), n. advantage; favor; support; defense; stead; interest [governed always by the preposition in, on, or upon], bebave (be-hav'), v.t. to conduct, comport, demean, or acquit: v.i. to act; conduct one's self in a proper manner. behavior (be-hav'yer), n. manner of behaving, whether good or bad; con- duct; deportment; manners. behead (be-hed'), v.t. to cut off the head of. beheld (be-held'), P-t. & p.p. of be- hold. behemoth (be-he'moth), n. an ani- mal described in Job xl. 15-24, and probably intended for the hippopota- mus. behest (be-hesf), n. a command; pre- cept. behind (be-hind'), prep, at the back of: in the rear of; remaining after; inferior to: adv. at the back; in the rear; toward the back; out of sight; past in point of time. behindhand (be-hlnd'hand), adv. or adj. in a state of backwardness; late; in arrear. behold (be-holdO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beheld, p.pr, beholding], to fix the eyes upon; have in sight; look at; observe with care: v.i. to look; di- rect or fix the mind. beholden (be-hol'dn), p. adj. indebt- ed; obliged; bound in gratitude. behoof (be-hoof), n. advantage; in- terest; profit; use; behalf. behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t. to be meet, necessary, or fit for. beige (bazh), adj. having its natural color, as a fabric of undyed wool. being, p.pr. of be. being (be'ing), n. existence, as op- posed to non-existence; that which exists in any form, whether actual or ideal. bejewel (be-ju'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. ing], to ornament or fur- nish with jewels. bekko-ware (bek'o-war), n. an an- cient kind of Japanese pottery in imitation of tortoise-shell. belabor (be-la'ber), v.t. to beat soundly. belate (be-laf), v.t. to make late, or retard. belated (be-la'ted), p.adj. delayed; too late; overtaken by darkness; benighted. belay (be-la'), v.t. make fast, as a rope, by winding round a pin, cleat, &c. belaying pin (be-la'ing pin), n. a pin of wood or metal on which to fasten a rope. belch (belch), v.t. to eject with force or violence: v.i. to eject wind from the stomach: n. the act of ejecting wind forcibly. beldam (bel'dam) or beldame ('dam), n. a grandmother; an ugly old woman. beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t. to be- siege; surround with an army so as to preclude escape; blockade. belemnite (berem-nlt), n. the fossil internal bone, or shell, of an extinct family of cuttle-fishes. belfry (bel'fri), n. a bell tower; that part of a steeple or tower in which a bell is hung. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; uote, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. BELGRAVIAN 113 BELLY Belgravian (bel-gra'vi-an), adj. be- longing to Belgravia, a fashionable quarter of London: hence aristo- cratic; fashionable: n. an inhabi- tant of Belgravia; a member of the upper classes. belie (be-li'), v.t. to calumniate; slander by lies; give the he to; show to be false. belief (be-lef), n. assent to anything proposed or declared, and its accept- ance as fact, by reason of the au- thority whence it proceeds, apart from personal knowledge; faith; the thing believed; the whole body of tenets held by the professors of any faith; a creed; a conviction. believable (be-le'va-bl), adj. capable of being accepted as truth; credible. believability ('i-ti), n. credibility; credence; belie vableness. believe (be-lev'), v.t. to place cre- dence in and accept as true ; upon the ground of authority, testimony, or logical inference apart from per- sonal knowledge; place confidence in; expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; be more or less firmly per- suaded of the truth of anything; think or suppose. believer (be-le'ver), n. one who ac- cepts as truth something not actu- ally demonstrated; one who adheres to a religious faith; a professor of Christianity. belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- preciate; run down by speaking slightingly of. bell (bel), v.i. to bellow, as deer in rutting time; to be in flower: said of the hop. bell (bel), n. a hollow metallic _ ves- sel, usually cup-shaped, and giving forth a clear, ringing sound when struck; anything in the form of a bell: pi. the divisions of daily time marked each half -hour by strokes on a bell: v.t. to put a bell on. bell-bird (bel'berd), n. an American bird whose note resembles a bell ; an Australian bird whose note is similar. bellman (bel 'man), n. pi. bellmen, one who uses a bell for public an- nouncement; a town-crier. bell-metal (bel-met'al), n. an alloy of copper and tin, used for the man- ufacture of bells. bell-punch (bel'punch), n. a punch with a signal bell used on tramcars for puncturing the ticket3 and checking the number of fares issued. bell-telegraphy (bertel'e-graf), n. a telegraphic instrument in which bells are employed instead of needles. bell-wether (bel'We^'er), n. a weth- er or sheep which leads the flock with a bell on his neck. belladonna (bel-a-don'a), n. th« deadly nightshade, a poisonous plant used as medicine. belle (bel), n. a young and handsome lady; a reigning beauty. belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or elegant literature; light literature. bellicose (bel'i-kos), adj. pugna- cious; contentious ; warlike. bellied (bel'id), adj. having a belly; swelled out in the middle. belligerence (bel-ij'er-ens), or bel- ligerency (-en-si), n. the act or state of warfare. belligerent (bel-ij'er-ent), adj. waging war; pertaining to war or warfare; warlike; n. a power recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in fighting. belli te (bel'it), n. an explosive com- pound formed of ammonium nitrate and other substances. bellow (bel'o), v.i. to utter a full resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or vociferate; roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when vio- lent: v.t. to utter with a loud, full voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, resounding outcry. bellows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pL an in- strument for producing a current of air, and used for various purposes, as blowing fires, or fining the pipes of an organ. belly (belli), n. [pi. bellies Cliz)J, that part of the human body which ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 8 BELLY-BAND 114 BENEDICT extends from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels; the abdomen; the corresponding part in the lower animals; the part of any- thing that swells out into a larger capacity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bellied: p.pr. bellying], to swell and become protuberant; bulge out: v.t. to cause to swell out, as sails. belly-band (bel'i-band), n. a band that encircles the belly of a horse; a saddle-girth. belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the prop- erty (of); go along with; be a part (of); be appendant (to), or con- nected (with); be the concern or business (of); appertain (to); be suitable; be due; have a settled or legal residence (in); be native (to). belonging (be-16ng'ing), n. that which belongs to one [generally used in the pi.]; qualities; endowments; property; possessions; appendages. beloved (be-luvd' & luv'ed), p. adj. greatly loved; dear to the heart: n. one who is greatly loved. below (be-lo'), prep, under in place; beneath; not so high; inferior to in rank or excellence; lower in value, price, &c: adv. in a lower place; on the earth; in hell, or the regions of the dead; in a lower rank or grade; off duty; under. belt (belt), n. a girdle or band used to encircle the waist; anything re- sembling a belt, or which encircles, restrains, or supports, as a belt; a strip; a band; a heraldic badge de- noting knightly rank; one of the rings surrounding the planet Jupi- ter; a band connecting two wheels and transmitting motion from one to the other: v.t. to encircle, as with a belt; surround. belted-cruiser (-kroo'zer), n. a quick-sailing ship, having a broad band of armor-plating. belting (bel'ting), n. belts collective- ly; the material of which belts are made. beluga (be-lu'ga), n. the large white sturgeon from the roe of which caviare is made; the white whale of the Northern Seas. belvedere (bel-ve-der'), n. a pavilion or open structure raised upon the top of a house; a summer house built on an eminence. bemire (be-mlr'), v.t. to soil by pass- ing through mire; to fix in the mire. bemoan (be-mon), v.t. to lament; bewail; pity; sympathize with. bench (bench), n. [pi. benches ('ez) ], a long seat; a strong table on which mechanics do their work; the seat where judges sit in court; the persons who sit as judges; the court: v.t. to furnish with benches. bench-warrant (bench-wor'ant), n. a warrant issued by a court or judge, as distinguished from a jus- tice's warrant issued by a magis- trate. bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make crooked; move or deflect out of a straight line; direct to a certain point; incline; cause to yield; fasten: v.i. to be or become curved or crooked; be turned toward; bow or be submissive: n. a curve; a turn or deflection; a crook; a knot by which one rope is fastened to an- other, or to anything else; one of the nine heraldic ordinaries crossing the field from the dexter chief to the sinister base point of the escutcheon. bender (ben'der), n. one who, or that which, bends. bends (bendz), n. a disease incident to caisson work, caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure affecting the heart. beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in place, with reference to something above; under the pressure of; lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; below. benedict (ben'e-dikt) , n. a newly married man, especially one who has previously ridiculed the idea of matrimony. From Benedick in Shakespeare's play "Much Ado about Nothing." ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BENEDICTION 115 BENZOIC ACID benediction (ben-e-dik'shun), n. the act of blessing; a blessing or ex- pression of kind wishes solemnly or affectionately invoked; the short blessing pronounced at the close of public worship. benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv) or bene- dictory ('to-ri), adj. tending to bless; conveying or expressing good wishes. benefaction (ben-e-fak'shun), n. the act of conferring a benefit; a benefit conferred; a charitable donation. benefactor (ben-e-fak'ter), n. one who confers m a benefit. Benefac- tress, the feminine form of the word. benefice (ben'e-fis), n. a fief, or es- tate in lands; an ecclesiastical liv- ing; a church endowed with revenue; the revenue itself . beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), n. active goodness; a benefaction. beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), adj. char- acterized by benevolence. Beneficial (ben-e-fish'al), adj. con- tributing to a valuable end; help- ful; profitable; conferring or having the right to benefit or user. beneficially (-li), adv. in an advan- tageous manner. beneficiary (ben-e-fish'i-a'ri), adj. holding office under another; con- nected with the receipt of benefits or profits; freely bestowed: n. one who holds a benefice; in feudal times a vassal; one who receives anything as a gift. benefit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of kind- ness; a favor conferred; whatever promotes the happiness and well- being of a person or thing, or adds to the value of property; a theatri- cal performance, the proceeds of which go to one of the actors, &c: v.t. to do good to; be of service to: v.i. to gain advantage; make im- provement. benevolence (be-nev'5-lens),^ n. the disposition to do good; philanthro- py; good-will; an act of kindness; a royal tax formerly levied under the guise of a gratuity to the' sov- benevolent (be-nev'6-lent), adj. kind; charitable; philanthropic. bengal (ben-gawl'), n. a thin stuff made of silk and hair. bengal light (lit), n. a firework, used also for signaling at sea, giving a steady bright blue light. Called also blue light. bengal-stripes (-strips), n. a kind of cotton cloth or gingham with colored stripes. Bengal tiger (tl'ger), n. the royal tiger. benight (be-nlf), v.t. enshroud in darkness; overtake with night [usu- ally in p.p.). benign (be-nln'), adj. of a kind or gentle disposition; favorable; salu- tary; genial. benignant (be-nig'nant), adj. kind; gracious; favorable. benignity (be-nig'ni-ti), n. [pi. be- nignities (-tiz) ], kindness of nature; graciousness ; gentleness ; mildness. benison (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing. benitier (ba-ne'tia), n. a font for holy water. benne (ben'e), n. the Sesame, an East Indian annual, cultivated for its seeds, out of which a valuable oil is obtained. bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; strongly inclined; determined: n. a turn; an inclination; a leaning or bias; disposition; propensity; a stiff or wiry grass. benumb. See numb. benumbment (be-num'ment), n. the act of stupefying; torpidity. benzene ( (ben'zen), n. _ a volatile highly inflammable liquid, obtained commercially by distillation from coal-tar. Also called benzole and benzoline. benzine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid com- pounded of the volatile hydrocar- bons of petroleum, and obtained by distillation; used as a solvent and for the removal of grease, &c. benzoic (ben-zo'ik), adj. pertaining to or obtained from benzoin. benzoic acid (as'id), n. (flowers of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. BENZOIN 116 BESEEM benzoin), a peculiar vegetable acid obtained from benzoin and other balsams by sublimation or decoc- tion. benzoin (ben-zo'in) < or benzoine ('zoin), n. the resinous juice of Gum Benjamin, a tree of Sumatra, &c, used chiefly in cosmetics, per- fumes, and incense. bequeath (be-kweth'), v.t. to give or leave by will; hand down; transmit. bequeathment (be-kwetf/i'ment), n. the act of leaving by will; a bequest. bequest (be-kwesf), n. the act of leaving by will; something left by will; a legacy. berate. See rate. berberine (ber'ber-in), n. an alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow sub- stance, from the barberry and other plants; used in dyeing. berberry. Same as barberry. berceuse (bar-sez'), n. a cradle song; a tender or soothing musical com- position. bereave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bereaved, bereft, p.pr.^ bereaving], to deprive; make destitute; strip; rob [with of before the thing taken away]. bereavement (be-rev'ment), n. the act of bereaving; the state of being bereaved; the loss of a relative or friend by death. bereft (be-reff), P-t. & p.p. of be- reave. berg (berg), n. a large floalmg mass of ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed rock projecting from the sea. bergamot (ber'ga-mot), n. variety of lemon, the rind of which yields the volatile oil of bergamot, much used in perfumery; a variety of pear | a variety of mint; a coarse kind of tapestry. bergmehl (berg'mal), n. mountain- meal, a powdery substance com- posed of the siliceous skeletons of diatoms. beri-beri (ber'i-ber'i), n. a malignant disease occurring in Japan and India; usually caused by eating polished rice, the husks of the rice containing a substance called vita- mine which is essential to health. Bermuda grass ^ (ber-mu'da gras'), n. a valuable variety of pasture grass. Bermudian (ber-mu'di-an), adj. of or pertaining to the island of Bermuda. Bernese (ber-nez'), adj. pertaining to Berne in Switzerland, or its in- habitants. bernicle (ber'ni-kal), n. the bernicle goose. beroon (be-roon'), n. the principal court of a Persian house. berry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries ('iz)J, any small pulpy or succulent fruit, as the strawberry^ &c; anything re- sembling a berry in shape: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. berried, p.pr. berrying], to bear, produce, or gather berries. berth (berth), n. ample or adequate sea room; a station which a ship occupies at anchorage or port; a room in a vessel set apart for officers or seamen; a sleeping place for a passenger in a ship or railway car- riage; a situation or appointment: v.t. to allot an anchorage to; give space to lie in; allot a sleeping place to. bertha (ber'tha), n. a kind of lady's cape. berthage (ber'thaj), n. dues levied upon vessels using anchorage in harbor or dock; the space for moor- ing vessels in harbor or dock. Bertillon-system (ber'tel-yun), n. a system of personal identification by recording the dimensions of the human body. beryl (ber'il), n. a mineral of vary- ing colors, commonly green or greenish-blue. berylline (ber'i-lin), adj. like a ber3 r l in color. beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- treat; supplicate; implore; beg eager- ly for; solicit. beseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or seemly; to become; to seem. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. BESET 117 BESTRADDLE beset (be-sef), vJt. {p.t. & p.p. beset, p pr. besetting], to set or stud; dis- tribute over ; surround ; besiege ; press upon on all sides; press hard on. beset me nt (be-set'ment), n. the condition of being surrounded. besetting (be-set'ing), adj. habitual- ly attacking or coming upon. beshrew (be-shroo'), v.t. to wish a curse to; execrate. beside (be-sid), prep, at the side of ; near ; apart from ; not connected with. besides (be-sidz'), adv. more than that; in addition; as well: prep. over and above; separate or dis- tinct from. besiege (be-sej'), v.t. to encompass with armed forces, in order to com- pel a foe to surrender; lay siege to; beset or harass. besiegement (be-sej'ment), n. the act of besetting; the state of being encompassed. beslaver (be-slav'er), v.t. to besmear with spittle; cover with fulsome praise. beslobber (be-slob'er), v.t. to smear with anything running from the mouth, as spittle; kiss effusively all over the mouth; to natter ful- somely. besmear. See smear. besmirch (be-smerch'), v.t. to soil; discolor; sully or dishonor. besom (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom. besot (be-sof), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- sotted, p.pr. besotting], to bestialize, as with drink; stupefy; infatuate. besotment (be-sot'ment), n. the act 01 state of being besotted or infatu- ated besottedly (-H), adv. in a foolish or infatuated manner. besought, p.t. & p.p. of beseech. bespangle (be-spang'gl), v.t. to adorn with spangles; dot or sprinkle with something that glitters. bespatter (be-spat'er), v.t. to soil by spattering; spot with mud; asperse with calumny. bespeak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t. bespoke, p.pr. bespeaking], to speak for be- forehand; order or arrange in advance; betoken; indicate, as by signs or marks: ». among actors, a benefit. bespread. See spread. besprinkle. See sprinkle. Bessemer steel (bes'em-er-stel), n. steel made by a process of forcing air into cast iron while in a molten state. best (best), adj. having the highest degree of goodness or excellence; of the first quality or standing; most desirable, suitable, advan- tageous, &c; largest: n. the high- est state of excellence; the utmost endeavor; all one can do or show: adv. (superl. of well) in the high- est degree; with most advantage or success: v.t. to get the better of; surpass; outwit. best-man (best 'man), n. the grooms- man or principal attendant on a bridegroom, at the wedding cere- mony. See brideman. bested or bestead (be-sted'), p.adj. situated; placed; circumstanced. bestial (bes'tial), adj. _ belonging to a beast; animal; having the quali- ties of a beast; brutal; sensual; ob- scene. bestialize (bes'tial-iz), v.t. to make like a beast; degrade to the level of a brute. bestiality (bes-tiaTi-ti), n. the qual- ities or nature of a beast. bestially (bes'tial-li), adv. in a beast- like manner. bestir (be-ster'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- stirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put into brisk or vigorous action. bestow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay up in store; deposit in safe keeping; use or apply; give or confer [followed by on or upon]. bestowment (be-st5'ment) or be- stowal ('al), n. the act of giving or conferring; that which is given voluntarily. bestraddle (be-strad'l), v.t. to be- stride. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; ndte, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BESTREW 118 BETWEEN bestrew (be-stroo') or bestrow (-stro'), v.t. to strew or scatter over. bestride (be-strld'), v.t. [p.t. bestrode & bestrid, p.p. bestridden, bestrid, p.pr. bestriding], to stand or sit on with the legs astride; embrace with the le^s, as a horse. bet (bet), v.t. [pi._ & p.p. bet and betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or pledge on the event of a future contingency: v.i. to lay a wager: n. the act of wagering; that which is laid, staked, or pledged on any event or contest the issue of which is un- certain; the terms on which a bet is arranged. betake (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, p.p. betaken, p.pr. betaking], to have recourse to; repair; resort; take one's self (to). beta-rays (ba/ta-raz), n.pl. one of the three principal forms of rays given out by radio-active sub- stances, consisting of streams of electrons or unit particles of negative electricity. betel (bc'tl), n. a species of pepper, native of the East Indies, the leaves of which are chewed with the betel- nut and a little lime. betel-nut (-nut), n. the nut-seed of the East Indian areca-palm. bete-noire (bat-nwar), n. bugbear; that which is especially repellent. bethel (beth'el), n. a hallowed spot; a dissenting chapel; a seaman's chapel. bethink (be-think'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethinking], to call to mind; consider; remind one's self; to reflect. betide (be-tid'), v.t. to happen to; befall: v.i. to come to pass. betimes (be-timz'), adv. in good sea- son or time; before it is too late; early; soon. betoken (be-t5'kn), «>.£. to indicate by signs; serve as a sign or token of; foreshadow by what is visibly present. beton (bet'un, French ba-t6ng'), n. a concrete composed of lime, sand, and gravel, used for submarine structures. betony (bet'o-ni), n. a common name for a woodland plant, with purple flowers, formerly used in medicine and as a dye. betook, pi. of betake. betray (be-tra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. betrayed, p.pr. betraying], to de- liver into the hands of an enemy by treachery; violate by fraud or unfaithfulness; reveal in breach of confidence; disclose inadvertently; deceive; indicate or show. betrayal (be-tra/al), n. the act of betraying. betroth (be-troth'), # 0i. to contract to give any one in marriage; af- fiance; plight or pledge one's troth to. betrothal (be-troth'al) or betroth- ment ('ment), n. the act of en- gaging to marry; the state of being engaged; an engagement to marry by mutual promise or otherwise, by parental agreement. better (bet'er), adj. [used as the compar. of good], having good qual- ities in a greater degree than an- other; preferable or more suitable; improved in health; more perfect; larger; greater: adv. [used as com- par. of well], in a superior or more excellent manner; more correctly or thoroughly; in a higher degree; more in extent: v.t. to improve or ameliorate; increase the good quali- ties of; surpass; excel; outdo: v.i. to become better: n. a superior; one who has a claim to precedence [usually in the pi] ; superiority, or advantage over [usually with of]. better or bettor (bet'er), n. one who wagers er lays bets. betterment (bet'er-ment), n. a mak- ing better; the improvement of land or houses. betting (bet'ing), n. the act of making bets. between (be-twen'), prep, in the space or interval which separates; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ifon. BETWEENWHILES 119 BIAS In intermediate relation to; from one to another of; shared in common. betweenwhiles ('hwllz), adv. at in- tervals. betwixt (be-twiksf), prep, between; in the space which separates. bevel (bev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to cut to a bevel-angle: v.i. to slant or incline off to a bevel- angle: n. an angle otherwise than a right angle (90°); the inclination which one surface makes with another when not at right angles; an instrument used for drawing angles: adj. having the form of a bevel ; aslant. bevel-gear (ger), n. a species of wheel-work in which the axis or shaft of t~ie driving-wheel forms an angle with the shaft of the wheel driven. bevel- wheel (hwel), n. a cog-wheel with its working face oblique to the axis. bevelment (bev'el-ment), n. the act or process of beveling. beverage (bev'er-aj), n. drink of any description; liquor for drinking. bevy (bev'i), a company or assembly of persons, especially of ladies; a flock of quails or larks. bewail (be-wal'), v.t. to mourn or weep aloud for; lament: v.i. to ex- press grief. bewailment (be-wal'ment) , n. the act of lamenting; a lamentation. beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's guard; be wary or cautious; take care. bewilder (be-wil'der), v.t. to lead into perplexity or confusion; puz- zle. bewilderment (be-wil'der-ment), n. the state of being greatly puzzled or perplexed; a tangled or confused mass. bewitch (be-wich'), v.t. to cast a spell over, subject to witchcraft; charm beyond the power of resist- ance ; fascinate. bewitchery ( be-wich 'er-i), n. witch- ery; fascination, charm. bewitching (be-wich'ing), adj. having power to fascinate; captivating', alluring, bewitchment (be-wich'ment), n. fascination; charm; power of be- witching. bewray (be-ra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bewrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to ex- pose, reveal. bey (ba), n. a governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; a Turkish title of respect; a beg. beylik (ba/lik), n. the territory ruled by a bey. beyond (be-yondO, prep, on the fur- ther side of; before; past; out of reach of; later than; above; in a degree or amount exceeding or sur- passing: adv. further away; yon- der: n. that state of existence which is beyond our present experience. bezan (bez'an), n. a Bengal cotton cloth. bez-antler (bez-ant'ler), n. the sec- ond branch of a stag's horn next to the antler proper. bezel (bez'el), n. the slope at the edge of a cutting tool; the rim which encompasses and fastens a gem in its setting; the groove in which the glass of a watch is fitted. bezetta (be-zet'ta), n. a dye obtained by immersing coarse rags in a col- ored solution. bezique (be-zek'), n. a modern game of cards. bezoar (be'zor), n. a calcareous con- cretion found in the intestines of certain animals. bhang or bang (bang), n. an East- ern drug prepared from the dried Jbaves of the hemp plant? having etrong narcotic and astringent qual- ities; hashish. biannual (bl-an'u-al), adj. occur- ring tv. ice in a year. biannualiy (-li), adv. twice a year. biarticulate (bi-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. having two joints. bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (-ez) ], a seam formed by uniting the edges of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely to the texture; a weight on the side ate, arm, ask at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BIAURICULATE 120 BICENTENNIAL of a bowl which causes it to turn from a straight line; prepossession or undue propensity for; prejudice: v.L [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing],to give a bias or particular direction to; incline to one side; influence; prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a slanting manner; obliquely. biauriculate (bl-aw-rik'u-lat), adj. having two auricles, as the heart of the higher vertebrates; having two ear-like projections at the base, as a leaf. biaxial (bi-aks'i-al) or biaxal ('al), adj. having two axes. biaxially (-li), ady. with two axes. bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth placed under an infant's chin to protect its clothes. bibasic (bl-bas'ik), adj. a term ap- plied to acids which combine with two equivalents of a base. bibber (bib'er), n. a tippler. Bible (bi'bl), n. the Book (or the Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- ings of the Old and New Testament, whether in the original tongue or translated. Biblical (bib'li-kal), adj. of or per- taining to the Bible; scriptural. Biblically (-li), adv. according to the Bible. Biblicist (bibTi-sist), n. one who adheres to the strict letter of the Bible. bibliographer (bib-li-og'ra-fer), n. one who is versed in the making of books, or writes a history of their production. bibliographic (bib-li-o-graf'ik) or bibliographical (-al), adj. per- taining to the history of books. bibliographically (-li), adv. in a bibliographical manner. bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi), n. the science or description of books; a list of authorities on any subject. biblioklept (bib'li-o-klept), n. a book stealer. bibliolater (bib-li-ol'a-ter) or bib- liolatrist (-trist), n. a book wor- shiper; one addicted to bibliolatry. bibliolatry (bib-li-ol'a-tri), n. book worship; excessive reverence for the letter of the Scriptures. bibliological (bib-li-o-loj'ik-al), adj. pertaining to bibliology. bibliology (bib-li-ol'o-ji), n. an ac- count of books; Biblical literature or doctrine. bibliomania (bib-li-5-ma'ni-a) , n. a mania for acquiring rare and curi- ous books. bibliomaniac (bib-li-o-ma'ni-ak) , n. one who has a mania for acquiring books. bibliopegy (bib'li-o-pe'ji), n. art of book-binding. bibliophile (bib'li-o-fll), n. a lover of books. bibliophilism (bib-li-of'i-lizm), n. love of books. bibliopole (bib'Ii-o-pol), n. a book- seller, especially one who deals in rare works. bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka) , n. a library. biblus (bib'lus), n. another name for the papyrus. bibulous (bib'ii-lus), adj. readily ab- sorbing or imbibing fluids; spongy; addicted to drink. bicallose (bi-kal'5s) or bicallous ('us), adj. having two callosities. bicameral (bl-kam'e-ral), adj. per- taining to or consisting of two legis- lative chambers. bicarbonate (bl-kar'bon-at) , n. a carbonate or salt containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base. bicarinate (bi-kar'i-nat), adj. hav- ing two keel-like projections. bicaudate (bi-kaw'dat), adj. fur- nished with or ending in two tails. bice or bise (bis), n. name given to two pigments used in painting, one blue and the other green, called blue bice and green bice respectively. bicentenary (bl-sen'te-na-ri), n. the two hundredth anniversary of any event, or its celebration: adj. per- taining to a bicentenary. bicentennial (bl-sen-ten'i-al), adj. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BICEPHALOUS 121 BIFACIAL comprising two hundred years: n. the two hundredth anniversary of an event, or its celebration. bicephalous (bl-sef'a-lus), adj. hav- ing two heads. biceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle having two heads; the large flexor muscle of the arm and thigh. bichloride (bl-klo'rid or 'rid), n. a compound of two or more atoms of chlorine combined with a base. bichord (bl'kord), adj. having two chords. bichromate (bi-kro'mat), n. a salt having two parts of chromic acid to one of the base. bicipital (bi-sip'it-al) or bicipitous (-us), adj. having two heads; pertain- ing to a biceps muscle; dividing into two parts at either extremity. bicker (bik'er), v.i. to engage in petty altercation; move rapidly with a noise; quiver; flicker: n. a noisy wrangle. biconcave _ (bl-kon'kav), adj. hollow on both sides. bicon jugate (bi-kon'ju-gat), adj. twice paired. biconvex (bi-kon'veks) , adj. rounded on both sides. bicorn (bi-korn) or bicornus ('us), adj. having two horns. bicorporal (bi-kor'po-ral) or bicor- porate (-rat), adj. having two bodies. bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspi- date (-at), adj. having two points or prominences: n. one of the double- pointed teeth forming the first pair of molars on either side of the jaw, above and below. bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- chine of various forms, but consist- ing primarily of two wheels placed in line, connected by _ a fork and backbone, and supporting a saddle for the rider, the machine being propelled by means of treadles at- tached to cranks or levers: v.i. to ride on a bicycle. bicycling (bl'si-kling), or bicyclism (-klizm), n. the practice or art of riding a bicycle. (The abbreviation cycling is now more generally though less accurately used.) bicyclist (bi'sik-list), n. one who rides a bicycle; a cyclist. bid (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) or bid, p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], to make an offer of; propose as a price; offer for; invite; request; ask; offer or express by words; com- mand; order or direct; enjoin; to proclaim: '■ v.i. to make an offer; offer a price: n. an offer of a price; a price offered at auction. biddable (bid'a-bl), adj. docile, obedient. bidder (bid'er), n. one who bids or offers a price, as at a sale or auction. biddery-ware (bid'er-i-war), n. in- laid work made from a metallic alloy. Called also bidhri-ware. bidding (bid'ing), n. an order; com- mand; proclamation ;^ the act of offering a price at auction. biddy (bid'i), n. a fowl or chicken. bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bode, bided, p.pr. biding], inhabit; reside: v.t. to endure; suffer; wait for. bid en t (bi'dent), n. a two-pronged instrument. bidental (bi-den'tal) or bidentate ('tat), adj. having two teeth, or two tooth-like processes. bidet (bi-def, French be-da'), n. a form of night commode; a portable bath; a sitz bath. bidhri-ware. See biddery-ware. biennial (bi-en'ni-al), adj. happen- ing once in two years; continuing or existing for two years, as plants: n. a plant which produces roots and leaves in the first year, and in the second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- ward perishing; something which is held once in two years. biennially (-li), adv. once in two years. bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on which a corpse is placed, or con- veyed to the grave; a tomb. bifacial (bl-fa'shi-al), adj. having two similar faces or the opposite surfaces alike. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BIFARIOUS 122 BILGE-WATER bifarious (bi-fa/ri-us), adj. two-fold; two-rowed; pointing in two ways. biferous (bif'er-us), adj. bearing flowers or fruit twice a year. bifid (bl'fid), adj. partially divided into two. bifilar (bl-fiTar), adj. two-threaded; fitted with two threads. bifocal (bl-fo'kal), adj. having two foci. bifold (bi'fold), adj. two-fold; double. bifoliate (bl-fo'li-at), adj. having two leaves. bifurcate (bl-fer'kat), v.i. to divide in two directions or branches. bifurcate (bl-fer'kat) or bifurcated (-ed), adj. divided into two branches. bifurcation m (bl-fer-ka'shun), n. a forking or division into two branches. big (big), adj. \compar. bigger, superl. biggest], of great bulk or magnitude; grown up; pregnant; full of some- thing important; full; inflated; pom- pous. big game (big' gam), n. a hunter's name for large animals. bighorn (big'horn), n. the wild sheep of the Rocky Mountains. bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the_ offense of contracting a second marriage during the existence of a former marriage. biga (bi'ga), n. a two-horse chariot. bigamist (big'a-mist), n. one guilty of bigamy. m bigamous (big'a-mus), adj. pertaining to and involving bigamy. bight (bit), n. a loop or bend of a rope, in distinction from the ends; a bend in a coast-line forming an open bay; a small bay between two headlands. Bignonia (big-no 'ni-a), n. a large genus of American tropical climbing plants, to which the trumpet- creeper belongs. bigot (big'ot), n. one who is unrea- sonably and blindly attached to a particular creed, church, or party; one who is intolerant of opinions which differ from his own ; a fanatic ; one illiberal, or hypocritically stub- born in creed. bigoted (big'ot-ed), adj. characterized by bigotry. bigotry (big'ot-ri), n. [pi. bigotries (-riz) ], the state or condition of a narrow-minded, intolerant person; blind and obstinate attachment to a particular creed, party, or opinion; intolerance; fanaticism. bigwig (big'wig), n. a person of importance; usually u^eJ ironically. bijou (bi-zhoo'), n. [pi. bijoux (-zhooz) ], a jewel; any small and elegantly finished article. bijouterie (be-zhoo'tre), n. jewelry or other small articles of vertu. bike (bik), n. a bicycle: v.i. to ride a bicycle. bilabiate (bl-la'bi-at), adj. having two lips. bilander (bil'an- & bi'lan-der), n. a small two-masted Dutch vessel of the hoy class. bilateral (bi-lat'er-al) , adj. pertaining to, or having two sides. bilaterally (-li), adv. in a two-sided manner; on both sides. bilberry (bil'ber-ri), n. [pi. bilberries (-riz)], the whortleberry. bilbo (bil'bo), n. [pi. bilboes ("boz)], a rapier or sword; pi. a long bar of iron with sliding shackles for the feet, and a lock at the end, for- merly used as fetters. bile (bil), n. a yellow bitter fluid secreted by the livex from venous blood; ill-humor. bi!e-stons (-ston), n. a gall-stone. bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part of a bottom, on wLich the vessel rests when aground: v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge: v.t. to stave, or break in, the bottom or bilge of a ship. bilge-bjard (-bord), n. one of the boards covering the timbers where ^the bilge-water accumulates. bilge-keel (-kel) , n. a piece of timber secured edgewise under the bottom of a vessel to prevent heavy rolling. bilge -water (-waw-ter), n. water which accumulates in the bilge of a ship. £te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BILGE-WAYS 123 BILLIKEN bilge-ways (-waz), n.pl. the timber supporting the cradle of a vessel, which upholds it while being built, and in launching. biliary (bil'i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to the bile; conveying the bile. bilin (bi'lin), n. ^ a yellow gummy substance precipitated from bile. bilingual (bi'iing'gwal), adj. written or expressed in two languages. bilingually (-li) , adv. in two languages. bilious (bil'yus), ad;, pertaining to the bile; having the system disorder- ed by derangement of the biliary function; choleric. biliousness (-nes), n. the state of being bilious. biliteral (bi-lit'er-Sl), adj. consist- ing of two letters: n. a word, root, or syllable consisting of two letters. bilk (bilk), v.t. to spoil the score of an opponent at cribbage; deceive or defraud, as by evading a pay- ment; leave in the lurch: n. the act of spoiling the score of an opponent at cribbage; a swindler. bill (bil), n. the beak of a bird: v.i. to join bills, as doves; caress in fondness; to issue bills or posters. bill (bil), n. a kind of hatchet with a blade hook-shaped toward the point, used in pruning, &c. ; a battle- axe, attached to a long staff, for- merly used by infantry ; the extrem- ity of the fluke of an anchor. bill (bil), n. an account for goods sold, services rendered, or work done; a document binding the signer or signers to pay a specified sum at a certain date or on demand; a draft of a proposed statute presented to a legislature. bill-board (bill'-bord), n. a level surface on which advertisements are pasted: a projection at the bow of a vessel bill-broker (bil'bro-ker), n. one who negotiates the discount of bills of exchange. billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in writing; a note or short letter; ticket directing soldiers at what house to lodge; a soldier's lodging: v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers: v.i. to be quartered or lodged. billet (bil'et), n. a small stick or log of wood, as for fuel; an ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood. billet-doux (bil-le-doo'), n. [pi. billets- doux (bil-le-doo') ], a love-letter. bill-hook (bil'hook), n. a small kind of hatchet with a hooked point. billiards (bil'yerdz), n. a game played on a rectangular, cloth-cov- ered slate table, 5 x 10 feet in size, with ivory balls and a cue. (The sing, form billiard is used always in composition.) billiken (bil'i-ken), n. grotesque im- age; symbol of good cheer. bill of entry (en'tri), n. a written account of goods entered at the cus- tom house. bill of exchange (eks-chanj'), n. a written order from one person or house (the drawer) to another (the acceptor) to pay; to the person des- ignated a certain sum at a fixed time, in consideration of value re- ceived. bill of health (-helth), n. a certifi- cate given to the master of a vessel, under the signature of a consul or other authority, specifying the state of the health of a ship's company or passengers at the time of her clearing a port. bill of lading (la/ding), n. a docu- ment specifying the goods shipped on board a vessel, and signed by the master of such ship, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and under- taking their safe conveyal to the consignee, unforeseen perils being only excepted. bill of mortality (m6r-tari-ti), n the official return of the deaths (also births) occurring in a par- ticular district within a certain period. bill of sale (sal), n. a formal in- strument for the transfer of goods and chattels. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tJien. BILLINGSGATE 124 BIOGENESIS billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat), n. coarse or profane language; virulent abuse. billion (bil'yun). n in the United State? one thousand millions (1,- 000,000,000); in England a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). billon (bil on), n. an alloy of gold and silver, with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage of low value. billot (bil'ot), n. bullion in the mass or bar. billow (bil'o), n. a great wave of the sea swelled by the wind: v.i. to rise and roll in large waves or surges. billy-goat (bil'i-got), n. a male goat. bilobate (bl-lo'bat), or bilobed ('lobd), adj. divided into two lobes or segments. bimanous (bi'ma-nus), adj. having two hands. bimetallic (bi-me-tal'ik), adj. per- taining to two metals; pertaining to bimetallism. bimetallism (bi-met'al-izm), n. the legalized adoption of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed ratio. bimetallist (bi-met'al-ist), n. an ad- vocate for the use of a double metallic standard. bimonthly (bi-munthli), adj. oc- curring once in two months. [Some- times incorrectly employed to desig- nate semi-monthly periodicals.] bin (bin), n. a receptacle for any commodity, as corn, coal, &c; a frame for bottles in a wine-cellar. binary (bi'na-ri), adj. consisting of two things or parts; twofold. binary star (star), n. a double star or sun whose members revolve round their common center of gravity. binate (bl'nat), adj. growing in couples. bind (bind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bound; p.pr. binding], to confine or make fast with a cord or band; confine or restrain by physical force; unite by bonds of affection, loyalty, or duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder or restrain; protect or strengthen by a band, border or cover; fasten together; cause to cohere; place under legal obligation: v.i. to tie up; confine by ligature or band; be obligatory; grow hard or stiff; stick together: n. anything which binds or ties; a twining stem; a stalk of hops; indurated clay or shale forming the roof of a coal- seam; a musical sign or brace grouping notes together. bind-weed (-wed), n. a common name for plants belonging to the genus Convolvulus. binding (bind'ing), n. the act of making fast; a bandage; the cover of a book; something that secures the edges of cloth. bine (bin), n. the slender stem of a twining plant. bing (bing), n. a heap or pile of any- thing. binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. a turret- shaped box containing a ship's com- pass. binocle (bin'6-kl or bi'no-kl), n. a field or opera glass with two eye- tubes for the use of both eyes at once. binocular (bi-nok- or bin-ok'ti-ler), adj. having two eyes; pertaining to, or suited to, the use of both eyes. Also binoculate. binomial (bl-no'mi-al), n. an expres- sion or quantity consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus # ( + ) or minus ( — ) : adj. consist- ing of two terms; pertaining to bi- nomials; having two names. binomial theorem (the'o-rein), n. the celebrated theorem of Sir Isaac Newton, which expresses the law of formation of any power of a bino- mial. binoxide. Same as dioxide. bioblast. Another name for bioplast. biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam'iks), n. ^the doctrine of vital force or energy. biogenesis (bi-o-jen'e-sis), or biog- eny (-oj'e-ni), n. the doctrine that living organisms can proceed only ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon. book; hue, hut; think, then. BIOGRAPH 125 BISCUIT from, or be generated by, living parents or germs; the science of life development. biograph (bi'q-graf), n. a device for projecting animated pictures onto a screen. biographer (bi-og'ra-fer), n. one who writes the history of a particu- lar person's life. biograph ically (bi-o-graf 'i-kal-li) , adv. in the manner of a life history. biography (bi-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. biog- raphies (-fiz) ], the history of the life of a particular person; bio- graphical writings in general. biologic (bi-o-loj'ik), or biological (-&1), adj. pertaining to the science ofUfe. biologically (-li), adv. in accord- ance with the principles of biology. biologist (bi-ol'o-jist^ n. one who studies, or is skilled in, the science of living forms. biology (bi-ol'-o-ji), n. the science which deals with the origin and life- history of plants and animals. bioplasm (bi'6-plazm), n. living germinal matter or protoplasm. bioplast (bl'o-plast), n. a minute mass of protoplasm possessing forma- tive powers. biotaxy (bi'o-tak-si), n. the classifi- cation of living organisms according to their structural characters. biparous (bip'a-rus), adj. bringing forth two at a birth. bipartite (bi-par'tit), adj. divided into two similar parts; having two correspondent parts. m bipartition (bl-par-tish'un), n. the act of dividing into two parts; the state of being so divided. biped (bl'ped), adj. having two feet: n. a two-footed animal. bipedal (bi'ped-al), adj. pertaining to a biped; two-footed. bipennate (bi-pen'nat), or bipen- nated (-ed), adj. having two wings. biplane (bl'plan), n. an aeroplane with two planes or sustaining sur- faces, as in the Wright or Farman machines. biplicate (bi'pli-kat), adj. doubly folded. biquadrate (bi-kwod'rat), or bi- quadratic (-rat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the fourth power: n. the fourth power, arising from the mul- tiplication of a square number or quantity by itself. birch (berch), n. [pi. birches ('ez) ], a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Betula; a rod formed of birch twigs used for punishment; a birch- bark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t. to chastise with a birch rod; flog. bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded feathered vertebrate, furnished with wings, and belonging to the class Aves; small feathered game, as dis- tinguished from water-fowl: v.i. to shoot or catch birds. birdlime (berd'llm), n. a viscous substance prepared from holly-bark, and used for entangling small birds in bird-snaring. birdmen (berdmen), n. aviators. bird's-eye (berdz'I), adj. seen from above, or at a glance, as by a flying bird; hence, general, not minute or detailed. biretta (be-ret'ta), n. a square ec- clesiastical cap. Also birretta, be- retta, berretta. birn (bern), n. that part of a clario- net or a similar instrument into which the mouthpiece fits. birostrate (bi-ros'trat), adj. having a double beak, or beak-like process. birth (berth), n. the act of coming in- to life: the fact of being born; the act of bringing forth; lineage; extrac- tion; descent; origin; beginning. birth-rate ('rat), n. the increase of population as shown by the percent- age of registered births to the num- ber of inhabitants in a district within a specified period. birth-right ('rit), n. any right or privilege to which a person is en- titled by birth; the right of the first born. biscuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of un- raised bread, baked hard and dry, &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BISECT 126 BI-TELEPHONE and shaped in flat cakes; pottery- after the first baking and previous to glazing and burning. bisect (bl-sekf), v.t. to cut or divide into two equal parts. bisection (bl-sek'shun), n. division into two equal parts. bisector (bl-sek'ter), n. one who, or that which, bisects; a straight line which bisects an angle. bisexual (bi-seks'u-al) , adj. combin- ing the organs of both sexes in one individual; hermaphrodite. bishop (bish'up), n. one of the high- est orders of an Episcopal Church; below in rank to an archbishop, but above a priest; a spiritual overseer; the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, having the power of ordina- tion, confirmation, and consecra- tion; the name of one of the pieces used in playing chess, having the top cleft in resemblance to a miter, originally called archer; a beverage composed of wine, oranges, lemons, and sugary a woman's dress-im- prover; a kind of pinafore: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to make a horse appear younger by manipu- lating its teeth, and hence to deceive by improving the appear- ance of anything. bishop's sleeve (bish'ups-slev), n. a wide sleeve worn by women, so called from its resemblance to that worn by Anglican bishops. bishop's staff (bish'ups-staf), n. a crosier. bishopric (bish'up-rik), n. the office, dignity or jurisdiction of a bishop; diocese. bisk or bisque (bisk) n. soup or broth composed of several kinds of meat or fish boiled together; craw- fish soup; a stroke allowed to an inferior player or side at lawn-tennis. bismuth (bis,- or biz'muth), n. one of the elements, a light reddish- colored metal of brittle texture. bison (bi'son), n. the aurochs, or European bison, still preserved in Lithuania; the American bison, in- accurately termed the buffalo, which is now practically extinct. bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. bissextile (bis-seks'til) , n. leap-year adj. pertaining to leap-year. bister (bis'ter), n. a dark brown pig- ment extracted from wood-soot. bisulphate (bi-sul'fat), n. a salt of sulphuric acid in which half of its hydrogen is replaced by a positive element. bisulphite (bi-sul'fit), n. a salt of sulphurous acid, half the hydrogen of which is replaced by the base. bisymmetry (bi-sim'e-tri), n. corre- spondence of the right and left parts of anything. bit (bit), p.t. & p.p. of bite. bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the metal mouthpiece of a bridle; the part of a key which enters the lock and acts on the bolts and tumblers; the cutting blade of a plane; a small piece or fragment of anything; any small coin: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bitted; p.pr. bitting], to put a bridle upon; put the bit in the mouth of. bitch (bich), n. the female^ of the dog, or of other canine animals. bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, grip, cut, or crush with the teeth; sting, as an insect; cause smarting pain to; cut; pinch, as with intense cold; blight or blast; take fast hold on; to cor- rode or eat into; to cheat, trick, take in [now only in p.p.]: v.i. to have the habit or exercise the power of biting; inflict injury with the teeth; cause to sting or smart; take a bait; take a firm hold on: n. the act of seizing with the teeth; a wound made by the teeth, or by a sting; a mouthful; a hold or grip; in print- ing, a blank on a page due to some intervening substance between the paper and the type. bi-telephone (bi-tel'e-fon), n. a pair of telephones arranged so that they can be applied simultaneously to both ears. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BITINGLY 127 BLACK-COCK bitingly (-li), adv. in a sarcastic manner. bitt (bit), n. a post of wood or iron to which cables are made fast [generally used in the pi.]: v.t. to put round the bitts. bitten, p.p. of bite. bitter (bit'er), adj. having a sharp or harsh taste; acrid; piercing; painful; grievous; poignant; severe; reproachful; caustic; sarcastic; cruel: w.any substance that is bitter. bitter-cup (-kup), n. a cup made of quassia wood, which imparts a bit- ter taste to liquids poured into it. bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet) , n. the woody nightshade, the roots and leaves of which when chewed pro- duce first a bitter, then a sweet tasted bitterish (-ish), adj. somewhat bit- ter. bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird of the heron family; the residual brine in salt works from which Epsom salt is prepared. bitters (bit'ers), n.pl. liquor in which herbs or roots are steeped. bitumen (bi-tu'men), n. mineral pitch. bituminous (bi-tu'min-us), adj. hav- ing the qualities of, or containing, bitumen. bivalent (bi'va- or biv'a-lent), n. an element, one of the atoms of which can replace two atoms of hydrogen. bivalve (bl'valv), adj. having two valves or shells united by a liga- ment: n. a mollusk whose shell is composed of two parts or valves, connected by a ligament or hinge, which are opened or closed by muscles, as the oyster or mussel. bivouac (biv'oo-ak), n. an encamp- ment of soldiers in the open air, without tents: hence, any open air encampment: v.i. to encamp with- out tents in the open. biwa (be'wa), n. a Japanese musical instrument similar to the mandolin. biweekly (bi-wek'li), adj. occurring or appearing every two weeks; fort- nightly [frequently confused with semi-weekly = twice in a week]. bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner or appearance; fanciful; grotesque. blab (blab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blabbed, p.pr. blabbing], to tell thoughtless- ly: v.i. to talk indiscreetly; tell tales: n. one who lets out secrets, or tells tales. black (blak), adj. destitute of light; of the darkest hue; opposed to white; enveloped in darkness; dis- mal; gloomy or forbidding; desti- tute of moral light or goodness; atrocious; evil; calamitous; threat- ening; clouded with anger; sullen; n. the darkest color; the opposite of white; a black pigment or dy ; a negro; mourning: v.t. to make black; blacken; apply blacking to. blackamoor (blak'a-m66r),ft.a negro. black antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n. the black sulphide of antimony. black art, necromancy, magic. blackball (blak'bawl), v.t. to reject or exclude (as a candidate) by placing black balls in the ballot box. blackberry (blak'ber-ri), n. the fruit of several species of bramble. blackbird (blak'berd), n. an English song bird, a species of thrush. Called also merle, ousel, or black thrush; a crow-like bird of North America; a name given to a kid- napped negro or Polynesian. blackbirding (-ing), n. the kidnap- ping of such negroes or Polynesians. blackboard (blak'bord), n. a smooth surface, painted with a black com- position for use with chalk crayons. black-canker (blak-kangk-er) , n. a disease in root crops. black-cap (blak'-kap), n. the popu- lar name of several black-crested birds; the cap worn by a judge when pronouncing sentence of death; the black raspberry. black-cattle (blak'-kat'l) , n.pl. cat- tle raised for slaughter, irrespective of color. black-cock (blak'-kok), n. the male ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. BLACK-CURRANT 128 BLAME of the European black grouse or black game; the heath-cock. black-currant (blak'kur-ent), n. the well-known garden bush, and its fruit. blacken (blak'n), v.i. to grow black or dark: v.t. to make black; de- fame; asperse. black-fish (blak'-fish), n. a female salmon immediately after spawn- ing; a common name for several species of English and American fish. black-flag (blak'-flag), n. the flag of a pirate with a skull and cross- bones emblazoned upon it. black-fly (blak'-fli), n. a black plant-louse; a minute beetle inju- rious to turnips. black-friar (blak'-frl-ar), n. a friar of the Dominican order; so called from the black gown adopted by- members of the order. blacliguard (blag'ard), n. a man of low character, and addicted to the use of foul or abusive language; a scoundrel: adj. vicious; low; vile; scurrilous; abusive: v.t. to revile in scurrilous language. blackguardism (blag'ard-izm), n. the conduct or language of a blackguard. black-hole (blak'-hol), n. a dun- geon or dark cell in a prison; a place of confinement for soldiers. blacking (blak'ing), n. a prepara- tion for imparting a shining black polish to boots. blackish (blak'ish), adj. somewhat black. black-jack (blak'-jak), n. a large leathern vessel or drinking-cup of old times; the ensign of a pirate; dwarf oak, quercus nigra. blacklead (blak'led), v.t. to cover with blacklead or plumbago: n. plumbago. black-leg (blak'-leg), n. one who endeavors to obtain money by cheat- ing at races or cards; a rook; an opprobrious term for a workman who is not a member of any trade union; a disease affecting sheep and cattle. black-letter (blak'-let-er), n. the old English or Gothic letter em- ployed in the early manuscripts and the first printed books: adj. written or printed in black-letter. black-list (blak'list), n. a list of persons who are deemed to be de- serving of punishment, or whom it is desirable to exclude from busi- ness transactions: v.t. to put in a black-list. blackmail (blak'mal), n. a tax an- ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- tle, in the north of England, and in Scotland, to the agents of robbers, to secure protection from pillage: hence extortion by means of intimi- dation: v.t. to extort monej r or goods from by intimidation of any kind. blacksmith (blak'smith), n. a smith who works in iron and makes iron utensils, horse-shoes, &c. blackthorn (blak'thorn), n. the sloe; a stick cut from the stem of the sloe. bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic membranous bag in animals, in which a fluid is collected; any^ ves- icle, blister, or pustule containing fluid or air; a hollow membranous appendage to some plants: v.t. put up in a bladder, as lard. bladdery ^ (blad'er-i), adj. resembling or containing bladders. blade (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; the young stalk or spire of a grass: the broad expanded part of a leaf; the cutting part of an instrument; the broad part of an oar; anything resembling a blade; a dashing, reck- less, rollicking fellow: v.t. to fur- nish with a blade: v.i. put forth blades. blade-bone (blad'bon), n. the scap- ula or shoulder-blade. blain (blan), n. a pustule or blister. blamable or blameable (blam'a-bl), adj. deserving of censure. blamably (-bli), adv. in a culpable manner. blame (biam), v.t. to censure; re- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, Dt>rtn, not; boon, book; hue, hut, think, hen. BLAMEFUL 129 BLAZE proach: n. an imputation of a* fault; censure; responsibility for anything wrong. blameful (blam'fool), adj. meriting blame. blamefully (-li), adv. in a censur- able manner. blanch (blanch), v.t. to take the color out; make lustrous; to remove the covering of: v.i. become white; turn pale: ft. lead ore found sepa- rate in the rock. blanc-mange (bla-monzh'), n. a white jelly, composed of isinglass, &c. bland (bland), adj^ mild; soft; gen- tle; affable; soothing. blandishment (blan'dish-ment), n. winning expressions or actions; art- ful caresses. blank (blangk), adj. confounded; confused; m dejected; empty ;_ free from writing or printing; without result; absolute; complete: ft. any void space; an unfilled space in a written or printed document; a lot- tery ticket to which no prize is at- tached; a disk of metal prior to stamping; the white spot in the center of a target: v.t, a euphemis- tic form of the oath damn. blank verse (vers), n. unrhymed verse. blanket (blang'ket), ft. a soft, loose- ly woven woolen cloth for a bed or as a covering: v.t. to toss in a blanket by way of punishment cr joke; pass to windward to take the wind out of the sails of. blanketing (blang'ket-ing), n. coarse cloth for blankets; the act of tossing in a blanket. blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give forth a loud sound like a trumpet: v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: n. a noise like the blast of a trum- pet. blarney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheedling speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. &, p.p. blarneyed: p.pr. blarneying], to in- fluence or talk over by soft , wheedling speeches; humbug with flattery. blarney-stone, a stone in the Wall of Blarney Castle, Cork, on kissing which a person is said to become an adept in flattery. blase (bla-za/), adj. exhausted by excess of pleasure. blaspheme (blas-feW), v.t. to speak irreverently of; mock; revile: v.i. to utter blasphemy; use profane lan- guage. blasphemous (blas'f e-mus) , adj. uttering, containing, or exhibiting blasphemy; profane. _ blasphemy (blas'f e-mi), n. [pi. blas- phemies (-miz) ], impious, profane, or mocking speech concerning Gcd or sacred things; expressed con- tempt or contumely for the person- ality or authority of God. blast (blast), ft. a violent or sudden gust of wind; a forcible stream of air from an orifice; the sound pro- duced by blowing a wind instru- ment; any sudden pernicious in- fluence upon plants or animals; a blight; the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, &c, in rending or remov- ing rocks, or the charge so used ; a flatulent disease in sheep: v.t. to in- jure; cause to fade or wither by some pernicious influence; blight; ruin or destroy; to reni or shatter by any explosive agent. blastema (blas-te'ma), ft. [pi. blas- temata (-ma-ta) ], the point of growth of an organ as yet unformed, from which it is developed. blastoderm (blas'to-derm), n. the germinal spot in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. blastogenesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis), n. reproduction by gemmation or bud- ding. blatant (bla'tant),ac?j. bawling; noisy. blather (blazer), n. foolish chatter. blatherskite (bla^'er-skite), ft. a foolish chatterer; a worthless fellow. blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- liant sunlight; a sudden bursting out; active display; a white spot on the face of a horse or other quad- ruped ; a white mark cut on a tree, to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as trees, by removing a portion of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLAZER 130 BLIND bark; to indicate, as a path or boundary, by blazing trees; publish widely: v.i. to flame; send forth a brilliant light; be conspicuous. blazer (blaz'er), n. that which shines; a bright colored striped jacket. blazon (bla/zn), n. el coat of arms; a description of armorial bearings; ostentatious display v.t. to explain technically, according to heraldic rules; embellish; display; proclaim boastingly. blazonment (bla'zn-ment), n. the act of blazoning. blazonry (bla'zn-ri), n. a heraldic device ;_ the art of describing and explaining coats of arms; decora- tion, as with heraldic devices. bleach (blech), v.t. to make white by removing color or dirt by the action of the sun's rays, or by a chemical process: v.i. to grow or become white. bleachery (blech'er-i), n. [pi. bleach- eries (-iz) ], a place where bleaching is carried on. bleaching-powder (-poud'er), n. chloride of lime.^ bleak (blek), adj. exposed to wind and cold; desolate; unsheltered; cheerless ; piercing. bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, remarkable for its brilliant silvery scales. blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a watery discharge: said of the eyes: v.t. to make sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim or obscure. bleat (blit), v.i. to cry as, or like, a sheep : n. a cry, as of a sheep. bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pustule; a bubble. bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, p.pr. bleeding], to emit, or lose blood; to shed one's blood; to lose :sap or juice; to pay or lose money freely: v.t. to take blood from; take money, &c, from. blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any defect or deformity, physical or moral ; a blemish. blench (blench), v.i. to start back; flinch; quail. blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, so that the things mixed cannot be separated or individually distin- guished: v.i. ^ to mingle; shade im- perceptibly into each_ other: n. a mixture, as of colors, liquids, tobac- cos, teas, ttc; a shading of one color, &c, into another. blende (blend), n. native sulphide of zinc. blenorrhea (blen-nor-re'a), n. leucor- rhea; excessive discharge of mucus. bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, p.pr. -ing], to consecrate; in- voke a blessing upon; bestow happi- ness upon; praise or extol; esteem happy. blessedness (bles'ed-nes), n. the state of being blessed; happiness; heavenly joys. blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation of happiness on another; a benedic- tion; that which promotes prosper- ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy or boon; grateful adoration. blest, p.t., p.p. & p.adj. a contracted form of blessed. blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in fruit: v.i. [p.t. &£).p.bletted, p.pr. bletting], to become internally decayed. blew, p.t. of blow. blewits (bloo'its), n. the edible pur- ple mushroom. blight (blit), n. a disease in plants, which causes them to wither partly or^ wholly; smut; mildew; any- thing which serves to check, nip, or destroy: v.t. to affect with blight; to check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. blind (blind), adj. destitute of the sense of sight; without light, morally or intellectually^ undiscriminating; inconsiderate; hidden; essentially incomplete; closed at one end; without understanding: n. anything which serves to hinder or obstruct vision, or intercept the passage of light; a window-screen; a blinker; something to mislead the eye or the understanding: v.t. to deprive of ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLIND-COAL 131 BLOCK sight; make blind, intellectually or bliss (blis), n. the highest degree of morally; obscure; conceal. happiness; blessedness; the perfect blind-coal (kol), n. a nameless an- joy of heaven, thracite. blissfully (-li), adv. in a blissful blind-fish (blind 'fish), n. a diminu- manner, tive fish of pale color, with rudi- blister (blis'ter), n. a vesicle or pus- mentary eyes, inhabiting the water tule on the skin containing watery of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. matter or serum; an elevation made blind shell (blind'shel), n. a shell by the raising of an external film which falls without exploding, or or skin; an application to the skin contains no charge. to produce a blister: v.t. to raise blind spot (blind 'spot), n. that a blister or blisters on: v.i. to rise point in the retina where the optic in blisters, or become covered with nerve enters the eye, but is not sen- blisters. sitiva to the light. blithe (blHA), adj. gay; joyous; glad; blindfold (blind'fold), adj. having mirthful; sprightly. the eyes covered so as to be unable blithesome (bll^'sum), adj. gay; • to see; having the mental eye or merry. understanding darkened: v.t. to blizzard (bliz'ard), n. a furious hur- cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; ricane of wind with fine blinding hinder from seeing. snow, and characterized by intense blindman (blind'man), n. [pi. blind- cold; a poser. men (-men)], a man who is blind. bloat (blot), v.t. to cure or dry in blindman' s buff (blind'manz buf), smoke. n. a game in which one of the players bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to swell; is blindfolded, and tries to catch make turgid or swollen, as with one of the others. water or air; inflate; make vain: blindness (-nes), n. want of sight; v.i. to grow turgid, want of discernment; ignorance; bloater (blot'er), n. a herring smoked heedlessness. and partially dried, but not split blindworm (blind'werm), n. a small open, slender, limbless lizard, so named blob (blob), n. a blister; a bubble, from the popular but erroneous sup- block (blok), n. any unshaped solid position that it was blind. Also mass of matter, as of wood, stone, called slow-worm. &c; a piece of wood for supporting blink (blink), v.i. to wink with or the neck of a person condemned fts with the eye; twinkle; to get a to be decapitated; a piece of hard glimpse; glimmer: v.t. to evade or wood prepared for the tool of the shut one's eyes to; shirk :n. a glimpse engraver; the piece of hard wood or glance; a gleam; a glimmer; a to which an electrotype, &c, is se- twinkle; the gleam reflected from cured; a wooden mold for shaping an ice-field or -berg at sea: pi. boughs hats; the piece of wood in which cast in the path of deer to check their the wheels of one or more grooved course. pulleys run; a row of buildings; a t linker (bling'ker), n. one who square or portion of a city enclosed blinks; a leather flap placed one/>n by streets; an obstruction^ hin- each side of a horse's bridle to pre- drance; shares bought or sold in the vent him from seeing any object ex- mass: v.i. to obstruct so as to hin- cept in front; that which obscures der the passage of persons or things; the sight or mental perception: pi. stop up; obstruct; to secure or sup- colored spectacles to shield the eyes port by blocks; to mold or shape on from excess of light. a block; to stop a train by signal; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLOCK-HEAD 132 BLOT to give notice of opposition to a bill* which cannot then be proceeded with after a specified time. block-head (blok'hed), n. a stupid fellow. ^ block-house"" (blok'hous), n. an edi- fice constructed of heavy timber, and finished with loopholes for musketry. '"* block system * (blok'sis-tem), n. a system of working railway traffic by which the line is divided into short sections, no train being al- lowed to leave a section until the next section is signaled clear. blockade (blok-ad'), ft. the shutting up of a place, as a port, by hostile ships or troops, with a view to com- pelling a surrender by preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies: v.t, to surround and shut up; obstruct; block. blockage (blok'aj), n. an obstruction. blond or blonde (blond), adj. of a fair color; light colored: n. a per- son of # very fair complexion and light hair (usually fern, blonde), blonde-lace (las), ft. a silk lace. blood (blud), ft. the fluid which cir- culates in the arteries and veins of an animalj the juice of anything, especially if red; kinship; consan- guinity; lineage; extraction; high birth; temper; a man of high spirit; fleshy nature; blood shed in sacri- fice; the atonement: v.t. to give a taste of blood; inure to the sight of blood. blood-heat (bludliet), n. the nor- mal heat of the human blood in health (98° F.). blood-horse (blud'hors), 22. a horse of pure breed or pedigree. bloodhound (blud'hound), n. a breed of large dogs remarkable for their acuteness of smell, and em- ployed to track wounded game, or, as formerly, fugitive slaves and es- caped criminals; a blood-hunter. blood-money (blud'mun-i), ft. mon- ey obtained at the cost of another's life; the reward paid for discovery or capture of a murderer. bloods (bluds), n. the finest quality of ostrich feathers. bloodstone (blud'ston), n. a dark green variety of quartz spotted with red jasper; heliotrope; red hematite iron ore. blooded, adj. of the best stock or breed. bloodily (blud'i-Ii), adv. in a bloody manner; relentlessly; cruelly. bloodiness (-nes), ft. the state of being bloody; disposition to shed blood. bloody {blud'i), adj. pertaining to, containing, or resembling blood; blood-stained; cruel; murderous; attended with bloodshed; a coarse intensive expletive. bloody-flux (blud'i-nuks'), n. dys- entery. bloom (bloom), n. a blossom; the flower of a plant; the blossoming of flowers; a state or period of health and growth, promising higher per- fection, or exhibiting freshness and beauty; the blue color upon certain newly-gathered fruits; a flush; a glow; the powdery appearance on new coins, &c, a rough mass of iron from the puddling furnace, in- tended to be drawn out under the hammer or rolled into bars: v.i. to produce blossoms; flower; exhibit the freshness and beauty of youth; glow. bloomer (bloom'er), n. a costume for women sought to be introduced by a Mrs. Bloomer, of New York, in 1849-50, and consisting of a short skirt, loose trowsers, fastened round the ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. [Also used as adj.]. m bloomery (bloom' er-i), or bloomary ('a-n), n. a forge in which wrought iron is made directly from the ore. blossom (blos'um), ft. the flower of a plant; the state of flowering; bloom: v.i. to put forth blossoms; flower; flourish. blot (blot), ft. a spot or stain; an ob- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b5on, book; huej hut; think, then. BLOTCH 133 BLUEJACKET ice: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blotted, p.pr. blotting], to spot or stain; mar; stain with infamy; cancel or efface [usually with out]; dry with blotting-paper; eclipse; obscure. blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, or pustule: v.t. to mark or disfigure with irregular blots or spots. blotchy (bloch'i), adj. having blotches. blottesque (blot-esk'), adj. coarsely delineated, or marred by a heavy touch or blots. blotty (blot'i), adj. full of blots. blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose over- garment, a French workman: such artisans usually wearing a blue blouse. blow (bio), n. a mass of blossoms; the state or condition of flowering: v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing!, to blossom; flower. blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand or with a weapon; a knock; an act of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- lamity. blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], to form or make a current of air; pant; breathe quickly ; sound by being blown; spout water; boast: v.t. to drive a current of air upon; impel by a current of air; sound a wind instrument by forcing air through it; clear by forcing air through; form by inflation; put out of breath by fatigue; scatter or shatter by explosives; spread by report; deposit eggs in or upon: n. a blowing; a blast; a gale of wind; an egg deposited by a fly; the spouting of a whale. blow-fly (blo'fli), n. any species of fly which deposits its eggs upon flesh. blowing-mold (blS'ing-mold), n. a metal mold in which bottles and other hollow glass objects are blown. blow-pipe (blo'pip), n. a long tube of cane or reed used by South Amer- ican Indians and the Dyaks of Bor- neo to discharge arrows by the force of the breath; a tube through which a current of air or gas is driven upon a flame so as to concentrate its heat upon a substance to fuse it. blowy (blo'i), adj. windy, breezy. blowzed (blouzd') or blowzy (blou'- zi), adj. ruddy-faced; high-colored; coarse-complexioned as by exposure to the weather. blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- lenty, or so as to disfigure the face ; v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the fat of whales and other cetaceans, from which train-oil is prepared; a jelly-fish or medusa. blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half- boot. bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy stick, sometimes loaded, used as a weapon. blue (blu), adj. of the color of the clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- mal; severe; pedantic: n. color of the clear sky; one of the primary colors; azure; a dye or pigment of this color; pale without glare, as a flame: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. blue-bell ('bel), n. the wild hya- cinth; the harebell of Scotland. blue-book ('book), n. a governmental official report, &c: so called from the blue paper covers. blue blood ('blud), n. aristocratic lineage. bluebottle Cbot-1), n. a common field flower; a species of fly. bluebonnet ('bon-et), n. a Scotch cap of blue cloth; a name given to the Scottish troops before the Union; a Scotchman. bluebuck ('buk). n a name given to a small antelope, and the blauwbok of South America. blue-devils ('dev-ilz), n.pl. low spirits; menta! depression; delirium tremens. blue-grass ('gras), n. a rich pasture grass. blue-gum ('gum), n. a lofty tree of Australia, valuable for its timber, and for its essential oil: used as a preventive against influenza. bluejacket (blu'jak-et), n. a sailor. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BLUELIGHT 134 BOARD bluelight (blu'lit), n. a light of that hue used as a signal; a pyrotechnic composition. blue-mold (blu'mold), n. a minute fungus which attacks bread and oth- er food-stuffs. blue-peter (blu'pe-ter), n. a small blue flag with a white square in the center used as a signal for sailing, &c. blue-ribbon (blu'rib-un), n. a prized distinction; mark of success. blue-spar (blti'spar), n. lazulite. blue-stocking (blii'stok-ing), n. a woman of literary tastes or occupa- tion. blue-stone (blii'ston), n. sulphate of copper. blue-sky law (blii-skl-Iaw) , n. in the U. S. a law to prevent the issue of fraudulent securities. bluing (blu'ing), n. the process of imparting a blue tint; the indigo, &c, used by washerwomen. bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, flattened front; rising steeply or boldly; broad and full; rough and hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high steep bank: a cliff or headland with a broad steep face: v.t. to deceive, or gain an advantage over, an oppo- nent in the game of poker, by in- ducing the other players to suppose one's hand is more valuable than it is in reality: hence to frighten by an assumed possession of strength or knowledge. bluffer (bluf-fer), n. one who tries to frighten another by a pretension to power or strength which he has not. bluffily (-li), adv. in a blunt, out- spoken, or off-hand manner. bluffy (bluf'i), adj. having bold steep banks, or headlands. bluish (blu'ish), adj. somewhat blue. blunder m (blun'der), v.i. to make a gross mistake; err stupidly; to move or act clumsily: n. a gross or stupid mistake. blunderbuss (blun'der-bus), n. a short gun or firearm with a large bore, now obsolete. blunderingly (blun'der-ing-li), adv. in a blundering manner. blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or rounded edge or point; not sharp; dull in understanding; abrupt in address; plain-spoken: n. money, especially silver money: v.t. to dull the edge ov point of, by making it thicker; impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of. bluntish (blunt'ish), adj. somewhat blunt. blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, p.pr. blurring], to dim; sully; stain; blemish: n. a smudge; a moral stain or blemish; a dim confused appear- ance. blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually with out]. blush (blush), v.i. to become red in the face, as from shame or confus- ion; bloom; feel shame (for): n. the suffusion of the cheeks or face with a red color, through shame, confusion, modesty, &c; a red or reddish color; a rosy tint. blushful (blush'fool), adj. full of blushes. Hushfully (-li), adv. in a modest, blushing manner. bluster (blus'ter), v.i. to be windy and boisterous, as the weather; talk in a noisy, swaggering style; bully; use empty threats: v.t. to utter with noisy violence [with forth or out]: n. the noise and violence of a storm, or of the wind in impotent gusts; noisy talk; empty menace; swagger. blusterous (blus'ter-us), blustrous ('trus), or blustery ('ter-i), adj. noisy; tumultuous; rough. boa (bo'a), n. [pi. boas ('az) ], a huge serpent of South America; a long fur tippet. boa-constrictor (b5'a-kon-strik- ter), n. a reptile remarkable for its length and power of destroying its prey by constriction. boar (bor), n. the male of swine; the wild hog, or wild boar. board (bord), n. a piece of timber ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. BOARDING 135 BODILY sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth compared with the thickness; a table for food; pro- vision; entertainment; a council or court; a number of persons elected to the management of some public or private office or trust; a table or frame on which games are played; a thick stiff kind of paper; one of the two stiff covers of a book: pi. the stage of a theater; the side, deck, or interior part of a ship or boat; the line over which a ship runs be- tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover with boards; place at a board; fur- nish with food, or food and lodging, for a compensation; go on board of; enter a ship by force : v.i. to be sup- plied with meals, or obtain food and lodging, at a fixed charge. boarding (bord'ing), n. light timber collectively; a covering of boards; the act of supplying, or state of be- ing supplied with, food and lodging for a stipulated sum; the act of en- tering a ship. boarish (bor'ish), adj. swinish; bru- tal; cruel. boast (bost), v.i. to brag; to speak of one's self or belongings in asser- tive and bombastic terms; vaunt; exult: v.t. to brag of: n. proud, vainglorious speech; a cause _ of boasting; occasion of pride, vanity, or laudable exultation; a stroke, in tennis, driving the ball at an acute angle against the court wall. boast (bost), v.t. to dress (stone) with a broad chisel and mallet; to dress (a block) in outline for a statue, &c, prior to more detailed or delicate work. boastful (bost 'fool), adj. given to boastfully (-li), adv. in a boastful manner. boat (bot), n. a small open vessel usually moved by oars but often by a sail; a ship; an open dish resem- bling a boat in shape: v.t.^ to trans- port in a boat: v.i. to go in a boat; row: sail. boatswain (bot'swan, usually bo'sn), n. a petty officer of a ship who has charge of the rigging, anchors, cables, and cordage, and who sum- mons the crew to their duty. bob (bob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bobbed, p.pr. bobbing,] to impart a short jerking motion to; to cut short: v.i. to have a short jerking motion; move or play to and fro, or up and down; to angle with a bob: n. any small round object playing loosely at the end of a cord, chain, &c; a pendant; an ear-drop; the weight at the end of a pendulum, plumb-line, &c; a knot of worms or rags on a string, used in angling for eels. bobbin (bob 'in), n. one of the pins or small cylinders of wood used to carry and steady the threads in pil- low-lace making; a spool or reel with a head at one or both ends, used to hold yarn or thread for spinning, weaving, or sewing; a ma- chine-made cotton netting or lace, in imitation of pillow-lace; bobbinet. bobolink (bob'o-lingk), n. an Amer- ican song-bird. Called also ricebird, reedbird, boblincoln. bob-stay (bob'sta), n. one of two or more ropes or chains to hold the bowsprit down toward the stem or cut-water. bobtail (bob'tal), n. a short; tail or a tail cut short; the rabble (rag-tag and bobtail). bobtail (bob'tal), adj. having the tail cut short. boche (bosh), n. a French term of contempt for Germans. bock-beer (bok'ber), n. a variety of lager beer of double strength. boco-wood (bo'ko-wood) , n. the hard dark-colored wood of a tree of Gui- ana, extensively used for furniture, turnery, &c. bode (bod), v.t. to portend; be an omen of: v.i. to augur; presage. bodice (bod'is), n. the close-fitting waist or body of a woman's dress. bodily (bod'i-li), adj. not mental; corporeal: adv. corporeally; entirely. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. J BODING 136 BOLAS boding (bod'ing), n. an omen; pre- sentiment; adj. foreboding; ominous. bodkin (bod'kin), n. a pointed in- strument for piercing holes; a blunt needle for drawing tape, ribbon, &c, through a hem or loop; a long pin or stiletto to fasten up the hair; an awl-like printer's tool. body (bod'i), ' n. [pi. bodies ('iz)J, the material organized substance of an animal, as distinguished from the soul, spirit, or vital principle; the trunk, or main portion, of an ani- mal or tree; the main or principal part of anything; a person; a num- ber of individuals united by some common tie; a corporation; a united mass; a general collection; any solid geometrical figure; a material thing; a certain consistency or den- sity; substance; strength, as wine, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bodied; p.pr. bodying], to furnish with a body; embody; produce in definite shape. body-blow (bod'i-blo), n. a term in prize-fighting, meaning a blow struck between the neck and the belt. body-color (bod'i-ku-er), n. a pig- ment possessing body or consistence, as distinguished from a transparent wash-tint. body politic (bod'i pol'i-tik), n. the collective body of people living under an organized political government. body-snatcher (bod'i-snatch-er), n. one who removes bodies from graves to sell them for dissection; resur- rectionist. Boeotian (be-o'shan), adj. pertaining to Bceotia in central Greece, noted for its moist and heavy atmosphere; dull; stupid. Boer (boor), n. a Dutch colonist of South Africa engaged in farming or cattle breeding. bog (bog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bogged, p. pr. bogging], to sink or submerge in a bog or quagmire: v.i. tc sink or stick in a bog: n. a tract of wet, spongy ground, composed of de- cayed and decaying vegetable mat- ter; a quagmire; marsh; morass. bogey or bogy (bo'gi), n. [pi. bogeys, bogies Cgiz)], a hobgoblin; a spectre. boggle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate; waver; equivocate; act clumsily; bungle: v.t. to make a bungle of; embarrass: n. the act of hesitating or taking alarm; a bungle; botch. boggy (bog'i), adj. full of bogs; marshy. bogie or bogey (bo'gi), n. a four- wheeled truck supporting the front of a locomotive, or each end of a carriage, and turning beneath it by a central pivot. bogus (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; spurious. bohea (bo-he'), n. a kind of black tea. Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an), n. a person who disregards social conventionali- ties, or evinces a wild or roving disposition; a gipsy. Bohemian glass (bo-he'-mi-an glas), n. a glass made in Bohemia, Austria, noted for its beautiful ornamenta- tion and hardness. Bohemianism (bo-he'mi-an-izm), n. the life or habits of a person who by natural inclination leads a free and easy unconventional existence. boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of ebullition through m the action m of heat; seethe; be agitated or excited by passion or anger; be subjected to the action of boiling water: v.t. to heat to the boiling point; cause to bubble by heat; collect from, or separate, by boiling; subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. boil (boil), n. an inflamed and pain- ful suppurating tumor. boiler (boil'er), n. one who boils; a vessel in which anything is boiled; a strong metallic vessel, in which steam is generated for driving en- gines or for other purposes. boisterous (bois'ter-us), adj. violent; rough; stormy; turbulent; noisy. bolas _ (bo'las), n. sing, or 'pi. a hunt- ing implement consisting of two or more balls of iron or stone attached to the ends of a leather cord, used by the Gauchos and Indians of Southern and Western America. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOLD 137 BOMBAZINE bold (bold), adj. courageous; ven- cline to support (a party nomina- turesome; planned or executed with tion): v.i. to shoot forth suddenly; courage and spirit; forward; rude; depart with suddenness; start and impudent; over-stepping con ven- run off. tional rules; striking to the eye; bolt (bolt), v.t. to sift or separate the steep; abrupt; prominent. coarser from the finer particles; bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem of a nence to examine with care; sep- tree; a general term for friable arate. clayey shale or clay, usually colored bolt-rope (bolt rop), n. a rope to by oxide or iron. which the edges of sails are sewed. bolero (bo-1^5), n. a lively Spanish b ^S\^W ttk dance; the music accompanying such rounded m ^ krger ^ an Qrdi _ a aance. nary pin> to be swa n owed at once; bolide (bond), n. a large meteor hence anything disagreeable which which explodes on coming into con- must be accepted, tact with the air. bomb (bom or bum), n. a hollow iron boll (bol), n. the pod or capsule of a ball or shell filled with an explosive plant, as of flax: v.i. to form into a material, fired from a mortar and boll or seed-vessel; go to seed (Ex. usually exploded by a fuse; any mis- ix. 31). sile similarly constructed and thrown bollard (bol'ard), n. a strong post of by the hand. wood or iron for securing hawsers. bomb-ketch (bom'ketch), n. a strong- bolo (bo'lo), n. a large knife, used in ly-built vessel, on which one or the Philippines as a war weapon. more mortars are mounted for use , , /i- i_/„ + ~n> „ • in a naval bombardment. stTmenl or metsu^g ^ ? nute bomWd (bom-bard'), v.t. to attack Si of radknt Tat with cannon : fire shot or she11 at or proletariat political party of Russia. ^n-commUn^officer ^of""^ bolster (bol'ster), n. a long pillow or Royal Artillery. cushion used to support the head; a bombardment (bom-bard'ment), n. pad to ease pressure; a compress; a a continuous attack with shot and cushioned or padded part of a sad- 8 h e ll: the act of shelling a town or die: v.t. to support with a pillow or f or t. cushion; prop; maintain; or sup- bombardon (bom-bar'dun), or bom- port [usually with up J. bardone (-d5'ne), n. a large-sized bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow musical instrument of the trumpet with a blunt head; a thunderbolt; a class. stout metallic pin or rod used for hold- bombast (bom'bast), n. originally ing objects together; the portion of cotton or other soft material used a lock shot or withdrawn by the for stuffing garments: hence, high- key; a roll or length of certain tex- sounding words; inflated language tile fabrics; a refusal to support a or style; fustian, nomination made by one's party, or bombastically (-li), adv. in an in- withdrawal from one's party: adv. flated manner or style, straight; suddenly: v.t. to shoot; bombazet or bombazette (bom-ba- discharge; start or spring; fasten zet'), n. a sort of thin woolen cloth, or secure with a bolt; blurt out; either plain or twilled, swallow hurriedly or without chew- bombazine (bom- or bum-ba-zen), ing; secede from (a party) or de- n. a twilled fabric, of which the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note- north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, them* BOMBSHELL 138 BOOK warp is silk and the weft worsted, fooniface (bon'i-fas), n. an inn- Written also bombasine, bombasin, keeper. and bombazeen. bon-marche (bong-mar-sha'), good bombshell. Same as bomb. market. bona fide (b5'na fi'de), genuine. bonne (bon), n. a French nurse. bona fides (bo 'na fid' ez), good faith; bonnet (bon'et), n. a soft woolen honorable dealing. cap worn by men in Scotland; a bonanza (bo-nan'za), n. a rich vein woman's head-covering, varying ac- of ore: hence, anything which is a cording to fashion, but distinguished mine of wealth. from a hat by having no brim ; any- bonbon (bong'bong), n. a sugar- thing resembling a bonnet in shape plum; any confection of sugar; a or use: v.t. to crush the bonnet or Christmas cracker. hat over the eyes of. bond (bond), n. anything that binds, bonny (bon'ni), adj. handsome; beau- fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. tiful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written fetters; imprisonment; captivity: also bonnie. hence a cause of union; duty; obli- bonspiel (bon'spel), n. in Scotland, gation; an instrument under seal by a curling match between players of which a person binds himself, his different clubs. heirs, &c, to do, or abstain from bon-ton (bong-t6ng'), n. the style of doing, a certain act; a promise to persons in high life; good breeding; pay a certain sum on or before a fashionable society; height of fash- specified date; a certificate, bearing ion. interest, issued by a government, a bonus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses (-ez)], corporation, or company, for the a sum given, or paid, over and purpose of borrowing money; a unit above what is required, or actu- of combining power equivalent to ally payable; an additional dividend one atom of hydrogen : v.t. to put in out of accumulated profits; a sum bond or into a bonded warehouse, as paid in addition to regular pay or dutiable goods, the duties remaining wages. unpaid till the goods are taken out, boo (boo), inter j. an expression of but bonds being given for their pay- aversion or contempt: n. hooting: ment: adj. in a state of servitude or v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t. to slavery; captive. _ hoot at. bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid forming the skeleton of most verte- fellow; a species of gannet, a West brate animals; one of the parts or Indian bird, pieces of an animal skeleton; some- booby ish (-ish), adj. stupid; silly, thing made of bone; pieces of bone boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for held between the fingers and rattled votes, or undue political influence; together as an accompaniment to bribe money. music: v.t. to remove^ the bones boodler (bood'ler), n. one who gives from; put whalebone into; steal; or accepts a bribe, appropriate; slang, one dollar. boo-hoo (boo-hoo'), v.i. to cry noisily, bone-black (bon'blak), n. animal like a baby. charcoal. book (book), n. a collection of sheets bonfire (bon'fir), n. any large fire of paper and other material, blank, made in the open air to celebrate an written, or printed, bound together; event, or consume rubbish. a volume; a treatise; a division, sec- bonhomie (bon-o-me'), n. goodheart- tion, or part of a literary composi- edness; a frank good-natured man- tion; a register or record: v.t. to ner. enter or register in a book; record; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOOKKEEPING 139 BORA to secure or engage beforehand by registry or payment. bookkeeping (book'kep-ing), n. the art of recording pecuniary or busi- ness transactions in a regular and systematic manner. bookmaker (book'mak-er), n. one who writes and publishes books; a compiler; one who bets against the success of a horse in a race, and en- ters his transactions in a book; a professional betting man. bookman (book'man), n. a studious man; a scholar. hookmuslin (book'muz-lin), n. a fine kind of transparent muslin. bookname (book'nam), n. the name of a plant or animal in use only in text-books. bookworm (book Verm), n. the larva or grub of various species of insects which infest and injure books; a person closely addicted to study. booking-office (book'ing-of'fis), n. in England, an office where tickets . are sold, for railway or steamship traveling, or for seats in a theater. bookish (book'ish), adj. given to reading; fond of study; better ac- quainted with books than with men; pedantic. booklet (book'let), n. a little book. boom (boom), n. a long pole or spar run out to extend the foot of certain sails; a strong chain, cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or harbor to exclude an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow sound; a sudden demand for a com- modity; a rapid rise in price; a sudden burst of popular favor: v.i. to make a deep, hollow, reverberat- ing sound; to go off with a rush: v.t. to push with energy. boomer (boom'er), n. one who starts or promotes a boom: the Australian name for the male of the great kan- garoo. boomerang (boom'e-rang), n. a mis- sile weapon used by the Australian aborigines, consisting of a piece of flat curved hard wood, which, when thrown by the hand in a certain manner, describes a series of curves, and finally returns to the thrower, striking the ground behind him; hence any action which may recoil on its projector. boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor; adj. gay; kind; jovial; merry, con- vivial. boon (boon), n. the refuse woody matter of flax from which the fiber has been dressed. boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peasant; a South African colonist of Dutch descent; a rude, ill-mannered, clownish person. boorish (boor'ish), adj. like a boor; clownish; awkward in manner; il- literate. boose. See booze. boost (boost), v.t. to lift by pushing from behind: n. a lift from behind. boot (boot), n. profit; that which is thrown in as an inducement to a bargain, or to make an exchange equal. boot (boot), v.t. to profit; advantage; avail [usually with it). boot (boot), n. a leather covering for the feet and the lower part of the leg; an old instrument of torture; a receptacle for luggage at either end of a coach; a driving apron of leather or rubber-cloth: v.t to put boots on; kick with the boots. booth (booth), n. a temporary struc- ture made of boards, canvas, &c. bootless ('les), adv. without advan- tage. boots (boots), n. the servant in a hotel who cleans the boots of the guests. boot-tree (boot'tre), n. a wooden form, placed in boots or shoes to keep their shape. booty (boo'ti), n. pi. [booties ('tiz)] spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. booze or boose (booz), v.i, to drink immoderately; tipple: to. liquor; drink; a carouse; spree. bora (bo'ra), n. a fierce, dry N.E. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BORACIC 140 BOSS wind which blows on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea. boracic (bo-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to, or produced from, borax. boracic acid (as'id), n. a compound of boron with oxygen and hydrogen. borax (bo'raks), n. a salt compounded of boracic acid and soda, used as a flux in soldering metals, and in the manufacture of glass, enamel, artificial gems, &c. bord (bord), n. the face of coal paral- lel to the natural fissures. bordage (bord'aj), n. planking of a ship's side; the servile tenure by which a villein of the lowest rank held his cottage. Bordeaux (bor-do'), n. red and white wines produced in the district of Bordeaux, France. border (bSr'der), n. the outer part or edge of anything; a margin; brink; boundary; frontier; a nar- row flower bed: v.t. to make a bor- der about, or to adorn with a bor- der; adjoin: v.i. to touch at the edge or boundary [with on or upon]. border-land (bor'der-land), n. land forming a border or frontier; an uncertain or debatable district. bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill a hole in; form by piercing or drill- > ing; to force (as a passage) with effort; weary by tedious repetition, or by dullness; annoy: v.i. to pierce or penetrate by boring, &c; push forward toward a certain point: n. a hole made by boring; the caliber or internal diameter of a hole; a person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; anything which causes ennui. bore (bor), n. a tidal wave which breaks in the estuaries of some riv- ers, and, being impeded by the narrowing channel, rises in a watery ridge and courses along with great force and noise. bore, p.t. of bear. borean (bo're-an) or boreal (-al), adj. northern; pertaining to the North, or to the North wind. borecole (bor'kol), n. a variety of kale. boredom (bor'dum), n. ennui; the realm of bores; bores collectively. boride (bo'rld), n. a compound of boron with a metallic base. born (born), p. adj. innate; inherited. born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth. borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. bornite (born 'It), n. a valuable ore of copper. boroglyceride (bo-ro-glis'e-rid), n. an antiseptic containing boric acid, glycerine, &c. boron (bo'ron), n. a non-metallic ele- ment occurring abundantly in borax. borough (bur'o),w.a corporate town. borough, English (ing'lish), n. a custom existent in some parts of England, by which an estate descends to the youngest son in- stead of the eldest, or, if there is no son, to the youngest brother. borrow (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; copy. bort (bort), n. imperfect or inferior diamonds used for polishing other stones. ' boscage or boskage (bos'kaj), n. ground covered with trees and shrubs; woods; thickets; a wooded landscape. bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; utter nonsense: inter j. humbug! bosket (bos'ket),w.a grove; a thicket. bosky (bos'ki), adj. woody; bushy. bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; clothing covering the breast; the affections or passions; something likened to a bosom, as a sustaining surface, inmost recess, &c: adj. pertaining to the bosom; intimate; cherished; beloved; worn on the bosom: v.t. to place or harbor in the bosom; cherish; conceal. boss (bos), n [pi. bosses ('ez) ], a protuberant part; a stud or knob; an ornamental projection of a ceil- ing: v.t. to ornament with studs or knobs. boss (b6s), n. a master superintend- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOSSISM 141 BOULE entj foreman; leader: adj. chief; most highly esteemed: v.t. to direct; manage. bossism (bos'izm), n. a political term indicating the rule of a boss; gener- ally used in a bad sense. botanic (bo-tan'ik)^ or botanical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to botany. botanically (-li), adv. from a bota- nist's point of view; according to a system of botany. botanist (bot'a-nist), n. one who studies or is skilled in a knowledge of plants. botanize (bot'a-niz), v.i. to seek af- ter plants for the purpose of study- ing them: v.t. to explore botanically. botany (bot'a-ni), n. the science which treats of plants. botch (boch), n. a swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection. botch (boch), v.t. to mend or patch in a clumsy manner; put together unskilfully: n. a clumsy patch; bad work. botchy (boch'i), adj. marked with botches. both (both), adj. & pron. the one and the other; the two; the pair, without excepting either: adv. & conj. as. bother (bof/i'er), v.t. to annoy; tease; worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble one's self; be troublesome: n. worry; annoyance; one who, or that which, bothers. botheration (bo^A-er-a/shun) , n. the act of bothering, or state of being bothered. bothersome (bo£/i'er-sum), adj. trou- blesome. bots (bots), n.pl. the larvae of several species of gadfly, which infest horses, oxen, sheep, &c. bottle (bot'l), n. a hollow vessel, us- ually with a narrow neck, made of glass or earthenware, for holding liquids; the contents of a bottle: v.t. to put into bottles; a quantity of hay or grass bundled up. bottle-holder (bot'l-hold'er), n. one who waits upon a pugilist in a prize- fight, administering refreshment, &c; a backer; a second. bottle-nose (bot'1-noz), n. a name given to several species of cetaceans having bottle-shaped noses. bottom (bot'um), n. the deepest part of anything; the base; foundation; root; the ground under any body of water; the buttocks; the seat of a chair; low land formed by alluvial deposits; a river; a valley; a dale; a ship; stamina: adj. lowest; un- dermost: v.t. to found or build upon; furnish with a bottom; fath- om; get to the bottom of: v.i. to rest; be base or grounded. bottom-lands ^ (bot'um-lanz), n.pl. rich flat alluvial soil on the river banks of the Western States. bottomry (bot'um-ri), n. the act of borrowing money on the security of a ship. bouche or bouch (boosh), v.t. to drill a new mouth or vent in. boudoir (boo'dwar), n. a small room, elegantly furnished for a lady's pri- vate use. bouffe (boof), n. opera-bouff e ; comic opera. bough (bou), n. an arm or branch of a tree. bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. bougie (boo-zhe'), n. a wax taper or candle; a slender flexible tube for insertion in the urethra, rectum, &c, in cases of stricture. bouilli (boo'lye, French boo-ye'), n. meat boiled or stewed with vege- tables. bouillon (boo'lyon, French boo-yong') n. a clear soup produced from boiled meat. boulangerite (boo-lan'Jer-it), n. a sulphide of antimony and lead; blu- ish white and lustrous. boulder (bol'der), n. a large stone worn or rounded by the action cf water; a portion of rock which has been transported to some distance from its native bed. boule (boo'le), n. the higher popular assembly of ancient Athens; the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. BOULEVARD 142 BOWDLERIZE modern Greek legislative assembly. boulevard (boo'le-vard), n. a broad street, planted with trees. bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to bound; to eject summarily; to bully: v.i. to strike against anything so as to rebound; leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; boast or blus- ter: n, a sudden bound or spring; a heavy sudden thrust or thump; a boast; brag; an impudent he: adv. with a spring; suddenly. bound (bound), n. a limit; confine: extent; boundary: pi. territory with- in certain boundaries: v.t. to serve as a limit to; circumscribe. bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring suddenly or in succession; leap; re- bound: n. a leap; spring; jump; rebound. bound, pi. & p.p. of bind. bound (bound), adj. ready to go; destined. boundary (bound'a-ri), n. [pi. bound- aries (-riz) ], the extent or limit of anything. bounder (bound'er), n. an ill-bred fellow. bounteous (boun'te-us), adj. giving freely; liberal in gifts; munificent. bountiful (boun'ti-fool), adj. liberal in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- ous; ample. bountifully (-li), adv. in a liberal manner. bounty (boun'ti), n. [pi. bounties ('tiz) ], liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; generosity; munificence; a premium offered by a government to induce men to enlist in the army or navy, or to encourage some branch of industry. bouquet (boo-ka/), n. a nosegay; a perfume or aroma characteristic of some wines. bouquetier (boo-ke-ter'), n. a bou- quet-holder. bourdon (boor'don), n. the bass drone of the bagpipe; a bass stop of an organ. bourgeois (boor-zhwa/), n. a French citizen of the mercantile class; a shopkeeper; a size of type between long primer and brevier (ber-jois') (see type) : adj. of or pertaining to the mercantile or middle class. bourgeoisie (boor-zhwa-ze'), n. the French middle classes; the middle class connected with the trade of any country. bourn (boom), n. a stream; a rivu- let; a bound; destination; goal. bourree (boor-ra/), a composition of a lively character, allied to the gavotte. bourse (boors), n. a stock exchange for the transaction of business, es- pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- change of Paris. bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a going and returning; as much as is performed at one time; a trial; essay; round; contest. boutonniere (boo-ton-nyar'), n. a bouquet worn in the button-hole. _ bovine (bo'vin), adj. of, or pertain- ing to, oxen; resembling or possess- ing the characteristics of an ox or cow; stolid; dull. bow (bou), n. the forepart or prow of a ship. bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make curved or crooked; bend or incline, as the head or body in token of respect; subdue: v.i. to make a bow: n. an inclination of the head or bending of the body, as a salute, or in token of reverence, respect, assent, or sub- mission. bow (bo), n. a weapon for discharg- ing arrows; anything curved; an implement with which instruments of the violin kind are played; an elastic stick with its ends connected by string, used for turning a drill, &c; a looped ornamental knot of ribbon or other material: v.t. to bend or curve like a bow; play with a bow: v.i. become bent or curved. bow-net (bo'net), n. a conical basket for trapping lobsters and crayfish. bow-saw (bo 'saw), n. a saw for cutting curves. bowdlerize (bodler-iz) , v.t. to ex- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOWEL 143 BOYISH purgate, as an editor, everything deemed offensive or indelicate. bowel (bou'el), n. one of the intes- tines of an animal; a gut [generally in the pi.]: pi. the interior part of anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor. vi. 12). bower (bou'er), n. a shelter con- structed of boughs or twining plants; an arbor. bower (bou'er), n. anchor carried at the bow of a ship; one of the two highest cards in euchre, or the second and third highest (when the joker is used). < bowery (bou'er-i), adj. like a bower; shady. bowery (bou'er-i), n. [pL boweries (-iz)J, a country retreat; farm. Bowery (bou'er-i), n. a street in New York City, derived from a Dutch word meaning farm. bowie-knife (bo'e-nlf), n. a sheath- knife formerly used in the United States as a weapon. bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow ves- sel for holding liquids; a large drinking cup; the hollow or concave part of anything. bowl (bol), n, a ball of wood used in the games of bowls, and skittles : pi, a game played with bowls: v.i. to play with bowls; roll a bowl or a cricket ball; move rapidly and smoothly like a ball: v.t. to roll, as a bowl or ball. bowline (bo'lin), n. a rope fastened near the middle of a square-sail, to keep the ship near the wind. bowling alley (bo'hng al-i), n. a specially prepared court or "alley" for the game of bowls. bowse (bouz), v.i. to pull or haul hard. bowsprit (bo'sprit), n. a large boom or spar running out from the stem of a ship or other vessel to carry- its sails forward. bowstring (bo 'string), n. string of a bow; string used by the Turks for strangling offenders: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bowstrung, p.pr. bowstringing], to strangle with a bowstring. box (boks), n. an evergreen shrub or small tree, yielding a hard close- grained wood: adj. of box, or re- sembling a box-tree. box (boks), n. [pi. boxes ('ez)], a case or receptacle for holding anything; the quantity a box contains; the driver's seat on a carriage; a com- partment in a theater or other pub- lic place; a Christmas present; a place of shelter for a man on duty: a small country house used by sports- men; a # cylindrical hollow iron in a wheel, in which the axle runs; a case to protect mechanism from injury: v.t. to enclose in a box; con- fine; boxhaul. box (boks), n. a blow on the head with the fist, or on the ear with the open hand: v.t. to strike with the fist or hand: v.i. to fight with the fists. boxhaul (boks'hawl), v.t. to veer a ship round instead of tacking. boxiana (bok-si-an'a or -a'na), n.pJ. the literature of prize-fighting. boxing-glove (boks'ing-gluv), n. a padded glove. boxmetal (boks'met-al), n. an an- tifriction alloy used for journal- boxes, shafting, &c. boy (boi), n. a male child; a young lad; sometimes used for a man„ boy (boi), n. a palanquin bearer. boyar (boi'ar), n. a Russian landed proprietor; the name of the Con- servative party in Rumania. boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine against a person so as to ostracize socially, and prevent or hinder tho conduct of his business or profes- sion, as a means of punishment or intimidation: n. the act or state of boycotting; a combination for such a purpose. boycottee (boi-kot-e'), n. a boycotted person. boyer (boi'er), n. a Flemish sloop with a raised structure at each end. boyhood (boi'hood), n. the state of being a boy. boyish (boi'ish), adj. pertaining to a boy or boyhood; childish; puerile. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BOY-SCOUT 144 BRAIN-STORM boy-scout (boi-skout), n. one of an organization for the physical and moral development of boys. brace (bras), n. that which holds anything tightly, or supports it firm- ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair; a curve connecting two or more lines: Tit- ) thus gj, g j ; a curved instrument for holding and turning boring tools; a rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is swung from the deck: a timber or scantling to strengthen the frame- work of a building: pi. the leathern bands clasping the cords at the side of a drum; shoulder-straps to sup- port the trowsers: v.t. to bind or tie closely; strain up; strengthen; furnish with supports. brace-drill (bras'dril), ft. a drill for boring metals. bracelet (bras'let), ft. an ornamental band or ring for the wrist. brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the arm. brachiate (bra'ki- or brak'i-at), adj. having branches in pairs, nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next. bracken (brak'en), n. the brake fern. bracket (brak'et), ft. a supporting piece projecting from a wall; a single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, &c; one of two marks [], used to enclose a word or note, or to indi- cate an interpolation; a brace: v.t. to furnish with or enclose within brackets; connect by brackets; couple together. brackish (brak'ish), adj. saltish. bract (brackt), ft. a modified leaf growing from the flower stem, or enveloping a head offlowers. bracteate (brak'te-at), adj. fur- nished with bracts; made of thin beaten metal. bracteolate (brak'te-o-lat), adj. furnished with bracteoles. bracteole (brak'te-ol), n. a small bract. brad (brad), ft. a slender flat nail> having a projection on one side: v.t- [p.t. & p.p. bradded, p.pr. bradding], to nail or secure with brads. brae (bra), ft. a hillside; sloping ground. brag (brag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bragged, p.pr. bragging], to boast; speak vaingloriously: ft. a boast; a thing to boast of; ostentatious pretense; a game of cards. braggadocio (brag-a-do'shio), ft. a boaster; a braggart; empty boasting. braggart (brag'art), ft. a boaster; a vain fellow: adj. boastful. bragger (brag'er), ft. one who brags. brahma (bra/ma), ft. a useful varie- ty of large domestic fowl. Brahma (bra/ma), ft. the chief god of Brahminism, worshipped by the Brahmins. Brahmin (bra'min) ft. [pi. Brahmins (-minz)], a member of the Hindu priestly caste. Brahminee (bra'min-e), ft. a female Brahmin. Brahminism (bra'min-izm), ft. the religion or doctrines of the Brah-v mins. Brahminist (bra'min-ist), ft. an ad- herent of Brahminism. braid (brad), v.t. to weave or inter- twine; plait in. a plaited band or fillet. braidism (bra'dizm), n. hypnotism. brail (bral), n.pl. certain ropes used to gather up the foot and leeches of a sail prior to furling: v.t. to haul in by the brails [usually with up}. braille (bral), ft. a system of printing for the blind, by means of raised characters. brain (bran), ft. the soft whitish con- voluted mass occupying the cranium of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- ter of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition; the understanding; intellectual pow- er: v.t. dash out the brains of. brain-storm (bran'storm), ft. a tem- porary abnormal condition ^ of the brain, presumably causing insanity while existing. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRAIN-WAVE 145 BRAT train-wave (bran'wav), n. a tele- pathic vibration by which it is sup- posed a thought is conveyed from one mind to another. brainy (bran'i), adj. possessed o f brains; acute; sharp witted. braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as meat) in a covered vessel: n. braised meat. brait (brat), n. a rough diamond. brake (brak), n. an instrument or machine to break flax; the handle of a pump; a baker's kneading trough; a sharp bit or snaffle; a frame for confining refractory horses while shoeing; a heavy vehicle without a body, for breaking in young horses to harness; a kind of wagonette; a heavy harrow for breaking clods; a mechanical device for checking the motion of a vehicle or machine; a brake van. brake (brak), n. a place overgrown with bracken, brushwood, &c: the common fern. brake-shoe (brak'shoo), n. that part of a brake which presses against the wheel. braky (brak'i), adj. full of bracken, brushwood, &c; rough; thorny. bramble (bram'bl), n. the English blackberry; any prickly bush or shrub. brambly (bram'bli), adj. full of brambles. bran (bran), n. the husks of wheat, rye, &c, separated from the flour by bolting. branch (branch), n. [pi. branches ('ez)l, a shoot or limb from a main bough; an off-shoot; any member or part of a body or system ;_ a depart- ment; a section or subdivision; > any part of a family descending in a collateral line: adj. deviating from the trunk or main body: v.i. to ramify; diverge; spread diffusely [with out]: v.t. to divide. branchiae (brang'ki-e), n.pl. the res- piratory organs of fishes and some amphibia; gills. branchial (brang'ki-al), adj. per- taining to the branchiae or gills. branchiate (brang'ki-at), adj. having permanent gills. branchlet (branch'let), n. a little branch. branchy (bran'chi), adj. full of branches. brand (brand), n. a burning piece of wood, any form of trade-mark: hence, quality or kind; a stigma or mark of infamy; a fungoid disease of plants. brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. brandling (brandling), n. a, salmon of the first year; a small red worm used for bait by fresh-water anglers. brandy (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies ('diz)j, an ardent alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or the husks of grapes. brand-new (brand'nu) , adj. quite new. branny (bran'i), adj. having the ap- pearance of bran; consisting chiefly of bran. brant. Same as brant-goose. brant-fox (brant'foks), n. a variety of fox found in Sweden. Called also brent-fox. brant-goose _ (brant 'goos), n. the smallest species of the wild goose. brash (brash), adj. brittle, as wood. brash (brash), n. a rash or eruption; broken, loose, and angular fragments of rock underlying alluvial deposits: small broken pieces of ice. brasque (brask), n. a paste used for lining crucibles, &c; v.t. to line with brasque. brass (bras), n. [pi. brasses ('ez)], an alloy of copper and zinc ; a uten- sil, ornament, or other article made of brass; a monumental tablet of brass; money; impudence: pi. the brass instruments of a band: v.t. to cover with brass. brassard (bras'sard), n. an emblem denoting some particular distinction. brassie (bras'i), n. a stick or club used in the game of golf. brassy (bras'i), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, brass; impudent, brazen. brat (brat), n. sl child [used con- temptuously!. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRATTICE 146 BREAK brattice ; (brat'is), n. a partition or separation-wall in a level or shaft to form an air passage: v.t. to divide by a brattice. bratticing (brat'is-ing), n. ornamental open-work cresting; rich open work in metal; a brattice; a boarded pro- tection against machinery. bravado (bra-va/do), n. [pi. brava- dos & -does ('doz)], arrogant men- ace; defiance. brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; intrepid; making a fine show: n. an Indian warrior; one indiscreetly bold: v.t. to encounter with courage and fortitude; defy. bravery (bra'ver-i), n. the quality of being brave; fearlessness; mag- nificence. bravo (bra/vo), inter j. well done! good! n. a cheer. bravo (bra/vo), n. [pi. bravos or -voes (Voz)], a daring villain; a bandit; an assassin. bravura (bra-voo'ra), n. an air of florid, brilliant style, adapted to dis- play the skill of the performer, or the range and flexibility of a sing- er's voice: adj. brilliant, florid; per- taining to a bravura. brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily and outrageously; make a noise as of water rushing over a rocky or pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an uproar; a row. brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- cially when prepared by collaring, boiling, and pickling; muscular strength. brawniness (-nes), n. hardness; strength. brawny (braw'ni), adj. muscular; tough. braxy (brak'si), n. a name given to a variety of diseases of sheep; a diseased sheep, or its mutton: adj. affected with braxy. bray (bra), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of an ass. braze (braz), v.t. to solder with brass* cover or ornament with brass. brazen (bra'zn), adj. made of brass; pertaining to brass; impenetrable; impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry off or behave with insolence or ef- frontery. Brazen Age (aj), n. the age that succeeded to the Silver Age, charac- terized by violence. brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan for burning charcoal. brazil-nut (bra-zil'nut), n. the seed of a palm of tropical America. Brazil-wood (bra-zil'wood), n. a very heavy wood of a red color from Brazil, used for dyeing red. braziletto (braz-i-let'd), n. an in- ferior sort m of brazil-wood brought from Jamaica. Brazilian pebbles (peb'lz), n.pl. lenses made from rock crystal from Brazil. brazilin (braz'i-lin), n. the coloring substance extracted from brazil- wood. breach (brech), n. the act of break- ing • the violation of a law, contract, or any other engagement; a gap; a difference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to make an opening in. bread (bred), n. food made from ground grain; food in general. bread-fruit (-froot), n. the fruit of a tree growing in the Pacific Islands, which, when roasted, is eaten as bread. bread-stuff (-stuf), n. bread-corn; flour; meal from which bread is made. breadth (bredth), n. the measure of any surface from side to side; free- dom from narrowness; broad effect. break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. broken, p.pr. breaking], to sepa- rate with violence; interrupt; frac- ture; weaken or destroy; disperse; violate; make bankrupt; make a first disclosure of; dismiss, cashier, or reduce to the ranks; tame or subdue: n. a breach; rupture; an interruption; change of direction; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. BREAKAGE 147 BREVE a first appearance; a pause; an opening in the circuit causing in- terruption to an electric current; a twist of the ball in cricket; a play- er's turn in billiards; the number of points scored successively; altera- tion of the male voice at puberty; a sudden fall in prices. breakage (bra/kaj), n. the act of breaking; allowance for accidental fracture. breakdown (brak'doun), n. a col- lapse; failure; downfall, as of a carriage; a lively, noisy dance. breaker (bra/ker), n. one who, or that which, breaks; a machine to crush rocks, &c; a wave broken against the shore, or a rock [usually in the pi.]; a small water cask; a trainer of horses, &c. breakfast (brek'fast), n. the first meal in the day: v.t. to provide with or entertain at breakfast: v.i. to eat breakfast. breakneck (brak'nek), adj. excessive- ly speedy; endangering one's neck by haste. breakwater ('waw-ter), n. any struc- ture to break the force of the waves. bream (brem), n. a broad-shaped fresh-water fish of the carp family; v.t. to clear of shells, seaweed. &c, by fire. breast (brest), n. the fore part of the body between the neck and the ab- domen; one of the organs in wom- en, and some other mammalia, for the secretion of milk; the affec- tions; the conscience; the front of anything: v.t. to present the front to; meet or oppose manfully or openly; stem. breastfast ('fast), n. a large rope or chain to secure the midship part of a ship to a dock, wharf, or to another vessel. _ breastplate ('plat), n. a portion of armor covering the front of the body; a part of the vestment of the Jewish high priest. breastwork ('werk), n. a hastily constructed work thrown up breast- high for defense; the parapet of a building. breath (breth), n. the air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; life; the power or capacity to breathe freely; respite; a pause; a respiration; an instant; air in gentle motion; a mere word; a trifle; an odorous ex- halation; fragrance; an aspirate. breathe (breth), v.i. to inhale air and expel it from the lungs; live; take breath; rest from action; pass, as air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to inhale and exhale; inspire; whis- per; exercise; blow into. breathing (brewing), n. respiration; air in gentle motion; a gentle in- fluence; a pause; ardent desire; an accent [']. breathless (breth'les), adj. out of breath; panting. breccia (brech'ia), n. angular rock fragments united by a matrix. bree (bre), n. broth; sauce; moisture. breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the hinder part of anything; the part of a cannon or other firearm behind the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into breeches; furnish with a breech; fasten by a breeching. breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment worn by men, covering the legs from the knees to the hips; trowsers or pantaloons. breeching (brich'ing), n. the harness which passes round a horse's breech; a strong rope to check the recoil of a gun. breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; produce; train; rear: v.i. to bear young; be fruitful; be produced: n. a race or progeny from the same parents or stock. breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or horsefly; a gentle gale; a fresh soft wind; an excited quarrel or wrangle; house sweepings; sifted ashes and cinders used ±n burning bricks. brethren (bre^/i'ren), n. plural of brother. breve (brev), n. a note of time equal ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BREVET 148 BRIEF to two semibreves or four minims; a mark (~) used to indicate a short vowel. brevet (bre-vef), n. a commission to an officer in the army conferring a higher rank, but without increase of pay; a patent; a warrant; a li- cense: adj. conferred by brevet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevetted, p.pr. brevet- ting], to confer brevet rank upon. _ breviary (bre'vi-a-ri, or brsv'i-a-ri), n. [pi. breviaries (-riz)], a book con- taining the daily offices and prayers. brevier (bre-ver), n. a size of type between bourgeois and minion. (See type.) brevity (brev'i-ti), w. [pi. brevities (-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from malt or other materials; plot. brevium (bre'vi-um), n. new radio- active element discovered in Ger- many, 1915. brewery (broo'er-i), n. a brew-house. briar-root (brl'er-rdot), n. the root of the white heath, used in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Also brier-root. bribe (brib), n. a gift or considera- tion in money given or promised with the object of corrupting or un- duly influencing the judgment or conduct of the recipient: v.t. to gain over or influence by a bribe: v.i. to practice or attempt bribery. bribery (brlb'er-i), n. [pi. briberies (-iz)l, the act or practice of bribing. bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak), n. an- tique articles of vertu; fancy ware. brick (brik), n. an oblong block of kneaded^ clay dried in the sun or burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- tured fellow: adj. made of, or re- sembling, brick: v.t. to lay or build with bricks; make like brickwork. brick-kiln (-kil) , n. a kiln or furnace in which bricks are baked or burnt. bricole (bri-kol'), n. harness worn by men for dragging guns or loads. bridal (brid'al), n.& marriage; nup- tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or wedding. bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- ried, or about to be married. bridegroom ('groom), n. a man new- ly married, .or about to be married. brideman (brid'man), n. a man who attends a bridegroom and bride at a wedding. bridesmaid (-z'mad), n. a young unmarried woman who attends on a bride. bridewell (brld'wel), n. a house of correction for the confinement of disorderly ^ person... . bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, stone, or wood, spanning a river, road, valley, &c; anything resem- bling a bridge in form or use; an apparatus for measuring the resist- ance of a conductor, called Wheat- stone's bridge; a game of cards: v.t. to build a bridge; make a passage; find a way of overcoming. bridge-board ('bord), n. a notched board into which the ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. bridge-deck ' ('dek), n. a partial deck extending from side to side of a vessel amidships. bridge-head ('hed), n. a covering work to protect the end of a bridge nearest the enemy; a tete-de-pont. bridge-rail ('ral), n. a railroad rail with an arched tread and lateral foot-flanges. bridge- train ('tran), n. a pontoon train. bridging (brij'ing), n. a piece of wood between two beams to keep them apart. bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, and reins by which a horse is con- trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to hold the head up, as an indication of pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. bridoon (bri-doon'), n. the _ light snaffle and rein of a military bridle. brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an abridged statement of a case for the instruction of counsel; a writ; 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRIER 149 BRITANNIA METAL a Papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make an abstract of. brier (bri'er), n. a thorny plant or shrub. brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- rigged vessel. brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision of an army, consisting of several regiments, squadrons, or battalions (cavalry, infantry, milita, or volun- teers), under the command of a brigadier-general ; an organized body acting under authority: v.t. to form into a brigade or brigades. brigadier (brig-a-der'), n. a general officer commanding a brigade, and ranking next below a major-general. Also brgadier-general. brigand (brig'and), n. a robber; a member of a gang of freebooters infesting mountainous districts; a highwayman; a bandit. brigandage (brig'and-aj), n. the life and practices of a brigand; organ- ized robbery. brigantine (brig'an-tin or -tin), n. a small two-masted vessel, square rigged like a, brig, but with fore- and-aft mainsail and raking masts. bright (brit), adj. [corny, brighter, superl. brightest], luminous ; bril- liant; shining; sparkling; illustri- ous; glorious; witty; clever; lively; auspicious; alert; glowing. brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; clear up: v.t. to make bright or luminous; make gay or cheerful; make acute. Bright's disease (brit's-diz-ez'), n, a form of kidney disease character- ized by the presence of albumin in the urine. brill (bril), n. a flat fish resembling the turbot. Also prill. brilliancy (bril'yan-si), n. splendor. brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; lustrous; glittering; distinguished n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- fracting qualities to the best ad- vantage; the smallest size of type. (See type.) brill iantine (briryan-tin), n. a cos- metic preparation for imparting a gloss to the hair. brilliantly (-li), adv. in a brilliant manner. brim (brim), n. the edge of any- thing: v.t. {p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p. pr. brimming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be full to the brim. brimful (brim'fool), adj. overflowing. brimstone (brim'ston), n. sulphur: adj. made of brimstone; of the color of sulphur. brine (brm), n. salt water; pickle; the ocean; tears: v.t. to steep in brine. bring (bring), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. brought p.pr. bringing], to fetch or convey from another place; fetch; cause to come; produce; procure; conduct; persuade; lead. brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. briny (bri'ni), adj. very salt. briquette (bri-kef, French bre-ka'), n. coal-dust molded into the shape of bricks. brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; vivacious; effervescing vigor- ously; sparkling; burning freely : v.i. to become brisk [generally with up]. brisket . (bris'ket), n. that part of an animal's breast where the ribs join the breast-bone. bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse hair, especially upon the back and sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle to. bristly (brisli), adj. covered with bristles. bristol board (bris'tol bord), n. a thick, smooth, white pasteboard. bristol paper (pa/per), n. a kind of stout drawing paper. bristol stone (ston), n. a transpar- ent rock-crystal. Called, when pol- ished, bristol diamond. brit (brit), n. the young of the her- ring and sprat; small animals upon which whales feed. britannia metal (bri-tan'i-a-met'al), n. a white metal alloy of tin, copper, antimony, and bismuth. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BRITE 150 BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM brite (brft), v.i. to be over-ripe. British (brit'ish), adj. of, or pertaining to, Great Britain or its inhabitants; pertaining to the ancient Britons. Britisher (brit'ish-er), n. a British subject, especially one belonging to the British army or navy. Briton (brit'un), n. a native of Great Britain. brittle (brit'l), adj. apt to break; not tough. britzska (brits'ka), n. an open car- riage used in Russia. broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; skewer; any boring bit or drill; a stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising directly from a tower without a parapet: v.t to tap or pierce; be- gin a discussion about. broad (brawd), adj. [comp. broader, superl. broadest], wide; ample; vast; liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- fused; open; unrestrained; evident; characterized ^ by breadth of treat- ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded fen; an expansion of a river over low-Mng land. broad-arrow (-ar'o), n. a British government mark to distinguish its property. broad-cloth ('klawth), n. a fine woolen cloth with a smooth finished surface. broad-seal ('sel), n. the great seal of England. broadside ('sld), n. the entire side of a ship above the water-line; a simultaneous volley from one side of a warship; a sheet printed on one side, and containing information of a popular character, or an attack on some public person. broadsword ('sord), n. a cutting sword with a broad blade. broaden (brawd'n), v.i. to grow broad: v.t to make broad or com- prehensive. Brobdingnagian (brob'ding-nag'i- &n), adj. resembling an inhabitant of the fabled country of Brobding- nag in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," hence, gigantic: n. a giant. brocade (bro-kad') n. a silk stuff variegated with gold and silver flow- ers, &c. brocatelle (brok'a-tel), n. a beauti- fully variegated marble obtained from Italy and Spain; a figured fab- ric of silky texture. broccoli (brok'o-li), n. a variety of cabbage. broch (brok), n. a prehistoric roof- less round tower, with massive walls of unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scotland. brochure (bro-shoor'), n. a pamphlet dealing with a subject of passing interest. brock (brok), n, a badger. brogue (brog),^ n. a coarse, rough shoe; a dialectic pronunciation. broil (broil), v.t. to cook upon a gridiron: v.i. to be subjected to great heat; to be heated with pas- sion: n. a noisy quarrel. brokage (bro'kaj), n. the premium or commission of a broker; broker- age. broke, p.t. & p.p. of break. broken (bro'kn), p.adj. not entire; in pieces; rough; hilly; transgressed; bankrupt; crushed; infirm; imper- fect; interrupted. broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as agent or middleman for another; a dealer in second-hand furniture. brokerage (bro'ker-aj), n. the busi- ness of a broker; his fee or commis- sion. broma (bro'ma), n. aliment; a light preparation of cocoa or chocolate. bromal (bro'mal), n. a colorless, oily fluid m obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol. broma te (bro'mat), n. a salt of bromic acid. brome-grass (brom'gras), n. a name for the oat-like grasses of the genus Bromus. bromic acid (bro'mik as'id), n. a compound of bromine and oxygen. bromide (bro'mid or 'mid), n. a com- pound of bromine. bromide of potassium (of po-tas'- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BROMIDIA 151 BROTHER-IN-LAW i-um), n. a compound of bromine, used largely in medicine as a seda- tive. bromidia (bro-mid'i-a), n. a com- pound of certain drugs used to relieve headache. bromine (bro'min or 'mm), n. a non- metallic element related to chlorine and iodine. bromize (brS'miz), v.t. to prepare or treat with a bromide. bromochloralum (bro-mo-klo'ra- lum), n. a disinfectant fluid, com- posed of the bromide and chloride of aluminium. bromogelatin (bro-mo-j el'a-tin) ,adj. prepared from certain bromides, nitrate of silver, and gelatine, and used for the sensitive emulsions em- ployed for dry photographic plates. bronchi, n. ; pi. of bronchus. bronchia (brongld-a), n. pi. the bronchial tubes. bronchitic (brong-kit'ik), adj. of or pertaining to bronchitis. bronchitis (brong-kl'tis), n. an in- flammation, acute or chronic, of the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes. broncho (brong'ko), n. an unbroken Mexican or Californian horse. broncho-busting (brong'ko-bus'ting) n. slang phrase for breaking bronchos to be ridden. bronchopneumonia (brong-ko-nu- mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of the lungs and bronchi. bronchotomy (brong-kot'o-mi), n. the operation of making an incision into the windpipe or larynx to af- ford a passage of air to the lungs. bronchus (brong'kus), n. [pi. bron- chi ('ki) ], one of the two principal branches of the windpipe or trachea. brontograph (bron'to-graf), n. an apparatus to record sound waves. bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of copper and tin, to which other metallic sub- stances are sometimes added; a work of art cast or wrought in bronze; a pigment used to imitate bronze; im- Eudence: adj. made of or resembling ronze: v.t. to make of the color of bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; apply bronze pigment or leaf to. Bronze Age (aj), n. the age succeed- ing the Stone Age, the ornaments and weapons of that period being made of bronze. bronze-steel (bronz'stel), n. an alloy of copper, tin and iron, sometimes used as gun-metal. bronzine (bronz 'in), n. a metal re- sembling bronze. brooch (broch), n. an ornamental dress-clasp. brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; the young birds hatched at one time : v.i. to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger over sorrowfully [with on or over}: v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; ponder over. brood-food (brood'food), n. an ar- tificial food to feed bees while im- mature. broody (brood'i), adj. inclined to sit; adapted for breeding. brook (brook), n. sl small stream. brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. brooklet (brook'let), n. a small brook. brook-runner (brook-run-er), n. pop- ular name for the bird known as the water-rail. broom (broom), n. a shrub, bearing large yellow flowers; a besom or brush. brose (broz), n. a kind of porridge, made by pouring boiling water, or milk, or meat liquor, on oatmeal. broth (broth), n. a kind of thin soup. brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- fame. brother (bru^'er), n. [pi. brothers (-erz), & brethren (bre^'ren) ], a male born of the same father and mother; one closely united by a com- mon interest; a member of a re- ligious order; a fellow creature; one who resembles another. brother-german (-jer'man), n. a brother on both the father's and the mother's side. brother-in-law (-in-law), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BROTHER JONATHAN 152 BRUTE brother of one's husband or wife; sister's husband. Brother Jonathan (jon'a-then), n. a humorous personification of the United States. brother-uterine (-u'ter-in), n. one born of the same mother, but of a different father. brotherhood (bru^'er-hood), n. the state or quality of being a brother; a fraternity. brotherly (bruWer-li), adj. as be- comes a brother; affectionate. brougham (brod'am or bro5m), n. a closed four-wheeled carriage; a limou- sine without roof over driver's seat. brought, p.t. & p.p. of bring. brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over the eye; the forehead; the general aspect of the countenance; the edge of a steep place; the upper portion of a hill. browbeat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. brow- beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr brow- beating], to depress or bear down arrogantly; bully. brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or dark color: n. a dark color, inclined to red or yellow; a halfpenny: v.i. to become brown: v.t. to make brown. brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent spirit supposed to haunt old farm- houses [Scotch]. browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.t. to feed on; pasture on; graze: said of cattle, deer, &c. bruin (broo'in), n. the brown bear. bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the flesh of an animal or to a plant or other body, caused by a blow: v.t. to injure, crush, or indent by a blow or pressure without laceration; con- tuse; bray, as drugs, &c: v.i. to fight with the fists; box. bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame: v.t. to report; noise abroad. brumal (broo'mal), adj. pertaining to winter; foggy; misty, _ brummagem (brum'ma-jem), adj. sham; counterfeit; showy, but worth- Me, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then.. brunette (broo-nef), n. a woman with a brown or dark complexion, usually with dark hair and eyes: adj. having such a color. brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a furious onslaught; a brief and sudden effort. brush (brush), n. a thicket of small trees; the small trees and shrubs of a wood; an instrument composed of bristles, &c, used for cleaning, ap- plying paint, &c.; the brushy tail of a fox; a slight encounter; a brushing; _ thin metallic plates or flexible wires bound together, em- ployed to conduct a current to or from an electric motor, &c; a brief trial of speed: v.t. to sweep, cleanse, or rub with a brush; touch lightly in passing; renovate; ruffle [with up]: v.i. to move with haste; skim over with a light touch. brush-wheel ('hwel), n. a tooth- less wheel used to turn a similar wheel by means of bristles, leather, cloth, &c., attached to the circum- ference; a circular wheel for polish- ing, used on a lathe. brushwood (brush'wood), n. rough, close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; small wood, suitable for the fire. brusque (brusk), adj. abrupt in man- ner. Brussels-carpet (brus'elz-kar'pet), n. a strong kind of woollen carpet. Brussels-lace (-las), n. various kinds of expensive lace made originally at Brussels. Brussels-sprouts (-sproutz), n.pl. a variety of the common cabbage. brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or resembling a brute; savage; cruel. brutality (broo-tal'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being brutal; pitiless cruelty. brutalize (broo'tal-Iz), v.t. to make brutal; sensualize. brutally (broo'tal-i) 2 adv. in a cruel or brutal manner; inhumanly. brute (bro5t), adj. without reason or intelligence; rough; brutal; unciv- ilized: n. a beast; an irrational, ir- responsible animal; a brutal person. BRUTIFY 153 BUD brutify (broo'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brutified, p.pr. brutifying], to make like a brute; degrade morally or physically. brutish (broot'ish), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a brute; savage; sensuous. bub (bub), n. a boy. Also bubby. bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of water or other fluid rilled with air or gas; anything unreal or unsub- stantial; a swindling speculation: v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a gurgling sound: v.t. to cause to bub- ble; cheat. bubo (bu'bo), n. [pi. buboes ('boz) ], an inflammatory swelling in the groin or armpit. bubonocele (bii-bon'o-sel), n. rup- ture or hernia in the groin. buccal (buk'al), adj. pertaining to the cheek. buccaneer (buk-a-neV), n. a pirate; a sea-robber; one of the piratical ad- venturers who, during a part of the 17th century, made depredations on the Spaniards in America: v.i. act the part of a buccaneer. buccinator (buk'si-na-ter), n. a mus- cle of the cheek called the trumpet- er's muscle from its use in blowing wind-instruments. buccinum (buk'sin-um) , n. the genus of mollusks to which the whelk be- longs. bucentaur (bu-sen'tawr), n. a fabu- lous monster, half man and half bull; the state barge of Venice used by the doge in the annual ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. buchu (bu'ku), n. the name of cer- tain species of Barosma, employed as a medicine. buck (buk), v.t. to break or pulver- ize, as ore. buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c; a gay fellow; a fop; a male Indian or negro. buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle formed by placing long boards or slats on front and rear axles and seating the driver in the front. buck-eye ('I), n. a name of the . American horse-chestnut. Buckeye State (-stat), n. a popular appellation for Ohio. buck-hound ('hound), n. a stag- hound. buck-jumper ('jump'er), n. a vic- ious untrained horse that en- deavors to throw the rider by arch- ing its back and drawing its feet together. bucko (buk'o), n. a bully; a bluster- ing fellow. buck-shot ('shot), shot of a large size. buck- wheat ('hwet), n. a plant cul- tivated for its triangular seeds, which are ground into meal and used for food. bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- ing or holding water; the scoop of a dredging-machine or of a grain elevator; a receptacle on a water- wheel which receives the force of the water. bucket-shop (-shop), n. an office for gambling in stocks, grain, &c. in small amounts. buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- sisting of a frame with movable tongue or catch, used for securing straps, bands, &c: v.t. to fasten with a buckle; twist; bend; confine; join; to prepare for action: v.i. to curl; apply one's self with vigor [with to). buckle (bukl), n. a bend, or kink, as in a blade; a curl of hair; the condition of being curled, as hair. buckler (buk'l er), n. a kind of an- cient shield. buckra (buk'ra), n. negro term for a white man. buckram (buk'ram), n. coarse linen cloth stiffened with dressing: adi. made of, or resembling, buckram; hence, stiff; precise. bucolic (bu-korik), adj. pastoral: n. a pastoral poem; a rustic. bud (bud), t v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, p.pr. budding], to graft: v.i. to put forth or produce buds; begin to ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BUDDHA OR BOODHA 154 BULK grow: n. the rudimentary, unde- veloped stage of a branch, leaf, or flower; a gemmule. Buddha or Boodha (bood'a), n. the founder of the Buddhistic sect, died about 500 B.C. Buddhist (bood'ist), n. one who ac- cepts the^ doctrines of Buddhism: adj. pertaining to Buddha or Bud- dhism, i budge (buj), v.i. to move from one's position: v.t. change the position of. budge (buj), n. lambskin dressed with the wool outwards. budget (buj'et), n. a bag with its contents: hence a stock or store; the annual financial statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. budiet (bud'let), n. a small bud. buff (buf), n. a thick leather pre- pared from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c, dressed with oil; a light yellow; the bare skin: adj. made of buff-leather; buff-colored. buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffaloes (-loz)j, a ruminant mammal of the ox family : a name given to various wild oxen, especially to the North American bison. buffalo-bird (-berd), n. bird which perches on the buffalo to catch parasites. buffer (buf'er), n. any contrivance which serves to deaden the concus- sion caused by the impact of two bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat foolish person. buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; box; beat; contend against: v.i. to exercise or contend with blows; struggle. buffet (buf'et & boo-fa'), n. a cup- board or sideboard; a counter for refreshments. buffo (boof'o), n. the comic actor in an opera: adj. comic; burlesque. buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses others by low jests, antics, odd gestures, &c. buffoonery (buf-oon'er-i), n. [pi. buffooneries (-iz)], the arts and practices of a buffoon; vulgar tricks 1 and postures. buffy (buf'i), adj. buff-colored. bug (bug), n. name in England for the bedbug; an insect. bugaboo (bug'a-bo5), n. a bugbear. bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- ject; a vain terror. buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. bugle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; a military wind-instrument. bugle bu'gl), n. an elongated glass bead. buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for cabinet work, consisting of brass or other metal, tortoise-shell, &c, worked into scrolls or other pat- terns; the articles so ornamented. build (bild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. built, builded, p.pr. building], to con- struct; erect, as a house; form by art; raise anything on a support or foundation; establish: v.i. to con- struct an edifice; depend, base, or reckon [with on or upon]: n. mode or style of construction. building (bild'ing), n. the act of con- structing, raising, or establishing; an edifice. bukshish (buk'shesh), n. See bakshish. bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped root; a kind of leaf bud; any protuberance or expansion on a stem or tube: v.i. to project as a bulb [with out]. bulbiferous (bul-bif' er-us), adj. pro- ducing bulbs. bulbous (buTbus), adj. pertaining to or resembling a bulb. bulbul (boorbool), n. the Persian nightingale. bulbule (bulb'ul), n. a little bulb; a bulblet. bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or widest part of a cask; a bending outwards; the bilge of a ship: v.i. to jut out; be protuberant. bulk (bulk), n. magnitude or size; complete dimensions; the main mass or body; the cargo of a ship when stowed; volume: v.i. to increase in size; swell out. £te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BULK-HEAD 155 BUMMER bulk-head (-hed), n. a partition in a vessel which separates one part of it from another. bulky (bul'ki), adj. of great size or bulk. bulkiness (-nes), n. greatness in bulk. bull (bool), n. the male of any bovine mammal; the male of various large animals, as the whale, elephant, &c. ; one who endeavors to raise the price of stock in order that he may sell dear: the opposite of a bear: adj. male, or of large size [in composi- tion]: v.t. to endeavor to raise the market value of. bull (bool), n. a Papal letter, edict, or rescript, having a leaden seal (bulla) affixed to it. bull (bool), n. a ludicrous inconsis- tency in language. bull-baiting (bool'bat-ing), n. the sport of baiting or attacking bulls with dogs. bull-calf (bool'kaf), n. a male calf. bulldog (bool'dog), n. a variety of dog of strong muscular build, and remarkable for its courage and feroc- ity, formerly used for baiting bulls: pi. a pair of pistols; a proctor's at- tendant: adj. characterized by the courage of a bulldog, as bulldog tenacity. bulldoze (bool'doz), v.t. to bully; to attempt to intimidate. bullet (bool'et), n. a small ball or projectile. bulletin (bool'e-tin), n. an official report regarding some matter or event of public interest; a periodi- cal publication: v.t. to publish or an- nounce by bulletin. bullfight (bool'fit), n. a combat be- tween armed men and a bull. bullfinch (boorfinch), n. a common British song bird. bullfrog (bool 'frog), n. a large North American species of frog abounding in marshy places, re- markable for its loud, bellowing croak. bullhead (bool Tied), n. abroad headed scaleless fish of North America: catfish. bullion (bool'yun), n. uncoined gold or silver; foreign coin; a heavy twisted fringe covered with fine gold or silver wire. bullionist (booryun-ist), n. an ad- vocate for an exclusive metallic cur- rency, or a metallic currency com- bined with convertible paper. bullock (bool'ok), n. an ox or cas- trated bull; a full-grown steer. bull's-eye (boolz'i), n. a boss of glass; a sweetmeat; any circular opening for light or air; a small ob- scure cloud, with a ruddy center; a lantern with a convex lens; a plano- convex lens for concentrating the light, attached to a microscope; the center of a target; a shot that hits the bull's-eye. bull-terrier (bool'ter'i-er), n. a cross-breed between the bulldog and the terrier. bully (bool'i), n. [pi. bullies ('iz)J, one who domineers by insolence or threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bullied, p. pr. bullying], to overbear with bluster and menaces: v.i. to be in- solently noisy and quarrelsome. bully (bool'i), adj. good; fine: inter j. an exclamation of satisfaction. bullyrag (bool'i-rag), v.t. to attempt to intimidate by bluster and threat. bulrush (bool'rush), n. a rush-like aquatic plant. bulse (buls), n. a bag or purse used in the East Indies to carry or meas- ure valuables; a packet of diamonds or gola dust. bulwark (bool'werk), n. a rampart; a fortification; the boarding round the sides of a ship, above the level of the deck; any means of protec- tion or defense. bumblebee (bum'bl-be), n. a large bee. bumboat (bum'bot), n. a boat used for the conveyance of provisions, fruit, &c, for sale to vessels lying off the shore. bummer (bum'er), n. a loafing f el- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, JAen. BUMP 156 BURDEN low who sponges on others; a low politician. bump (bump), n. a shock from a blow; a swelling protuberance; the striking of a boat by the prow of another following it in college boat- races: v.t. to bring in violet con« tact; thump: v.i. to come in colli- sion; strike heavily. bumper (bump'er), n. an overflowing cup. bumpkin (bump 'kin), n. an awk- ward, clumsy, rustic; a country lout. bumptious (bump'shus), adj. self- assertive. bun (bun), n. a small light cake. bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a col- lection of things of the same kind growing or fastened together; a tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. to swell out; cluster: v.t. to form into a bunch; to present (a lady) with a bouquet. bunchiness (-nes), the state of being bunchy. bunchy (bunch'i), adj. gathered into a bunch. bunco (bungTko) > n. o, confidence game. buncombe or bunkum (bung'kum), n. idle or showy speech, especially if intended to secure votes or satisfy one's constituents. bund (bund), n. an embankment to protect the land against inundation. bundesrath (boon'des-rat), n. the federal council of the German Em- pire; bund. bundle (bun'dl), n. a number of things bound together; a roll or package; two reams of printing or brown paper: v.t. to tie or bind in a bundle or roll; to dismiss uncere- moniously [with off or out}: v.i. to depart without ceremony [with off]. bung (bung), n. a large cork for stop- ping the hole in a cask; a publicans v.t. to stop with a bung; close or shut up. bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a single- storied house, lightly built, and gen- erally surrounded by a veranda. bungle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; man- age awkwardly: v.t. to perform clumsily: n. a clumsy performance; a botch. bunion (bun'yun), n. a> swelling on the foot, usually over the joint of the great toe. bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess serving for a sleeping-berth in a ves- sel, sleeping-car, &c: v.i. to sleep in a bunk. bunker (bung'ker), n. a large bin or bunkie, a soldier who shares a shelter with another, receptacle; a sandhole on golf links. bunt (bunt), n. the middle part or belly of a square sail: v.i. to swell out: v.t. to haul up, as the middle part of a sail in furling. bunt (bunt), n. a species of fungus which produces the smut disease in wheat. bunting (bunt'ing), n, a bird allied to the finches and the sparrows; a thin woolen stuff used for making flags; flags collectively. buntline (bunt'lm), n. one of the ropes attached to the foot-rope of a square sail to draw the sail up to the yard. buoy (boi), n. a floating body moored at a certain place to indicate the position of something beneath the water; a life-buoy: v.t. to keep afloat in a fluid [with up]; to mark with a buoy; support. buoyancy (boi'an-si), n. relative lightness; elasticity of spirits. buoyant (boi'ant), adj. having the quality of floating in a fluid; not easily depressed. bur (ber), n. the rough prickly seed- case of certain plants; a partially burnt brick; the guttural pronuncia- tion of the rough r; the rough ridges of metal left by the graver in cutting metal. burbot (ber'bot), n. the eel-pout. burden (ber'dn), n. that which_ is borne or carried; a load; something grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; a ship's capacity for carrying a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut: think, then. BURDOCK 157 BURSA cargo; a chorus or refrain; a topic burlesque (ber-Iesk), adj. tending to on which one dwells: v.t. to load; excite laughter by extravagant con- lay a weight upon. trast or caricature: n. a ludicrous, burdock (ber'dok), n. a large way- grotesque representation; a literary side weed with rough broad leaves. composition or dramatic piece corn- bureau (bti-ro), n. [pi. bureaus posed in burlesque style: v.t. to ridi- or bureaux ('roz)], a desk or writ- eule or make ridiculous by carica- ing-table furnished with drawers; tured representation; travesty; par- an office; a governmental depart- ody. ment for the transaction of public burletta (ber-let'a), n. a comic business. opera; a musical farce. bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), n. the burliness (-nes), n. the quality of system of centralized government by being burly. means of bureaus or departments; burly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; cor- the officials administering such bu- pulent. reaus, as a body. Burmese (ber'mez), adj. pertaining bureaucrat (bu'ro-krat), n. an ad- to Burma. vocate or supporter of bureaucracy, burn (bern), v.t. [pi. burnt & burned, burg (berg), n. a borough. p.pr. burning], to consume or injure burgess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or free- with fire; reduce to ashes; scorch; man of a borough. expose to the action of fire; produce burgher (ber'ger), n. a citizen or by means of fire; affect with a burn- freeman of a burg or borough. ing sensation; cauterize: v.i. to be burglar _ (berg'lar), n. one who on fire; suffer from or be injured breaks into a house at ni^ht with by excess of heat; glow; shine; be intent to commit a felony. inflamed with passion or desire : n. an burglarious (berg-la'ri-us), adj. per- injury to the flesh caused by fire, taming to, or constituting, burglary, burn (bern), n. a rivulet; a brook. burglary (berg'la-ri), n. the act or burner (ber'ner), n. one who burns crime of breaking into a house at or sets fire to anything; the part of night with intent to commit a fel- a lamp or gas fixture from which ony. the flame issues. burgomaster (ber'go-mas-ter), w. the burning-glass (-glas), n. a double- chief magistrate of a municipal convex lens used to focus the rays town in Holland, Flanders, and Ger- of the sun upon combustible sub- many, stances to ignite them. Burgundy (ber'gun-di), n. a wine, burnish (beVnish), v.t. polish by red and white, made in Burgundy in friction; make smooth and lustrous: France. n. polish; gloss; brightness. burgundy-pitch (-'pitch), n. spruce- burnt offering (of'er-ing), n. some- fir resin. thing offered and burnt upon an burial (ber'i-al), n. the act of bury- altar as a sacrifice or an atonement ing. for sin. burin (bu'rin), n. a cutting tool. burrow (bur'o), n. a hole in the burl (berl), n. a small knot or lump ground excavated by a rabbit or in thread or cloth; a knot in wood: other animal, as a refuge and habita- v.t. to pick knots, &c, from, as in tion: v.i. to excavate; work a way finishing cloth. into or under something; lodge in burlap (ber'lap), n. a coarse fabric a deep or concealed place; hide, made of jute, hemp, &c, used for burry (bur 'i), adj. full of burs; rough, bagging or in upholstery [commonly bursa (ber'sa), n. a sac or sac-like in the pi.). cavity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boou, book; hue, hut; think, then. BURSAR 158 BUTCHER-BIRD bursar (ber'ser), n. the treasurer of bushel (boosh 'el), n. a dry measure a college; a university student who containing eight gallons or four receives an allowance for his sup- pecks; a vessel of such a capacity; a port. large quantity. bursary (ber'ser-i), n. the treasury bushiness (-nes), n. the quality of of a college or monastery; the al- being bushy. lowance paid to a student in a Scot- bushy _ (boosh'i), adj. thick and tish university. spreading like a bush; overgrown burst (berst), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. burst, with shrubs. p.pr. bursting], to rend or break busily (biz'i-li), adv. in a busy man- open with violence ; yield to internal ner. force or pressure; explode; give way business (biz'nes), n. employment; under excess of grief or pain; ap- trade; profession; something to be pear or disappear suddenly: v.t. to transacted or required to be done; rend or break by violence; open sud- right of action; affair; matter: ad;', denly: n. a violent or sudden break- pertaining to business; practical, ing forth; a sudden explosion; a busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible ma- rush; a strenuous effort; a spurt. terial worn in the front of corsets. bury (ber'i), n. a manor-house; a buskin (bus'kin), n. kind of half-boot borough. o] high shoe reaching to the middle bury (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. buried, of the calf; a high shoe (cothurnus) p.pr. burying], to deposit and cover worn by ancient actors in tragedy to in a grave or tomb, or in any final increase their height, resting-place; entomb; keep secret; buss (bus), n. a small two-masted hide. vessel used in herring fishing. burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial (John bust (bust), n. the chest or thorax; xii. 7). the head, shoulders, and breast of a bus (bus), n. a shortened form of person represented in sculpture. omnibus. bustard (bus'terd), n. a bird of the bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a genus Otis, of which there are many forest region; wild, uncleared coun- species, as the great bustard of try; the tail of brush of a fox; a Europe and Africa, branch of a tree formerly hung out bustle (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, with a as a tavern sign: v.i. to grow thick certain amount of noise; move or bushy: v.t. to set bushes about; quickly: n. tumult; noisy activity; use a bush-harrow on. a pad or cushion worn by women bush (boosh), n. a lining or tube of beneath the skirt. hard metal inserted in an orifice, to busy (biz'i), adj. earnestly or closely reduce wear by friction: v.t. to fur- employed; bustling; diligent; of- nish with a bush. ficious; meddlesome: v.t. [p.t. & Bushman (boosh'man), n. [pi. bush- p.p. busied, p.pr. busying], to keep men ('men)], one of a tribe of ab- constantly engaged; occupy one's originals near the Cape of Good self actively. Hope; a Bosjesman. busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. busy- bushranger (boosh'ranj-er), n. one bodies (-iz)], a meddling, officious who leads a predatory life in the person. bush country; originally a criminal butcher (booch'er), n. one who who escaped and uved a lawless slaughters animals for food; one life in the bush. who delights in slaughter: v.t. to bushwhacker (boosh'hwak-er), n. slaughter for food; to murder in a a backwoodsman; an implement barbarous manner, for cutting brushwood. butcher-bird (berd), n. a name ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BUTCHERY 159 BUZZ given to various shrikes, from their habit of suspending their slaughtered prey upon thorns. butchery (booch'er-i), n. the busi- ness of slaughtering cattle; bar- barous murder. butler (but'ler), n. a manservant in a household who has the care of the plate, wines, &c; the chief servant in a large household. butt (but), n. a push or thrust de- livered by the head of an animal; a thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by thrusting the head against. butt (but), n. the extremity of a thing; the thicker end of anything; a target; a rifle or gunnery range; a goal ; a limit; the thickest part of tanned ox-hides; an object of ridi- cule. butt (but), n. a large cask of 117 gals, of Lisbon wine, or 108 gals. of beer. butte (but), n. an abrupt isolated hill or ridge. butter (but'er), n. an oily unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning; any substance of butter-like consistence; gross flat- tery: v.t. to spread or smear with butter; to flatter grossly. butter-bird (-berd), n. the rice-bunt- ing. buttercup (-kup), n. a plant bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. butter-fingers (-fmg'gerz), n.pl. one who lets a ball slip through his fingers. butterfly (but'er-fli), n. [pi. butter- flies (-fliz)], a general name for any species of diurnal lepidopterous in- sects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- fling person. butterine (-in), n. an imitation but- ter. buttermilk (but'er-milk), n. whey separated from the cream in butter- making. butternut (but'er-nut), n. the fruit of a North American tree allied to the walnut. buttery (but'er-i), n. [pi. butteries (-iz)], an apartment in which pro- visions, wines, &c, are kept; a room in some colleges where liquors and provisions are kept for sale. butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; a boundary. buttock (but 'ok), n. the rump or pro- tuberant hinder part of a man or animal [used usually in the pi.]; the convex part of a ship under the stern. button (but'n), n. any small rounded object used to secure different parts of a garment, or attached for orna- ment; something resembling a but- ton; the knob at the end of a foil; a ball of gold, &c, worn on the hats of Chinese officials to indicate their rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with buttons. buttonhole (but'n-hol), n. a slit to receive and hold a button: v.t. to detain in conversation against the will; bore. buttonwood (-wood), n. the plane- tree. buttress (but'res), n. masonry or brickwork built on to an outside wall to afford support; a support: v.t. to support by a buttress; prop. butyrate (bti'ti-rat), n. a salt of butyric acid. butyric (bu-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to or derived from butter. butyric acid (as'id), n. a colorless liquid obtained from butter: it is present also in cod-liver oil and in sweat glands. buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jol- ly; robust; plump and comely = buy (bl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought, p.pr. buying], to acquire by paying an agreed price; purchase; bribe. buyer's option (bi'erz op'shun), n. a purchaser's privilege of taking an agreed amount of stock within a cer- tain period. buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming noise, as of bees; a confused or blended murmur, as of many voices ; a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. BUZZ-SAW 160 BYZANTINE make a low humming sound; speak with a low humming voice: v.t. spread secretly. buzz-saw (-saw), n. a circular saw. buzzard (buz'erd), n. the name of several species of hawks; a stupid, dull fellow. buzzer (buz'er), n. an electric push- button for summoning or calling attention, or signaling to stop or start. buzzingly (-li), adv. with a hum- ming sound. bye (bl), n. a run scored at cricket when the ball passes the wicket- keeper and long-stop, and has not been struck by the batsman; a goal at football. by-law (-law), n. a private law or statute framed by a corporate body. by-word (bi'werd), n. a proverb; nickname; an object of derision. Byzantine (biz-an'tin), adj. of, or pertaining to, Byzantium (Constan- tinople), the ancient capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Indicat- ing a species of architecture ; also of the Fine and Industrial Arts. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. c C, usually the third letter of the al- phabet in the language of Europe. Also a symbol for the Centigrade thermometric scale; also for Carbon. cab (kab), n. a public carriage with four or two wheels, drawn by one horse; the shelter for the driver of a locomotive: v.L [p.t. & p.p. cabbed, p.pr. cabbing], to pass over in a cab: as, to cab the distance. cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- tion of a few persons for carrying out some specific design; an in- trigue: v.L m [p.t, & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite in secret with others to effect some design. cabala (kab'a-la), n. a secret science of the Jewish rabbins to interpret the hidden meaning of the Penta- teuch; esoteric doctrine. cabal ism (kab-al'izm), n. occult doc- trine. cabalist (kab'al-ist), n. one versed in the Jewish cabala; an occultist. caballero (ka-ba-la'ro), n. a Spanish knight or gentleman; a stately Spanish dance. cabaret (kab'a-ra), n. originally an ale house or tavern; now a place of refreshment where dancing and sing- ing are provided. cabbage (kab'aj), n. a well-known vegetable: v.L to appropriate to one's own use. cabbage-thrips (kab'aj-thrips), n. a species of insect that infests the cabeca (ka-ba/sa), n. the finest qual- ity of Indian silk. cabeza (ka-ba/tha), n. the name given a chief in the Philippine Is- lands. cabin (kab'in), n. a small hut, cotr tage, or room; a room in a ship foe officers or passengers: v.L to confin in a cabin: v.i. to live in a cabin. cabin-boy (kab'in-boi), n. a general utility boy on shipboard. cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- ment; a private room; a piece of furniture to hold objects of vertu, &c; a cabinet photograph; a delib- erative committee of the principal members of the Ministry. cabinet picture (pik'ttir), n. a val- uable picture of small dimensions. cabbing (kab'ing), n. owning cabs for hire. cable (ka'bl), n. a large strong rope or chain; a submarine telegraph line; a molding resembling a cable; a measure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms: v.L to fasten with a cable; transmit by telegraph cable. cablegram (ka'bl-gram), n. a mes- sage sent by a submarine cable. cabochon (kab'oo-shon), n. a pre- cious stone polished but not faceted. caboose (ka-bo5s')> w. a ship's galley or kitchen; the trainmen's car at- tached to a freight train. cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la/), n. a covered carriage with two or four wheels drawn by one horse. cacaine (ka-ka'in), n. the essential principle of cacao. cacanthrax (ka-kan'thraks), n. a malignant disease that infects cattle and may be acquired by men. cacao (ka-ka/6), n. a small evergreen tree of tropical America and West Indies, from the seeds of which cocoa and chocolate are prepared. cache (kash), n. a place of conceal- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bocni book; hue, hut; think, then. Dlo. 11 161 CACHELOT 162 CAISSON ment for food for future use: v.t. to hide (provisions) in the ground. cachelot (kash'a-lpt &-lo'), n. the sperm whale, which yields sperma- ceti. cachet (ka-sha/), n. a seal. cachexy (ka-kex'i), n. a perverted or depraved habit of thought. cachinnation (kak-i-na/shun), n. loud or unrestrained laughter. cacholong (kash'o-long), n. a milk or greyish-white variety of opal; pearl opal. cachou (ka-shoo'), n. a pill for sweet- ening the breath. cacique (ka-sek), n. the name or title of the aboriginal chiefs of the West Indies and some parts of South America. cackle (kak'\),v.i. to cry like a hen or goose: specifically used of the cry made by a hen which has laid an egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of a hen or goose; silly talk. cacography (ka-kog'ra-fi), n. er- roneous spelling; cramped, indis- tinct writing. cacographer (ka-kog'ra-fer), n. one who writes or spells badly. cacomagician (kak'o-ma-jish'an), n. a person supposed to be skilled in the black arts. cacophonous (ka-kof'o-nus), adj. dis- cordant. cacotrophia (kak-o-trof'i-a), n. suf- fering from defective nutrition. cacotype (kak'o-tlp), n. a bad type or defective production, literally or figuratively. cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti ('tl) & cactuses (-es) ], a spiny fleshy plant with showy flowers. _ cad (kad), n. a, vulgar, ill-bred fellow; an omnibus conductor. cadaver (ka-da'ver), n. a dead body; a corpse. cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. re- sembling a corpse; pale; ghastly. caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries golf clubs. caddis (kad'is), n. the larva of the caddis-fly. caddy (kad'i), n. [pi. caddies ('iz) ], a small box for keeping tea. cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 500 herrings, or 1,000 sprats. cadence (ka/dens), n. the full modu- lation of the voice in reading or speaking; rhythm; a musical run or trill. cadenza (ka-den'za), n. a vocal or instrumental flourish. cadet (ka-det'), n. sl younger son; student in a naval or military acad- emy. cadi (ka/dl), n. a Mohammedan judge, Cadmean (kad-me'an), adj. of or be- longing to Cadmus; Theban. cadmium (kad'mi-um), n. a bluish- white ductile metal, resembling tin. caducean (ka-du'se-an), adj. pertain- ing to the caduceus, the winged staff of Mercury, entwined with serpents. caecum (se'kum), n. [pi. caeca ('ka) ], the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- dage of the large intestine, having one end closed. Caesarian (se-za/re-an), adj. pertain- ing to Csesar. Caesarian operation (op-er-a'shun), n. a delivery of a foetus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen. Caesarism (se'zar-izm), n. imperial- ism; absolute rule or government. caesium (ses'i-um), n. a rare metal associated with rubidium. cafe (kaf-a0, n. a restaurant. cafeteria (caf-et-e're-a), n. a cafe' for self-help or quick service. > caffeine (kaf'e-in), n. a bitter alka- loid extracted from coffee; theine. cage (kaj), n. a box or in closure furnished with metal bars for confin- ing birds, or ©ther animals; a con- trivance for raising and lowering men in a mine shaft: v.t. to confine in a cage; hut up. cairn (karn), n. a conical heap of stones erected as a monument. cairngorm (karn'gorm), n. a yellow or brown variety of quartz or rock- crystal. caisson (ka'sun), n. an ammunition- wagon or chest; a box filled with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAITIFF 163 CALENDAR explosives for firing a mine; a water- tight box or casing used for building structures in water; a sunken panel in a ceiling; a structure for raising and floating sunken vessels. caitiff (ka/tif), n. a despicable or cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; vile; cowardly. cajole (ka-jol'), v.L to coax or de- ceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat. cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, sweetened and baked; a compressed or solidified mass of any substance, especially if thin or flat; a simpleton: v.t. to form into a cake: v.i. to con- solidate into a hard mass. cake-walk (kak'wawk), n. a grotesque or fantastic march or parade, usual- ly by negroes, in competition. calabash (kal'a-bash), n. the fruit of the calabash tree of tropical America, used when dried as a vessel for liquids, &c. calaboose (kal-a-boos'), n. a jail; a lockup. calamin (kal'a-min), v.t. to wash or coat pottery with a zinc compound known as calamin. calamitous (ka-lam'i-tus), adj. pro- ducing, or resulting from, calamity. calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. calam- ities (-tiz) ], any cause that produces evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; distress; affliction. calamus (kal'a-mus), n. [pi. calami (-mi) ], a genus of palms producing the rattan canes; the sweet flag. calash (ka-lash'), n. a light carriage with low wheels and a folding re- movable top; a hood formerly worn by women. calcareous (kal-kar'e-us), adj. of the nature of, or containing, lime. calcify (kal'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. calcified: p.pr. calcifying], to con- vert into lime: v.i. to become strong by conversion into lime. calcimine (karsi-mm), n. white or tinted wash for walls or ceilings. calcination (kal-si-na'shun), n. the act or process of reducing to powder by heat. calcine (kal-sin'), v.t. to reduce a substance to powder by heat; oxi- dize: v.i. to undergo calcination. calcite (kal'sit), n. crystallized car- bonate of lime. calcium (kal'si-um), n. the metallic base of lime. calcium carbide (kar'bld), n. a compound of quicklime and carbon, from which acetylene is generated by subjecting it to the action of water. calcography (kal-kog'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing with colored chalks or pastels. calc-spar (kalk-spar), n. a crystal- line carbonate of lime or calcite. calculary (kal'ku-ler-i), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, calculi. calculate (kal'ku-lat), v.t. to com- pute; ascertain or determine by any process of reasoning; estimate: v.i. to make a computation; suppose or think. calculation (kal-ku-la'shun), n. the art of reckoning by numbers; computa- tion; something deduced by reason- ing or inference; estimate; opinion. calculative (kal'ku-ia-tiv), adj. tend- ing to calculate. calculator (kal'ku-la-ter), n. one who, or a machine that, computes or reckons. calculous (kal'ku-lus), adj. stony; gritty. calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. calculi (-H) ], a stony concretion in the body; oneof the higher branches of mathematics; the differential calcu- lus. caldera (kal-da/ra), n. a deep cal- dron-like cavity on the summits of extinct volcanoes. calderite (kal'de-rit), n. a variety of garnet found in India. caldron. See cauldron. calendar (kal'en-der), n. a register of the days, weeks and months of the year, &c; a register or list; a list of criminal causes arranged for trial: v.t. to register or place on a list. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2/ien. CALENDAR MONTH 164 CALLING calendar month (munth), n. a solar month reckoned according to the calendar, as distinguished from the lunar month. calender (kal'en-der), n. a machine consisting of heated rollers, used for smoothing and glazing paper or cloth: v.t. to press in a calender. calender-roller (kal'en-der-ro'ler), n. a roller used in the manufacture of cloth to smooth and condense the material. calends (kal'endz), n.pl. in the Ro- man calendar, the first day of each month. Also kalends. calenture (kal'en-tur), a violent fever affecting sailors in hot latitudes. calescent (ka-les'ent), adj. increasing in temperature. calesin (ka-la-sen), n. a, two-wheeled vehicle used in the Philippine Islands. calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz) ], a young bovine quadruped, especially of the cow; the young of certain marine mammalia, as the whale; leather made from the skin of a calf; a small island, or iceberg near a larger one; a stupid or silly person; the thick fleshy part of the leg behind. caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a cylindricalbody; mental capacity. calibrate (kal'i-brat), v.t. to deter- mine the caliber of; graduate. calibrater (kal'i-bra-ter), n. an in- strument to determine the size or caliber of a tub; used in machinery and in medicine. calibration^ (kal-i-bra'shun), n. the act of calibrating. calicle (kari-kl), n. a small cup- shaped cell. calico (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & 08 (-koz) 1, white cotton cloth, or with printed design on one side. caligraph (kal'i-graf), n. a form of typewriter. caligraphy (ka-lig'ra-fi), n. callig- raphy. calipash (kal'i-pash), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the upper shell, inclosing a dull greenish gelatinous substance. calipee (kal'i-pe), n. the part of a turtle belonging to the lower shell, inclosing a light yellow gelatinous substance. calipers (kal'i-perz), n.pl. compasses for measuring the diameters of cylin- drical bodies. caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of the successors of Mohammed. Also calif. caliphate (kal'i-fat), n. the office, dignity or government of a caliph. calisthenic (kal-is-then'ik), adj. per- taining to calisthenics. calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks), n.pl. the art of promoting health by phys- ical exercise; simple gymnastics. calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive oakum into the seams of (a ship). calk (kawk), v.t. to copy (a drawing) by covering the back with chalk or lead, and trace over the lines with a style for transfer. calk (kawk), n. that part of a horse- shoe which projects downward to prevent slipping; a semi-circular piece of iron nailed to the heel of a boot: v.t. to furnish with a calk. call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or invite to, any place; convoke judi- cially or officially; designate for an office; name; characterize as; ex- hort; utter in a loud voice; rouse from sleep: n. a summons or invi- tation; a request or command; a short visit; the cry or note uttered by certain animals; a demand for payment due on shares; the option of claiming stock at a certain time at a stipulated price. calligraph (kal'i-graf), n. a specimen of elegant penmanship. calligrapher (kal-lig'ra-fer), or cal- ligraphist (-fist), n. one skilled in handwriting. calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-fi), ». ele- gant or beautiful writing. calling (kawl'ing), n. the act # of summoning; a summons or invita- tion; a vocation, trade or profes- sion; the state of being divinely called (II Pet. i. 10). ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CALLIOPE 165 CALX calliope (kal-ll'o-pe), n. the first of the Muses; an organ with steam- whistles for pipes or reeds. calli typing (kal'i-tl-ping), n. the process of producing plates for printing purposes by means of type- writing and photo-engraving. callosity (kal-os'i-ti), n. [pi. callosi- ties (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being hardened; a callus. callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; in- sensible. callow (kal'6), adj. unfledged. callus (kal'us), n. [pi. calli (-1) ], the hardening of the skin from pres- sure; bony matter which unites the ends of fractured bones. calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; un- disturbed; n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to be- come calm (with down). calomel (karo-mel), n. mercurous chloride: used as a purgative medi- cine. caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to heat. caloricity (kal-6-ris'i-ti) , n. the power in animals of developing and main- taining heat. calorie (kal'6-re), n. the unit of heat (metric system) to express the amount of heat required to raise one kilogramme of water from 0° to 1° centigrade. Also calory. calorif acient (ka-lor-i-f a'shi-ent) ,adj. heat-producing: said of food-stuffs. calorific (kal-o-rif ik) , adj. heating. calorification (ka-lor-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the production of heat. calorific rays (raz), n.pl. the invisi- ble heating rays emanating from the sun and heated bodies. calorimeter (kal-o-rim'i-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring heat pro- duced or given off by a body. calorimetry (kal-o-rim'i-tri), n. the art or process of determining the amount of heat contained in, or given off by, bodies. calorimotor (kal-o-ri-mo'ter), n. a galvanic apparatus for producing heat in a short external circuit. calorizator (kal'o-ri-za/tor), n. a heating cylinder used in the manu- facture of sugar from beets. calotte (ka-lof), n. a plain skull-cap of satin, &c.) a cap or hood on the heads of certain birds. calotype (karo-tip), n. a photo- graphic process in which the image is received on paper prepared with iodide of silver. Also called Talbo- type, from the name of the inventor. caltrop (kal'trop), n. an iron instru- ment with four spikes, placed in ditches, &c, to hinder the advance of troops; a name for various plants with prickly fruit. calumet (kal'u-met), n. the tobacco- pipe of the North American Indians, smoked as a symbol of peace, or to ratify treaties. calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at), v.t. to accuse falsely and maliciously: v.i. to utter calumnies. calumniation (ka-lum-ni-a/shun), n. the act of calumniating. calumnious (ka-lum'ni-us), adj. slanderous; defamatory. calumny (kal'um-ni), n. [pi. calum- nies (-niz) ], a false accusation; a slander. Calvary (ka'lva-ri), n. the place where Christ was crucified; in Ro- man Catholic countries a represen- tation of the crucifixion erected in the open air. calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; become detached from: said of glaciers when icebergs break off from them. Calvanism (kal'vin-izm), n. the doc- trines of John Calvin [1509-64], the French theologian and reformer, especially those relating to pre- destination and election. Calvinist (kal'vin-ist), n. one who holds the doctrines of Calvin. Calvinistic (kal-vin-is'tik), adj. per- taining to Calvin or his doctrines. calx (kalks), n. [pi. calxes (kalk 1 - sez), or calces (kal'sez) ], lime or chalk; the residuum of a metal left after calcination. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. S CALYX 166 CAMPEACHY WOOD calyx (ka'liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka'- lik-sez), cahces (kal'i-sez) ], the whorl of a flower. cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece of ma- chinery for imparting an eccentric or alternating motion. cam-gear (kam'ger), n. a gear not centered on the shaft, useful in many forms of machinery where discontinuous action is required. camber (kam'ber), n. a convexity on an upper surface; a piece of timber thus bent; a small dock for unload- ing timber: v.t. to curve or bend; arch. camber- window (-win'do), n. a window arched at the top. cambist (kam'bist), n. one who deals in notes or bills of exchange; a money-changer. cambium (kam'bi-um), n. the forma- tive layer of cellular tissue which lies between the young wood and the bark of exogenous trees. cambrasine (kam'bra-zen), n. sl fine kind of cambric; batiste. cambric (kam'brik), n. a very fine thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cambric. cambric -muslin (-muz'lm), n. a fine cotton imitation of cambric. came, p.t. of come. camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant quadruped, of which there are two species, the Arabian camel or drome- dary, with a single Kump, and the Bactrian camel, with two humps; a water-tight structure placed beneath a vessel to raise and float it over a shoal or bar. Camellia (ka-mel'i-a), n. a genus of Asiatic evergreen shrubs, cultivated for their beautiful rose-like flowers and shining foliage. camelopard (ka-mel'o-pard & kam'- el-o-pard), n. the giraffe. camelry (kam'el-ri), n. [pi. camel- ries (-riz) ], troops mounted on camels; a camel corps; a place for loading or unloading camels. cameo (kam'e-o), n. a precious stone or shell on which figures are engraved in relief . camera (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cameras (-az) ], a camera obscura, especially that employed in photography. camera lucida (loo'si-da), ^ n. an optical instrument for reflecting dis- tant objects on paper by means of a solid glass prism. camera obscura (ob-skii'ra), n. a darkened chamber or box in which, by means of lenses, external objects are exhibited on paper, glass, &c. cameraphone (kam'e-ra-phon), n. a combined phonograph and kineto- graph. camofare (Italian), to muffle and con- ceal the face. camomile (kam'o-mll), n. a plant of the genus Anthemis. Camorra (ca-mor'ra), n. an Italian secret society, ostensibly political, but largely employed for extortion and violence. camote (ka-m5-'te), n the South American name for the sweet potato. camouflage (kam-oo-flaj), n. a cover- ing of any kind to hide or deceive. camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied by an army at rest, with tents,huts, &c; an encampment; v.i. to live in a camp; encamp. camp-meeting (-meting), n. an out- door religious gathering. camp-stool (-stool), n. a folding stool or seat. campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open tract of land; the period during which an army carries on active operations in the field: v.i. to serve in a campaign. campanile (kam-pa-ne'le), n. [pi. campaniles (-'lez) ], a bell-tower detached from the body of a church. campanology (kam-pa-nol'o-ji), n. the principles or art of bell-ringing, bell-founding, &c. campanula te (kam-pan'yu-lat), adj. bell-shaped. campeachy wood (kam-pech'i wood), n. another name for logwood. Ste, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boSni book; hue, hut; think, then. CAMPHENE 167 CANDYTUFT camphene (kam-fen'), n. rectified oil of turpentine. Also camphine. camphor (kam'fer), n. a volatile aro- matic whitish substance, obtained from various trees and plants of Eastern Asia. camphor- tree (-tre), n. a species of laurel yielding the camphor of com- merce. camphorate (kam'fer-at), v.t. to saturate or treat with camphor. camwood (kam'wood), n. a red dye- wood. can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could], to be able; possess power physically, morally, or mentally (used as an auxiliary verb). can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small size, for holding liquids or preserv- ing solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned: p.pr. canning], to put up in cans for preservation. Canadian balsam (bawl-sum), n. a resin obtained from a species of fir. canaille (ka-naT), n. the lowest orders of the populace. canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial navi- gable waterway; a duct or tube for the passage of fluids; a channel or groove. canal-ray (kan-al' ra), n. a flight of corpuscles going in the opposite direction to the cathode rays in a vacuum bulb through which elec- tricity passes. canard (ka-nard', French ka-nar'), n. an absurd story or report ; a hoax. canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; a pale or bright yellow color; a small singing bird with yellow plumage, a native of the Canary Islands: adj. bright yellow. cancan (kan 'kan), n. a vivacious and indelicate French dance. cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. can- celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface writing by drawing lines across it; annul; strike out common factors: n. the part of a book deleted and reprinted before publication. cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- taceans, including the crabs; one of the twelve zodiacal signs, the sign of the summer solstice; a ma- lignant tumor or growth. cancerate (kan'ser-at), v.i. to grow into a cancer. cancerous (kan'ser-us), adj. like a cancer; affected with cancer. cancrine (kang'krin), adj. having the form or qualities of a crab. cancroid (kang'kroid), adj* resem- bling a cancer. candelabrum (kan-de-la/brum), n. [pi. candelabra ('bra) ], a lamp- stand; an ornamented branched candlestick. candent (kan 'dent), adj. glowing with a white heat. candescence (kan-des'ens), n. a state of glowing. candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- spoken; sincere; free from undue bias; open; fair. candidate (kan'di-dat), n. one who offers himself, or is proposed by others, to fill some office: v.i. to become a candidate. candidature (kan'di-dat-tur), n. the state of being a candidate. candied (kan'did), p.adj. preserved or incrusted with sugar. candle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical body of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, and used to furnish light. candle-power (-pou'er), n. the il- luminating power of a candle taken as a unit in determining the lumi- nosity of any flame. Candlemas' (kan'dl-mas), n. the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary (Feb. 2nd). candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- ness. candy (kan'di), n. a solid confection of sugar, combined with flavoring or coloring substances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve with sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. to become candied. candytuft (kan'di-tuft), n. a plant bearing tufted flowers, originally from Candia. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. «i CANE 168 CANON cane (kan), n. the stem of certain palms, grasses, and other plants, as the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c; a walking-stick: v.t. to beat with a cane; furnish with cane. cane-brake ('brak), n. a thicket of canes. canella (ka-nel'la), an aromatic and tonic bark of a West Indian tree. canine (ka-nln'), adj. pertaining to dogs; having the nature or qualities of a dog. canine teeth (teth), n.pl. two sharp- pointed teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws of most mam- mals. Also canines. canister (kan'is-ter) , n. a metal box or case for tea, coffee, &c; a case containing shot which explodes when fired from a gun. canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or ulcerous disease; _ an eating or cor- roding agency which causes decay or rot; anything that insidiously; cor- rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to corrode or corrupt; infect with poi- sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- rupt; be infected with, or become malignant. canker-worm (werm), n. a cater- pillar destructive to trees or plants; something, as sorrow, evil, &c, that insidiously destroys one's happiness. cankerous (kang'ker-us), adj. cor- roding. cannabin (kan'a-bin), n. a narcotic resin extracted from hemp. cannabis (kan'a-bis), n. Indian hemp. canned (kand), adj. preserved in tins. cannel-coal (kan'el-kol), n. a hard bituminous coal burning with a clear bright flame; candle-coal. cannery (kan'e-ri),_ n. [pi. canneries (-riz)], an establishment for pre- serving meat, fish, &c, in cans her- metically sealed. cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. a human be- ing who eats human flesh; any ani- mal that eats the flesh of its own kind; adj. pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, cannibalism. cannibalism (kan'i-bal-izm), n the act or practice of eating human flesh by human beings, or of animals by those of like kind. cannibalistic (kan-i-ba-lis'tik), adj. characterized by cannibalism. cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. cannons ('unz), or cannon (collectively)], a large gun; a piece of ordnance. cannonade (kan-un-ad'), n. the act of discharging cannon against a town, fort, &c; v.t. to attack with cannon or ordnance: v.i. to dis- charge cannon. cannoneer (kan-un-eV), n. an artil- leryman. cannoneering (kan-un-er'ing), n. the act or art of using the cannon. cannot v kan'ot), (can and not), to be unable. cannula (kan'u-la), n. a small tube for injecting or withdrawing fluids. cannular (kan'u-lar)^ adj. tubular. canny or cannie _ (kan'i), adj. shrewd; knowing; cautious; wary; artful; reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv. in a canny manner. canoe (ka-noo'), n. [pi. canoes (-nooz')], a light boat of bark, hide, or the hollow trunk of a tree; any light boat propelled by paddles: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoe- ing], to sail or paddle a canoe. canoeist (ka-noo'ist), n. one who paddles a canoe. canon (kan'un), n. a law or rule in general; a law or rule regarding doctrine or discipline enacted by a council and confirmed; the books of the Holy Scriptures received as au- thoritative by the Christian Church (called the Sacred Canon) ; a cata- logue of saints; one of the largest kinds of type; the part by which a bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary; a bone in a horse's foreleg. canon law (law), n. rules or laws relating to faith, morals, and disci- pline that regulate Church govern- ment, as laid down by popes and councils. canon (ka-ny5n'), or canyon (kan'- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. CANONIC 169 CANTILEVER yun), n. a narrow deep gorge having more or less perpendicular sides. canonic (ka-non'ik), or canonical (-HI), adj. pertaining to a rule or canon; according to, or established by, ecclesiastical laws; belonging to the canon of Scripture. canonically (-li), adv. in conformity with a canon or rule. canonicals (ka-non'ik-alz), n.pl. the dress prescribed by the canons to be worn by a clergyman when officiat- ing. canonicity (kan-o-nis'i-ti), n. the quality of being canonical. canonist (kan'on-ist), n. one skilled in the study and practice of eccle- siastical law. canonization (kan-on-iz-a'shun), n. the act of canonizing. canonize (kan'on-iz), vt. to enrol in the catalogue or canon of the saints. canonry (kan'on-ri), n< [pi. canon- ries (-riz)], the benefice filled by a canon. canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies (-piz) ], a covering fixed above a bed, or suspended over a throne or dais; any similar covering ; a decora- tive cover above an altar, pulpit, niche, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, p.pr. canopying], to cover with a canopy. cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whin- ing voice, or with an affected or hypocritical tone; make whining pretensions to goodness; to use the conventional phraseology of a par- ticular sect, party, &c: n. a whin- ing manner of speech; the speech af- fected by those soliciting alms* the jargon or slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, beggars, &c; the words and phrases characteristic of a certain party, sect, &c; the employment of certain phrases and forms of speech without sincerity, especially the as- sumption of a religious character or the hypocritical use of sacred words: adj. of the nature of cant. cant (kant), n. an external angle; an inclination from the level ; a sud- den jerk producing a change in di- rection: v.t. to incline; tilt; give a fresh direction to; cut off an angle of. can't (kant), a colloquial contraction of can not. cantaliver (kan'ta-liv-er). Same as cantilever. cantaloup (kan'ta-loop), n. a va- riety of small musk-melon of delicate flavor. cantankerous (kan-tang'ker-us), adj. ill-tempered; cross-grained; con- tentious. cantata (kan-ta'ta), n. a short choral composition in the manner of an oratorio; a poem or story set to music. cantatrice (kan'ta-tres, Italian kan- ta-tre'cha), n. a female singer, es- pecially one who sings in operas. canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop in barracks or camp where liquors and provisions are sold; a vessel used by soldiers for carrying water or liquor when on the march; a box containing mess utensils, &c, for officers when on foreign service. canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a Canterbury gallop: v.i. to move in an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- ter. canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), n. a stand with divisions for holding music, &c. cantharides (kan-thar'i-dez), n.pl. a preparation of Spanish flies used for blistering. canthus (kan'thus), n. [pi. canthi jC'thl) ], the angle made by the meet- ing of the eyelids. canticle (kan'ti-kal), n. a song; one of the non-metrical hymns of the Bible arranged for chanting in church service: pi. the Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon. cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er), n. a bracket or block projecting from the wall of a house, to support a bal- cony, cornice, &c; one of two arms projecting from opposite banks serv- ing to form a bridge: adj. construct- ed on the principle of a cantilever. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CANTILLATION 170 CAPE cantillation (kan-ti-la-shun), n. in- toning, especially in Jewish syna- gogue worship. canting (kan'ting), p.adj. affectedly pious; whining. canto (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos ('toz) ], a part of a poem of some length; the highest vocal part in concerted music; soprano. canto-fermo (-f er'mo), n. plain song. canton (kan'ton), n. a district or division of a territory* one of the Swiss federal states; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement ; a division of a painting or flag: v.t. to divide into districts or parts; to al- lot separate quarters to troops. cantonment (kan-ton'ment), n. a part of a town or village allotted to a body of troops; in India, a perma- nent military station. cantoon (kan-toon'), n. a cotton stuff having one side satiny, and the other corded. cantor (kan'ter), n. a choir-master or leader of singing; a precentor; an official in a Hebrew synagogue who intones the psalms. Canuck (ka-nuk'), n. a Canadian. Also Kanuck. canvas (kan'vas), n. a coarse heavy cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails, &c, and also for painting on; sails in general; a painting: adj. made of canvas. canvas-back (-bak), n. a North American duck, esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. canvass (kan'vas), v.t. to examine; sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- ions: v.i. to traverse a district for the purpose of soliciting votes, in- terest, orders, &c. : n. a close inspec- tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- licitation of votes, interest, orders, &c. cany ' (ka'ni), adj. consisting of cane; full of canes. canyon (kan'yun). Same as canon. canzona (kan-tzo'na) or canzone ('ne), n. a song or air somewhat resembling the madrigal; an instru- mental piece in the style of a mad- rigal. canzonet (kan-tzo-nef), w, a short song. caoutchin or caoutchine (koo'- chin), n. an inflammable volatile oil distilled from caoutchouc. caoutchouc (koo'chook), n. an elas- tic gummy substance obtained from the milky juice of several tropical trees, and much used in the indus- trial arts; india-rubber. cap (kap), n. a covering for the head, usually without a brim; anything resembling a cap; a percussion cap; the top or summit; a particular size of writing-paper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. capped, p.pr. capping], to put a cap on; cover with, or as with, a cap; cover the top end of; complete; crown; place a cap on the head when conferring a university degree. capability (ka-pa-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being capable: pi. intel- lectual attainments. capable m (ka'pa-bl), adj. receptive; susceptible; having power, skill, or capacity; competent; legally quali- fied. capacious (ka-pa'shus), adj. roomy; spacious. capacitate (ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to make capable; enable; qualify. capacity (ka-pas'i-ti), v.t. to make capable; enable; qualify. capacity (ka-pas'i-ti), n. [pi. ca- pacities (-tiz) ], the power of re- ceiving or containing; the power of containing a certain quantity ex- actly; cubic contents; intellectual ability; legal qualification; profes- sion; function; position. cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. from head to foot. caparison (ka-par'i-son), n. an or- namental covering for a horse; gay or rich clothing: v.t. to cover with rich clothing, as a horse; adorn with rich dress. cape (kap), n. a covering for the shoulders, worn separately or at- tached; a headland. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAPER 171 CAPRIC caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip; Jump: n. a frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a prank. caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- buds of which are pickled and used as a condiment under the name capers. capful (kap'fool) , n. as much as fills a cap; a small quantity; a passiug gust. capias (ka'pi-as), n. a writ author- izing the arrest of the person named in it. capillarity (kap-i-lar'i-ti), n. _ the state of being capillary; capillary attraction. capillary (kap'il-a-ri & ka-pil'a-ri), adj. resembling a hair; minute; slender; possessing a very small bore; pertaining to the capillary vessels of the body: n. a tube with a small bore: pi. one of the minute blood-vessels connecting the arteries with the veins. capillary attraction (a-trak'shun), n. the power _ possessed by porous bodies of drawing up a fluid. capilliform (ka-pil'i-form), adj. hav- ing the form of a hair. capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the head or life; punishable with death; first in importance; chief; princi- pal, good, excellent; first-rate: n. the chief city or town in a kingdom or state; a capital letter. capital (kap'i-tal), n. the sum in- vested in any particular business; stock in trade; stock or resources of any kind, moral or physical; that part of wealth which is saved and is available for, or employed in, future production; the head or top of a column, pilaster, or pillar. capitalism (kap'it-al-izm), n. the possession of capital, especially its concentration in the hands of a few; the power of combined capital. capitalist (kap'i-tal-ist), n. one who possesses capital. capitalization (kap-i-tal-iz-a'shun) , n. the act of capitalizing. capitalize (kap'i-tal-iz), v.t. to con- vert into capital; compute or real- ize the present value of in money, as a periodical payment print with a capital. capitally (-li), adv. in a manner in- volving the forfeiture of life; in an excellent manner. capitate (kap'i-tat), adj. growing in a head. capitation (kap-i-ta/shun), n. a tax, fee, or grant per head. Capitol (kap'i-tul), n. the temple of Jupiter at Rome, situated on the S.W. summit of the Capitoline Hill; the building occupied by the United States Congress at Washington; the legislative building of a State. capitular (ka-pit'u-lar), or capitu- lary (-lar-i), adj. _ pertaining to a chapter; growing in a head: n. a statute passed in a chapter, as of knights or canons: pi. the body of statutes of a chapter or of an ec- clesiastical council; a member of a chapter. capitulate (ka-pit'u-lat), v.i. to sur- render to an enemy on conditions agreed upon. capitulation (ka-pit-u-la/shun), n. the act of capitulating; the instrument containing the terms of surrender. capitulator (ka-pit'u-la-ter), n. one who capitulates. caplin (kap'lin), n. sl small fish of the smelt family, largely used as bait for cod. capon (ka'pon), n. a castrated cock; a cock-chicken castrated for the purpose of improving the flesh for table. caponiere or caponniere (kap-o- neV), n. a covered lodgment; a pas- sage from one part of a defensive work to another, protected by a par- apet. capote (ka-pot'), n. a kind of long coarse cloak; a long mantle for women. capouch (ka-poosh'), n. a monk's hood or cowl; the hood of a cloak. capric (kap'rik), adj. pertaining to a goat. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut, think, then. d CAPRIC ACID 172 CAR capric acid (as'id), n. an acid found in the butter of cow's and goat's milk, cocoanut-oil, &c, united with glycerine, and having a smell like that of a goat. caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden im pulse of the mind; a whim; a freak. capricious (ka-prish'us), adj. char- acterized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. capriform (kap'ri-form), adj. hav- ing the form of a goat. caprin (kap'rin), n. a substance in butter giving to it its characteristic taste and smell. caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a goat. capriole (kap'ri-ol), n. a leap of a horse made without advancing: v.i. to execute a capriole. capsicin or capsicine (kap 'si-sin), n. an alkaloid extracted from several species of Capsicum. Capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. a genus of South American plants, the pods of several species of which are used as a condiment (chillies), and when dried and ground form cayenne pep- per. capsize (kap'siz), v.i. to be over- turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or upset: n. an upset or overturn. capstan (kap'stan), n. an upright drum or cylinder revolving upon a spindle, and worked by bars or levers. capsular (kap'su-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a cap- sule. capsulated (kap'sii-lat-ed), adj. fur- nished with, or enclosed in, a cap- sule. capsule (kap'sul), n. a metallic seal or cover for a bottle; a small en- velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- seous drug; a seed-vessel or pod which at maturity opens by valves; a small shallow vessel; a membra- nous sac inclosing some part or or- gan. captain (kap'tan, or 'tin), n. one who has command of, or authority over, others; a chief; a commander; in the army, the commander of a company; in the navy, an officer commanding a ship of war; the master of a merchant vessel; the head of a team or side; the chief boy in a school. captaincy (kap'tan-si or 'tin-si), n. the rank, post, or commission of a captain. caption (kap'shun), n. a certificate of arrest. captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to catch at faults or take offense; quibbling; sophistical; fitted to har- ass or perplex; carping. captivate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to en- slave or hold captive by beauty or excellence; charm or lure; fascinate. captivation (kap-ti-va/shun), n. the act of charming; the state of being charmed. captive (kap'tiv), adj. made prisoner; held in bondage; fascinated; of or pertaining to bondage: n. one who is taken prisoner, especially one so taken in war; one held in bondage or fascinated. captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti), n. the state of being held in bondage or con- finement; servitude; imprisonment. captor (kap'ter), n. one who cap- tures or takes any person or thing by force or stratagem. capture (kap'tur), n. the act of seiz- ing or taking, as a prisoner or a prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. to take or seize by force, surprise, or stratagem; make a prisoner or prize of. Capuchin (kap'u-shen or -oo-shen'), n. a Franciscan monk of the men- dicant order; so named from the long pointed cowl or capouch worn by the members; a woman's cloak and hood. caput (kap'ut), n. [pi. capita ('i-ta) ], the head. car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, espe- cially one having only two wheels; a coach running upon rails; the bas- ket suspended beneath a balloon to ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARACK OR CARRACK 173 CARBON-DIOXIDE contain the aeronaut; a chariot of war or state; an automobile. carack or carrack (kar'ak), n. a large round-built vessel formerly- used by the Portuguese and Span- iards in the East Indian and Ameri- can trade. caracole (kar'a-kol), n. a half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or left; a spiral staircase. Also caracol: v.i. to move in a cara- cole; wheel. caramel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt sugar, used for coloring spirits, gravies, soups, &c. : a sweetmeat; a candy. carapace (kar'a-pas), n. the upper shell of the tortoise, turtle, &c; the upper covering of the Crustacea. carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 grains, used for weighing precious stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth part, a term used to express the fineness of gold used in jewelry; thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy (copper or silver) Also spelled karat. caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. a company of travelers, merchants, or pilgrims, associated together for mutual security, especially when traveling through deserts or regions infested by robbers; a large covered wagon Or carriage for the convey- ance of traveling exhibitions or passengers; a van. caravaneer (kar-a-van-erO, n. one who leads the camels, &c, of a caravan. caravansary (kar-a-van'sa-ri), n. [pi. caravansaries (-riz) ], in the East, a kind of inn consisting of a large unfurnished building surround- ing a spacious court, where caravans rest at night. Also caravanserai. caravel (kar'a-vel) or carvel (kar'- vel), n. a name given to several kinds of ships, as a small 16th cen- tury vessel, used by the Spaniards and Portuguese, with broad bows, narrow high poop, four masts, and lateen sails. caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial plant with aromatic and pungent seeds, used medicinally and as a condiment. carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), adj. per- taining to or composed of carbon and nitrogen. carbazotic acid (as'id), n. an acid obtained by the action of nitric acid on indigo and other vegetable and animal substances: used in dyeing. carbide (kar'bid), n. a compound of carbon with a metal: formerly called a carburet. carbide of calcium, n. calcium carbide. carbine (kar'bin), n. a short rifle adapted to the use of cavalry. Also carabine. carbineer (kar-bi-ner'), n. a soldier armed with a carbine. Also cara- bineer. carbohydrate (kar-bo-hl'drat), n. one of a group of organic com- pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. carbohydrous (kar-bo-hi'drus), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a carbohydrate. carbolated (karTDO-la-ted), adj. im- pregnated or treated with carbolic acid. carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, carbon or coal-tar. carbolic acid (as'id), n. an acid ob- tained from coal-tar by distillation: largely used as an antiseptic in sur- gery, and as a disinfectant. Also called phenic acid. carbolize (kar'bol-iz), v.t, to treat or impregnate with carbolic acid. carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary substance present in all organic compounds, and occurring in nature in two distinct forms, as the dia- mond and graphite. The action of heat on vegetable and animal tis- sues produces carbon in the form of charcoal, lampblack, coke, &c: v.t. to place carbons in (an arc-lamp). carbon-dioxide (-di'oks-id), n. car- bonic acid gas. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut; think, then* CARBON-LIGHT 174 CARDIAC carbon-light (-lit), n. a brilliant light produced by passing an elec- tric current through carbon-points. carbon-point (-point), n. the rod of an arc-lamp, moved forward by clockwork to maintain its position to another opposing rod as it is burned away. carbonaceous (kar-bo-na'shus), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or con- taining carbon. carbonate (kar'bon-at), n. a com- pound of carbonic acid with a base. carbonated (kar'bon-a-ted), adj. combined, or impregnated, with carbonic acid. carbonic (kar-bon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon. carbonic acid (as'id), n. (carbon- dioxide) a gaseous colorless com- pound of carbon and oxygen in the proportion of 12 parts of carbon to 32 of oxygen. It is a heavy irre- spirable gas, and acts as a narcotic poison. carboniferous (kar-bo-nif'er-us), adj. containing or yielding carbon or coal. carbonization (kar-bo-ni-za'shun), n. the process of carbonizing organic substances. carborundum (kar-b5-run'dum), n. an exceedingly hard abrasive made in the electric furnace through com- bination of silicon and carbon. carbonize (kar'bo-niz), v.t. to con- vert into carbon by combustion, by the action of fire, or an acid. carboy (kar'boi), n. a large globular bottle of glass, protectedby a bas- ket-work, used to contain or con- vey corrosive acids. carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. a beau- tiful gem of a deep red color; an in- flammatory tumor, boil, or ulcer. carbuncular (kar-bung'ku-ler), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a car- buncle; red; inflamed. carburet, an old form of carbide. carburetted # (kar'bu-ret-ed), p. adj. combined with carbon in the man- ner of a carbide. carbureter (kar-bu-ret'er), n. a de- vice which mixes vaporized oil with air and feeds it to the cylinder of a gasoline engine. carcase or carcass (kar'kas), n. [pi. carcases (-ez) ], the dead body of an animal; a corpse; the decaying re- mains of a bulky thing; the frame- work or skeleton of a building, ship, &c; a perforated shell filled with combustibles, used to set fire to buildings ships, &c. carcel-lamp # (kar'sel-lamp), n. a lamp the oil in which is raised, me- chanically: used in lighthouses, and as a table-lamp. carcinology (kar-si-ncl'o-ji), n. that department of zoology which treats of the Crustacea, as crabs, shrimps, &c. card (kard), n. a printed piece of pasteboard used for various social or _ business purposes; such a piece printed bearing certain devices or figures, used for playing games; a short business advertisement in a newspaper; the dial of a mariner's compass; an instrument for comb- ing the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, preparatory to spinning. card-sharper (-shar'per), n. one who cheats at cards, and fleeces those he traps into playing with him. Cardamine (kar'da-mm), n. a genus of herbs, which includes the cuckoo- flower, &c. cardamom (kar'da-mum), n. the capsule of several species of plants of the ginger family with its aro- matic seeds, used medicinally and as a condiment. cardia (kar'di-a), n. the heart; the upper or cardiac end of the stomach where the oesophagus or gullet en- ters it. cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining to the heart; stimulating the heart's action: n. a medicine which excites action in the heart through the me- dium of the stomach, and stimulates the spirits; a cordial; stimulant. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARDIALGIA 175 CARLOCK cardialgia (kar-di-al'ji-a), n. heart- burn. cardigan (kar'di-gan), n. a knitted woolen jacket or waistcoat. cardinal (kar'di-nal), adj. chief; pre- eminent; fundamental. cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- astical prince ranking in dignity- next to the Pope; a woman's short cloak with a hood. cardinal numbers (num'berz), n. pi. the numbers one, two, three, &c, in distinction from first, sec- ond, third, &c, which are called ordinal numbers. cardinal points (pointz), n.pl. N., S., E., W. cardinal signs (smz), n.pl. Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. cardinal virtues (ver'tuz), n.pl. justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. cardinal-winds (windz), n.pl. winds which blow due N., S., E., or W. carditis (kar-dl'tis), n. inflammation of the muscular tissue of the heart. cardol (kar'dol), n. an oily liquid ex- tracted from the pericarp of the cashew-nut, and used for blistering. care # (kar), n. concern; solicitude; anxiety; a burdensome responsibil- ity; caution; charge or oversight; attention, watchfulness; an object of watchful attention and regard: v.i. to be anxious or solicitous; be concerned, troubled, or interested. careen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a ship) on one side for the purpose of calking, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. to incline on one side, as a ship under press of sail. career (ka-rer'), n. a run at full speed; general course of action; an occupation or calling: v.i. to move or run rapidly. careful (kar 'fool), adj. full of care; anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- tious; provident, thoughtful. carefully (-li), adv. in a careful manner. careless _ (kar'les), adj. . wanting in care or interest; neglectful. caress (ka-res'), n. any act or ex- pression of affection; an embrace: v.t. to treat with tokens of affec- tion; bestow caresses upon. caret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. a mark (a) used in writing, or in correcting proofs, to indicate the place where something is omitted or is to be added. cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes ('goz)], the lading or freight of a ship. Carib (kar'ib) or Caribbee ('i-be), n. a native of the Caribbee Islands, or one of a tribe inhabiting certain regions of Central America and the north of South America. caribou or cariboo (kar'i-boo), n. the North American reindeer. caricature (kar'i-ka-tur), n. a pic- torial or descriptive representation of a person or thing, in which the defects or peculiarities are exag- gerated so as to produce a ludicrous effect; parody: v.t. to represent in a ridiculous or exaggerated style; parody; burlesque. caricaturist (kar'i-ka-tiir-ist), n. one who represents others in caricature. caries (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of bones, teeth, or vegetable tissue. carillon _ (kar'i-lon), n. sl chime of bells diatonically tuned and played by hand or machinery; a simple air adapted for playing on a set of bells. cariole (kar'i-ol), n. a small open carriage; a light covered cart. cariosity (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the state of being carious. carious (ka'ri-us), adj. affected with caries. cark (kark), v.i. to be anxious or concerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or grief. carl or carle (karl), n. a strong, sturdy fellow; a rustic; a churl. carline (kar'lin), n. a ship's timber running fore and aft from one trans- verse deck-beam to another, serving as a foundation for the planks of the deck. carlock (karlok), n. a kind of isinglass made of the sturgeon's bladder, and used in clarifying wine. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARMINATIVE 176 CARRIER-PIGEON carminative (kar-min'a-tiv), n. a medicine, which expels wind and re- lieves colic and flatulence: adj. ex- pelling wind. carmine (kar'min or 'mm) n. the essential coloring principle of coch- ineal; a rich crimson pigment. carnage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; great destruction of life by violence; massacre. carnal (kar'nal), adj. pertaining to the body, its passions and its ap- petites; animal; fleshly; sensual^ im- pure; not spiritual, but essentially human; secular. carnal ism (kar'nal-izm) or car- nality (kar-nal'i-ti), n. the state of being carnal; sensuality. carnalist (kar'nal-ist), n. a sensualist. carnally (-li), adv. in an animal or fleshy manner. carnation (kar-na/shun), n. a light rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of a picture in which flesh is repre- sented; a pink. carnationed * (kar-na'shund), adj. having a pink color like that of carney (kar'ni), n. a disease of horses, in which the furred condition of the mouth prevents eating. carnification (kar-ni-fi-ka/shun), n. tissue so altered as to resemble flesh. carnival (kar'ni-val) n. the season of rejoicing before Lent: observed in Roman Catholic countries; feast- ing or revelry. carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus), adj. eat- ing or feeding on flesh. carob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen tree which yields a nutritious pod known as St. John's-bread. carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or praise, especially one in honor of the Nativity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing]," to sing in joy; warble: v.t. to praise or celebrate in song. carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two principal arteries, one on either side of the neck, which convey the blood from the aorta to the head: adj. pertaining to the two great arteries of the neck. carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a feast or fes- tival; a noisy drinking bout or revel. Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily and with jollity; revel. carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find fault. carp (karp), n. a fresh-water fish. carpal (kar'pal), adj. pertaining to the carpus or wrist. carpel (kar'pel), n. a simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil or ovary of a flower. carpenter (kar'pen-ter), n. an artif- icer who works in timber and pre- pares the woodwork of houses, ships, &c: v.i. to perform car- penter's work. carpentry (kar'pen-tri), n. the art of cutting, framing, and joining timber; work done by a carpenter. carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or felted fabric, with a pattern, used for covering floors or stairs; a soft covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to cover with a carpet; bring under consideration; reprimand. carpet-bag (-bag), n. traveling bag. carpet-bagger (-bag'er), n. a politi- cal adventurer. carpet-knight (-nit), n. one upon whom the honor of knighthood or other distinction has been conferred for other than active service. carpeting (kar'pet-ing), n. cloth for carpets; carpets in general. carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of car- rying or transporting; cost of con- veyance; behavior; deportment; a wheeled vehicle; the wheeled stand or support of a gun; the frame- work of a wooden staircase. carrier (kar'i-er), n. one who, or that which, carries or conveys; one whose business is to carry goods for hire; a portion of various ma- chines; a frame for holding photo- graphic plates or magic-lantern slides. carrier-pigeon (-pij'un), n. a va- riety of pigeon trained to convey letters, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CARRION 177 CASE carrion (kar'i-on), n. dead or putre- fying flesh; filth; garbage: adj. per- taining to, or feeding on, carrion. carrion-crow (-kro), n. the com- mon crow of Europe: also the American crow. carronade (kar-on-ad'), n. a short cannon of large bore for close range, formerly used in the navy. carron-oil (kar'on-oil), n. linseed- oil and lime-water: used as a lini- ment for burns. carrot (kar'ot), n. the well-known plant with an edible root; the root itself. carry (kar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. car- ried, p.pr. carrying], to convey from one point to another; bear; have on one's person; convey by force; lead; transfer; accomplish; gain posses- sion of; extend or continue in time or space [with up or back]; exhibit; imply; have in charge or conduct; to take by assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; propel a projectile to a distance; hold the head in a par- ticular manner. cart (kart), n. a carriage for the con- veyance of heavy goods; a light two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- - men, &c: v.t. to carry or convey in a cart. cartage (kart'aj), n. the charge made for conveyance by a cart; the act of carting. carte (kart), n. a bill of fare. carte blanche (kart blangsh), a blank paper; a signed sheet of paper given to another to be filled up as he pleases: hence, uncondi- tional terms or authority. carte-de-visite (kart'-de-vi-z et') , [pi. cartes-de-visite], a photograph of a person mounted on a card of a size formerly used as a visiting card. cartel (kar'tel), n. an agreement be- tween hostile states regarding the exchange of prisoners; a challenge to single combat. cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. elastic animal tissue, forming bone; gristle. cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj'i-nus), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, cartilage; gristly. cartographer, cartographic, car- tography, &c. See chartographer, &c. cartoon (kar-toon'), n. a study or design executed on strong paper, and of the size to be reproduced in fresco or tapestry; a pictorial sketch dealing with a political or social subject. cartouch (kar-toosh'), n. a cartridge; a cartridge-box; an ornament in the form of an unrolled scroll; on Egyptian monuments, &c, an oval figure containing the name or title of a sovereign or deity. cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of cardboard, metal, or other material, containing the charge of a firearm. caruncle (kar'ung-kl), n. a small fleshy excrescence; the comb or wattle of a fowl; an appendage surrounding the hilum of a seed. carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; shape by cutting; cut into slices: v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculp- tor or carver; cut up meat. caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of a woman in long robes, serving to support an entablature. cascarilla (kas-ka-ril'a), n. the bark of a West Indian shrub, possessing aromatic and bitter properties; the shrub itself, from which is obtained a white bitter crystalline substance, cascarillin. case (kas), n. a covering or recep- tacle; a sheath; a box with its con- tents; a frame or casing; a divided tray for types; 225 sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. to cover with, or enclose in, a case. case (kas), n. that which happens or befalls; the matters involved^ in a question under discussion or inves- tigation; a certain form or instance of disease; a suit or action at law; one of the forms or inflections in the declension of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicates its relation to other words. ate, arm, Die. 12 :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. A CASE-HARDEN 178 CAST case-harden (kas-har'dn), v.t. to harden the surface of (as iron) by- conversion into steel. caseic (ka/se-ik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from cheese. casein (ka'se-in), n. the curd-matter of milk, forming the main part of cheese. casemate (kas'mat), n. a shell-proof vault or battery, having embrasures for cannon; a hollow molding. casement (kas'ment), n. a hinged window-frame made to open out- ward. cash-and-carry, store system of cash payments without deliveries. cash (kash), n.^ money; ready money: v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, money. cash-book, a book in which a regis- ter is kept of money received or paid out. cashew (ka-shoo'), n. a tree native of tropical America which produces the cashew-nut, a kidney-shaped fruit containing an edible kernel from which a caustic oil is obtained. cashier (kash-er'), n. one who has charge of the money, and superin- tends the pavments and receipts of a bank or trading establishment: v.t. to dismiss from service or place of trust; discharge. cashmere (kash'mer), n. a soft woolen fabric for shawls, &c, orig- inally made in Cashmere, from the downy hair of the wild goat of Tibet and the Himalayas; a soft woolen dress fabric made in imita- tion of real cashmere: adj. made of cashmere. cash-register (kash-re'jis-ter), n. a machine for registering cash receipts. casing (kas'ing), n. ^ the act of cov- ering with or placing in a case; a covering. casino (ka-se'no), n. [pi. English casinos ('noz), Italian casini ('ne) J, a small country house; a public room or building used for social meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. cask (kask), n. a vessel composed of wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, for holding liquors; the quantity contained in a cask. casket (kas'ket), n. a small chest or box for jewels, &c; a costly coffin: v.t. to place or preserve in a casket. casque (kask), n. a helmet. cassation (kas-a'shun), n. abroga- tion. cassava (kas'a-va), n. a plant of tropical America and Africa, culti- vated for its tuberous roots, which yield a nutritious starch, from which cassava-bread and tapioca are made. casserole (kas'er-ol), n. a heat-proof earthenware vessel in which meat, etc., is cooked and served. cassia (kash'ia), n. a genus of legu- minous plants, the leaves of several species of which constitute the drug senna. cassia-oil (-oil), n. oil extracted from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. Called also oil of cinnamon. cassirnere (kas'i-mer), n. a thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's garments. Also casimire, and ker- seymere. cassinette (kas-i-nef), n. a cloth with a cotton warp and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- fitting vestment worn by clergymen, choristers, &c cassowary (kas'o-wa-ri), n. [pi. cas- sowaries (-riz)], a large^ bird re- sembling the ostrich, inhabiting Australia and the Papuan Islands. cast (kast), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cast; p.pr. casting], throw; hurl; shed, direct or turn; thrown down; cal- culate; defeat at law; condemn; form into a certain shape; assign to various actors: v.i. to throw the line in angling; ponder; to warp or twist; receive form or shape in a mold: n. the act of casting; the dis- tance to which a thing may be thrown; motion or turn (of the eye); direction, glance; the form or shape; manner; appearance; a tinge; Ute, arm, z, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAST-IRON, OR -STEEL 179 CAT-HARPINGS the company of actors to whom the parts of a play are assigned. cast-iron, or -steel (-Irn, or -stel), n. iron or steel melted and run into molds, castanets (kas't§,-nets), n.pl. smalj spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a pair of which is fastened to each thumb and shaken with the fingers to beat time. castaway (kast'a-wa), n. one who is cast away or lost; a person or vessel wrecked on an unfrequented coast; an outcast; reprobate (I Cor. ix. 27) : adj. shipwrecked; rejected. caste (kast), one of the artificial or hereditary divisions into which Hin- dus are restricted by Brahmin re- ligious law. castellated (kas'te-la-ted), adj. fur- nished with turrets and battlements, as a castle. caster (kas'ter), n. one who, or that which casts; a computor; a cruet or small vessel for holding condiments at table; a small swiveled wheel. Also castor. castigate (kas'ti-gat), v.t. to cor- rect; chastise; punish; subject to severe criticism. castigation (kas-ti-ga/shun), n. the act of castigating. castigator (kas'ti-ga-ter), n. one who castigates. castigatory (kas'ti-ga-to-ri), adj. pu- nitive. Castile-soap, a superior kind of refined soap, originally made at Castile, Spain. Castilian (kas-til'ian), adj. of, or pertaining to, Castile. casting (kast'ing), n. the action of the verb to cast; the act or process of founding or molding; the process of taking impressions of statues, medals, &c; a worm-cast. casting-vote (-vot), n. the deciding vote of a chairman when the votes are equal. castle (kasl, or kasl), n. a fortified residence; a fortress; a strong and imposing mansion of a noble or wealthy person; one of the pieces at chess, called also rook: v.i. to move the king two squares to the right or left, and bring the castle to the square the king has passed over. castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; geld; expurgate; deprive a flower of its anthers: adj. emasculated; gelded: n. one who has been emascu- lated; a eunuch. castration (kas-tra'shun), n. the act of castrating. casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by chance; accidental; occasional; fortuitous: n. one who receives re- lief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong. casualty (kazh'u-al-ti), n. [pi. casu- alties (-tiz)j, an accident, especially if resulting in bodily injury or death. casuist (kazh'ii-ist) n. one skilled in casuistry; one who studies or re- solves cases of conscience. casuistic (kazh-ti-is'tik), or casuis- tical (-al), adj. of or pertaining to casuistry. casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri), n. [pi. casuistries (-riz) ], the science or doctrine which deals with cases of conscience as determined by theolog- ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- tical or equivocal reasoning. cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of the family FelidaB, especially the domesticated quadruped, Felis do- mestica; a cat-fish; a cat-o'-nine- tails; the game of tip-cat; a strong tackle; to raise an anchor to the cat-head; a stoutly built vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep waist; a double tripod which always lands on its feet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. catted, p.pr. catting], to draw up (an anchor) to the cathead. cat-block (-blok), n. a two- or three- fold block used to cat the anchor. cat-boat (-bot), n. a small boat with one sail on a mast near the bows. cat-harpings (-har'pings), n.pl. short ropes or iron clamps used for tightening the shrouds. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS 180 CATAWBA cat-o'-nine-tails, n. a whip with nine lashes of knotted cord, former- ly used as a punishment in the English army and navy. cat's-eye (-1), n. a hard semi-trans- parent variety of quartz. cat's-paw (-paw), n. a dupe, from the fable of the monkey who used the cat's paw to get the roasted chestnuts from the fire; a light air that slightly ripples the surface of the water. catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. a downward series of changes by which complex bodies are broken down into simpler forms. Also katabolism. cataclysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a del- uge; _ flood; a violent or sudden physical change of the earth's sur- face. catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- raneous burial place with niches hollowed out for the dead. catacoustics (kat-a-kous'tiks), n. that part of the science of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds. catadioptric (kat-a-dl-op'trik), adj. refracting and reflecting light. catafalque (kat'a-falk), n. a tem- porary structure erected, usually in a church, to support the coffin of a distinguished person on the occasion of a ceremonious funeral. Catalan (kat'a-lan), adj. of, or per- taining to, Catalonia, & former prov- ince of Spain, or to its inhabitants or language. catalepsy (kat'a-Iep-si), n. a sudden suspense of voluntary sensation. Also catalepsis. cataleptic (kat-a-lep'tik), adj. of, or pertaining to, catalepsy. catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an ar- ranged list: v.t. to enter in, or make, a catalogue of. catalysis (ka-tal'i-sis), n. [pi. ca- talyses (-sez) ], a decomposition and new combination supposed to be effected by one substance acting upon a compound body, itself re- maining unchanged. catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. a raft or float propelled by paddles, consisting usually of three or more logs lashed together, the third or middle one being longer than the rest; any vessel with twin hulls; a flat-bottomed boat; a vixen. catamount (kat'a-mount), n. the wild cat; the puma, cougar, or mountain lion. cat and mouse act, n. British law (1913) providing that militant suf- fragettes released from jail on hunger strikes may be rearrested and made to serve out their sen- tences. cataphonics (kat-a-fon'iks), n. that branch of acoustics which treats of the theory of reflected sounds; cata- coustics. cataphoric (kat-a-for'ik), adj. pos- sessing the power of producing mo- tion through a diaphragm: said of a liquid, or electric current. cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poul- tice. cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si), n. a sudden shock to the nerves causing paralysis. catapult (kat'a-pult), n. an ancient military engine for hurling _ darts and stones; a forked stick with an elastic band by which small mis- siles are propelled. cataract (kat'a-rakt), n. a large waterfall; a furious rush or down- pour ^ of water; a disease of the eye in which the crystalline lens becomes opaque, and the vision be- comes impaired or is lost. ' catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflamma- tory affection of any mucous mem- brane accompanied by increase of the mucus, especially from the nose; a violent cold in the head. catarrhal (ka-tar'al), adj. pertain- ing to, or produced by, catarrh. catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), n. a great calamity or disaster; an event subversive of the order of things; the unfolding and winding up of a plot; a cataclysm. catawba (ka-taw'ba), n. a light-red ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CATCALL 181 CATHODE-RAY variety of American grape; a light and as a medicine. Called also wine made from this grape. terra japonica and cutch. catcall (kat'kawl), ft. a squeaking catechumen (kat-e-kti'men), ft. one instrument used in theaters to ex- who is under religious instruction press disapproval: v.t. to express priorto receiving baptism; a beginner disapproval of by a catcall. in the first principles of knowledge. catch (kach), v.t. [p.L & p.p. caught, categorical (kat-e-gor'i-kal), adj. p.pr. catching], to seize or grasp; pertaining to a category; absolute; lay hold of suddenly; intercept; unconditional. take captive; apprehend by the in- categorically (4i), adv. in a cate- tellect or senses; take, by conta- gorical manner; absolutely. gion, infection, or sympathy; at- category (kat'e-go-ri), n. [pi. cate- tack, or communicate to, as a fire; gories (-riz) ], one of the highest come upon unexpectedly; come up classes to which the objects of to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- knowledge or thought can be re- ing or grasping; that which is duced,- and by which they may be caught or taken; gain; something arranged into a system, desirable to be caught; anything cater (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food, that seizes or checks motion; a amusement, &c. [with for and to], song, the parts of which are caught caterpillar (kat'er-pil'er), n. the hairy up by different voices. worm-like larva of a butterfly or catchpenny (kach'pen-i), n. [pi. lepidopterous insect. catchpennies (-iz) 1, an article of caterwaul (kat'er-wawl), v.i. to cry, little value got up attractively to as cats at night; to utter harsh effect a quick sale. discordant sounds. catchup (kach'up), ft. a sauce made catfish (kat'fish), n. a fish remark- from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, able for its voracity; bullhead; pout. &c. Also catsup, ketchup. _ catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord catechetical (kat-e-ket'ik-al), adj. made from the intestines of animals, consisting of questions and answers. usually sheep, and used as strings catechetically (-li), adv. by way of for musical instruments and some question and answer. other purposes; a string of this catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks), ft. the kind; a kind of open canvas. art or practice of instructing by cathartic (ka-thar'tik), adj. purga- means of question and answer. tive: ft. a purgative medicine. catechin (kat'e-kin), ft. a tannic cat-head (kat'hed), ft. a beam pro- acid extracted from catechu. jecting from a ship's bows to which catechism (kat'e-kizrn), n. an ele- the anchor is secured. mentary manual of instruction in cathedral (ka-the'dral), n. the # chief the form of question and answer, church in a diocese in which is the especially in the principles of the throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining Christian religion. to a cathedral. catechist (kat'e-kist), ft. one who catheter (kath'e-ter), a tubular in- instructs by question and answer; strument to withdraw urine from a catechizer. the bladder. catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to instruct cafhion (kath'i-on), n. the electro- by means of questions and answers, positive ion evolved at the cathode and offering explanations, especially in electrolysis. to instruct on points of Christian cathode (kath'od), ft. the negative dogma; interrogate or examine. pole of a current: opposed to anode. catechu (kat'e-ku), n. m a brown Written also kathode. astringent extract used in the arts cathode-ray (kath'od-ra), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut \ think, then. CATHOLIC 182 CAUSE Stream of electrons in an electric caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary bulb which generates the X-ray. meeting of representatives of a po- catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; litical party, to decide upon a line general; embracing all; liberal; of policy to be submitted to a con- large-hearted; free from prejudice; vention or larger meeting; a party including all mankind. combination for influencing elec- Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertain- tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a ing to the Church of Rome: n. sl caucus. member of the Universal or Cath- caudal (kaw'dal), adj. pertaining to olic Church, or of the Roman a tail. Church. caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), n. the tail; having a tail-like appendage, belief of, or adherence to, the Cath- caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink olic Church or faith, especially to made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- that of the Roman Catholic Church. ared, and mixed with bread, eggs, catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n. the &c, for sick persons, or for women quality of being catholic. in childbed. Catholicize (kaVthol'i-sIz), v.i. to con- caught, p.t. & p.p. of catch. vert to the Roman Catholic Church, caul (kawl), n. a net or covering for catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous the head; a small net; a mem- inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. brane covering the lower intes- catling (kat'ling), n. a little cat; tines; a part of the amnion or mem- kitten; the down or moss resem- brane of the fetus, sometimes inclos- bling cat's hair which grows on cer- ing a child's head at birth, tain trees. cauldron (kawrdron), n. a large catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kaf- kettle or boiler nip), n. a strong-scented perennial cauliflower (kawli-flou-er), n. a herb, much liked by cats. garden variety of cabbage with an catopsis m (ka-top'sis), n. morbidly edible flowering head, keen vision. caulk. See calk. catoptric (ka-top'trik), adj. relating causal (kaw'zlil), adj. relating to or to catoptrics. expressing cause; creative: n. a catoptric light Git), n. form of word that expresses a cause, or in- light, used in lighthouses, in which troduces a reason, reflectors are used in the place of causally (-li), adv. as a cause.' prisms and lenses. causality (kaw-zal'i-ti), n. [pi. cau- catoptrically (-li), adv. by reflec- salities (-tiz) ], the relation of cause tion. to effect; the supposed faculty of catoptrics (ka-top'triks), n. that tracing effects to causes. branch of optics which treats of causation (kaw-za/shun), n. the act the principles of reflected light. of causing or producing; relation cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live between cause and effect. stock, especially oxen, bulls and causative (kaw'za-tiv), adj. that cows. causes; effective as a cause; ex- cattle-plague (-plag), n. a popular pressing causation. name for the rinderpest. cause (kawz), n. that which pro- Caucasian (kaw-ka/shi-an or kaw- duces or contributes to a result; a kash'i-an), adj. of or pertaining to reason; motive; principle; subject the Caucasus, a mountainous range in debate; a side or party; a suit between the Black and the Caspian or action; a case for judicial de- Seas; of or pertaining to the Euro- cision: v.t. to act as an agent in pean Aryans. producing an effect; produce. a* CHAIN 189 CHANCE chain (chan), n. a connected series of links or rings fitted into one an- other; a bond; a measure of 100 links = 66 ft. ; the warp threads of a web: v.t. to fasten, secure, or con- nect with a chain; enslave; to unite firmly; fasten. chain-gang (-gang), n. a # gang of convicts working together in chains. chain-mail (-mal), n. flexible armor formed of metal links interwoven. chain-stitch (-stich), n. an orna- mental stitch resembling a chain; a loop-stitch made by a sewing ma- chine. chair (char), n. a movable seat with a back for one person; an official seat; a professorship; the presiding officer of an assembly; an iron socket fastened to the sleeper which receives and secures railroad metals : v.t. to carry publicly in a chair in triumph; to install. chairman (char'man), n. [pi. chair- men ('men) ], the president of an assembly, meeting, public company, &c. chaise (shaz), n. a light two-wheeled carriage; a carriage in general. chalcedony (kal'se-do-ni or kal-sed'- 6-ni), a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, resembling diluted milk. Also calcedony. chaldron (chawl'dron), n. a measure for coke = 36 bush. (25 Yi cwt.). chalet (sha-la/), n. a Swiss cottage or herdsman's dwelling; a small country house built in such style. chalice (chal'is), n. a cup; a Euchar- ist cup. chalk (chawk), n. a soft limestone rock composed of carbonate of lime; prepared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, rub, or manure with chalk. chalkstone (-ston), n. a chalky con- cretion in the joints. chalkiness _ (chawk'i-nes), n. the state of being chalky. chalky (chawk'i), adj. containing, or resembling, chalk. challenge (chal'enj), n. an invitation to a contest ; a summons to fight ; a duel ; an objection taken to a voter or juror; the demand of a soldier on sentry: v.t. to summons to a con- test; invite to a duel; defy; take exception to. challengeable (chal'enj-a-bl), adj. that may be challenged. challis (share), n. a light all-wool fabric. chalybeate _ (ka-lib'e-at), adj. im- pregnated with iron. chalybite (kal'i-bit), n. native car- bonate of iron; siderite. chamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- ment; especially a bedroom; a pri- vate room; a political or commercial body; a cavity; that part of a gun, &c, which contains the charge: pi. a suite of rooms; a judge's private room: v.t. to inclose; furnish with a chamber. chamberlain (cham'ber 'Ian), n. an officer who has charge of the private apartments of a sovereign or noble- man; a male servant who has charge of a suite of rooms; the treasurer of a city or corporation. chameleon (ka-me'le-un), n. an in- sectivorous lizard-like reptile, pos- sessing the power of changing its color. chamfer (cham'fer), n. a small fur- row cut in wood or metal ; a bevei : v.t. to groove, channel or flute. champ (champ), v.L to bite with the teeth repeatedly and impatiently: n. the act of champing. champagne (sham-pan'), n. a light sparkling effervescent wine. champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open country: adj. level, open. champerty (cham'per-ti), n. the maintenance of a party in a suit on condition that, if successful, the property is to be shared. champion (cham'pi-un), n. one who defends the cause of another, by combat or other means; a hero; valiant warrior; a successful com- petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- fend or support a cause. chance (chans), n. an unforeseen ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHANCEL 190 CHAPLAIN event; an accident; a possibility; opportunity; risk: v.i. to happen; occur without design or expectation: v.t. to risk (with it). chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a church where the altar stands; the sanctuary. chancellor (chan'sel-er), n. a judge of a court of equity or chancery; the president or highest official of a university; a vicar-general; the president of the German Federal Council. chance-medley _ (-medli), n. justi- fiable homicide in self-defense. chancery (chan'ser-i), n. originally in England, next to Parliament, the highest Court of Justice, since 1873 a division of the High Court of Jus- tice; a court of Equity. chandelier (shan-de-ler'), n. a hang- ing frame with branches for lights. chandler (chandler), n. a maker or vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- chant. change (chanj), v.t. to alter; sub- stitute; exchange or give an equiva- lent for; render acid or tainted: v.i. undergo change; suffer altera- tion; pass from one place to another; deteriorate: n. an alteration or variation; a passing from one state or form^ to another; vicissitude; small coin; balance returned after deduction of amount paid. changeability (chanj-a-bil'i-ti), n. liability to change. changeable (chanj 'a-bl), adj. fickle. changeling (chanj 'ling), n. a child left in place of another; an idiot; a waverer. channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a stream; a watercourse; the deepest part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c; a wide arm of the sea extending in- land; a groove; a medium of con- veyance: pi. planks bolted to the outside of a ship to extend the rig- ging: v.t. to cut into a channel; groove. chant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: v.i. make melody with the voice; go in full cry, as hounds: n. a song; a solemn or monotonous song. chanter (chan'ter), n. one who chants; the drone of a bagpipe; a horse-coper. chantey (chan'ti), n. a song sung by sailors at work; marked by a strongly defined measure or accent. chanticleer (chan'ti-kler), n. a cock. chaos (ka/os), n. the confused matter out of which the universe was formed; confusion. chaotic (ka-ot'ik), adj. resembling chaos. chaotically (-al-li), adv. in a chaotic manner. chap (chap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chapped: p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or open longitudinally : v.i. to have the skin crack: n. a longitudinal crack or slit. chap (chap), n. a fellow. chap (chap, or chop), n. one of the jaws or its fleshy covering (usually pi.) ; the mouth of a channel. chaparral (chap-a-ral'), n. a dense thicket. chap-book (chapHbook), n. a small book, usually of fairy tales, ro- mances, &c, formerly hawked about by chapmen. chapeau (sha/po), n. [pi. chapeaux (-poz)], a hat or head covering. ^ chapel (chap 'el), n. a subordinate place of public worship; a place of worship in a palace, institution, &c; a nonconformist place of worship; an association of journeymen in a printing house. chapelry (chap'el-ri), n. [pi. chapel- ries (-riz)], the district legally as- signed to a chapel dependent upon the mother church. chaperon (shap'er-on), n. a married lady who accompanies young ladies in public: v.t. to act as a chaperon to. chapfallen (chap'faw-len), adj. de- jected. chapiter (chap'i-ter), n. the upper part or capital of a pillar. chaplain (chap'lin), n. a clergyman ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then.. CHAPLAINCY 191 CHART who performs service in the army, navy, a public institution, a royal or private household. chaplaincy (chap'lin-si), n. the office or status of a chaplain. chaplet (chap 'let), n. a wreath or garland encircling the head:; a rosary; a round molding carved into beads, olives, &c. chapman (chap 'man), n. [pi. chap- men ('men)], formerly a merchant or trader; a hawker. chappie (chap'i), n. familiar for chap. chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a book; the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate church; a meeting of cer- tain organized societies or orders. char (char), n. work by the day; a single job; a chore: v.i. to work in the house of another by the day; do odd jobs; do chores. char (char), z; J. [p.t. & p.p. charred, p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to charcoal; burn partially. character (kar'ak-ter), n. a letter, sign, or figure; distinctive qualities or traits; moral excellence; a cer- tificate as to conduct or ability. characteristic (kar-ak-t er-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to or indicating the character. characteristically (-al-li), adv. in a characteristic manner. characterization (kar-ak-t er-I-za'- shun), n. the act of characterizing. characterize (kar'ak-ter-iz), v.t. de- scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or distinguish. characterless (kar'ak-ter-less), adj. wanting in character or moral excel- lence. charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted enigma. charcoal (char'kol), n. wood partially burnt; impure carbon. charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- tack; load; fill up; impose; com- mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; place on the debit side: v.i. to make an attack; demand a price: ». an onset; quantity with which a fire- arm or apparatus is charged; an of- fice or obligation; an order or com- mand; authoritative instruction or direction; an entry on the debit side. chargeability (char-ja-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being chargeable. chargeable (char'ja-bl), adj. liable to be charged; ratable; burdensome. charge d'affaires (shar-zha'da-far'), n. [pi. charges (-shar-zha-) ], a government official who acts for an ambassador # in his absence, or at a court to which no ambassador is ac- credited. charger (eharj'er), n. a cavalry horse; a large dish. < chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- wheeled car for war, state pro- cessions, racing, &c. ; a four-wheeled pleasure carriage. chariotee (char-i-o-te'), n. a light four-wheeled covered pleasure car- riage with two seats. charioteer (char-i-o-ter'), n. one who drives a chariot. # charitable (char'i-ta-bl), adj. benevo- lent in disposition; kind and liberal. charity (char'i-ti), n. [pi. charities (-tiz) ], the disposition to think well of others; liberality; alms; univer- sal love; an institution for the poor; a gift in trust for a benevolent object. charivari (shar-i-va'ri) , n. a mock serenade of discordant music. charlatan (shar 'la-tan), n. a quack. charlatanism (-izm), n. quackery. charlotte russe (shar'lut rtis), n. whipped cream enclosed in sponge- cake. charm (charm), n. a spell or en- chantment; an allurement; a trinket: v.t. influence by magic; subdue or fascinate; give exquisite delight to: v.i. to work by magic powers; act as a spell. charmeuse (shar'moos), n. sl soft, clinging satin. charnel (char'nel), adj. containing flesh or dead bodies. chart (chart), n. a map of any part of the sea, river, &c, for the use of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHARTER 192 CHECK mariners; the representation of a ship's course; a mariner's compass; a sheet giving information in tabu- lar form: v.t. to lay down, or de- lineate on a chart; map out: v.i. to make a chart or map. charter (char'ter), n. a document be- stowing certain rights and privi- leges: v.t. to charter-party. charter-party (-par'ti), n. a written agreement relating to the hire of a vessel and its cargo: v.t. to let or hire by charter-party. chartographer (kar-tog'ra-fer), n. one who prepares charts and maps. chartography (kar-tog'ra-fi), n. the art or business of drawing charts or maps. Chartreuse (shar-trez'), n. a cele- brated liqueur made by the monks of La Grand Chartreuse, France. chary (char'i), adj. cautious; sparing. chase (chas), v.t. to pursue; capture or kill; hunt; drive away: v.i. to ride or hunt rapidly: n.^ eager or vehement pursuit; hunting; open ground for preserving deer. chase (chas), n. a groove; an iron frame for securing types; that part of a cannon in front of the trun- nions: v.t. to work or emboss (pre- cious metals); cut, as the thread of a screw. chasm (kazm), n. a deep gap or open- ing in the earth; a void space. chassepot (shas'po), n. a French breech-loading rifle. chasseur (sha-ser'), n. a domestic dressed in military or hunting cos- tume; a French light-armed foot or cavalry soldier. chassis (shas-se'), n. the mechanical parts of an automobile. chaste (ehast), adj. morally pure; modest; pure in style; refined. chasten (chas'n), v.t. to punish for the purpose of reformation; purify; refine. chastise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to correct by punishment; reduce to order or obe- dience. chastisement (chas'tiz-ment), n. punishment. chastity (chas'ti-ti), n. moral and sexual purity. chasuble (chas'u-bl), n. a rich vestment worn over the alb by a celebrating priest. chat (chat), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chatted, p. pr. chatting], to talk in an easy familiar manner: n. familiar or in- formal speech. chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, (-toz') ], a castle; a manor house or country seat; the name of various French wines. chatelaine (shat'e-lan), n. a bunch of chains to which are attached trin- kets, &c, worn at the waist by la- dies. chattel (chat 'el), n. personal prop- erty except freehold (usually in pi.). chatter (chafer), v.i. to utter sounds rapidly, as a monkey; rattle the teeth, as in shivering or from fright; talk idly or carelessly; jab- ber: v.t. to utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly: n. sounds like those of the magpie, &c. ; idle, rapid talk. . chatterbox (chat/er-boks), n. an in- cessant talker. chattiness (chat'i-nes), n. the qual- ity of being chatty. chatty (chat'i), adj. talkative, uncon- ventional. chauffeur (sho-fer'), n. an operator of an automobile; an automobilist: fern, chauffeuse (sho-fez'). chauvinism (sho'vin-izm), n. blind and unreasoning attachment to a fallen cause; exaggerated political or party fanaticism. cheap (chep), adj. purchasable for a low price; common; of small value. cheapen (chep'en), v.t. to lessen the price of. cheat (chet), n. a fraud or decep- tion; one who cheats: v.t. to deceive or defraud; impose upon: v.i. to act as a cheat. check (chek), n. a restraint; a re- proof; a pass, ticket, or token; a term in chess; cloth woven in squares of alternate patterns; an order or draft on a bank or banker ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHECKER 193 CHERUBIC for money: v.t. to restrain; stop; reprove; examine by comparison; mark as having been examined; to place an opponent's king in danger at chess; mark in small squares. checker (chek'er), n. checker-board; one of the squares of a checkered pattern; piece with which to play checkers: pi. game played on a checker-board; draughts: v.t. to mark or decorate with checkers; variegate. checker-board, n. board on which the game of checkers is played. checkmate (chek'mat), n. the win- ning move at chess when the oppo- nent's king cannot move out of check; a complete defeat from which there is no escape: v.t. to give checkmate to; defeat utterly; thwart. cheek (chek), n. the side of the face beneath either eye; one of two cor- responding sides; cool impudence: v.t. face in an impudent manner. cheep (chep), n. a shrill noise, as that of a young chicken, or a mouse: v.i. to make such a noise. cheeper (chep'er), n. a young game bird. cheer (cher), n. temper or state of mind; a state of gladness or joy; a shout of applause; tidings; luck: v.t. to gladden ; encourage; applaud. cheerful (cher 'fool), adj. full of good spirits. cheerfully (-li), adv. in a cheerful manner. cheerily (cher'i-li), adv. heartily. cheeriness (cher'i-nes), n. the state of being cheery. cheery (cher'i), adj. cheerful; gay. cheese (ches), n. the curd or casein of milk coagulated, pressed and al- lowed to dry in a mold; anything resembling cheese. cheese-cake ('kak), n. a confection of soft curds, butter, and sugar. cheese-paring (-par'ing), adj, nig- gardly. cheetah (che'ta), n. the hunting leopard of India. Also chetah. cheetal (che'tal), n. the Indian spot- ted deer. chef (shef), n. a head or professional cook. chef-d'oeuvre (sha-de'vr), n. [pi. chefs-d'oeuvre (sha-de'vr) ], a mas- terpiece. Cheiranthus (ki-ran'thus), n. a ge- nus of plants, which mcludes the wallflower. chemical (kem'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to chemistry: n. a chemical sub- stance. chemically (-li), adv. according to chemical principles or operations. chemico-electric _ (kem-i-kd-e-lek'- trik), adj. depending upon electric activity produced by chemical means. chemise (she-mez'), n. a woman's undergarment; a wall lining an earthwork. chemisette (shem-i-zef), n. a short chemise worn over the breast. chemist (kem'ist), n. one skilled in chemistry; a dealer in drugs and medicines; an analyst. chemistry (kem'is-tri), n. the sci- ence whicn treats of the properties of elementary and compound sub- stances and the laws which govern their molecular and atomic "relations. chenille (she-nel'), n. silk or worsted cord. cheque (chek), n. an order or draft on a banker or bank, payable to the bearer; check. cherish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or esteem dear; treat with tenderness; protect and aid; encourage; harbor in the mind. cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of cigar. cherry (cher'i), n. [pi. cherries ('iz)J, the fruit of a tree allied to the plum ; a cordial made from cherries: adj. of a cherry color; ruddy. cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 'ubz), cherubim ('oo-bim)], an angel next to a seraphim in rank; a beauti- ful child [pi. cherubs]. cherubic (che-roo'bik), adj. angelic. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 13 ' *4 CHESS 194 CHIKARA chess (ches), n. a game played by two persons with 16 pieces each on a checkered board divided into 64 squares. chest (chest), n. a large box; the quantity such a box contains; the breast or thorax; a certain quantity of goods. chested (ches'ted), adj. having a chest. chestnut (ches'nut), n. the nut or seed of trees of the genus Castanea; the cnestnut-tree with its edible fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse of such color; an old or stale joke: adj. reddish-brown. chesty (ches'ti), adj. vain; conceited; strutting with chest thrown out; supercilious. cheval-glass (she-val'glas), n. a large swing looking-glass. chevalier (shev-a-ler'), n. a knight; a horseman; a member or knight of an honorable order; the lowest title of rank of the old French nobility; a gallant. chevaux-de-frise (shev-oo-de-freV), n.pl. a fence constructed of a bar armed with long spikes. Cheviot (chevi-ot), n. a sheep bred on the Cheviot Hills; a rough cloth made from its wool. chevron (shev'ron), n. a term in herald^; the badge on the coat sleeve of a non-commissioned officer, indicative of his rank; a variety of fret ornament. chew (choo), v.t. to crush and grind with the teeth; masticate; meditate upon: v.i. grind tobacco between the teeth: n. that which is chewed; a quid of tobacco. chiaroscuro (ki-ar-os-koo'ro), n. the treatment of light and shade in painting, _ drawing, or engraving: adj. pertaining to such treatment. _ chic (shek), adj. stylish: n. Parisian elegance in dress; manual dexterity. chicane (shi-kan'), n. mean or un- fair artifices to obscure the truth; sophistry. Also chicanery: v.t. to cheat: v.i. use artifices. chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, especially of the domestic hen: hence a child. chickadee (chik'a-de), n. the Ameri- can black-cap titmouse. chicken (chik'en), n. the young of a fowl, especially the domestic fowl. chicken-hearted (-hart'ed), adj. timid. chicken-pox (-poks), n. a mild erup- tive disease of children; varicella. chick-pea (ehik'pe), n. a plant the roasted seed of which forms the pulse of the East. chickweed (chik'wed), n. a common wild plant with white blossoms. chicory 'chik'o-ri), n. el perennial plant with bright blue flowers and a tapering root, which, when roast- ed and ground, is used to mix with coffee. chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chid, chode, p.p. chidden, chid, p.pr. chid- ing], to find fault with; scold: v.i. to clamor. chidingly (chid'ing-li), adv. in a chiding manner. chief (chef), n. a commander or leader; a head or principal person; the principal or most important part: adj. principal; most eminent; of the first order, rank, or estima- tion; leading; main. chieftain (chef 'tan), n. a captain, leader, or commander; the head of a class or tribe. chiffon (shif'un, French she-fong'), n. a kind of thin gauze fabric. chiffonier (shif-o-ner'), n. a piece of furniture fitted with drawers and shelves used as a sideboard; a rag gatherer. chignon ^she-nyong'), n. a roll of natural or artificial hair worn by women over a pad at the back of the head. chigoe (chig'o), n. a species of West Indian and South American flea which burrows beneath the skin of the feet, and breeding there produces ulcers. Also jigger. chikara (chi-ka'ra), n. the four- horned antelope of Bengal. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHILBLAIN 195 CHIPMUNK chilblain (chil'blan), n. a sore or inflammation caused by frost or cold: v.t. to afflict with chilblains. child (child), n. [pi. children (chil- dren) ], a son or daughter; a very- young person; a descendant; one immature in judgment. childbirth _ ('berth), n. the act or time of bringing forth a child. childe (child), n. a term formerly applied to the scions of knightly houses Defore their admission into knighthood. childhood (child'hood) , n. the period from infancy to puberty. childish ('ish), adj. like a child; puerile. childless (childless), adj. without children. children, pi. of child. chiliad (kil'i-ad), n. 1,000; a thou- sand years. chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; the absence of heat in a substance; the hardened part of a casting: adj. having the sensation of cold; de- pressing; discourteous, v.t. to make cold; blast with cold; deject; harden cast iron by sudden cooling. chilli (chiri), n. [pi. chillies (-iz) ], the dried pod of a capsicum. Also chile, chili. chiloplasty (ki'15-plas-ti), n. the transplantation of healthy skin to a diseased lip. chimera (ki-me'ra), n. an incon- gruous conception of the fancy; a cartilaginous fish of remarkable ap- pearance. chime (chim), n. the musical har- mony produced by striking a set of bells with hammers; a set of bells tuned to the musical scale and struck with hammers: v.i. to sound in consonance or harmony; be in harmony or agree with; join in: v.t. to cause to sound in harmony. chimerical (ki-mer'ik-al), adj. mere- ly imaginary; fantastic; unreal. chimerically (-li), adv. in a chimer- ical manner. chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys ('niz) ], the flue, vent, or passage through which smoke or heated air, &c, escapes; _ a glass tube for a lamp to intensify combustion. chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze), a large West Indian anthropoid ape allied to the gorilla. chin (chin), n. the part of the face below the under lip. china (chi'na), n. a fine kind of porcelain: adj. of, or from, China; of, or made of, china. chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect destructive to corn crops; the bed- bug. chinchilla (chin-chh"a), n. a small South American rodent with a soft fine fur. chine (chin), n. the backbone or spine of an animal; a piece of the backbone of an animal with adja- cent parts cut for cooking; a rocky ravine or large fissure in a cliff. Chinese (chi-nez'), adj. of, or per- taining to, China. chink m (chingk), n. sl small fissure opening lengthwise; a narrow aper- ture: v.i. to crack; to form into or close up cracks. chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic or jingling sound; money: v.t. to cause to make a sharp metallic sound; jingle. chinkapin (ching'ka-pin), n. the dwarf chestnut of the United States, or its nut. chinse (chins), v.t. to force oakum or tow in (the chinks or seams be- . tween the planking of a ship); calk temporarily. chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth, usually glazed, printed in various colors. chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chipped, p.pr. chipping], to cut into small pieces; bet at cards: v.i. break or fly off into small pieces: n. a small piece of stone, wood, &c, cut or broken off; a bonnet, &c, made of thin split wood or Cuban palm leaf. chipmunk (chip'mungk), n. a small ate, arm. ask at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHIPPER 196 CHOP squirrel of North America, having dark and light stripes on its back. chipper (chip'er), adj. active; pert. chirography (ki-rog'ra-fi), n. the art of writing or engrossing; judgment of character by the handwriting. chiromancy (kl'ro-man-si), n. palm- istry. chiropodist (kl-rop'o-dist), n. one who removes corns, bunions, &c, and is skilled in diseases of the feet and hands. chiropractic (ki-ro-prak'tik), n. a treatment to cure disease by manipu- lation of the spine. chirp (cherp), n. a short, shrill, cheer- ful note: v.i. to utter such a note. chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instru- ment of iron or steel for cutting wood, stone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to take an unfair advantage of in a transaction. chit (chit), n. a child; a pert forward girl. chit-chat (-chat), n. familiar talk. chivalresque (shiv-al-resk'), adj. of, or pertaining to, chivalry; chival- rous. chivalrous (shiv'al-rus), adj. relating to chivalry; warlike; high-spirited; gallant. chivalry (shiv'al-ri), n. the mediaeval system of knighthood; knights col- lectively: the qualifications of a knight, as bravery, nobleness, courtesy, respect lor womanly dig- nity and chastity, &c; tenure of land by knight's service. chloral (klo'ral), n. a strong narcotic. chloralism (klo'ral-izm), n. the habit of using chloral; a diseased condi- tion caused by the use of chloral. chloralize (klo'ral-iz), v.t. to bring under the influence of chloral. chloralum (klo'ral-um), n. an anti- septic. chlorate (klo'rat), n. a salt of chlo- ric acid. chloric (klo-rik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, chlorine. chloric acid (as'id), n. an acid con- taining hydrogen, oxygen, and chlo- rine. chloride (klo'rid), n. a compound of chlorine with another element. chloride of lime (of lim), n. a com- pound of chloride with lime, used in bleaching. chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish- yellow gas possessing great bleach- ing powers. chlorodyne (klo'rO-dm), n. a popu- lar anodyne. chloroform (klo'ro-form), n. a vola- tile liquid used for producing in- sensibility to pain: v.t. to adminis- ter chloroform to. chlorophyll (klo'ro-fil), n. the green coloring matter in plants. chlorosis (klo-ro'sis), n. a disease affecting young women, character- ized by anemia. chocolate (chok'o-lat), n. a paste made from the roasted kernels of the cacao-nut, used in making the beverage so called: adj. having the color of, or made of, chocolate. choice (chois), n. the act of choosing; option; the thing chosen; the best or preferable part: adj. select; care- fully chosen. choir (kwir), n. a band of singers in a church; the place where they sing. choke (chok), v.t. to suffocate by obstructing the windpipe; block up. choke-damp (-damp), n. carbonic acid generated in mines. choker (cho'ker), n. one who, or that which, chokes; a necktie. choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. _ cholera (kol'er-a), n. a disease with violent vomiting and purging. choleric (kol'er-ik), adj. quick-tem- pered; prone to anger; bilious. choose (chSoz), v.t. [p.t. chose, p.p. chosen, p.pr. choosing], to take by preference; select: v.i. to make a choice; prefer. chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chopped, p.pr. chopping], to cut with re- peated blows; hew; mince; to ex- change: v.i. to do anything with a ate, arm, ask, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHOP 197 CHROMIUM quick motion; turn or vary sud- denly: n. the act of chopping; a piece chopped off. chop (chop), n. a mark or brand de- noting quality. chops (chops), n.pl. the sides of the mouth of a river, channel, &c. chopsticks (chop'stiks), n.pl. two small sticks used in China for eating. chop-suey (chop-soo'i), n. a favorite dish of the Chinese; made of stewed meats, flour or meal; with sauces cooked in the mixture. choral (ko'rM), adj. of, or pertaining to, a choir; chanted or sung by a choir. chorale (ko'ral), n. a simple sacred melody or hymn sung in unison. chorally (-li), adv. in the manner of a chorus. chord (kord), n. the string of a musi- cal instrument; notes in harmony; harmony of color; a straight line join- ing the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t. to string, as a musical instrument. chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light work of a farmyard or household. chorister (kor'is-ter), n. a member of a choir. chortle (chort'ul), v. to chuckle loudly. chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing in concert; that part of a musical composition in which the company join the singer; a concerted piece of music. chosen (cho'zen), adj. selected; choice. chough (chuf), n. a bird like a jack- daw. chouse (chous), v.t. to cheat; swindle. chow-chow (chou'chou), adj. an East Indian mixed pickle. chowder (chou'der), n. a dish of fresh fish; clams stewed together with pork and biscuits, &c. chrism (krizm), n. consecrated oil. christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize in the name of the Holy Trinity; give a Christian name to. Christendom (kris'n-dum), n. coun- tries whose inhabitants profess the Christian faith; Christians collec- tively. Christian (kris'chan), n. a profes- sor of the religion of Christ: adj. professing the religion of Christ. ' Christian era (e'ra), n. the present era reckoned from the birth of Christ. Christian Science (si 'ens), n. a religious system founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866; taking as its fundamental doctrine the Scriptures and teachings of Jesus; elucidated and set forth in the text-book of the Christian Scientists, "Science and Health." Christianity (kris-chi-an'i-ti) , n. the precepts and doctrines taught by Christ. Christianization (kris-chan-iz-a'- shun), n. the act or process of con- verting to Christianity. Christianize (kris'chan-iz), v.t. to convert to Christianity. Christmas (kris'mas), n. the festival (Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of Christ. Christmastide (-tid), n. Christmas Eve (Dec. 24) to Epiphany (Jan. 6). chromascope (kro'ma-skop), n. an instrument to show the optical ef- fects of color. chr ornate (kro'mat), n. a salt of chromic acid. chromatic (kro-mat'ik), adj. relat- ing to colors; including notes not belonging to the diatonic scale: n. a note affected by an accidental; pi. that branch of optics which treats of colors. chromatically (-al-li), adv. in a chromatic manner. chromatometer (kro-ma-tom'e-ter) , n. a scale for measuring colors. chromatrope (kro'ma-trop), n. a revolving magic-lantern slide. chromatype (kro'ma-tip), n. a proc- ess for obtaining a colored photo- graphic picture. chrome (krom), n. chromium: v.t. to dye in a bath of bichromate of potash. chromium (kro'mi-um), n. a steel- gray metal, one of the elements. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHROMO 198 CHURCHMAN chromo (kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos ('moz) ], a chromolithograph or pic- ture produced by chromo-lithog- raphy. chromogen (kr5'mo-jen), n. the col- oring matter of plants. chromograph (kro'mo-graf), n. an apparatus for duplicating circulars, oil-paintings, &c. ; a hectograph. chromolithic (lo-o-mo-lith'ik), adj. executed in chromo-lithography. _ chromo-lithography (kro-mo-lith- og'ra-fi), n. the art of printing in colors from stone. chromosphere (kro'mo-sfer), n. the rose-colored outer envelope of the sun. chronic (kron'ik), adj. continuing a long time, or recurring; said of a disease. chronically (-al-li), adv. in a chronic manner. chronogram (kron'o-gram), n. an inscription which includes in it the date of some event. chronograph (kron'o-graph) , n. an instrument for recording minute in- tervals of time. chronological (kron-o-loj 'i-kal) , adj. relating to or containing an ac- count of, past events in the order of time. chronologically (-li), adv. in a chron- ological manner. chronologist (kro-nol'o-jist), n. one versed in chronology. Also chronol- oger. chronologize (kro-nol'o-jlz), v.t. to arrange in historical sequence. chronology ('o-ji), n. [pi. chronol- ogies (-jiz)l, the science that treats of events and arranges their dates in proper sequence. chronometer (kro-nom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring time with extreme accuracy. chronopher (kron'o-fer), n. an in- strument for signaling by electricity the exact time to distant stations. chronoscope (kron'o-skop), n. an instrument for measuring by elec- tricity the velocity of a projectile. chrysalis (kris'a-lis), n. the final stage through which a lepidopterous insect, or a butterfly, passes prior to its winged state. _ chrysanthemum (kris-an'the-mum), n. a composite plant with large heads of showy flowers; a flower of this plant. chrysolite (kris'o-Ilt), n. a green- colored and sometimes transparent gem. chrysoprase (kris'o-praz), n. a va- riety of chalcedony of apple-green color. chub (chub), n. a fresh-water fish. chubbiness (chub'i-nes), n. plump- ness. chubby (chub'i), adj. plump; fat and round. chuck (chuk), v.t. to make a noise like a hen calling to her chickens: n. a hen's call. chuck (chuk), v.t. to pat in a play- ful manner; throw smartly to a short distance; hold in a chuck: n. a light blow under the chin; a short toss; an appendage to a lathe to secure the work to be turned. chuckle (chuk'1),^ n. a quiet, sup- pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh in such a mannei . chum (chum), n. one who lodges in the same apartment; a college stu- dent; an old or intimate friend: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chummed; p.pr. chum- ming], to occupy the same room. chump (chump), n. a short, thick, heavy piece of wood. chunk (chungk), n. a short, thick piece; a thick-set strong person or animal. chunky (chungk'i), adj. short and thick. church (cherch), n. a building set apart or consecrated for divine wor- ship. Church (cherch), n. the collective body of Christians; a particular body of Christians ; the clergy. Churchman (-man), n. an adherent of the Established Church; an Epis- copalian. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CHURCHWARDEN 199 CINQUE churchwarden ('wawr-dn), n. in the Anglican Church, one of two officers chosen at Easter in every parish to attend to the secular af- fairs of the church, and to act as the legal representatives of the parish; a long clay pipe. churl (cherl), n. formerly one of the lowest orders of freemen; a peasant; a surly ill-bred person; a niggard. churlish ('ish), adj. ill-bred; nig- gardly. churn (chern), n. a vessel in which milk or cream is agitated to form butter: v.t. to make (butter) by agi- tating milk or cream; agitate by violent motion. chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough for sending articles down; an aquat- ic switch-back; a river-fall over which timber is floated; a stampede; a bayou. chyle (kll), n. a milk-like fluid sepa- rated from digested matter in the stomach, absorbed by the lacteal vessels, and assimilated into blood. chyme (kim), n. the pulpy mass of digested food prior to the separa- tion of the chyle. cicada (si-ka/da), n. [pi. cicadee ('de) ], a genus of insects having the power of producing a shrill sound. cicatrix (sik'a-triks), n. [pi. cicatrices (-tri-sez) ], the scar remaining after a wound has healed. cicatrize (sik'a-triz), v.t. to heal (a wound) by inducing the skin to form a cicatrix. cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne; Italian che-cha- ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones (-nez), cice- roni ('ne) ], a guide who explains the antiquities and chief features of a place. Cid (sid), n. a chief or commander, especially in Spanish literature; the hero, Ruy Diaz, the Christian cham- pion against the Moors; the name of a Spanish epic. cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples expressed and fermented. ci devant (se-de-vang'), adj. former: used with reference to an office previously held. cierge (serg), n. a wax candle used in religious processions. cigar (si-gar'), n. a small roll of to- bacco-leaf used for smoking. cigarette (sig-a-ref), n. a small ci- gar made of tobacco rolled in thin paper. cilia (sil'i-a), n.pl. the hair of the eyelids; long minute hair-like ap- pendages on the margins of vege- table bodies; the very minute vibra- tile filaments lining or covering certain organs. ciliated > (sil'i-a-ted), adj. covered with cilia. Cimmerian (kim- or sim-e'ri-lln), adj. pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people mentioned by Homer as living in perpetual darkness: hence intensely dark ; gloomy. cinch (sinch), n. a saddle girth firm- ly fastened in place by loop and knots; a sure grip or hold. cinchona (sin-ko'na), n. a South American tree which yields quinine. cinchonism (sin'k5-nizm), n. a con- dition of the system characterized by buzzing in the ears, > deafness, &c, caused by the excessive use of quinine. cincture (singk'tur), n. a belt or girdle worn round the waist; a raised or carved ring at the bottom and top of a pillar. cinder (sin'der), n. any piece of a body thoroughly burnt but not re- duced to ashes: pi. volcanic scoriae; slag. cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. a French device similar to the biograph. . cinerary (sin'e-ra-ri), adj. pertaining to, or containing, ashes: applied to sepulchral urns. cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. red sulphide of mercury. cinnamon (sin'a-mun), n. the inner aromatic bark of an East Indian tree: ad;, light-reddish brown. cinque (singk), n. a five. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CINQUE-FOIL 200 CIRCUMLOCUTORY cinque-foil (-foil), n. a plant of the the extent to which a thing is eir- genus Potentilla; five fingers; an culated; currency of money, architectural ornamentation resem- circulator (ser'ku-la-ter), n. a cir- bling five leaves. culating decimal. cipher (si'fer), n. the symbol 0: circulatory (ser'ku-la-to-ri), adj. cir- hence a person or anything without culating. value or power; a monogram; a circum (serTaim), a prefix ^around, secret manner of writing, or the key forming compounds the meaning of to it; a code: v.i. to practice arith- many of which is obvious, as cir- metic; to sound independently of the cwmpolar, around the pole, &c. player: v.t. to express in cipher. circumambient (ser-kum-am'bient), circle (ser'kl), n. a round body; a adj. inclosing, or being surrounded, plane figure bounded by a single on all sides. curved fine called its circumference, circumcise (ser'kum-siz), v.t. to cut every part of which is equally dis- off the foreskin or prepuce; purify tant from a point within it, called the heart. the center; an orb; an enclosure; a circumcision (ser'kum-sizh-un), n. sphere or position in society; a the act of circumcising; spiritual number of persons or things united purification. by a common bond; a coterie; an circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. administrative division of a coun- the line that bounds a circle; a pe- try; an inconclusive form of argu- riphery. ment: v.t. to encompass: v.i. move circumferential (ser-kum-fer-en'~ in a circle; to revolve. shal), adj. pertaining to the circum- circlet (serk'let), n. a small circle, ference. circuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going circumferentially (-li), adj. in a round anything; the space enclosed circumferential manner. in a circle; the journey of a judge circumflect (ser-kum-flekt'), v.t. to from one place to another to hold bend around. assizes; a district assigned to an circu inflection, n. Same as circum- itinerant preacher; the arrangement flexion. by which an electrical current is circumflex (ser'kum-fleks), n. a mark kept up between the two poles of a ( ~ ~ a ) over a vowel or syllable battery or machine; the path of the to denote accent or contraction: electric current. < adj. marked with such an accent; circuitous (ser-ku'i-tus), adj. round- curved or winding: v.t. to pro- about. nounce or mark with the circumflex. circular (serTcu-lar), adj. round like circumflexion (ser-kum-flek'shun),n. a circle; ending in itself; intended the act of marking with a circumflex, for circulation: n. a printed or circumfuse (ser-kum-fuz'), v.t. to written letter or notice. pour or spread around. circularize (ser'ku-lar-iz)', v.t. to circumjacent (ser-kum-ja'sent), adj. make circular; send circulars to. lying around; bordering on every circulate (ser'ku-lat), v.t. to cause side. to pass from point to point or from circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'- one person to another: v.i. move shun), n. a roundabout way of speak- round and return to the same point; ing; an indirect mode of statement, pass from hand to hand ; be diffused circumlocutionary (-a-ri) , adj. or distributed ; travel. roundabout. circulation (ser-ku-la'shun), n. the circumlocutory (ser-kum-lok'u-to- act of moving round; passing or ri), adj. expressing few words in transmitting from place to place; many. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CIRCUMNAVIGABLE 201 CIVILIAN circumnavigable (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- bl), adj. capable of being circum- navigated. circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat) , v.t. to sail round: usually the globe. circumnavigator (ser-kum-nav'i-ga- ter), n. one who circumnavigates. circumscribe (ser-kum-skrlb'), v.t. to inclose within certain lines or boundaries; restrict. circumscriptive (-skrip'tiv), adj. limiting. circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), adj. cautious; prudent; watchful on all sides. circumspection (ser-kum-spek'- shun), n. caution; watchfulness on every side; prudence. circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. something relative or appendent to a fact; an incident: pi. state of af- fairs: v.t. to place in a particular situation [only in p.p.], circumstantial ^ (ser-kum-stan'shal), n. something incidental and sub- ordinate to the_ main _ subject: pi. incidentals: ^ adj. accidental; de- tailed; proving indirectly. circumstantiality (-shi-al'i-ti), ^ n. the state of being circumstantial; fullness of detail. circumstantially (-li), adv. inci- dentally; not essentially; minutely; exactly. circumstantiate (s er-kum-stan'shi- at), v.t. to verify in every particular. circumvallation (ser-kum-val-a/- shun), n. the act of throwing up walls or fortifications. circumvent (ser-kum-venf), n. to gain an advantage over by strata- gem or deception. circumvention (-ven'shun), n. the act of circumventing; a stratagem. circumventive ('tiv), adj. deceiving by artifice. circumvolution (ser-kum-vo-lu'- shun), n. the act of rolling round; the state of being rolled round. circus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses (-ez) ], a large level oblong space for feats of horsemanship, &c, with seats for the^ spectators arranged in tiers; a semi-circular space. cisalpine (sis-al'pln), adj. this side of the Alps with regard to Rome; south of the Alps. cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik) , adj. on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. cistern (sis'tern), n. a natural or ar- tificial receptacle for storing water; a reservoir. citable (slt'a-bl), adj. capable of being cited. citadel (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, a castle. citation (si-ta'shun), n. an official summons to appear before a court; a quotation; in the World War, offi- cial report on heroic service. citatory (sl'ta-to-ri), adj. having the form or nature of a citation; citing. cite (sit), v.t. to summon officially to appear in court; quote. cithara (sith'a-ra), n. an ancient lyre. citizen (sit'i-zen), n. sl native or in- habitant of a town or city; a free- man; a member of a state or na- tion who enjoys political rights and privileges; a tradesman. citrate (sit'rat), n. a salt of citric acid. citric acid (sit'rik as'id), n. an acid found in the lemon and orange. citron (sit 'run), n. sl tree with a fruit like the lemon. city (sit'i), n. [pi. cities ('iz) ], a large and important town; a corporate town. _ civet (siv'et), n. sl musky secretion of the anal glands of the civet cat. civic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to a . cit y*. civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs of a city or government; intestine; non-international; not military or criminal; complaisant; wellbred. civil service (ser'vis), n. the paid service of the State not exclusively naval or military. civil war (wawr)., n. war between two factions of the same country. civilian (si-vil'yan), n. one engaged in the pursuits of civil life: adj. oc- cupied in civil pursuits. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CIVILITY 202 CLARET civility (si-vil'i-ti), > n. [pi. civilities (-tiz) ], good breeding; courtesy. civilization (siv-i-li-za/shun), n. the act or state of being civilized; culture ; refinement. civilize (siv'i-liz), v.t. to reclaim from a savage state; instruct in the arts and refinements of civilized life. civilly (siv'il-li), adv. in a civil manner. clack (klak), v.i. to make a sudden, sharp sound; chatter rapidly and continuously: n. a sudden, sharp sound; continual prattle; a variety of ball- valve; a mechanical contri- vance in a corn-mill. clad, p.t. of clothe. claim (klam), v.t. to demand as a right, or by authority: v.i. to be entitled to anything; assert or put forward a claim: n. a demand; a right or title to anything; the thing claimed; a piece ^ of land which a miner marks out in accordance with mining law. claimant (kla'mant), n. one who demands anything as his right. clairaudience (klar-aw'di-ens), n. the supposed power of hearing in a trance sounds otherwise inaudible. clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans), n. _ the power attributed to persons in a mesmeric state of seeing objects not usually perceptible. clairvoyant ("ant), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, clairvoyance: n. one who professes to have the power of clairvoyance: fern, clairvoyante. clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clam- med, p.pr. clamming], to clog with any glutinous matter: v.i. to be moist and cold. clam (klam), n. an edible bivalve mollusk. clam-bake (-bale), n. clams baked with sea-weed ; a picnic at < which baked clams form the chief dish. clamber (klam'ber), v.t. to ascend or climb with difficulty. clammily (-li), adv. in a clammy manner. clamminess (klam'i-nes), n. the state of being clammy. clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. clamor (klam'er), n. a loud and con- tinued noise; popular outcry: v.t. shout with a loud voice: v.i. make importunate demands. clamorous (klam'er-us), adj. vocif- erous. clamp (klamp), n. anything that fastens or binds; a piece of wood, metal, &c, used to bring two things together: v.t. to fasten or bind with clamps. clan (klan), n. a tribe or association of families united under one chief- tain, having one common ancestor, and the same surname. clandestine (-des'tin), adj. secret; private. clandestinely (-li), adv. in a secret manner. clang (klang), n.'a loud, sharp, ring- ing metallic sound: v.t. to cause to resound with a clang: v.i. give out a clang. clangor ('ger), n. a sharp clang. clank (klangk), n. a sharp, hard metallic sound: v.t. & v.i. to rattle and sound, as chains. clannish (klan'ish), adj. pertaining to a clan; closely adherent. clap (klap), v.U & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clapped, p.pr. clapping], to strike one thing against another with a quick, sharp noise; indicate approv- al by striking the hands together; put on quickly: n. a loud noise made by a sudden collision ; applause expressed by clapping; a sudden act or movement. clapboard (klab'ord), n. a, thin, narrow board, used for the covering of the sides of frame houses. clapper Cer), n. one who, or that which, claps; the tongue of a bell; the clack of a mill-hopper. ^ claque (klak), n. an organized body of men who applaud or express dis- approval at theaters: hence inter- ested admirers. claquer (kla-ker'), n. a member of a claque. claret (klar'et), n. a light bodied ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLARIFICATION 203 CLEANLINESS wine of a dark-red color; blood: adj. claret-colored. clarification (klar-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of clarifying. clarify (klar'i-fl), v.t. _ [p.t. & p.p. clarified, p.pr. clarifying], to make clear from impurities: v.i. to be- come bright. clarinet (klar'i-net), n. a keyed reed instrument of the ob^e class. Also clarionet. clarion (klar'ri-un), n. a kind of trumpet. clash (klash), v.i. to make a loud harsh noise by mutual collision: v.t. to strike violently together: n. the noise so produced. clasp (klasp), v.t. to shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp: n. a hook to hold anything close; a close embrace. clasper ('er), n. one who, or that which, clasps; a tendril. class (clas), n. a rank or order of persons or things; a number of students of the same status; a group of animals or plants next in rank above an order: v.t. to classify. class meeting (met'ing), n. a class, under a class-leader, for religious instruction. classic (klas'ik), adj. of, or relating to, the highest class or rank in lit- erature or art; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the Greek or Roman authors^ relating to localities associated with great authors or events; pure; refined; clear-cut. Also classical: n. an author of the first rank whose works serve as a standard; _ one versed in Greek and Latin litera- ture: pi. ancient Greek and Latin literature. classically (-al-li), adv. in the style or manner of a classic. classification (klas-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the art of forming or dividing into class ificatory (klas'i-fi-ka-to-ri), adj. relating to, or forming the basis of, classification. classifier (klas'i-fi-or), n. one who classifies. classify (klas'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. classiried; p.pr. classifying], to ar- range in classes; systematize. classman (klas'man), n. a student who has gained honors at an examination. classy (klas'e), adj. colloquialism for ultra-stylish appearance. clatter (klat'er), v.i. to make a noise by knocking two sonorous bodies frequently together; talk ldJy and noisily: v.t. to strike anything to make a clatter: n. a continuous or confused noise; idle gossip. clause (klawz), n. a separate part of a written composition, or a sentence; a special proviso in a document. claustral (klaws'tral), adj. pertaining to a cloister. clavate (kla/vat), adj. club-shaped. clavichord (klav'i-kord), n. a medi- aeval stringed instrument. Also clari- chord. clavicle (klav'i-kal) , n. the collar-bone. clavier (kla-ver'), n. the key-board of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. claw (klaw), n. a sharp hooked nail in the foot of an animal, as the cat; the whole foot of a bird; anything resembling a claw; the narrow part at the base of a leaf or foot-stalk of a petal: v.t. to tear or scratch with, or as if with, claws. clay (Ida), n. anything easily mold- ed; soft plastic earth; the bodily or earthly nature of man : adj. made of or like clay: v.t. to purify, cover, or manure with clay. claymore (kla/mor), n. a Highland broad-sword. clean (klen), adj. free from dirt or extraneous matter; morally or cere- monially pure: adv. in a clean man- ner; entirely; cleverly: v.t. to ren- der clean. clean-cut (-kut), adj. clear-cut; well- shaped. clean lily (klen'li-li), adv. in a cleanly manner; adroitly. cleanliness (-nes), n. the state of being clean. ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLEANLY 204 CLIMATE cleanly (klenli), adj. neat; pure: adv. wholly clean. cleanness (klen'nes), n. moral or physical purity; neatness. cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make clean; purify from mora' impurity or guilt. clear (kler), adj. bright; pure; un- dimmed; translucent; manifest to the m understanding; unobstructed; audible; unadulterated: v.t. to make bright; render evident; free from obstructions; render more acute or quick; prove or declare innocent; free from legal detention, as im- ported goods: v.i. leave a port; ex- change cheques, bills, &c, at a bank. clear-cut (kut), adj. having a sharp, clearly-defined outline, as if chiseled. clearance (kler'ans), n. the act of clearing. clearing (kler'ing), n. the act of making clear; land cleared of tim- ber. clearing-house (kler'ing-hous), n. an institution by which banks ad- just their balances. clearstarch (kler 'starch), v.t. to stif- fen or dress with starch. cleat (klet), n. a thin piece of iron worn on boots to make them more durable; a piece of wood or iron on the yard-arm of a ship to keep the ropes from slipping; a strip of wood nailed across a board: v.t. to secure or strengthen with a cleat. < cleavable (kle-va-bl), adj.' divisible. cleavage (kle'vaj), n. the act of splitting; the property of some min- erals and rocks of being broken in one or more directions. cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, cleaved, p.p. cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to ad- here to; be attached strongly to. cleave (klev), v.t. [p.t. cleft, clove, p.p. cleft, cloven, cleaved, p.pr. cleaving], to divide with violence; part naturally. cleaver (kle'ver), n. & butcher's heavy hatchet for dividing carcasses. cleavers (kle'verz), n. goose. clef (kief), n. a figure at the begin- ning of each staff in music to indi- cate the pitch of all the notes on one particular line or space. cleft, p.t. & p.p of cleave, to split. cleft (kleft), n. sl crack crevice. clematis (klem'a-tis), n. a perennial plant of the crowfoot family. clemency (klem'en-si), n. [pi. clem- encies (-siz) ], compassion; remis- sion. clement (klem'ent), adj. compassion- ate; forgiving; gentle; forbearing. clergy (kler'ji), n. a body of men set apart by ordination for the service of the Church. clergyman (-man), n. [pi. clergymen (-men) ], a minister. clerical (kler'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the clergy; pertaining to a clerk, writer, or copyist. clerical-error (er'er), n. an error in copying. clerk (klerk), n. a parish clerk; a scholar; one engaged in an office to conduct correspondence, keep books, or transact business generally; an assistant salesman in a store or shop: v.i. to act as clerk or salesman. clever (klev'er), adj. possessing skill or ability; dexterous; expert; good natured and obliging. clew (kloo), n. a ball of thread; one of the corners of a sail: v.t. to truss up (sails) to the yard of a ship. click (klik), v.i. to make a short sharp successive noise: v.t. to move with a clicking sound: n. a slight sharp sound; a catch for retaining a bolt. client (kli'ent), n. one who employs a lawyer; one dependent upon an- other's patronage. clientele (kli 'en-tele'), n. the condi- tion of being a client; clients col- lectively. cliff (klif), n. high steep rock or bank. climacteric (kll-mak'ter-ik), n. one of the critical periods in human life when some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. climate (kli'mat), n. the temperature and meteorological conditions of a country, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLIMATIC 205 CLOSE climatic (kli-mat'ik), adj. relating with very sharp lines and great to, or connected with, climate. spread of canvas; a person or ani- climatize (kli'ma-tlz), v.t. to accus- mal that runs swiftly; a firstrate torn to a new climate. person or thing. climatography (kli-ma-tog'ra-fi), n. clique (klek), n. a group of persons a description of climates. united for some common purpose climatology (-tol'cr-ji), n. meteor- (usually sinister); a coterie; a ring, ology. cloak (klok), n. a sleeveless, loose climatometer (kli-ma-tom'e-ter). n. outer garment worn by both sexes: an instrument for recording varia- hence, a pretext; disguise: v.t. to tions of temperature in any given cover with, or as with, a cloak; region. cover up or conceal. climax (kli'maks), n. the summit; clock (klok), n. a machine for meas- acme. uring and indicating the divisions of climb (klim), v.i. to mount or as- time by means of hands moving cend, as by the hands and feet: v.t. over a dial-plate, ascend laboriously: n. an ascent by clock (klok), n. a woven or embroid- climbing. ered ornament upon a stocking. clime (klim), n. a country, region, or clockwise (Viz), adv. in the direc- tract. tion of the rotation of the hands of clinch (klinch), v.t. to rivet; fix a clock, firmly by folding over; double up clod (klod), n. a lump of earth, turf, tightly, as the fingers; to hold fast: or clay; a bait used in eel-fishing; n. anything that holds both ways; a the shoulder part of the neck-piece mode of fastening large ropes. " in beef. cling (kling) ; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clung, clog (klog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clogged; p.pr. clinging], to adhere closely; p.pr. clogging], to load with any- nold fast by embracing or entwining. thing that may impede motion; em- clinic (klin'ik), n. a medical lecture barrass: v.i. to stick or cluster to- at the bedside or in the presence of gether: n. a load or weight; a hin- patients. > drance; a kind of wooden shoe. clinical (klin'ik-al), adj. pertaining clogginess ('i-nes), n. the state of to a clinic. m being clogged. clinically (-li), adv. in a clinical cloggy (klog'i), adj. clogging; ad- manner, hesive. clink (klingk), v.t. to strike so as to cloister (klois'ter), n. a place of re- make a slight sharp sound: v.i. to ligious retirement; a monastery or make a clinking noise: n. a slight nunnery: pi. an arched way or cov- sharp successive vibrating noise. ered walk running round an ecclesi- clinker ('er), n. a mass of partly astical building or college: v.t. to vitrified brick; slag. confine in, or as in, a cloister or clip (klip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clipped, convent; seclude from the world, dipt: p.pr. clipping], to cut with cloistral (klois'tral) , adj. pertaining shears or scissors; cut off; formerly to, or confined in, a cloister; secluded. to debase coin by cutting off the close (kloz), v.t. to shut; surround edges: v.i. move quickly: n. the wool closely; unite together; consolidate; of a season's shearing; a spring end: v.i. to come together; shut in; holder for holding papers; a slight coalesce; engage in hand-to-hand blow with the hand. conflict; grapple: n. an inclosed clipper ('er), one who, or that which, space; the precincts of a cathedral clips; an instrument for cutting or abbey; an alley: adj. (klos) hav- the hair of horses; a sailing vessel ing no outlet; confined; without ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CLOSE CORPORATION 206 CLUMBER ventilation; oppressive; minute; con- cise; reticent; niggardly: adv. near. close corporation (kids kor-po-ra/- shun), n. a corporation in which vacancies are filled by its members. close-hauled (-hawld), adj. kept as near to the wind as possible. close port (port), n. a river port. close-reef (-ref), n. the last reef in a sail. close season (se'zun), n. certain months in the year in which it is il- legal to kill game, protected wild birds, fish, &c. closet (kloz'et),w. a small room for privacy or retirement; a place for storing valuable things or household requisites: _ adj. private; secluded: v.t. to receive in a private room for confidential consultation. closure (klo'zhur), n. the act of shut- ting up; that which closes; the end; the closing^ of a debate by the vote of the majority (the cloture): v.t. to end (a debate) by closure. clot (klot)^ v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clotted, p.pr. clotting], to coagulate; v.t. to make, form into, or cover with, clots: n. a concrete or coagulate mass of soft or fluid matter. cloth (kloth), n. [pi. cloths Qdothz)], a woven fabric of some fibrous ma- terial, especially wool; a table cover- ing; the distinctive dress of any profession, especially the clerical. clothe (kloth), v.t. to put raiment on; cover with, or as with, a gar- ment. clothes Qdothz), n. pi. covering for the body; dress; bedclothes. clothier (klof/i'yer), n. one who manu- factures or sells clothes. clothing (klotfi'ing), n. garments in general. cloture. See closure. cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible vapor floating in the atmosphere ; a volume of smoke or dust; the dark markings in marble or precious stones^ a diffused body of anything; a multitude; a light woolen shawl: v.t. to overspread with, or as with, a cloud; render gloomy; blacken or sully: v.i. to grow cloudy. cloud-burst ('berst), n. a violent downpour of rain over a very lim- ited area. clough (kluf), n. a ravine in a rock or hillside; a gorge; a kind of sluice. clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or leather for patching; a cloth for any mean use; the center mark of an archery target; an arrow that has hit the center; a blow on the head with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend coarsely; strike with the hand. clove, p.t. of cleave. clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic spice. cloven (klo'ven), p. adj. divided into two parts. clover (klo'ver), n. a species of grass. clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an ill- bred fellow; a professional jester or buffoon. clownish ('ish), adj. like a clown. cloy (kloi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed, p.pr. cloyingl, to fill to repletion; surfeit. club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of the suits of cards marked with tre- foils; a number of persons associ- ated for a common purpose or mu- tual benefit; a joint expense:^.. [p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing],. to beat with a club; unite in a solid, mass: v.i. contribute to a common expense. clubbable ('a-bl), adj. having the qualities which fit a man to associ- ate in a club. club-foot ('foot), n. a deformed foot. club-haul ('hawl), v.t. to tack (a ship) by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails, bringing the ship's head to the wind. club-moss ('mos) , n. the lycopodium. cluck (kluk), v i. to cry or call like a hen to her chickens: n. a hen's call; the peculiar click uttered by some South African tribes. clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew. clumber (klum'ber), n, a field spaniel. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. CLUMP 207 COATEE clump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, &c: a thick sole: pi. a social game: v.t arrange n a clump: v.i. tread clumsily. clumsily (klum'zi-li), adv. awkward- ly; heavily. clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward; heavy. clung, p.t. of cling. cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of things of the same kind growing or collected together: a bunch: v.i. to grow or gather into bunches; con- clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize [with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pi. hands; claws. clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid injected into the lower intestines by a syr- inge; an enema. co- (ko), a prefix^ meaning with, to- gether, entering into the composi- tion of ' many words, the sense of which is generally self-evident, as co-trustee, a joint trustee. coach (koch), n. a large covered four- wheeled public or private carriage; a tutor who especially prepares an- other for an examination or an ath- letic contest: v.t. to instruct or train for an examination, &c. coagulant (ko-ag'u-lant), n. a sub- stance that produces coagulation. coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat), v.t. to clot or curdle. coagulation (-u-la/shun), n. the act of coagulating; the state of being coagulated. coagulative (-tiv), adj. causing co- agulation. coagulator (-ter), n. that which causes coagulation. coagulum ('Q-lum), n. [pi. coagula (4a) ], a clot of blood; a curdled mass. coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable matter, used in its hardened form as fuel: v.t. to furnish with coals: v.i. take in coal. coal-oil ('oil), n. petroleum. coal-tar ('tar), n. a thick opaque liquid distilled from bituminous coal, and from which many rich dye col- ors are obtained. coalesce (ko-a-les'), v.t. to grow to- gether; combine; unite. coalescence ('ens), n. the act of coalescing. coalescent Cent), adj. growing to- gether. coalition (ko-a-lish'un), n. union in a body or mass; a combination of persons. coamings (kom'ings), n.pl. the raised wood or iron borders of the hatches of a vessel. coaptation (ko-ap-ta/shun), n. the adjustment or adaptation of parts to one another. coarse (kors), adj. large in texture or size; not refined; rough; rude; indelicate. coarse-grained ('grand), adj having a coarse grainy ill-tempered. coarsely (kors'li), adv. in a coarse manner. coarseness ('nes), n. the quality of being coarse. coast (kost), n. the margin of the land next the sea; a frontier; a slide in a sledge down an incline : v.i. to sail near or along the coast; descend an incline in a sledge, or on a bicycle without working the pedals: v.t. to Bail close or near to. coaster ('er), n. a home-trading ves- sel; one who coasts on a sled. coastguard ('gard), n. a member of the service for watching the sea, originally to check smuggling. coasting-trade ('ing-trad), the trade carried on from port to port of the same country. coastwise ('wiz), adv. by, or along, the coast. coat (kot), n. an outer garment cov- ering the upper part of the body; an external covering, as fur, &c. ; a thin layer; an integument: v.t. to cover or spread over. coat-card (-kard), n. a court-card. coatee (ko-te'), n. a close-fitting coat with short tails. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COAT OF ARMS 208 COCOA coat of arms (of armz), n. the em- blazonment of armorial bearings on an escutcheon. coat of mail (mal), n. chain-mail. coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; cajole. coaxial (ko-ak'si-al), adj. having a common axis. cob _ (kob), n. a roundish piece of any- thing; the spike of Indian corn; a strong thickset pony; a young her- ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding fowls; the bull-head or miller's thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker basket; a kind of breakwater : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], to punish with a strap; break (ore). cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey metal. cobble (kob1), n. a pebble; a round medium-sized stone; clumsy work; v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely: v.i. work clumsily. cobbler ('ler), n. one who mends boots and shoes; a clumsy work- man; a cooling summer drink of ice, wine, &c. cobra-de-capello (ko'br»-de-ka-pel'- o), n. a large and moob venomous hooded snake. cobweb (kob 'web), n. a spider's web: hence, a net or snare; old musty rubbish: adj. made of, or like, a cobweb ; flimsy. coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a small South American shrub : a pow- erful tonic. cocaine (-in), n. a powerful alkaloid extracted from coca leaves. cocainism (-izm), n. the morbid hab- it of using cocaine to excess. cocainize (-Iz), v.t. to subject to, or render insensible by ucaine. cocculus indicus ^kok'u-lus in-di'- kus), n. an East Indian climbing shrub possessing acrid narcotic prop- erties. cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet dye obtained from the dried body of an insect. cochlea (kokle-a), n. [pi. cochlea? (-e)}, the spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear. cochlea te (kokle-at), adj. screw-like. cock (kok), n. the male of birds, es- pecially the domestic fowl; the male of certain animals other than birds; a vane in the shape of a cock; a leader or chief; a turn-valve for reg- ulating the flow of a liquid or gas; a small conical heap of hay. cock (kok), v.t. to turn up 01 set (the hat or head) jauntily on one side; erect: n. the action of the verb to cock. cock-eyed ('Id), adj. having squint- ing-eyes. cockade (-ad'), n. a badge or ribbon worn on the hat. cockatoo (-a-too'), n. a crested bird of the parrot family. cockatrice ('a-tris, or -tris), n. a fab- ulous serpent said to have been hatched in a cock's egg, and possess- ing the power of killing by a glance of its eye. cockboat Cbot), n. a small boat. cockchafer ('cha-fer), n. the Maybug. coekcrow ('kro), n. early morning. cockee (-§'), n. the spot where a curl- ing player stands to hurl. cockerel ('er-el), n. a young cock. cockle ('1), v.t. to contract into wrinkles. cockle (1), n. an edible shell-fish with two heart-shaped wrinkled shells; the plant corncockle or darnel; a kiln for drying hops; a stove for drying biscuit-ware. cockney (kok'ni), n. a Londoner: traditionally one born within sound of the bells of Bow Church, Cheap- side. cockneydom (-dum), n. London and its suburbs. cockpit (kok'pit), n. an enclosed space for cockfighting. cockroach ('roch), n. a black beetle. cocktail (kok'tal), n. a mixed alco- holic drink, American in its origin. cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- duces the cocoanut. Also coco. cocoa (ko'ko), n. the ground seeds of the cacao or chocolate tree; the bev- erage made from it. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COCOANUT 209 COHERER cocoanut (-nut), n. the fruit of the cocoa palm. cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- long case covering the larvae of many spinning insects while in the chrysalis state. cocoonery ('er-i), n. a building where silk-worms are fed when forming cocoons. cocotte (ko-kof), n. a Parisian cour- tezan. cod (kod), n. the husk or pod of a seed; the scrotum; the narrow part of a trawl-net. cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found in the northern seas, and especially on the banks of Newfoundland. coddle (kod'l), v.t. to make effemi- nate by pampering; treat tenderly; to stew gently: n. an over-indulged pampered person. code (kod), n. a body of classified laws or regulations; a system of signals. codeine (ko-de'in), n. an active me- dicinal principle extracted from the poppy. codex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices ('di- sez) ], a volume of statutes; a man- uscript volume, especially of the sa- cred Scriptures. codger (koj'er), n. a miser; an old man. codicil (kod'i-sil), n. an appendix to a will. codify (ko'di- or kod'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. codified, p.pr. codifying], to reduce to a code or digest. codling (kod'ling), n. a young cod; a kind of stewing apple. coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent), adj. co- operating- n. that which cooperates with another: a number or known quantity prefixed in algebra as a multiplier to a variable or an un- known quantity. coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or constrain by force, especially legally or morally; compel. coercible ('i-bl) , adj. able to be coerced. coercion ('shun), n. the act of coerc- ing. coercive ('siv), adj. having power to coerce. coeval (ko-e'val), adj. contempora- neous. coextensive (ko-eks-ten'siv), adj. equally extensive. coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant which, roasted and ground, form the well-known beverage. coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of caisson or floating dock; a sunken panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose in a coffer. coffin ('in), n. a case for the dead; the hollow part of a horse's hoof. cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; a trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. cogging], to furnish with cogs. cogent (ko'jent), adj. forcible; not 1 easily resisted. cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: v.t. to devise or plan. cogitation (-ta/shun), n. the act of cogitating. cogitative (-ta-tiv), adj. meditative. cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French brandy. cognate (kog'nat), adj. allied by blood; of the same stock, nature, or quality. cognition (kog-nish'un), n. knowl- edge. cognitive (kog'ni-tiv), adj. having power of mental ^ apprehension. cognizable (kon'iz-a-bl), adj. that may be known. cognizance (kon'i-zans), n. Judicial knowledge or notice; perception. cognizant (kon'i-zant), adj. having knowledge of anything. cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- name. cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to* gether as husband and wife. cohere (ko-heV), v.i. to stick to- gether. coherence ('ens), n. the state or quality of cohering. Also coherency. coherent Cent), adj. cohering togeth- er; consistent; logical. coherer (ko-her-er), n. a device for &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COHESION 210 COLLATION detecting _ electro-magnetic waves, used in wireless telegraphy. cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. the force that unites together molecules of the same material; coherence. cohesive ('siv), n. causing to cohere. cohort (kd'hort), n. a body of an- cient Roman soldiers, the tenth part. of a legion. coif (koif), n. a close cap. ^ coiffeur (koi'fer), n. a hairdresser. coiffure (koif'ur, French kwo-fer'), n. a head dress. coign (koin), n. a corner. coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a ring; anything resembling it: v.t. to gather or wind into a circular heap: v.i. to wind. coin (koin), n. money stamped with a legal impression; a corner or angle: v.t. to convert into money; invent. coinage ('aj), n. the process of coin- ing; the thing coined; invention. coincide (ko-in-sid'), v.i. correspond exactly; occur at the same time; fall upon, or meet, in the same point. coincidence # (ko-in'si-dens), n. the act of coinciding. coincident (ko-in 'si-dent), adj. coin- ciding. coiner (koin'er), n. one who stamps coins, especially one who makes counterfeit money. coir (koir), n. the prepared fiber of the husks of cocoanuts. coition (ko-ish'un), n. copulation; conjunction: said of the moon. coke (kok), the residue of coal after the gas, &c, has been expelled: v.t. to convert into coke. colander (kuTan-der), n. a vessel with a perforated bottom. cola-nut (ko'la-nut), # n. the large bitter seed of an African tree. colchicum (kol'chi-kum), n. the meadow-saffron, the seeds and bulbs of which are used in medicine. cold (kold), adj. without heat or warmth; frigid; without passion or zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in tone: n. the opposite of heat; the sensation produced by the loss of heat ; a catarrh. cold-blooded (-blud'ed), adj.^ having the blood below 90° Fahr. in tem- perature; heartless; brutal. coldish (kold'ish), adj. somewhat cold. cole (kol), n. cabbage plants in general. cole-slaw ('slaw), n. cabbage salad. Coleoptera (kol-e-op-ter-a), n.pl. an order of insects having the wings covered with a sheath; the beetles. colewort (kol'wert) , n. young cabbage. colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen or bowels: adj. per- taining to, or affecting, the bowels. colicky (-i), adj. pertaining to colic. coliseum. See colosseum. collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat), v.i. to work jointly, especially in literary or scientific work. collaboration (-5-ra'shun), n. united labor. collaborator (4ab'o-ra-ter), n. one who assists another, especially in lit- erary or scientific work: [more usu- ally collaborateur (-ter'), the French form of the word], collapse (kol-aps'), n. a falling in or together; sudden and complete fail- ure; general prostration of the vital powers: v.i. to fall in or together; shrink up; break down. collapsible (-ap'si-bl), adj. collapsing. collar (kol'er), n. anything encircling the neck, worn for use, restraint, or ornament; a round ring or flange: v.t. to seize by the collar; put a col- lar on; roll up. collarette (-et), n. a fichu of lace, &c. collate (kol'at), v.t. compare crit- ically one thing with another of the same kind, as manuscripts or text of books; place in an ecclesiastical benefice. collateral (kol-at'er-al), adj. side by side; auxiliary; concurrent; de- scended from the same stock, but in a different line. collaterally (-li), adv. in a collat- eral manner. collation (kol-a'shun), n. compari- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COLLATOR 211 COLONY son ; a light repast ; the presentation to a benefice by a bishop, who is the patron. collate? ('ter), n. one who collates manuscripts or books; the bishop who collates. colleague (kol'eg), n. an associate in the same office, employment, or com- mission. collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- hensive prayer. collect (kol-ekt'), v.t. gather togeth- • er; assemble; demand and obtain payment of: v.i. to meet together; accumulate. collected (kol-ekt'ed), adj. self-pos- sessed. collection ('shun), n. the act of gathering together; a mass; a crowd; an assemblage of works of art, natural objects, &c. ; a contribu- tion to a special object; a private college examination. collective (kol-ek'tiv), adj. accumu- lative. collectivism (-izm), n. the socialis- tic theory that land and capital should be owned by society collec- tively. collectivist (-ist), n. an advocate of collectivism: adj. pertaining to col- lectivism. collector (kol-ek'ter), n. one who collects. college (korej), n. a society of men possessing certain powers and rights, and engaged in some common pur- suit, especially literary studies; the house founded for such a society. collegian (kol-e'ji-an), n. a member of a college. collegiate (-at), adj. pertaining to, or containing, a college; instituted like a college. collet (kol'et), n. the part of a ring in which the stone is set. collide (kol-Id'), v.i. to come into col- lision. collie (kol'i), n. a Scotch sheep-dog. ocllier (kol'ver), n. a digger of coal; a coal-digger; a vessel in the Coal trade. colliery (-i), n. [pi. collieries (-iz) ], a coal mine. collision (kol-izh'un), n. the act of striking two bodies violently to- gether; concussion. collocation • (kol-o-ka/shun), n. the act of placing; arrangement. collodion (kol-5'di-un), n. a prepara- tion of soluble gun-cotton with ether. colloquial (kol-oliwi-al), adj. used in ordinary conversation. colloquialism (-izm), n. a colloquial form of speech; slang. colloquy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies (-kwis) ], a conversation; a dialogue. collusion (kol-u'zhun), n. a secret agreement for a fraudulent or evil purpose. collusive ('siv), adj. fraudulently concerted. collusory ('so-ri), adj. carrying on fraud by secret agreement. cologne water (waw'ter), n. eau-de- cologne. colon (kolon), n. a mark of punctua- tion [:]; the largest of the intes- tines. colonel (ker'nel), n. the chief officer of a regiment. colonelcy (-si), n. the rank of a colonel. colonial (ko-lo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a colony. colonialism (-izm), n. the character- istics of colonial life; a colonial habit or phrase. colonialize (-Iz), v.t. to render colo- nial in character. colonist (kol'd-nist), n. an inhabitant of a colony. colonization Qsol'o-ni-za'shun), n. the act of colonizing or state of being colonized; the temporary settle- ment of men in a voting district to qualify them as electors. colonize (kol'o-niz), v.t. to settle or establish a colony in. colonnade (kol-on-ad'), n. a series of columns. colony (koro-ni), n. [pi. colonies (-niz)], a body of people from their ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COLOR 212 COMBUSTION native country who settle in another land, but are under the jurisdiction of, or connected with, the parent country; the country thus settled; a number of animals or plants liv- ing or growing together. color (kul'er), n. the hue or appear- ance that a body presents to the eye; a pigment or paint complex- ion; redness; an apparent right or reason; pretense; false show pi. a military or naval flag: v.t. to im- part a color to; tint; dye; give a specious appearance to; make plaus- ible. Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra'do-befl), n. a yellowish beetle, having its back marked with ten longitudinal black stripes: it is very destructive to potato crops. color-blind (kul'er-blind), adj. a de- fect in one's vision, which renders one unable to differentiate one color from another. coloring t (kuTer-ing), n. the act or art of giving a color to; the color so applied. colorist (-ist), n. an artist whose works are characterized by beauty of color. colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- sus; gigantic. colosseum (kol-o-se'um), n. the Fla- vian amphitheater at ancient Rome. Also coliseum. colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi (-i)j, a statue of gigantic size. colportage (kol'por-taj), n. the sys- tem of distributing Bibles, religious books, &c, by colporteurs. colporteur (-ter), n. one engaged in colportage. colt (kolt), n. a young male horse; a young foolish fellow; one who plays cricket for the first time for his county; a knotted rope's-end: v.t. punish with a rope's-end. colter (kol'ter), n. plowshare; also spelled coulter. coltish ('ish), adj. like a colt; frisky. colts-foot (-s'foot), n. a medicinal herb. Columbian (k6^1um'bi-an), n. a size of printing-type. (See type.) columbine (kol'um-bln), adj. m per- taining to, or like, a dove or pigeon: n. a plant with flowers of five petals. column (kol'um), n. a round pillar to support or adorn a building; any body of certain dimensions pressing vertically on its base; a division of the page of a book, &c; a formation of troops in deep files. columnar (ko-lum'nar), adj. having the form or shape^ of a column. coma (ko'ma), n. insensibility; stu- por. coma (k5'ma), n. [pi. comae ('me)], the nebulous hair-like envelope sur- rounding the nucleus of a comet; the aggregate of branches forming the leafy head of a tree. comatose (ko'ma-tos), adj. torpid; lethargic. comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument to separate and adjust the hair; the crest of a cock; the crest of a wave or hill; a honeycomb: v.t. to dress the hair with a comb; grain: v.i. to roll over, as the crest of a wave. combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act in opposition: v.t. to fight with; oppose by force: n. a contest by force; a struggle. combatant (-ant), n. one who com- bats: adj. disposed to fight; bearing arms. combative (-iv), adj. pugnacious. combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. the union of bodies or qualities; an association of persons for a com- mon object: pi. underclothing woven in one piece. combine (korn-bm'), v.i. to unite or join; link closely together: v.i. to unite, agree, or coalesce: n. a secret combination, generally for fraudu- lent purposes. combustibility (kom-bus-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the property oi being combustible. combustible (kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. in- flammable: n. an inflammable sub- stance. combustion (-bust'yun), n. the act ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COME 213 COMMENSURABLE of burning; the union of an inflam- mable substance with oxygen, &c. come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. come, p.pr. coming], to move to- ward; draw near; reach; happen; arrive at some state or condition. come-back (kon'bak), n. an after claim, demand, or condition. comedian (ko^me'di-an), n. an actor or player in comedy: fern, comedi- enne (ko-ma-di-en'). comedy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. comedies (-diz)], dramatic representation of the humorous or ridiculous side of human life. comeliness (kum'li-nes), n. grace; beauty. comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; hand- some. comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- tial body, with an eccentric orbit, consisting, when perfect, of a nu- cleus, coma, and a tail. comet ary ('e-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to a comet. comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of quiet enjoyment; consolation; en- couragement; a quilted bed-cover. comfortable ('fer-ta-bl), adj. im- parting or enjoying comfort. comforter (kum'fer-ter), n. one who comforts; a long woolen scarf. comfrey (kum'fri), n. sl rough hairy plant. comic (kom'ik), or comical (-al), adj. exciting mirth. comicality ('i-ti), n. the state of being comical. comically (-li), adv. in a comical manner. coming (kum'ing), n. an arrival: adj. expected; future. comique (ko-mek'), n. a comic actor or singer. comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- ness; acts of international courtesy. comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation point [,]. command (kom-and', or -and), v.t. to order or charge with authority; control; exercise supreme authority over; lead: v.i. act as a commander; exercise power or authority: n. au- thority; an order or mandate; a dominating situation; a naval or military force under the command of a particular officer. commandant (-ant'), n. an officer in command of a fortified place or a body of troops. commandeer (kom-man-der), v.t. to seize for the benefit of military needs without process of law. commander ('er), n. one who com- mands; a naval officer next below a captain. commandment (kom-and'ment), n. a command; a precept; a law, es- pecially any one of the Decalogue. commando ('do), n. a military ex- pedition by private individuals; the quasi-military expeditions of the English farmers and Boers of South Africa against the natives. commemorate (kom-em'o-rat), v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn act; celebrate with honor. commemoration (-a/shun), n. the act of commemorating. commemorative (-em'o-ra-tiv), adj. preserving the memory of. commemorator ('o-ra-ter), n. one who commemorates. commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come into existence; begin: v.t. to enter upon; perform the first act of. commencement ('ment), n. begin- ning; origin; the annual festival when degrees, &c, are conferred at colleges. commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- mend as worthy of notice; praise; bring to mind. commendation (-en-da'shun), n. the act of commending; approval. commendatory ('a-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to commend; containing praise. commensurability (kom-en-sii-ra- bil'i-ti), n. the state of being com- mensurable. commensurable (kom-en'su-ra-bl), ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMMENSURATE 214 COMMON LAW adj. having or reducible to, a com- mon measure. commensurate ('su-rat), adj. re- ducible to a common measure; equal. comment (kom'ent), n. a spoken or written remark, especially a written note by way of explanation, &c; criticism: v.i. (kom'- or kom-ent'), to write notes or explanations on the text of an author. commentary ('en-ta-ri), n. [pi. com- mentaries (-riz)], a series of ex- planatory notes or annotations. commentative (-tiv), adj. making commentaries. commentator (-ter)^ n. one who writes notes to explain an author. commerce (kom'ers), n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale be- tween nations or individuals; inter- course. commercial (-er'shal), adj. pertain- ing to trade or commerce; mercan- tile. commercialism (-izm), n. commer- cial habits, methods, or principles. commercially (-li), adv. in a com- mercial manner. commingle (ko-ming'gl), v.t. & v.i. to mix; blend. comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t. to make small or fine by grinding: adj. di- vided into small parts. commiserate (kom-iz'er-at), v.t. feel pity for; sympathize with in dis- tress. commiseration (-er-a'shun), n. pity. commiserator ('er-a-ter), n. one who pities. commissariat (kom-is-a'ri-at), n. the department of an army concerned with the supply of transports, pro- visions, &c. commissary ('is-a-ri), n. [pi. com- missaries (-riz)], one to whom some charge is committed by a superior; a delegate; an official in the com- missariat department. commission (kom-ish'un), n. a dele- gation of business to anyone; the act of doing or committing; a trust; a charge; the warrant by which any- thing is done; one or more persons appointed to perform certain speci- fied duties; brokerage or allowance: v.t. empower; send with authority. commissioner (-ish'un-er), n. a per- son empowered bya commission or warrant; an officer in charge of some department of the public service. commission-government (kom-ish'- un-guv'ern-ment), n. a form of munic- ipal government by a board of ex- perts appointed, or of commissioners elected at large to serve under speci- fied restrictions. commissure ('ish-ur), n. a joint or seam; the point of union between two bodies. commit (kom-if), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. committed, p.pr. committing], to give in charge or trust; surrender; consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; send for trial, or to prison. commitment (-it'ment), n. the act of committing. Also committal. committee (-it'e), n. persons ap- pointed to consider or manage any matter. commode (kom-od'), n. a high head- dress formerly in vogue; a chest of drawers or bureau; a night-stool. commodious (-o'di-us), adj. useful; convenient; roomy. commodity (-od'i-ti), n. [pi. com- modities (-tiz)], that which is use- ful; an article of commerce: pi. goods; merchandise. commodore ('o-d5r), n. a captain commanding a squadron; the lead- ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. common (kom'un), adj. belonging equally to more than one; public; usual; frequent; inferior; of low birth or origin; applied to nouns that are both masculine and femi- nine: n. a tract of open public land. common council (koun'sil), n. the representative body of a city or mu- nicipal corporation. common law (law), n. the unwrit- ten law of England based on imme- morial usage. ate, a**m, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMMONAGE 215 COMPANION commonage (-aj), n. the right of pasturing on common land. commonalty (-al-ti), n. the common people. commoner (-er), n. one not a peer; a member of the House of Com- mons; one who has a joint right in common land; at Oxford, a student not on the foundation. commonly (-li), adv. usually; mean- ly. commonplace (-plas), n. a memo- randum for ready reference; an obvious remark; any thing ordinary : adj. uninteresting; trite; common; common-sense (-sens), adj. charac- terized by sound practical judgment. commonweal (-wel), n. the public good. commonwealth (-welth), n. the whole body of people in a state; a republic. commotion (-o'shun), n. violent agi- tation. communal ('ii-nal), adj. pertaining to a commune. communalism (-izm), n. govern- ment by communes or corporations of towns and districts. commune (-un'), v.t. to converse to- gether; impart; take counsel; par- take of the Eucharist, or Holy Com- munion. communicability (-u-ni-ka-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being communica- ble. communicable (Q'ni-ka-bl), adj. im- partible. communicant (-u'ni-kant) , adj. communicating: n. a partaker, es- pecially of the Eucharist. communicate (-kat), v.t. to impart; reveal: v.i. to share; partake of the Eucharist. communication (-ka'shun), n. the act of communicating; means of passing from one place to another; news; intercourse. communicative (-ka-tiv), adj. un- reserved. communicator (-ka-ter), n. one who or anything which, communicates. communicatory (-t5-ri), adj. im- parting knowledge. communion (-un'yun), n. inter- course; fellowship; common pos- session; a religious body; the partak- ing of the Eucharist. communism (kom'u-nizm), ^ n. the doctrine of having property in com- mon; socialism. communist ('u-nist), n. a supporter of communism; a socialist; a mem- ber of the Commune of Paris (1871). communistic (-is'tik), adj. relating to communism. community (-u'ni-ti), n. [pi. com- munities (-tiz) ], a body of persons having ^ common rights, interests, and privileges; a corporation; so- ciety generally; common character. commutabiiity (u-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being commutable. commutable (-ut'a-bl), adj. inter- changeable. commutation (-u-ta'shun), n. the act of commuting; change or ex- change. commutation ticket (kom-u-ta/- shun), n. a ticket issued to a frequent passenger, paid for in advance for a limited time, by which he obtains lower rates. commutative ('ta-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to exchange. commutator (kom'u-ta-ter), n. an electrical device for making an alternating current continue or dis- continue; also for increasing or diminishing the strength of the same. commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; substitute; reduce the severity of; regulate the direction of an electric current: v.i. to pay in gross amount. commuter (kom-u-ter), n. the user of a commutation ticket. compact (kom'pakt), n. an agree- ment or covenant; v.t. (kom-pakt'), to press or pack closely; consolidate. companion (kom-pan'yun), n. a comrade; an associate or partner: the hut over a ship's ladder: adj. attendant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMPANIONSHIP 216 COMPLAISANCE companionship (-ship), n. fellow- ship. company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- panies (-niz) ], an assemblage of people; a body of persons associated together; society; fellowship; a firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of a regiment; v.i. associate with. comparable _ (kom'pa-ra~bl), adj. ca- pable of being compared; of equal regard. comparative (-par'a-tiv) , adj. esti- mated by comparison; not positive: n. the comparative degree of gram- mar. compare (-par'), v.t. to make one thing the measure of another; in- flect so as to form the degrees of comparison: v.i. to bear a com- parison. comparison (-par'i-sun), n. the act of comparing; an illustration or simile. compartment (-part'ment), n. a division by a partition, as of a car- riage, &c; a panel. compass (kum'pas), v.t. to encircle; walk around; besiege: n. a circular course; a circumference; extent; grasp; an instrument indicating the magnetic meridian: pi. a mathe- matical instrument for dividing and drawing circles. compassion (kom-pash'un), n. sor- row for the sufferings of others; sympathy; pity. compassionate (-at), v.t. to have compassion for: adj. sympathetic; merciful. compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being compatible; congruity. compatible ('i-bl), adi. congruous; suitable. compatriot (-pa/tri-ot), n. a fellow countryman. compeer (kom-per'), n. an equal. compel (kom-per), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge irresistibly; force. compend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- ment. compendious (-pen'di-us), adj. suc- cinct. compendium ('di-um), n. an abridg- ment. compensate (kom'pen- or kom-pen'- sat), v.t. to recompense; make amends for: v.i. to make compensa- tion. compensating-gear (com-pen-saf- ing-ger), n. a gear that enables the two rear wheels of an automobile to rotate^ at different speeds for easy turning. compensation (-sa/shun), n. amends; recompense; a set-off. compensation-balance (-bal'ans), n. a watch balance-wheel, constructed to counteract variations in tem- perature. compensative ('sa-tiv), adj. making compensation. Also compensatory. compensator ('pen-sa-ter), n. one who compensates. compete (kom-pef), v.i. enter into competition with another; rival. competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the state of being competent; suffi- ciency. Also competency. competent (-tent), adj. fit; able; suitable; qualified; moderate. competition (-tish'un), n. rivalry. competitive (kom-pet'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to competition; emulous. competitor ('i-ter), n. a rival. compilation (-i-la'shun), n. the act of compiling; the thing compiled. compile # (kom-pll'), v.t. to put to- gether in fresh form existing mate- rials. complacence (kom-pla'sens), n. in- ward satisfaction. Also compla- cency. complacent ('sent), adj. affable. complain _ (kom-plan') , v.i. to express grief, pain, or resentment; charge formally. complainant ('ant), n. a plaintiff. complaint (-plant'), n. an accusa- tion; an expression of grief or pain; ailment. complaisance (-pla-sans'), n. cour- tesy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mlie, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMPLAISANT 217 COMPOUNDER complaisant (-sant'), adj. courteous. complected (-plek'ted), adj. inter- woven; complexioned. complement ('ple-ment), n. full number or quantity; a complete set. v.t. to supply a deficiency. complemental ('al), adj. completing. Also complementary. complete (kom-plet'), adj. free from deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; finish. completely (1i), adv. in a complete manner. completion (-ple'shun), n. accom- plishment. complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed of various parts of things; compos- ite; intricate. complexion (-plek'shun) , n. the color of the skin, especially the face; aspect. complexional (-al), adj. pertaining to the complexion. complexioned ('shund), adj. having a complexion. complexity ('i-ti), n. the state of being complex. Also complexness. complexly ('li), adv. in a complex manner. compilable (kom-pll'a-bl), adj. com- pliant. compliance ('ans), n. acquiescence. compliant ('ant), adj, yielding. complicacy ('pli-ka-si), n. the state of being complicate. complicate ^('pli-kat), v.t. to make intricate; involve: adj. intricate; folded together. complication (-ka'shun), n. the act of complicating; the state of being complicated. complicity (-plis'i-ti), n. partnership in crime. compiler (-pli'er), n. one who complies. compliment ('pli-ment), n. a formal act or expression of courtesy; deli- cate flattery: _ v.t. to flatter; con- gratulate; praise. complimentary ('ta-ri), adj. con- veying a compliment. Also com- plimental. comply (kom-pIiO, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. complied, p.pr complying], to yield assent; agree to. compo (kom'po), n. a kind of con- crete; a material for printing-rollers. component (kom-po'nent), adj. con- stituent : n. an elementary part of a compound. comport (-port'), v.i. to agree: har- monize: v.t. to behave. compose (-pqz'), v.t. to form by combination; write as an author; calm; adjust; arrange in proper order; put together. composed (-pozd'), adj. tranquil; quiet. composer (-poz'er), n. one who com- poses; one who calms; a musical author. composing (-poz'ing), adj. tending to calm; pertaining to, or used in, composition. composite (-poz'it), adj. compound. composition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of composing; the thing com- posed; a mass formed by mingling various ingredients; mutual settle- ment or agreement; a musical or literary work; the art of forming sentences. compositor (-poz'i-ter), n. one who sets types. compost ('post), n. a mixture of various substances for fertilizing the ground; builders' compost: v.t. to manure with compost; plaster or stucco. composure (-po'zhur), n. tranquillity. compote ('pot), n. stewed fruit. compound (-pound'), v.t. to mix or combine together; settle by mutual agreement; discharge a debt by pay- ing a part: adj. (kom'pound), com- posed of two or more elements or ingredients or words: n. a mixture of two or more elements or ingredi- ents. compounder ('er), n. one who com- pounds medicines, &c; one who compounds a debt or felony; one who pays for certain charges by a fixed sum. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. COMPREHEND 218 CONCEIVABLE comprehend (kom-pre-hend'), v.t. to include or comprise; grasp with the mind; conceive. comprehensibility (-hen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality or state of being com- prehensible. comprehensible ('si-bl), adj. intel- ligible. comprehension (-hen'shun), n. the act of comprehending; extent, un- derstanding. comprehensive (-hen'siv), adj. in- cluding much; full. compress (kom-pres'), v.t. to press together; condense: n. (kom'pres), a soft pad used in surgery to main- tain pressure. compressibility (-pres-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of yielding to pressure. compressible (-pres'i-bl), n. con- densable. compression (-presh'un), n. con- densation. compressive (-pres'iv), adj. that compresses. compressor # (-pres'er), n. one who, or that which, compresses. comprisal (kom-pri'zal), n. the act of comprising. comprise (-priz')', v.t. to compre- hend. compromise (kom'pro-miz), n. a set- tlement by mutual concessions: v.t. to settle by compromise; expose to risk. comptroller (kon-trol'er). See con- troller. compulsion (kom-pul'shun),*"n. the act of compelling; force; constraint. compulsive (-pul'siv), adj. forcible. compulsorily (-pul'so-ri-li), adv. forcibly. compulsory (-pul'so-ri), adj. exer- cising compulsion; obligatory. compunction (-pungk'shun), n. con- trition. compurgation (-per-ga'shun), n. the practice of justifying one man's ve- racity by the testimony of another. computable (kom-put'a-bl), adj. that may be computed. computation (-pu-ta'shun), n. the act or process of computing; esti- mate. compute (-put), v.t. to number; reckon. Comptist (con'tist), n. a follower of Auguste Compte, a French philoso- pher; also termed a positivist, from Compte's m system of philosophy called Positivism. comrade (kom'rad), n. a companion. con (kon), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conned, p. pr. conning], to peruse carefully; fix in mind by constant repeti- tion; to direct (a helmsman) how to steer. conation (ko-na'shun), n. the fac- ulty of voluntary agency, including volition and desire. conative (ko'na- or kon'a-tiv), adj. pertaining to the faculty of cona- tion; expressing endeavor or effort. concatenation (kon-kat-e-na/shun), n. a series of things united like links. concave (kon'kav), adj. hollow and curved. concave lens (lenz), n. a lens one side of which is flat and the other slightly concave. concavity (-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. con- cavities (-tiz) ], the state of being concave; the inner surface of a rounded hollow body. concavo-concave (kon-ka/vo-kon'- kav), adj. hollow on both surfaces, as a lens. concavo-convex (-kon'veks), adj. concave on one side, convex on the other. conceal (kon-sel'), v.t. to hide; keep secret; disguise. concealment ('ment), n. the act of hiding or keeping secret; a place of hiding; shelter. concede (-sed'), v.t. to yield; admit. conceit (-set'), n. an idea; an over- estimate of one's own abilities; a quaint fancy. conceivability (-sev-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being conceivable. conceivable (-sev'a-bl), adj. imag- inable. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONCEIVE 219 CONCOCT conceive (-seV), v.t. imagine: un- derstand; develop in the womb: v.i. to think; become pregnant. concentrate (kon-sen'trat), v.t. to bring to one point or common cen- ter; intensify the action of; con- dense: adj. reduced to a pure or dense state. concentration (-sen-tra/shun) , n. the state of being concentrated; condensation. concentrativeness ('tra-tiy-nes) , n. the power of fixing the mind on a particular subject. concentrator (-tra-ter), n. a pneu- matic apparatus for separating dry- ores when comminuted. concentric (-sen'trik), adj. having a common center. concentricity (-sen-tris'i-ti), n. the state of being concentric. concept (kon'sept), n. an abstract general motion or conception. conceptacle (-sep'ta-kl), n. that which contains anything; a follicle. conception (-sep'shun), n. the im- pregnation of the ovum; the act or power of conceiving in the mind; an idea or notion. # conceptive (-sep'tiv), adj. capable of conceiving mentally or physically. conceptualist ('tu-al-ist), n. one who holds the theory (conceptual- ism) that the mind can form for itself general conceptions. concern (kon-sern'), v.t. to relate or belong to; interest or engage; pake uneasy: n. business; affair; inter- est; anxiety; a firm. concerning ('ing), prep, relating to. concernment ('ment), n. solicitude; affair. concert (kon-serf), v.t. to contrive or devise together; adjust or ar- range mutually: n. (kon'sert) a mu- sical entertainment; cooperation; harmony, or mutual agreement. concerted ('ed), adj. mutually planned or agreed upon; arranged in parts. concertina (-ser-te'na), n. a musical instrument of the accordion class. concertino (-te'no), n. a small con- certo. concerto (-ser'to, Italian -char'to), n. [pi. concertos ('toz) ], a musical composition for a solo instrument, with an orchestral accompaniment. concession (kon-sesh'un), n. the act of conceding; the thing conceded; land, privileges, &c, granted by a government to a company, &c, for some specific purpose. concessionaire (-un-ar'), n. a person holding a concession. concessive (-ses'iv), adj. implying concession. concessory (-ses'o-ri), adj. conceding. conch (kongk), n. a marine shell. concha (kong'ka), n. [pi. conchae (-ke) ], the outer ear; auricle; the dome of an apse. concho-grass ('ko-gras), n. a valua- ble forage grass of the southern United States. conchoid ('koid), n. a shell-like curve. conchology ('kol-o-ji), n. the branch of zoology which treats of mollusks and their shells. concierge (kong-si-arzh'), n. in France, a door-keeper or janitor. conciliate _ (kon-sil'i-at), v.t. to rec- oncile; win or gain the affections of. conciliator (-a-ter), n. one who conciliates. conciliatory (*to-ri), adj. tending to conciliate or reconcile. Also con- ciliative. concise (kon-sls'), adj. condensed, terse. concisely (1i), adv. tersely; briefly. conciseness ('nes), n. brevity. conclave (kon'klav), n. a private meeting, as of cardinals for the election of a Pope. conclude (kon-klud'), v.t. to infer; determine; settle; end: v.i. draw an inference. conclusion m (-klu'zhun), n. a final determination; result; end. conclusive (-klu'siv), adj. decisive; final. concoct (kon-kokt'), v.t. to digest; cook; assimilate mentally; plot. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONCOCTION 220 CONDONATION concoction (-kok'shun), n. the act of concocting; a plan or plot; a compound of various ingredients. concomitance (-kom'i-tans), n. the state of being concomitant. Also concomitancy. concomitant ('i-tant), n. accom- panying; conjoined with: n. an at- tendant. concord (kong' or kon^kord), n. har- mony; union; agreement. concordance (kon-kor'dans), n. agreement; a dictionary of words or passages, with references to the places where they occur, especially in the Bible. concordant ('dant), adj. harmonious. concordat ('dat), n. a compact or agreement, especially between Church and State. concourse (kong'kors), n, arriving together; an assembly or crowd. concrete (kon'kret), adj. united in growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. a mass formed by concretion; a compact mass of lime, sand, gravel, mortar, &c, used for building: v.i. (kon-kref), to coalesce: v.t, to form by the union of particles. concretion (kon-kre'shun), n. the act of concreting; a mass formed by the union of separate particles. concretionary (-a-ri), adj. charac- terized by concretions. concretive ('tiv), adj. producing con- cretes. concubinage (kong-ku-bi-naj), n. the act of living as man and wife without being legally married. concubine (kong'ku-bln), n. a wom- an who lives with a man without being legally married. concupiscence (kon-ku'pi-sens), n. illicit sexual desire; unlawful de- sire. concupiscent (-sent), adj. lustful. concur (kon-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. concurred, p.pr. concurring], ^ to agree or unite in action or opinion; coincide. concurrence (-kur'ens), n. the act of concurring; agreement; consent. concurrent (-kur'ent), adj. . acting in union or conjunction; joint and equal in authority; meeting at one point: n. that which concurs; a con- tributory cause. concussion (-kush'un), n. the shock caused by two bodies coming violent- ly together; injury by a fall. condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- sure; declare to be forfeited. condemnation (-dem-na'shun), n. the act of condemning. condemnatory (-dem'na-to-ri), adj. implying condemnation. condensability (kon-den-sa-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being condensable. condensable (-den'sa-bl), adj. capa- ble of condensation. condensation (-den-sa/shun), n. compression. condense (-dens'), v.t. to compress; make close or thick: v.i. grow dense. condenser ('er), n. an apparatus for reducing gases or vapors to a liquid or solid form; a device for storing electricity; a lens for concentrating light. condescend (kon-de-send'), v.i. to stoop; descend; yield; deign. condescension (-de-sen 'shun), n. the act of condescending; voluntary humiliation. condign (-din'), adj. well-deserved; suitable. condiment (kon'di-ment), n. a sea- soning. condition (kon-dish'un), n. state; quality; external circumstances; stipulation or terms of a contract: v.t. to contract or stipulate; bring into and keep in bodily health; examine. conditionally (-al-li), adv. with cer- tain limitations. condolatory (-dola-to-ri), adj. ex- pressing condolence. condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. to express sympathy for an- other [with with], condolence ('ens), n. sympathy. condonation (-do-na'shun), n. the act of pardoning a wroijg act. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo6n, book; hue, hut; think, then. CONDONE 221 CONFIDENCE condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, confectionery (-i), n. [pi. confec- especially a violation of marital duty. tioneries (-iz) ], sweetmeats, cakes, condor (kon'der), n. a very large preserves, &c. South American vulture. confederacy (-fed'er-a-si), n. [pi. conduce (-dus'), v.i. to tend to; con- confederacies (-siz) ], _ persons, tribute. states, or nations united in a conducible (-du'si-bl), adj. tending; league ^ unlawful combination. contributing; promoting. confederate ('er-at), v.i. to unite in conducive (-siv), adj. having the a league: adj. united by a league: quality or power of conducing [with n. a member of a confederation; an to]. ally; an accomplice. conduct (kon-dukf), v.t. to guide; confederation (-er-a'shun), n. the direct; manage; behave: n. (kon'- act of confederating; an alliance; dukt) personal behavior or prac- an alliance of states previously in- tice; management. dependent. conductance (kon-duk'tans), n. confederative (-fed'er-a-tiv), adj. of, power or capacity for conducting or belonging to a confederation. electricity. confer (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conductibility (kon-duk-ti-bil'i-ti), conferred, p.pr. conferring], to give n. the capability of being conducted. or bestow: v.i. to consult together; conductible ^ (- n - marsh land; an in- closure for taking fish. crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; intersecting; severe; searching. crucible ('si-bl), n. a melting-pot. crucifier ('si-fl-er), n. one who cru- cifies. crucifix ('si-fiks), n. [pi. crucifixes (-ez) ], a cross with the sculptured figure of Christ. crucifixion # (-si-fik'shun), n. the act of # crucifying, especially the cruci- fixion of Christ upon the cross; great mental trial, or suffering. cruciform ('si-form), n. cross-shaped. crucify ('si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross; torture; destroy the power of (Gal. v. 24). ute, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CRUDE 247 CRYPT crude (krood), adj. in a natural state; unripe; raw; immature; un- cultured; harsh in color. crudely ('li), adv. in a crude manner. crudeness ('nes), n. the quality of being crude. crudity ('i-ti), n. [pi. crudities (-tiz) ], the state or condition of being crude. cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give pain to others; merciless; hard- hearted; fierce; painful; unrelent- ing: adv. very. cruelly (-li), adv. in a cruel manner. cruelty ^('el-ti), n. [pi. cruelties (-tiz) ], inhumanity; savageness. cruet ('et), n. a small glass vial. cruise. Same as cruse. cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; wander about: n. a voyage from place to place for warlike purposes, or for pleasure. cruiser ('er), n. a person, or ship, that cruises; fast warship. crumb (krum), n. the soft inner part of bread; a fragment of bread ;_ a little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs. crumble Cbl), v.t. to break into crumbs; cause to fall into pieces: v.i. to disappear gradually. crummy ('i), adj. having crumbs; soft. crumpet ('pet), n. a soft tea-cake. crumple ('pi), v.t. to press into wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become rumpled. crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with the teeth; grind violently : v.i. to chew audibly: n. the act of crunching. crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of a horse; the looped leather band passing round a horse's tail: v.t. to pu a crupper on. crural (kroo'ral),. adj. pertaining to the leg or thigh; leg-shaped. crusade (kroo-sad'), n. a mediaeval military expedition under the ban- ner of the cross by any one of the Christian powers to recover the Holy Land; vigorous concerted ac- tion for the defense of some cause, or the advancement of some idea: v.i. to engage in a crusade. cruse (kroos), n. an earthen pot or dish; a small vessel for holding liquids. cruse t (kroo'set), n. a goldsmith's crucible. crush (krush), v.t. to press between two opposite bodies; squeeze; break by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: v.i. to be pressed out of shape or into smaller compass: n. a violent compression or collision. crush-hat ('hat), n. a collapsible hat. crust _ (krust),_ n. a hard external coating or rind; the exterior solid part of the earth's surface; a shell or hard covering: v.t. to cover over with crust: v.i. to contract into a hard covering. Crustacea (krus'ta'shi-a) , n.pl. a prime division of the Orthropoda, comprising crabs and lobsters. crustacean ('shi-an), adj. pertaining to the Crustacea: n. one of the Crus- tacea. crustaceous (-ta'shi-us) , adj. shelly. crusty (krus'ti), adj. like a crust; rough in manner; surly; snappish. crutch (kruch), n. a support for cripples; any mechanical device like a crutch; the forked rest on a woman's saddle. cry (kri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cried, p.pr. crying], to call aloud; proclaim; exclaim vehemently; implore; re- quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to utter loudly and publicly in giving notice: n. loud or passionate utter- ance, especially of weeping or lam- entation; an exclamation of won- der or triumph; outcry; clamor; acclamation; proclamation; common report; a pack of hounds; a battle cry; a party catchword or phrase. crying ^ ('ing), p. adj. specially de- manding notice; notorious; urgent. cryolite ('o-llt), n. a fluoride of so- dium and aluminium: the source of aluminium. crypt (kript), n. a subterranean cell or vault, usually under a church: sometimes used as a chapel or shrine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. CRYPTIC 248 CUIRASSIER cryptic ('ik), adj. hidden; secret. Cryptogamia (krip-to-ga'mi-a), n.pl. in the Linnean system, a class of flowerless plants, as mosses, ferns, &c. cryptogram ('to-gram), n. a writing, or a system of writing, in cipher. cryptography (-tog'ra-fi), n. the art of writing in cipher or secret characters. crypton (krip'ton), n. an element of the atmosphere, recently discovered. cryptonym ('to-nim), n. a secret name. crystal (kris'tal), n. an inorganic body having a definite geometrical form; a glass of superior clearness; anything transparent and clear: adj. consisting of crystal; clear; trans- parent. crystalline ('ta-lm), adj. pertaining to, or having the form of, a crystal; clear; transparent. crystallization (-li-za/shun), n. the act of crystallizing. crystallize ('tal-iz), v.t. to cause to form crystals or a crystalline struc- ture: v.i. to be converted into crys- tals; assume a definite shape. crystallography (-log'ra-fi), n. the science of the forms and structure of crystals. cub (kub), n. the young of certain animals, as the fox. cubage (ku'baj), n. the act of de- termining the contents of a solid; the contents so measured. cubby-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a snug place. cube (kub), n. a regular solid body with six equal square sides or faces; the product obtained by multiplying the square of a quantity by the quantity itself, as 5 X 5 X 5 = 125, cube of 5: v.t. to raise to the third power, or cube. cube root ('root), n. the first power of a cube, as 5 of 125. cubeb (ku'beb), n. the small spicy berry of a species of pepper; Java pepper. cubic ('bik), adj. having the form of properties of a cube. Also cubical. cubical ly (-al-li), adv. in a cubic manner. cubist (kuTrist), n. one of a new errat- ic school of painters, which holds that art shall be nothing but an expression of the individual or the "soul" of the painter, and denies any representation of nature or form of decoration. cubit ('bit), n.an ancient measure of about 18 inches; the forearm from the elbow to the wrist. cubo-cube ('bo-kub), n. the square of the cube, or the sixth power of a number, as 729 = 3 6 . cucking-stool (kuk'ing-stool), n. a kind of chair in which disorderly females, scolds, &c, were placed and exposed to the ^ublic. cuckold (kuk'old), n. the husband of an adulteress; the burdock. cuckoo (kook'oo), n. a passerine bird with a dark plumage and curved bill: so named from its character- istic note. cucumber (ku'kum-ber), n. a creep- ing plant, the elongated fruit of which is used as a salad, and as a pickle. cud (kud), n. food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating ani- mal back into the mouth and chewed again. cuddle (kudl), v.t. to embrace close- ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a close embrace. cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick stick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cudgeled,. p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a cudgel. cue (ku), n. the tail or end of a thing; a queue; a hit; the last word of an actor's speech; the part one has to play ; a number of persons waiting ranged in a line; the tapering rod used in billiards. cuff (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental fold of the sleeve of a garment at the wrist: v.t. to strike with the hand. cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate. cuirassier (-er'), n. a cavalry soldier armed with a cuirass. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUISINE 249 CUPEL cuisine (kwe-zen'), n. the kitchen of a hotel, &c; style or quality of cooking. cul-de-sac (koo'de-sak), n. [pi. culs- de-sac], a passage open only at one end; a position in which an army finds itself when hemmed in and no exit but in front. culinary (ku'li-na-ri) adj. pertaining to the kitchen, or the art or process of cooking. cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; gather. culminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to reach the highest point of altitude, rank, power, &c. ; come to the meridian. culmination '(-na/shun), the at- tainment of the highest point; the transit of a planet through the me- ridian. culpability (-pa-bil'i-ti), n. liability to blame. culpable ('pa-bl), adj. deserving cen- sure; criminal; blameworthy. culpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. censuring. culprit ('prit), n. one arraigned be- fore a 5iidge; one accused of a crime or fault. cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or system of worship; a subject of special study; devoted or extrava- gant homage or adoration. cultch (kiilch), n. materials forming a spawning bed for oysters; oyster- spawn. cultivate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to till; im- prove by care, labor, or study; seek the society of. cultivation (-va/shun), n. the act of cultivating; tillage; culture. cultivator ('ti-va-ter), n. one who, or that which, cultivates; a farmer; an agricultural implement. cultural ('tur-al), adj. pertaining to culture. culture ('tur), n. tillage; the train- ing or refining of the moral or in- tellectual faculties; care given to the growth and development of ani- mals and plants; the propagation of bacteria for scientific study. culverin ('ver-in), n. a long cannon of the 16th century with serpent- shaped handles. culvert ('vert), n. a drain or water- way of masonry or brickwork under a road, &c. cumber (kum'ber), v.t. to hinder; embarrass; oppress; perplex. cumbersome (-sum), adj. burden- some; unwieldy. cumbrous ('brus), adj. troublesome; vexatious; heavy; obstructing. cumin (kum'in), n. a plant, with warm aromatic bitterish seeds. Also cummin. cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv), adj. aug- menting or giving force; increasing by successive additions. cumulative vote (vot), n. a system of voting by which a voter votes for each candidate, or gives all his votes to one. cumulus (kum'u-lus), n. [pi. cumuli (-11) ], a cloud in round woolly masses. cuneate (ku'ne-at), adj. wedge- shaped. cuneiform (-i-form), adj. having the form of a wedge : said of the wedge- shaped characters of the Assyrian and ancient Persian inscriptions. Also arrowhead. cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; designing; subtle: n. deceit; crafti- ness; the natural instinct of an animal. cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- sel; something shaped like a cup; a chalice; a piece of plate offered as a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: pi. repeated potations^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to strike or indent the ground with a golf-club when striking the ball. cupboard (kub'erd), n. a closet fit- ted with shelves for holding cups, plates, &c. cupel (ku'pel), n. a shallow porous vessel in which gold and silver are refined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cupeled, p.pr. cupeling], to refine (precious metals) from lead in a cupel. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUPELLATION 250 CURLY cupellation (-pel-a/shun), n. the act of refining in a cupel. cupful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cupfuls ('foolz) ], as much as a cup will contain. cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti), n. covetous- ness. cupola Cpo-la), n. [pi. cupolas (-laz) ], a spherical cup-shaped roof* a revolving shot-proof turret. cupreous ('pre-us), adj. coppery. cupric ('prik), adj. pertaining to cop- per. cupriferous (-prif'er-us), adj. yield- ing copper. cuprite Cprlt), n. red oxide of copper. cupule ( pul), n. a little cup, as of the acorn; a small cup-shaped organ. cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, ill-bred person. curable (kur'a-bl), adj. remediable. curacy (kii'ra-si), n. the office or dis- trict of a curate. curari (-ra'ri), n. a black resinous substance prepared from the bark of a South American tree, used by the natives for poisoning their ar- rows: it is a powerful ansesthetic. curarine ('rin), n. an alkaloid ex- tract of curari of a more deadly nature. curarize ('riz), v.t. to poison by curari. curassow (-ras'6), n. a large galli- naceous South American bird. curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who assists a vicar or incumbent. curative ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining to the cure of diseases; promoting cure: n. that which cures or serves to cure. curator (-ra'ter), n. the superintend- ent of a museum, art gallery, &c. curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in subjection; furnish with, or as with, a curb: n. that which checks, restrains, or subdues; a part of a horse's bridle; a curbstone. curbing (kerb'ing), n. curbstones collectively; material for curbstones. curbstone ('ston), n. the stone-edge of a path. curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause to curdle. curdiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being curdy. curdle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken into curd: v.i. to coagulate. curdy ('di), adj. like, or full of, curd. cure (kur), n. restoration to health; the act, or art, of healing; spiritual charge; the office of a parish priest or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to health; set free from; preserve by salting. cure (ku-raO, n. in France, a Roman Catholic parish priest. curfew (ker'fu), n. a bell originally rung at 8 p. m. as an intimation that fires and lights were to be ex- tinguished. curia (ku'ri-a), n. the court of the Pope at Rome. curio ('ri-o), n. [pi. curios (-oz) ], bric-a-brac; a curiosity. curiosity (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. curiosities (-tiz) J, the quality of being curious; inquisitiveness; something strange or rare. curioso (-o'so), n. [pi. curiosi ('si) ], a virtuoso. curious ('ri-us), adj. desirous to see or know something new or strange; inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- traordinary. curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an undulation or bend; a disease in fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise in undulations; curve: v.i. to con- tract or bend into ringlets; move in spirals or undulations; become curled ; play at the game of curling. curler ('er), n. one who curls; one who plays at the game of curling. curlew ('lu), n. migratory short- tailed wading bird with a long curved bill. curling ('ling), n. a popular Scottish game played on the ice with smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with handles. curly ('li), adj. having curls; wavy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CURMUDGEON £51 CUSTARD curmudgeon (-mud'jun), n. a grasp- ing, churlish fellow; a niggard. currant ('ant), n. a small variety of dried grape; the well-known shrub and its berry. currency ('en-si), n. a continual passing from hand to hand; unin- terrupted course; the circulating monetary medium of a nation used by authority. current Cent), adj. widely circu- lated; passing from hand to hand; now passing, as time; generally ac- cepted or credited; prevalent; com- mon: n. a flow or passing: said of fluids; body of air or water flowing in a certain direction; general tend- ency. curricle ('i-kl), n. a two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast. curriculum (-ik'ti-lum), n. [pi. cur- ricula (-la) ], a course; a prescribed course of study in a university, school, &c. currier ('i-er), n. a leather dresser. currish ('ish), adj. snappish; quar- relsome. curry (kur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curriea, p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or clean (a horse) . curry (kur'i), n. [pi. curries ('iz) ], a highly-spiced East Indian sauce; a stew of rice, fowl, &c, flavored with curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to cook or flavor with curry. curry-comb (-kom), n. a metallic comb, used in grooming horses. curse (kers), n. an imprecation of evil; that which brings or causes evil or trouble; a profane oath: v.t. to imprecate evil upon; cause evil to; anathematize: v.i. to swear. cursed (ker'sed), p.adj. under a curse; hateful; unsanctified. cursorial # (-so'ri-al), adj. adapted for running or walking. cursorily ('so-ri-li), adv. hastily. cursory ('so-ri), adj. hasty; superficial. curst, p.p. of curse. curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. Curtail (kgiviaJ'), v.t. to cut short; reduce. curtailment ('merit), n. the act of curtailing. curtain ('tin), n. a textile hanging screen which can be drawn up or set aside at pleasure; the part of the rampart and parapet between two bastions or gates: v.t to in- close in, or as with, curtains curtain-lecture (ker'tin-lek'tur), n. scolding or reproachful talks sup- posed to be given by wives to their husbands after retiring for the night. curtsy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies ('siz) ], a salutation made by bending the knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. curtsied, p.pr. curtsying], to make a curtsy. [See courtesy.] curvate (ker'vat), adj. bent, curved. curvation (-va'shun), n. the act of bending. curvature ('va-tur), n. a bending. curve (kerv), adj. bent without angles: n. a bending without angles; a draughtsman's instrument for forming curves: v.t. to bend. curvet (ker' or ker-vet'), n. a partic- ular leap of a horse; a frisk or bound: v.i. to leap as a horse; frisk or bound. curvilineal (-vi-lin'e-al), or curvi- linear (-ar), adj. consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines. curving ('ving), n. a curve; bend. cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or soft pad for sitting or reclining upon; a pillow^ used in lace-making; the elastic rim of a billiard-table: v.t. to seat upon a cushion; furnish with a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball strike against the cushion. cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a cres- cent; a sharp rigid point; a spear- shaped architectural ornament. cuspidal (kus'pi-dal), adj. ending in a point. cuspidate ('pi-dat), adj. furnished with a sharp, spear-like point. cuspidor ('pi-dor), n. a spittoon. custard ('terd), n. a composition of eggs and milk, &c, baked or boiled. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CUSTODIAN 252 CYANIC custodian (-to'di-an), n , one who has the care of anything. custody ('to-di), n. guardianship; imprisonment; security. custom ('turn), n. frequent or habit- ual repetition of the same act; es- tablished usage; business support; unwritten law; duties on imported or exported goods: v.i. to be ac- customed. custom-house (hous), n. a building where duties are paid on exported or imported goods, and vessels are entered and cleared. customary (-a-ri), adj. habitual; conventional; common. customer (-er), n. a purchaser. cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, p.pr. cutting], to cleave or separate with a sharp instrument; make an in- cision in; divide; trim ; _ castrate ; excavate; intersect; abridge; di- minish; pass deliberately without recognition; wound deeply; divide (a pack of cards) at random; strike (a ball) so as to send it at right angles to the batsman: v.i. to make an incision ; perform the work of an edged instrument; grow through the gums: n. an incision or wound made by a sharp instrument; gash; a sharp stroke; a sarcastic remark; a trench, channel, &c, made by dig- ging; a slice; a near passage; a block on which an engraving is cut; the fashion of a garment; shape; deliberate ignoring of an ac- quaintance; the division of a pack of cards; a particular stroke in cricket, and lawn tennis; a diminu- tion in price below another mer- chant: adj. divided or separated; gashed; having the surface orna- mented or fashioned; not wrought or hand-made. cut-glass (kut'glas), n. flint glass cut into facets or figures. cut-off ('of), n. a short or straight road ; a new shorter channel cut by a river across a bend; a device for stop- ping steam from entering a cylinder. cut-out ('out), n. a switch-like con- trivance to cut off an electric light from the circuit. cut-throat ('throt), n. a murderer; ruffian. cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us), adj. per- taining to the skin. cutaway (kut'a-wa), adj. cut back from the waist: n. a coat, the skirts of which slope from the waist. cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; couch- or quick-grass; cultch. cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. cuticle m (kut'i-kl), n. the scarf-skin; the thin exterior bark of a plant. cutify ('i-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cuti- fied, p.pr. cutifying], to form, or be- come covered with, skin. cutlass ('las), n. a broad cutting sword. cutler ('ler), n. one who makes or sells knives or other cutting instru- ments. cutlery (-ri), n. edged 01 cutting in- struments. cutlet ('let), n. a slice of meat. cutter ('er), n. one who cuts or hews; one who cuts out and shapes garments; a light sledge for two persons; a small fast-sailing vessel, with one mast sloop-rigged; a man- of-war's boat. cutting ('ing), p. adj. dividing by an edged instrument; deeply wounding the feelings; sarcastic; chilling; sharp : n. a piece cut off or from ; a slip; an incision. cuttle (kut'l), n. the cuttle-fish, a cephalopod with an internal shell, the arms furnished with suckers, two large eyes, and an ink-bag contain- ing a dark fluid. cutwater ('waw-ter), n. the fore part of a ship's prow; the angular edge of the pier of a bridge. cutweed ('wed), n. a coarse marine alga. cutworm (Verm), n. a destructive larval moth. cyanate (sl'an-at), n. a compound of cyanic acid with a base. cyaneous (-a'ne-us), adj. azure blue, cyanic (-an'ik), adj. pertaining to cyanogen. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CYANIC ACID 253 CYST cyanic acid (as'id), n. a strong acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. cyanide ('a-nid), n. a compound of cyanic acid with a metal. cyanogen (-an'o-jen), n. a colorless poisonous gas burning with a purple flame, with the odor of peach blos- soms. cyanosis (-a-no'sis), n. a condition of the body in which its surface be- comes blue, due to the insufficient aeration of the blood. cyanotype (-an'o-tip), n. a photo- graphic process in which the picture is taken in Prussian blue. cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- tain period of time, which recurs again in the same order; an imagin- ary circle in the heavens; the ag- gregate of traditional or legendary matter connected with a mytholog- ical personage or event; a bicycle or tricycle: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cycled, p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. cyclic (sik' or sik'lik), adj. pertain- ing to, or moving in, a cycle; belong- ing to the literary cycle of Greek poets who wrote on the Trojan war and its heroes. Also cyclical. cyclist (sik'list), n. a bicyclist. cycloid (sl'kloid), n. a geometrical curve traced out by any point of a circle rolling along a straight line until it has completed a revolution. cyclometer (sl-klom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for registering the revolu- tions of a wheel. cyclonal ('klo-nal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a cyclone. Also cyclonic. cyclone ('klon), n. a violent storm; an atmospheric movement in which the wind blows spirally round to* ward a center. cyclonoscope (-kl5'n5-skop), n. an apparatus for recording the mo- tions of atmospheric currents which produce cyclones. cyclopaedia or cyclopedia (sl-klo- pe'di-a), abbreviation of encyclopae- dia. Cyclopean (-klo-pe'an), adj. pertain- ing to the Cyclops: hence huge and rough; terrific; vast; massive. cyclorama (-klo-ra'ma) , n. a series of related pictures extended cir- cularly so as to appear in natural perspective to the spectator standing in the center. cyclostyle ('klo-stil), n. an apparatus for producing manifold copies by means of a small toothed wheel. cygnet (sig'net), n. a young swan. cylinder (sil'in-der), n. a long cir- cular body, solid or hollow, of uni- form diameter; a chamber in which force is exerted on the piston of a steam engine; the barrel of a pump; a hollow roller for printing; a roller- shaped stone with cuneiform in- scriptions. cylindric ('drik), adj. having the form, or properties, of a cylinder. Also cylindrical. _ cylindricity (-dris'i-ti), n. the state or character of being cylindrical. cylindroid ('in-droid), n. a solid body resembling a cylinder, but with the ends elliptical. cyma [See ogee.] cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair of circular dish-shaped brass plates, which when struck produce a clash- ing sound. cyme (sim), n. a convex or flattened flower cluster. cynic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, or sarcastic person; one of a sect of ancient Greek philosophers. cynical ('i-kal), adj. like a cynic. cynicism ('i-sizm), n. the temper and practice of a cynic. cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an object of general attraction. cypress (sl'pres), n. a coniferous tree, the emblem of mourning: adj. belonging to, or made of, cypress. cyprian (sip'ri-an), adj. pertaining to Venus: hence wanton; lascivi- ous. cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usually membranous, containing morbid matter. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. CYSTIC 254 CZECH cystic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; vesicular. cystocele ('to-sel), n. hernia occasioned by protrusion of the bladder. cystoplast (sis'to-plast), n. a cell that envelopes a nucleus. cystoscopy (-to-skop'i), n. the ex- amination of the human bladder by an incandescent electric lamp. cystose (tos), adj. full of cysts. cystotsenia (sis-to-te-ni-a), n. a tape- worm. cystotomy (-tot'o-mi), n. the open- ing of the human bladder for the extraction of stone. cytobl astern a (sl-t5-blas-te'ma), n. the protoplasm in which animal and vegetable cells are produced. cytococcus (-kok'us), n. the nucleus of a parent cell. cytode (si'tod), n. a cell. cytogenesis (-to-jen'e-sis), n. cell formation. cytula (sl-tti'la), n. a parent cell; an ovum that has been impregnated. Czar (zar), or Tzar (tsar), n. the title of the Russian emperor. Czarevitch (zar'e-vich), or Tsare- vitch (tzar'-), n. the eldest son of the czar. Also Czarewitch, Caesare- witch. Czarevna (za-rev'na), or Tzarevna (tza-), n. a Russian princess (im- perial): applied to the wife of the Czarevitch. Czarina (za-re'na), or Tsarina (tsa-), n. an empress of Russia; the wife of the Czar. Czech (chek), n. a member of the most westerly branches of the Sla- vonic family, including Bohemians, Moravians and Slovaks. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, D D, the fourth letter in European alphabets; an abbreviation for the English penny. dab (dab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dabbed, p.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch lightly: n. a small soft lump; a gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; an expert: pi. refuse foots: adj. clever; handy. dabber (dab'er), n. an inking-ball used by printers and engravers. dabbing ('ing), n. the process of in- denting the surface of a stone by a pick-shaped tool. dabble (dab'l), v.t. to dip slightly and often; moisten; spatter: v.i. to play in water; do anything in a superfi- cial manner. dabchick ('chik), n. an unfledged bird ; a small grebe. dabster ('ster), n. an expert. dace (das), n. a small fresh-water fish resembling the roach. dachshund (daks'hoont), n. the Ger- man badger-dog. da capo (da ka'po), a term in music, meaning to repeat from the begin- ning. Abbreviated "D.C." dacoit (da-koif), n. a bandit of India; name given to guerillas in Burma by the English troops. dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of three syllables, one long and two short (- ww ). dactylic (-til'ik), adj. pertaining to the dactyl. dactyliography (-i-og'ra-fi), the art of engraving on gems. dactylitis (dak-til-I'tis), n. an in- flammatory ailment of the fingers or toes. dactylology (-ol'o-ji), n. the art of communicating ideas with the fin- gers. dad (dad), n. a child name for father. Also daddy. dadangsi (da'dang-se), n. name given certain troublesome weeds on the Island of Guam. daddle (dad'l), v.t. to walk unstead- ily like a child; waddle; trifle. daddy-long-legs ('i-long-legs), n. a name for various kinds of crane-fly. dado (da/do), n. the solid block form- ing the body of a pedestal; an ornamental border around the lower part of the wall of a room, &c. : v.t. to ornament with a dado. daffodil (daf'5-dil), n. the narcissus. daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. daffy (daf'i), a. like a person of un- sound mind. dagger (dag'er), n. a short edged and pointed weapon, used for stab- bing; a reference mark in printing ( t). dago (da/go), n. [pi. dagos ('goz) ], a nickname for a dark-complexioned person, especially of Spanish, Portu- guese, or Italian descent^ a sailor's name for a person speaking Portu- guese or Spanish. dagon (da'gon), n. a deity of the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians, described as half man and half fish. Daguerreotype (da-ger'5-tlp), n. a picture produced on a silvered plate. Dail Eireann, n. Irish republican par- liament. dahlia (dal'ya).n. [pLdahlias ('y&z) ], a composite plant, with large bright- colored flowers. daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies ('liz) ], a newspaper or periodical published ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DAINTINESS 256 DAMPING-OFF each week-day: adi. occurring or recurring each successive day; diur- nal : adv. day by day. daintiness (-nes), n. the quality of being dainty. dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties ('tiz) ] something choice or delicious: adj. refined as regards taste ; fastidious; delicious; elegant; sensitive; choice. dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies ('riz) ], a place where milk is kept and con- verted into butter and cheese, &c; the shop where dairy produce is sold. dairy-produce ('pro'dus), n. milk, cream, butter, cheese, eggs. dairying (-ing), n. the business or occupation of a dairy farmer. dais (da/is), n. a raised platform. daisied (da'zid), adj. full of, or adorned with, daisies. daisy (da'zi), n. [pi. daisies ('ziz) 1, a low composite herb with a yellow disk, and white or rose-colored rays. dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. the act of dallying. dally (dal'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dallied, p.pr. dallying], to trifle away time; loiter; procrastinate; exchange, ca- resses. Daltonism (dawl'tun-izm), n. color- blindness. dam (dam), n. a barrier across a watercourse; any artificial contri- vance to stop the flow of water or a gas; a female parent: said of beasts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dammed^ p.pr. damming], to confine, or raise the level of, by a dam; restrain (usual with in or up). dam (dam), n. a form of buoy that displays a flag by day and a lantern by night. damage ('aj), n. injury or harm; harm willfully done to a person's character, person, or estate: pi. money recovered for loss suffered: v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive injury. _ damask ('ask), n. a rich silk fabric woven with elaborate patterns; a fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c, with a flowered or variegated de- sign; Damascus steel or work; deep pink: adj. pertaining to, or made of, damask: v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament (metals) with wavy, sil- very devices. damaskeen (-as-ken'), v.t. to apply decorative metallic designs to (a sur- face of steel, &c). damasse (da-ma-sa/), adj. woven with a rich pattern to imitate dam- ask; decorated with white on a white ground: said of porcelain. dame (dam), n. a title formerly used instead of mistress written Mrs.; the mistress of an elementary school; an elderly woman. damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to pun- ishment judicially; consign to a cer- tain fate; condemn as bad or as a failure; to invoke a malediction upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n. a curse. damnation (-na'shun), n. the state of being damned; ruination by ad- verse criticism; punishment in a future state. damnatory ('na-to-ri'), adj. assign- ing to, _ or containing a threat of, damnation. damned (damd), p. adj. condemned to perdition; execrably bad; used sometimes adverbially as an inten- sive [printed d — d]. damnify (dam'ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. damnified, p.pr. damnifying], to cause loss or damage to. damnum ('num), n. loss or damage capable of assessment by a jury. damosel ('o-zel), n. formerly a dam- sel, or the wife of a squire. damp (dampen, moisture; fog; humid exhalation: adj. moist; fog- gy; humid; dejected: v.t. to moisten; discourage; depress; diminish the vibrations of. damper ('er), n. something which depresses or discourages; a contri- vance for deadening the vibrations of a musical instrument. damping-off (dam'ping-of), n. the decay of seedling plants from the attacks of a fungus. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, but; think, then. DAMPNESS 257 DASH dampness ('nes), n. humidity; moisture. damsel ('zel), n. a maiden. damson (dam'zn), n. a small purple oval-shaped plum. dance (dans), v.i. to move with measured steps or to a musical ac- companiment; perform the figures of a dance; move nimbly, or merri- ly; exult: v.t. to give a dancing motion to; perform as a dancer: n. a regulated movement of the feet to a rhythmical musical accompani- ment; a dancing party, less formal than a ball. dandelion (dan'de-ll-un), n. a bien- nial composite plant with large yel- low flowers and deeply notched leaves. dander ('der), n. dandruff; anger. dandle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up and down on the knee or in the arms in affectionate play; fondle. dandruff ('druf), n. scurf on the scalp. dandy ( ; di), n. [pi. dandies ('diz) ], a fop; coxcomb; something very neat and trim. dandyism (-izm), n. foppishness. danger Cjer), n. hazard; peril. dangerous (-us), adj. involving, or beset with, danger; ready to do harm or injury; perilous; hazardous. dangle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang or swing loosely; follow: v.t. to cause to dangle. dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. danseuse (dang-sez'), n. a female professional dancer; a ballet-dancer. dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- tive; trim and neat in appearance. dapple (dap'l), adj. spotted; varie- gated: v.t. to variegate with spots. darbies (dar'bez), n. English word for handcuffs. Dardanelles (dar'dan-els), n. a forti- fied strait connecting Marmora and iEgean seas. dare (dar), v.i. {p.t. dared, durst, p.p. dared, p.pr. daring], to have cour- age; attempt; venture: v.t. to defy; challenge. dare-devil ('dev-1), adj. characteris- tic of a reckless man: n. a reckless fellow. daring (dar'ing), n. intrepidity: adj. fearless; bold; intrepid. dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; not reflecting light; wholly black or grey; producing gloom; unenlight- ened, mentally or physically; ob- scure; untried; of a brunette com- plexion: n. darkness. dark ages (a'jez), n.pl. the mediaeval period. darken ('en), v.t. to make dark; ob- scure; render unintelhgible : v.i. to become dark. darkening (-ing), n. twilight; gloam- ing. darkish ('ish), adj. somewhat dark. darkling ('ling), adj. dimly seen. darkly ('li), adv. with imperfect light; not clearly; mysteriously. darkness ('nes), n. absence of light, partial or total; physical or moral blindness; obscurity; gloom; wick- edness. darksome ('sum), adj. gloomy. darky ('i), n. [pi. darkies ('iz) ], a negro. darling (darling), n. a favorite; pet: adj. tenderly beloved; very dear. darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) by filling in the whole with yarn or thread by means of a needle: n. a patch made by darning. darnel ('nel), the popular name of a grass, Lolium tremulentum, formerly supposed to be poisonous. dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a blow-gun; a swift, sudden movement; the dace: v.t. throw; give out or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; start sud- denly and run quickly. Darwinian (dar-win'i-an), adj. per- taining to Charles Darwin, the natu- ralist (1809-1882), or Darwinism: n. an evolutionist. Darwinism ('izm), n. the theory of natural selection advocated by Dar- win. dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 17 DASH-BOARD 258 DAYSMAN or hastily; break by collision; hurl; shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush with violence; fly off the surface with a violent noisy m motion: n. a collision; a slight addition; ostenta- tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writ- ing or printing. dash-board (-bord), n. a splash- board; a paddle-wheel float. dastard (das'tard)^ n. a coward: adj. meanly shrinking from danger; cowardly. dastardliness (-li-nes), n. mean ti- midity. dastardly (4i), adv. cowardly. data, pi. of datum (q.v.). date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or transaction; the inscription which specifies when a writing or inscrip- tion was executed; duration; the edible oval fruit of the date-palm: v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have a date; reckon. date- tree (-tre), n. a species of palm. dative (da'tiv), adj. denoting the case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective which expresses the remoter object: usually indicated in English by to or for with the objective case: n. the dative case. datum ('turn), n. [pi. data ('ta) ], something assumed, known, or con- ceded for the basis of an argument or inference [usually in pi.]. daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear with adhesive matter; paint coarse- ly or unskilfully; plaster; flatter grossly: n. a coarse or rudely exe- cuted painting; a smear; a cheap kind of mortar. daubing f'ing), n, a coarse painting; the application of rough mortar to a wall to imitate stone. dauby ('i), adj. viscous, sticky; like a daub. daughter (daw'ter), n. the female offspring of a man or woman; a fe- male in a childlike relation; some- thing conceived as feminine. daughter-in-law (-in-law), n. a son's wife. daunt (dant), v.t. to intimidate; dis- hearten. dauntless ('les), adj. fearless. dauphin (daw'fin), n. the title of the eldest son of the King of France from 1349 to 1830. _ davenport (dav'en-port), n. a writing- desk or high-backed lounge. davit (dav'it), ' n. one of a pair of f -shaped uprights projecting over the side # of a vessel for suspending or lowering a boat. Davy (da/vi), n. [pi. davies ('viz)], a miner's safety-lamp surrounded by fine gauze wire, invented by Sir H. Davy, as a protection against fire- damp. Davy Jones (jonz), n. a humorous name for the spirit of the sea; a sea- devil. daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow family; a jackdaw. dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a dawdler. dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to grow light; glimmer; break as the day: n. the first appearance of light in the morning; beginning. dawning ('ing), n. daybreak; begin- ning. day (da), n. the period of light be- tween sunrise and sunset; daylight; sunshine; the space of twenty-four hours, reckoning from midnight to midnight (the civil day), or from noon to noon (the astronomical day); in the East, a distance that can be traveled in 24 hours; a spec- ified time or period. daybook Cbook), n. a book in which the transactions of the day are en- tered in the order of their occur- rence. daybreak ('brak), n. the dawn. daydream ('drem), n. a visionary fancy. days of grace (gras), n.pl. a period, usually three days, allowed in some states for payment of certain com- mercial paper after maturity. daysman (daz'man), n. [pi. daysmen ('men) ], an umpire; a mediator. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DAYSPRING 259 DEAFENING day spring ('spring), n. the dawn (Luke i. 78). daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state of being dazed. dazzle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower by a glare of light; dim by excess of light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to be overpowered by light: n. excess of light. deacon (de'kn), ft. the lowest order of the clergy in the Anglican Church; in non-episcopal churches, a lay- man appointed to assist the minister and manage the temporal affairs of a church. dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; in- animate; resembling death; inac- tive; unprofitable; monotonous; tasteless; unerring; without m reli- gious vitality; flat; not transmitting a current; deprived of civil rights; out of the game or play: ft. dead persons individually or collectively; the point or degree of greatest life- lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. dead-beat ('bet), adj. making suc- cessive movements with intervals of rest and no recoil; thoroughly ex- hausted: ft. a dead-beat escapement. dead-center (-sen'ter), ft. that posi- tion of a crank in which the crank- axle, crank-pin, and the connecting rod are all in a straight line. dead-coloring (-kuTer-ing), ft. the first broad outlines of a picture. deaden (ded'n), v.t. to diminish the acuteness, intensity, or vigor of; re- tard; blunt; render non-conductive; make insipid or stale; deprive of gloss or brilliancy; kill (trees) by girdling. deadeye (ded 'I), n. a round, flat block of wood encircled with an iron band and pierced with three holes to re- ceive lanyards: used for setting up rigging. deadhead (Tied), ft. a person who has a free pass on railways or to E laces of amusement, &c. ; a wooden uoy: v.t. to furnish free admission to: v.i. to travel or gain admission without payment. dead letter (let'er), n. an unclaimed letter, the owner for which cannot be found; that which has lost its authority. dead-lift ('lift),?!, a heavy weight; the last extremity. dead-lights ('lits) , n.pl. strong wooden shutters placed over the cabin windows in stormy weather. deadliness ('li-nes), ft. the state of being deadly. dead-load ('lod), ft. a constant mo- tionless load. deadlock ('lok), ft. a lock worked on one side by a handle, and on the other side by a key; a situation in which progress is impossible. deadly (li), adj. causing death; de- structive; fatal; implacable: adv. implacably. dead-neap ('nep), n. the lowest stage of the tide. deadness ('nes), ~n. absence of life; inactivity. dead-reckoning (-rek'un-ing), n. the calculation of a ship's place at sea by the log and the compass courses, allowing for drift, leeway, &c. dead-set ('set), ft. the fixed position of a dog in pointing game; a deter- mined effort or attack: adj. deter- mined to do something. dead-water (-waw'ter), ft. the water that closes in under the stern of a ship; eddy-water. dead-weight ('wat), # ft. the weight of the vehicle in addition to the load to be carried; freight charged for by weight instead of by bulk; the heav- iest part of a ship's cargo. dead-wind ('wind), ft. a wind blow- ing directly opposite to a ship's course. dead-work ('werk), n. work at first unprofitable, but which leads the way to profitable production, as in opening a mine. deaf (def), adj. deprived of hearing; unwilling to hear or pay regard to. deafen (def'n)^ v.t. to make deaf; render impervious to sound. deafening (-ing), p. adj. making im- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEAFNESS 260 DEBAUCHERY pervious to sound: n. material em- ployed to deaden a floor or wall. deafness ('nes), n. the state of being deaf. deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; a division of cards to the players; a mercantile combination; the wood of the fir or pine tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dealt; p.pr. dealing], to distribute, apportion, or divide; throw about; scatter: v.i. to have business; make a private arrange- ment. dealer ('er), w.one who deals; a trader. dealing ('ing), n. conduct toward others; business intercourse; traffic [frequently pi.]. dealt, p.t. of deal. dean (den),n. the presiding ecclesias- tical dignitary in cathedral and col- legiate churches; the president of a faculty in a college; the oldest mem- ber, by reason of service, in a consti- tuted body of which he acts as president. dean and chapter (chap'ter), the governing body of a cathedral, com- prising the dean, canons, or preben- daries. deanery (den'er-i), n. [pi. deaneries (-iz) ], the office, jurisdiction, or residence of a dean. dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; marked by scarcity or dearth; beloved; highly esteemed; precious: n. a darling; favorite: adv. at a high price or rate: inter j. expressing surprise, pity, or emotion. dearly ('li), adv. with great affec- tion; at a high price or rate. dearness ('nes), n. affection; high price; dearth. dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; famine. deary _ (der'i), n. a darling. Also dearie. death (deth), n. extinction of life or feeling; the state of the dead; a general mortality; decay; destruc- tion; spiritual ruin after physical death (Rom. viii. 6). death-bell ('bel), n. a passing bell. death-point ('point), n. the degree of heat or cold which destroys an animal organism. death-rate ('rat), n. the percentage of deaths, usually reckoned at per thousand, among the population of a country, city, &c, for a given period. death's-head (s'hed), n. a skull, or representation of a skull, emblem- atic of death. death-watch ('woch), n. a vigil be- side the dying person; a guard set over a criminal prior to his execu- tion; a small beetle which makes a ticking sound, superstitiously sup- posed to forebode death. deathless ('les), adj. immortal. deathly ('li), adj. mortal; fatal. debacle (de-bak'l), n. the breaking up of ice on a river; a stampede; a violent flood carrying with it debris in great masses. debar (de-bar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- barred, p.pr. debarring], to shut out; exclude; hinder from approach, enjoyment, or action; preclude [with from]. debark (de-bark'), v.i. to disembark. debarkation (-bar-ka'shun), n. the act of disembarking. debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from a higher to a lower state; lower in character, virtue, purity, or quality. debasement ('ment), n. act of de- basing. debatable (de-ba'ta-bl), adj. admit- ting of question or debate. debate (de-bat'), v.t. to contend for in words or arguments; meditate upon; deliberate together: v.i. to argue or discuss a point; reflect: n. contention in words or argument; controversy; discussion. debauch (de-bawch'), v.t. to cor- rupt in morals or principles; seduce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage in debauchery or riot: n. excess in eating and drinking; lewdness. debauchee (deb'6-she), w.adrunkard. debauchery (de-baw'cher-i), n. [pi. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. DEBENTURE 261 DECEIT debaucheries (-iz) ], excessive intem- perance; seduction from purity or virtue; corruption of fidelity. debenture (de-ben'ttir, n. a written acknowledgment of a debt. debilitant (de-bil'i-tant), adj. weak- ening. debilitate ('i-tat), v.t. to enfeeble; enervate. debilitation (-i-ta'shun), n. enerva- tion. debility (-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. debilities (-tiz)], abnormal functional weak- ness; languor. debit (deb'it), n. that which is ow- ing, entered on the debtor side of a ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- lating to debts: v.t. to charge with debt; enter on the debtor's side of an account. debonair (deb-o-nar'), adj. of gentle manners or breeding; elegant. debouch (de-bo5sh'), v.i. to march out of a confined space into open ground. debouche (da-boo-sha'), an opening; a market for goods; an opening in military works for troops. debris (da-bre'), n. fragments; bro- ken rubbish; loose pieces of rock, &c, at the base of a mountain. debt (det) n. that which is due from one person to another; obligation; trespass. debtor ('er), n. one who owes some- thing to another; one who is in debt. debut (da-boo'), n. a first appearance in society, or before the public. debutant (-boo-tang'), n. one who makes a debut: fern, debutante. decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; ten consecutive years. Also decad. decadence (de-ka'dens), n. a state of decay. Also decadency. decadent ('dent), adj. deteriorating. decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure having ten sides and ten angles. decagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. pertain- ing to a decagon. decagramme ('a-gram), n. a weight of ten grammes. Also decagram. decahedron (-he'dron), n. [pi. deca- hedra ('dra)j, a solid bounded by ten plane faces. decaliter ('a-le-tr), n. a measure of capacity containing 10 liters = 2 1-5 imperial gallons. decalogue ('a-log), n. the ten com- mandments (Ex. xx.); the moral law. decameter ('a-me-tr), n. a measure of length of 10 meters = 32.8 feet. decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart speedily; go away secretly or un- ceremoniously. decant (de-kant'), v.t. to pour off gently. decanter ('er), n. an ornamental glass bottle for holding wines, &c. decapitate (de-kap 'i-tat), v.t. to be- head. decapitation (-i-ta'shun), n. behead- ing. decapod (dek'a-podj, adj. having ten feet or ten arms: n. a ten-footed crustacean, or ten-armed cephalopod. Decapoda (de-kap'6-da), n.pl. the or- der of Crustacea which includes those having ten feet, as lobsters, crabs, shrimps, &c, and cephalopods with ten arms. decarbonate (de-kar'bon-at), v.t. to deprive of carbon. Also decarbon- ize (-Ize). decare (dek-ar'), a superficial meas- ure of 1,000 sq. meters = % acre (nearly) . decarnate (de-kar'nat), adj. divested of flesh. decastere ('a-ster), n. a solid meas- ure, ten times a cubic meter = 13 cubic yards (nearly). decatize (dek'a-tiz), v.t. a process in finishing woolen fabrics with the use of steam. decay (de-ka/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become impaired; rot; declined or fall: n. deterioration; decline; rottenness; corruption. decease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. death. deceit (de-set'), n. deception; false- hood. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, #ien. .J DECEITFUL 262 DECK deceitful ('fool), adj. full of deceit. deceitfully (-li), adv. in a deceitful manner. deceitfulness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being deceitful. deceivable (-seVa-bl), adj. capable of being, or liable to be, deceived. deceive (-seV), v.t. to mislead or cause to err; delude; impose upon; disappoint. decelerate (de-sel'e-rat), v.i. to go more slowly: the opposite of ac- celerate. December (de-sem'ber), n. the twelfth month of the year. decemvir ('ver), n. [pi. decemviri ('vi-ri) ], one of ten Roman magis- trates, especially one of those who possessed absolute authority in an- cient Rome (451-449 B. C), and ed- ited the laws known as the Twelve Tables. decern viral ('vi-ral), adj. pertaining to the decemviri. decemvirate (-rat), n. a body of ten men in authority; their office, or term of office. decency (de'sen-si), n. \pl. decencies (-siz) ], the state of being decent, or modest. decennial ('i-al), adj. lasting for or occurring every cen years. decent v 'sent), adj. decorous; becom- ing; respectable; modest; passable. deception (-sep'shun), n. the act of deceiving; the state of being de- ceived; fraud. deceptive ('tiv), adj. tending to de- ceive. deciare (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of super- ficial measurement, the tenth part of an are, = 107.6 square feet. decidable (de-sid'a-bl), adj. capable of being decided. decide (de-sid'), v.t. to bring to an issue or conclusion; fix the end of; resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or decision; arbitrate. decided ('ed), adj. free from ambi- guity; determined; unquestionable; resolute. deciduous (-sid'u-us), adj. falling off at maturity, or in season; shed peri- odically. decigramme (des'i-gram), n. a met- ric weight, l-10th of a gramme =■ 1.54 grains troy (nearly). Also decigram. deciliter ('i-le-tr), n. a measure of capacity, l-10th of a liter = 3.52 fluid ounces. deciliion (de-sil'yun), n. in France and the United States a unit fol- lowed by 33 ciphers; in England a unit followed by 60 ciphers. decilux (des'i-luks), n. l-10th of a lux. decimal ('i-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based upon, the number 10: n. a decimal fraction. decimal place (plas), n. the place of a figure after the decimal point. decimal point (point), n. a dot sep- arating a decimal fraction from a whole number, also indicating when standing alone its fractional charac- ter. decimal system (sis'tem), n. a sys- tem of reckoning or measuring by 10, or powers of 10. decimally (-li), adv. by tens. decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select by lot and put to death, or punish, every tenth man; destroy a large proportion of. decimation (-ma 'shun), n. the act of decimating; destruction on a large scale. decimeter ('i-me-tr), n. a measure of length, l-10th of a meter = 3.937 inches. decipher (de-si'fer), v.t. to read (se- cret writing); discover or make out the meaning of; solve; unravel. decision (-sizh'un), n. the act of de- ciding; determination; judgment; settlement. decisive (-si'siv), t adj. final; conclusive. decistere (des-i-star'), n. a cubic measure, l-10th of a stere = 3.532 cubic feet. deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or ornaments; adorn; to furnish with a deck: n. the plank flooring of a ship. ate, arm, k, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DECKER 263 DECORATION decker ('er) f n. one who, or that which, decks; a ship having decks. deckle-edged (dek'1-ejd), adj. hav- ing the edges rough and uncut; said of books. declaim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak in a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- cise in elocution; harangue. declamation (dek-la-ma/shun), n. the art of declaiming according to rhe- torical rules; impassioned oratory; distinct and correct enunciation of words in vocal music. declamatory (de-klam'a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by. decline (de-klin'), v.i. to incline from a right line; bend or lean down- ward; droop; draw to a close; be- come weak; deviate from rectitude: v.t. to refuse; bend downward.: de- press; inflect: n. diminution; decay deterioration; consumption. declinograph ('o-graf), n. an auto- matic registering instrument for re- cording astronomical declinations. declinometer (dek-li-nom'e-ter). n. an instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. declivitous (de-kliv'i-tus), adj. mod- erately steep. declamation; noisy in style; appeal- declivity (-khVi-ti), n. [pi. declivities ing to the passions. declaration (dek-la-ra/shun), n. the act of declaring or proclaiming; that which is declared; an assertion; publication; a statement reduced to writing. declarative (de-klar'a-tiv), adj. ex- planatory. declaratory ('a-to-ri), adj. affirma- tive. declare (de-klar'), v.t. to make known; tell openly or publicly; proclaim formally; publish; make a solemn affirmation before witnesses; make a full statement as to goods, &c: v.i. to make a declaration; avow [with for or against]. declension (-klen'shun), n. decline; a falling off, or away; deterioration; the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. declinable (-klin'a-bl), adj. capable of being declined. declinal ('al), adj. sloping downward. declinate (dek'H-nat), adj. curved downward. declination (dek-li-na/shun), n. the act or state of bending, or moving, downward; oblique variation from some definite direction; deteriora- tion; decay; the angular distance of a heavenly body N. or S. of the equator; non-acceptance. declinator ('li-na-ter), n. an instru- ment for determinating the declina- tion and inclination of a plane. (-tiz) ], a gradual descent; deviation from a horizontal line: opposed to acclivity. decoct (de-kokf), v.t. the act of boil- ing anything to extract its essence. decoction (-kok'shun), n. an extract obtained by boiling or digesting in hot water. decollate (-kol'at), v.t. to behead. decollation (-a'shun), n. the act of beheading. decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), adj. cut low in the neck so as to expose the neck and shoulders: said of a dress. D6- colletee, fern, wearing a low-necked dress. decomposable (de-com-poz'a-bl), adj. capable of being decomposed. decompose (de-com-poz'), v.t. to re- solve into constituent elements; cause to decay or rot: v.i. to become decomposed; putrefy. decomposite (-poz'It), adj. com- pounded a second time. decomposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of resolving into constituent ele- ments; analysis; disintegration. decompound (-pound'), v.t. to com- pound things already compounded: adj. compounded more than once. decorate (dek'o-rat), v.t. to orna- ment, embellish, adorn, or beautify; confer a badge of honor upon; grace. decoration (-ra/shun), n. the art of decorating; an ornament or embel- lishment; a badge of honor. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. DECORATION-DAY 264 DEED Decoration Day (da), ft. the day (May 30) on which the graves of those who fell in the Civil War (1861-65) are decorated. Also Me- morial Day (April 26). decorative ('6-ra-tiv), adj. tending to decoration. decorator (-ter), ft. one who deco- rates; an artist or artisan who decorates rooms, &c. decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj. marked by propriety; decent; fit; proper. decorticate (de-kor'ti-kat), v.t. to remove the bark, husk, or peel from. decorum (de-ko'-rum), n. propriety and decency of words, dress, and conduct. decostate (-kos'tat) , adj. without ribs. decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- coyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead or allure into danger by artifice: v.i to be allured by means of decoy: ft. a deceptive stratagem; a lure; a piece of enclosed water into which wild fowl are decoyed. decoy-duck (-duk), ft. a tame, or imitation, duck used to allure wild fowl: hence a person who entraps others. decrease (de-kres'), v.i. to become less; diminish; abate; wane; fail; v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce gradually in size ot extent; dwindle; ft. gradual diminution, or decay; the amount or degree of lessening; the wane of t e moon. decree (de-kre'), ft. an ordinance, law, or edict; a judicial decision; the award of an umpire or arbitra- tor; the predetermined purpose of God: v.t. to determine by a decree; ordain; constitute by edict; assign; v.i. to make a decree; determine. decrement (dek're-ment), ft. diminu- tion. decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn out. decrepitate ('i-tat), v.t. to calcine (as salt) in a strong heat, causing a cracking sound. decrepitude ('i-tud), ft. physical in- firmity caused by old age. decrescent (-kres'ent), adj. growing less. decretal (-kre'tal), ft. a Papal de- cree; a book of edicts. decretive ('tiv), adj. having the au- thority of a decree. decretory (dek're-to-ri), adj. judi- cial; settled. decrial (de-krl'al), ft. clamorous cen- sure. decrier ('er), ft. one who censures. decry (de-krl') v.t. [p.t. & p.p. decried, p.pr. decrying], to blame clamorous- ly; cry down; censure; disparage. decumbent (-kum'bent), adj. lying down; prostrate; reclining. decuple (dek'u-pl), adj. tenfold: n. a number repeated 10 times: v.t. in- crease tenfold. decurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running or extending, downward: said of a plant. decursive ('siv), adj. running down. decussate (-kus'at), v.i. to intersect or cross at an acute angle: adj. intersected. dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart by a solemn act or religious cere- mony; devote or set apart to some work or duty; inscribe, as a literary work. dedication (-i-ka/shun) , ft. the act of dedicating; an inscription or address. dedicator ('i-ka-ter), ft. one who dedicates. dedicatory (-to-ri), adj. pertaining to composing, or constituting, a dedication. deduce (de-dus'), v.t. to gather by reasoning; infer; derive [with from or out of], deduct (de-dukf), v.t. to take away. deduction (-duk'shun), ft. the act or process of deducting; subtraction. deductive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to deduction. deductively (-li), adv. by deduction. deed (ded), ft. that which is done by a responsible agent; an act; an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nSrth, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. DEEM 265 DEFENDANT illustrious achievement; a written instrument for the transfer of real estate: v.t. convey by deed. deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; judge. deemanate (de-em 'a-nat), v.t. to treat a radioactive substance in such a way that it gives off emana- tion less rapidly or not at all. deemanation (de-em-a-na/shun). n. the process of deemanating a radio- active substance. deemster (dem'ster), n. a judge or umpire: the title of either of the two chief judges of the Isle of Man. Also dempster. deep (dep), adj. extending far below the surface; low in situation; pen- etrating; sagacious; profound; dif- ficult to understand; absorbed; grave in tone, or low in pitch; strongly colored: n. that which is of great depth; a great body of water. deepen ('en), v.t. to make deep or deeper; make darker; make sad; cloud : r£. to become deep or deeper. deep-laid ('lad), adj. well-concerted. deepness «' nes), n. depth; profundity. deep-sea ('se), adj. pertaining to the open sea, or deeper parts of the ocean. deer (der), n. sing. & pi. a general name for solid-horned ruminants of the genus Cervus. deerhound ('hound), n. a staghound. deer-lick ('lik), a spot of salt ground, resorted to by deer to lick the earth. deer-stalking ('stawk-ing), n. the hunting of deer by stealing upon them unawares. deface (de-fas), v.t. to mar or de- stroy the surface of; disfigure; im- pair the legibility of; injure; spoil. defacement ('ment), n. the act of de- facing; the condition of being de- faced; injury. defalcation (-fal-ka/shun), n. a def- icit of funds through a breach of trust; embezzlement; diminution. defalcator (def'al-ka-ter), n. an em- bezzler. defamation (def-a-ma'shun), n. the act of injuring one's good name or reputation without justification, either orally, or by a written com- munication. defamatory (de-fam'a-to-ri), adj. containing that which is injurious to the character or reputation. defame (de-fam), v.t. to injure or destroy the good reputation of; ac- cuse falsely; asperse; vilify. default (de-fawlf), n. failure or omission to do any act; failure to satisfy the acts required in a law- suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- lect: v.i. to make a default. defaulter ('er), n. one who makes a default; one who fails to make a proper account of money or prop- erty intrusted to his charge. defeasance (de-fez'ans), n. the an- nulment of a contract or deed. defeat (de-fef), v.t. to overcome or vanquish; frustrate; baffle: n. the act of defeating; frustration; over- throw. defecate (def'e-kat), v.t. to clarify; v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- crementous matter from the bowels. defecation (-ka'shun), n. clarifica- tion; evacuation from the bowels. defecator (def'e-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, purifies or cleanses; an apparatus for removing feculent matter from juices, &c. defect (de-fekf), n. an imperfection, moral or physical; insufficiency; fault; error. defection (-fek'shun), n. a falling away from duty or allegiance; desertion. defective ('tiv), adj. having a defect or flaw of any kind; incomplete; faulty; wanting some of the usual grammatical forms. defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or protect; maintain; vindicate one's legal rights by force of argument or evidence: v.i. to formally enter a de- fense to an action. defendant ('ant), n. a person who is sued or accused in a civil or crim- inal court. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEFENSE 266 DEFRAUD defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state of defending or being defended; pro- tection; vindication by force or argu- ment; a defendant's plea or answer. defensibility (-fen-si-bil'i-ti), adj. the quality of being defensible. defensible ('si-bl), adj. capable of being defended. defensive (-fen'siv), adj. serving to defend or protect; carried on in de- fense. defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to a future time; delay: v.i. to pro- crastinate. deference (def'er-ens), n. a yielding to the opinions or wishes of anoth- er; regard. deferent ('er-ent), adj. conveying: n. that which conveys or carries; a duct or vessel in the body which con- veys fluids. deferential (-er-en'shal), adj. char- acterized by, or expressing, defer- ence. deferentially (-li), adv. respectfully. deferment (de-fer'ment), n. delay. defiance (-fi'ans), n. contemptuous disregard; a challenge. defiant ('ant), adj. characterized by defiance. deficiency (-fish'en-si), n. [pi. defi- ciencies (-siz)], the state of being deficient: incompleteness; insuffi- ciency; scarcity. deficient Cent), adj. wanting; in- complete. deficit (def'i-sit), n. a falling off, or deficiency, in amount or quantity, especially of receipts. defier (de-fi'er), n. one who defies. defilade (def-i-lad), v.t. to raise, as a rampart, so as to protect the lines of the defending parts from guns placed in a high position. defile (de-fil'), v.t. to make foul or impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. a long narrow mountainous pass; a marching in file. defilement ('ment), n. moral or physical pollution. definable (-fln'a-bl), adj. capable of being defined. define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the limits of; describe the nature or properties of. definite # (def'i-nit), adj. having fixed or distinct limits; certain; pointing out. definitely (-li), adv. certainly; dis- tinctly. definition (-nish'un), n. a brief de- scription or explanation of the pre- cise meaning of a term, phrase, &c; a concise statement. definitive (de-fin 'i-tiv), adj. deter- mining; conclusive: n. a word used in grammar to define the significa- tion of a noun. deflagrate (defla-grat), v.t. to set fire to : v.i. to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion. deflagrator ('la-gra-ter), n. an in- strument for producing combustion of metallic substances by electricity. deflect (de-flekf), v.t. to bend from a straight line: v.i. to swerve; bend or turn aside. deflection (-flek'shun), n. a bending. deflective ('tiv), adj. causing deflec- tion. deflector ('ter), n. a plate or cone in a furnace or lamp to bring flames or gases into close contact, and thus increase combustion. deflexure (-flek'shur), n. a bending down. deflower (-de-flour'), v.t. to deprive of flowers or bloom; despoil of pristine grace or beauty; deprive of virginity. defluent (def'lu-ent), adj. < running downward: n. a river rising in a lake. deforest (de-f or'est) , v.t. to clear of forest; cut down, clear away, or de- stroy the trees of. deform (-form'), v.t. to render ugly or unshapely; disfigure; mar. deformity ('i-ti), n. [pi. deformi- ties (-tiz)j, physical malformation; disfigurement; want of beauty or. harmony. defraud (-frawd'), v.t. to deprive of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n 8 book; hue, hut; think, then. DEFRAY 267 DELECTABILITY some right or interest by deception; cheat; withhold wrongfully. defray (de-fra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- frayed, p.pr. defraying], to discharge (the expenses of anything); pay; settle. defrayal ('al), n. the act of defray- ing. deft (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; clever. defunct (de-fungkt'), *adj. dead; ex- tinct: n. a dead person; the dead (collectively). defy (-fi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied, p. pr. defying], to challenge or pro- voke to strife; set at defiance; re- sist openly. degeneracy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. the state of being degenerate. degenerate ('er-at), v.i. to become inferior in goodness or quality; be- come of a lower type; pass to an inferior or worse state; deteriorate: adj. deteriorated; degraded; n. a degenerate person or organism. degenerately (-li), adv. in a degen- erate manner. degeneration (-a/shun), n. the act, state, or process of growing worse; degeneracy; decline; the morbid impairment of any structural tis- sue or organ. deglutition (deg-loo-tish'un), n. swallowing. degote (de-got'), n. oil distilled from the white birch: used for Russian leather. degradation (deg-ra-da'shun), n. the act of degrading. degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in grade or rank; deprive of honors, office, or dignity; lower physically or morally; tone down; diminish; wear away. degree (de-gre'), n. a, step or grade; rank or station; relationship be- tween a person and the next in line of descent; rank conferred by a diploma after examination; one of three degrees in the comparison of an adjective or adverb; a certain amount of interval; the 360th part of the circumference of a circle; 60 geographical miles; one of the divisions on mathematical and other instruments. dehisce (de-his'), v.i. to gape open. dehiscence ('ens), n. the opening of a capsule for the discharge of seeds, or of anthers for the discharge of pollen. dehiscent ('ent), adj. opening. dehorn (-horn'), v.t. to deprive of horns. dehypnotize (-hip'no-tiz), v.t. to awaken from hypnotism. deification (de-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of defying; apotheosis. deify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt to the rank of, a deity; idolize. deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; vouchsafe: v.t. to permit. deism (de'izm), n. the creed of a deist. deist ('ist), n. one who believes in the existence of a personal God, but not in revealed religion. deistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to deism, or deists. deity ('ti), n. [pi. deities (-tiz) ], a god, goddess, or person worshipped as a divine being. Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- ter, nature, or attributes of God; the Godhead. deject (de-jekt'), v.t. to depress the spirits of; dishearten; sadden. dejection (-jek'shun), n. lowness of spirits; > melancholy; depression; evacuation. dejeuner (da-zhu-na'), n. the first formal meai of the day. delaine (de-lan'), n. a light textile fabric of wool and cotton. delay (de-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- layed, p.pr. delaying], to postpone; hinder for a time: v.i. to act or pro- ceed slowly: n. postponement; pro- crastination. dele (de'le), v.t. to take out (a letter, &c.) in proofreading: n. a mark (§) that a letter, &c, is to be deleted. delegability (de-lek-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being delectable. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DELECTABLE 268 DELPHIC delectably (-li), adv. delightfully. delineate (-lin'e-at), v.t. to mark out delectation (-ta'shun), n. delight; with lines; sketch; portray; describe pleasure. minutely and accurately in words. delegate (del'e-gat), v.t. to send as delineation (-e-a'shun), n. the act a representative with authority to or art of delineating; a sketch, de- act; entrust; commit: n. one sent scription, &c. to represent and act for others. delineator ('e-a-ter), n. one who de- delegation (-ga/shun), n. the act of lineates. delegating; a person or body of per- delineatory (-to-ri), adj. delineating. sons chosen to act for others. delinquency (-ling'kwen-si), n. [pi. delete (de-let'), v.t. to blot out; erase. delinquencies (-siz) ] K neglect of, or deleterious (-ter'i-us), adj. harmful, failure in, duty; a misdeed; fault. morally or physically; poisonous. delinquent ('kwent), adj. falling deletion (-le'shun), n. the act of de- short of duty: n. one who neglects, or leting. fails to perform, a duty; an offender. delf (delf), n. glazed earthenware. deliquesce (del-i-kwes'), v.i. to melt deliberate (de-lib 'er-at), v.t. to think and become liquid by .absorbing upon or consider; weigh in the moisture from the atmosphere. mind; ponder: v.i. to take counsel deliquescence ('ens), n. the act, with one's self or others: adj. cir- property, or state of deliquescing. cumspect; slow in determining or deliquescent Cent), adj. liquefying in action; well-considered. or melting on exposure to the at- deliberately (-li), adv. with care- mosphere. ful consideration. delirious (de-lir'i-us), adj. light- deliberateness (-nes), n. circum- headed; insane; frantic with de- spection. light. deliberation (-er-a/shun), n. calm delirium ('i-um), n. excitement and and careful consideration; slowness aberration of the mind, caused by in action. fever, &c. deliberative (-tiv), adj. character- delirium tremens (tre'mens), n. a ized by, or acting with, deliberation. disease of the brain caused by the delicacy _ (del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. delica- excessive and prolonged use of in- cies (-siz) ], the state or quality of toxicating liquors. being delicate; agreeableness to the deliver (de-liv'er), v.t. to set free; taste or other senses; grace ;_ sensi- save; yield possession or control of; tiveness; . refinement; sensibility; send forfh vigorously; discharge; consideration for _ the feelings of communicate; speak; disburden of others; susceptibility to disease. a child. -delicatessen (-ka-tes'en), n.pl. table deliverance ('er-ans), n. the act of delicacies. delivering; rescue; an authoritative delicious (de-lish'us), adj. highly utterance by an official or judge on pleasing to the senses, taste, or some technical point. mind; exquisite. delivery ('er-i), n. [pi. deliveries ^delight (de-lif), v.t. to gratify or (-riz) ), the act of delivering; a set- please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- ting free; a surrender; transfer; ly gratified or pleased (with in) : _ n. manner of utterance ; a distribution an extreme degree of pleasure; high of letters, &c; the act or manner of satisfaction; joy. delivering a ball; parturition. •delightful ('fool), adj. affording de- dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. light. Delphic (del'fik), adj. pertaining to delimit (-lim'it), v.t. to mark out or Delphi, or to the famous sanctuary fix the limits of, as territory; bound. of Apollo with its priestess, or the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DELTA 269 DEMOCRAT games celebrated there in honor of act of defining, or marking, the Apollo. Also Delphian. bounds of. delta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas ('taz) ], demarch (de'mark), n. the ruler of an alluvial deposit, shaped like the a deme or district in Greece. Greek letter A formed at the mouth demean (de-men'), v.t. to behave of a river; any triangular surface. (with self). deltaic (-ta'ik), adj. pertaining to a demeanor ('er), n. behavior; de- delta, portment. deltoid ('toid), adj. shaped like a dement f-ment'), v.t. to make insane. delta (A) ; pertaining to the deltoid dementia f-men'shi-a), n. insanity. muscle oi the shoulder. _ demesne (de-men'), n. landed estate delude (de-lud), v.t. to impose upon attached to a manor: adj. pertaining the mind or judgment of; beguile; to a demesne. deceive. demi (dem'i), a prefix signifying deluge (del'uj), n. an inundation; a half, used in composition, as demi- great overflowing of the land by quaver, a note equal in duration to water, especially that of the time of half a quaver. Noah (Genesis vii.) ; a sudden and demi. Same as demy. resistless calamity: v.t. to over- demigod (dem'i-god), n. an inferior whelm. deity; one whose nature is partly delul (de-lool'), n. a female drome- divine; the offspring of a god and dary. a human being; a deified hero. delusion (-lu'zhun), n. the act of demijohn (-jon), n. a large glass deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- bottle with a small neck and large sion. body, usually incased in wickerwork. delusive (-lii'siv), adj. tending to demisable (-miz'a-bl), adj. capable delude or deceive; deceptive. Also of being demised. delusory. demise (-miz') , n. the transfer of a delve (delv), v.t. to open with a right to, or of a title in, an estate spade; fathom; penetrate. through death or forfeiture; death, demagnetize (de-mag'net-iz), v.t. to especially of a royal personage; the deprive of magnetic properties. conveyance or transfer of an estate demagogic (dem-a-gog'ik), adj. char- by will or lease for a term of years acteristic of a demagogue. Also or in fee simple: v.t. to give or grant demagogical. by will: v.i. to pass by bequest or demagogism ('a-gog-izm), n. the inheritance. principles or practice of a dema- demobilize _ (-mo'bi-ilz), v.t. to dis- gogue. band or dismiss (troops that have demagogue ('a-gog), n. a popular been mobilized) ; change from a war and factious orator, especially one to a peace footing. who inveighs against constituted au- democracy (-mok'ra-si), n. [pi. de- thority. mocracies (-siz) ], government by demand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim as the people^ collectively by elected by right or authority; ask in a per- representatives; political or social emptory manner; summon: n. an equality. authoritative claim; a peremptory Democracy, n. the Democratic party request: the state of being much or its principles. sought after. _ democrat (dem'o-krat), n. one who demandant ('ant), n. a plaintiff. advocates and upholds the principles demantoid (-man'toid), n. an em- of democracy. erald green garnet: used as a gem. Democrat, n. a member of the Demo- demarcation (-mar-ka'shun), n. the cratic party. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEMOCRATIC 270 DEN democratic (-krat'ik), or demo- cratical (-al), adj. pertaining to democracy. democratically (-li), adv. in a dem- ocratic manner. demogenic (dem-o-jen'ik), a. relat- ing to a people organized on a civic basis instead of on a basis of kinship. demography (de-mog'ra-fi), n. the science that deals with the vital and social conditions of a people. demoiselle (dem-wa-zel') n. a young lady, or unmarried woman ; the Nu- midian crane; a handsome small dragon-fly. demolish (de-mol'ish), v.t. to throw down; reduce to ruins; destroy; annihilate. demolition (dem-o-lish'un), n. the act or process of demohshing; de- struction. demological (dem-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the study of vital statistics and social conditions of a people. demology (de-moi'o-ji), n. the statis- tical study of populations and social conditions; demography. demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; devil; a guardian spirit or genius. demonetize (-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to de- prive of standard value, as currency; withdraw from use as money. demoniac (-mo'ni-ak), adj. pertain- ing to, or influenced by, demons; characteristic of a demon or evil spirit. Also demoniacal: n. a lunatic. demonism ('mon-izm), n. belief in demons; the nature of a demon % demonolatry (-ol'a-tri), n. devil worship. demonology (-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on demons or evil spirits, as con- nected with the science of religion, or popular superstitions. demonstrable (de-mon'stra-bl), adj. capable of being demonstrated. demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- strat), v.t, to prove beyond the pos- sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- ples: v.i. to organize, or take part in, a party demonstration. demonstration (dem-on-stra'shun), n. the act of demonstrating; a proof beyond the possibility of a doubt; manifestation; a public exhibition of sympathy with some political or social movement; the exhibition and description of examples in art and science teaching, especially anatomy. demonstrative ('stra-tiv), adj. hav- ing the power of demonstration; conclusive; manifesting the feelings openly and strongly: n. a demon- strative pronoun. demonstrator ('on-stra-ter), n. one who demonstrates; a teacher of prac- tical anatomy, or physical science. demoralize _ ('al-iz), v.t. to corrupt, or undermine, the morals of; de- prive of spirit or energy; throw into confusion. demountable (de-mount 'a-bl), adj. capable of being taken off or re- moved; recently in use as applicable to automobile rims and tires. demulcent (-muTsent), adj. soften- ing; lenitive: n. a medicine which allays irritation. demur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- murred, p.pr. demurring], to hesi- tate; raise objections; to interpose a demurrer: n. an objection or ex- ception. demure (-mur'), adj. grave; sober; decorous in bearing; affectedly modest or grave. demurely (-li), adv. in a demure manner. demureness ('nes), n. quality of being demure. demurrage (-mur'aj), n. the com- pensation paid by the freighter for the detention of a vessel in port beyond the stipulated time. demurrer ('er), n. an issue on a point of law. demy (de-mi), n. [pi. demies (-miz') ], a particular size of writing and printing paper, 15 x 20 inches, and 173^ x 22 inches respectively. den (den), n. the hollow cave of a wild beast; lair; subterraneous re- treat; a squalid place of residence; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DENATIONALIZE 271 DENTILABIAL a small or secluded apartment, used as a retreat for work and leisure. denationalize (de-nash'un-al-Iz), v.t. to deprive of national rights or character; render local. denaturalize (-nat'u-ral-Iz), v.t. to make unnatural; divest of the ac- quired rights of citizenship in a foreign country. denatured (de-na'turd), adj. a sub- stance altered in character for special uses, as "denatured alcohol" (1907). dendrite (den'drlt), n. a stone or mineral with tree-like markings. dendroid ('droid), adj. resembling a tree in appearance; arborescent. dendrology (-drol'o-ji), n. the nat- ural history of trees; a treatise on trees. dendrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for taking the heights and diameters of trees to ascertain their contents. dengue (deng'ga), n. the West In- dian name for the dandy fever, an acute febrile epidemic disease with pain in the bones, and skin eruption. denial (de-ni'al), n. the act of deny- ing; refusal; contradiction; non- compliance. denizen (den'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; citizen; an alien who has received letters patent admitting him to the rights of citizenship. denominate (de-nom'i-nat), v.t. to designate; characterized by an epi- thet; name: adj. made up of units of a specified kind. denomination (-i-na'shun), n. the act of designating; a sect, class, or division. denominational (-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or carried on by, a sect. denominationalism (-al-izm), n. a denominational or class spirit, or policy; the opinion that education should be carried out through reli- gious bodies. denominationally (-li), adv. by sects. denominative ('i-na-tiv), adj. giv- ing a name; formed from a sub- stantive or adjectival stem; conno- tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- stantive or adjectival stem. denominator ('i-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, denominates; the ex- pression of a fraction which, when placed below the line, gives the name or value to the unit. denotable (de-not'a-bl) adj. that may be denoted. denotative (-no'ta-tiv), adj. having the power to denote or point out; significant. denote (de-nof), v.t. to signify or identify by a visible sign; indicate; betoken. denouement (da-noo-mang'), n . the act of unraveling or solving a plot; outcome. denounce (de-nouns') , v.t. to threat- en or accuse publicly; censure; stigmatize; lay claim to (a new, or an abandoned, mine). dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; intense. density (den'si-ti), n. compactness; mass of matter per unit of volume; depth of shade. dent (dent), n. a slight depression caused by a blow or pressure; the tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, or metallic brush: v.t. to make a dent in. dental (den'tal), adj. pertaining to the teeth; pronounced by the aid of the teeth: n. a letter pronounced by the aid of the teeth. dentary ('ta-ri), adj. pertaining to teeth. dentate ('tat), adj. toothed. Also dentated. denticulate (-tik'u-lat), adj. fur- nished with small teeth. Also den- ticulated. dentiform ('ti-form), adj. tooth- shaped. dentifrice ('ti-fris), n. tooth-powder. dentil ('til), n. one of the_ small square blocks or projections in cor- nices. ' Also dentel. dentilabial (-ti-la'bi-al), adj. artic- ulated between the teeth and the lips. ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DENTILINGUAL 272 DEPOSE dentilingual (-ling'gwal), adj. formed between the teeth and the tongue. Dentolingual. dentine (den'tin), n. the hard, dense, calcified tissue which forms the body of a tooth. dentiphone ('ti-fon), n. an audi- phone. dentist ('tist), n. a dental surgeon. dentistry ('tis-tri), n. dental surgery. dentition (-tish'un), n. the process, or period, of cutting the teeth; ar- rangement of the teeth. dentoid ('toid), adj. tooth-shaped. denucleate (de-nu'kle-at), v.t. to deprive a cell of its nucleus; more commonly written enucleate. denudation (de-nu-orden-u-da/shun), n. the act of stripping or making bare. denude (de-nud'), v.t. to make bare or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- sive action. denunciation (-nun-si-a/shun), n. the act of denouncing; a threat; menace. denunciator (-nun'si-a-ter), n. a de- nouncer. denunciatory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or containing, a denunciation. Denunciative. deny (de-nl'), v.t. to refuse to be- lieve or admit; contradict; refuse to grant; abjure. deodand (de'o-dand), n. any per- sonal chattel which has caused death, and for that reason has been given to God (forfeited to the Crown) for pious uses. deodorant (-o'der-ant), n. a deodor- izer. deodorize ('der-iz), v.t. to disinfect. depart (de-part'), v.i. to go or move away; leave; die; desist. department ('ment),n. a separate room or office for business; a branch of business, study, or science; a territorial administrative division. departmental ('al), adj. pertaining to a department; governed by de- partments. department-store (de-part'ment- stor), n. a modern store having many departments for different lines of business. departure (par'chur), n. the act of departing; a going away; deviation; death. depend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely for support; trust; hang down. dependence ('ens), n. the state of being dependent; connection; reli- ance; trust. Also dependency (-si), [pi. dependencies (-siz) ], a colony. dependent Cent), adj. hanging down; contingent; conditional; subordinate: n. one dependent upon another; a retainer; consequence. depict (de-pikt'), v.t. to paint or portray; describe or represent vivid- ly. depilatory (de-pil'a-to-ri), adj. hav- ing the power of removing hair: n. an application for removing super- fluous hairs. depletion (-ple'shun), n. the act of emptying or exhuasting; blood-let- ting. deplorable (-plor'a-bl), adj. worthy to be deplored; sad; calamitous; grievous. deplore (-plor'), v.t. to lament; grieve for. deploy (-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. deployed, p.pr. deploying], to Open out; extend in line so as to present a wider front: n. the act of deploy- ing. Also deployment. depolarize (-po'lar-Iz,, v.t. to de- prive of polarity. deponent (-pon'ent), adj. denoting a Latin verb with a passive form and ar active meaning: n. a witness who makes an affidavit to a state- ment of fact. depopulate (-pop'u-lat), v.t. to deprive of inhabitants; devastate; lay waste. deport (-port'), v.t. to carry from one country to another; banish; be- have (one's self). deportment ('ment), n. conduct; behavior. depose (-poz), v.t. to remove from a throne, or other high station; de- prive of office: v.i. testify on oath. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEPOSIT 273 DERBY deposit (-poz'it), v.t. to put or set depredator (dep're-da-ter), ». a . down; place; intrust to another for plunderer. security: n. anything deposited; depredatory (-to-ri), adj. plundering, something committed to the care of depress (de-pres'), v.t. to press or another; a pledge; rocks produced thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower by denudation or by the laying down or cheapen, of other formations. depressed (-presf), p. adj. cast down depositary ('i-ta-ri), n. one with in spirits; lowered in position, whom something is intrusted; a depression (-presh'un), n. the act of guardian. depressing; the sinking or falling in deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. the act of a surface; abasement; dejection, of depositing or deposing; that which depressor (-pres'er), n. one who, or is deposited or deposed; an affidavit. that which, depresses; a muscle that depositor (de-poz'i-ter), n. one who draws down an organ or part, deposits. deprivation (dep-ri-va'shun), n. the depository ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. deposi- act of taking away; destitution; loss, tories (-riz)j, the place where any- deprive (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; thing is deposited for security; a dispossess; debar; depose from office, depot for the sale of publications, depth (depth), n. the state or degree depot (de'pS, or dep'o), n. a ware- of being deep; profoundness. house; a magazine for military depth bomb; depth charge, a steel stores, &c; the headquarters of a container filled with a powerful ex- regiment; a railway station. plosive, to be lowered from a de- depravation (dep-ra-va'shun), n. the stroyer or other vessel. At a regu- act of depraving; deterioration. lated depth its mechanism causes it deprave (de-prav'), v.t. to make bad. to explode with terrific force, shat- depraved (-pravd'), p. adj. morally de- tering everything above it. based; corrupt; made bad or worse, deputation (dep-u-ta'shun), n. the depravity (-prav'i-ti), n. the state of act of deputing; the persons deputed, being depraved or corrupt; wicked- depute (de-put'), v.t. to appoint as ness. an agent or deputy; send with au- deprecable (dep're-ka-bl), adj. that thority to act on behalf of the prin- which is, or should be, deprecated. cipal. deprecate ('re-kat), v.t. to pray deputize (dep'pu-tiz), v.t. to appoint against; disapprove strongly; ex- as a deputy, press regret for. deputy ('u-ti), n. [pi. deputies (-tiz) ], deprecation (-ka'shun), the act of one appointed to act for another; deprecating; in litanies, a petition a delegate. to be delivered from some spiritual derail (de-ral'), v.i. to run off the or temporal evil. rails: v.t. to cause to leave the rails. deprecatory (dep're-ka- to-ri), adj. derange^ (-ranj 7 ), v.t. to throw into apologetic. confusion; disturb the normal func- depreciate (de-pre'shi-at), v.t. to tions of; displace. lower the value, or rate, of; dis- derangement ('ment), n. the act of parage: v.i. to fall in value. deranging; insanity. depreciation (-a/shun), n. the act Derby (der'bi), n. [pi. derbies ('biz) ], of lessening the value or worth of; a race, founded, 1780, for three-year- fall in value. old horses, run annually at Epsom, depredate (dep're-dat), v.t. to pil- England. lage; rob; lay waste; prey upon. derby (der'bi), n. a kind of stiff felt depredation (-da'shun), n. the act hat, with convex crown and curved of depredating. brim. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 18 DERELICT 274 DESCRIPTIVE derelict (der'e-likt), adj. abandoned; adrift: n. anything left, forsaken, or cast away intentionally, as at sea : pi. abandoned goods found at sea. dereliction (-lik'shun), n. omission, as of obligation or duty; the gain- ing of land by the permanent retire- ment of the sea. deride (-rid'), v.t. to mock; laugh at: v.i. to indulge in mockery, scorn, or ridicule. deridingly ('ing-li), adv. with de- rision. derisible (-riz'i-bl), adj. open to de- rision. derision (-rizh'un), n. the act of de- riding; ridicule; scorn; contempt. derisive (-ris'iv), adj. expressing de- rision. derivable (-riv'a-bl), adj. capable of being derived; deducible. derivation _ (der-i-va/shun), n. the act of deriving, or the condition of being derived; the process of trac- ing a word from its original source; evolution; deduction. derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), adj. deiived or taken from another; deducible; secondary: n. a word obtained from some other by a prefix or suffix, or other modification. derive (-riv'), v.t. to draw from an original source; obtain by trans- mission or descent; trace (a word) to its original root or stem; deduce; infer. derma (der'ma), n. the true skin. dermal ('mal), adj. pertaining to the, or consisting of, skin. Also dermic. dermatoid ('ma-toid), adj. like skin. dermatology (-tol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence which treats of the skin and its diseases. dermatozoa (der'ma-t5-zo'a), n. pi. parasites, mostly microscopic, that live in or on the skin. dermic, another form of dermal. dernier ressort (der'ni-er re-z6r'), n. the last resort or expedient. derogate ('o-gat), v.t. to take away; annul partially: v.i. detract (with from). derogation (-ga'shun), n. the act of derogating; detraction; depreciation. derogatory (de-rog'a-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to derogate from honor, char- acter, or value (with to, from). derrick ('ik), n. an apparatus for hoisting heavy weights. derringer ('in-jer), n. a pocket pis- tol with a short barrel of very large caliber. dervish (Vish), n. a Mohammedan monk who ^ prof esses extreme pov- erty, chastity, and humility, and leads a very austere life; a Sou- danese adherent of the Mahdi. descant (des'kant), n. a varied song or melody; a disquisition or com- ment: (des-kant') v.i. to comment freely; discourse at length. descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from a higher to a lower position; fall upon or invade; be derived from; fall in order of inheritance, or from one generation to another; move to- ward the south: said of a star: v.t. to move or pass along downwards. descendant ('ant), n. one who is lineally descended from an ancestor; offspring. descendent ('ent), adj. descending; sinking. descendible ('i-bl), adj. that may be descended; transmissible. descension ('shun)^ n. the act of descending; a falling; declension; sinking downwards. descent (-sent'), n. change from a higher to a lower place; a sudden hostile invasion or attack; moral or social declension; transmission of an estate; derivation from a common ancestor: birth; a passage from a higher to a lower pitch. describable (de-skrib'a-bl), adj. ca- pable of description. describe (-skrib'), v.t. to delineate or trace out; narrate; set forth. description (-skrip shun), n. the act of describing; delineation by marks or signs; an account of anything in words or writing. descriptive ('tiv), adj. tending to» ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DESECRATE 275 DESPITE or serving to, describe; containing designing (-zin'ing), adj. scheming; description. artful; cunning; insidious; wily. desecrate (des'e-krat), v.t. to divert desirability- (-zlr-a-bil'i-ti), n. the from a sacred to a secular use; pro- state or quality of being desirable, fane. desirable ('a-bl), adj. pleasing; desecration (-kra/shun), n. profana- agreeable. tion. desire (-zir'), v.t. to wish earnestly desert (de-zerf), v.t. to forsake; for; crave: v.i. be in the state of abandon: v.i. abscond from duty. desire: n. a longing for the posses- desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract sion of some object; a petition or incapable of supporting life or vege- prayer; natural or sensual tenden- tation; a solitude: adj. pertaining to cy; the object longed for. a desert. desirous ('us), adj. full of desire. desert (de-zert'), n. a reward or pun- desist ('sist), v.i. to cease from. ishment deserved; merit. desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or deserve (-zerv'), v.t. to earn by serv- table for reading or writing upon; a ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy clerk's position. of; merit: v.i. to be worthy or de- desolate (des'o-lat), v.t. to lay waste; serving (usual with well or ill). deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm deservedly ('ed-li), adv. justly. with sorrow^ adj. deprived of in- deshabille, same as dishabille. habitants: solitary; laid waste ; aban- desiccate (des'i-kat), v.t. to dry thor- doned; miserable. oughly; dry up; preserve by ex- desolately (-li), adv. in a desolate hausting the moisture from: v.i. to manner. become dry. desolation (-la/shun), n. the act of desiccation (-ka'shun), n. the act of desolating; the state of being deso- drying. lated; a solitude; ruin; destruction; desiccative (des'i-ka-tiv), adj. tending affliction; misery. to dry. despair (-par'), v.i. to abandon all desiccator (-ter), n. an apparatus for hope, or expectation; become hope- drying foods and other substances. less; v.t. to lose hope or confidence desiderate (de-sid'er-at), v.t. to be in: n. loss of hope or confidence; in want or need of; desire to have. hopelessness; desperation. 1 desiderative (-iv), adj. having desire, despatch (des-pach'), or dispatch desideratum (-ra'tum), n. [pi. de- (dis-), v.t. to send off; expedite; siderata ('ta) ], anything desired; a put to death; finish quickly: n. want or desire generally felt and speedy performance; celerity; an recognized. express; an official document sent design (-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or to a minister abroad. plan out; project; set apart mental- desperado (-per-a'do), n. a man ly: v.i. to formulate designs or exe- reckless of danger; a wild ruffian. cute original work: n. an outline, desperate ('per-at), adj. regardless plan, or drawing; project; intention. of danger or consequences; reckless; designate (des'ig-nat), v.t. to indicate hopeless. by marks, lines, or a description the desperately (-li), adv. recklessly; limits of; point out; distinguish; hopelessly. name: adj. designated; selected. despicable ('pi-ka-bl), adj. contempt- designation (-na'shun), n. the act ible. oi designating; nomination; ap- despise (-spiz'), v.t. to look down pointment. upon with scorn or contempt; dis- designedly (de-zln'ed-li), adv. inten- dain. tionally. despite (-spit'), n. extreme contempt; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DESPITEFULLY 276 DETECTIVE malicious anger; scorn; hatred: prep. notwithstanding. despitefully (-fool-li), adv. mali- ciously. despoil (-spoil'), v.t. to rob; deprive. despond (-spond'), v.i. to be cast down in spirits; give way to de- spondency. despondency ('en-si), n. absence of hope or courage; deep mental de- pression. despot (des'pot), n. an absolute ir- responsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. despotic (-pot'ik), adj.^ absolute in power; autocratic; irresponsible; arbitrary; tyrannical. Also despot- ical. despotically (-al-li), adv. in a des- potic manner. despotism ('pot-izm), n. absolute power or government; tyranny. dessert (dez-ert'), n. a course of fruits, sweets, &c, usually served last at dinner. destination (des-ti-na'shun), n. pur- pose or end for which anything is appointed; ultimate design; goal; termination. destine (des'tin), v.t. to appoint to any use or purpose; fix unalterably; doom. destiny fti-ni), n. [pi. destinies (-niz) ], premeditated lot; fate; inevitable necessity. destitute ( r ti-tut), adj. without means of existence; forsaken; poor; penniless. destitution (-tu'shun), n. poverty; want. destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. destroyed, p.pr. destroying], to pull down; overturn; lay waste: render desolate; kill; put an end to; dis- prove. destructibility (-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being destructible. destructible ('ti-bl), adj. that may be destroyed. destruction (-struk'shun), n. the act or process of destroying; sub- version; overthrow; ruin; death. destructive ('tiv), adj. tending to, or causing, destruction; ruinous; hurtful. destructively (-li), adj. in a destruc- tive manner. destructiveness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being destructive; a propen- sity to destroy. desudation (des-u-da'shun), n. pro- fuse sweating. desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing from one thing to another without order or method; cursory; erratic. desultorily (-ri-li), adv. in a desul- tory manner. desultoriness (-ri-nes), n. the quality of being desultory; discursiveness. detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect; detail for a specific purpose; send away from. detaching-roller (de-tach'ing-ro'ler) n. a roller on a # cotton-combing machine for detaching a tuft of cot- ton after it is combed. detachment ('ment), n. the act of detaching; the thing detached; a body of troops, or certain ships, de- tached from the main body and sent on special service. detail (de-taT), v.t. to relate minute- ly; enumerate^ tell off for a given duty: v.i. to give details of: n. an item; a particular or minute ac- count; a small detachment for spe- cial service: pi. minute parts of a picture, statue, &c. detain (de-tan 7 ), v.t. to hold back; restrain from departure; retain in custody. detainer ('er), n. one who detains; a writ for holding a person in cus- tody. detainment ('ment), n. detention. detect (de-tekt'), v.t. to discover; bring to light; expose; find out; as- certain the character of. detectable (-tek'ta-bl), adj. that may be detected. Also detectible. detection ('shun), n. the act of de- tecting or its result; discovery. detective ('tiv), adj. employed in de- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DETECTOR 277 DETRITUS tecting; pertaining to detectives, or detection: n. one whose business it is to trace wrong-doers. detector ('ter), n. one who, or that which, detects; an apparatus or de- vice for indicating the presence of anything. detent (de-tenf), n. a pin, lever, or stud forming a stop in a clock, lock, &c. detention (-ten 'shun), n. the act of detaining or withholding; restraint; delay. detentive ('tiv), adj. employed in detaining. deter (de-ter), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- terred, p.pr. deterring], to discourage or hinder, by fear; restrain; dis- hearten. deterge (-terj'), v.t. to cleanse, as a wound. deteriorate (-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. to re- duce to an inferior quality or value; impair: v.i. to grow worse. deterioration (-ra'shun), n. degen- eracy. determinable (-ter'mi-na-bl), adj. capable of being definitely ascer- tained; denned with clearness; ter- minable. determinant ('mi-nant), adj. caus- ing determination: n. that which determines, decides, or establishes something. determinant (de-ter'mi-nant), n. the hereditary factor in the germ- plasm that transmits qualities from one generation to another. determinate ('mi-nat), adj. having definite or fixed limits; clearly de- fined; specific. determination (-na'shun), n. the act of determining; purpose; reso- lution. determinative ('min-a-tiv), adj. de- termining, limiting, or defining; tending to define^ the genus or species: n. that which serves to de- termine the quality or character of something else; a demonstrative pronoun; an ideograph. determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the bounds of; put an end to; restrict. determined ('mind), p.adj. reso- lute; inflexible; fixed; circumscribed; limited. determinedly (-li), adv. resolutely. determinism _ (de-ter'min-izm), n. the doctrine in philosophy that all acts # are pre-determined by some efficient cause. deterrent (-ter'ent), adj. serving, or tending, to deter: n. that which deters. detest (-test'), v.t. to hate intensely. detestation (de-tes- # or det-es-ta'- shun), n. extreme dislike or abhor- rence; loathing. dethrone (-thron'), v.t. to remove from a throne ; deprive of authority. detinue (det'i-nu), n. a writ for the recovery of chattels unlawfully de- tained. detonate (det'o-nat), v.t. to cause to explode with a loud and sudden report: v.i. to explode loudly and suddenly. detonation (-o-na'shun), n. a sudden explosion with a loud report. detonator ('o-na-ter), n. a substance that detonates; a percussion-cap. detour (de-toor'), n. a circuitous way. detract (-trakf), v.t. to draw or take away (with from): v.i. take away the reputation. detraction (-trak'shun), n. depre- ciation; defamation; slander. detractor ('ter), n. one who de- tracts; a muscle that draws away some part. detrain (de-tran'), v.t. to remove from a train, as troops: v.i. alight from a train. detriment (det'ri-ment) , n. that which injures, reduces in value, or causes damage. detrimental ('al), adj. injurious. detrimentally ('al-li), adv. inju- riously. detrital (de-trl'tal), adj. _ pertaining to, or consisting of, detritus. detritus ('tus), n. accumulations arising from fragments of rocks ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DE TROP 278 DEVOTE broken off or worn away; debris; waste. de trop (de-tro'), too much; out of place; not wanted: said of a person whose presence is not desired. deuce (dus), n. the devil; a card or dice with two spots; a term used in scoring at lawn tennis. deuce-ace ('as), n. the one and two thrown at dice. deutoplasm (du'to-plazm), n. the secondary or nutritive plasm or albuminous part of the yolk, which provides food for the embryo. Deutzia (dut'zi-a), n. a small genus of handsome Chinese and Japanese shrubs. dev (dav), n. one of the high powers or gods in nature. Also deva. devachan (da/va-kan) ,n.in occultism, a state into which the higher spirit- ual life of man passes after death. devachanee (-e'), n. one who is in the enjoyment of the devachan. de vapor ation (de-vap-o-ra'shun), n. the change of vapor into water. devastate (dev'as-tat) , v.t. to lay waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. devastation (-ta-shun), n. the act of devastating; desolation; waste; destruction. devastator ('as-ta-ter), n. one who devastates. develop (de-verop), v.t. to unfold gradually; make known in detail; complete; to cause to go from a lower to a higher state; bring to view by inducing changes on a sen- sitized plate: v.i. to advance from one stage to another; become grad- ually appareit. development (-ment), n. the act of developing. developmental (-al), adj. pertaining to development. devest (de-vest'), v.t. to alienate or annul, as right or title: v.i. to be lost or alienated. deviate (de'vi-at), v.i. to turn aside from a certain course; diverge; err: v.t. to change the direction or posi- tion of. deviation (a/shun), n. the act of deviating; digression; wandering; variation from established rule; error. deviator (-ter), n. one who deviates. device (de-vis'), n. a contrivance; invention; a stratagem; a fanciful design or pattern; a heraldic em- blem. devil (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; a fallen angel; a false god or demon; a very wicked person; a bold dashing fellow; a malicious spirit in a person; a printer's apprentice; a machine for dividing rags or cotton in paper-making: v.t. to season highly with cayenne pepper cold cooked meat and then to fry it; prepare work for another; tear up in a machine. devil-fish (-fish), n. a large species of octopus. devilish (-ish), adj. diabolical; ex- tremely wicked; infernal ; excessive. devilishly (-li), adv. diabolically; excessively. devilkin (-kin), n. a little devil. devilment (-ment), n. roguishness. devilry (-ri), malicious mischief; dia- bolical wickedness. devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; circuitous. devisable (-vis'a-bl), adj. capable of being imagined or bequeathed. devise (-viz'), v.t. to imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath by will: n. a gift of real property by will; a will. devisee (dev-i-ze'), n. the person to whom a bequest has been made. deviser (de-viz'er), n. one who de- vises or invents. devisor ('er), n. one who bequeaths by will. devoid (-void'), adj. destitute of. devoir (dev- war'), n. a service or duty owed; an act of courtesy or respect (usual pi.). devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer from one to another; transmit: v.i. to be transferred or transmitted. devote (de-vof), v.t. to dedicate or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DEVOTEE 279 DIAGNOSTIC consecrate; consign to evil; give up wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to some object. devotee (dev-6-te'), n. a votary; en- thusiast. devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of devoting or consecrating; the state of being devoted; strong affection; ardent love; religious wqrship; prayer (usually pi.). devotional (-al), adj. devout. devour (de-vour') v.t. to swallow greedily or ravenously; consume or destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjoy with avidity. devout (-vouf), adj. devoted to religi- ous thoughts and exercises; heartfelt. dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- densed from the atmosphere and de- posited in small drops at evening; that which falls lightly and in a re- freshing manner. dew-claw ('claw), n. the little claw behind a dog's foot; the false hoof of a deer. dewiness (dii'i-nes), n. state of being dewy. dewlap (lap), n. the loose skin that hangs from the neck of an ox or cow. dewy (du-i), adj. moist with dew. dexter (deks'ter), adj. right: opposed to left. dexterity ('i-ti), n. manual skill; mental or physical adroitness; clev- erness. dexterous (-us), adj. possessing manual skill; quick, mentally or physically; adroit; clever. Also dextrous. dextrine ('trin), n. a white gummy substance found in plant sap, &c: used as gum. dextrose # ('tros), n. a white crystal- line variety of sugar found in sweet fruits: as the grape, cherry, &c, and in diabetic urine. dey (da), n. the former title of the governor of Algiers, and of the chief of the Janissaries. dhow (dou), n. a one-masted ship used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, with sharp prow and raised deck at stern. diabase (di'a-bas), n. a dark colored igneous rock; composed of augite, feldspar, and iron; greenstone. diabetes (-a-be'tez), n. a disease characterized by a morbid and ex- cessive discharge of urine. diabetic (-bet'ik), adj. pertaining to diabetes. diablerie (di-able-re), n. impish mischief; deviltry. diabolic (di-a-bol'ik), or diabolic- al (-al),adj. devilish; outrageously wicked; impious. diabolically (-li), adv. in a diabol- ical manner. diacaustic (-a-kaws'tik), adj. denot- ing a caustic curve formed by re- fracted rays: n. a diacaustic curve. diaconal (-ak'o-nal), adj. pertaining to a deacon. diaconate (-ak'o-nat), n. the office or dignity of a deacon; deacons col- lectively. diacoustics (di-a-kous' or -koos'- tiks), n.pl. the science of refracted sounds; diaphonics. diacritical (-krit'i-kal), adj. serving to separate or distinguish; sufficient to magnetize an iron core to one- half its saturation. Also diacritic. diacritical mark (mark), n. a mark employed to distinguish letters or sounds which resemble each other, and to indicate their true pronun- ciation, as a, 6. diadem ('a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. diaeresis, same as dieresis. diaglyphic (-glif'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an intaglio: sunk into the general surface. diagnose (-ag-nos'), v.t. ^ to ascer- tain as a disease, by its general symptoms. diagnosis (-no'sis), n. [pi. diagnoses ('sez) ], scientific discrimination; the recognition of a disease by its symp- toms. diagnostic (-nos'tik), adj. charac- teristic: n. a symptom distinguish- ing a disease. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. - DIAGOMETER 280 DIAPHORETIC diagometer (-gom'e-ter), n. a kind of electroscope for measuring and determining relative conductivity. diagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. extending from one angle to another: n. a straight oblique line dividing a rec- tangular figure into equal parts. diagonally (-li), adv. in a diagonal manner. diagram ('a-gram), n. a geometrical figure; a mechanical plan; an out- line, drawing, or figure. diagrammatic (-at'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or illustrated by, a diagram. diagrammatically (-al-li), adv. by a diagram. diagraph ('a-graf), n. an instrument for drawing figures or objects me- chanically. dial (di'al), n. an instrument for showing the time by the sun's shad- ow; the face of a timepiece; any plate on which an index finger marks revolutions, pressure, &c; an insulated fixed wheel used in telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- dicate by a dial; survey with a miner's compass. dialect ('a-lekt), n. the peculiar manner in which a language is spoken in a province or district of a country; idiom; a sub-division of a language. dialectic ('ik), adj. pertaining to a • dialect, or to logic. Also dialectical. dialectics ('iks), n.pl. the art of rea- soning. dialectician (-tish'an), n. a logician. dialectology (-toro-ji), n. that branch of philology which treats of dialects. dialing ('al-ing), n. the art of con- structing dials. dialogue ('a-log), n. a conversation between two or more persons; a literary composition in which per- sons are represented as reasoning on, or discussing, a subject. dialysis (-al'i-sis), n. the breaking up, or division, of one syllable into two; in Latin grammar, the change of j and v into i and u; the separa- tion of different substances in solu- tion by diffusion through a moist membrane or septum. diamagnetism (-mag'net-izm), n. the property possessed # by certain bodies when under the influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, of taking a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian. diameter (dl-am'e-ter), n. the length of a line passing through the center of any object from one side to the other; the distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column. diametrical (-a-met'ri-kal), adj. per- taining to a diameter; directly ad- verse or opposite. diametrically (-li), adv. in a dia- metrical manner. diamond (cU'a-mund), n. a gem of extreme hardness and refractive power: a rhomboidal figure; a play- ing card with one or more lozenge- shaped figures; a glass cutter's tool; the smallest kind of type generally used (see type): adj. resembling a diamond. diamond-drill (-dril), n. a rod or tube furnished at the end with dia- monds for boring very hard rock. diapason (-a-pa/zon), n. the entire compass of a voice or instrument ; a recognized musical standard of pitch; the foundation stops of an organ. diaper ('a-per), n. linen cloth woven in geometric patterns; a napkin; surface decoration of one or more simple figures repeated: v.t. to varie- gate or embroider; work in {diaper. diaphane (-af'a-ne), n. the art of imitating stained glass by trans- parencies on plain glass. diaphanous (-af'a-nus), adj. trans- parent. diaphantograph (-fan'to-graf), n. an instrument for drawing objects from their reflection on a sheet of glass. diaphonic, same as diacoustic. diaphoretic (-fo-ret'ik), adj. pro- ducing perspiration: n. a sudorific medicine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIAPHRAGM 281 DID diaphragm ('a-fram), n. the mid- riff, which divides the chest from the abdomen ; any substance that in- tercepts or divides. diaphylactic (-fi-lak'tik), n. a pre- ventive against disease. diarist ('a-rist), n. one who keeps a diary. diarrhoea (dl-a-re'a), n. a morbidly persistent purging or looseness of the bowels. diary ('a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (-riz) ], a register of daily occurrences or duties; a book for daily memoranda. diascope ('as-kop), n. machine for showing motion pictures in daylight. diastase ('a-stas), n. a soluble nitrog- enous ferment formed in germinat- ing grain and animal fluids. diastole (-as'to-ie), n. the rhythmical expansion and > dilatation of the heart and arteries in beating; the lengthening of a syllable naturally short. diastyle ('a-stil), n. an arrangement of columns in which the interspace between each measures 3 or 4 diam- eters of the shaft. diatonic (-a-ton'ik), adj. designating the regular tones of a key or scale. diatribe ('a-trlb), n. a continued dis- course or disputation; a strain of violent abuse; bitter criticism. dibber (dib'er), n. an instrument with a sharp steel point: used by gardeners, miners, &c. dibble (dib'l), n. a gardening tool for making holes in the earth: v.t. plant with a dibble: v.i. dip bait gently into the water. dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes marked on the sides with one to six spots: used in games of chance: v.i. to play with dice: v.t. to decorate with woven patterns to resemble cubes; cut into cubes. dicer (dl'ser), n. one who gambles. dichroism ('kro-izm), n. the proper- ty by which a crystallized body ex- hibits different colors according to the direction of light transmitted through it. dichromism (-mizm), n. color blind- ness characterized by inability to see more than one of the three primary colors. dicing (di'sing), n. gaming with dice; stamped leather ornamented with squares. dicker ('er), v.i. to barter or trade on a small scale. dicky (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies ('iz) ], a small separate shirt front; a seat at the back of a coach; a child's bib or pinafore; a donkey. dicotyledon (di'ko-ty-le-don), n. a plant which has two cotyledons with two stems. dicrotic (dl-krot'ik), adj. having a double or secondary pulse-beat. dictate < (dik'tat), v.t. declare with authority; express orally so that another may take words down in writing: v.i. to speak with final au- thority; prescribe: n. an injunction; command; a controlling principle. dictation (-ta/shun), n. the act of dictating; the thing dictated; au- thoritative utterance. dictator ('ter), n. one who dictates; one invested with absolute powers of government; an ancient Roman magistrate with supreme authority, appointed in times of emergency. dictatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a dictator; absolute^ imperious. dictatorially (-li), adv. in a dicta- torial manner. diction (dik'shun), n. manner of speaking or expression; choice of words style. dictograph (dic'to-graf), n. an adap- tation of the interior telephone, much used by detectives. dictionary (-a-ri), n. [pi. diction- aries (-riz) j, a book containing all, or the> principal, words in a lan- guage, arranged alphabetically, with their meanings, derivations, &c; a lexicon; vocabulary: wordbook. dictum ('turn), n. [pi. dicta ( r ta) ], a dogmatic or authoritative assertion; aphorism. did, p.t. of do. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit* note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIDACTIC 282 DIFFERENTIATE didactic (di-dak'tik), adj. teaching; instructing; explanatory. Also di- dactical. didactically (-al-K), adv. in a di- dactic manner. didactics ('tiks), n.pl. the art of teaching. didactyl (-dak'til), adj. having two digits, as fingers or toes: n. an ani- mal with only two toes on each foot. diddle (did'l), v.t. to o\erreach or cheat: v.i. to totter like a child; trifle. didecahedral (di-dek-a-he'dral), adj. having the form of a ten-sided prism with a five-sided base. dido (dl'do), n. a caper. didodecahedral (-do-dek-a-he'dr&l) , adj. having the form of a prism with 12 sides and a 6-sided base. didymous (did'i-mus), adj. growing in pairs; paired or double. die (di), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. dying], to cease to live; expire; perish; wither; become extinct gradually; faint; sink, languish with pleasure. die (di), n. [pi. dies (diz) ], a small cube (pi. dice, see dice); a piece of engraved metal with a device used for coining money, medals, &c; a tool used in cutting the threads of screws or bolts, &c; a kind of knife used by envelope makers, and in shoe factories: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. dying], to mold, stamp, cut with a die. dielectric (dl-e-lek'trik), adj. non- conducting: n. any medium, as glass, &c, that transmits electric force by induction. dieresis (-er'e-sis), n. a sign (■■) placed over the second of two sepa- rate vowels to show that each has a separate sound in pronunciation, as aerated; a division in a line or verse; cell-division. Also diaeresis. Diesel engine (de'sel-en'gin), n. an internal combustion engine that uses crude oil injected under high pressure. diesis (dl'e-sis), n. the double dagger (J) used in printing; the difference between a greater and less semitone. diet (dl'et), n. solid or liquid food; manner of living, with special refer- ence to food; a deliberative conven- tion; a national or legislative assem- t>iy. dietary (di'e-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to the rules of diet: n.pl. dietaries (-riz) ], a certain fixed allowance of food; system of diet. dietetic (dl-e-tet-ik), adj. regulating food or diet. Also dieterical: n.pl. that branch of hygiene which relates to rules of diet. dieting (di-et-ing), n. the act of eat- ing according to regimen. differ _ (dif'er), v.i. to be dissimilar; be distinguished from, or have dif- ferent properties or qualities; dis- agree; contend. difference ('er-ens), n. the act or state of being unlike; disparity; distinction; controversy; quarrel; on the Stock Exchange, the margin payable on settlement: v.t. to distin- guish between; discriminate; take the difference of. different ('er-ent), adj. unlike; dis- tinct. differentia (-en'shi-a.), n. [pi. dif- ferentiae (-e) ], that which distin- guishes one species from another of the same genus. differential ( 7 shal), adj. indicating a difference; having different veloci- ties. differential calculus (kal'ku-lus), n. the method of finding an infinite- ly small quantity which shall equal a given quantity when taken in- finite times. differential duties (dii'tiz), n.pl. duties levied unequally on similar produce from foreign countries. differentially (li), adv. in a differ- ential manner. differentiate (-en'shi-at), v.t. to con- stitute a difference between; spe- cialize in structure or functions: v.i. to acquire a distinctive and sepa- rate character. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. DIFFERENTIATION 283 DIGNITARY differentiation (-a/shun), n. the act of differentiating; specialization. difficult ('i-kult), # adj. not easy; arduous; perplexing; not easily managed. difficulty (-kul-ti), n. [pi. difficulties (-tiz) ], something that requires la- bor or skill to overcome; scruple; objection; controversy: pi. compli- cation of affairs; embarrassment; perplexity. diffidence ('i-dens), n. lack of self- reliance; modest reserve. diffident ('i-dent), adj. lacking self- reliance; shy; modest. diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'shun) , n. the act of turning aside a ray of light when passing the edge of an opaque body. diffractive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to diffraction. diffuse (dif-uz'), v.t. to pour out and spread all around; scatter; circu- late: adj. (dif-us) widely spread; verbose; redundant. diff usability (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the ca- pability of being diffused. diffusible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing diffused. diffusion (dif-u'zhun), n. the act of diffusing; a spreading abroad; the passing by osmosis through animal membranes. diffusive (-us'iv), adj. capable of dif- fusing; spreading every way; widely reaching. dig (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug, or digged; p.pr. digging], to work with a spade; cast up earth; study hard: v.t . to excavate; break up (ground) ; search; thrust or force in (with into) : n. a poke or thrust; a plod- ding student. digamma (di-gam'a), n. one of the letters of the early alphabet of the Greeks, with a sound between the English V and W. digest (dl'jest), n. any compilation, abridgment, or summary of laws ar- ranged methodically under proper heads, or titles; the Pandects of the Emperor Justinian; a synopsis: v.t. (di-jesf), to arrange methodically un- der proper heads or titles; classify; dissolve in the stomach by the action of digestive juices; think over and arrange in the mind ; soften and pre- pare by heat: v.i. to be digested, or prepared by heat. digester ('er), n. an apparatus for extracting the essence of a substance by heat. digestibility (- j es-ti-bil 'i- ti) , n. the quality of being digestible. digestible ('ti-bl), adj. capable of being digested. digestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of digesting; the conversion of food by the action of the gastric juices into soluble products; mental or physical assimilation. digestive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to digestion. digger (dig'er), n. one who digs. Digger, n. a name of a class of Cali- fornian Indians who subsist chiefly on roots. digging ('ing), n. the act of excavat- ing: pi. a locality where mining op- erations, especially for gold, are car- ried on; residence. digit (dij'it), n. a finger or toe; a measure {% incn); l-12th of the di- ameter of the sun or moon; any one of the Arabic numerals. digital ('i-tal), adj. pertaining to a digit. digitalin ('i-tal-in), n. a poisonous crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the foxglove. Digitalis (-i-ta'lis), n. a genus of tall plants, the figworts, including the foxglove. digitate ('i-tat), adj. finger-shaped. digit igrade ('i-ti-grad), adj. walk- ing on the toes, as cats, dogs; &c. dignified (dig'ni-fld), adj. invested, or marked, with dignity; noble; stately. dignify ('ni-fl), y.t % [p.t. & p.p. dig- nified, p.pr. dignifying], to invest with, or exalt in, dignity or rank; confer honor upon; elevate; ennoble. dignitary (-ta-ri), n. [pi. dignitaries ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. DIGNITY 284 DIMENSION (-riz)], one who holds a position of dignity or honor; an ecclesiastic who holds rank above a priest or canon. dignity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. dignities (-tiz)], elevation of rank ; degree of excel- lence; moral worth; qualities suited to inspire or command respect and reverence. digraph (dl'graf), n. combination of two sounds or characters to repre- sent one simple sound, as read. Also digram. digress (di- or di-gres'), v.i. to turn aside; deviate from the main sub- ject or line of argument; wander. digression (-gresh'un), n. the act of digressing; the angular distance of the planets Mercury and Venus from the sun. digressive (-gres'iv), adj. character- ized by digression. digressively (-li), adv. in a digres- sive manner. dihedral (-he'dral), adj. having two plane faces or sides. dike (dik), n. an embankment or cut- ting of earth, especially one thrown up as a protection against the sea, floods, &c; a mass of igneous intru- sive rock. Also dyke: v.t. to sur- round, protect, or inclose with a dike; drain by ditching. dilapidate (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. to bring into partial ruin by neglect or mis- . use: v.i. to become dilapidated. dilapidation ('i-da/shun) , n. a state of partial ruin, especially through neglect or misuse. dilatability _ (di- or di-la-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being dilatable. dilatable (-lat'a-bl), adj. expansive. dilatation (-ta'shun), n. expansion. dilate (-laf), v.t. to enlarge or ex- pand in all directions; distend: v.i. to be extended or enlarged; speak fully and copiously. dilator ('er), n. one who, or that which, dilates; a surgical instrument for opening or expanding an orifice, &c; a muscle that dilates the parts on which it acts. dilatory (dira-to-ri), adj. causing, or tending to cause, delay; slow; inac- tive. dilemma (di- or dl-lem'a), n. an awkward or vexatious situation; an argument which presents an antag- onist with alternatives, each of which is fatal to his cause. dilettante (-e-tan'te), n. [pi. dilet- tanti (-ti)J, one who pursues the fine arts, literature, or science, only for amusement; an amateur: op- posed to connoisseur: adj. pertain- ing to dilettanti, or dilettantism. dilettantism ('tizm), n. the charac- teristics of dilettanti; amateurish pursuit of art, literature, &&. (used in a disparaging sense). diligence ('i-jens), n. careful atten- tion; assiduity; industry; a French stage-coach (de-la-zhans'). dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to the parsley family, with an aromatic fruit. dilly-dally (dil'i-dal'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -dallied, p.pr. -dallying], to loi- ter; trifle. dilute (di- or dl-lut'), v.t. to thin or weaken by the admixture of another fluid, especially water: weaken: v.i. to become thinner. dilution (-lii'shun), n. the act of di- luting; a weak liquid. diluvial (-lu'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or resulting from, a deluge or flood. dim (dim), adj. [comp. dimmer, sw- perl. dimmest], somewhat dark; hazy; obscure; faint; tarnished; ill-defined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dimmed, p.pr. dimming], to render obscure or less distinct; cloud; tarnish; dull: v.i. to become dim; fade. dime (dim), n. a silver coin = l-10th of a dollar, or ten cents: adj. of the value of a dime. dime novel (nov'el), n. a term ap- plied to cheap sensational literature. dimension (di-men'shun), n. the size or measured extent of a body; cubic capacity; the literal factor of an algebraic product or term: pi. mag- nitude or importance. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIMENSIONAL 285 DIPHTHERIA dimensional (-al), pertaining to di- mension. diminish (di-min'ish) , v .t. to make less ; reduce in bulk or amount; weaken; impair; detract from; reduce by a semitone: v.i. to lessen; dwindle. diminuendo (dim-in-u-en'do), adv. a musical term meaning to gradually decrease in loudness. diminution < (dim-i-nu'shun), n. the act of making less; reduction; les- sening. diminutive (di-min'u-tiv), adj. be- low the average size; little; con- tracted; narrow: n. a word formed from another to express the sense of littleness. dimissory (dim'is-o-ri), adj. sending to the jurisdiction of another; giv- ing leave to depart. dimity ('i-ti), n. [pi. dimities (-tiz)l, a cotton cloth of thick texture with a ridged surface. dimorphism (di-mor'fizm), n. the quality of assuming, crystallizing, or existing in, two forms. dimorphous ('fus), adj. existing in two forms. Also dimorphic. dimple (dim'pl), n. a small depres- sion or hollow in the cheek or chin; an indentation: v.i. to form dim- ples; sink in slight depressions: v.t. to mark with dimples. dimply ('pli), adj. full of, or marked with, dimples. Also dimpled. # din (din), n. a continued and violent noise: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dinned, p.pr. dinning], to stun with noise; press with clamor or persistent repetition: v.i. make a clamor. dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: v.t. to give or provide a dinner for ; feed. ding (ding), v.i. to sound, as a bell, with a continuous monotonous tone: v.t. to impress by noisy repetition. ding-dong ('dong), n. the sound of a metallic body produced by blows, as a bell. dinghy (ding'ji), n. the smallest boat fof a man-of-war; an East Indian ferry-boat; a small boat without outriggers. Dinghey, dingy. dingily (-li), adv. in a dingy manner. dingle (ding'gl), n. a narrow hollow between hills; the enclosed weather- porch of a house. dingle-dangle (-dang'gl), adv. swing- ing backwards and forwards; loosely pendent. dingo (ding'go), n. the Australian wild dog. dingy (din' ji), adj. dark-colored; dirty. dinner ('£r), n. the chief meal of the day; a dinner party. dint (dint), n. a mark left by a blow or pressure; force or power (with of) : v.t. to make a mark on or in. diocesan (dl-os'e-san, or dl'o-se-san), adj. of, or pertaining to, a diocese: n. a bishop. diocese ('o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses (-se- sez) ], a bishop's see; a bishopric. dioptase (-op'tas), n. a vitreous em- erald green ore of copper. dioptric ('trik), adj. assisting vision by means of the refraction of light in viewing distant objects. Also dioptrical. diorama (-ra/ma), n. an exhibition of pictures on movable screens, viewed through a large opening in a darkened room. diorite (-rlt), n. a granite-like rock consisting of triclinic feldspar and hornblende. diosmose (-os'mos), n. the mingling of fluids through a permeable mem- brane. Also diosmosis. dioxide (-oks'id), n. an oxide con- sisting of 2 atoms of oxygen and 1 atom of a metal. dip_ (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dipped, dipt, p.pr. dipping], to plunge for a short time into a fluid; baptize by immersion; lower and raise quickly: v.i. to immerse one's self; enter slightly into anything; incline down- wards; sink: n. the act of dipping; the inclination of the magnetic needle, or the angle made by it; the angle of inclination of strata to the horizon. diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri-a), n. a contagious throat-disease charac- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIPHTHONG 286 DISABLE terized by the formation of a false membrane in the air-passages. Also diphtheritis. diphthong ('thong), n. the union of directly ('li), adv. in a direct or straight line; immediately; openly. directness ('nes), n. the quality of being direct; freedom from ambiguity. two vowel sounds pronounced in one director ('ter), n* one who directs syllable, diploma (di-plo'ma), n. a writing on parchment or paper under sign and seal, conferring some honor, author- ity, &c. diplomacy ('ma-si), or -plom'a-si), n. [pi. diplomacies (-siz) ], the art of conducting negotiations between two states or nations, or of transacting international business; skill in con- ducting negotiations. diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. a diplo- matist. diplomatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to diplomacy; characterized by spe- cial tact in the management of affairs. diplomatically (-al-li), adv. with diplomatic skill; with tact. diplomatic corps (kor), n. all the diplomatic officers accredited to one sovereign government by others, or superintends; one appointed to transact the affairs of a company, &c; a spiritual guide or adviser; a surgical instrument. directorate ('to-rat), n. the office of a director; a body or board of direc- tors. directory ('to-ri), n. [pi. directories (-riz) ], a book containing the names, addresses, and occupations of the residents of a place; a body of directors; a book of ecclesiastical rules or directions for divine > wor- ship: adj. guiding; commanding. # direct primary (di-rekt' prl'ma-ri), n. method of making nominations for political elective offices; the people vote for persons they_ favor for candidates, and winners in the primary become the nominees in a regular election. diplomatist ('ma-tist), n. one who direful (dir'fool),^'. dreadful; dismal, is skilled in diplomacy. direfully (-li), adv. in a dire manner dipper (dip'er), n. one who, or that dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn. which, dips; a water-fowl. dipsomania (-so-ma'ni-a), n. a mor- bid and uncontrollable craving for alcoholic drinks. dipsomaniac ('ni-ak), n. one who suffers from dipsomania: adj. pert, to dipsomania. dipteral ('te-ral), adj. furnished with a double row of columns, as in tem- ples; dipterous. dipterous ('te-rus), adj. two-winged. dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mournful. direct ^ (di-rekf), adj.^ straight; not circuitous; open; plain; straightfor- dirigible (dir'i-ji-ble), adj. that may be guided or steered: as, a dirigible balloon. dirk (derk), n. a dagger. dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy sub- stance; garden earth. dirtily ('ti-li), adv. filthily; meanly. dirtiness (-nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being dirty. dirty ('i), adj. impure; soiled; mor- ally unclean; disgusting, muddy; sleety; rainy; v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dir- tied, p.pr. dirtying], to soil; sully; tarnish. ward; not of collateral descent; not dis-, prejix, signifies separation, pri- retrograde: v.t. to aim or drive in a vation or negation, straight line; guide or show; point disability (dis-a-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. dis- out or determine with authority: v.i. abilities (-tiz) ], lack of physical, intellectual, or social fitness; legal incapacity. disable (-a'bl), v.t. to deprive of power; disqualify; impoverish; in- capacitate. to act as a guide. direction (-rek'shun), n. relative po- sition; a command; order; guidance; the address of a person on a package, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISABUSE 287 DISCLOSE disabuse (-buz'), v.t. to clear from annoying or oppressive: v.i. to mistakes or false conceptions; set one's mind, right. disburse (-bers'), v.t. to expend. disaffect (-a-fekt'), v.t. to fill with disbursement ('ment), n. money ex- discontent; alienate the affections pended. from; disturb the functions of. disc, another form of disk. disaffection (-fek'shun), n. aliena- discard (-kard'), v.t. to cast off as tion of affection; disloyalty; ill-will. useless; dismiss from service; reject disagreeable (-a'bl), adj. exciting as useless: v.i. in card-playing, to repugnance or displeasure: n. that throw out cards not required, which is displeasing or unsatisfac- discern (diz-ern'), v.t. to distinguish tory. mentally, or with the eye; judge or disagreeableness (-bl-nes), n. un- decide between: v.i. to make distinc- pleasantness. tion. disagreeably (-bli), adv. in a disa- discernible ('i-bl), adj. perceptible, greeable manner. discernment ('ment), n. acuteness disappear (-a-per'), v.i. to pass in judgment; penetration; discrimi- away; vanish. nation. disappearance ('ans), n. removal discharge (-charj), v.t. unload; dis- from sight. embark; free from any burden, im- disappoint (-point'), v.t. to thwart pediment, or obligation; exonerate or frustrate the hopes of; fail to or acquit; free from restraint or keep an appointment with. custody; let fly; explode; perform disappointment ('ment), n. defeat (a trust or duty): v.i. to send out or failure of expectation; state of liquid matter: n. the act of dis- depression caused by failure, &c. charging; that which is discharged; disarm (-arm'), v.t. to deprive of an explosion; a flowing or issuing arms; reduce to a peace footing; out; dismission from office or em- render harmless; subdue. ployment; liberation disarmament (-arm'a-ment), n. the disciple (di-si'pl), n. one who re- act of disarming; reduction to a ceives the teaching of another; a peace footing. scholar; a follower. disarray (-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- disciplinable (dis'i-plin-a-bl), adj. arrayed, p.pr. disarraying], throw capable of instruction, or liable to into disorder; rout: n. negligent or disciplinary punishment.^ insufficient dress; confusion. disciplinarian (-pli-na'ri-an), adj. disaster (-as'ter), n. a sudden or un- pertaining to discipline: n. one who expected misfortune; a serious acci- advocates, or enforces, strict dis- dent. cipline. disastrous ('trus), adj. occasioning disciplinary ('i-plin-a-ri), adj. per- loss or misfortune; unfortunate; ca-* taining to discipline, lamitous. _ discipline # ('i-plin), n. mental or disavow (dis-a-vow'), v.t. to deny; moral training; education; subjec- to repudiate. tion to control; military regulation; disband (-band'), v.t. to dismiss from chastisement; an instrument of pun- military service; break up: v.i. to ishment: v.t. to train to obedience be dismissed. or efficiency; regulate; chastise. disbar (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- disclaim (-klam'), v.t. to disown; re- barred, p.pr. disbarring], to deprive pudiate. a lawyer of his right to practice. disclaimer ('er), n. disavowal; denial. disburden (-ber'dn), v.t. to remove disclose (-kloz'), v.t. to uncover; re- a burden from; relieve of anything veal. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISCLOSURE 288 DISEMBOWEL disclosure ('ur), the act of revealing anything secret; discovery; uncov- ering. discoid Ckoid), adj. disk-shaped. discolor (-kul'er), v.t. to change from the natural color; give a false com- plexion to; stain. discomfit (-kum'fit), v.t. to defeat; rout; frustrate; thwart. discomfiture ('fi-tur), n. defeat; disappointment. discommode (-kom-od'), v.t. to in- convenience. discompose (-kom-poz'), v.t. disar- range; vex; ruffle. discomposure ('ur), n. agitation; unrest. disconcert (-kon-serf), v.t. to disturb the composure or self-possession of; frustrate. disconsolate ('so-lat), adj. hopeless; sad. disconsolately (-li), adv. hopelessly; sadly. discord ('kord), n. disagreement; a confused noise; a combination of discordant sounds; disagreement in coloring or parts. discordant ('ant), adj. at variance; inharmonious; jarring; incongruous. discount (dis'kount), n. a sum de- ducted or allowed for prompt pay- ment of an account; a deduction made according to the current rate of interest: v.t. (dis-kount') to allow a discount on; advance money, deducting a certain rate per cent.; make a deduction from; anticipate. discourage (-kur'aj), v.t. to deprive or lessen the courage of; dishearten; deter. discouragement ('ment), n. the act of depriving of confidence; that which destroys courage. discourse (-kors'), n. speech or lan- guage; conversation; a treatise or dissertation;; sermon: v.t. & v.i. to talk or converse; utter; communi- cate ideas orally. discover (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to bring to light; reveal; find (something pre- viously unknown). discovery (-i), n. [pi. discoveriea (-iz) ], a bringing to light or making known, especially for the first time; disclosure. discreet (-kref), adj. prudent; cir- cumspect. discrepancy (-krep'an-si), n. inconsist- ency; difference. Also discrepance. discrepant ('ant), adj. disagreeing; different. discrete (-kref), adj. separate from others; distinct; not continuous. discretion (-kresh'un), n. prudence; judgment; sagacity; skill. discriminate (-krim'i-nat), v.t. to observe or mark the differences be- tween; select: v.i. to make a differ- ence or distinction. discrimination (-i-na/shun), n. pow- er of penetration; faculty of nice discernment. discriminative ('i-na-tiv), adj. char- acteristic. discriminator ('-na-ter), n. one who discriminates. discursive (-ker'siv), adj. desultory. discursively (-li), adv. in a discur- sive manner. discursiveness (-nes), n. digression. discuss (dis-kus '), v.t. to debate; agi- tate; reason upon; test (viands). discussion (-kush'un), n. argument; debate; ventilation of a question. disdain (-dan'), v.t. to think unwor- thy; deem unsuitable; look upon with contempt or scorn: n. con- tempt; haughty, or indignant scorn. disdainful ('fool), adj. contemptuous. disdainfully (-li), adv. in a disdain- ful manner. disease (di-zez'), n. any mental, moral, or physical disorder; mal- ady; illness: v.t. to cause disease in; derange. disembogue (dis-em-bog'), v.t. to pour out or discharge at the mouth : said of a river: v.i. to find a vent, pass across, or out, at the mouth of a river. disembowel (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & ■p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disembowel- ing], to deprive of bowels; wound in ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISFIGURATION 289 DISMANTLE the abdomen, so that the bowels presented): n. disgrace; ignominy; protrude. shame; violation of dignity. disfiguration (-fig-u-ra/shun), n. de- dishonorable (-a-bl), adj. discredit- formity. able; shameful; ignominious. disfigure (-fig'ur), v.t. to injure the dishonorably (-li), adv. in a dishon- shape, form, or beauty of; deform. orable manner. disfranchise (-fran'chlz), v.t. to de- disinfect (dis-in-fekf), v.t. to destroy prive of electoral or municipal priv- or remove disease-producing germs. lieges, especially to withdraw the disingenuous (dis-in-jen'u-us), adj. power of voting in elections. wanting in sincerity or frankness. disgorge (-gorj'), v.t. to force out of disintegrate (-in'te-grat), v.t. to the mouth or stomach with violence ; break up into component parts by surrender what has been unlawfully mechamcal or atmospheric agency: obtained; make restitution of. v.i. separate. disgrace (-gras'), n. the state of be disintegration (-gra'shun), n. the ing out of favor; ignominy; shame; act of disintegrating; wearing down dishonor: v.t^ to bring shame, re- of rocks by atmospheric influences; proval, or dishonor upon; dismiss separation. with dishonor. disjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj. serv- disgraceful ('fool), adj. character- ing, or tending to, disjoin or sepa- ized by, or occasioning, disgrace. rate: n. a disjunctive conjunction disgracefully (-li), adv. in a dis- which connects grammatically two graceful manner. words or clauses disjoined in mean- disguise (-giz'), v.t. to change the ing. appearance of, as by an unusual disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; a dress; counterfeit; conceal: n. a flat circular plate, or anything re- dress designed to conceal the iden- sembling it; the whole surface of a tity of the wearer; counterfeit ap- leaf. Also disc. pearance; false pretense. disk-plow (disk'plou), n. a plow the disgust (-gust'), v.t. to cause aver- action of which depends upon re- sion in, or repugnance to; offend the volving disks instead of ordinary moral sense of: n. strong aversion plowshares. or repugnance. dislike (dis-lik), n. a strong feeling dish (dish), n. a broad hollow vessel of repugnance or aversion; disrel- with a rimmed edge; food served in ish; antipathy: v.t. to regard with a dish: v.t. to put into a dish for aversion; be displeased with. serving at table (often with up)', dislocate ('lo-kat), v.t. to put out of frustrate. joint; interrupt the continuity of. dishabille (dis-a-bil'), n- undress or dislocation (-ka/shun), n. the act of negligent attire. Also deshabille. dislocating; a joint put out of its dishearten (-har'tn), v.t. to discour- socket; a displacement of stratified age. rocks. dishevel (-shev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dislodge (-loj'), v.t. to remove or disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], to dis- drive out from a place of lodgmeDt; order (the hair) or cause it to hang drive from a hiding-place or chosen negligently: v.i. to be spread in dis- station. order. disloyal (dis-loi'al), adj. untrue to dishonor (-on'er), v.t. to deprive of one's obligations or duties. honor; bring shame upon the char- dismal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; de- leter of; lessen the reputation of; pressing: dark; horrid; sorrowful. violate the chastity of; refuse, or fail, dismally (-li), adv. in a dismal manner. to pay (a bill or note when due and dismantle (dis-mantl), v.t. to strip ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 19 DISMAY 290 DISPLACEMENT or divest of furniture, equipment, or dispatch, same as despatch. means of defense; raze; demolish. dispel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- dismay (-ma/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- pelled, p.pr. dispelling], to drive mayed, p.pr. dismaying], to terrify; away by, or as by, scattering; dis- dispirit; discourage; intimidate: n.. perse; dissipate. loss of courage through fear; a con- dispensable (-pen'sa-bl), adj. that dition of terror. for which a dispensation may be dismember (-mem'ber), v.t. to cut granted. or tear limb from limb; sever into dispensary ('sa-ri), n. [pi. dispen- parts and distribute; dislocate; sev- saries (-riz) ], a place where med- er; divide. icines are kept and made up; a dismiss (-mis') v.t. to send away; per- charitable institution for providing mit to depart; discharge from office the poor with medical advice and or employment; efface from memory. medicines. dismissal ('al), n. the act of dis- dispensation (-sa'shun), n. the act missing; removal from office, &c. of # dispensing; distribution; that dismount (dis-mounf), v.i. to get which is appointed or bestowed by a down; to alight: v.t. to take down. higher power; the particular way by disobedience (dis-o-be'di-ens), n. re- which, at different periods, God has fusal to obey authority. made known His dealings with man- disorder (-or'der), n. want of order kind; the suspending of a rule or or arrangement; lack of system; ir- law in some particular case; a li- regularity; breach of public order; cense granted from the Pope, or by riot; mental or physical disease: v.t. a bishop. to throw into confusion; disturb the dispense (dis-pens'), v.t. to deal out regular mental or physical functions; in portions; distribute; give forth ^ derange; ruffle. effusively; excuse: v.i. to give dis- disordered ('derd), p.adj. disorderly; pensation; distribute medicines. irregular; loose; unruly; disreputable, dispermous (dl-sper'mus), adj. two- disorderly (4i), adj. confused; un- seeded. ^methodical; turbulent; unruly. disperse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scatter disorganize vdis-or'gan-iz), v.t. to in different directions or parts; dif- disarrange; to throw into confusion. fuse; spread; cause to vanish: v.i' disown (dis-on'), v.t. to deny relation- to separate; go to different parts; ship; to cast off. vanish out of sight. disparage (-par'aj), v.t. treat with dispersion (-per'shun), n. the act of contempt; criticise unjustly; depre- dispersing; the separation of light ciate; belittle. into different colored rays in passing disparagement (-ment), n. the act through a prism. of disparaging; depreciation; re- dispersive ('siv), adj. tending to dis- proach; disgrace (often with to). perse. disparity, (-par'i-ti), n. [pi. disparities dispirit (-pir'it), v.t. to depress the (tiz) ], inequality of rank, station, spirits of; dishearten; render cheer- degree, or excellence; disproportion. less. dispart (-part/), n. the difference be- displace (-plasO, v.t. to put out of tween the thickness of the muzzle of place; disorder; depose from office a piece of ordnance and its breech. or dignity. dispassionate (-pash'un-at), adj. free displacement ('ment), n. the act of from passion; calm; unprejudiced; displacing; substitution; apparent impartial. change of position; the weight «of dispassionaely (-h), adv. in a dis- water displaced by a solid body im- passionatetmanner. mersed in it. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISPLAY 291 DISSIPATE display (-pla'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dis- seizin or possession; dispossess un- played, p.pr. displaying], to spread lawfully. out; unfold; exhibit; force into no- disseizin ('in), n. the act of unlaw- tice; manifest mentally or physical- fully dispossessing a person of an ly: v.i. to make a display. estate. displeasure (dis-plezh'ur), n. annoy- dissemble (-semHbl), v.t. to hide un- ance; vexation; distaste; pique. der a false appearance; give the disport (-port'), v.t. to amuse or di- semblance of something else to. vert (with self); to display gaily; dissembling (sem'bling), n. dissimil- ar, to play. lation. disposable (-poz'a-bl), adj. free to disseminate (-sem'i-nat), v.t. to be employed; subject to disposal. scatter abroad, like-seed; propagate; disposal ('al), n. arrangement; order; diffuse. control; right of bestowing. disseminator ('ter), n. one who, or dispose (-poz 7 ), v.t. to place, arrange; that which, disseminates. order; distribute; adapt; incline. dissension (dis-sen'shun), n. strife; disposition (-izh-un), n. the act of disagreement; breach of union. disposing; order; method; arrange- dissent (-sent'), v.i. to disagree in ment; tendency; natural tempera- opinion (with from)) refuse adher- ment. ence to an Established Church: n. disputable ('pu-ta-bl), adj. liable to difference of opinion; refusal to ac- be disputed; called in question. knowledge or conform to an Estab- disputation (-ta/shun), n. a verbal lished Church. controversy; an altercation. dissenter ('er), n. a nonconformist. disputatious ('shus), adj. conten- dissentient ('shent), adj. dissenting: tious. m n. one who disagrees. dispute (dis-puf), v.i. to debate; dissenting (-sent'ing), jp.adj. per- argue: v.t. contend for by words or taining to, or characterized by, dis- actions; express doubt of; contro- sent; separating from an Established vert: n. a controversy; altercation; Church; pertaining to dissenters. quarrel; contest. ^ dissertation (-er-ta/shun), n. a formal disquisition (-kwi-zish'un), n. a sys- argumentative discourse; treatise. tematic investigation or discussion disservice (dis-ser'vis), n. injurious of some subject; an elaborate essay. help. disrate m (-rat), v.t. to degrade or dissever (-sev'er), v.t. to cut in two, lower in rank, as a petty officer. # disjoin; divide; separate. disruption (-rup'shun), n. forcible dissidence ('i-dens), n. disagree- separation; breach. _ ment. disruptive ('tiv), adj. causing dis- dissident ( r i-dent), adj. not agree- ruption. ing, or conforming: n. one who dis- diss (dis), n. a reedy Algerian grass. agrees, or dissents. dissatisfaction (-sat-is-fak'shun), n. dissilient (-sil'i-ent), adj. springing state of being discontented; dis- asunder, or bursting open with force. pleasure. dissimulate (-sim'ii-lat), v.i. & v.t. dissatisfy ('is-fl), v.t. to render dis- to dissemble; feign; disguise. contented; to displease. dissimulation (-la/shun), n. hypoc- dissect (-sekf) v.t. to cut in pieces; risy; false pretense; fallacious ap- anatomize; divide and examine mi- pearance. nutely. dissipate ('i-pat), v.t. to scatter com- dissection (-sek'shun), n. the act of pletely; drive in different directions; dissecting for critical examination. squander: v.i. to engage in dissipa- disseize (-sez'), v.t. to deprive of tion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; nets, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISSIPATED 292 DISTINGUISH dissipated (-ed), p.adj. scattered; ner; alienation: v.t. to place re- dispersed; characterized by dissipa- motely; leave behind in a race, tiori. distant ('tant), adj. remote; re- dissipation (-pa/shun), n. the act or served. state of being dissipated; mental dis- distaste (-tast), n. aversion of the traction; excessive indulgence in palate; dislike; disinclination, luxury,, especially drink or vicious distasteful ('fool), unpleasant to pleasures. the taste; expressive of dislike. dissociate (-so'shi-at), v.t. to sepa- distastefully (-li), adj. in a dis- rate, tasteful manner. dissolubility (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), n. the distemper (-tem'per), v.t. to disor- capacity of being dissolved. der or disease; derange the func- dissoluble ('ol-u-bl), adj. capable of tionsof ; compound (colors) for use being dissolved or converted into a in distemper painting: n. a disease; fluid. a catarrhal disease affecting young dissolute ('o-lut), adj. given to vice dogs; a method of painting in spe- or dissipation; loose in morals or cially prepared opaque colors mixed conduct. with a binding medium soluble in dissolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of water: used for mural decoration, dissolving or liquefying; separation &c. of component parts; separation of distend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch out the soul from the body; death; a in all directions; expand: v.i. to breaking up of a union of persons, swell, as a society, &c. # distention (-ten'shun), n. a swelling dissolutionism (-izm), n. the social out. theory of anarchism or nihilism. distich ('tik), n. a couplet. dissolvable (diz-ol'va-bl), adj. that distil (-til'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dis- may be dissolved. Also dissolvible. tilled, p.pr. distilling], to fall in dissolve (-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; melt; drops; flow gently; trickle forth; terminate; annul: v.i. to become practice the art of distillation: v.t. liquefied; waste away; separate. to let fall in drops; obtain by dis- dissonance ('o-nans), n. discord. tillation: rectify. dissonant (-nant), adj. discordant, distillate Cat) n. the product of dissuade (-wad'), v.t. to advise or distillation found in the receiver of counsel against; divert by argument a distilling apparatus. or persuasion. distillation (-a/shun), n. the process dissuasion (-swa'zhun), n. the act of of distilling; the substance drawn dissuading; advice or persuasion by the still, against a purpose or action. distinct (-tingkf), adj. separate; dif- dissuasive ('siv), adj. tending to dis- ferent; clear; plain; unconfused. suade: n. an argument employed to distinction (-tingk'shun), n. mark dissuade. _ ^ of difference or superiority; emi- dissy liable (-sil'a-bl), n. a word of nence of rank or conduct; fame; two syllables. discrimination. distaff (dis'taf), n. [pi. distaffs distinctive ('tiv), adj. marking a ('tafs)], the staff from which flax difference or distinction; character- is drawn in spinning. istic; discriminating; plain. distance ('tans), n. the space or in- distingue (dis-stan-ga'), adj. distin- terval between two objects or guished. points; remoteness of time, rank, re- distinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to lationship or place; interval be- separate from others by some mark tween two notes; reserve of man- of honor or preference; designate ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DISTINGUISHED 293 DIVERS by special characteristics; discrim- inate; make known: v.i. to make a distinction (with between). distinguished ('gwisht), p.adj. emi- nent; celebrated; conspicuous; noted. distort (-tort'), v.t. to twist or turn from the natural shape or figure; twist; pervert from the true mean- ing; misrepresent. distortion (-tor 'shun), n. the act of distorting; perversion; a deformity. distract (-trakf), v.t. to perplex; harass; confuse the mind; bewilder; derange. distract ile ('il), adj. widely separated. distraction (-trak'shun), n. per- plexity; embarrassment ;^ perturba- tion or mental distress; insanity. distr active ('tiv), adj. causing dis- traction. distrain (-tran), v.t. to seize and hold (goods or chattels) as security for payment of a debt: v.i. to levy a distress. distraint (-tranf), n. the act of dis- training for debt. distrait (dis-tra'), adj. absent-minded. distraught (dis-tra wt'), adj. bewil- dered or harassed. distress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict pain or suffering upon; grieve; harass; perplex; in law, to seize for debt: n. physical or mental anguish; the act of distraining; goods taken in dis- traint. distribute (-trib'ut), v.t. to deal out or divide; allot; apportion; arrange according to classification; dispose of separately; separate and return (as types) to their respective cases. distribution (-tri-bu'shun)^ n. the act of distributing; apportionment; arrangement; classification. _ distributive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to distribution: n. sl distributive^ word. district ('trikt), n. a territorial di- vision; circuit; region or tract of country. distrust (-trust'), n. want of confi- dence, faith, or reliance; suspicion; discredit: v.t. to have no confidence or trust in; doubt; suspect. distrustful ('fool), adj. suspicious. distrustfully (-li), adv. suspiciously. disturb (-terb), v.t. to trouble; vex; throw into confusion; agitate; dis- place. disturbance ('ans), n. the interrup- tion of a settled state; uproar; men- tal agitation. distyle ('til), n. a two-columned por- tico. disulphate (di-sul'fat), n. a sulphate containing one atom of hydrogen, replaceable by a basic element. disulphide ('fid), n. a sulphide in which two atoms of sulphur are contained. ditch (dich), n. sl trench cut in the earth; a moat: v.i. make a ditch: v.i. surround with a ditch; run into a ditch. ditto ('to), n. _ that which has been said;' a duplicate: ado. as before; likewise. ditty ('i), n. [pi. ditties ('iz)], a lit- tle song. diuretic (di-u-ret'ik), adj. promoting the secretion and flow of urine. diurnal (er'nal), adj. pertaining to a day; daily; performed in 24 hours; active during the day-time : n. a day- book; journal. diurnally (4i), adv. daily. diva (de'va), n. a prima donna. divan (di-van'), n. a court of jus- tice; a council of state in Turkey; a council-hall; a smoking-room; cafe; couch. dive (div), v.i. to plunge head fore- most into water; enter deeply into any subject or question: v.t. to ex- plore by diving: n. a sudden plunge headforemost into water. dive (div), n. a low resort frequented by persons of dissolute character. diverge (di-verj'), v.i. to spread out from one point; recede from. divergence (-ver'jens), n. a receding from each other; a tending apart. divergent ('jent), adj. tending to di- verge. divers (di'verz), adj. various; sun- dry. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DIVERSE 294 DIVORCEMENT diverse ('vers, or di-verz'), adj. essentially different; dissimilar; sep- arate. diversification (-i-fi-ka'shun), tt.vari- ation. diversify (di-ver'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. diversified, p.pr. diversifying], to make different from another; give variety to; discriminate; variegate. diversion ('shun), n. variation; al- teration; pastime; the act of di- verting the attention of an enemy from the real point of attack. divert (di- or di-vert'), v.t. to turn aside from any direction or course; draw away from; entertain; amuse. divertimento (di-vert-i-men'to), n. a light pleasant vocal or instru- mental composition. _ divertissement ('tiz-mang), n. amusement, recreation; an entr'- acte, as a ballet, &c. divest (di-vesf), v.t. to strip or de- prive of anything; despoil; make bare. divestiture ('i-tur), n. surrender of property. divide (di-vid), v.t. to cut into two or more parts; separate; keep apart; disunite by discord; distribute: v.i. to be separated; cleave; diverge; have a share; vote by division: n. a watershed. divided skirt ('ed skert), n. a skirt made so as to combine both skirt and knickerbockers. dividend (div'i-dend), n. a share of the profits of a public company or business; a sum paid pro rata out of a bankrupt's estate; interest payable on money invested in the public funds; a number or quantity to be divided. divi-divi (div'i-div'i) , n. astringent husks of a South American tropical plant, used for dyeing and tanning. divination (-i-na'shun), n. the act of divining; the pretended art of foreseeing future events by super- natural or magical agency. divine (di-vin'), adj. partaking of the nature of God; excellent in the highest degree, godlike; sacred holy; pertaining to theology: n. a theologian; clergyman: v.t. to fore- tell by, or as by, divination; pre- sage: v.i. to conjecture; guess. diving (div'ing), n. the act of plung- ing into water; connected with, or used in, diving. diving-bell (-bel), n. a hollow ap- paratus supplied with air, used for various purposes below the surface of the water. divining-rod (-rod), n. a forked rod or branch, as of witch-hazel, which, when held loosely in the hand, is said to be drawn down to the ground where water or minerals are situ- ated. divinity (di-vin'i-ti) , n. [pi. divini- ties (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being divine; Godhead; a pagan or heathen deity; theology. divisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being divisible. divisible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing divided; capable of division without a remainder. division (-vizh'un), n. the act or state of being divided; separation; a partition; section; discord; dif- ference; the separating of the mem- bers of a legislative or municipal assembly in order to take a vote; two or more brigades under the command of a general officer; a section of a fleet under one com- mander; the process of finding how many times one number or quan- tity is contained in another. divisional (-al), adj. pertaining to division. divisor (di-vi-zor), n. the number by which another (the dividend) is divided. divorce (-vors'), n. a dissolution of the marriage contract by legal au- thority; disunion: v.t. to dissolve the marriage contract between by legal authority; release from close union. divorcement ('ment), n. the act or process of divorcing (Deut. xxiv. 1). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, book; hue, hut; think, then. >t; boOn, M DIVORT 295 DOG-DAYS divort (di-vorf), n. a watershed. divulge (di-vulj'), v.t. to make known, as something previously kept secret; disclose. dizen (dl'zn), v.t. to deck out; dress. dizziness ('i-nes), n. giddiness. dizzy (diz'i), adj. giddy. do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, p.pr. doing], to perform; achieve; cause to bring about; make ready for some object or purpose; cheat or swindle: v.i. to act or behave; suc- ceed; suffice; fare as to health: n. a trick or hoax. docile (do'sil or dos'il), adj. easy to teach; tractable; easily managed. docility (do-sil'i-ti), n. the quality of being docile. dock (dok), n. a place for construct- ing and laying up ships; the place where a prisoner stands in a court to be tried; a coarse weed with broad leaves; the tail of a horse after it has been docked; v.t. to cut off or curtail; deduct from; di- minish. dockage ('aj), n. reduction; provi- sion or accommodation for the dock- ing of vessels; money paid for the use of a dock. docket ('et), v.t. to mark the con- tents or titles of papers on the back of them; indorse: n. a directed label or ticket tied on goods; a summary of a larger writing; a digest. dockyard ('yard), n. a place where ships are built and naval stores are kept. doctor ('ter), n. one skilled in any particular branch of knowledge; an academical degree denoting the highest proficiency in a faculty of a university; a learned man; a medical practitioner: v.t. to treat medically; tamper with or give a false appearance to: v.i. to practice medicine; undergo medical treat- ment. doctorate (-at), n. the degree of doctor. doctrinaire (-ori-nar'), n. one who theorizes on political or other mas- ters, disregarding practical consid- erations: adj. visionary. doctrinal ('trin-al), adj. pertaining to, or containing, doctrine. doctrinally (-li), adv. in a doctrinal manner. doctrine ('trin), n. that which is taught; the principles, belief, or dogma of any church, sect, or party. document ('u-ment), n. a printed or written paper relied upon to estab- lish _ some fact or assertion, or con- veying information. documentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, derived from, or consist- ing of, documents. dodder (dod'er), n. a parasitical plant. dodecagon (d5-dek'a-gon), n. a figure with twelve sides and twelve angles. dodecahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid having twelve faces. dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside and shift about; evade by craft; avoid; practice tricky devices: v.t. to es- cape by starting aside : n. the act of dodging; a trick. dodo (do 'do), n. [pi. dodos ('doz) ], a large extinct bird with a short neck, a large hooked bill, short wings and legs. doe (do), n. the female of a buck or fallow deer, or of an antelope, rab- bit, or hare. doeskin ('skin), n. the skin of a doe; a fine woolen cloth with a smooth finish. doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, as clothes : v.i. remove the hat in saluting. dog (dog), n. a domesticated carnivo- rous animal belonging to the genus Canis; name of various mechanical contrivances: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dog- ged, p.pr, dogging]^ to hunt as a dog; follow pertinaciously. dogcart ('kart), n. a light cart with two transverse seats back to back. dog-days ('daz), n. pi. a period in July and August when the dog star or Sirius rises and sets with the sun: usually the hottest part of the summer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DOGE 296 DOM Doge (doj), n. the title of the chief dole (dol), n. that which is dealt out magistrates of the ancient republics sparingly; a charitable gift of mon- of Venice and Genoa. ey or food; alms: v.t. to deal out dogfish (dog'fish), n. a species of small sparingly. littoral shark very destructive to fish, doleful ('fool), adj. sorrowful; dismal. dogged ('ed), adj. stubborn; perti- dolefully (-li), adv. sorrowfully; dis- nacious. mally. dogger ('er), n. a two-masted vessel dolerite (dol'er-it), n. a dark-col- with a broad beam; used in the cod ored bassic igneous rock; basaltic and herring fisheries by the Dutch greenstone, in the North Sea. dolesome (dol'sum), adj. melancholy. doggerel (-el), n. a kind of verse doll (dol), n. a girl's toy-baby. devoid of sense or rhythm: adj. weak dollar (-'ar), n. monetary unit of the and absurd in construction: said of United States and some other coun- verse or poetry. tries on a gold standard, equal to 100 dogma ('ma), n. [pi. dogmas ('maz) ], cents. or dogmata ('ma-ta) ], an estab- dollar-diplomacy (dol'ar-di-plo'ma- lished principle, tenet, or doctrine; si), n. diplomacy that aims more at a doctrine stated in a formal man- commerce than amity, ner and received by the Church as dollar-exchange (-eks-chanj'), n. in- authoritative, ternational exchange in European dogmatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining war based on the United States dollar to, or of the nature of, dogma; posi- because not fluctuating in value, tive; authoritative; dogmatical: n. dolly ('i), n. [pi. dollies ('iz) ], a lit- pl. doctrinal theology. m tie doll; apparatus for washing dogmatically (-al-li), adv. in a dog- clothes; a contrivance for washing matic manner .^ ore in mining; in India a brass tray dogmatism (-tizm), n. dogmatic or on which fruit, flowers, &c, are pre- positive assertion of opinion. sented as a complimentary offering. dogmatize ('ma-tiz), v.i. to make Doily Varden (-var'dn), n. a woman's dogmatic assertions; utter positive dress of light bright-figured muslin, assertions without adducing proof: worn over a bright-colored petti- v.t. to treat dogmatically. coat. dog-star (dog'-star), n. brightest of dolman ('man), n a long outer gar- the stars; rises and sets with the ment worn by the Turks; a hussar's sun in summer; called by astrono- uniform jacket; a woman's sleeve- mers Canicula (' little dog"); best less mantle, known as Sirius. dolmen ('men), n. a sepulchral mon- dog-trot ('trot), n. a gentle trot. ument, consisting of a large unhewn dog-watch ('woch), n. one of two stone resting on two or more un- watches on board ship of two hours hewn stones, each, between 4 and 8 p.m. dolomite ('o-mlt), n. a crystalline dogwood ('wood), n. the wild cornel. variety of magnesian limestone. doily (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies ('liz) ], dolorific (-rif'ik), adj. causing grief, a small mat or napkin; used on dolorous (dol'o-rus), adj. sorrowful, dessert plates, &c. _ dolour (do '1 er ), n. sorrow; pain. doings (doo'ingz), n.pl. things done; dolphin (dol'rin), n. the name of a movements; conduct; stir. cetaceous mammal of the genus doldrums ('drumz), n.pl. a sailor's Delphinus and allied genera. term for the tropical zones of calms dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fellow, and variable winds; depression of dom (dom), n. a title of respect ap- spirits; the dumps. plied to gentlemen in Portugal and ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. &OMAIN 297 DONKEY Brazil; in Portugal a title formerly , of the king and»royal family. domain (d5-man'), n. lordship; au- thority; empire; landed property; demesne. dome (dom), ft. a hemispherical roof. domestic (do-mes'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the house or household af- fairs; private; home-made: n. a household servant: pi. articles of home manufacture, especially cotton- cloths. domestic economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. the art of managing household af- fairs in the best and thriftiest man- ner. domestically (-al-li), adv. privately. domesticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to make domestic; familiarize with domestic life; tame: v.i. to become domestic. rdomesticity % (-tis'i-ti), n. [pi. domes- ticities ^ (-tiz) ], the state of being domestic; domestic character. domicile (dom'i-sil), n. a permanent -xesidience or place of abode; home: v.t. 'to establish in a fixed residence. •domiciliary ('i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to -the residence of a person or fam- ily. dominant ('i-nant), adj. exercising chief authority; ruling; predomi- nant ' K ascending: n. the recitative note in Gregorian scales ; the fifth tone of a musical scale in any as- cending key. dominant Characters (dom'i-nant- kar'ak-ters), n. in Mendelian hered- ity, the characters that dominate in the first generation. See Men- delism. 'dominate ('i-nat), v.t. to govern; rule; predominate over: v.i. to be dominant. domination '(-na'shun), n. the act of dominating; absolute authority; power. domineer (4-ner'), v.i. to exercise authority arrogantly or tyrannical- ly; bluster. dominical (do-min'i*kal), adj. per- taining to Christ as Lord, or to Sun- day: n. a dominical letter. dominical letter (let'er), n. one of the letters (A B C D E F G) used in the calendar of the Prayer Book to denote Sunday throughout the year, and to detennine the date of Easter Day. dominie (dom'i-ne), n. a schoolmas- ter; a clergyman of the Dutch Re- formed Churchy dominion (do-min'yun), n. supreme authority; sovereignty; independent right or possession; a territory or country subject to the control of one government. domino dom'i-no), n. [pi. dominos (-noz) ], a large loose silk cape or cloak with large sleeves and a hoed used as a masquerade garment; an ecclesiastical hood: pi. a game played with 28 oblong dotted pieces of bone or wood (dominoes). dom-pedro (-pe'dro), n. the name of the game of sancho-pedro when played with the joker. don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, p.pr. donning], to put on; invest with; assume: n. a Spanish title [Fern, dona]; a fellow or collegiate dignitary. donate (do'nat), v.t. to contribute, especially to some religious or phil- anthropic object. donation (-na/shun), n. a charitable gift; benefaction; present. donative (don'a-tiv), adj. vested or vesting by donation: n. a gift. donator (do-na/ter), n. a giver. done (dun), p. adj. completed; pub- lished officially; cooked sufficiently; thoroughly fatigued; cheated: in- terj. agreed. donee (do-ne'), n. a person to whom a gift or donation is made. dongola (don'go-la), n. a goatskin, or sheepskin tanned to resemble kid. doni (do'ni), n. a single-masted Cey- lonese coasting vessel with a long sail. donjon (don' or dun'jun), n. the principal tower or keep of a mediae- val castle, containing the prison. donkey (dong'ki), n. [pi. donkeys ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DONNA 298 DOUBLE ENTENDRE ('kiz) ], an ass; a stupid or obsti- nate fellow. donna (don'na), n. a lady (Italian). donnish (don'ish), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a don. donnisni (Izm), n. academic self- importance. donor (do'ner), n. a^ giver. doom (d5om), n. a judicial sentence of condemnation; the infliction of a sentence; irrevocable destiny; fate; ruin; the Day of Judgment; v.t. to pronounce condemnation upon; sentence to punishment; or- dain as a penalty. doomsday (doomz'da), n. the day of final and universal judgment. Doomsday Book (dumz'da-buk) or Domesday Book (domz'da) a huge book kept by the early Norman monarchs of England, listing the estates for taxation or confiscation. door (dor), n. the gate or entrance of a house; portal; means of access. dor (dor), n. a large black dung bee- tle with a characteristic droning sound in flight. Dorian (do'ri-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Doris, a small district of ancient Greece: n. a member of the Doric or Dorian race, one of the four great divisions of the ancient Greeks. Doric (dor'ik), adj. Dorian: n. the broad hard dialect of the Dorians. Doric order (or'der), the oldest and simplest of the three orders of Greek architecture. Doricism ('i-sizm), n. a Doric idiom, phrase or peculiarity. dorking (dor'king), n. one of a breed of domestic fowls. dormancy ('man-si), n. quiescence. dormant ('mant), adj. sleeping; quiet; in abeyance. dormer ^ ('mer), n. a bedroom; a win- dow pierced vertically in the side of a roof. dormitory ^ ('mi-to-ri), n. [pi. dormi- tories (-riz) ], a large apartment ca- pable of holding several beds. dormouse ('mous), n. [pi. dormice ('mis) ], a small European squirrel- like rodent. dorsal ('sal), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, the back. dory (do'ri), n. [pi. dories ('riz) ], a popular name for a golden-colored fish much esteemed for the table; the wall-eyed pike-perch; John Dory; a small flat-bottomed skiff with a sharp prow. dosage ('saj), n. the operation of putting into sparkling wines some- thing to give them a distinctive taste. dose (dos), n. the quantity of medi- cine to be taken at one time; any- thing nauseous; quantity: v.t. to give doses to; administer anything objectionable or nauseous. dost, 2 p. sing. pres. indie, of do. dot (dot), n. a small point or speck; a diminutive child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dotted, p.pr. dotting], to mark with dots or specks. dotage (do'taj), n. imbecility ^ of mind: foolish or excessive affection. dotard ('tard), n. one whose intellect is impaired by age; one_ whois foolishly affectionate: adj. imbecile. dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the weak- ness of age; bestow excessive love. doth, 3 p. sing, indie, of do. dotterel ('er-el), n. a small plover. double (dub'l), adj. twofold; two of a sort; being in pairs; twice as much; deceitful; insincere: n. twice the quantity; a duplicate; trick; a turning back to escape pursuit; an apparition; a fold or plait: pi. changes rung on five bells; games played by two on a side: v.t. to make double; duplicate; repeat; fold; sail round or by: v.i. to in- crease to twice the quantity; return on one's track; march at double quick time: adv. twice over. double-bass (-bas), n. the largest violin. double-dagger (-dag'er), n. a refer- ence mark ($). double entendre (doobl ang-tang'- dr), n. a word or phrase with a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. DOUBLENESS 299 DOWNWARD double meaning, one of which is usually indelicate. doubleness (dub'1-nes), n. the state of being double; duplicity. doublet (dub'let), n. a duplicate; pair; a kind of close-fitting man's garment. doubloon ('loon), n. a Spanish gold coin. doubly (1i), adv. twice the quantity or degree; in a double or twofold manner. doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in opinion; hesitate; be in suspense: v.t. to suspect; distrust; question: n. un- certainty of mind; suspense; scruple; Eerplexity; apprehension; fear; dis- elief. doubtful ('fool), adj. of uncertain issue; questionable; hazardous; in- secure. doubtfully ('li), adv. in a doubtful manner. doubting ('ing), adj. inspiring, or subject to, doubt; questionable. doubtless ('les), adv. assuredly; cer- tainly. douche (doosh), n. a jet or current of water directed upon some part of the body. dough (do), n. a soft mass of mois- tened flour yet unbaked. doughboy, an infantryman. doughty (dou'ti), adj. valiant; strong. doughtiness (-nes), n. valor; bravery. doughy (do'i), adj. soft like dough. Douma (doo'ma) , n. the lower branch of the Russian National parliament. douse (dous), v.t. to plunge suddenly into a liquid; drench; extinguish; strike; slacken or lower suddenly, as sails: v.i. to fall suddenly into water; search for water or ores by a divining rod. dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the genus Columba; a term of endearment. dovecote Ck5t), n. a small house or box with compartments for doves. Dovecot. dovetail ('tal), v.t. to join by a joint resembling a dove's tail spread out; fit closely and exactly. dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the widow, of a king, prince, or person of rank; a widow with a jointure. dowdily ('di-li), adv. in a dowdy manner. dowdiness (-nes), n. the state of being dowdy. dowdy ('di), n. [pi. dowdies ('diz) ], a slatternly woman who affects finery: adj. slovenly or ill-dressed; shabby. dowel (dou'el), n. a pin to connect two pieces of wood by being sunk in the edges of each; a piece of wood driven into a wall to secure something else: v.t. to fasten by dowels. dower ('er), n. that part of a hus- band's property which his widow enjoys during her life; jointure; personal endowment. dowlas ('las), n. a kind of coarse linen cloth. down (doun), n. soft feathers, hair, or wool; the soft fibers of plants: pi. a tract of bare, hilly land used for pasturing sheep; banks or round- ed hillocks of sand: adv. from a higher to a lower degree or position; at the lowest point; on the ground; below the horizon; from earlier to later times; in hand, or on the counter; on paper, or in a book: adj. dejected; downcast: prep, along a descent; from a higher place to a lower; along the course or current of. downcast ('kast), adj. directed down- wards; sad: n. the ventilating shaft of a mine. downfall ('fawl), n. a falling down- wards; sudden fall from rank or reputation; ruin. downgrade ('grad), n. a downward movement; reverse of fortune; de- parture from the orthodox standard of belief. downright ('rit), adj. straight to '.he point; blunt; unceremonious: adv. perpendicula'.y; completely; thor- oughly. downward ('ward), adj. tending to the ground; moving from a higher ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DOWNY 300 DRAMATIC to a lower place, grade, or &&&* dragging; a net or apparatus for tion; descending: adv. from a higher drawing along the bottom of the to a lower condition, state, or place; water; a coach drawn by four horses; from the source. Also downwards. a kind of sledge for heavy loads; downy ('i), adj. covered with, or the difference between the draft of made of, down; soft; restful; cun- water forward or aft of a ship, ning; artful. draggle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or soil by dowry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries ('riz) ], dragging in the mud or along the the property a woman brings to her ground: v.i. to become dirty or wet husband at marriage; gift or pos- by dragging, session. dragoman (drag'o-man), n. [pi. doxology (doks-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. dox- dragomans (-manz) ], in the East, ologies (-jiz) ], an ascription or an interpreter, guide, or agent for short hymn of praise to God. travelers, especially an interpreter doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or fit- attached to an embassy, &c. fully: n. a light sleep, or nap. dragon Cun), n. a fabulous animal dozen (duz'n), n. twelve units. represented as a winged serpent or dozy ('i), adj. sleepy; drowsy. lizard; a fierce person; [p.t. drew, p.p. ticipate with shrinking or terror; drawn, p.pr. drawing], to pull along venerate: v.\ to be in great fear: or haul; raise; suck in; pull out; n. apprehensive terror; reverential force out; elongate; disembowel; awe: adj. awful; solemn, win, as in a lottery; drive or beat dreadful ('fool), adj. inspiring dread, out; sketch; draft; require a cer- dreadfully (-li), adv. in a dreadful tain depth to float in; entice or al- manner. lure; induce; receive; write out; dreadnaught ('nawt), n. a fearless leave undecided: v.i. to produce mo- person; an advanced type of battle- tion; act as an inducement; shrink; ship; a thick woolen felted cloth. come together or near; practice dream (drem), n. a train of thoughts drawing; settle in the water to a or images passing through the mind certain depth: n. the act of draw- during sleep; an idle fancy: v.t. [p.t. ing; a lot or chance drawn; a game & p.p. dreamt, p.pr. dreaming], to left undecided; a feeler; the act of see or imagine in sleep; think about drawing a covert. vainly: v.i. to have a train of ideas drawback ('bak), n. loss of advan- in sleep. tage; a discouragement; money paid dreamy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or full back, especially to an importer of of, dreams; indistinct; visionary, goods on which customs duty has drear (drer), adj. dismal; sorrowful, been paid on their being exported, drearily ('i-li), adv. gloomily. drawbridge ('brij), n. a bridge dreary ('i), adj. cheerless; gloomy, which may be wholly or partially dredge (drej), n. a drag or instru- lifted up. ment for sweeping the bottoms of drawee (-e'), n. one on whom an rivers to bring up something: v.t. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boonj book; hue, hut; think, tf/aen. DREGS 302 DRIVE to clean out and deepen by a dredge; gather with a dredge; sprinkle flour upon. dregs (dregz), n.pl. the sediment of liquor; lees; worthless matter. Dreibund (dri'bunt), n. a triple al- liance, especially that < (1883) be- tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for mutual defense. drench (drench), v.t. to wet thorough- ly; steep in moisture; forcibly ad- minister a draft to: n. a large draft; a dose of medicine for a horse or cattle. Dresden (dres'den), n. a fine porce- lain. dress (dres), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dressed or drest, p.pr. dressing], to invest with, or as with, clothing; adorn; deck out; embellish; prepare or make ready; cook; curry or rub down; adjust to a straight line; prune or trim: v.i. to put on clothes: n. a covering for the body; a robe; elegant or fashionable attire; ex- ternal finish or ornament; plumage; adjustment. dresser _ ('er), n. one who regulates or adjusts dress; a surgeon's as- sistant; a set of shelves or open cupboard for plates, &c; a com- bination of mirror and bureau. dressing ('ing), n. the act of putting on clothes; material used in sizing or stiffening fabrics; the smoothing of the surface of stone; sauce or stuffing used for preparing a dish; a beating; reprimand; an external application to a wound; the prepara- tion of mineral ores for the furnace. dressing-gown (-goun), n. a light, easy, lpose gown worn while dress- ing or in dishabille. dressy (dres'i), adj. fond of dress, especially showy or elaborate attire; stylish. drest, p.t. & p.p. of dress. drew, p.t. of draw. drib jle (drib'l), v.i. to fall in small drops; drip: v.t. to let fall in drops; give out or deal in small portions; in football to give a slight kick or shove to: n. a drizzling shower; a trickling out in small drops. driblet (drib 'let), n. a small piece, part, or sum. dried, p.t. & p.p. of dry. drier (dri'er), n. one who, or that which, dries; a substance added to paint, &c, causing it to dry quick- ly; ^ an apparatus for drying off moisture. drift (drift), n. the direction m in which anything is driven; an im- pellent force; overbearing influence; an accumulation heaped up by sea or wind; tendency; scope; the hori- zontal passage of a mine; a collec- tion of loose earth, rocks, &c, trans- ported from a distance by m the agency of ice; leeway made in a gale; the direction of a current: v.t. to drive along, or in heaps; cover with driftage: v.i. to be carried along by a current, or by circum- stances; accumulate in heaps. driftage ('aj), n. that which is drifted; leeway caused by wind or sea currents. drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a drill; bore; perforate; instruct thor- oughly in the rudiments of any busi- ness, &c; train; sow in lines or rows: v.i. to engage in military ex- ercises : n. a tool for boring or mak- ing holes in a hard substance; a machine for sowing seeds in rows; military exercise. drilling ('ing), n. the act of using a drill; a heavy, firm twilled cloth. drink (dringk), v.u [p.t. drank, p.p. drunk, p.pr. drinking], to swallow a liquid; imbibe alcoholic liquors ha- bitually: n. any beverage swallowed to quench thirst; as much liquor as can be taken at once; strong or in- toxicating liquor. drip (drip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dripped, p.pr. dripping], to fall in drops: v.t. to let fall in drops: n. that which falls in drops; a projecting cornice to throw off rain. drive (driv), v.t.^ [p.t. drove, p.p. driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. DRIVEL 303 DRUG urge forward by force; propel; com- municate motion to; convey in a vehicle: v.i. to press, or be impelled forward with violence; travel in a carriage; aim a blow (with let)', n. the act of driving or impelling; a strong blow; a road prepared for driving; an excursion in a carriage; an annual gathering of cattle for branding; a forward blow given to a ball at cricket. drivel (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; be weak or foolish; talk or act like a fool or dotard. driven, 'p.p. of drive. drizzle (driz'l), v.i. to rain slightly or in misty drops : n. a fine misty rain. drizzly (li), adj. shedding fine rain. droit (droit or drwa), n. equity; right of ownership, especially in land; custom; duty. drole (drol'), n. a funny fellow; buf- foon. droll (drol'), adj. ridiculous; queer. drollery ('er-i), n. [pi. drolleries (-riz) ], the quality of being droll; buffoonery. drolling (Ing), n. burlesque. drolly (li), adv. comically % dromedary (drum'e-da-ri), n. [pi. dromedaries (-riz) ], one of a do- mesticated breed of camels distin- guished for its speed and by having one hump. drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a mo- notonous tone or sound; live in idle- ness: v.t. to read in a monotonous tone: n. a dull, monotonous tone; one of the pipes of a bagpipe; the male of the honey-bee which pro- duces no honey; a lazy fellow. drony (drO'ni), adj. like a drone. drool (drool), v.i. to drip saliva from the mouth like a baby; to talk non- sense; to drivel. droop (droop), v.i. to sink or hang down; languish; bend down gradu- ally: v.t. cause to hang down: n. the act of drooping. drop (drop), v.i. [p.t.& p.p. dropped, dropt, p.pr. dropping], to fall in drops; distil; sink to a lower posi- tion; fall in death; visit informally (with in): v.t. to let fall; discon- tinue; utter casually; send off (a hasty note): n. a globule of mois- ture; something that hangs like a drop; a small quantity of a liquid; a falling trap-door; the painted cur- tain of a theater (drop-scene): pi. medicine regulated by drops; lauda- num. drop-shutter (-shut'er), n. a device, operated by a spring, for taking in- stantaneous photographs. dropsical ('si-kal), adj. affected with dropsy. dropsy ('si), n. an unnatural accu- mulation of serous fluid in any cavity of the body or its tissues; a disease affecting the food-sac of young trout; blue swelling. dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop. dross (dros), n. the scum or slag of melted metal; sediment; refuse. drought (drout), n. continued ab- sence of rain or moisture;, dryness. drove, p.t. of drive: n. a collection of cattle or sheep driven in a body; a crowd; sprats caught early in the season. drown (droun), v.i. to perish by suf- focation in water: v.t. to suffocate by immersion in water; overwhelm; inundate; deluge. drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy with sleepiness; be half-asleep: n. a light sleep. drowsiness (1-nes), n. sleepiness. drowsy (1), adj. sleepy; sluggish. drub (drub), v .t. [p.t. & p.p. drubbed, p.pr. drubbing], to beat vigorously: n. a thump. drudge (druj), v.i. to labor hard at mean or uncongenial tasks; slave: v.t. to spend or pass laboriously: n. one employed in menial work who works hard for insufficient remu- neration. drudgery ('er-i), n. the work of a drudge; mean servile labor. drug (drug), n. an ingredient used in medicine; a narcotic; an unsal- able article: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. drug- 5te, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DRUGGET 304 DUCAT ged, p.pr. drugging], to mix drugs with; render stupid by a narcotic drug: v.i. to take drugs habitually. drugget ('et), n. a coarse woolen fabric. druggist ('ist), n. a dealer in drugs. Druid (droo'id), n. a priest of the ancient Kelts of Britain, Gaul, and Germany. drum (drum), w. an instrument of percussion, consisting of a hollow cylinder with vellum at the ends, and beaten with sticks (drum- sticks); the tympanum of the ear; a drum-shaped box for figs; a cylin- der or revolving shaft: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. drummed, p.pr. drumming], to beat a drum; beat up recruits; tout for customers; beat rapidly with the fingers: v.t. to play (a tune) on a drum; din; expel ignominiously (with out). drumhead (Tied), n. the head or top of a drum; the top of a capstan. drummer ('er), n % one who plays a drum; a commercial traveler. drumstick ('stik), n. the stick with which a drum is beaten; the outer joint of a fowl's leg from the knee to the heel. Drummond-light ('und-Iit), n. an- other name for the limelight. drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: n. a fit of drunkenness; a drunken per- son: adj. intoxicated. drunkard ('ard), n. one habitually drunk. drunken ('en), p.adj. habitually in- temperate. drunkenness (-nes), n. the state of being drunk; habitual intemperance; frenzy. dry (dri), adj. {comp. drier, superl. driest], free from moisture or wet- ness; not yielding juices; devoid of interest; unintentionally humorous or quaint; without sweetness or fruity flavor: v.t. free from moisture or juice; stop the flow of; parch: v.i. to lose or be deprived of moisture. dryad (dri'ad), n. a wood nymph. dry battery (dri bat'te-ri), n. a bat- tery for generating electricity by means of dry chemicals. dry dock (drl'dok), n. a repair dock for ships. dryly (li), adv. without moisture; in a dry manner; coldly; sarcastically. Also drily. dry-nurse ('ners), v.t. to rear with- out the breast. dry salt ('sawlt), v.t. to cure by salt- ing and drying, as meat. dual (du'al), adj. expressing, or com- posed of, the number 2; n. the form of the noun or verb connoting two persons or things. dualin (dii'a-lin), n. an explosive for projectiles, made of nitro-cellulose and gun-cotton. dualism (-izm), n. a twofold divi- sion; the doctrine of two indepen- dent and separate principles in man, the spiritual and the corporeal; the Gnostic theory that there are two independent eternal principles, one evil and the other good. dualist ('a-list), n. one who holds any of the theories of dualism. dualistic ^ (-a-list 'ik), adj. twofold; characterized by, or pertaining to, dualism. duality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being twofold; division into two. dual alliance (du'al al-I'ans), n. the compact between Austria-Hungary and Germany^ after Italy withdrew from the original triple alliance at the outbreak of the European war of 1914. dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dubbed, p.pr. dubbing], to invest with knighthood by striking the shoulder with a sword; confer any rank, dig- nity, character, or name upon; rub, dress, or smooth: v.i. make a brisk noise: n. & tap or blow. dubious (du'bi-us), adj. doubtful. ducal Ckal), adj. pertaining to a duke. ducat (duk'at), n. a gold or silver coin formerly in use in Europe : value $2.28 in U. S. money. ate, arm, ask, at,> awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DUCHESS 305 DULLARD duchess (duch'es), n. the consort or widow of a duke. duchy, ('i), n. [pi. duchies ('iz) J, the territory, dominions, or jurisdiction of a duke. duck (duk), n. any bird of the fam- ily Anatidae, especially the domestic duck; the female of this bird, as dis- tinguished from the drake; an expression of endearment; a strong linen un twilled fabric: pi. sailors' trousers or light clothes worn in hot climates: v.i. to plunge the head under water and then withdraw it quickly; bob the head. ducking ('ing), n. the act of putting under water; the sport of shooting wild ducks. ducking-stool (-stool), n. a stool in which female scolds were ducked in the water. duckling (ling), n. a young duck. duckweed ('wed), n. a common fresh-water plant eaten by ducks. duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, or canal by which a fluid or secretion is conveyed. ductile ('til), adj. capable of being drawn out into threads or wire; tractable. ductility ('i-ti), n. flexibility. ductless glands (dukt-les-glands), n. glands that discharge their secretion into the blood stream, now known to have great importance in the bod- ily economy. dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, characterized by over-affectedness in manners, dress, &c. dudeen (du-den'), n. a short clay pipe. dudgeon (duj'un), n. sullen anger; resentment; ill-will. dudism (dud'izm),n. the affectation or social peculiarities of dudes. Also dudeism. duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes. due (du), adj. owed or owing; pay- able; fulfilling obligation; suitable to a case; ascribable; proper: adv. exactly; directly: n. that which is owed or required by an obligation; a custom, toll, tribute, or fee. duel ('el), n. a combat between two persons with deadly weapons: v.i. to fight in a duel. dueling (-ing), n. the fighting a duel. duena (doo-a'nya), n. an elderly Spanish or Portuguese lady who acts as a guardian to a younger one; a governess. Also duenna. duet (du-ef), n. a vocal or instru- mental composition for two per- formers. Also duetto. duetino (doo-a-te'no), n. a short duet. duff (duf), n. pudding of flour, &c; boiled in a bag; a vegetable growth accumulated in forest ground. duffer ('er), n. a peddler or hawker of feminine articles of attire, flash jewelry, &c; a dull, stupid, ineffi- cient person; a fogy; a spurious coin. duffing ('ing), adj. worthless; coun- terfeit. dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat. dugong (du'gong), n. an aquatic herbivorous mammal resembling the seal and walrus; the sea-cow. dugout (dug'out), n. a canoe hol- lowed out from a log; a rough kind of shelter excavated in the side of a hill or bank. duke (duk), n. the highest order of English nobility and ranking next below an archbishop and the princes of the blood; a continental prince or noble. dukedom ('dum), n. a duchy. dulcet (dul'set), adj. sweet or pleas- ant to the ear; harmonious. dulciana (si-a'na), n. a soft-toned stop. dulcimer ('si-mer) n. an instrument with wire strings which are struck with a rod. dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehension or action; stupid; sluggish; with- out sensibility; not bright or clear to the eye; blunt; without wind: v.t. to deprive of sharpness; make stupid or heavy ; tarnish : v.i. to be- come calm ; become dull or blunt. dullard Card), n. & stupid person; blockhead. ate, arm, k Die. 2S> at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. DULNESS 306 DUPLICATE outness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being dull. duly (du''li), adv. in a fit and becom- ing manner; fitly; regularly. dumb (dum), adj. incapable of speech. dumb-bell Cbel), n. one of a pair of heavy weights used for muscular exercise. dumb-show ('sho), ft. gesture without speech. dumb-waiter (wa/ter), n. a movable framework for lifting groceries. dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), ft. the bumble-bee; the brown cock- chafer. Dumdum bullet (dum'dum bullet), ft. a bullet with an incomplete steel Jacket which expands on striking, owing to its soft core; so named from the town of Dumdum in India, where British military supplies are made. A majority of the International Peace Conference of 1899 decided against the use of this form of bullet in warfare. dummy (durn'i), ft. [pi. dummies ('iz) ], one who is mute or silent; that which imitates a reality; an exposed hand at whist when three persons are playing: adj. fictitious. dunnite (dun'nlt), n. a picric acid explosive for projectiles. • dump (dump), ft. a thud or heavy sound; anything short, thick, and heavy; a place to discharge rub- bish in: pi. low spirits: v.t. to throw down and empty, especially abrupt- ly; unload from a cart: v.i. to un- load by tilting. dumpling (dumpling), n. a covering of dough, sometimes containing meat, or fruit; dough cooked in gravy. dumpy ('i), adj. short and thick; discontented; sulky. dun (dun), adj. of a dull brown col- or: ft. a creditor who presses per- sistently for payment of a debt; a fortified eminence; earthwork; mound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dunned, p.pr. dunning], to urge importunate- ly, especially for a debt; cure, as codfish, after salting, to impart a dark color. dunce (duns), ft. a dull, ignorant person. dunderhead ('der-hed), ft. a dolt; a numskull. dune (dun), a heap of drifted sand piled up on the sea-shore by the action of the wind. dunnsh ('fish), ft. codfish cured by dunning. dung (dung), ft. the excrement of animals; anything filthy or rotten: v.t. to manure with dung. dungeon ('jun), ft. the principal keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark underground cell; a prison. Dunkers ('kerz), ft. pi. a sect of Ger- man-American Baptists, properly termed Brethren. dunnage ('aj), ft. loose wood, fagots, &c, stowed in the hold of a vessel to protect the cargofrom injury. dunnish ('ish), adj. inclined to dun color. duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), adj. consisting of, or computing by, twelves or any power of 12: ft. a twelfth power of anything: pi. a system of computing by twelves the number of square feet and inches in a rectangular area. duodecimo ('i-mo), n. a sheet folded into 12 leaves (12mo): said of a book. duodenum (-de'num), n. [pi. duo- dena ('na) ], the first portion of the small intestine. dupable (dup'a-bl), adj. capable of being duped. dupe (diip), ft. one who is, or can be, easily tricked; a credulous person; v.t. to deceive by trickery; cheat. duplex (du'pleks), adj. double; com- pound: applied to the transmission of two telegraphic messages over a single wire at the same time: v.i. to transmit telegraphic messages by the duplex system. duplicate ('pli-kat), v.t. to make or render double; make a copy or copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DUPLICATION 307 DYNAM receive the Eucharist twice in one day : adj. corresponding exactly with another; twofold; double; growing in pairs: n. facsimile; counterpart; an exact copy. duplication (-ka'shun), n. the act of duplicating; a fold; multiplication by 2. duplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; hypocrisy. durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. endur- ance. durable ('ra-bl), adj. not perishing; permanent; stable; lasting. durably (-li), adv. in a durable man- ner. dura mater ('ra ma'ter), n. the tough covering which envelops the brain and spinal cord. duramen (-ra'men), n. the inner or heart wood of an exogenous tree. durance ('rans), n. imprisonment. duration (-ra'shun), n. continuance in time; permanency. duress (du-res' or dti'res), n. re- straint of personal liberty by fear or physical force, compelling a per- son to do some act; imprisonment. during (dur'ing), prep, in the time of; at some period of. durometer (du-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for testing the hardness of steel rails. durst, p.t. of dare. dusk (dusk), adj. tending to dark- ness; shadowy; swarthy: n. incip- ient darkness. duskily ('i-li), adv. with a tendency to darkness or blackness. dust (dust), n. fine dry particles of matter; a stirring of such fine par- ticles; state of dissolution; un- organized matter; pollen; obscur- ity; confusion: v.t. to brush away dust from; cover with a powdered substance. dusty ('i), adj. [comp. dustier, superl. dustiest], covered with dust. Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Dutch or Low Germans of Holland, or their lan- guage. duteous ('ti-us), adj. fulfilling duty; obedient. dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), adj. subject to duty. dutiful (-fool), adj. respectful; obe- dient to parents. dutifully (-li), adv. in a dutiful manner. duty ('ti), n. [pi. duties ('tiz) ], ob- ligatory service; tax, impost, or toll levied by Government on certain articles. duumvir (-um'ver), n. [pi. duumviri ('vi-ri), duumvirs ('verz) ], two an- cient Roman officers of high rank acting together in one capacity or public function. duumvirate ('ver-at), n. the joint office of the duumviri. dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human beii^, animal, or plant much below the average height: adj. of smaller size or height than the average: v.t hin- der from growing to the natural size: v.i. become stunted; grow smaller. dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dwelt, p.pr. dwelling], to reside for a length of time; have a fixed abode; continue; linger: v.t. to inhabit. dwelling ('ing), n. a house or place of abode. dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to become gradually less; diminish; decrease. Dyak (dl'ak), adj. pertaining to the natives of the Malay race inhabiting Borneo. dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed, p.pr. dyeing], to stain or color: v.i. to follow the trade of a dyer: n. a col- oring liquid or stain. dying ('ing), p. adj. the passing away from life; decaying physically; drawing to a close; the act of ex- piring. dynactinometer (-nak-ti-nom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic rays of light and comparing the quickness of action of lenses in photography. dynam ('nam), n. a unit of work equal to one foot pound. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. DYNAMIC 308 DYSPEPTIC dynamic ('ik), adj. pertaining to mechanical forces not in equilibrium; effective. Also dynamical: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the effects of force in producing motion. Also kinetics. dynamitard ('na-ml-tard), n. one who advocates the use of dynamite as a revolutionary agent. Also dynamiter. dynamite ('na-mit), n. a highly ex- plosive compound of nitro-glycerine mixed with sawdust or infusorial silica: v.t. to destroy by dynamite. dynamo ('na-mo), n. an electric ma- chine for converting mechanical into electric energy. dynamograph (-nam'o-graf ) , n. an instrument for registering muscular power by compressing a spring held in the hand. dynamometer (-na-mom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring the force or power in moving a load, &c. dynastic (-nas'tik), adj. pertaining to a dynasty. dynasty ('nas-ti), n. [pi. dynasties (-tiz) ], a line or succession of sov- ereigns of a particular family; the length of time during which a cer- tain family reigns. dyne (din), n. the force which, acting upon a gramme per second, generates a velocity of 1 centimeter. dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. a tropical disease akin to diarrhoea, attended with fever. dysgenic (dis'gen-ik), n. militating against the improvement of the race through breeding; the opposite of eugenic. dyspepsia (-pep'si-a), n. indigestion. dyspeptic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, causing, or afflicted with, dyspepsia. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2Aen. JL^ E, the fifth letter of the English alpha- bet, said to be the most frequent in occurrence of all the letters. each (ech), adj. & pron. every one; either. eager (e'ger), adj. impetuous; vehe- ment; earnest; keen; enthusiastic. eagle ('gl), n. a bird of prey, genus Aquila, noted for its strength, size, and keenness of vision; a gold coin of the United States = 10 dollars ; the military standard of ancient Rome. • eagle-wood (-wood), n. a highly fragrant resinous wood. Also agal- lochum. eaglet Cglet), n. a young eagle. ear (er), n. the organ of hearing; delicate perception of sounds; at- tention; a spike of corn; anything \: °fc resembles an ear. eai^ erd), adj. having ears. earing (er'ing), n. a small rope for fastening the upper corner of a sail to a yard or stanchion; a plowing of land; the formation of ears, as in wheat. earl (erl), n. nobleman next in rank below a marquis. earldom ('dum), n. the possessions or dignity of an earl. early (er'li), adj. [comp. earlier, superl. earliest], before the usual time; seasonable: adv. soon; seasonably. earmark (er'mark), n. a mark for identification: v.t. to set a distinc- tive mark upon. ear-minded (er'min'ded), adj. tend- ing to learn and remember and think in terms of auditory images; opposed to eye-minded. ear-mindedness (er'min'ded-nes), n. the mental constitution characteri- zed by a tendency to use auditory images in the mental processes. ear-muff (er'muf), n. a covering to protect the ears. earn (ern), v.t. to gain as a just recompense for one's labor, service, &c. ; merit. earnest ('est), adj. in serious reality; serious in speech or action; ardent; zealous; eager: n. a portion of something given or done in advance as a pledge. earnings ('ingz), n.pl. wages; reward. earring (er'ring), n. an ear ornament. ear-splitting (er'split'ing), a. deafen- ing and overpowering!,/ noisy. earth (erth), n. the innabited terra- queous globe; the solid materials which compose the globe; ground; soil; a region or land; worldly things or interests; the innabitants of the globe; that part of the ground forming part of an electric cir- cuit: v.t. to hide or bury in the earth; place in connection with the earth: v.i. to burrow. earthen ('en), adj. made of earth. earthenware (-war), n. vessels or other objects made of clay or a similar earthy substance. earthly (-li), adj. pertaining to the earth; sensual; worldly; possible conceivable. earthnut ('nut), n. the ground nut. earthquake ('kwak), n. a shaking or trembling of the earth produced by subterranean volcanic forces. earthwork (-werk), n. a cutting or embankment; an offensive or defensive fortification constructed chiefly of earth. earthworm ('werm), n. a common ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (309) EARTHY 310 EBONY name for worms that live in the ground. earthy ('i), adj. pertaining to, com- posed of, or resembling, the earth ; dull; coarse. earwax (er'waks), n. cerumen. earwig (er'wig), n. a well-known insect with a pair of curved forceps at its tail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. earwig- ged, p.pr. earwigging], to gain the ear of and influence by whispered or covert statements. ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, dis- turbance, labor, _ or affectation; . quiet; repose; facility: v.t. to free from pain, anxiety, or trouble; give rest or relief . easel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame or tripod for supporting a canvas, blackboard, &c. easement (ez'ment), n. that which gives ease^ or relief; a right of ac- commodation in another's land, or a right of passage. east (est), n. thatpart of the heavens where the sun is seen to rise; one of the four cardinal points; the eastern part of the earth: adj. com- ing from the east; near the altar of a church, as seen from^ the nave: adv. in an easterly direction. East (est), n. the Orient; eastern part of the United States. Easter (es'ter), n. a festival of the Christian Church to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ: adj. pertaining to Easter. easterly (-li), adv. situated, or mov- ing toward, the east: adj. in the direction of the east. eastern (est'ern), adj. situated to- ward, or lying in, the east. Eastern (-em), adj. Oriental. Eastern Church (cherch), n. the Orthodox Oriental or Greek Church. Eastern Empire (em'pir), n. that part of the later Roman Empire which had its capital at Byzantium (Constantinople). Easterner (-er), n. a person who resides in the eastern part of the United States. Eastern question (kwes'chun), n. the term applied to the complicated inter- nal problems arising out of the posses- sion by the Turks of the southeast of Europe, and their relations to Russia and adjoining states. easting ('ing), n. the distance trav- ersed by a vessel eastward from a given meridian. eastward ('ward), adv. toward, or in the direction of, the east. Also eastwards. easy (-ez'i), adj. [comp. easier, superl. easiest], free from pain, disturbance, &c; not burdensome; moderate; well-to-do; credulous; natural; not formal; yielding; gentle. easy-street (ez'i-stret), n. American- ism for comfortable circumstances. eat (et), v.t. [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, p.pr. eating], to chew and swallow, as food; devour; consume; corrode; waste or wear away: v.i. to take food; penetrate; taste. eau (o), n. [pi. eaux (oz),_ (French)], water, especially as applied to per- fumes, cordials, spirituous waters, &c, as eau de cologne. eaves (evz), n.pl. the edges of the roof which overhang a buildir'" eavesdrop ('drop), v.i. [p.t. . p.p. eavesdropped, p.pr. eavesdropping], to listen to the private conversa- tion of others. ebauchoir (a-b5-shwar'), n. a large broad hewing chisel used by statu- aries. ebb (eb), n. the flowing back of the tide; ebb-tide; decline: v.i. to flow back or return, as the tide to the sea; decline; recede. Eblis (eb'lis), n. the Mohammedan Devil ; in Mohammedan mythology, the chief evil spirit. ebonite ('un-It), n. a hard dark va- riety of vulcanite. ebonize (-Tz), v.t. to make black by staining like ebony. ebony ('un-i), n. a hard, heavy, dur- able black-colored wood [pi. ebonies (-iz)J, negroes: adj. made of, or like, ebony. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EBOULEMENT 311 ECLIPSE eboulement (a-bool'mang), ^ n. the crumbling of a wall or fortification; a landslip; avalanche. ebullition (eb-u-lish'un), n. the act of boning; effervescence; a sudden outburst of feeling. eburine (eb'u-rin),n. an artificial ivory. ecarte (a-kar-ta/), n. a game of cards played by two persons with 32 cards, from which those from two to six have been cast out. ecaudate (e-kaw'dat), adj. tailless. ecbatic (ek-bat'ik), adj. denoting the relation of cause and effect. eccentric ('sen-trik), adj. not sit- uated in, or deviating from the cen- ter; peculiar in manner or char- acter; erratic; not having the same center: opposed to concentric: n. a circle or sphere not having the same center as another circle; a mechanic- al device for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion. eccentricity (-tris'i-ti), n. [pi. ec- centricities (-tiz)], deviation from a center; peculiarity of manner or character; idiosyncrasy. ecchymosis (-i-mo'sis), n. a livid spot on the skin, caused by extra v- asated blood. ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), n. a person in holy orders; a clergyman. ecclesiastical (-al), adj. pertaining to the Church and its organization or government. ecclesiastically (-li), adv. in an ec- clesiastical manner. ecclesiasticism (-as'ti-sizm), n. strong attachment to the forms, usages, organization, and privileges of the Church. ecclesiology (-zi-ol'o-ji), n. the science which treats^ of the Church as an organized society, and of its development. eschalot (esh-a-lot') , n. a kind of onion resembling garlic. echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an arrange- ment of a body of troops in the form of steps; an arrangement of the vessels of a fleet in V form. echelon (esh'e-lon), n. an apparatus composed of glass plates devised by Prof. A. A. Michelson and used to separate tae rays of light in spec- troscopic work. echinate (ek'i-nat), v.t. and v.L to pro- ject at such an angle as to have a feathery or plumed appearance, as in case of the spicules of certain sponges. echinodern (e-ki'no-derm), n. an in- dividual of the _ Echinodermata, a class of animals in Cuvier's system, which includes the star-fishes, sea- urchins, &c. echinus ('nus), n. [pi. echini ('ni)j, a sea-urchin; a rounded egg-shaped molding. echo (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes ('oz)], the repetition of a sound caused by reflection; the^ repetition of the words or opinions of others: v.i. [pt. & p.p. echoed; p.pr. echoing], to emit an echo; give, or reflect back, a sound: v.t. to repeat the sound of; repeat closely (the words» &c, of others). echometry (e-kom'e-tri) 4 n. the art of measuring the duration of sounds. eclair (a-klar'), n. a small oblong cake containing flavored cream, &c , covered on the top with sugar or chocolate. eclaircissement (-ses'mang), n. an explanation or clearing up of some- thing previously obscure or misun- derstood. eclat (a-kla/), n. a bursting forth, as of applause or admiration; renown; striking effect; splendor. eclectic (ek-lek'tik), adj. selecting or choosing from different systems, doc- trines, or sources; liberal and broad in taste or belief: n. one of a class of ancient philosophers. eclecticism ('ti-sizm), n. the eclectic system of philosophy. eclipse (e-klips'), n. the total or par- tial obscuration of the light of a heavenly body caused by its entering the shadow of another body: hence diminution: obscuration; temporary ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not ; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ECLIPTIC 312 EDGE failure: adj. pertaining to an eclipse: v.t. to cover or obscure by an eclipse; darken or conceal; over- shadow. ecliptic (-klip'tik), n. the apparent path of the sun, or real path of the earth, in the heavens during a year. eclogue (ek'log), n. a pastoral poem. economic (ek-o, or e-ko-nom'ik), adj. frugal; saving; pertaining to do- mestic economy. Also economical: n.pl. political economy. economically (-al-li), adv. with economy. economist (-kon'o-mist), n. one pru- dent ^ in expenditure; a student of political economy. economize ('o-mlz), v.t. to manage with care or frugality: v.i. to be careful in outlay. economy ('o-mi), n. [pi. economies (-miz)], the regulation of household affairs; frugality in expenditure; any system of religious laws, rites, or ceremonies. ecorche (a-kor-sha/), n. an anatom- ical model, represented as deprived of the skin; to exhibit for study the muscular system. ecrevisse (a-kre-ves'), n. a piece of armor formed of overlapping splints resembling the tail of the crawfish. ecru (a-krod'), adj. unbleached: said of the color of textile fabrics. ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [pi. ecstasies (-siz)], the state of being beside one's self; excessive joy; a kind of cataleptic trance. ecstatic (-stat'ik), adj. overpower- ing; rapturous; entrancing. Also ecstatical. ecstatically (-al-li), adv. rapturously. ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pronuncia- tion of a vowel as long, or its length- ening if short. ectoblast ( to-blast), n. an outer cell wall. ectocyst ('sist), n. the outer covering of a polyzoon. ectoderm (-derm), n. the external skin, or outer layer, of an animal or plant. ectogenesis (ek-to-jen'e-sis), n. pro- ducing structures from without in- stead of from within. ectolateral (ek-to-lat'e-ral), a. placed or situated on the outer side. ectonuclear (ek-to-nu'kle-ar), adj. found outside the nucleus of a micro- bic cell. ectopagus (ek-top'a-gus), n. a double monster united laterally. ectophyte (ek'to-fit), n. a vegetable parasite living on the outside of its host. • ectophytic (ek-to-fit'ik), a. having the nature of an external parasite. ectopic gestation (ek-top'ik ges-ta- shon), n. bearing the embryo outside the uterus in the abdominal cavity. ectoplasm (-plazm), n. the exterior protoplasm or sarcode of a cell. ectosac (ek'to-sak), n. the membrane in which an ovum or egg is contained. ectozoa (-zo'a), n.pl. external para- sites. ectype (ek'tip), n. a reproduction or imitation of an original design. ectypography (-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. a method of etching in relief. ecu (a-koo'), n. a mediaeval shield; the name of various gold and silver coins formerly current in France. ecumenic (ek-u-men'ik)^ adj. gen- eral; universal, pertaining to the Christian # Church throughout the world: said of certain councils of the Church. Also ecumenical. eczema ('ze-ma), n. an inflammatory disease of the skin. eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies ('iz)], a contrary current of air or water causing a circular motion; a small whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- lar motion; whirl. edelweiss (a/dl-vis), n. a small peren- nial white, woolly, composite Alpine plant. Eden (e'dn), n. paradise; any partic- ularly delightful region or residence. edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- ting part of an instrument; extreme border; brink; margin; keenness; mental acuteness: v.t. to furnish Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EDGED 313 EFFEMINATE with an edge or a border; exasper- ate; incite; move forward little by- little : v.i. to sail close to the wind. edged ('d), p. adj. furnished with an edge, border, or fringe. edge-tool (tool), n. any sharp tool. edging ('ing), n. that which forms an edge or border; narrow lace or embroidery for a garment; the oper- ation of shaping or ornamenting anything. edible ('i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten as food: n. something fit to be eaten (usually in pi). edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- tion or decree issued by a sovereign and having the force of a law. edification (ed-i-fi-ka/shun), n. a building up in a moral or religious sense; instruction. edify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, p.pr. edifying], to build up or strengthen, especially in faith or morals; impart instruction to. edit ('it), v.t. to revise and prepare for publication; direct, select, and adapt literary matter for the press; make a revision of. edition (e-dish'un), n. the published form of a literary work; the number of copies of a book, magazine, or newspaper published at one time; reproduction. editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- tends, revises, or prepares a literary work for publication; one who con- ducts a newspaper, magazine, &c. editorial (-tor'i-al), adj. pertaining to an editor, or his duties: n. a leading article. editress ('i-tres), n. & female editor. educate ('u-kat), < v.t. to impart knowledge to; cultivate the moral or intellectual faculties, of; instruct, train. education (-ka'shun), n. the act, pro- cess, or result of educating; the sys- tematic training of the moral and intellectual faculties; the rearing of animals. educationist ('shun-ist), n. one versed in the art, theory, and meth- ods of education; one who advocates the promotion and extension of edu- cation. educator (-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, educates; a tutor; an educationist. educe (e-dus'), v.t. to draw out; evolve; bring to light. eduction (e-duk'shun), n. the act of exhausting, as steam. eductive ('tiv), adj. drawing out. eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute of ventral fins, having a slippery mucous skin. eelbuck ('buk), n. a funnel-shaped wicker basket for catching eels. eelfare ('far), n. the passage of young eels up a stream; a brood of eels. eel-pout ('pout), n. the burbot. e'en (en), contraction of even and evening. e'er (ar), contraction of ever. eerie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; gloomy; mysterious. Also eery. efface (ef-fas'), v.t. to obliterate; render indistinguishable; destroy. effaceable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being effaced effacement ('ment), n. obliteration. effect (ef-fekf), v.t. to produce as a cause, consequence, or result; ac- complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; realization; efficiency; purport: pi. goods; personal estate. effective ('iv), adj. having the power to effect; operative; efficient; pow- erful : n. a soldier fit for duty. effectual ('u-al), adj. producing,_ or having, effect; completely operative; efficient. effectually (4i), adv. in an effectual manner. effeminacy (-fem'i-n§,-si), n. the quality of being effeminate; woman- ish softness or delicacy; unmanli- ness. effeminate ('i-nat), v.t. to make womanisl or delicate; unman: v.i. become womanish: adj. having the qualities or characteristics of a woman; delicate or unmanly. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EFFERENT 314 EGOTISTIC efferent ('fer-ent), adj. conveying or efflux ('fluks), n. the act of flowing discharging outwards. out; effluence; emanation; a passing effervesce (-ves')j v.i. to be in a state away. of natural ebullition; bubble or hiss, effoliation (-fol-i-a'shun), n. the de- effervescence ('ens), n. the state or priving of leaves: said of a plant, condition of effervescing; irrepressi- effort ('fort), n. strenuous exertion, ble excitement; a display of feeling. physical or mental; struggle; at- effervescent ('ent), adj. gently bub- tempt, bling and hissing from the giving off effractor (e-frak'tor), n. one who il- of gas. legally enters a house, as a burglar. effervescible ('i-bl), adj. capable of effrontery (-frunt'er-i), n. impu- effervescing. dence. effete (-fef), adj. worn out; barren; effulgence (-ful'jens), n. a great lus- exhausted. _ ter, brightness, or splendor. efficacious (-i-ka'shus), adj. produc- effusion (-fu'zhun), w._ the act of ing, or capable of producing, a de- pouring out, or shedding forth; an sired effect. # outpouring of thought or sentiment; efficacy (-ka-si), n. power to produce the escape of a fluid from the vessel results or effects; ability. inclosing it. efficiency (-fish'en-si), n. effectual effusive ('siv), adj. pouring forth agency or power; the state of being freely or widely, efficient. eft (eft), a newt. efficient ('ent), adj. producing or egad (e-gad'), inter j. an exclamation causing effects or results; powerful; of wonder, pleasure, or admiration, ready: n. an agent or cause; a qual- egg (eg), n. the oval or roundish body ified person. laid by birds and certain other ani- effigy ('i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (-jiz)J, mals, from which their young are an image; a likeness or figure in produced; something shaped like an sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. egg; the germ or first principle of effloresce (no-res'), v.i. to blossom; anything; v.t. to urge on or incite: become covered with a whitish crust pelt with eggs. or fine white crystals. egging ('ing), n. incitement. efflorescence ('ens), n. the time or egis, same as aegis. state of flowering; the production of eglantine ('lan-tln), n. the dog-rose, flowers; redness of the skin; the ego (e'go), n. self; personality, formation of fine white crystals on egoism (-izm), n. the habit of re- the surface of efflorescing substances. garding self as the center of every- efflorescent ('ent), adj. blossoming. thing; the doctrine that everything effluence ('flu-ens), n. an issuing out. is uncertain but the fact of one's effluent (-ent), adj. flowing^ or issu- existence, ing forth: n. a stream which flows egoist (-ist),». an adherent of egoism, out of another or forms the outlet of ego-maniac (eg-o-ma'ni-ak), n. one a lake. < # whose self-love is so excessive as to effluvia! ('vi-al), adj. pertaining to become a disease. effluvia. egotism ^ (e'go-, or eg'o-tizm), n. self- effluviography (e-flo-vi-og'ra-fi), n. exaltation in thought, speech, or the action of the silent electric dis- writing; vanity, charge upon a photographic plate. _ egotist (-tist), n. one characterized effluvium ('vi-um), n. \pU effluvia by egotism. (-a)], an invisible subtle emanation; egotistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or disagreeable exhalations arising from characterized by, egotism. Also ego- decaying matter. tistical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EGREGIOUS 315 ELATE egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- nary. egress Cgres), n. departure. egret ('gret), n. a species of heron; a heron's plume; the feathery down of seeds. Egyptology ('o-ji), n. the science or scientific investigation of Egyptian antiquities and hieroglyphics. eider (I'der), n. a large marine duck, the down of which is an article of commercial value. eidograph ('clo-graf), n. an appara- tus for copying drawings, &c. eidoscope (-skop), n. an instrument for producing an infinite variety of geometrical figures. eight m (at), adj. one more than 7: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 and 1; a symbol (8, VIII., viii.), de- noting this number. eighteen (a/ten), adj. one more than 17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., xviii.), denoting this number. eighteenmo (-mo), n. a book whose sheets are folded into 18 leaves. Oc- todecimo. eighteenth ('tenth), adj. next in or- der after 17th: an ordinal numeral. eighth (at'th), adj. next after sev- enth; an ordinal numeral: n. an in- terval of an octave. eightieth (a/ti-eth), adj. next to 79th. eightscore ('skor), adj. containing eight times 20: n. 160. eighty ('ti), adj. 8 times 10. eikon (I'kon), n. [pi. eikones ('ko- nez)], a holy image; a sacred pic- ture used in the Greek Church. eikonometer (I-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a device for measuring microscopic objects or determining the magnify- ing power of a microscope. eis-wool (is'wool), n. a fine kind of worsted. either (e' or I'^er), adj. one or the other of two; both: pron. one of two : conj. the correlative to or. ejaculate (e-jak'ii-lat), v.t. to utter suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. ejaculation (-la'shun), n. the act of uttering suddenly; an exclamation. ejaculatory ('u-la-to-ri), adj. uttered suddenly or sharply. eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- ^miss from office; evict. ejecta ('a), n.pl. refuse. ejection (-jek'shun), n. expulsion. ejective ('tiv), adj. pertaining to ejection. ejectment ('ment), n. the act of ejecting; an action for the recovery of lands, &c. ejector ('ter), 22. one who, or that which, ejects. ejoo-fiber (ej'oo-filber), n. a strong black fiber, used in commerce. Eka-boron (ek'a-bo'ron), n. name given by the Russian chemist Men- delejeff to a predicted element which when discovered was called scan- dium. eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen (with out)', adv. also; likewise [poet.]. elaborate (e-lab'o-rat), v.t. to pro- duce with labor; improve or refine with study or labor: adj. highly-fin- ished ; complicated. elaborately (-li), adv. in an elab- orate manner. elaborator (-ra-ter), n. one who, or thai which, elaborates. elain, same as olein. elan (a-lang'), n. dash. eland (e'land), n. the Cape elk. elapse (-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide away; run out without notice. elastic (-las'tik), adj. springing back; having the power of returning to its original form; rebounding; springy; capable of extension: n. an elastic woven fabric made in part of india- rubber. elasticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the quality of being elastic; power to recover from depression. elastic-tissue _ (-tish'u), n. elastic light yellow tissue in the ligaments of the vertebrse. elate (-lat 7 ), v.t. to raise the spirits of; cause to feel exultant; excite; puff up. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELATION 316 ELECTRO-BIOLOGY elation (-la'shun), n. the state of be- ing elated ; joyful elevation of mind. elbow (el'bo), n. the joint or bend of the arm; anything bent or curved like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one side: v.i. to jut into an angle; push rudely. elder ('der), adj. older; exceeding an- other in age; prior in time, origin, or appointment : n. one older in age, rank, or station; a lay member of the Jewish Sanhedrim; one of a body of laymen, in certain churches, authorized to superintend its spir- itual interests, and to assist the minister; a shrub or tree with a spongy pith and purple berries. elderly ('li), adj. somewhat old. eldest ('est), adj. oldest; firstborn. El Dorado (do-ra'do), n. an imagin- ary country in South America, fa- bled to be very rich in gold and precious stones: hence an inexhaus- tible treasure. elect (e-lekf), v.t. to choose for any office or use; choose by ballot; select from a number: adj. taken in prefer- ence; chosen to an office but not yet invested with the dignity: n.pl. those chosen to eternal life by Di- vine Sovereignty. election (-lek'shun), n. the act of electing; voluntary preference; the act of choosing a person for some of- fice or function by show of hands, or ballot; the selection by Divine Sov- ereignty of certain individuals to eternal life; one of the five points of Calvinism. electioneer (-shun-er'), v.i. to em- ploy means for influencing the result of an election. electioneering ('ing), n. the act of canvassing for, or the means em- ployed to secure, votes at an election. elective (-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by choice; exerting the power of choice: opposed to hereditary; having the tendency to attract, or combine with. elector ('ter), n. one legally qualified to vote; a member of a United States electoral college; one of the German princes who formerly pbs- sessed the power of electing the Emperor. electoral (-al), adj. pertaining to elections or electors; having the rights of an elector. Electoral college (kol'ej), n. body of representatives elected by the vot- ers of the several states to choose a president of the United States. electorate ('to-rat) , n. the whole body of persons entitled to vote* the dig- nity or territory of an elector of the old German empire. electric ('trik) adj pertaining to, containing, generated by, or pro- duced by electricity; magnetic. Also electrical electrically (-al-li), adv. by elec- tricity. electrician (-trish'un), n. one who is skilled in the science of electricity; the maker or vendor of electrical appliances. electricity (-tris'i-ti), n. an impon- derable and invisible agent producing light, heat, chemical decomposition, and other physical phenomena; the science of the laws and phenomena which characterize electricity. electric light (e-lek'trik-llt), n. light produced by electrical energy. electricute (-kut), v.t. same as elec- trocute. electrifiable ('tri-fi-a-bl), adj. capa- ble of receiving, being charged with, or transmitting, electricity. electrification (-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of electrifying; the state of be- ing electrified. electrify ('tri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. electrified, p.pr. electrifying], to charge with, or act upon, by elec- tricity; pass an electric current through. Also electrize. electro, a prefix denoting electricity as the motive power, or operating agent, used in many words, the meaning of which is self-evident, as eZedro-engrave, electro-gild, &c. electro-biology (-bl-ol'o-ji), n. mes- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELECTRO-CAUTERY 317 ELECTROPLATE electro-cautery (-kaw'ter-i) , n. cau- terizing by a platinum wire heated by electricity. electrocute ('tro-kut), v.t. to put to death (a criminal) by an electric current. electrocution (-ku'shun), n. the act of electrocuting. electrode (e-lek'trod) , n. either of the terminals of an electric source; anode or cathode. electro-dynamics (-dl-nam'iks) , n. that branch of physics which treats of electric currents. electro-dynamometer (-na-mom'e- ter), n. an instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current. electrogram (e-lek'tro-gram), n. in meteorology, a diagram showing the electric conditions of the atmosphere. electrograph (-graf), n. an apparatus used in preparing copper cylinders for printing fabrics and wall-papers. electrograph (e-lek'tro-graf ) , n. the photograph of an electric spark; also an instrument for recording changes in atmospheric electricity. electrography (-trog'ra-fl), n. a pro- cess of copying fine engravings on copper or steel by means of an electro-copper deposit. electro-industrial (e-lek'tro-in-dus'- tri-al), adj. pertaining to industries in which electricity is a factor. electrokinetics (-ki-net'iks) , n. that branch of electrical science which treats of electric currents, or elec- tricity in motion, as distinguished from electrostatics. electrolier (-tro-leV), n. an orna- mental metal bracket for support- ing electric lamps. electroluminescence (e-lek'tro-lu- mines'ens)n.luminescence excited by electricity,usually in a vacuum-tube. electrolysis (-trori-sis) , n. the de- composition of a chemical com- pound by electricity into its com- ponent parts. electrolyze ('tro-liz), v.t. to decom- pose by the direct action of elec- tricity or galvanism. electro-magnet (-mag'net), n. a coil of soft iron rendered magnetic by the passage of an electric current through it. electromagnetics (-mag-net'iks), n. the science of electro-magnetism. electromassage (-mas-aj'), n. mas- sage with the application of an electric current. electrometallurgy (-met'al-er-ji), n. the art of precipitating certain met- als from their solutions, or of sep- arating metals from their ores, &c, by a slow electric current. electrometer (-trom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring the amount of electrical force. electromobile (e-lek-tro-mo'bil), n. an automobile driven by electric storage-b atteries. electromotor (-mo'ter), n. any ar- rangement, or apparatus, which produces or excites an electric current; a dynamo. electron (e-lek'tron), n. an electrical unit. electronegative (-neg'a-tiv) , adj. having a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. electropathy (-trop'a-thi) , n. ^ the treatment of diseases by electricity. electrophone (-fon), n. an instru- ment for producing resonant sounds by electric currents; a form of tele- phonic transmitter. electrophorus (-trof '6-rus) , n. an instrument for generating statical electricity by induction. electrophotometer (-f 6-tom'e-ter) , n. an instrument for comparing the brightness of various lights with that produced by an electric spark. electrophotomicrography (-fo-to- mi-krog'ra-fi), n. photographing by electric light objects magnified by the microscope. electrophysiology (-fiz-i-ol'6-ji),^ n. that branch of electricity which investigates the electric phenomena of living organisms. electroplate ('tro-plat), v.t. to cover or give a coating of metal to by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ELECTROPOSITIVE 318 ELF-CHILD means of a current of electricity: n. an article thus coated: generally ap- plied to silver plate. _ electropositive (-poz'i-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to pass to the negative pole in electrolysis electroscope (-skop), n. an electrom- eter. electrotherapeutics. See electropa- thy. electrotechnics (-tek'niks), n. the science of the processes or methods in which electricity is applied to the industrial arts. electrotinting (-tint'ing), n. a meth- od of producing a design, &c, in re- lief on a metal plate, the lines of which when exposed in an electro- bath are protected by an agent. electrotype ('tro-tip), n. a facsimile in metal of any object made by cov- ering a mold, plate, &c, with a coat- ing of copper by the action of a gal- vanic electric current: v.t. to take a copy of by electrical deposition. electrum ('trum), n. amber; German silver plate electuary (-lek'-tii-a-ri) , n. a purga- tive composed of powders and fruit preserves. eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri), adj. pertaining to alms; devoted to chari- table purposes; dependent upon charity: n. one who lives on alms. elegance ('e-gans), n. [pi. elegances (-gan-siz) ], the state or quality of being elegant; polish; refinement; symmetry. elegant (-gant), adj. characterized by refinement and good taste; refined; polished; beautiful in form, color, or design. elegiac (el-e-jl'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an elegy : plaintive; mournful n. a song expressing sorrow; a funeral song. elegit (e-le'jit), n. a writ of execu- tion under which a creditor can hold a debtor's goods until his claim is satisfied. elegy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies (-jiz) ], a funeral song or ode; dirge; requiem. element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- stituent principle; a component or essential part; a substance which cannot be decomposed by any known method; natural environment: in- gredient: pi. the letters or sounds of the alphabet; the Eucharistic bread and wine. elemental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, an element; fun- damental. Also elementary. elephant ('e-fant), n. a large five- toed proboscidian mammal with a flexible trunk and large tusks. elephantiasis (-tl'a-sis), n. a cuta- neous disease resembling leprosy. elephantine ('tin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, an elephant; huge; unwieldy. _ elephantoid ('toid), adj. like an ele- phant. elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a lower to a higher position; enno- ble; _ animate; inspire; raise by training or education; to intoxicate slightly. elevation (-va/shun), n. the act of elevating; the state of being ele- vated ; a sketch plan of the front or principal side of a building; the alti- tude of a heavenly body above the horizon; raising of the land by seis- mic or other agency; slight intoxi- cation. elevator (-ter), n. that which raises up or exalts; a hoisting machine or lift; a warehouse for the storage of grain. elevatory (-to-ri), adj. tending to elevate. eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 with 1 added. eleventh (-lev'nth), adj. next in or- der after 10th: an ordinal numeral; constituting one of 11 parts: n. one of 11 equal parts. elf (elf), n. [pi. elves (elvz) ], a di- minutive mischievous sprite sup- posed to haunt hills and wild places; a dwarf; fairy. elf -child ('child), n. a child believed ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon s book; hue, hut; think, then. ELFIN 319 ELVES to have been left by the fairies in the place of one stolen by them; a changeling. elfin ('fin), n. an inhabitant of fairy- land; a sportive child: adj. pertain- ing to elves. elf-fire (elf 'fir), n. will-o'-the-wisp. elfish ('ish), adj. resembling, or caused by, an elf; mischievous. elf kin ('kin), n. a little elf. elf-lock (lok), n. a knot of hair twisted in an intricate manner. elicit (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. elide (-lid'), v.t. to slur over, or cut off, as a final vowel. eligibility (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being eligible. eligible (el'i-ji-bl), adj. capable of being, or fit to be, chosen; legally qualified. eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave out of consideration, or cast aside. eliquate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to separate or melt out, as metal from ore. elision (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting off of a vowel or syllable for the sake of euphony, as o'er for over. elite (a-lef), n. the choicest part, as of society, a profession, an army, &c. elixir (-lik'ser) n. an imaginary liquid of the aichemists supposed to be capable of prolonging life indefi- nitely, and of changing baser metals into gold; a tincture, essence, or cordial. elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North America and Northern Europe; the moose-deer. elk wood ('wood), n. the wood of the umbrella-tree. ell (el), n. a measure formerly used for cloth, varying in different coun- tries, an English ell being 45 inches. ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- tions of a cone; the elliptical orbit of a planet. ellipsis ('is), n. the omission of a word or words in a sentence, the sense of which is obvious. ellipsoid ('oid), n. an elliptical sphe- roid. elliptic (-lip'tik), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, an ellipse; having a part omitted. Also elliptical. elliptical ly (-al-li), adv. in an ellip- tical manner. ellipticity (-lip-tis'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being elliptic; the extent of any divergence of any ellipse from the circle. elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- cies belonging to the genus Ulmus. elocution (el-o-ku'shun), n. the art, manner, or style of speaking in pub- lic; delivery. elocutionary (-a-ri), adj. pertaining to elocution. elocutionist (-ist), n. one skilled in, or a teacher of, the art of elocution. elod (el'od), n. the odic force of elec- tricity. eloge (a-lozh'), n. a funeral oration, especially one pronounced on the death of a member of the French Academy. Elohim (el'o-him), n. one of the Old Testament names of God. elongate (e-16ng'gat), v.t. to stretch out; extend; lengthen. elongation (-ga'shun), n. extension. elope (e-lop'), v.i. to escape privately; run away with a lover or paramour. elopement ('ment), n. running away. eloquence (el'o-kwens), n. the art of speaking with fluency and elegance. eloquent (-kwent), adj. having the power of fluent and elegant oratory. else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. elsewhere ('hwar), adv. in another place. elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make clear; render intelligible; illustrate. elucidator ('i-da-ter), n. one who elucidates; an expositor. elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice or dexterity; shun; escape. elusion (-lu'zhun), n. evasion; artifice. elusive ('siv), adj. deceptive; falla- cious. elusory ('so-ri), adj. evasive; decep- tive. elvan (Van), adj. pertaining to elves. elver ('ver), n. a young conger. elves, pi. of elf. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then< ELYSIAN 320 EMBOLISM elysian (-liz'i-an), adj. pertaining to elysium; yielding the highest enjoy- ment. Elysium (1-um), n. the Greek Para- dise or residence of the blessed after death; a condition of perfect happi- ness. em (em), n. the square body of any size of type, serving as a unit of measurement. emaciate (e-ma'shi-at) , v.i. to lose flesh gradually; pine away: v.t. to make thin. emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, issue, or proceed, as from a source. emancipate (e-man'si-pat), v.t. to liberate from servitude or bondage; set free; enfranchise. emancipator (-pa-ter), n. a liberator. emarginate (-mar'gin-at) , adj. in- dented at the edges; having the apex notched. emasculate (-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to castrate; deprive of viriiity; weaken by expurgation: adj. castrated; deprived of vigor. embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve from decay by balsams or aromatic spices; keep from putrefaction by antiseptics. embank (-bangk'), v.t. to inclose with a bank; protect by a bank. embankment ('ment), n. a bank of earth, stones, &c, for protection or defense. embargo (-bar'go), n. [pi. embar- goes Cgoz)], an order by authority prohibiting the departure of vessels from a port. embark (-bark'), v.t to put on board ship; venture or invest: v.i. to go on board a vessel; engage in any affairs. embarrass (-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; perplex; involve in pecuniary diffi- culties; distress. embarrassment (-ment), n. confu- sion of mind; pecuniary difficulties. embassy ('ba-si), n. [pi. embassies (-iz) 1, the public function, mission, or official residence of an ambassa- dor; a legation. embattled (-bat'ld), p. adj. furnished with battlements; drawn up in battle array. embed (-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as in, a bed; set in surrounding matter. embellish (-bel'ish), v.t. to make beautiful; set off by ornamentation. ember ('ber), n. a small live coal or unextinguished smoldering ashes. embezzle ( -bez'l), v.t. to appropriate fraudulently, as property entrusted to one's care. embitter (-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- ter, or more bitter; exasperate. Also imbitter. emblazon (-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- rate; celebrate the praises of. emblazonry (-ri), n. [pi. emblazon- ries (-riz) ], heraldic decoration. emblem ('blem), n. a symbolical fig- ure or design; a visible sign of an idea. emblemata (-ble'ma-ta), n.pl. de- tachable figures with which the ancients ornamented gold, silver, or other metallic vessels. emblematic (-blem-at'ik) , adj. per- taining to an emblem; symbolical. Also emblematical. emblematically (-al-li), adv. in an emblematical manner. emblements ('ble-ments), n.pl. an- nual crops produced by the labor of the cultivator. embodier (-bod'i-er), n. one who em- bodies. embodiment ('i-ment), n. the act of embodying, or uniting in a whole. embody (-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- bodied, p.pr. embodying], to collect into one mass or united whole; invest with, or as with, a material body: v.i. to coalesce. embolden (em-bold'en) , v.t. to en- courage. embolism ('bo-lizm), n. an intercala- tion; the insertion of days, months, or years into the calendar to pro- duce regularity of time; the presence of obstructing clots in the blood vessels. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon; book; hue, hut; think, then. EMBOLUS 321 EMERSION embolus ('bo-lus), n. [pi. emboli (-11) ], something inserted and acting in another thing, as a piston rod. embonpoint (ang-bong-pwang'), n. plumpness of figure, especially of the bust. embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold in the bosom; inclose in the midst; shelter. emboss (-bos'), v.t. to cover with bosses or studs; raise in relief from the surface. embossing _ ('ing), n. the art of pro- ducing raised or projecting figures or designs in relief on surfaces. embouchure (ang-boo-shur'), n. the mouth of a river, a cannon, &c; the mouthpiece of a musical wind instrument. embowel (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emboweled, p.pr. < emboweling], to remove the intestines from; disem- bowel. embower (-bou'er), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a bower: v.i. to rest, as in a bower; form a bower. embrace (-bras'), v.t. to take in close, or press to the bosom with affection^ hug; cling to; receive with willingness; in law, to attempt to influence by threats or bribes: v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act of embracing; a clasping in the arms; a hug. embracery (-bra'ser-i), n. the act of attempting to corrupt or influence a jury. embrasure ('zhur), n. an opening in a wall or parapet from which to fire guns; a window or door having its sides slanted on the inside. embrocate ('bro-kat), v.t. to mois- ten and rub, as a diseased or injured part, with a lotion. embrocation (-ka'shun), n. a lini- ment for applying to, or rubbing, an injured part of the body. embroider (-broid'er), v.t. to deco- rate with^ needlework; embelhsh with additions. embroidery (-i), n. pi. embroider- ies (-iz) ], ornamental work of gold, silver, silk, &c, executed with the needle; embellishment. embroil (-broil'), v.t. to throw into confusion; involve in contention; mix up; entangle. embryo ('bri-o), n. [pi. embryos (-oz) ], the first germ or rudiment of an organism; the first or unde- veloped state of anything. embryogeny (-oj'e-ni), n. the devel- opment of the embryo in the ovule. embryologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one who studies, or is skilled in, embryology. embryology ('o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of the de- velopment of embryos. embryonic (-on'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, an embryo; rudi- mentary. embryoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. per- taining to the formation and devel- opment of an embryo. embryoscope ('bri-o-skop) , n. an in- strument for the observation of the development of embryos. embryotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the ex- traction of an embryo or foetus by cutting. emendation (e-men-da'shun), n. the alteration or correction of a text, so as to give an improved reading. emendator (-ter), n. one who cor- rects or improves the text of a work. emerald (em'e-rald), n. a precious stone of a rich, deep green color; a variety of beryl; a size of type: adj. of a color like the emerald. emeraldine (-din), n. a dye of a dark green color. emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or come forth, from anything which conceals; become apparent. emergency (-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. emergencies (-siz) ], a sudden occa- sion; pressing necessity; strait; cri- sis: adj. pertaining to, or used in, an emergency. emeritus (-mer'i-tus), adj. retired from service with honor: said of a university or college professor. emersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EMERY 322 EMPORIUM emerging; the reappearance of a heavenly body aftei an eclipse. emery (em'er-i > ), n. a very hard va- riety of corundum; used when pow- dered for grinding or polishing. emetic (e-met'ik), adj. _ inducing vom- iting: n. a medicine possessing emetic properties. emetically > (-al-li), adv. so as to cause vomiting. emeute (a-muf), n. a seditious or revolutionary outbreak; riot emigrant (em'i-grant), n. one who quits his own country to settle in another: adj. moving from one coun- try to another; pertaining to or used by, emigrants. _ emigrate ('i-grat), v.i. to leave one's country to settle in another. eminence (em'i-nens), n. that which is lofty; elevation; height; exalted rank, station, celebrity, or repute; a title given to cardinals. eminent (-nent), adj. high in office, rank, or reputation; distinguished; exalted; conspicuous. emir (e-mer'), n. a prince: a title of dignity given to a Mohammedan prince or chieftain. Also ameer, amir. emissary (em'i-sa-ri) , n. [pi. emis- saries (-riz) ], a person, or agent, sent on a mission, especially of a secret nature. emission (e-mish'un), n. the act of sending out; that which is issued at the time, as bank notes. emissive (-mis'iv), adj. sending out. emit (-mit'),v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emitted, p.vr. emitting], to send or give forth; issue, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as bank notes. emmensite (em'men-zlt), v. an ex- plosive compound for projectiles. emmet ('et), n. an ant. emollient (e-mol'yent), adj. softening: n. a medicine that has a softening effect on living tissues. emolliotype ('i-o-tip), n. a picture taken on opal glass by the collodio- chloride process. emolument ('u-ment), n. profit; re- muneration; income; pecuniary gain emotion (-mo'shun), n. mental agita- tion; excited feeling; passion. emotional (-HI), adj. pertaining to ; or characterized by, emotion. emotionality (-al'i-ti), n. the quality of being emotional. emotive (-mo'tiv), adj. producing emotion. empale. Same as impale. emperor (em'per-er), n. the sover- eign or supreme ruler of an empire. emphasis ('fa-sis), n. a particular stress of the voice on a word or words in reading or speaking; spe- cial force of language or thought. emphasize ('fa-slz), v.t. to pronounce with emphasis; bring out clearly and distinctly. _ emphatic (-fat'ik), adj. uttered with emphasis; forcibly significant; im- pressive; earnest. Also emphatical. emphatically (-al-li), adv. in an emphatic manner. empire Cpir), n. supreme power or dominion; imperial rule or sover- eignty; the region ruled over by an emperor or sovereign; sway; con- trol. empiric (-pir'ik), adj. pertaining to, founded upon, or derived from, ex- perience. Also empirical. empirically (-al-li), adv. in an em- pirical manner. empiricism ('i-sizm), n. observation, or practical experience apart from scientific knowledge; the practice of medicine without the usual medical training or qualification; quackery. employ (-ploi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- cupation to; keep busy; exercise; make use of; apply or devote to an object: n. occupation. employee (-e'), n. one who works for another [French employe (-a) ]. employment ('ment), n, business; occupation. emporium (-po'ri-ura), n. a commer- cial center or place of trade; a large shop. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EMPOWER 323 ENCHANTMENT empower (-pou'er), v.t. to authorize; enable. empress Cpres), n. a woman invested with sovereign sway over an empire; the consort or widow of an emperor. empressemsnt (an-pres-mang'), n. an animated and vivacious deport- ment; a cordial manifestation of interest. empresario (-pres-a'ri-o), n. a con- tractor who introduces foreign set- tlers to Mexico by arrangement with the government. emptiness (emp'ti-nes), n. the state of being empty; want of knowledge or sense. empty ('ti), adj. [comp. emptier, superl. emptiest], containing noth- ing; vague; unsatisfactory; desti- tute of force, knowledge or sense; fasting, vacant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emptied, p.pr. emptying], to deprive of the contents; pour out; dis- charge; make vacant: v.i. to become empty; discharge itself: n.pl. (emp- ties) an empty vessel, packing case, or sack. emptying (-ing), n. the act of mak- ing empty: pi. the lees of beer or cider, used as yeast (pronounced emptins). empyrean (em-pir'e-an), adj. per- taining to the highest and purest re- gion of heaven, or the region of pure fire; ethereal. Also empyreal. emu - (e'mu), 1 n. a large Australian ostrich-like bird. emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to equal or excel; vie with; rival. emulator (-la-ter), n. a rival; com- petitor. emulgent (e-mul'jent), adj. draining out: applied to the arteries and veins: n. an emulgent vessel; a med- icine that promotes a flow of bile. emulous (em'u-lus), adj. desirous to excel; rivaling; competitive. emulsion (e-mul'shun) , n. any liquid preparation resembling milk; a sub- stance suspended in gelatine or col- lodion, used in the preparation of dry photographic plates. enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; furnish with adequate means or power; empower. enact (-akt'), v.t. to decree; pass into law; act the part of. enacting clause (klawz), n. the in- troductory clause of a bill or act, usually commencing "Be it enact- ed/' enactment ('ment), n. the act of enacting; a statute; the passing of" a bill into law. enactor ('ter), n. one who enacts. enamel (-am 'el), n. an opaque, semi- transparent, or colored substance, or glass, used in coating the surface of metals or porcelain, and afterwards, fired; anything ^ enameled; any smooth hard coating, especially the dense white substance of the teeth: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. enameled, p.pr. en- ameling], to lay on, cover, or deco- rate with enamel. enamor (-am'er), v.t. to captivate. encamp (-kamp'), v.i. to form a. camp; halt on the march; go into camp or settle in temporary quar- ters : v.t. to form into a camp. encampment ('ment), n. a tem- porary resting place for an army or company of travelers. encase (en-kas'), n. «to inclose in a. covering. encaustic (-kaws'tik), adj. pertaining; to the art of painting in burnt wax. encaustic-tile (-til), n. a variegated paving-tile inlaid on ground of an- other color. enceinte (ang-sangf), n. the line of works which forms the main in- closure of a fortress or place; a close or precinct: adj. with child; pregnant. enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast with, or as with, a chain. enchant (-chant), v.t. to charm or subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- witch ; fill with delight. enchantment ('ment), n. the use or practice of magic, sorcery, charms, &c; the state of being enchanted;, rapture. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, ENCIRCLE 324 ENDOGENOUS encircle (-serTd), v.t. to form, or in- close, in a circle; enclasp; embrace.^ enclitic (en-klit'ik), adj. relating in Greek and Latin grammar to par- ticles that have their accent sub- merged in another word. encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), adj. bestowing praise; eulogistic. encomium ('mi-um), n. [pi. encomi- ums (-umz) ], formal praise; eulogy. encompass (-kum'pas), v.t. to sur- round. encore (ang-kor'), adv. once more; again: n. a repetition in response to a call by an audience: v.t. to call for a repetition of (any particular part of a performance). encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come upon suddenly; meetface to face: v.i. to come into collision; meet in combat: n. a sudden or accidental meeting; conflict; battle. encourage m (-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or inspire with, courage; stimulate. encouragement (-ment), n. the act of encouraging; that which gives courage or incites to action or per- severance. encrinite Ckri-nit), n. a stone-lily. encroach (-kroch'), v.i. to invade gradually or by stealth; infringe; intrude (usually with on or upon). encroachment ('ment), n. intrusion. encumber (-kum'ber), v.t. to im- pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load with debt or other legal liabilities. encumbrance Cbrans), n. that which encumbers; a lien or liability attached to real property. encyclical (-sik'lik-al), adj. sent to all members of a class or commu- nity; intended for general circula- tion. Also encyclic: n. a circular letter sent by the Pope to the bish- ops, treating of topics of general ec- clesiastical interest. encyclopaedia or encyclopedia (-si- klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle of the arts and sciences; a dictionaiy >/ the arts, sciences, and literature; a comprehensive summary of knowl- edge; a cyclopaedia. encyclopaedic (-pe'dik), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, an ency- clopaedia. Also encyclopedic. encyclopaedist (-pe'dist), n. a com- piler of an encyclopaedia; one whose studies embrace all knowledge. Also encyclopedist. encyst (-sisf), v.t. & v.i. to inclose, or become inclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. end (end), n. the extreme limit or terminal point of anything; purpose in view; design; necessary termina- tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t. to bring to an end; finish; ter- minate; destroy : v.i. to come to an end; die. endanger (en-dan'jer), v.t. expose to, or bring into, danger; hazard. endear (-deV), v.t. to make dear or beloved; attach to one's self. endearment ('ment), n. affection. endeavor (-dev'er), v.i. to strive for the attainment of some object; at- tempt: n. an effort or attempt; physical or intellectual exertion to- ward the attainment of some object. endemic (-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to a nation, people, or locality: ap- plied to a disease. ending (end'ing), n. result; end. endive (en'div), n. an herb whose leaves are blanched and used for salads. endless (endles), adj. without end; endless chain: n. a belt or rope whose ends are joined; a plan of writing letters whereby the number increases indefinitely. endo and endon, a prefix used in many scientific _ words, meaning within, denoting internal growth, as entoderm, endoplasm. endocarp (en'do-karp), n. the inner coat or shell of a fruit. endogen ('do-jen), n. an endogenous plant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. espied, p.pr. espying], to see at a distance; discover (something intended to be hid); see unexpectedly. Esquimau, same as Eskimo. esquire (-kwir'), n. originally the ar- mor-bearer or attendant on a knight; a title next below a knight; & title applied to professional men, justices of the peace, and often used instead of Mr. in the address of a letter. essay ('sa), n. a short written com- position or treatise; an attempt; experiment: v.t. (es-sa/), [p.t. & p.p. essayed, p.pr. essaying], to try or attempt. essence (/ens), n. the concentrated preparation of any substance; vola- tile matter; perfume; that in which the real character of a thing con- sists. essential (-sen'shal), adj. _ necessary to the existence of a thing; most important; indispensable; pure; volatile; highly rectified. essentiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being essential. essentially (-li), adv. in the highest degree. establish (-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- ly; settle; prove legally; strengthen; restore. establishment (-ment), n. the act of establishing; ratification; settle- ment; a place of residence or busi- ness; household; income; a form of religion connected with the state. estate (-tat'), n. condition of life; rank, position, or quality; the title or interest one has in lands or tene- ments; property in general: pi. or- ders or classes of men in a country; a legislative assembly composed of these classes. esteem (-tern'), v.t. to set a high value upon; respect; prize; con- sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- tion; respect; reverence. esthetics, same as aesthetics. estimable ('ti-ma-bl), adj. worthy of regard, esteem, or honor; calculable. estimate ('ti-mat), v.t. to compute; determine the value of: n. the com- puted cost or value of anything; appraisement. estimation (-ma/shun), n. calcula- tion; appraisement; honor, respect, or esteem; conjecture. estop (-top')> v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- topped, p.pr. estopping], to place under estoppel; bar. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ESTOPPEL 335 ETYMON estoppel ('el), n. a legal impediment. estovers (-to'verz), n.pl. alimony; wood taken for his own use by a tenant. estrade (-trad'), n. a level place; a slightly raised platform. estrange (-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; keep at a, distance; turn from kind- ness to indifference or enmity (with from). estrapade (-tra-pad'), n. the effort of a horse in trying to throw his rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. estrich ('trich), n. a trade name for fine ostrich down. estuarial (-tu-a'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in, an estuary. Also estuarine. estuary ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. estuaries (-riz) ], the mouth of a tidal river. et caetera (et set'er-a), and others of the same kind; and so forth. Also et cetera. etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by biting out with an acid the design previous- ly drawn with an etching needle : v.i. to practice etching. eternal (e-ter'nal), adj. without be- ginning or end; everlasting; per- petual; incessant. Eternal, n. an appellation of God (with the). eternally (-li), adv. perpetually. eternity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. eternities (-tiz) ], infinite duration; unending existence. etesian (e-te'zhi-an), adj. noting the north or northeast wind which in early spring prevails over Europe. ether (e'ther), n. an extremely fine fluid, fighter than air, supposed to pervade all space beyond the atmos- phere of the earth; a volatile in- flammable liquid produced by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. ethereal (-the're-al), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, ether; airy; ex- quisite; heavenly. ethereally (-li), adv. in an ethereal manner. ether ol (e'ther-ol), n. a yellowish, viscid, oily hydrocarbon. ethical (eth'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ethics; moral. Also ethic. ethics ('iks), n.pl. the science that treats of the principles of human morality and duty; moral philoso- phy; morals. Ethiopian (-thi-o'pi-an), adj. per- taining to Ethiopia: n. a native of Ethiopia. ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, spongy, sieve-like bone, which forms the roof of the nose. ethnic ('nik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, races or peoples. Also ethnical. ethnography (-nog'ra-fi), n. the sci- entific description of races and na- tions of mankind. ethology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of ethics. ethos (e'thos), n. the characteristic genius of a people, institution, or system. ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic fatty hydrocarbon radical, contained in alcohol and ether. ethylene (-en), n. heavy carburetted hydrogen, or olefiant gas. etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to blanch or whiten by exclusion from sun- light. etiquette (et'i-ket), n. the conven- tional rules or ceremonial observed in polite society ; _ good breeding. etymological (et-i-mo-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to etymology. _ etymologically (-li), adv. in an ety- mological manner. etymologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one who is proficient in etymology. Also etymologer. etymologize (-mol'o-jiz), v.i. to in- vestigate the origin and primary meaning of words. etymology ('o-ji), n. [pi. etymolo- gies (-jiz) ], that branch of philolo- gy which treats of the origin and derivation of words; that part of grammar which treats of the parts of speech and their inflections. etymon ('i-mon), n. the root of a word or its primitive signification. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EUCALYPTOL 336 EVANGELICAL eucalyptol (U-ka-lip'tol), n. a liquid contained in eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptus ('tus), n. [pi. Eucalypti ('ti) ], a genus of Australian ever- green trees, some species of which furnish gum and a valuable medi- cine. eucalyptus, n. a tree of the genus above denned. Eucharist _ (u'ka-rist), n. the Holy Communion; the sacrament of the ^Lord's Supper; the elements, bread and wine, used in that sacrament. eucharistic (-ris'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the eucharist; expressing thanksgiving. Also eucharistical. euchlorine (-klo'rin), n. a greenish explosive gas, having bleaching properties. euchre ('ker), n. a particular game of cards, those between seven and ace being discarded: v.t. to prevent (an opponent at euchre) from tak- ing three of the five tricks: hence to outwit. eudiometer (-di-om'e-ter), n. a grad- uated instrument for measuring the volume of a gas % eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science relating to the betterment of the human race by improving conditions as to conception, gestation and birth. eulogist (-jist), n. one who eulogizes. eulogistic ('ik), adj. laudatory. eulogize ('lo-jlz), v.t. to praise high- ly; commend. eulogy (-ji), n. [pi. eulogies (-jiz) ], the praise of anyone spoken or writ- ten; panegyric. eunuch ('nuk), n. a castrated per- son, especially an attendant in a harem. euphemism ('fem-izm), n. the sub- stitution of a delicate or pleasing expression in place of that which is offensive or indelicate. euphemistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, euphemism. euphonic (-fon'ik), adj. sounding pleasantly to the ear. Also euphoni- cal, euphonious. euphonium (-fo'ni-um), n. a bass brass instrument; a musical instru- ment consisting of glass tubes unit- ed by metal bars. euphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. euphonies (-niz) ], an agreeable sound, or pro- nunciation. euphuism ('fu-izm), n. the pedantic or affected use of words or language. Eurasian (u-ra/zhan), adj. pertaining to a person whose parentage is partly European and partly Asiatic. eureka (u-re'ka), _ n. originally a Greek word meaning "I have found it." eurhythmies (u-rith'miks), n. physi- cal expression of music; rhythmic training of the body in response to musical values. European (-ro-pe'an), adj. pertain- ing to Europe. eustachian _ (-staTd-an), adj. noting a tube which leads from the cavity of the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. eutectic (-tek'tik), adj. melting at a low temperature. euthanasia (-than-a/zhi-a), n. a painless, easy death. Also euthanasy. euthenics (u-then'iks), n. the study of environmental conditions that tend to improve the race; comple- mentary to eugenics. evacuate (e-vak'ti-at), v.t. to make void or empty; discharge through the excretory passages; abandon possession, or withdraw from. evade (-vad'), v.t. to elude; escape by artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. evadible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing evaded. Also evadable. # evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. dis- appearing gradually from sight; vanishing. evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, especially that of the Gospel. < evangelical ('ik-al), adj. pertaining to the Gospel, or the four Gospels; maintaining the fundamental doc- trines of the Protestant faith ^spir- itually minded. Also evangelic: n. one who holds evangelical doctrines. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EVANGELICALLY 337 EVILLY evangelically (-li), adv. in an evan- eventide ('vn-tid), n. evening. gelical manner. eventual (-ven'tu-al), adj. happening evangelism ('jel-izm), n. the doctrine as a result; ultimate; contingent, and preaching of evangelical princi- eventuality ('-ti), n. [pi. eventual- pies. Also evangelicalism. ities (-tiz) ], a possible occurrence; evangelist (-ist), n. one of the four a propensity to take cognizance of writers of the Gospel; an itinerant events or facts, preacher. eventually (-li), adv. ultimately. evangelize ('jel-iz), v.t. to instruct in eventuate ('tii-at), v.i. to happen; the Gospel; convert to Christianity. terminate result. evaporate (-vap'o-rat), v.i. to dis- ever (ev'er) adv at any time; al- perse in vapor; pass away without ways without end ; in any degree, effect: v.t. to convert into vapor. everglade (-glad), n. a- low, swampy evaporation (-ra'shun), n. the slow tract of land, with patches of tall conversion of a fluid into vapor. evasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of evergreen (-gren), n. a tree or plant evading; an excuse; equivocation; which retains its foliage throughout subterfuge. the year: adj. always green, or evasive (-va/siv), adj. tending, or fresh. seeking to evade; elusive. everlasting (-lasting), adj. perpet- evasively (-li), adv. with evasion. ual: n. eternity; a plant whose flow- Eve (ev), n. the first woman of Crea- ers retain their color when dried; a tion. kind of stout woolen material. eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before Everlasting, n. God, the Eternal, a church festival, or saint's day; evermore (~mor), adv. eternally; al- the period immediately preceding ways. some important event; evening evert (e-vert'), v.t. to destroy; over- [poet.]. throw; turn outwards. evection (-vek'shun), n. a periodical every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the irregularity of the moon's motion. whole, taken one at a time; each. even (e'vn), adj. level; uniform; evict (e-vikt'), v.t. to expel or dis- smooth; parallel; divisible by 2 possess by legal process, without a remainder; equal; bal- eviction (-vik'shun), n. the act of anced; calm; whole: n. evening evicting. [poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable v.t. to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to noting emphasis; but also. prove; make evident or plain. evening ('vn-ing), n. the close of the evident (-dent), adj. plain; obvious, day and beginning of the night; the evidential (-den'shalj, adj. proving latter end of life. clearly. evenly (-li), adv. in an even man- evidentially (-li), adv. as evidence, ner; smoothly; uniformly; impar- evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; tially. sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; evenness (-nes), n. smoothness; uni- disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; formity; regularity; equality of sur- unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- face; equanimity. jury; affliction. event (-vent'), n. an occurrence; in- evil-eye (-1), n. an influence for in- cident; consequence of an action; jury, supposed to be exerted by cer- any single item in a program of tain persons who cast a malignant sports or games. glance at anyone. eventful ('fool), adj. full of inci- evilly (-li), adv. maliciously; wick- dents or events; momentous. edly. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. Die. 22 ; > J J EVINCE £38 EXCELLENT evince (e-vins'), v.t. to manifest or examine (-am'in), v.t. to scrutinize make evident; demonstrate. or investigate^ carefully; search or evincible (-vin'si-bl), adj. capable inquire into; interrogate as a wit- of proof or demonstration. ness; test orally or by papers the eviscerate (-vis'er-at), v.t. to dis- knowledge, qualifications, &c, of, as embowel. a candidate for a degree or office; evoke (-vok'), v.t. to call forth. experiment^ analyze; test. evolution (ev-o-lu'shun), n. devel- examinee (-i-ne'), n. one who is ex- opment or growth; the movements amined. of troops in marching or on the bat- example (-am'pl), n. a pattern; a tlefield; the extraction of roots of model or copy; an illustration of a any arithmetical 01 algebraical pow- rule or precept; sample; specimen; er; the gradual development or de- one punished for the admonition of scent of forms of life from simple others. or low organized types consisting of exasperate (egz-as'per-at), v.t. to a single cell. irritate exceedingly; enrage great- evolutional (-al), adj. pertaining to, ly; embitter; intensify: adj. cov- er resulting from, evolution. Also ered with hard, stiff points: said of evolutionary. a plant. evolutionist (-ist), adj. pertaining ex cathedra (eks ka-the'dra), adv. to evolution: n. one who maintains with an air of official authority; the doctrine of evolution; tactician. dogmatically. evolutive (-tiv), adj. evolutionary. excavate (eks'ka-vat), v.t. to dig or evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- hollow out; scoop or cut out. fold; expand; work out. excavation (-va/shun), n. a hollow ewe (ii), n. a female sheep. cavity formed by cutting or digging ewer ('er), n. a large water jug, used out earth; an open earth-cutting. in the toilet. excavator (-va-ter), n. one who, or ex, prefix, meaning out of, beyond, that which, excavates; a digging from; before words denoting occu- machine. pation or office, it indicates previous exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the occupancy. limit or measure of; surpass; excel; exact (egz-akt ; ), adj. very correct or transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- accurate; precise; methodical; strict; yond bounds. particular: v.t. require or claim exceeding ('ing), p.adj. very great. authoritatively; compel to be paid; exceedingly (-li), adv. extremely. insist upon as a right. excel (-sel'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, exacting ('ing), p.adj. making un- p.pr. excelling], to possess good reasonable demands; oppressive; qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- severe; arduous. pass; outdo in comparison; to be exaction (-ak'shun), n. the act of superior to. exacting; extortion. excellence (-ens), n. the state of ex- exactly (']i),adv. accurately; precisely. celling in anything; superior merit, exactness ('nes), n. accuracy; pre- goodness, or virtue. cision. Excellency (-en-si), n. [pi. excellen- exactor ('er), n. one who exacts. cies (-siz) ], a title of honor of vari- exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- ous high officials, as an ambassador, large or heighten by overstatement; governor, &c. color highly. excellent (-ent) adj. of great value, exalt (-awlf), v.t. to elevate in rank, merit, or virtue; nighly useful or station, or dignity; raise on high; desirable; eminently distinguished glorify or extol. for goodness, or ability. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXCELSIOR 339 EXCOGITATE excelsior ('si-er), adj. yet higher: n. long wood shavings used chiefly for packing or stuffing. except (-sept'), v.t. to omit or leave out; exclude: v.i. to object (with to): prep, omitting; without inclu- sion of; besides: conj. unless. exception ('shun), n. _ the state of being excepted; omission; exclu- sion; objection; offense taken (with to) ; a formal objection to a decision of a court during trial. exceptionable (-a-bl), adj. objec- tionable. exceptional (-al), adj. unusual. exceptionally (-li), adv. unusually. excerpt (-serpf), v.t. to take out or select from, as a book; quote: n. a selection or extract from a book or writing. excess (-ses'), n. that which exceeds the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- perience; overplus; superfluity; in- temperance. excessive ('iv), adj. extreme; un- reasonable. exchange (eks-chanj'), v.t. to give in return for an equivalent; barter, give, resign, or abandon: n. the act of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; the act of resigning one thing for another; a place where merchants meet (often 'change). exchange-broker (-bro'ker), n. a broker who negotiates foreign bills. exchangeable ('a-bl), adj. that may be exchanged; ratable. exchanger ('er), n. a money-changer. exchequer (-chek'er), n. a treasury; cash or funds; formerly an English court of law, now merged into the Queen's Bench division of the High Court of Justice. excisable (ek-siz'a-bl), adj. dutiable. excise (-siz'), v.t. to levy an excise duty upon: n. an inland tax levied on commodities of home production and consumption. excision (-sizh'un), n. the act of cut- ting out, or off; the state of being cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- tion. excitability (-sit-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. excitabilities (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being excitable or easily stirred up ; sensitiveness to irritation. excitant (-sl'tant), n. a stimulant. excitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of exciting; the excitement produced. excite (-sit'), v.t. to animate; rouse up; encourage; put into motion or action. excited ('ed), p. adj. aroused; pro- voked. exciting ('ing), p. adj. tending to ex- cite; stirring; livery. excitement ('ment), n. the state of being excited; commotion; sensation; stimulation; warmth of temper. exci to-motor (ek-sl-to-mo'ter), adj. pertaining to that which induces nutrition by reflex action. exclaim (eks-klam'), v.i. & v.t. to cry out abruptly and passionately; to vociferate. exclamation (-kla-ma/shun) , n. an abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- pression of surprise, pain, &c; a mark (!) in writing or printing to denote emotion, surprise, _ &c. exclamatorily (-li), adv. in an ex- clamatory manner. exclamatory (-klam'a-to-ri), adj. containing, expressing, or using, ex- clamation. exclave ('klav), n. a small part of a country lying within the territory of another power. exclude (-klud'), v.t. to shut out; hinder from entrance or admission; prohibit; debar; except. exclusion (-klu'zhun), n. the act of excluding; the state of being ex- cluded; omission. exclusionist (-ist), n. one who would debar another from any privilege or right. exclusive ('siv), adj. tending to ex- clude; illiberal; shutting out from limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- cludes all but a few from his society or fellowship. excogitate (-koj'i-tat), v.t. to invent; discover by thinking. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXCOMMUNICABLE 340 EXEGETIC excommunicable (-kom-mu'ni-ka- bl), adj. deserving, or punishable by, excommunication. excommunicate ('ni-kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off from the membership and communication of the church. excoriate (-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off the skin; rub or gall; abrade. excortication (-kor-ti-ka'shun) , n. the act of stripping off bark. excrement ('kre-ment), n. matter discharged from the body of an animal after digestion. excremental (-men'tal), adj. of the nature of excrement. excrementitious (tish'us), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, excre- ment. excrescence (-kres'ens), n. an un- natural or disfiguring outgrowth. excrescent Cent), adj. pertaining to an excrescence; superfluous. excreta (-kre'ta), n.pl. useless mat- ter eliminated from the body. excretion ('shun), n. the throwing off or ejection of waste matter from the body. excretory ('to-ri), adj. pertaining to excretion: n. [pi. excretories (-riz) ], a duct or vessel that transmits ex- creted matter. excruciate (-kru'shi-at), v.t. to in- flict severe pains upon; torture. excruciating (-a-ting), ad/.agonizing. excruciation (-a/shun), n. agony; torture. exculpate (-kul'pat) ,v.t.to clear from the imputation of a fault; exonerate. exculpatory ('pa-to-ri), adj. vindi- catory. excurrent (-kur'ent), adj. running out beyond the edge: said of trees or leaves. excursion (-ker'shun), n. a pleasure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- gression. excursive ('siv), adj. rambling. excursus ('sus), n. a dissertation supplemental to a work, giving ad- ditional information on certain points; a digression. excusable (-kuz'a-bl) ,adv.pardonable. excusably (-bli), adv. pardonably. excuse (-ktiz'), v.t. to extenuate by apology; pardon; free from obliga- tion or duty; remit; justify: n. (-kus'), a plea offered in extenua- tion of some fault or neglect of duty; apology; pretext. exeat ('e-at), n. leave of absence from a college; permission granted by a bishop to a priest to depart from his diocese. execrate ('e-krat), v.t. to imprecate evil upon; detest; abhor. execration (-kra'shun), n. the act of execrating: imprecation; detesta- tion. execute ('e-kiit), v.t. to perform; carry into effect; put to death; pur- sue to the end; make valid or legal by signing or sealing: v.i. to per- form any act or office; play some piece of music. execution (-ku'shun), n. the act of executing; performance; manner of carrying anything into effect; com- pletion; a legal warrant or order; the act of giving validity to a legal instrument; capital punishment; destruction; effective work or oper- ation. executive (egs-ek'u-tiv), adj. per- taining to the governing body; ad- ministrative; active: n. an official, or body, charged with carrying the laws into effect; the administrative branch of a government. executor ('ti-ter), n. a person ap- pointed by a testator to see that the terms of his will are duly carried out. Fern, executrix. executory ('u-to-ri), adj. pertaining to the execution of laws; carrying out official duties: to be performed at a future period. exegesis (eks-e-je'sis), n. explana- tion or interpretation of a text or passage, especially of the Bible. exegetic (-jet'ik), adj. expository; interpretative. Also exeeetical: n. pi. the science which deals with the interpretation of Scripture. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nSrth, not: b65n, book; hue, hut; think, Jften. EXEMPLAR 341 EXOGEN exemplar (egz-em'plar), n. some- thing to be copied, or serving as a model; example. exemplary (-em'pla-ri), adj. serving as a copy or model; commendable. exemplification (-pli-fi-ka/shun), n. illustration by example. exemplify ('pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], to illustrate by example; transcribe. exempt (-empf), v.t. to free from some duty or obligation; grant im- munity to: adj. free from some duty or obligation (with from): n. a person thus set free; an exon. exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter), n. a written recognition of a consul or commercial agent given by the for- eign government m to which he is accredited, authorizing him to exer- cise his authority in the place where he is stationed. exercise ('er-siz), v.t. to train by use; exert; practice; employ ac- tively; make anxious; harass: v.i. to undergo training: n. bodily exer- tion; mental or physical develop- ment; labor; practice: a lesson or example for practice. exercitor (egz-er'si-ter), n. the person to whom the profits of a ship belong. exergue (-erg'), n. the small space beneath the principal design on a coin or medal for the insertion of a date, &c. exert (-erf), v.t. to put forth; use with an effort. exeunt (eks'e-unt), they go out: a word used in plays to denote that the actors retire from the stage. exfoliation \ (-fo-li-a/shun), n. the act of scaling or peeling off. exhalation (eks-ha-la'shun), n. the act of exhaling; emanation. exhale (-haT), v.t. to breathe forth; emit or send out; cause to evapo-' rate; v.i. to rise in vapor. exhaust (egz-awst'), v.t. to empty by drawing off the contents; drain; weaken; wear out by exertion; dis- cuss or treat thoroughly: adj. whol- ly or partially deprived of strength. exhaustible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being exhausted. exhaustive ('iv), adj. exhausting; complete. exhibit (egz-ib'it and eks-hib'it), v.t. to present to view; display; show; manifest publicly; present formally or officially; administer: n. a legal document presented in proof of facts; an object offered for public view. exhibition < (-hi-bish/un), n. the act of exhibiting ; a public show; a pri- vate benefaction for the support of a scholar at a university. exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-hil'- a-rat), v.t, to make joyous, glad, or cheerful; enliven. exhort _ (egz-ort and eks-hort'), v.U to incite by appeal or argument to good deeds; caution; admonish. exhortative ('a-tiv), adj. containing exhortation. exhort at ory ('a-to-ri), adj. tending to exhort. exhume (eks-hum'), v.t. to disinter. exigency (eks'i-j en-si), n. [pi. exi- gencies (-siz) ], pressing necessity or demand; urgency. exigent ('i-jent), adj. urgent; pressing. exile (ex'Il), v.t. to banish from one's native country: n. the state of being banished from one's native country; the condition of living away from one's home or friends. exist (egz-isf), v.i. to have existence; live. existence ('ens), n. the state of being; life; duration; occurrence. existent ('tent), n. having being. exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; egress; the departure of an actor from the stage. exo, a prejix, meaning on the outside, occurring in many scientific words. exode (eks'od), n. an interlude, &c, at the conclusion of a play. ex officio (of-fish'i-o), by virtue of office. exogen ('o-jen), n. a plant which increases year by year by the addi- tion of layers outside the previous bark: opposed to endogen. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXOGENOUS 342 EXPERIENTIALISM exogenous (-oj'en-us), adj. pertain- ing to exogens or their method of growth. exonerate (egz-on'er-at), v.t. to free from the imputation of a fault; acquit; justify; relieve or dis- charge from a responsibility, duty, &c. exonerative (-a-tiv), adj. tending to exonerate. exophthalmia (eks-of-thal'mia), n. abnormal prominence of the eyeball. exorbitance (egz'6r-bi-tans), n. go- ing beyond due limits; excess. Also exorbitancy. exorbitant (-tant), adj. excessive. exorcise (eks'or-slz), v.t. to expel (an evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- tions; pronounce exorcisms over. exorcism (-sizm), n. the act of ex- pelling evil spirits. exorcist (-sist), n. one who exor- cises; one of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. exordium (egz-or'di-um), n. the opening part of a speech or compo- sition. exosmose (eks'os-mos), n. the pas- sage outwards through a membrane of gases and liquids. exoteric (-o-ter'ik), adj. pertaining to the uninitiated public: opposed to esoteric. exotic (-ot'ik), adj. foreign. expand (-pand'), v.t. to distend; di- late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. expanse (-pans'), n. a continuous area; the firmament; extent. expansible (-pan'si-bl), adj. capable of, or permitting, expansion. expansion (-pan'shun), n. the state of being expanded. expansive ('siv), adj. capable of being expanded; widely extended; large. Also expansile. ex parte (par'te), adj. one-sided. expatiate (-pa/shi-at), v.i. to en- large in statement or language; be copious in discussion. expatriate (-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive from one's native country. expect (-pekf), v.t. to wait for; look for with an apprehension of something good or evil. expectance ('&ns), n. the act or state of expecting. Also expectancy. expectant ('ant), adj. waiting in ex- pectation; presumptive. expectation (-ta'shun), n. the act of looking forward to; anticipation; contingent prospect of wealth. expectorant ('to-rant), n. a medi- cine that promotes expectoration. expectorate ('to-rat), v.t. to eject from the lungs by coughing, &c. ; spit. expectoration (-to-ra'shun), n. the act of expectorating; the mucous matter expectorated. expediency (-pe'di-en-si), n. [pi. ex- pediencies (-siz) ], suitability to an end or purpose; fitness; propriety. Also expedience. expedient ('di-ent), adj. fit; con- venient; suitable; proper: n. that which aids as a means to an end; device. expedite ('pe-dit), v.t. to hasten; facilitate. expedition (-dish'un), n. haste; des- patch; promptness; a march, voy- age, &c, by an army or several per- sons for some particular purpose. expeditionary (-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or constituting, an expedition. expeditious ('us), adj. quick; speedy. expel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. expelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive away; force out; send away by authority; exclude. expend (-pend'), v.t. to lay out; spend. expenditure ('i-tur), n. a laying out, as money, time, labor, &c. ; disburse- ment. expense (-pens'), n. expenditure; drain on resources; detriment; cost. expensive ('iv), adj. causing expense. experience (-pe'ri-ens), n. knowledge gained by trial and practice; test; practice; spiritual exercise of mind. experientialism (-en'shal-izm), n. the theory that all knowledge is based upon experience. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXPERIMENT 343 EXPOSTULATORY experiment (-per'i-ment), n. a trial or operation to discover something or to verify something; proof; trial: v.i. to search out by trial. Also experi- mentalize. experimental (-al), adj. pertaining to, or founded on, experiment; guided, or learned by experience. experimentally (-li), adv. by ex- periment. expert (-pert'), adj. skilful, through practice or experience; adroit; dex- terous. expiate ('pi-at), v.t. to atone for. expiatory (-a-to-ri), adj. having the power or nature of atonement. expiration (-pi-ra/shun), n. termi- nation. expire (-pir'), v.t. to breathe out from the lungs: v.i. to die. expiry ('pi-ri), n. the end. explain (-plan'), v.t. to make in- telligible or clear; expound or in- terpret. explanation (-pla-na'shun), n. the act of explaining; elucidation; in- terpretation; a mutual clearing up of a misunderstanding. explanatory (-plan'a-to-ri), adj. serv- ing to explain. expletive Cple-tiv), n. a word not necessary for the sense inserted in a sentence for ornament or to fill up a verse: adj. filling up; added or inserted for emphasis, &c. explicable ('pli-ka-bl), adj. that may be explained or interpreted. explicative (-ka-tiv), adj. serving to explain. Also explicatory. explicit (-plis'it), adj. plain; definite. explode (-plod'), v.i. to burst forth with sudden noise and violence; col- lapse; v t. to cause to pass from a solid to a gaseous state; refute; demolish. exploit (-ploit), v.t. to make use of for one's own profit; put to use; explore in search of; explain at length: n. a remarkable deed or heroic act. exploitation (-ploi-ta'shun), n. the act of exploiting; the improvement of lands, working of mines, &c; an examination to utilize natural re- sources previously neglected; sel- fish utilization. exploration (-plo-ra/shun), n. the act of exploring; careful investiga- tion or search, especially geographi- cal research. explore (-plor'), v.t. to search into or examine thoroughly; travel in or over (a country) to discover its characteristic features, &c. explosion (-plo'zhun), n. the act of exploding; a sudden bursting with a loud report; a sudden and violent outbreak. explosive ('siv), adj. pertaining to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- stance that causes an explosion; a mute consonant. exponent (-po'nent), n. the index of an algebraical power; one who ex- plains or interprets the principles of something. exponential (-nen'shai), adj. per- taining to an exponent. export (-port'), v.t. to send or carry out of a country, as merchandise: v.i. to send goods to a foreign country: (eks'port), n. a commodity carried to a foreign country. expose (-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put forward for sale; leave to the ac- tion of any force or circumstance; disclose; place in peril; lay open to censure or ridicule. expose (-po-za/), n. an exposure. exposition (-zish'un), n. an expla- nation or interpretation; an exhi- bition. expositor (-poz'i-ter), n. one who ex- pounds or interprets. expository ('i-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or conveying exposition. Also expositive. ex post facto (post fak'to), (Latin, after the deed is done), a law en- acted with retroactive effect. expostulate (-pos'tu-lat), v.i. to reason earnestly or remonstrate (followed by with, on or upon). expostulatory ('tu-1 a-to-ri), adj. per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. EXPOSURE 344 EXTERMINATOR taining to, containing} or of the exquisite (Tnvi-zit), adj. refined; nature of, expostulation. delicate; nice; accurate choice; ex- exposure (-po'zhur), n. the act of cellent; highly finished; very sen- exposing; situation; aspect. sibly felt; extreme : n. a person expound (-pound'), v.t. to set forth, over refined in dress; a dandy, explain, or interpret; make clear. extant ('tant), adj. still existing. express (-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by extemporaneous (-tem-po-ra/ne-us), language; utter; show; represent; adj. unpremeditated; without pre- squeeze out; despatch by express: vious notes or study; off-hand. adj. plainly stated; exact; resem- Also extemporary, blrng precisely; not implied; special- extempore ('po-re), adj. without ly prepared; pertaining to quick or study or premeditation, direct conveyance: n. a person or extemporize (po-riz), v.t. to corn- vehicle that carries letters or small pose on the spur of the moment: v.i. packages expeditiously; an express- to discourse, &c, without notes or train; a message or despatch; a previous study, regular and systematic method of extend (-tend 7 ), v.t. to stretch out; conveyance for passengers, mails, enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; goods of small bulk, &c. communicate; disseminate; v.i. to expressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of reach to any distance; be prolonged, being expressed, in any sense of the extensible (-ten'si-bl), adj. capable word. of extension. Also extensile. expression (-presh'un), n. the act extension ('shun), n. the act of ex- or power of representing anything; tending; the state _ of being ex- a saying; mode of speech; transient tended; a branch line of railway, change of the countenance; modu- &c; space regarded as having di- lation of the voice. mensions. expressive ( A iv), adj. serving to ex- extensive ('siv), adj. having great press; full of significance; forcibly. extent; wide; comprehensive. expressively (-li), adv. in an ex- extensively (-li), adv. widely; largely. pressive manner. _ extensometer (-som'e-ter), n. a mi- expressly (-pres'li), adv. plainly; crometer for measuring the expan- specially. sion of a body. expressman ('man), n. the person extensor (-ten'ser), n. a muscle that who takes charge of express matter extends, or straightens, a limb, and attends to its delivery; the extent (-tent'), n. the space or de- driverofan express wagon. gree to which a thing is extended; expropriation (-pro-pri-a'shun), n. size; compass; reach; a writ of the exclusion of a small owner from execution, the ownership of land, &c. extenuate (-ten'u-at), v.t. to offer expulsion (-pul'shun), n. forcible excuses for; palhate; mitigate. ejection. _ extenuator (-a-ter), n. one who ex- expulsive (-siv), adj. serving to expel. tenuates. expunge (-punj'), v.t. to blot out; extenuatory (-to-ri), adj. palliative, erase; destroy; obliterate. exterior (-te'ri-er), adj. outward; expurgate Cper-gat), v.t. to remove external: n. that which is outside; whatever is offensive to good taste outer surface. or morality from: said of books. exterminate (-ter'mi-nat). v.t. to expur gator (-ga-ter), n. one who - destroy utterly; annihilate; root expurgates. out. expurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. serving exterminator (-na-ter), ft. one who, to expurgate. or that which, exterminates. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXTERMINATORY 345 EXTRAVAGANCE exterminatory (-to-ri), adj. per- taining to extermination; serving to exterminate. extern (-tern'), n. a non-resident scholar: adj. external; visible. external (-ter'nal), adj. outside; ex- terior; superficial; objective; for- eign: n. an exterior or outward part; an outward form, rite, or ceremony. externally (-li), adv. outwardly. ^ exterritoriality (-ter-ri-to-ri-al'i-ti) , n. the right possessed by am- bassadors to live under the laws of their own country. extinct (-tingkf), adj. extinguished; put out; quenched; worn out; in- active. extincteur ('tur or -tang-ttir'), n. a portable fire-extinguisher. extinguish (-ting'gwish), v.t. to put out; pay off and satisfy in full; eclipse. extinguisher (-er), n. one who, or that which, extinguishes; a hollow cone for extinguishing a light. extirpate ('ter-pat), v.t. to eradi- cate; destroy^ exterminate. extirpative (-tiv), adj. capable of, or tending to, extirpate. Also ex- tirpatory. extirpator (-ter), n. one who, or that which, extirpates. extol (tol'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. extolled, p.pr. extolling], to praise highly; magnify; laud ; celebrate. extorsive (-t6r'siv), adj. tending to extort. extort (-tort'), v.t. to obtain by threats, violence, or injustice: v.i. to practice extortion. extortion (-tor'shun), n. the act or practice of extorting; oppressive or unjust exaction. extortionate ('shun-at), adj. char- acterized by extortion; unjust. extortionately (-li), adv. in an ex- tortionate manner. extortioner ('shun-er), n. one who practices extortion. Also extortion- ist. extra, a prefix meaning over and above, beyond, besides, found in numerous words, the sense of which is self-evident, as ex^ra-ofricial, ex- tra-parochial, e:rira-judicial, extra- mural, &c. extra ('tra), adj. additional: n. something not included in the usual fee or charge; an edition of a newspaper issued in addition to the regular edition, or for some par- ticular object. extract (-trakf), v.t. to draw out of; pull out; select from a larger literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a sub- stance extracted by distillation, so- lution, &c; an abstract or excerpt from a book; quotation. extractible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being extracted. Also extractable. extraction (-trak'shun) , n. the act of extracting; lineage, birth, or de- scent. extractor ('ter), n. one who, or that which, extracts. extradite ('tra-dit), v.t. to surrender (a person) to another government under the terms of a treaty of ex- tradition. extraditable (-di'ta-bl), adj. liable or subject to, extradition. extradition (-dish'un), n. the sur- render by the government of one nation to another of a person guilty of a crime, in accordance with the terms of a treaty existing between the two nations. extrados ('dos), n. the exterior curve of an arch. extramural (eks-tra-mti'ral) , adj. out- side of the walls. extrane (eks-tran'), adj. foreign ;. not in accord with the hypnotized subject: n. one who is extreme. extraneity (eks-tra-ne'i-ti) , n. ex- ternality. extraneous ('ne-us), adj. external; foreign. extraordinary (-tror'di-na-ri, or -tra- 6r'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or out of the usual course; uncommon; un- usual; remarkable; rare; eminent; special. extravagance (-trav'a-gans) , ^.excess ate, arm, ask, at awl; me, merge, ,et; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. EXTRAVAGANT 346 EYRIE in anything, especially expenditure; profusion. extravagant ('a-gant), adj. exceeding reasonable limits; wasteful; prodi- gal; irregular; needlessly lavish in expenditure; visionary. extravaganza (-gan'za), n. a stage burlesque; an irregular piece of music; a wild flight of language or feeling. extravasate ('a-sat), v.t. to force out of a duct or vessel, as blood: v.i. to escape out of the proper vessel. extreme (-trem'), adj. of the highest degree; last; utmost; furthest; final; most severe or strict; uncompro- mising: n. the utmost degree of anything; extremity; excess; end: pi. points at the greatest distance from each other. extremely ('li), adv. exceedingly. extremist ('ist), n. a supporter of extreme views or practice. extremity (-trem'i-ti), n. [pi. ex- tremities (-tiz) ], the utmost point or degree; remotest part; utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; end: I. the limbs. extricate ('tri-kat), v.t. to free from difficulties, complications, or per- plexities; disembarrass. extricable ('tri-ka-bl), adj. capable of being extricated. extrinsic (-trin'sik), adj. external; not inherent or essential; foreign. extrinsically (-al-li), adv. outwardly. extroversion (-tro-ver'shun) , n. the turning of an inner part out- ward. extrude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust out. exuberance (-u'ber-ans) , n. super- abundance. exuberant (-ant), adj. copious. exude (-ud'), v.t. to discharge grad- ually through pores: v.i. to flow out slowly. exult (egz-ulf), v.i. to rejoice in tri- umph; be glad above measure. exultant ('ant), adj. rejoicing tri- umphantly. exuviae (eks-u'vi-e), n.pl. the cast-off skins, shells, &c, of animals; fossil remains of animals. eye (I), n. the organ of sight; the eyeball; sight; observation; view; a small perforation; bud; that which resembles an eye: v.t. (p.t. & p.p. eyed; p.pr. eyeing], to watch closely; keep in view; scrutinize. eyeball ('bawl), n. the globe of the eye. eyebright ('brit), n. the plant eu- phrasy, of the figwort family. eyebrow ('brou), n. the hairy arch above the eyes. eyelash ('lash), n. the ridge of hair that lines the eyelid. eyelet ('let), n. a small hole to re- ceive a lace or cord. eyelid ('lid), n. the movable skin which covers over and closes the eye. eye-minded (I-min'ded), n. having the tendency to acquire knowledge through the eye and to conduct mental processes in association with visual images. eye-opener (-op'en-er), n. anything that opens the eyes; something in- credible, as news; an early dram of spirits. eye-piece ('pes), n. the lens or lenses in an optical instrument through which the image of an ob- ject is magnified and viewed. eyesight ('sit), n. the sight of the eye; range of vision; view. eyesore ('sor), n. anything that of- fends the sight. eye-spot ('spot), n. a rudimentary visual organ; an eye-like marking. eye-tooth ('tooth), n. [pi. eye-teeth 'teth) J, one of the upper canine teeth in the human jaw. eyot (I'ot), n. a little island in a river or lake. Also ait. eyra ('ra), n. the wild cat of Texas. eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant judges. eyrie (e' or a'ri), n. the nest of a predatory bird. Also eyry. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; thing, ^en. F F, the sixth letter of the alphabet. fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol-fa musical notation = F. fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious nar- rative intended to convey some moral; an idle story or falsehood: v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak falsely or untruthfully. fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or building; a woven, felted, or knitted material. fabricate ('ri-kat), v.t. to construct; form by manufacture or art; invent falsely. fabricator (-ka-ter), n. one who fabricates. fabulist ('u-list), n. a writer of fa- bles; a liar. fabulize ('u-liz), v.i. to compose, write, or relate fables. fabulous ('ii-lus), adj. fictitious; mythical. facade (fa-sad 7 ), n. front elevation. face (fas), n. the countenance; dial of a clock, &c; front; visage; sur- face; appearance; outward aspect; confidence; personal influence; an expressive grimace; value, exclud- ing discount or interest: said of a note, &c. (face-value): v.t. [p.t. & p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet in front; oppose with boldness or confidence; stand opposite to ; cover with an additional surface: v.i. to turn the face. faced (fast), p. adj. having a face; dressed, as stone or tea; furnished with a covering of harder metal. face-hardening (fas'har'dn-ing), n. hardening the face of a metal by special treatment, as in the case of Harveyized steel. facer (fas'er), n. a blow in the face; a quick retort; an unexpected check. facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or face; one of the minute planes into which the surface of a diamond is cut: v.t. to cut or work a facet upon. facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), n.pl. witty say- ings; books characterized by coarse wit. facetious ('shus), adj. humorous; jocular. facial ('shal), adj. pertaining to the face. facial angle (ang'gl), n. the angle formed by the two lines drawn re- spectively from the nostrils to the ear, and from the nose to the fore- head: used in craniometrical calcu- lations. facially (-li), adv. as regards the face. facies ('shi-ez), n. the face; the gen- eral resemblance or aspect of any group of organisms or rocks. facile (fas'il), adj. yielding; pliant; affable. facile princeps (prin'seps), easily first. facilitate (fa-sil'i-tat), v.t. to make easy or less difficult; lessen the labor of. facility ('i-ti), n. [pi. facilities (-tiz)], freedom from difficulty; dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready compliance: pi. the means by which the per- formance of any act may be more easily accomplished. facing (fa'sing), n. a covering in front for ornamental or other pur- poses; a method of coloring tea, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, (347) FAC-SIMILE 348 FAIN &c: pi. military movements in drill faddy ('i), adj. given to fads. in turning to the right, left, &c; fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or di»- the collars, cuffs, &c, of different tinctness; languish; wither; droop; color to the coat on a military uni- die away. form. fading ('ing), n. decay; loss of color. fac-simile (fak-sim'i-le), n. an ex- faecal (fe'kal), adj. pertaining to ex- act reproduction, counterpart, or crement or sediment, likeness of an original. faeces ('sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; ment. reality; event; truth. faecula, same as fecula. faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, loyal opposition; dissension. p.pr. fagging], to work hard; grow factious ('shus), adj. given to, or weary; drudge for another: v.t. to characterized by, faction; turbulent. tire out or exhaust; to compel to factitious (-tish'us), adj. artificial; drudge for another: n. one who sham. drudges for another; a schoolboy factitive ('ti-tiv), adj. causative. who performs menial duties for an- f actor ('ter), n. an agent who trans- other in a higher class; fatigue or acts business for another; one of weariness; drudgery, two or more quantities (multiplier fag-end ('end), n. the latter or and multiplicand) which, multiplied meaner part of anything; the frayed together, give a product; any cir- end of a piece of cloth, rope, &c. cumstance, &c, which produces a fagot ('ot), n. a bundle of sticks result: v.t. to manage or act as a bound together; a bundle of fish laid factor for; resolve into mathemat- up for drying; a bundle of scrap- ical factors. or wrought-iron or steel to be factor (fak'tor), n. in heredity, the worked over; a kind of meat-cake of hypothetical element in the germ- pork: v.t. to form into fagots, plasm that transmits a character. fagoting (-ing), n. a method of factorage (-aj), n. a factor's com- ornamenting textile fabrics. mission. * Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hit), n. the name factory ('to-ri), n. [pi. factories of a thermometer-scale, having 32° (-riz) ], a manufactory; a trading as its freezing point, and 212° as settlement. the boiling point of water. factotum (-to'tum), n. a man of all faience (fa-yangs'), n. a variety of work. decorated majolica ware. faculae ('ii-le), n.pl. luminous spots fail (fal), v.i. to fall short; be den- on the sun's surface. cient; waste away; decline; turn facultative ('ul-ta-tiv), adj. ena- out badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to bling; permissive. be wanting, or insufficient for; for- f acuity ('ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties sake: n. failure; omission. (-tiz) ], any mental ^ or physical failing ('ing), n. a fault; weakness; power; mental capacity; skill ob- imperfection; the act of becoming tained by practice; ability; ease; bankrupt. readiness; the members collectively faille (fal, or fa'ye), n. a soft un- of any one of the learned profes- twilled silk used for dresses or bon- sions, especially the medical; the net trimmings, &c. masters and professors of a depart- failure (fal'iir), n. the act of f ail- ment in a university. ing; omission; neglect or non-per- fad (fad), n. a crotchet; a pet idea formance; want of success; lapse; or hobby; a passing fashion. the act of becoming bankrupt. faddist ('ist), n. one given to fads. fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FAINT 349 FALLEN faint (fant), v.i. to become feeble; lose consciousness; swoon; lose courage and hope: adj. feeble; lan- guid; depressed; spiritless; not bright or vivid in color; not loud or clear: n. a sudden loss of consciousness: pi. the impure spirit which distils over first and last in making whisky. fainting ('ing), n. a sudden and tem- porary loss of consciousness; syn- cope. fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; pleasing to the eye or mind; free from any dark hue; spotless; not cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; above mediocrity; of good reputa- tion^ reasonable; passably good; blowing direct; the female sex (with the); a market held at particular times: adv. distinctly; openly; hon- estly; on good terms ; legibly. fairly (li), adv. honorably; openly. fairness ('nes), n. the quality of being fair; beauty; equity; clear- ness; candor. fairy (far'i), n. [pi. fairies (-iz)], an imaginary being of graceful and diminutive human form, supposed to interfere in human affairs for good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; brownie: adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, fairies. fairy-land (-land), n. the supposed abode of fairies; an enchanting and pleasant abode. fairy ring (ring), n. a small circle of grass greener than the turf sur- rounding it, caused by an under- ground fungus. fait accompli (fat a-kang-ple'), something already done. faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the honesty and truth of another; the assent of the mind to Divine revela- tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; honesty; a system of doctrines or faithful ('fool), adj. full of faith; trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- al: n. Christians in full communion (with the). faithfully (-li), adv. in a faithful manner. fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover up imperfections of, or fabri- cate with the view to deception: steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; s cheat or dodge; canard; hoax; 8 swindler or trickster. fakement ('ment), n. fraud; decep tion. faker ('er), n. one who fakes; ; swindler; pickpocket. fakir (fa/ker), n. a Mohammedan as cetic or mendicant priest. falcate (fal'kat), adj. sickle-shaped Also falciform. falchion (fawl'shun), n. a short, slightly curved sword, with a broad blade. falcon Ckn or fawlai), n. a predatory bird with a hooked beak, trained f oj hunting. falconer (fawloi-er), n. «one whc trains or sports with falcons. falconry (faw'kn-ri), n. the art oi training hawks to pursue othet birds. faldstool (fawld'stool), n. a litany- stool, or -desk; the bishop's chaii near the altar. fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, p.pr. falling], to drop from a higher to a lower place; drop from an erect posture; descend; sink; flow into; perish; be degraded or disgraced; happen; apostatize or fat into sin; begin with ardor; become the prop- erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- tumn: n. the act of falling; distance through which anything falls, over- throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- fall; cataract; decrease in value; a veil; autumn. fallacious (fal-la'shus), adj. decep- tive. fallacy ('a-si), n. [pi. fallacies (-siz)], a deceptive or false appearance; mistake; an unsound method of reasoning; sophism. fallen (fawl'n), p. adj. sunk to a low- er state or condition; degraded; ruined; outcast; overthrown; dead. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FALLIBILITY 350 FANCIED fallibility (f al-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being fallible; liability to err. fallible ('i-bl), adj. liable to be de- ceived, mislead, err, or fail. falling (fawl'mg), p. adj. moving or hanging downwards; sinking; de- clining; decreasing in value or quan- tity: n. the act or process of falling; descent; downward displacement. _ fallopian (fal-o'pi-an), adj. pertaining to the ducts which convey the ova to the uterus. fallow ('o), v.t. to make or keep fal- low: adj. plowed but not sown for the season; untiRed;^ neglected; of a pale yellow or reddish-yellow col- or: n. land plowed but left un- seeded. fallow-deer (-der), n. a species of deer of yellowish-brown color, with branched and recurved horns. false (fawls), adj. untrue; dishonest; disloyal; perfidious; counterfeit; not well founded; unreliable; made for temporary use; not in harmony : adv. falsely. falsehood ('hood), n. an untruth; lie. false-keel (-kel), n. the timber below the main keel. falsetto (fawl-set'o), n. an artificial tone higher in key than the natural compass of the voice. falsify ('si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. falsi- fied, p.pr. falsifying], to make, or prove to be false; counterfeit; forge; v.i. to lie. falsity ('si-ti), n. [pi. falsities v -tiz) ], the quality of being false; an un- truth; false statement. Falstaffian (fawlstaf-i-an), aaj. re- sembling , t Falstaff : hence boasting; coarsely jovial, etc. falter ('ter), v.t. to utter in a weak, trembling manner (with out): v.i. to exhibit moral or physical hesi- tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- terance. fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; celebrity; renown. famed ('d), adj. renowned; cele- brated. familiar (fa-mil'yer), adj. well ac- quainted, or intimate, with; domes- tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; unceremonious; habituated by cus- tom: n. a spirit or demon supposed to attend at the call of a necroman- cer; a domestic of the papal house- hold. familiarity (-i-ar'i-ti), n. [pi. famil- iarities (-tiz) ], intimacy; ease of conversation; freedom from cere- mony or conventionality; a liberty or freedom. familiarize ('yer-iz), v.t. to make familiar; habituate. family (tam'i-li), n. [pi. families (-liz) ], a household; children as dis- tinguished from the parent; a body of persons descended from a common ancestor; tribe; race; genealogy; noble lineage; class; a group of ani- mals larger than a genus, but less than an order; an order [Bot.]. famine (fam'in), n. extreme dearth; great scarcity. famish ('ish), v.t. & v.i. to starve. famous (fa/mus), adj. renowned; conspicuous; noted. famously (-li), adv. in a famous manner; admirably. famulus ('u-lus), n. the familiar spirit of a magician; an assistant. fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fanned, p.pr. fanning], to cool with a fan; agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- tilate; winnow: n. a flat implement used to cool the face by agitating the air; an instrument for exciting a current of air; anything resembling a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- ment; an enthusiastic lover of the game of baseball. fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who isin- temperately zealous, or wildly ex- travagant, especially on religious subjects: adj. characterized by fa- naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. fanatically (-al-li), adv. in a fanatic manner. fanaticism ('i-sizm), n. extravagant or frenzied zeal; wild enthusiasm. fancied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. FANCIER 351 FARO fancier ('si-er), n. one who breeds or sells animals and birds; an ama- teur fanciful ('si-fool), adj. influenced by the fancy; unreal; whimsical; wild. fancifully (4i), adv. in a fanciful manner. fancy ('si), v.t. [p.t.& p.p. fancied, p.pr. fancying], to imagine; take liking to; be pleased with: v.i. to imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; elegant; imaginary; characterized by variety: n. creative imagination; idea; notion; liking; caprice; pet pursuit; sporting characters, as pugilists, &c. (with the). fandango (-dang'go), n. a lively Spanish dance; a lively ball. fane (fan), n. a temple; church. fanfare (fan 'far), n. a flourish of trumpets; noisy ostentatious parade. fanfaronade (-o-nad'), n. blustering talk or swagger: v.i. to make a noisy parade. fang (fang), n. the lower part of a tooth set in the socket; the poison- tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, talon, or pointed tooth. fanion (fan'yun), n. a, small banner. fantail ('tal), n. a variety of pigeon. fan tan ('tan), n. a Chinese gambling game. fantasia (-ta or ta/zhi-a), n. a mu- sical composition not restricted by the usual laws of form or time. fantastic (-tas'tik), adj. odd; whim- sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. Also fantastical. fantastically (-al-li), adv. in a fan- tastic manner. fantasy. See phantasy. far (far), adj. . [comp. farther, fur- ther, superl. farthest, furthest], re- mote; distant; extending widely or at length; contrary to design or pur- pose; alienated: adv. remotely; very much; to a certain point or degree; to a great distance; widely. farad (far'ad), n. a unit of electric capacity. farce (fars), n. a short comedy in which qualities and actions are much exaggerated; ridiculous or empty parade. farcical (far'si-kal), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a farce; ludicrous. farcically (-li), adv. in a farcical manner. farcy ('si), n. a disease of horses, closely allied to glanders. fardage ('daj), n. loose wood, &c. f stowed among the cargo to prevent it from moving, or to protect it from bilge water. fare (far), v.i. to be in any state, either good or ill; be entertained with food; live; succeed; result: n. the sum paid for a journey by rail, &c. ; a person conveyed for hire in a vehicle; provisions of a table ; enter- tainment; the quantity of fish taken by a smack. farewell ('wel), inter j. may you fare well or prosper; good-bye: adj. not- ing, or accompanying, a parting: n, an adieu. far-fetched ('fecht), adj. unnatural; forced. farina (fa-re' or fa-ri'na), n. starch; flour or meal obtained by grinding the seeds of cereals and leguminous plants. farinaceous (na'shus), adj. consisting of, or made from, farina; like meal. farinose (far'i-nos), adj. producing, or covered with, farina; mealy. farm m (farm), n. a portion of land, cultivated by one person, with the buildings, &c, appurtenant to it: v.t. to cultivate (land) at a fixed rental; lease or let: v.i.^ to carry on the operation of farming, farmer ('er), n. one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; one who collects revenues, taxes, &c, for a certain commission or rate. farming (/ing), adj. pertaining to, or engaged in, agriculture: n. the leas- ing out, or collection of taxes, rev- enues, &c, for a certain commission or rate per cent. faro (fa' or fa'ro), n. a game of chance, played with cards: so called ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. FARNESS 352 FAT from the picture of Pharaoh, which formerly was printed on one of the cards. farness (far'nes), ft. distance; re- moteness. farrago (far-ra'g5), n. a medley; hotch-potch. farrier C'i-er), n. one who shoes horses; a veterinary surgeon. < farriery (-i), ft. the occupation of shoeing horses; veterinary surgery. farrow ('o), v.t. to give birth to: said of pigs: n. a litter of pigs: adj. noting a cow not calving in a given season. farther (farmer), adj., corny, of jar; more distant or remote; addi- tional: adv. more remotely: conj. moreover. farthing ('thing), ft. l-4th of an English penny. farthingale (-gal), ft. a kind of hoop- skirt formed of circles of whalebone, worn by women of the 16th and 17th centuries. Also farthingdale. fasces (fas'ez), n.pl. a bundle of rods containing an axe, carried by the hctors before the magistrates of an- cient Rome as a symbol of authority. fascia (fash'i-a), n. [pi. fasciae (-e) ], a filet or belt; a broad volute; a jutting brick course beyond the windows; a ligature; the board over the top of the window of a shop, on which the owner's name, &c, are in- scribed. fasciculate (f as-ik'u-lat) , adj. formed of, or growing in, bundles. Also fas- ciculated. fascicle ('i-kl), n. a small collection, group, or bundle; a serial division of a book. fascinate ('i-nat), v.t. _ to influence the mind or will of as if by enchant- ment; bewitch; captivate: v.i. to exercise a bewitching or captivating power. fascination (-na'shun), n. the act of fascinating; the state of being fas- cinated; any invisible influence that overpowers the mind or will; be- witchment; charm. fascine (-en'), n. a cylindrical bundle of sticks or fagots bound together, used for fortifying ditches, building earthwork, &c. Fascist i, n. Italian reform party. fashion ('un), n. the shape or form of anything; conventional custom or usage, especially in dress; compli- ance with the rules of good society. fashionable (-a-blj, adj. according to the prevailing mode; made in ac- cordance with the fashion of the day; observant of the rules of polite society and its usages; well-bred. fashion-plate (fash'un-plat), n. a drawing _ representing the current fashions in dress. fast (fast), v.i. to abstain from food, either from necessity, or as a reli- gious obligation: n. abstinence from food; religious mortification by ab- stinence. fast (fast), adj. quick; speedy in mo- tion; expeditious; in advance of the standard: said of a timepiece; firm; immovable; close; faithful; dissi- pated; gay: adv. rapidly; firmly. fast-day (-da), ft. a day set apart by civil or ecclesiastical authority for religious fasting. fasten (fas'n), v.t. to fix securely; make fast; bolt or bar: v.i. to seize or take hold: generally with on. fast-fur (fast'-fur), adj. having refer- ence to the young of the harp-seal at a time when its fur is soft and woolly. fastening (-ing), ft. the act of mak- ing fast; a bolt or clasp. fastidious (-tid'i-us), adj. squeamish; overnice. fasting (fast'ing), ft. abstinence from food, especially as a religious ob- servance. fastland (land), ft. upland. fastness ('nes), ft. the state or qual- ity of being fast; a fortress or nat- ural stronghold. fat (fat), adj. [comp. fatter, superl. fattest], corpulent; fleshy; adipose; greasy; unusually extended: said of ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FATAL 353 FAUNA type; broad; sluggish; stupid; dull; lucrative; fertile; affluent: n. a solid, oily, yellow or white substance forming part of the tissue of ani- mals; the best or richest of any- thing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fatted, p.pr. fattingj, to fatten; cause to gain flesh: v.i. to become fat. fatal (fa'tal), adj. causing death or destruction; mortal; fateful. fatalism (-izm), n. the doctrine that all things happen by irresistible ne- cessity overruling all things. fatalist (-ist), n. a believer in the doctrine of fatalism. fatalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to fatalism. fatality ('i-ti), n. [pi. fatalities (-tiz) ], predetermined order or series of events; destiny; a calamity; fatal occurrence. fatally ('tal-i), adv. in a fatal manner. fata morgana (fa/ta\ mor-ga'na), n. a name for the mirage sometimes seen near the straits of Messina. fate (fat), n. destiny; inevitable ne- cessity; death or destruction; pre- destined lot: pi. the three classic goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who presided over the des- tinies of mankind. fated (fa/ted), p. adj. decreed by fate; destined. fateful (fat'fool), adj. possessing fatal power; determining destiny; fatal. father (fa'tfier), n. a male parent or ancestor; one who stands in the re- lation of a father; an originator or founder; the official title of a con- fessor of the Roman Catholic Church, the superior of a convent, and of an ancient Roman senator; the senior member of any class, pro- fession, or body; an^ ecclesiastical writer of the Early Christian Church : v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter: to ascribe to anyone as his offspring or production : with on. Father, n. the Creator, God. fatherhood (-hood), n. paternity. fatherland (-land), n. one's native country. fatherly (4i), adj. pertaining to a father; kind, affectionate, as a fa- ther: adv. like a father. fathom (fa^A'um), n. a measure of length = 6 ft.: v.t. to reach; ascer- tain che depth of. ■ fatigue (fa-teg'), n. weariness; toil; bodily or mental exhaustion: v.t. to weary with bodily or mental exer- tion; tire; harass. fatigue-duty (du'ti), n. labor a sol- dier *s employed in distinct from the practice of arms. ratling ('ling), n. a young animal fattened for slaughter. fatness ('nes), n. the quality or state of being fat; corpulency; fertility. fatten ('n,, v.t. to make fat, plump, or stout; feed for the table; make fertile or abundant. fatty (T), adj. consisting, or having the qualities of, fat; greasy; oily. fatuity (fa-tii'i-ti), n. weakness of intellect; obstinate folly. fatuous ('xl-us), adj. weak in intel- lect; silly; obstinately foolish; illu- sory. faubourg (fo'boorg), n. a suburb. fauces (faw'sez), n.pl. the upper part of the throat and entrance to the gullet. faucet ('set), n. a short pipe with a valve, used for drawing out liquor. faugh (faw), inter j. an exclamation expressive of disgust or abhorrence. fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime or offense; blemish^ defect; omission; the loss of scent in hunting: said of a hound; fracture of strata; an ac- cidental leak in an electric circuit; an improper service in lawn-tennis. faultfinder ('flnd-er), n. one given to finding fault; a mechanical de- vice for _ discovering faults in an electric circuit. m faulty ('i), adj. imperfect; erroneous. faun (fawn), n. a classic woodland deity, resembling the satyrs in ap- pearance. fauna (faw'na), n. [pl. m faunae ('ne) faunas ('naz)j, the animals charac- teristic of any particular region, or geological period. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die 23 FAUTEUIL 354 FEBRILE fauteuil (fo-tal' or -tul'), n. an up- fearful ('fool), adj. affected with fear; holstered arm chair; membership in timorous; apprehensive; inspiring the French Academy; the seat of a fear, president, &c. fearfully (-li), adv. in fear; so as faux pas (fo pa/), n. an error or slip, to cause fear. especially in respect of good man- fearless ('les), adj. intrepid. ners or morality. fearlessness (-nes), n. intrepidity. Favonian (fa-vo'ni-an), adj. pertain- fearsome (fer'sum), adj. fearful; ing to Favonius, the west wind: terrible, hence auspicious. ■ feasibility (-bil'i-ti), n. practicability. favor (fa/ver), n. kindness; support; feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable, patronage; good will; facility; par- feasibly ('zi-bli), adv. practicably, tiality; bias; a love token; a bunch feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, of ribbons worn on some special oc- especially in commemoration of some casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with event, &c; a festival, especially of favor; befriend; facilitate; resemble the Church; anything affording in features; spare. pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. to favorable (-IL-bl), adj. propitious; entertain sumptuously; delight: v.i. advantageous; friendly; partial. to feed sumptuously; enjoy one's self. favored ('verd), adj. featured. feat (fet), n. a notable achievement, favorite (-it), n. one who, or that deed, or performance. which, is particularly esteemed; one feather (feth'er), n. part of the ex- regarded with undue preference; a terior covering of a bird; a plume; person or animal considered to have something resembling a feather; the the best chance of winning in a con- water thrown up by the turn of the test: adj. preferred; esteemed. # blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. favoritism (-izm), n. the disposition to ornament _ with feathers; cover or tendency to favor one person or with, or as with, feathers; turn the class in preference to others possess- blade oi (an oar) horizontally when ing equal claims; partiality. leaving the water: v.i. to become fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & covered with, or something resem- v.t. to court servilely (with on or bling, feathers. upon); to exhibit affection by leap- feather-brained (-brand), adj. giddy, ing upon, cringing, or licking the feather-edged (-ejd), adj. thin at hand of a person : said of a dog. the edges. fawning ('ing), n. gross, or servile, feather-weight (-wat), n. in a flattery. < handicap, the least weight than can fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit be put on a racehorse. (two pieces of wood) flush together: feathery (-i), adj. covered with, or v i. to fit closely: adj. fated; dead resembling, feathers; very light. [Scotch]. feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the faze (faz), _ v.t. to worry; annoy; face; lineament; principal part frighten; disturb; produce an effect outline; characteristic; appearance, on. featured ('turd), adj. having a par- fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a ticular cast of face. vassal or tenant to his feudal su- feaze (fez), v.t. to disturb; discon- perior; loyalty. cert; frighten. fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a medicine danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; that lessens or dispels fever, reverence: v.t. to regard with appre- febrile (feb' or fe'bril), adj. pertaining hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; to, accompanied by, or indicating feel anxiety. fever. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FECAL 355 FEELER fecal, same as faecal. feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in feces, same as faeces. physical strength or mental vigor; feckless (fek'-less), adj. trifling; shift- infirm: v.t. to weaken. less. feed (fed), v.t. to give food to* r nour- fecula (fek'u-la), n. farina; starch; ish; graze or pasture; supply with chlorophyll. necessaries; furnish with materials, feculence ('lens), n. the quality of as a machine: v.i. to eat; subsist being feculent; dregs. Also fecu- (with on or upon); n. a certain lency. quantity of food given to animals at feculent (lent), adj. containing, or onetime; fodder; pasture; a ban- full of, dregs or sediment; turbid; quet. muddy. feed-board (fed'bord), n. a table to fecund (fek' or fe-kund'), adj. fruit- hold the pile of paper fed into a ful; prolific. printing or folding machine. fecundate (f ek'un-dat) , v.t. to make feeder-bar (fe'der-bar) n. a bar to fruitful or prolific; fertilize; im- control the supply of cotton to a pregnate. cotton machine. fecundity ('di-ti), n. fruitfulness; feed-gage (fed'gaj), n. a guide to in- prolificness; fertility of invention; sure accuracy in printing or folding germination. sheets of paper. fed, p.t. & p.p. of feed. f^ed-gate (f ed'gat), n. the gate regu- federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining lating supply of material to a ma- to, constituting, or founded upon, a chine, or flow of water to a water= league or treaty; consisting in a wheel. union or compact between the states, feeder ('er), n. one who, or that especially of the United States or which, feeds; one who fattens cat- Switzerland; confederated: n. a sup- tie; that which nourishes or supplies porter of federalism. the needs of, or increases the im- Federal, adj supporting the cause of portance or value of; a branch canal the Union in the American civil war or railway; an electric wire supply- (1861-'65): n. one who favored the ing a current to a main conductor. Union cause in that war. feeding ('ing), the act of eating; federalism ^ (-izm), n. the doctrine of pasture. federal union, and the support of the feed-pipe (-pip), n. a pipe which central government of the United supplies water to the boiler of a States. steam-engine. federalize (-Iz), v .t. to bring together feed-pump (-pump), n. a force-pump in a political federacy: v.i. to which supplies water to the boiler unite under a federal form of gov- of a steam-engine, ernment. Also federate. feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the federate (-at), adj. united by com- touch; be conscious of; understand; pact. test; be influenced or moved by; ex- federation (-a/shun), n. a league; perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- federal government. ine by touching or handling; v.i. federative (-tiv), adj. forming a seem to the touch; have the pas- league or confederacy; federal. sions moved: n. the sense of feeling; fee (fe), n. a compensation or pay- touch; sensation. ment for service rendered, especially feeler ('er), n. one who, or that professional service; a gratuity; an which feels; that part of an inverte- heritable or inherited estate; land brate animal which serves as an or- held from a superior; feud: v.t. to gan of touch, as the antennae of in- pay or give a fee to. sects, &c. ; something put forth as a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FEELING 356 FEME COVERTE means of gaining information not directly obtainable. feeling ('ing), p. adj. easily affected; sympathetic; of great sensibility; perceptible by touch: n. sense of touch; physical or mental sensation; perception; tenderness. fee-simple (-sim'pl), n. an estate in land or tenement, held by a person in his own right, without restrictions. feet, pi. of foot. fee-tail (fe'tai), n. an estate entailed to a person and his heirs. feign (fan), v.t. to pretend; invent. feigned (fand), adj. pretended; coun- terfeited. feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock at- tack. feldspar (f eld 'spar), n. a name for various crystalline minerals occur- ring in igneous rocks, composed principally of silicate of aluminia. Also felspar. felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat), v.t. to con- gratulate. felicitous ('i-tus), adj. characterized by, or causing, happiness; appropri- ate. felicitously (-li), adv. happily; suit- ably. felicity ('i-ti), n. [pi. felicities (-tiz) ], a condition of supreme happiness; blissfulness; prosperity; appro- priateness; a neat or well-chosen expression. feline ('lin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- erous. fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock down; cause to fall; turn down (a seam):_ adj. cruel; savage; barbar- ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin of an animal; a hem laid level with the material; a rocky or barren hill; small pieces of ore. fellah ('a), n. [pi. fellahs ('az), fel- laheen (-hen') ], in Egypt and Syria, a peasant or laboring man. felloe, same as felly. fellow ('5), n. a companion or asso- ciate; one of the same kind; com- peer; one of a pair; an individual; one held in slight esteem; a member of an incorporated society; a gradu- ate member of a college who holds a fellowship; the trustee of a college; adj. associated or joined with (used in composition.) fellowship (-ship), n. association; communion; intimacy; society; joint interest or feeling; a college endow- ment for the support of a fellow: one of the rules of arithmetic. felly ('i), n. [pi. fellies ('iz) ], one of the curved pieces of wood which form the rim of a wheel; the rim. Also felloe. felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se), n. a suicide. felon (fel'un), n. one guilty of fel- ony; a whitlow: adj. malignant; traitorous. felonious (fe-lo'ni-us), adj. done with the intention of committing crime; malignant. felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies (-niz) ], a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in a state prison. felsite (sit), n. a variety of feldspar. felspar ('spar), n. same as feldspar. felt, p.t. of feel. felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric com- posed of wool or wool and hair, compacted together by pressure Or heat. felting ('ing), n. the material of which felt is made, or the process of manufacturing it. felucca (fe-luk'a), n. a small sailing- vessel propelled by lateen sails and oars, used in the Mediterranean. female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex which conceives and produces young ; the plant or flower which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the male flower: adj. pertaining to that sex which produces young; feminine; womanly; having pistils but destitute of stamens; noting, in mechanics, something, as a hol- low, into which another part fits. feme coverte (fem or fam kuv'ert), n. a married woman. Also femme coverte. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FEME SOLE 357 FERNERY feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried fender-skid (fen'der-skid), n. a skid woman. Also f emme sole. used by lumber men to hold the logs feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining on a trail, when skidded or slid on a to, or characteristic of, women; deli- hillside. cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in fenks (fenks), n. whale-blubber ref- manly characteristics; effeminate: use: used as a manure. n. a woman. . fennec ('ek), n. small African fox. femininity (-i-ti), ft. the state or fennel (fen'el), ft. an aromatic bien- quality of being feminine; woman- nial herb of the parsley family, with kind. yellow flowers. feminism (f em 'in-izm), ft. a condition fenny ('i), adj. full of fens; marshy, ascribed to men apparently lacking fent (fent), ft. a slit in a garment in the chief masculine traits. for convenience in putting it on; femme de chambre (fam'de shang / - placket; remnant. br), ft. a lady's-maid; chambermaid, ferae naturae (-na-tti're), in law, femoral (fem'o-ral), adj. pertaining wild animals as distinguished from to the thigh. those domesticated. femur (fe'mer), ft. the thigh-bone. feral (fe'ral), adj. wild; undomesti- fen (fen), ft. low, flat, marsh land, cated. covered with sedges, &c; a kind of ferial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to mold or moss causing disease in hops. week days, especially those which are fence (fens), v.i. to practice fencing; not festivals or fasts; pertaining to deposit stolen property with a con- holidays. federate: v.t. guard or protect; de- fer-de-lance (fer-de-lans'), n. a poi- fend; to inclose or surround with a sonous crotaloid snake inhabiting fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; certain of the West Indies and the defense; guard; a boundary^ con- South # American countries. Its sisting of posts, wire, &c; inclos- name is derived from the shape of ure; skill in debate; a receiver of its head like a lance, stolen goods. ferment (fer'ment), ft. a microscopic fencible (fen'si-bl), adj. capable of de- fungus which produces fermenta- fense, or being defended : ft. a soldier tion; internal commotion; tumult: enlisted for home service. v.t. (fer-ment'), to produce fermen- fencing ('ing)', ft. the art of skilfully tation in; excite: v.i. to be in a state using a foil or sword for attack or of fermentation; effervesce; be ex- defense; materials used for con- cited. structing a fence; a collection of fermentation (-men-ta'shun), n. the fences ; guard ; skilful debate. chemical decomposition which takes fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect place in an organic substance ex- with a fender. posed to the air, due to the action fender ('er), ft. a cushion of rope, or of microscopic organisms, or to un- piece of wood hung over the side of organized ferments; excitement, a vessel to prevent injury by con- fermentative (-men'ta-tiv), adj. tact with a landing-stage, &c; a causing, or characteristic of , fermen- metal guard in front of a fireplace tation. to prevent the hot coal falling upon fern (fern), ft. a cryptogamous or the floor; a device affixed to the flowerless plant with broad and front of a street car to prevent in- feathery fronds or leaves, on the jury to pedestrians. under surface of which the repro- fender-rail (fen'der-ral), ft. a rail ductive seeds are situated. # to protect street cars against injury fernery ('er-i), n. [pi. ferneries (-iz)], from the wheels of other vehicles. a place where ferns are cultivated. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FERNY 358 FESTIVAL ferny ('!), adj. fern-like, or abound- ing in ferns, ferocious (£e-ro'shus), adj. savage; fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. ferocity (-ros'i-ti), n. \pl. ferocities (-tiz) ], savageness or cruelty of disposition; inhuman cruelty. ferrate (fer'at), n. a salt of ferric acid. ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- riety of polecat, employed to hunt rats and rabbits frorn their holes; a kind d£ binding; an iron rod used for making the rings at the mouths of bottles, or trying melted^ glass: v.t to search minutely or discover by cunning methods (with out). ferreter ('er), n. one who ferrets ferretto (-ret'to), n. a preparation of copper with sulohuric acid: used in coloring glass. ferriage ('i-aj), n. money paid for conveyance by ferry. ferric ('ilO, odj. pertaining to, con- taining, or extracted from, iron. ferric acid (as'id), n. an acid com- posed of 3 atoms of oxygen and 1 of iron. ferric oxiide (oks'id), n. red oxide of iron; haematite. ferro (fer'ro) ; a prefix denoting the presence of iron in a substance. ferro-bronze (fer'ro-bronz), n. an alloy composed of iron, copper and zinc. ferro-chrome (fer'ro-kr5m), n. an alloy of iron and chromium used in steel manufacture. ferro-cyanic (-sl-an'ik), adj. per- taining to an acid formed by the union of iron and cyanogen. ferro-manganese (-mang'ga-nez), n. an alloy of iron and manganese, used in the Bessemer process of manufacturing steel. ferrotype (-tip), n. a photograph taken upon a sensitized iron plate. ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, iron, ferrous oxide (oks'id), n. monoxide of iron. ferruginous (-rii'3i-nus), ado. con- taining, or impregnated with, iron; rust-colored. ferrule ('ril) ; n. a metal ring placed at the end of a stick, &c, to strength- en it. ferry ('i), n, [pi. ferries ('iz) ], a passage across a river, &c; a ferry- boat; the place where a ferry-boat lands its passengers; v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- vey across a river, &c, in a boat: v.i. go across water in a boat. fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- dantly; fruitful; reproductive; rich in resources or invention. fertilization (-i-za/shun), n. the act or process of making fertile; im- pregnation.^ fertilize ('til-iz), v.t. to make fer- tile; render fruitful; impregnate. fertilizer (-er), n. any material used as a manure for the land. fertilizing-pouch (fer'ti-li-zing- pouch), n. the sperm-receptical of the queen bee. fertility ('i-ti), n. the state or quali- ty of bemg^ fertile; abundance; fe- cundity; richness of resources or invention. ferule ('til), n. a rod or flat stick used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- tise with a ferule. _ fervency (fer'ven-si), n. earnestness; ardor. fervent ('vent), adj. zealous; earnest; vehement; very hot. fervently ('li), adv. with fervor. fervid (Vid), adj. burning; ardent; fiery; intense; eager; m vehement. fervor ('ver), n. intensity of feeling; zeal; warmth. festal ('tal), adj. pertaining to a feast; joyous; festive; hilarious. festally (4i), adv. festively. fester ('ter), v.t. to cause to fester or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; suppurate; rankle; become putrid; rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore; act of festering or rankling. festival ('ti-val), n. a joyful cele- bration in commemoration of some event, religious or civil; an enter- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north; not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FESTIVE 359 FEUILLETON tainment on behali of some charity at which cruit, &c , is sold % festive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to a feast; gay; joyous; merry. festively f-li), adv. in a festive man- ner festivity (-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. festivi- ties (-tiz) j, social gaiety at an en- tertainment" or i east; merrymaking; j oyf ulness; a festival. festoon (-toon'), n. a wreath or gar- land suspended at the extremities and hanging in a curve; an archi- tectural ornament of such form: v.U to decorate with, or form into, fes- toons, fetal, sameasfcetaL fetch (fech), v.t. to go after and bring; obtain as its price; call for and ac- company; heave, as a sigh; fascin- ate: v.i. to move and turn; reach or get : n. an artifice or trick ; the deep long breath, as of a person dying; a wraith; the appearance at night of a light resembling a candle, supposed to portend death (fetch-light). fete (fat), n. a festival or holiday: v.t. to entertain, or honor, with fes- tivities. fete champetre (shang-pa'tr), n. a rural or open-air festivals fete day (da), n, a birthday celebra- tion, especially the day of the saint whose name one bears [French]. feticide, same as foeticide. fetid (fe'tid, or iet'id), adj. giving forth an offensive smell; stinking. fetish (fe'tish, or tet'ish), n. any material object, as a stone, weapon, feather, &c, supposed by the ne- groes of Western Africa to be the abode ot a spirit, and to give to its possessor power over such a deity: hence any object of unreasoning de- votion; image or idol. Also fetich. fetishism (-izm), n. the worship of, or belief in, fetishes; unreasoning or superstitious devotion. Also fet- ichism. fetish-man (-man), n. a medicine- man. fetlock (lok), n. a tuft of hair be- hind a horse's pastern joint; the pastern joint. fetlocked (lokt), adj. having fet- locks; secured or fastened by the fetlocks. fetter ('er), n. a chain or shackle for the feet (usually vl.); a restraint; hindrance: v.t. to place fetters upon; chain; bind; hinder; restrain. fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work with activity; clean up: v.t. to put in order, cover or line; fasten* n. good condition or repair* fuss. fetus, same as foetus, feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarre! between clans or families; blood- feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. feud (fud), n. & fief, or land held from a lord on condition of render- ing him feudal service. Also feod. feudal ('al), adj. pertaining to a feud or quarrel; pertaining to, or founded upon, a feud or fief. feudalize ('al-Iz), v.t. to conform to feudalism. feudalist (-ist) , n. one skilled in feudal law. Also feudist; an upholder of feudalism. feudality (-al'i-ti), n. the state of being feudal; feudal principles or constitution. feudally (-li), adv. in accordance with the principles of f eudalism. feudal system (sis'tem), n. the po- litico-social system formerly preva- lent in Europe during the Middle Ages of holding lands on condition of military service. Feudalism. feudatory (-da-to-ri), n. [pi. feuda- tories (-riz)], one holding land by feudal tenure; a vassal: adj. per- taining to, or held by, feudal tenure. Also feudary. feu de joie (fo5 de zhwa/), n. an ex- pression of public rejoicing, as the firing of guns, or burning of bonfires. feudist, same as feudalist. feuUJeton (foo-i-tang'), w. that sec- tion of a French newspaper which is devoted to light literature, criti- cal notices, fiction, &c; a newspaper serial. ate v arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut* think, i/ien. FEVER 360 FID fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- terized by marked increase of heat of the skin, quickened pulse, great debility, thirst, &c; a condition of extreme nervous excitement: v.t. to , put into a fever. fever-few (-fu), n. a plant of the aster family, formerly esteemed as a febrifuge. feverish (-ish), adj. affected with, indicating, or resembling^ fever. few (fii), adj. [comp. fewer, superl. fewest], not many; small in num- ber; limited. fewness ('nes), n. smallness of num- ber. fez (fez) n. a brimless, close-fitting, felt hat, usually red, with a black tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptians, &c. fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. a hackney-coach [French]. fiance (fe-ang-sa'), n. one who is be- trothed or affianced. Fern, fiancee. fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- dicrous failure, as of some enter- prise of which high hopes were en- tertained, as a musical performance, &c; a flask or bottle. fiat (fi'at), n. a peremptory order or decree; an order of a court authoriz- ing certain proceedings, as in bank- ruptcy. fib (fib), n. a falsehood; white lie: v.i. [p.i. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], to tell fibs; to deliver a quick suc- cession of blows. fibber ('er), n. one who tells fibs. fiber (fllDer), n. a slender, thread- like substance, or filament; raw material which can be separated into threads for making up textile fab- rics. fibriform Cbri-form'), adj. fiber-like. fibril ('bril), n. st, small fiber. fibriliferous (if'er-us), adj. bearing fibres or the fibrillae in bundles. fibrillae ('e), n.pL minute ^ subdivi- sions of a root, as of the lichens. fibrillose (-os), adj. composed of ? or covered with, fibrils. fibrin (fllbrin), w c a white albumi- noid substance which forms the clot of blood; the fibrous part of flesh; gluten obtained from corn, &c. Also fibrine. fibrinous (-us) , adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibrin. fibroid ('broid), adj. of the struc- ture of, or containing, fiber. fibroin ('bro-in), n. the principal constituent of raw silk, cobwebs, and horny sponge-tissue. Fibromyxoma (fl'bro-mik-so'ma), n. a common form of tumor combining fibrous and mucous tissues. fibrous ('brus), adj. composed of, or of the nature of, fibres. fibster (fib'ster), n. a liar in a small way. fibula ('ii-la), n. [pi. fibular (-le) ], the outer and smaller of the two bones which form the lower leg; and ancient ornamental brooch or safe- ty-pin. fichu (fe-shoo') n. sl light three-cor- nered article of ladies' dress worn on, the neck, or over the neck and shoulders. fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- stant. fictile (fik'til), adj. pertaining to pot- tery; readily molded; plastic. . fiction ('shun), n. the act of feign- ing or inventing; that which is feigned or invented; a literary pro- duction of the imagination in prose form, as a novel, romance, &c; a legal assumption for the purpose of convenience, the furtherance of justice, &c. fictional (-al), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or created by, fic- tion. fictionist (-ist), n. a writer of fiction. fictitious (-tish'us), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, fiction; false; unreal. fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to support a topmast; a large tapering wooden pin for opening the strands of a rope; v.t. to put into place and secure by a fid. Also fidd. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIDALGO 361 FIERY fidalgo (fi-dal'go), n. a Portuguese nobleman; hidalgo. fiddle (fid'l), n. a violin; a frame used on board ship to prevent arti- cles from rolling off the table in stormy weather: v.i. to play the fiddle or violin: v.t. to cheat by arti- fice. fiddle-de-dee (-de-de), interj. non- sense! :n. a piece of nonsense. fiddle-faddle (-fad'l), n. nonsense; trifling conversation: v.i. to talk nonsense; fuss about trifles: adj. fussy about trifles. fiddler (fid'l er), n. sl violinist; a name of the common sandpiper; sixpence, one who is fussy about trifles. fiddlestick (-stik), n. a bow for playing upon the fiddle or violin; interj. nonsense! (usually in pi.) fiddling: (fid 'ling), n. the act of play- ing the violin: p. adj. trifling. fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. [pi. fidelities (-tiz) J, integrity; faithful adher- ence to obligation or duty; honesty; loyalty; reliability. fid-fad (fid'fad), n. fiddle-faddle. fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; nervous restlessness (often in pi.): v.t. to put in a fidget; worry; v.i. to move about uneasily or restlessly. fidgetiness (-i-nes), n. the state of being fidgety. fidgety ('et-i), adj. restless; impatient. fiducial (fi-du'shal), adj. of the na- ture of a trust; practical confidence. fiduciary ('shi-a-ri), n. [pi. fiducia- ries (-riz)], a trustee; one who de- pends for salvation on faith without works: adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a trust; confident; unwa- vering. fie (fl), interj. for shame! Also fy, fye. fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed estate or manor held under a feudal superior. field (feld), n. a piece of land en- closed for tillage or pasture; open country; a region yielding some nat- ural product; site of a battle; sphere of action; a wide expanse; space within which telescopic or micro- scopic objects are viewed; outdoor work; in heraldry, the surface of the shield; the ground upon which a game is played; the competitors in a race, hunt, &c. : v.t. to oatch or stop- and return to the wicket-keeper, as a ball at cricket, &c: v.i. to act as a fielder; in a race, bet on the field against the favorite. field-allowance (-a-lou'ans), n. ex- tra pay given to officers on active service. field-artillery (-ar-til'ler-i), n. artil- lery so mounted as to be readily- handled in active service. field-book (-book), n. a surveyor's note-book. field-day (-da), n. a military review; a day of unusual excitement or dis- play; a day devoted to outdoor sci- entific research. field-glass (-glas), n. a small portable telescope. field-marshal (-mar'shal), n. the highest rank in the British army. field-officer (-of'i-ser), n. a major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. field-sports (-sportz), n.pl. outdoor diversions, especially shooting, hunt- ing, &c. field-work (-werk), n. outdoor oper- ations or observations. fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; demon; one who is intensely mali- cious or wicked; a monomaniac. fiendish ('ish), adj. like sl fiend. fierce _ (fers), adj. savage; violent; merciless; ferocious; unrestrained. fiercely ('li), adv. in a fierce manner. fieri facias (fl'e-ri fa'shi-as), (Latin, cause it to be done), a writ of exe- cution authorizing a levy on the goods and chattels of the person against whom it is_ issued. fierily (flr'i-li), adv. in a fiery manner. fieri ness (-nes), n. the quality of be- ing fiery; heat of temper.^ fiery ('ri), adj. [comp. fierier, superl. fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting of, fire; passionate; easily roused; fervent; ardent. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, mgrge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIFE 362 FILCH fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical figure ('ur), n. the outline or shape instrument of the flute class: v.t. to of a person or object; appearance; play (a tune) on a fife. an image or statue; representation fifteen (fif 'ten), adj. consisting of 5 of a person by drawing or painting; and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- number made up of 5 and 10; one ter denoting a number; a movement point scored at lawn-tennis. in a dance; musical phrase, or re- fifteenth ('tenth) adj. next in order peated theme; a horoscope; value after 14th: n. a fifteenth part. or cost; in logic, the character of a fifth (fifth) adj. next in order after syllogism as determined by the place 4th: n. one of 5 equal parts; in of the middle term ; a space bounded music, an interval of three tones on all sides by lines or planes: v.t. and a semi-tone; the dominant. to form into any determinate shape; fifthly ('li), adv. in the fifth place. show by resemblance; represent; fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order symbolize; adorn or cover with fig- after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. ures; calculate or compute: v.i. to fifty ('ti), adj. consisting of five times be conspicuous; cipher. 10. figured ('urd), adj. covered or adorned fifty-fifty ( — ), n. an even division. with figures; symbolized; pictured; fig (fig), n. the pear-shaped fruit of indicated by figures [mus.]. the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of figure-head (-hed), n. a carved rep- the fingers in token of contempt; resentation of a human or other fig- anything insignificant or worthless. ure placed at the prow of a ship; a figgy ('i)? adj. fig-like. person who is only nominally im- fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fought, portant. p.pr. fighting], contend in battle or figure-painting (fig'ur-pan'ting), n. in arms; make war; offer resist- painting concerned largely with the ance: v.t. to war against; strive for presentation of the human figure, the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- figure-skating _ (fig'ur-ska'ting), n. tie, as ships: n. a combat; battle or skating in which geometrical figures engagement; contest. are cut on the ice by the skates. fighting ('nig), adj. pertaining to figuring (fig'ur-ing), n. computation, conflict; qualified, or trained, to figwort _ (fig'wert), n. a plant used as fight; sldlled in warfare: n. a com- a specific for piles, bat. filament ('a-ment), n. a fine thread, fig-leaf (fig'lef), n. the leaf of a fig- or thread-like process or appendage; tree; a light covering in the form of the stalk of an anther, a fig-leaf to conceal nakedness. filamentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. con- fig-marigold (-mar'i-gold), n. a sisting of, or resembling, a filament, plant which produces a fig-shaped filar (fi'lar), adj. pertaining _ to, or fruit. furnished with, threads; having fine figment ('ment), n. an invention; threads stretched across the field of fiction. view: said of a microscope, &c. figuline ('u-lin), n. potter's clay. filariasis (fi-la-ri-a'sis), n. presence figurant ('u-rant), n. an opera dancer in the blood of the germ of elephan- who performs as one of the group. tiasis, a disease characterized by Fern, figurante. enlargement of the extremities. figurative ('u-ra-tiv), adj. repre- filator (fi-la*tor), _ n. the spinning senting by figure; symbolical; un- mechanism of a silk-worm, real ; metaphorical. filbert (fil'bert), n. the edible nut of figuratively (-li), adv. in a figurative the cultivated hazel. manner. filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FILE 363 FILTH file (fll), n. a wire, &c, on which papers are strung for preservation or reference; a bundle of papers fastened together and endorsed with the date, contents, &c, of each; a line of soldiers ranged one behind the other; a tool of hard steel with small grooves on the surface, used for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut or smooth with a file; string (papers, &c.) on a file, or place them away, endorsed, for future reference; place among the records of a court or house of legislature: v.i. to march in a file or line. file-stripper (fil'strip'er), n. a work- man who prepares blank files, to be subsequently toothed. filial (fil'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a son or daughter; due to a father. filially (-li), adv. in a filial manner. filiation (-a'shun), n. affiliation. filibuster (-i-bus'ter),w. a freebooter; buccaneer; a lawless military adven- turer who invades a foreign country, v.i. to act as a filibuster; to delay legislation by obstructive tactics. filiform (AH-fdrm), adj. thread-like. filigree ('i-gre), adj. made of, or re- lating to, work in filigree: n. orna- mental work, resembling lace, in gold or silver wire: something deli- cate and ornamental,but not lasting. fili greed ('i-gred), adj. ornamented with, or as with, filigree. filing (fi'ling), n. the act of using a file: pi. fine fragments rubbed off by the action of a file. Filipino (fil-i-pe'no), n. a native of the Philippine Islands. fill (fil), v.t. to make full; satisfy; crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. to become full or replete; be dis- tended; pour a glass or vessel full: n. as much as produces complete satisfaction: satiety. filler ('er), n. one who, or that which, fills; a funnel for filling bottles, &c; composition for stopping up holes or pores in a material before painting it; the body of a cigar. fillet ('et), n. a narrow band of metal, linen, silk, &c, worn around the forehead, for securing the hair; the fleshy part of the thigh: said of veal; a boneless lump of meat or fish served flat or rolled together and tied round; a raised rim, nar- row ornament, or molding; a plain line or band; the loins of a horse: v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament with a fillet; make into fillets, as veal, &c. filling (firing), p. adj. serving to fill; occupying the whole space; satiat- ing: n. something that serves to fill up a vacant space, cavity, or pore: pi. prepared wort. fillip ('ip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or stroke with the finger; an incite- ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden movement; project: v.i. to aim a fillip. fillister ('is-ter), n. a rabbet-plane; a groove or rabbet on the outer edge of a window-sash to receive glass. filly ('i), n. [pi. fillies ('iz) ], a young mare; a bold, lively girl. film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; a thin covering of some sensitized substance to receive a photographic impression: v.i. to become covered with a film. filminess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being filmy. filmy ('i), adj. composed of, or re- sembling, films. filo-noss (f I'lo-flos) , n. a -fine soft thread, used in embroidery. filo-plume ((-plum), n. a long slender feather with a delicate shaft. filose ('los), adj. thread-like. filoselle ('lo-zel), n. a kind of floss- silk. filter (nl'ter), n. any material or ap- paratus by which water or any other liquid is purified; a contri- vance for arresting particles of steel, dust, &c.,in the air; a strainer: v.t. to purify, as a liquid. filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- filement, moral or physical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. FILTHILY 364 FINGER filthily (-li), adv. in a filthy manner. filthiness (-nes), n. uncleanness; im- purity. filthy ('i), adj. [comp. filthier, swperl. filthiest], foul; dirty; unclean, moral- ly or physically; obscene. filtrate (fil'trat), n. a liquid which has been filtered : v.t. to filter. fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- motion of a fish. finable (fin'a-bl), adj. liable to a fine; capable of being refined. final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the end; ultimate; finishing; decisive: n. that which is last, or makes an end; the deciding heat of an ath- letic contest. final cause (kawz), n. the end for which a thing is done. finale (fe-na'la), n. the last passage in a musical composition; the final act, &c, of a scene or performance; termination; end. finality (fl-nal'i-ti), n. completeness. finally (fi-nal-li), adv. lastly com- pletely. finance (fi-nans'), n. the public revenue of a government or state; the science of the profitable manage- ment of monetary affairs: v.t. to manage the financial arrangement of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- cial object. financial (-nan'shal), adj. pertaining to finance. financially (-li), adv. with respect to finance. financier *(fin-an-ser'), n. one who is skilled in the principles of banking, or conducts private or public finan- cial affairs. finback (fin'bak), n. a variety of whale, having the dorsal fin promi- nent. Also firmer, razorback. finch (finch), n. the common name for various small birds, as the chaf- finch, canary, &c. find (find), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. found, p.pr. finding], to discover; obtain by searching; ascertain by experi- ment; meet by accident; regain, as something lost; supply; declare by judicial verdict: n. the discovery of something valuable. finder ('er), n. one who, or that which, finds; a small telescope at- tached to a larger one to locate some particular star, &c, to be ex- amined by the larger instrument. fin de siecle (fang de sia'kl) [French], at the end of the century. finding (find'ing), n. discovery; the verdict of a jury, or court: pi. the tools, &c, which a workman himself supplies. fine (fin), n. money paid as a pen- alty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose a monetary penalty upon; purify; re- fine; clarify. fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; pure; refined; subtle; delicate; ele- gant; of small diameter; very hand- some; noble; showy; admirable; splendid; beautiful in thought or language; free from clouds or rain; dexterous; discriminating; artful: adv. very much; finely. fine-cut ('kut), adj. delicately cut or chiseled; cut fine, as tobacco. finedraw ('draw), v.t. to sew up neatly, as a rent, so that it is im- perceptible; draw out to extreme tenuity, as wire. finedrawn ('drawn), adj. spun very fine; over-subtle; far-fetched. finely ('li), adv. in a fine manner. fineness ('nes), n. the state or quali- ty of being fine; in an alloy, the quantity of pure metal contained. finery (fl'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries (-iz) ], personal adornment, as fine or showy clothes, &c; outward show. finesse (fi-nes'), n. artifice or strat- agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at whist: v.i. to use artificeor skill to accomplish some end; in playing whist, to endeavor to take a trick with a lower card than that held by an opponent, while holding a higher card. finger (fing'ger), n. one of the five divisions of the hand; one of the four digits of the hand, as dis- tinguished from a thumb; a fin- 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FINGER-BOWL 365 FIRE-BALLOON ger's breadth; any mechanical con- trivance resembling a finger; an in- dex; musical touch: v.t. to handle, or perform, with the fingers; meddle with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the fingers skilfully in performing upon a musical instrument. finger-bowl (fing'-ger-bol), n. a bowl used at the end of a meal for moisten- ing the fingers. fingerer ('ger-er), n. one who fin- gers; a pilferer. fingering (-ing), n. the act of touch- ing with the fingers; the act of manipulating the fingers on a fin- gered instrument; fine work exe- cuted by the fingers ; a loose-twisted woolen yarn, used for knitting stockings, &c. finger ling ('ling), n. a young trout. finger-print (print), n. an impres- sion of the markings on the fingers, used by the police to identify crimi- nals. fingerstall (-stawl), n. a protective covering for an injured finger. finial (fin'i-al), n. a pointed orna- ment at the top of a spire, gable, &c. finical ('i-kal), adj. fastidious; over particular. finicality < ('i-ti), n. the characteris- tic of being finical. finically (-h), adv. in a finical man- ner. finikin ('i-kin), adj. fussy or affect- edly precise in trifles, as in dress, manner, &c; a variety of pigeon. Also finicking. fining (fin'ing), n. the act or process of purifying or refining; clarifica- tion. finis (fi'nis), n. the end. finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to an end; complete; put an end to; con- clude; make perfect; polish; kill or render powerless: v.i. to come to an end; expire: n. completion; careful elaboration; the final touches given to a work. finished ('isht), p.adj. complete; of superior excellence or quality; care- fully elaborated. finite (fl'nlt), adj. having limits: n. that which is finite (with the). finitely (-li), adv. in a limited degree. finiteness (-nes), n. the state of be- ing finite. fin-keel (fin'kel), n. a type of keel resembling the fin of a fish, and used to ballast boats carrying a relatively large expanse of sails. finlet (fin'let), n. a small fin. finned (find), adj. having fins. finny ('ni), adj. having fins; resem- bling, or abounding in, fish. finos (fe'nos), n. wool of the merino sheep of the second best quality. Finsen-ray (fin'sen-ra), n. a light cure for eruptive diseases; consists of a powerful electric light focussed through colored glass telescopes on a diseased surface. Finsen lamp (fin-sen-lamp), n. a fight for developing rays of ultra- violet fight, used particularly in the treatment of lupus and other super- ficial diseases. fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet or arm of the sea between high rocks or banks. fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- bearing trees of the genus Abies, and allied genera; a fir-tree. fire (fir), n. heat and fight evolved by ignition and combustion; the result of combustion m of bodies; a burning; conflagration; flame; discharge of firearms; light; in- tensity of feeling; ardor; spirit; severe trial or affliction: v.t. to set on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, as porcelain ;_ explode; excite violently; irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i. to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- charge firearms; ring a peal of bells all together. firearms ('arms), n.pl. rifles, cannon, &c. fire-ball ('bawl), n. a grenade; meteor. fire-balloon ('bal-loon), n. a bal- loon inflated by hot air; a balloon sent up with fireworks, which be- come ignited when at a certain height. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIRE-BOX 366 FIRST-MATE fire-box Cboks), n. in a locomotive engine, the receptacle for the fire. firebrand Cbrand), n. a piece of burning wood; an incendiary; one who inflames the passions of others. fire-brigade (fir'bri-gad), n. the members of a fire department. firebug ('bug), n. an incendiary. fire-clay ('kla), n. a kind of clay capable of resisting intense heat. firecracker ('krak-er), n. a small explosive firework. fire-damp ('damp), n. carburetted hydrogen. fire-dog ('dog), n. an andiron. fire-drill (fir'dril), n. the drill of school pupils or^ inmates of any in- stitution preparing them for quick exit in case of fire. fire-engine ('en-jin), n. a hand or steam engine for ejecting water through hose to extinguish a fire. fire-escape ('es-kap), n. a kind of ladder for rescuing persons from the upper parts of a building on fire. _ firefly ('fll), n. a winged insect which emits fight at night. fire-irons ('I-erns), n.pl. the shovel, poker, and tongs. fire-kiln ('kil), n. an oven. fireman ('man), _ n. [pi. firemen ('men)], one trained to extinguish fires; a stoker. fire-ship ('ship), n. a ship filled with combustibles, set fire to, and floated among the vessels of an enemy. fireside ('sld), n. the hearth: hence domestic life and comfort. fire-water _ ('waw-ter), n. ardent spir- its [American Indian]. firework ('werk), n. a preparation of gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, &c, inclosed in a cardboard or paper case, which, when ignited, scintil- lates and explodes: pi. a pyrotechnic display. fire-worship ('wer-ship), n. the wor- ship or veneration of fire as a deity. firing ('ing), n. the act of discharging firearms; the application of intense heat, as in baking, &c; fuel; cauter- ization. firkin (ferldn), n. a small wooden vessel for holding butter, lard, &c; a measure of capacity = l-4th of a barrel; 9 gals. firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; solid; closely compressed; unyield- ing; not easily moved; rigorous; staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n. the title or style under which a mer- cantile house transacts its business; a mercantile partnership. firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. the sky. firman ('man, or 'man), n. a spe- cial decree, edict, or license of an oriental potentate, as of the Turk- ish Sultan. first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of one; foremost in place, rank, dignity, time, excellence, &c; earliest; most important; chief: adv. before all others in order, place, rank, time, &c; sooner: n. the beginning; the upper part of a vocal or instru- mental duet, trio, &c. [mus.]. first-aid (first-ad) , a. surgical or med- ical treatment given by a layman while waiting for a physician, or by an ambulance surgeon at the place of injury or by a soldier on the battle- field. Efficient first-aid treatment has materially lessened the mortality in modern warfare. first-chop ('chop), adj. of the first quality. first-class ( r klas), adj. of the high- est excellence, rank, or quality. First-day (/da), n. the name given to Sunday by the Society of Friends. first-fruits (-fruits), n.pl. the first gatherings of the produce of the season; the first profits of any office or undertaking. first-hand ('hand), n. the mate of a fishing-smack: adj.. obtained direct from the producer or grower. firstling ('ling), n. the first-born; first produced. firstly ('li), adv. in the first place. first-mate ('mat), n. in the mer- chant service, the officer next in rank to the captain. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not: boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIRST-RATE 367 FIT first-rate ('rat), adj. of the highest excellence; having the highest qual- ity or character: n. a warship of the first class: adv. excellently. firth, same as frith. fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the exchequer or public revenues; finan- cial: n. a state treasurer [Spanish], fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes ('ez) ], a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic animal furnished with permanent gills; the flesh of fish used as food; a machine for hoisting an anchor; a piece of wood fastened to an- other to strengthen it; one of the signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a counter used at cards: v.t. to search in quest of fish; catch (fish); seek for and bring to light; draw up; strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to catch fish; seek to gain or obtain something by artifice or indirect methods. fish-beam ('bem), n. a beam of tim- ber bulging downward. fish-block ('blok), n. a hoisting- block for raising the flukes of an anchor to the gunwale. fish-davit ('dav-it), n. a strong spar, or crane, for fishing the anchor. fisher ('er), n. one who fishes; the pekan. fisherman (-man), n. one whose oc- cupation it is to catch fish; a fish- ing-smack. fishery ('er-i), n. [pi. fisheries (-iz) ], the^ business of catching fish; a fishing-ground; the right to fish at a particular time or ground. fishgarth ('garth), n. & fish-weir. fishgig ('gig), n. a pronged instru- ment for spearing fish. Also fizgig. fish-glue ('gloo), n. isinglass. fish-hawk ('hawk), n. the osprey. fishiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being fishy. fishing ('ing), n. the art, sport, or business of taking fish; a fishing- ground; the operation of hoisting an anchor up to the gunwale of a fish-joint ('joint), n. a pan* of iron plates for fastening the ends of two rails together. fish-maw ('maw), n. the sound of a fish. fishmonger ('mung-ger), n. one who sells fish. fish-sound ('sound), n. the swimming or air-bladder of a fish. fish-torpedo ('tor-pe-do), n. a sub- marine torpedo somewhat resem- bling a fish in shape. fish-weir ('wer), n. a dam for stop- ping or preserving fish. fish-wife ('wif), n. a woman who retails fish. Also fishwoman. fishy ('i), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, abounding in, or like, fish; dull; vacant; questionable; incredible. fissi, prefix, meaning cleft, occurring in various scientific words, as jissi- parous, propagating or multiplying by fission. fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being split: said of rocks. fission (fish'un), n. the act of cleav- ing or splitting up into parts; the spontaneous division of a simple organism into two parts, each of which becomes a new individual. fissiparous. See fissi. fissi ped (fis'i-ped), adj. having the toes separated : n. an animal belong- ing to the Fissipedia, a division of carnivorous mammals, including the dogs, cats, &c. fissure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or crack: a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to make a fissure: v.i. to crack. . fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with the fist. fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- gilism. fisticuffs ('ti-kufs), n. & combat with the fists ; boxing. fistula ('tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like ulcer. fistulose (-los), adj. of the nature of a fistula; hollow like a pipe. Also fistulous. fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. fitting], to make fit or suitable; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FIT 368 FLAG adapt; accommodate to anything; qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. to be proper or suitable: ft. adapta- tion of one thing to another; suit- ability: adj. [comp. fitter, superl. fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- pared; qualified. fit (fit), ft. a sudden attack of disease attended with convulsions, and often with loss of consciousness; a temporary mental paroxysm, or attack of pain or illness; caprice. fitch (fitsh), ft. the pole-cat. fitful (fit'fool), adj. capricious; spas- modic. fitfully (4i), adv. in a fitful manner. fitly (fit'li), adv. suitably; properly. fitness ('nes), ft. the state or quality of being fit. fitter ('er), ft. one who adjusts pipes, or puts the parts of a machine to- gether; one who fits on and shapes an article of dress; a coal-broker. fitting ('ing), p. adj. suitable; appro- priate: n.pl. the necessary fixtures, &c, of a house or shop. fitty ('i), adj. subject to fits. five (fiv), adj. consisting of 4 and 1: a cardinal numeral: ft. the sum of 4 and 1: pi. a game resembling tennis. fivefold ('fold), adj. five times as much or as great; multiplied by 5. fix (fiks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or staple; direct steadily; set or place permanently; adjust; transfix; de- prive of volatility; predispose: v.i. to become solid or firm; settle down: ft. an awkward situation; quandary. fixation (-a'shun), n. the act of fix- ing; stability; absence of volatility; reduction from a fluid to a solid state. fixative ('a-tiv), ft. something that serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. fixed (fikst), p. adj. firm; lasting; settled; permanent; stable; estab- lished; resolute,^ not volatile. fixed body (bod'i) ? ft. a substance not readily volatilized, as a fixed oil. fixedly . (fiks'ed-li), adv. steadily; firmly. fixedness (-nes), ft. the state of being fixed; absence of volatility. fixed star (star), ft. a star which retains relatively the same position in the heavens. fixing (fiks'ing), ft. the act of making firm, or rendering permanent; the act of adjusting or amending; a cast to carry a shaft-bearing: pi. ornaments, outfit, apparatus, &c. fixity ('i-ti), ft. stability; perma- nence. fixture (fiks'tur), ft. that which is firmly fixed, an article of furni- ture fixed to a house and regarded as part of it. fizgig (fiz'gig), ft. a firework made of damp powder; a flirting, giddy girl. fizz (fiz), ft. a hissing noise; an ef- fervescent beverage, as sparkling champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing noise. fizzle (fiz'l), v.i. to burn with a fizz and soon go out. f jeld (fyeld), ft. a lofty barren table land [Norwegian]. fjord. Same as fiord. flabbily (flab'i-li), adv. in a flabby manner. flabbiness ('i-nes), ft. the state or quality of being flabby. flabby ('i), adj. easily shaking or yielding to the touch; lacking mus- cle; mentally or physically feeble. flabellate (-bel'at), adj. fan-shaped. flabellurn (fla-bel'um), ft. [pi. flabel- la ('a) ], a large fan carried by the Pope's attendants; in the Greek Church, a fan used to drive away flies from the chalice during the celebration of the eucharist. flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby, weak. flaccidity ('i-ti), ft. the state of being flaccid. flag (flag), ft. a piece of cloth or bunting on which usually some de- vice is wrought, used as a standard, ensign, signal, &c; a plant of the genus Iris; a flagstone: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, p.pr. flagging], to be- come weary; lose vigor; hang down: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; thing, then. FLAGELLANT 369 FLANNELED v.t. signal with a flag; pave with flagstones. flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adj. using a whip or scourge: n. one who scourges himself for religious disci- pline. flagellata (-a'ta), n.pl. a class of in- fusorians with whip-like append- ages. flagellate ('el-at), v.t. to whip: adj. having whip-like processes. flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. a musical instrument of the flute class. flagging flag'ing), n. pavement of flagstones. flagitious (fla-jish'us), adj. atrocious; wicked; highly criminal. flag-officer (-of'i-ser), n. an admiral. flagon (flag'un), n. a large drinking vessel with a narrow mouth. flagrant (fla'grant), adj. openly wick- ed; heinous; glaring; notorious. flagrante delicto (-gran'te de-lik'- to) [Latin], in the very act. flagstone ('ston), n. a large flat pav- ing stone. flail (flal), n. a wooden instrument for threshing wheat, &c, by hand. flake (flak), n. a small film of any- thing loosely held together, as snow; a thin scaly piece of any- thing; a carnation with a single color in stripes on a white ground: v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; scale or peel off. flake-white ('whit), n. pure white lead. flaky ('i), adj. consisting of flakes or layers. flam (flam), n. a falsehood; freak; blarney; false pretense. flambage (flam-bazh'), n. a process of sterilization with the aid of a flame or red hot plate. flambeau ('bo), n. [pi. flambeaux ('boz) ], a lighted torch; a large ornamental candlestick. flamboyant (-boi'ant), adj. denoting a florid or showy style, especially as deficient in good taste; denoting the French Pointed Gothic, character- ized by flame-like tracery. flame (flam), n. fire, ardor of temper or passion; glow of imagination; excitement; a sweetheart: v.t. to heat; excite: v.i. to burst into flame; blaze. flamen (fla'men), n. one of fifteen priests in ancient Rome devoted to the service of a special deity. flaming (flam'ing), adj. giving forth flames; blazing; causing excite- ment; violent. flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. a long- legged,web-footed, red-colored bird. flamingo-plant (-plant), n. a hand- some hot-house plant belonging to the arum family. flammule (flam 'til), n. a little flame, especially the small flame symboliz- ing Chinese and Japanese deities. flamy (flam'i), adj. resembling flame; flame-colored. flang (flang), n. a miner's double- pointed pick. flange (flanj), n. a raised or project- ing rim for preventing a wheel slip- ping, or as an attachment: v.t. to attach a flange to. flange-steel (flanj '-stel), n. steel that is soft enough to be bent at right angles without cracking or being overstrained. flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part of an animal between the ribs and hip.; the side of an army, regiment, or building; that part of a fortifica- tion constructed to defend another: v.t. to attack or turn the flank or side of (an army); guard on the flank: v.i. to border or touch (with on) : adj. pertaining to, or cut from, the flank. flanker ('er), n. one of a body of troops thrown out to protect a line of march; a man who walks on the flank of grouse-drivers to keep the birds in the line required. flannel (flan'el), n. a soft-textured, loosely-worn cloth with a light nap. flannel-cake (flan'el-cake), n. a grid- dle cake of wheat flour, raised with baking-powder or yeast. flanneled ('eld) , adj. covered in flannel. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLANNELET 370 FLATTING flannelet (-et), n. a soft cotton ma- terial resembling flannel. flap (flap), n. anything broad and flexible, hanging loosely, and fas- tened on one side; the motion or noise of anything broad and flat; a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flapped], to strike with, or as with, a flap; let fall; move back- wards and forwards rapidly: v.i. to move, as wings, with noise. flap- jack (flap'jak), n. a pancake that is turned in the air permitting the reverse side to be cooked on the griddle. flapper ('er), n. one who, or that which, flaps; a flipper. flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady, glaring light: v.i. to burn with a broad, unsteady light; be offensive- ly showy in dress. flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, transitory blaze or light; sudden outburst, as of merriment, wit, or passion; a short, transient state; a body of water driven by violence; a sluice above a shoal on navigable rivers for easing the water for the passage of boats: v.t. to cause to act, burst, or appear suddenly; cover with a thin coating of colored glass: v.i. to shine with a sudden, quick, transient blaze or light; act, or burst forth, suddenly; gleam; splash: adj. pertaining to thieves or their language; cheap and gaudy; sham; vulgarly ostentatious or showy. flash-boiler (flash-boil'er), n. type of steam generator for automobiles. flash-light _ (-lit), n. a momentary brilliant light for taking photo- graphs. flashily ('i-li), adv. in a flashy manner. Washiness ('i-nes), n. gaudiness. flashing ('ing), n. a name for va- rious operations in glass-making: pi. pieces of lead or other metal used as a cap-joint to keep roofs, &c, watertight : adj. emitting- flashes. flashing-point (-point), n. the tem- perature, below the burning-point, at which the vapor of a volatile liquid will ignite and explode: used as a test for illuminants. flashy ('i), adj. brilliant, but empty; gaudy. flask (flask), n. a small bottle; a ves- sel, usually metal or leather, for holding powder or shot. flat (flat), adj. level; even; smooth; prostrate; horizontal; insipid; posi- tive; downright; low: said of prices; dull: said of sales; without interest; wanting relief or prominenco: said of figures in painting; sounded below the true pitch: n. a level or extended plain; a shallow; shoal; story or floor of a house; the broad or plane part of a thing; surface without re- lief or prominence; depression in thought or language; a musical sign (b) which lowers the succeeding note naif a tone; one of the halves of a scene which meet in the middle of the stage of a theater; a person easily duped: adv. in a level or pros- trate position. flatfish ('fish), n. any fish with a compressed body, having its eyes situated on one side, and the under side Colorless, as the sole. flatten ('n), v.t. to lay flat; make level or even; beat down; depress; make dull, insipid or tasteless; lower in tone: v.i. to become flat or level; become insipid. flatter (er), v.t. to gain over or please by complimentary speech; soothe; persuade; raise false hopes or expec- tations: v.i. to employ flattery. flattering (-ing), p.adj. pleasing to pride or vanity; fallacious; partial. flattery ('er-i), n. [pi. flatteries (-iz)], insincere complimentary speech; ad- ulation; false praise. flatting ('ing), n. the act or process of making flat or smooth; the pro- cess of rolling metal into sheets by cylindrical pressure; the sounding of a note below the true pitch; a method of house painting by which the paint appears lusterless; a coat of size laid over gilding to protect it. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLATULENCE 371 FLESHY flatulence ('u-lens), n. distension of the stomach, caused by gases generated within it; emptiness; con- ceit. Also flatulency. flatulent ('ii-lent) , adj. affected with, or tending to produce, flatulence; pretentious; conceited. flatwise (Viz), adv. with the flat side downwards. flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. to make an ostentatious display in dress: v.t. behave or exhibit pertly or impudently: n. the act of flaunt- ing; a boast; brag. flav, prefix, occurring in various sci- entific compound words, meaning yellow. Also flavi, flavo. flavor ('ver), n. a particular smell .or taste: v.t. to impart a flavor to. flavoring (-ing), n. an essence or extract for giving a flavor to any- thing. flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inherent defect; crack: v.t. to make a flaw in; crack. flax (flaks), n. a plant of the genus Linum, the fiber of which is spun into linen cloth. flaxen ('en), adj. resembling, or made cf, flax; of golden color: said of the hair. Also flaxy. flaxseed ('sed), n. linseed. flay (fla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, p.pr. flaying], to strip oil, skin, torture. flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking insect of the genus Pulex,_ remark- able for its agility and irritating bite. fleabane ('ban), n. a plant of the aster family. flea-bite ('bit), n. the bite of a flea; the red spot it causes; a trifling wound or trouble; a very small quantity. fleaking ('king), n. a light covering of reeds under the thatch of a house. fleam (flem), n. a lancet for bleeding cattle. fleck (nek), n. a streak or spot: v.t. to streak or spot; variegate. flection. Same as flexion. fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the full plumage or feathers necessary for flight. fledgling (ling), n. a young bird just fledged. flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. fleeing], to run away from; avoid: v.i. to hasten away from danger; scatter; disappear. fleece (fles), n. the whole wool shorn from a sheep at one time: v.t. to deprive of the wool or fleece; strip; plunder by injustice or fraud; cover with, or as with, a fleece. fleece-wool ('wool), n. wool cut from a living Animal. fleecy ('i), adj. resembling a fleece; woolly. fleer (tier), n. mockery or contempt ex- pressed in words or gesture: v.i. to mock or sneer; grin contemptuously. fleering ('ing), p. adj. mocking; scoff- ing: n. the act of mocking or scoffing. fleet (net), adj. swift; rapid; nimble: n. a company of warships or mer- chant vessels; a creek or inlet: vl. to move or pass rapidly over; skim. fleeting ('ing), p.adj. passing quickly. flense (flens), v.t. to cut up and strip the blubber from: said of a whale or seal. Also flench, flinch. flesh (flesh), n. that part of an ani- mal body underlying the skin, and composed of soft muscular tissue; animal food; pulp of fruit, &c; the body: opposed to soul; human na- ture or race; carnal state or ap- petites ' K present life; kindred: adj. resembling flesh in color or ap- pearance: v.t. to satiate or glut; in- ure or harden by practice; initiate; make familiar with. fleshiness ('i-nes), n. corpulence. fleshings ('ingz), n.pl. flesh-colored tights. fleshliness (Ti-nes), n. carnality. fleshly ('li), adj. pertaining to the body^ corporeal; human; carnal; lascivious: adv. carnally. fleshy ('i), adj. [comp. fleshier, superl. fleshiest], full of flesh; plump; corpulent; succulent; gross. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLETCHERISM 372 FLIRTING Fletcherism (fletch'-er-izm), ft. a method of diet based on thorough mastication of food. fleur-de-lis (floor-de-le'), ft. [pi. fleurs-de-lis], the royal bearing or emblem of France; the name for various species of iris. flew, p.t. of fly. flexibility (fleks-i-bil'i-ti), ft. the state or quality of being flexible. Also flexibleness. flexible ('i-bl), adj. easily bent; pli- ant; yielding to persuasion. Also flexile. flexion (flek'shun), ft. the act or pro- cess of bending; a* curve; in gram- mar, inflection. flexor (fleks'er), ft. a^ muscle that acts in bending the joints: opposed to extensor. flexure ('Or), ft. the act of bending; the part bent; a curve or fold; joint. flick (flik), n. a light, quick stroke, as with a whip: v.t. to whip lightly. flicker ('er), v.i. to move with an un- steady and quick motion; flutter with the wings: ft. an unsteady light or movement; the golden-winged woodpecker of North America. flickering (-ing), ft. the state of burning unsteadily. flier (fll'er), n. one who flies, or flees; a fugitive; that part of a machine that regulates and equalizes motion; an essay or feeler: pi. a straight flight of steps. flies, pi. of fly. flight (flit), ft. the act, process, man- ner, or power of flying; hasty de- parture; birds flying together, or produced in the same season; a soaring forth; extravagant _ sally; the distance traveled by a projectile; a shower or volley; a series of flightily ('i-li), adv. capriciously. flightiness ('i-nes), ft. the state of being flighty. flighty ('i), adj. changeful; capri- cious; extravagant in fancy; wild; giddy. flimsily (flim'zi-li), adv. in a flimsy manner. flimsiness (-nes), ft. the state or quality of being flimsy. flimsy _ ('zi), ft. [pi. flimsies ('ziz) ], a thin manifold paper, especially that used for making reporting copies; a bank-note: adj. unsub- stantial; thin; weak; ineffective. flinch (flinch), v.i. to shrink or draw back, as from pain, danger, &c: ft. the act of flinching. flinder (flin'der), ft. a splinter; frag- ment. fling (fling), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, p.pr. flinging], to throw or hurl; drive by violence; scatter; cast to the ground: v.i. to flounce; throw out the legs violently: n. the act of throwing or casting; a sneer or gibe; kick or leap; unrestrained pleasure; dash; a Highland dance. flint (flint), ft. a variety of quartz; a flint implement; anything pro- verbially hard. flinty ('i), adj. composed of, or re- sembling, flint; hard; obdurate. flip (flip), ft. a liquor of beer, spirit, sugar, &c; a short quick stroke; a flick: v.t. to jerk with the fingers; strike with a short quick blow. flip-flap (-flap), ft. the noise caused by something flapping: adv. with a flapping sound. flippancy (flip'an-si), n. pertness; thoughtless fluency of speech. flippant ('ant), adj. characterized by thoughtless levity of speech, or pertness. flipper ( er), n. a. broad fin, arm, or paddle used in swimming, as that of the whale, seal, or turtle. flirt (flert), v.t. move to and fro with a short rapid action; throw with a quick elastic motion: v.i. make love from mere amusement; coquette: ft. a coquette; a sudden jerk or toss. flirtation (fler-ta/shun), ft. the act of flirting. flirtatious ('shus), adj. inclined to flirt. flirting ('ting), ft. coquetry: adj. co- quettish. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLIT 373 FLORA flit (flit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flitted: p.pr. flitting], to remove (a thing) from one house to another [Scotch] : v.i. to pass lightly and swiftly along; fly away; skim; migrate. flitch (flich), n. the side of a hog salted and cured. flitter-mouse (flit'er-mous), n. a bat. flitting (flit'ing), n. the act of flying or moving lightly and swiftly; a removal. flix (fliks), n. soft fur. float (flot), v.t. to cause to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a liquid; convey without effort or will; to start, sell, or dispose of; smooth or level plaster with a float: v.i. to be buoyed up on the surface of a liquid or gaseous fluid; move lightly or glide without apparent effort; drift about: n. anything that floats on the surface of a liquid or buoys up something; a raft; the cork or quill used in angling; a ball-cock; a plasterer's tool for spreading and smoothing; the water-gauge of a steam-boiler. floater ('er), n. one who, or that which, floats; a voter not belonging to any particular party. floating, p.adj. swimming, or buoyed up, on the surface of a liquid; free to move about; circulating; not fixed or settled; ready for use: n. the act or state of anything that floats. float-valve (flot'-valv), tt. a floating valve operated by the rise or fall of the liquid on whichit rests. floccillation (flok-sil-a/shun), n. the picking of bed-clothes by a delirious patient: regarded as a serious symptom. floccose (flok'os), adj. covered with soft hair or wool; woolly. flocculence ('u-lens), n. the state of being flocculent. flocculent ('u-lent), adj. woolly. flocculus ('u-lus), n. [pi. flocculi (-11) ], a small flake; a small tuft of down or wool-like hair. floccus ('us), n. [pi. flocci ('si) ], the long tuft of hair which terminates the tail of certain quadrupeds, as the lion; the down on an unfledged bird. flock (flok), n. a company or collec- tion of sheep or birds; a congrega- tion; crowd; a lock of wool; fibrous material used for stuffing uphol- stery, &c: v.i. to come together in a flock; assemble. floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of float- ing ice. i floe-rat ('rat), n. the ringed seal. flog (flog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, p.pr. flogging], to whip.; chastise; to lash (the water) with the fine in angling. flogging ('ing), n. a whipping. flood (flud), n. a great flow of water; inundation; the deluge; high tide; the sea; an abundant supply or out- pouring of anything: v.t. to deluge; inundate; overflow. flood-gate ('gat), n. a gate in a water-way, which when opened al- lows the water to escape when at a certain height. flood-tide ('tid), n. the rising tide. floor (flor), n. the part of a house, room, &c, on which one treads; story; a level suite of rooms; any smooth or level area; pavement; the part of a legislative chamber oc- cupied by the members: v.t. to cover with a floor; put to silence; strike down. floorage ('aj), n. the area of a floor. floorer ('er), n. a knock-down blow; an unanswerable question or argument. flooring ('ing), n. materials for floors; floors collectively; pavement. flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, p.pr. flopping], to strike frequently; unfold with a jerk: v.i. to plump down; fall loosely and flatly: n. the sound caused by a soft flat body coming suddenly in contact with the ground : adv. suddenly. _ flora (flo'ra), n. the wild plants of a particular region, district, or geo- logical period; a description of such plants. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book, hue, hut; think, then. FLORAL 374 FLOWERY floral ('ral), adj. pertaining to, re- sembling, or consisting of, flowers. floral envelope (en'vel-op), n. the corolla and calyx of a flower. floran ('ran), n. fine-grained tin ore. floreated ('re-a-ted), adj. ornamented with floral decorations. Also flori- ated. florescence (flo-res'ens), n. the flow- ering of a plant. floret ('ret), n. a little flower. floret um ('re-tum), n. a botanical garden specially devoted to flowers. floricuiiural (-ri-kul'tur-al), adj. per- taining to floriculture. floriculture ('ri-kul-tur), n. the cul- ture of flowers. floriculturist ('tur-ist), n. one who is skilled in floriculture. florid (flor'id), adj. bright in color; brilliant with decorations; profuse- ly embellished. floridly (-li), adv. in a florid manner. florin ('in), n. a European silver coin, ranging in value in different countries from 40 to 50 cents. floriet (flo'rist), n. one who culti- vates flowers for pleasure, or sells them for profit. fiory-boat (flo'ri-bot), n. a small boat for conveying passengers be- tween a steamboat and the shore at low tide. flosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into which ore is put for stamping. floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, downy, silken substance in the husks of certain plants £ the slag on the surface of molten iron in a puddling- furnace; a small stream. floss-silk ('silk), n. an inferior un- twisted soft silk. flossy ('i), adj. like floss; downy. flotation (fio-ta/shun), n. the act or state of floating; the science of float- ing bodies. flotilla (-til'a), n. a fleet of small vessels. flotsam (flot'sam), n. goods lost in shipwreck, and found floating upon the sea. Also flotson. flounce (nouns), n. a narrow piece of cloth sewed to the kirt of a dress or petticoat, with the lower border loose and spreading; a sud- den jerk or movement of the body, indicative of impatience : v t. to fur- nish or trim with flounces: v.i. to throw about the limbs and body. flouncing ('ing), n. material for flounces. flounder (flound'der), v.i. to strug- gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, as an animal in the mire: n. a flat- sea-fish ; a bootmaker's tool. flour (flour), n. the fine meal of ground wheat; a fine soft powder: v.t. to sprinkle flour upon. flourish (flur'ish), v.i. to prosper or thrive; be vigorous; be copious or flowery in language; embellish: v.t. swing about or brandish; give flour- ishes to: n. a figure formed by lines or strokes fancifully drawn; the act of brandishing; a musical passage intended only for display; ostenta- tious parade. > flourishing (-ing), p.adj. prosperous; thriving; vigorous; ostentatious. floury (flour 'i), adj. resembling, con- sisting of, or covered with, flour. flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat con- temptuously; jeer: v.i. to scoff; sneer: n. an insult; scoff. flow (fid), v.i. to run or spread, as water, circulate; glide; rise, as the flow or inundate: n. a current or stream; copiousness; the rise of the tide. flower (flou'er), n. that part of a plant which contains the reproduc- tive organs; blossom; the best, or choicest, part of anything; the prime; a figure or ornamental ex- pression: pi. a light powdery sub- stance obtained by sublimation : v.i. to put forth flowers; blossom or bloom: v.t. ornament or cover with flowers. floweret (-et), n. a little flower. flowering-fern ('er-ing-fern), n. the Osmunda regalis. flowery ('er-i), adj. abounding, or adorned, with flowers; highly figu- rative or embellished. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FLOWING 375 FLUSTER flowing (flo'ing), p.adj. moving, or pouring forth, as a stream; copious; fluent; hanging loosely or swaying. flown, p.p. of fly. fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v.i. to roll to and fro, as a wave; undulate; rise and fall; be irresolute or wavering. flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage to con- vey away smoke, hot air, &c; soft downy matter; fluff. fluency (flu'en-si), n. the quality of being fluent. fluent ('ent), adj. possessing readiness and ease of speech; voluble 'eloquent. fluey ( ; i), adj. like flue; fluffy. fluff (fluf), n. flight down or fur nap: v.t. to -spread out, as feathers: n. a flash. fluffiness ('nes), n. the quality of be- ing fluffy. fluffy ('i), adj. consisting of, or cov- ered with, fluff; feathery. fluid (fluid), adj. liquid or gaseous; n. a substance the particles of which are readily separable. fluidity (-id'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being fluid. fluke (fluk), n. the broad part of an anchor which is fixed into the ground; a flounder; a parasitic dis- ease in sheep; a variety of potato; one of the two lobes of a whale's tail; a lucky stroke in billiards: v.i. to score bya lucky stroke; use the flukes in swimming: said of a whale. fluky ('i), adj. like a fluke; obtained by chance. flume (flum), n. a channel for the conveyance of water. flummery (flum'er-i), n. u, jelly made of flour; blanc-mange; insipidity; humbug. flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling. flunk (flungk), n. a complete failure: v.i. to fail completely; retire through fear. flunky ('i), n. [pi. flunkies ('iz)], a liveried servant; a toady; snob; a foolish, incautious speculator. Also flunkey. flunky ism ('i-izm), n. the character- istics of a flunky. Also flunkeyism. fluoresce (fioo-o-res'), v.i. to exhibit fluorescence. fluorescence ('ens), n. the quality existing in certain transparent bodies of giving off under the action of light a color differing from their own; the property possessed by cer- tain substances of becoming lumi- nous when exposed to X-rays or oth- er forms of radiant energy. fluorescent Cent), adj. pertaining to fluorescence; possessing the ca- pacity of fluorescing. fluoric (-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, fluorine. fluoride ('o-rld), n. a compound of fluorine with a metallic base. fluorine ('o-rin), n. an elementary gaseous body allied to chlorine. fluoroscope (floo'er-o-skop), n. a de- vice for use in making X-ray ex- aminations on a screen covered with fluorescent material. fluor-spar ('er-spar), n. a trans- parent or semi-transparent mineral, composed of fluoride of calcium. Also fluorite. flurry (flur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flur- ried, p.pr. flurrying], to agitate, confuse, or bewilder: n. sudden com- motion or excitement; hurry; a sudden gust. flush (flush), v.t. to cause to blush; excite; clean out with a rush of water; drive from cover: said of game birds: v.i. to blush; glow: n. a sudden rush of water; flow of blood to the face; sudden ex- citement or impulse; a flock of game birds suddenly started; abun- dance; bloom; growth; a hand of cards all of the same suit: said of cribbage; a bog or morass : adj. level with the surface; quite full; abun- dant; plentifully supplied with mon- ey; vigorous: adv. so as to be level. flush deck (dek), n. a deck level from stem to stern. flushing ('ing), n. the act of cleans- ing out by a copious flow of water; a glow of red in the face. fluster (flus'ter), v.t. to confuse or &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 25 FLUTE 376 FOCUS agitate: hurry: n. agitation or con- fusion; excitement. flute (flut). n. a tubular wind-instru- ment furnished with finger-holes and keys; a long channel or groove cut in the shaft of a column; crimping or furrowing: v.t. to sound as a flute; form parallel grooves or chan- nel in; crimp or furrow. flutina (-te'na), a kind of accordion. fluting (fla'ting), n. a channel or groove; fluted work; a flute-shaped crimp. flutist ('tist), n. a performer on the flute. flutter (flut'er), v.i. to move or flap the wings rapidly; move rapidly and irregularly; be in agitation or un- certainty: v.t. to throw into con- fusion: n. a quick and irregular mo- tion; vibration; state of excitement or anxiety. flutter- wheel (-hwel), n. a water- wheel connected with a chute. fluty (fla'ti), adj. flute-like in tone. fluvial (fla'vi-al), adj. pertaining to, growing or living in, or caused by, rivers. Also fluvatile. flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue of matter; flow of the tide; a substance added to assist in the reduction of a metal by fusion: v.t. to melt or fuse. fluxion (fluk'shun), n. the act of flowing or melting; _ matter that flows: pi. in mathematics, the analy- sis of infinitely small variable quan- tities. fly (fli), v.i. [p.t. flew, p.p. flown, p.pr. flying], to move through, or rise in, the air with wings; pass swiftly; be driven through the air; move rapid- ly; run away; part with violence; burst; face: v.t. to avoid or shun; cause to fly or float in the air; flut- ter: n._ [pi. flies (fliz) ], a two- winged insect of many species, in- cluding the house-fly, Musca domes- tica; an artificial fly used in an- gling; a disease in turnips; a hack- ney carriage: adj. wide awake. flyblow ('bio), n. the egg or larva of a fly: v.t. & v.i. [p.p. flyblown, p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in meat, &c, and taint it. flying ('ing), n. the action of the verb to fly: p. adj. adapted for flight; floating; waving; brief, or hurried. flying-bridge (-brij), n. a tempo- rary bridge. flying-buttress (-but'res), n. an arched brace for strengthening and supporting a part of a building which rises above the rest. flying-fish (-fish), n. a fish with long pectoral fins, which has the power of sustaining itself in the air for a short time. flying-jib (-jib), n. a sail beyond the jib. flying-squirrel (fli'ing-skwer'el), n. a squirrel having elastic folds of skin attached to the legs and body, permitting it to make long, flying fly-wheel (flihwel), n. a heavy wheel in a machine which regulates its motion. foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, ass, or camel; v.i. to bring forth young: said of a mare, &c. foam (fom), n. the white substance formed on a liquid by violent agita- tion or fermentation; spume; v.t. to cause to foam : v.i. to gather foam; be enraged; froth. fob (fob), n. a small pocket, especially for a watch: v.t. to cheat. focal (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, or placed at, a focus. focal distance (dis'tans), n. the dis- tance between the optical center of a lens or mirror and the point where the rays converge. focimetry (fo-sim'e-tri), n. measur- ing the focal distance of mirrors, or lenses. f ocometry (f o-kom'e-tri) , n. measur- ing the focal. length of optical in- struments; same as focimetry. focus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses, (-ez), foci ('si) ] the point where a sys- tem of rays of light or heat meet after being reflected or refracted; any central point: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. FODDER 377 FOLK focused, p.pr. focrosing], to bring to a focus or center. Also focalize (-fe). fodder (fod'er), n. food for horses, cattle, or sheep; a weight for lead = 21 cwt. (Also fother): v.t. to feed with fodder. foe (fo), n. a personal enemy; ill- wisher ; an adversary in war. foehn (fon), n. a warm, dry Alpine wind, prevalent in Switzerland. foeman (fo'man), n. [pi. foemen ('men) ], an adversary in war. foetal (fe'tal), adj. pertaining to the foetus. foeticide ('ti-sid), n. the destruction of a foetus in the womb; criminal abortion. foetus ('tus), n. the young of vivipa- rous animals in the uterus. fog (fog), n. condensed watery vapor near the surface of the sea or land; bewilderment; a cloud or haze ob- scuring a photographic plate; the after-grass of autumn; winter pas- ture: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fogged, p.pr. fogging], to become foggy. fog-bank ('bangk), n. a dense mass of fog at sea, appearing like land in the distance. foggily (fog'i-li), adv. in a foggy manner; dimly. fogginess ('i-nes), n. the state of being foggy. foggy ('i), adj. abounding in, or filled with, fog; bewildered; obscure; ob- tuse. fogy (fo'gi), n. [pi. fogies ('giz) ], a person of old-fashioned or eccentric habits. Also fogey, fogie. fohat (fo'at), n. a term used in oc- cultism to denote the connecting link between mind and matter. foible (foi'bl), n. a failing or imper- fection in character; the weakest part of the blade in a sword. foil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frustrate; defeat: n. a long thin fencing weapon with a button on the end; the trail of hunted game; a thin plate, or sheet of metal; a contrast to set something off to advantage; a small arc in the tracery of a Gothic win- dow, &c. foist (foist) v.t. to place in wrong- fully or surreptitiously; palm off slyly (with in, into, upon). fokker (fok'er), n. 1916 type of Ger- man war-planes. fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part over another; inclose; wrap up; shut up m a pen or fold. n. a part bent or doubled over another; a plait. folder ('er), n. one who, or that which, folds; a name for various instruments or contrivances for folding. folderol (fol'de-rol), n. mere non- sense; an idle fancy or conceit; a silly trifle. folding ('ing),- n. the act or process of doubling one part over another. _ folding-doors (-dorz), n.pl. a pair of doors hung on opposite side-posts and meeting in the middle. foliaceous (fo'li-a'shus), adj. resem- bling, shaped like, or having, leaves; consisting of thin plates or laminae. foliage ('li-aj), n. leaves collectively; the artistic representation of leaves, flowers,_ &c, as in architectural decoration. foliated = ('li-a-ted), p. adj. beaten, formed into, or covered with, thin plates; splitting into laminae; deco- rated with leaf-like ornamentation. foliation (-a/shun), n. the act of leafing; the act or process of beating a metal into thin plates; lamina- tion : said of a mineral ; the number of the leaves of a book. folio (foli-o), n. a book of the larg- est size formed by folding a sheet of paper once; a page of MS. or print- ed matter; the right and left hand pages of a ledger, &c. ; in legal doc- uments 72 words of MS., 100 words in Congressional proceedings; a case for music, &c; adj. having a sheet of paper folded once: v.t. to page. foliole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet. foliose ('li-os), adj. resembling a leaf; covered with leaves. folk (f5lk or fok), n. people in gen- eral; nation or race; one's relatives. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOLK-LORE 378 FOOT folk-lore ('lor), n. popular tradi- tions, customs, beliefs, &c. folk-song ('song), n._ a popular song or ballad, illustrative of the com- mon life of the people. follia (fol-le'a), n. a kind of musical composition consisting of varieties on a given air. follicle (fol'i-kl), n. a seed-vessel; a very small tube or cavity; a sim- ple gland. follicular (-ik'u-lar), adj. like a fol- licle. follow (fol'6), v.t. to go or come after; pursue; succeed in order; accompany; attend; espouse the opinions or cause of; imitate or conform to; watch, or attend to closely; to practice: v.i. to go or come after another ;_ result: n. a par- ticular stroke in billiards or croquet. follower (-er), w. one who follows another; a disciple, attendant, or dependent; one of the same sect or party; a maidservant's sweetheart. following ('o-ing), adj. succeeding: n. vocation or calling; disciples or adherents collectively. folly (fol'i), n. {pi. follies ('iz) ], want of understanding; foolishness; unbecoming conduct; criminal weakness; sin. foment (fo-menf), v.t. to bathe with warm or medicated liquids; excite; stir up or instigate. fomentation (-men-ta'shun) , n. the act of fomenting; warm or medi- cated liquids applied to a diseased part; incitement. fomes (fo'mez), n. [pi. fomites ('mi- tez) ], a porous substance, as wool, &c, capable of retaining germs, and thus communicating contagion. fond (fond), adj. affectionate; lov- ing; ardently attached or devoted; partial to; injudiciously, foolishly indulgent (with of). fondle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; treat with tenderness; handle tenderly: v.t. to exhibit fondness. fondling Cdling), n. one who, or that which, is fondled. fondu (fong-doo'), adj. in calico printing and paper hangings, the gradual blending of one color into another. font (font), n. a stone receptacle to hold the water used in baptizing; a complete assortment of a particular kind of type. fontal ('al), adj. pertaining to a font. fontanel (fon'ta-nel), n. one of the six open spaces in the skull of an infant; a seton. food (food), n. nutriment; material. fool (fool), n. a person devoid of rea- son or intelligence; idiot; one who acts in a foolish manner; a victim or butt; a compound of crushed gooseberries with cream: v.t. to make a fool of; treat with contempt; disappoint. foolery ('er-i), n. [pi. fooleries (-iz) ], habitual folly; absurd conduct or action. fooihardiness ('har-di-nes), n. a courage without sense. foolhardy ('har-di), adj. foolishly bold; daringly rash; regardless of consequences. fooling ('ing), n. foolish speech or conduct; buffoonery; banter; idle interference. foolish ('ish), adj. acting without reason or judgment; weak-minded; silly; ridiculous; trifling; contempt- ible. foolishly (-li), adj. in a foolish man- ner. foolishness (-nes), n. folly. foolscap (foolz'kap), n. a size of paper about 17 in, by 14 in.: origin- ally water-marked with the cap and bells formerly worn by professional jesters. foot (foot), n. [pi. feet (fet)'l, that part of the leg on which an animal walks or stands; the lower part, base, foundation, or end of any- thing; that part of a boot or stock- ing which receives the foot; a meas- ure equal to 12 in. ; infantry soldiers; a certain number of syllables consti- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOOTBALL 379 FOREARM tuting part of a verse: v.t. to add a foot to, as a stocking; add fig- t ures in a column, and place the total at the bottom: v.i. to dance; go on foot. football ('bawl), n. a large india- rubber ball encased in leather, used in the game of football. footing ('ing), n. ground or support for the feet; tread; a firm or as- sured position; dance; an enter- tainment given by a new employe, &c, to his fellow-workmen; state or condition. footman ('man), n. {pi. footmen ('men) ], a livery servant who at- tends a carriage, waits on table, &c. footpad ('pad), n. a highwayman who robs on foot. foot-pound ('pound), n. the unit of energy equal to work required to raise 1 lb. through a space of 1 ft. foots (footz), n.pl. the sediment of oil or sugar. fop (fop), n. a dandy; pretentious fool. foppery ('er-i), n. [pi. fopperies (-iz) j, dandyism. foppish ('ish), adj. affected in dress and manners. for (for), prep, in place of; on account of; for the sake of; notwithstand- ing; to the number or amount of: conj. because; since: prefix, mean- ing thoroughly, before, greatly, with a privative, or negative force. forage (for'aj), n. food for horses and cattle; a search for provisions: v.i. to wander about in search of provisions: v.t. to supply with for- age. foraging (-ing), n. the act of search- ing for forage. foramen (fo-ra'men), n. {pi. foram- ina (ram'i-na) ], a short passage or opening, as in a bone, or ovule. foraminated (-ram'i-na'ted), adj. fur- nished with small holes or foram- ina. Also foraminate. foray (for'a), n. a predatory expedi- tion in border warfare: v.t. to plun- der or ravage. forbade p.t. of forbid. forbear (-bar'), v.t. {p.t. forbore, p.p. forborne, p.pr. forbearing], to abstain from; excuse; spare: v.i. to restrain one's self; be patient: n. an ancestor. Also forbear. [Scotch.] forbearance Cans), n. patience; in- dulgence; self-command. forbid (-bid'), v.t. {p.t. forbade, p.p. forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbidding]. to prohibit; command not to do; oppose. forbidding ('ing), p. adj. repellent; disagreeable. force (fors), n. active power; vigor; strength; energy; violence; power to persuade or convince; validity; legality; efficacy; meaning; troops; armament; a trained or organized body; unlawful violence to property or person; any cause that produces, or tends to produce^ motion, or a change of motion, in a body; a water fall: v.t. to compel; overpower by strength; impel; push; press; strain; cause to grow or ripen by artificial means: v.i % to endeavor. forced (forst), p.adj. strained; af- fected. forcemeat (fors'met), n. meat chop- ped fine and seasoned. forceps (for'seps), n. pincers or pliers for seizing and extracting anything. forcible (for'si-bl), adj. character- ized by mental or physical power; vigorous; violent. forcibly ('si-bli), adv. in a forcible manner; vigorously; violently. ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a stream, &c, which can be crossed by men or animals: v.t. to wade through, or pass over without swimming. fore, a prefix meaning before, in front, much used on composition: its meaning is usually self-evident. fore and aft (aft), the entire length of a ship. forearm (for'arm), n. the arm be- tween the wrist and elbow: v.t. to prepare for attach or resistance before the time of need. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOREBEAR 380 FORFEIT forebear. See under forbear. forebode (-bod'), v.t. to presage, es- pecially evil; feel a presentiment of: v.i. to foretell (evil). forebow ('bo), n. the pommel of a saddle. forecast ('kast), n. a previous con- trivance; foresight; prediction of the weather: v.t. (for-kasf), to plan or calculate beforehand; foresee; predict. forecastle (fok'sl), n. the part of a vessel forward of the foremast, where the seamen take their meals and sleep. foreclose (for-kl5z'), v.t. to cut off from the right of redemption: said of a mortgage. forefather ('i&th-er), n. a male an- cestor. Forefather's Day ('fa-f/ierz da), n. Dec. 21, the date when the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Mass., 1620: observed as an anniversary in New England, &c. foregather (-ga^'er), v.i. to assemble; associate (with with). forego (-go'), v.t. [p.t. forewent, p.p. foregone, p.pr. foregoing], to re- nounce or refrain from; give up: v.t. precede. forehead (for'ed), n. that part of the face between the eyes and the hair; brow. foreign (for 'en), adj. belonging to another nation or country; alien; exotic; extraneous; remote. forel ('el), n. a kind of parchment used* for covers of books. foreland (fdr'land), n. point of land projecting into the sea; headland. forelock ('lok), n. a lock of hair growing on the forehead; a linchpin. foreman ('man), n. [pi. foremen ('men)], the spokesman of a jury; an overseer. foremost ('most), adj. chief; first. forensic (fo-ren'sik), adj. pertaining to, or used in, courts of justice or public debate. forensic medicine (med'i-sin), n. medical jurisprudence. forereach (for-rech'), v.t. to gain upon: v.i. to forge ahead in stays: said of a vessel. forerun (-run'), v.t. [p.t. foreran, p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerunning], to run before; precede; announce. forerunner ('er), n. a messenger sent before; herald; something that precedes a person or event. foresail ('sal), n. a large square sail, the principal one on the foremast. foreshore ('shor), n. that part of a beach or shore situated between the high and low water marks. foreshorten (-short 'n), v.t. to depict (figures as they appear to the eye when viewed obliquely) so as to convey the impression of full length. foreskin ('skin), n. the prepuce. forespeech ('spech), n. a preface. forest (for 'est), n. a large extent of ground covered with trees; wood- land; an uncultivated tract of land, more or less covered with trees and undergrowth: adj. pertaining to a forest; rustic; sylvan: v.t. to cover with trees or forest. forestall (-stawl'), v.t. to be before- hand with; anticipate; buy up in advance. forestay ('sta), n. a strong rope reaching from the foremast-head to the bow of a vessel to strengthen the foremast. forester (for'est-er), n. one skilled in forestry, or an officer who has charge of a forest; an inhabitant of a forest or wild region. forestry ('est-ri), n. the art of cul- tivating forests or managing timber. foretop (for'top), n. the platform at the head of a foremast. fore topmast (-mast), n. the mast immediately above the foremast. forever (for-ev'er), adv. endless; for eternity. forewind (Vind), n. a favorable wind. forfeit (for'fit), n. a fine or penalty: v.t. to lose (some position, right, or advantage) by breach of conditions, omission, or conduct: adj. alienated or lost. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FORFEITURE 381 FORMALITY forfeiture ('fi-tur), n. the act of for- feiting; that which is forfeited; pen- alty. forfend (-fend'), v.t. to ward off. forgave, p.t. of forgive. forge (forj and forj), v.t. to fashion (a piece of metal) by heating and hammering; form into shape; in- vent ; counterfeit, with intent to de- fraud; impel forward: v.i. to be guilty of the crime of forgery; go slowly or with difficulty: n. an open fire in which a blacksmith heats irons by forced draught, and fash- ions the metal while hot; a place where metal is forged; workshop. forgeable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being forged. forger ('er), n. one who commits the crime of forgery; a fabricator. forgery (-i), n. the act of counter- feiting the handwriting of another with intent to defraud; the act of counterfeiting coin. forget (for-gef), v.t. [p.t. forgot: p.p. forgotten, p.pr. forgetting], to lose the remembrance of; overlook or neglect; slight. forge table ('a-bl), adj. liable to be forgotten. forgetful ('fool), adj. apt to forget; careless; negligent; heedless. forgetfully (-li), adv. in a forgetful manner. sembling, or branching like, a fork; the branch or space caused by the junction of two roads or rivers: v.t. to raise, throw, or dig with a fork*, steal: v.i. to branch off. forked (forkt), adj. shaped like a forkf Opening into two or more parts; zigzag, as lightning. forlorn (-lorn'), adj. abandoned; de- serted; destitute; miserable; bereft; hopeless. forlorn-hope (-hop), n. a body ol men detached for some service of ex- ceptional peril; a hopeless enter- prise, smithy; form (form), n. the external appear- ance or shape of anything; image; likeness; orderly arrangement; beau- ty; symmetry; determinate shape or structure; established practice, or ritual; a mold or pattern; an offi- cial formula; a long bench without a back; a class; state of high con- dition or fitness; the bed or seat of a hare; types, plates, &c, imposed in a chase ready for printing (forme): v.t. to give shape to; create; mold to a particular pattern; conceive or imagine; constitute; devise; adjust: v.i. to take shape. formal ('al), adj. according to form or established rules; precise; cere- monious; conventional; essential; having the outward form without the inward reality. forgetfulness (-nes), n. the quality formaldehyde (form-al'de-hid), n. a of being forgetful; loss of remem- brance; neglect. forget-me-not ('me-not), n. a per- ennial plant with small bright sky- blue flowers. forgivable (-giv'a-bl), adj. that may be forgiven. forgive (-giv'), v.t. [p.t. forgave, p.p. forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to par- don; remit, as a sin, offense, debt, &c: v.i. to exhibit forgiveness. forgiveness ('nes), n. pardon; re- mission. forgotten, p.p. of forget. gas obtained by the partial oxida- tion of methyl alcohol, used largely as a disinfectant and as an anti- septic. formalin (form'al-in), n. a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde, used for preserving specimens for biolog- ical work. Also formol. formalism (-izm), n. exact and scru- pulous observance of outward forms and conventional usages, especially in religious duties. formalist (-ist), n. el scrupulous ob- server of outward forms. fork (fork), n. an instrument with formality ('i-ti), n. [pi. formalities two or more prongs; anything re- (-tiz)], strict adherence to external ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue,, hut; think, then. —4 FORMALLY 382 FORTITUDE or customary forms; ceremony; method or mode. formally (-li), adv. in a formal manner. formate (for'mat), n. a salt of for- mic acid. formation (-ma/shun), n.^ the act of forming; that which is formed; structure; figure; production; a group of strata of nearly the same age having certain common charac- teristics. formative ('ma-tiv), adj. giving or serving to form; plastic; germinal: n. a word formed by adding a pre- fix, or suffix. former ('mer), adj. preceding in time or place; first mentioned: n. a mak- er; author. formerly (-li), adv. anciently; some time ago. formic ('mik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, ants; derived from formic acid. formic acid . (as'id), n. a colorless corrosive acid consisting of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, obtained from oxalic acid and glycerine: originally obtained from the bodies of red ants. formicant ('mi-kant), adj. weak: said of the pulse. formication (-mi-ka/shun), n. irri- tation of the skin, resembling that made by the creeping of ants. formidable ('mid-a-bl), adj. exciting dread; fearful; powerful. formidably (-li), adv. in a formid- able manner. formula ('u-la), n. [pi. formulas (-laz), formulae (-le)], a prescribed form, rule, or model; a group of symbols, expressing the composition of a chemical compound; a formal statement of faith or doctrine; a prescription; the expression of a rule by algebraic symbols. formulary (-ri), n. [pi. formularies (-riz)j, a book of stated and_ pre- scribed forms, or of prayers, ritual, &c; a formula. formulate ('u-lat), v.t. to put into the form of, or reduce to, a formula; fix or state, in definite terms. formyl ('il), n. the hypothetical base of formic acid. fornicate (forn'i-kat), v.i. to com- mit fornication: adj. arched; vault- ed. fornication (-i-ka'shun) , n. the illicit sexual intercourse of unmarried per- sons; adultery; idolatry; an arch- ing or vaulting. fornix _ (for'niks), n. [pi. fornices ('ni-sez)], in anatomy, an arch- shaped part; the upper shell of an oyster. forsake (-sak'), v.t. [p.t. forsook, p.p. forsaken, p.pr. forsaking], to leave; desert; abandon; depart from. forsooth (-sooth'), adv. verily; in truth. forswear (-swar'), v.i. [p.t. forswore, p.p. forsworn, p.pr. forswearing], to swear falsely; commit perjury: v.t. to deny on oath; abjure. fort (fort), n. an inclosed fortified place; castle; fortress. fortalice ('a-lis), n. a small fort, or fortified outwork. forte (fort), n. one's strong point, or special talent. forth (forth), adv. onward in time, place, or order; forward; abroad; away. forthcoming (-kurn'ing), adj. ready, or about to appear n. a coming forth. forthwith (-with), adv. immediately. fortieth (for'ti-eth), adj. next in or- der after 39th: n. one of 40 equal parts. fortification (-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the art or science of fortifying; a mili- tary defensive work; a strengthen- ing. fortifier ('ti-fi-er), n. one who forti- fies. fortify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. forti- fied, p.pr. fortifying], to strengthen against attack by military works; make strong; encourage or confirm: v.i. to erect woAs of defense. fortitude ('ti-tud), n. mental strength to endure suffering or adversity with courage; patient endurance. ate^ arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; hoon, book; hue, hut; ihink, //ten. FORTNIGHT 383 FOUNDLING fortnight (fort 'nit), n. 14 days. fortnightly (-li), adv. once every 14 fortress ('res), n. a large permanent fortified place for defense or secur- ity; castle. fortuitous (-tu'i-tus), adj. happen- ing by chance; accidental. fortuity ('i-ti), n. [pi. fortuities (-tiz) ], an accidental occurrence; chance. fortunate ('tu-nat), adj. happening by good fortune; lucky; auspicious; successful. fortunately (-li), adv. luckily; au- spiciously, g fortune ('tun), n. the good or ill that happens to mankind}! chance; fate; estate; wealth; possessions; future destiny. $ fortune-hunter (-hun'ter;, n. one who seeks to marry an jf^eiress, or wealthy woman. 1 forty ('ti), adj. one more than 39: n. the sum of 10 and 30. i forum (for'um), n. [pi. *)ra ('a), forums ('umz) ], the public place of meeting in ancient Rome, where the law courts, public offices, &c, were situated: hence a place of public re- sort, or court of law. forward (for'werd), adv. onward; in advance; toward the forepart: adj. situated near the front; early in sea- son or preparation; ready; prompt; presumptuous; unreserved; not over modest; eager; earnest; imperti- nent: inter j. on (!) v.t. to help for- ward; quicken or hasten; improve; transmit. forwardness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being forward; imperti- nence; pertness. forwarder (-er), n. one who for- wards or promotes; a merchant who transmits goods; the workman who forwards the rough work in book- binding to the finisher. forwards, adv. Another form of for- ward. fossil (fos'il), n. any organic body which by burial in the earth's strata has become petrified; a person an- tiquated in his ideas: adj. pertain- ing to, of the nature of, or converted into, a fossil; dug from the earth; antiquated. fossiliferous (-if'er-us), adj. con- taining fossils. fossilize (-iz), v.t. to petrify: v.i. to become antiquated. foster ('ter), v.t. to nourish; nurse; rear up; sustain or support; cherish. foster-brother (-bruf/i'er), n. a brother by nursing, but not by birth. foster-child (-child), n. a child nursed or reared by one who is not its parent. fother. Same as fodder. fought, p.t. & p.p. of fight. foul (Foul), adj. offensive, morally or physically; dirty; impure; scurril- ous; filthy; hateful; loathsome; dis- graceful; unfair; cloudy and stormy; contrary, as a wind; thick with weeds, &c; entangled, as an anchor: n. a wilful collision: v.t. to make foul or dirty; sully or defile; come into collision with: v.i. to become foul or dirty . foulard (foo-lard'), n. a light silk, or silk-cotton washable dress fabric; a silk handkerchief for wear round the neck or head. foumart ('mart), n. the pole-cat. found, p.t. & p.p. of find. found (found), v.t. to lay the basis of; build; fix firmly; establish; orig- inate; form by melting a metal and pouring it into a mold; cast. foundation (foun-da/shun), n. the basis or lowest part of a structure; groundwork; the principles or origin of anything; an endowment or en- dowed institution; the first stitches in knitting or crocheting. founder (foun'der), n. one who founds or originates; builder; one who casts metal: v.t. to sink by fill- ing with water: disable or make lame: said of a horse: v.i. to fill and sink; go lame. foundling (foundling), n. a child found whose parent is unknown. ate, arm, t-t, awl; me, merp;e, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then.. FOUNDRY 384 FOXY foundry ('ri), ft. [pi. foundries ('riz) ], the place where metal casting is carried on. fount (fount), ft. a fountain or spring; original source. fountain (foun'tan), n. a natural or artificial spring of water; the head or source of a river; a jet or spout of water; the first cause or origin. fountain-head (-hed), n. the spring from which a stream flows; the first source. fountain-pen ft. a pen having a reservoir of ink in the holder. four (for), adj. consisting of 1 more than 3; a cardinal numeral: ft. the sum of 3 and 1; a four-oared boat, or its crew. fourchette (foor-shet'), ft. a forked surgical instrument; the wish-bone of a bird; the frog of a horse's foot. fourfold (for'fold), ft. a quantity four times as much: adj. four times told. fourgon m (foor-gong'), ft. a military ammunition wagon, or baggage car- riage. Fourierism (foo'ri-er-izm), ft. the socialistic and cooperative system advocated by Fourier, the French socialist. four-in-hand (for'in-hand), ft. a coach drawn by four horses and driven by one person; a necktie, worn tied in a knot so as to leave the ends hanging vertically: adv. with a team of four horses. fourneau (foor-no'), ft. the chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed. four-o'clock ('o-klok), n. a flower, the Marvel of Peru. fourscore ('skor), adj. 80. fourteen ('ten), adj. consisting of 4 more than 10: ft. the sum of 4 and 10. fourteenth ('tenth), adj. fourth in order after 10th: n. one of 14 equal parts. fourth, (forth), adj. next in order after third: n. one of 4 equal parts; a musical interval of two tones and one semitone. Fourth, ft. the fourth day of July. Independence Day. fouiV.hly ('li), adv. in the fourth place. fovilla (fo-vil'a), ft. the gummy fer- tilising protoplasmic liquid of pollen grain. fowl (foul), ft. a gallinaceous bird, especially the domestic cock or hen ; poiAtry; birds _ collectively: v.i. to catch or kill wild birds for sport or food^ fowIerS ( r er), ft. one who catches or kills wild birds for sport or food. fowling, ('ing), ft. the act or practice of caching or shooting wild birds. fowling-piece (-pes), ft. a light gun used f >r ordinary sporting. fox (foK/0, ft. a canine mammal with a Ionpr c bushy tail, belonging to the genus v Vulpes, notorious for its cun- ning Whence sly, a cunning person; a smajg strand of rope, formed by twisting several rope-yarns together: v.t. to make sour, or turn reddish; repair ^.said of boots; watch slyly: v.i. to turn sour or become reddish; act as a spy. fox-bats ('batz), ft. a genus of bats with a fox-like head. fox-brush ('brush), ft. the tail of a fox. foxed (fokst), p.adj. stained, as tim- ber, or spotted, as prints, books, &c, with a reddish discoloration; re- paired with leather: said of a boot. foxglove ('gluv), ft. a plant of the genus Digitalis, especially the purple foxglove, the leaves of which are used medicinally. fox-grape ('grap), ft. a variety of grape. foxhound ('hound), ft. one of a breed of dogs used for fox-hunting. foxiness ('i-nes), ft. sly cunning, or shrewdness; the state of being de- cayed, or sour. fox-squirrel ('skwer-el), ft. the North American tree squirrel. foxtail ('tal), ft. the name of various species of grass; the tail of a fox. foxy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or re- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met, mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FOYER 385 FRANTIC sembling, a fox; cunning; crafty; reddish-brown; soured; discolored. foyer (fwa-ya/), n. the lobby of a theater. fracas (fra'kas), n. a noisy quarrel. fraction (frak'shun), n. a part bro- ken off; act of breaking; the state of being broken; a part of a unit, as 34- fractional (-al), adj. pertaining to, or constituting;* a fraction; very small. fractious ('shus), adj. unruly; cross. fracture ('tur), n. a part broken; a break caused by violence; separa- tion; the direction in which a min- eral breaks sc as to show its texture: v.t. to break, or crack, as a bone, &c. fragile (fraj'il), adj. easily broken; weak; delicate. fragilely (-li), adv. in a fragile man- ner fragileness (-nes), n. the state of being fragile. fragility (fra-jil'i-ti), n. the state of being fragile. fragment (frag'ment), n. a part broken off from a whole; an imper- fect part. fragmental (-al), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, fragments, discon- nected; made of parts of pre existent rock; conglomerate. Also fragmen- tary. fragmentation (-ta'shun), a. fission. fragrance (fra'grans), n. the state or quality of being fragrant. Also fragrancy. fragrant ('grant), adj. sweet-smell- ing. frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; weak, physically or morally; infirm: n a basket made of rushes. f raise (fraz), n. palisading formed of inclined or horizontal stakes. framable (fram'a-bl), adj. capable of being framed. frame (fram), n. something con- structed or composed of parts fitted and joined together; that on which anything is held or stretched; any contrivance for inclosing, admitting, or supporting something; a compos- itor's stand; an inclined table of planks for washing ore; shape; temper; state: v .t. to fit (one thing) into another; shape or form; adjust or regulate; invent; adapt: v.i. to wash ore on a frame. frame-bridge ('brij), n. a timber bridge. framer ('er), n. one who frames; a contriver. framework (Verk), n. that which incloses or supports something else. franc (frangk), n. a French coin, the unit of monetary value equal to 19.3 cents. franchise (fran'chiz), n. the consti- tutional right of suffrage ; a particu- lar privilege or right granted by a sovereign or by a legislative body to an individual, or to a corporation the district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends. Franco, a form used in composition to denote France, or French, as the Franco-German war. Franco (frang'ko), n. name applied by the French to one who belongs to the Franc-tireurs or volunteer riflemen. francolin (frang'ko-lin), n. a bird al- lied to the partridge. frangibility (franj-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being frangible. frangible ('i-bl), adj. easily broken. frank (frangk), adj. open or ingenu- ous; candid; outspoken; unreserved: n. a signature that exempts mail- matter from payment of postage : a letter privileged to go post-free: v.t. to send or have conveyed free of charge. Frank (frangk), n. name by which the Christian Europeans were known to the Mohammedans during the period of the Crusades. frankincense ('in-sens), n. a fra- grant inflammable resin burnt as in- cense. frankly ('li), adv. candidly, openly. frankness ('nes), n. candor; open- ness. frantic (fran'tik), adj. violently mad ate, arm, ask. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRANTICALLY 386 FREEMASONRY or distracted; outrageous; trans- ported by passion. frantically (-al-li), adv. in a frantic manner. frap (frap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. f rapped, p.pr. frapping], to strengthen or draw together by ropes crossing each other; undergird. frappe (-pa/), adj. chilled with ice. _ fraternal (fra-ter'nal), adj. pertain- ing to, becoming, or like, brothers. fraternally (-li), adv. in a fraternal manner. fraternize (frat'er-niz), v.i. to asso- ciate or hold fellowship as brothers. fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. [pi. fra- ternities (-tiz) ], brotherly relation- ship; a body of men associated to- gether by a common bond of interest, especially of a religious character; men of the same profession or class. fratricide (frat'ri-sid), n. the crime of killing a brother; one who kills a brother. fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; trick; cheat; a humbug. fraudulence ('u-lens), n. deceitful- ness; trickery; unfairness. fraudulent ('u-lent), adj. character- ized by, founded on, or obtained by, fraud. fraught (frawt), adj. laden; charged. fraxin (fraks'in), n. a crystalline substance obtained from the bark of the ash tree. Also fraxinin. fray (fra), n. a riot; quarrel; a chafe or rub: v.t. to chafe or wear away. fraying ('ing), n. the act of wearing away by friction; the peeling off of the velvet of a deer's horn. frazzle (fra'zl), n. worn-out woven stuff, rope etc.: v.i. to become frayed. freak (frek), n. sudden or capricious change of mind, or whim; a prank; an abnormal animal or plant: v.t. to variegate; spot or streak. freckle (frek'l), n. a brownish spot in the skin: v.t. to mark with freck- les: v.i. to become freckled. freckly ('li), adj. marked with f reck- free (fre), adj. [comp. freer, superl. freestl, without restraint; at liber- ty; permitted; liberal; generous; open; free from guilt; independent; familiar; licentious; not arbitrary or despotic; spirited; not attached or fixed; uncombined; invested with the franchise, &c. (with of) : v.t. to set at liberty; emancipate; rid or exempt; clear: adv. gratuitously. free-board ('b5rd), n. that part of the side of a ship between the upper side of the deck and the water-line. freebooter ('boot-er), n. one who roves about for plunder or pillage; buccaneer. free city (sit'i), n. a city having an independent franchise and govern- ment. freedman (fred'man), n. [pi. freed- men ('men) 1, a slave who has been legally emancipated. freedom (fre'dum), n. the state of being free; liberty; independence; ease in performance; particular privilege; absence of conventionali- ty; undue familiarity. free-hand ('hand), adj. drawn by the hand without the aid of instru- ments. free-handed (-ed), adj. generous; liberal. freehold (Tiold), n. an estate or ten- ement held by fee-simple, fee-tail, or for life. free-lance (lans), n. one of a class of mediaeval soldiers who sold their services to fight for the highest bid- der; one who acts, speaks, or writes irrespective of any party. freeman ('man), n. [pi. freemen ('men) ], one in the enjoyment of liberty; one possessed of certain franchises or municipal privileges. Freemason ('ma-sn), n. & member of a secret society in the Middle Ages, consisting formerly of skilled crafts- men, now a social association pro- fessing principles of brotherly love, charity, and mutual aid. Freemasonry (-ri), n. the system, rites, &c, of the Freemasons. S,te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FREE PORT 387 FRET free port (port), n. a port where no duties are levied on merchandise. Free-soil ('soil), adj. opposed to the extension of slavery: said of the party formed at Boston, United States, 1848, to restrict slavery. freestone ('ston)^ n. a sandstone suitable for working. freethinker ('thingk-er), n. one who forms his opinions independently of others; one who rejects revelation in religion, and dogmatic belief; a latitudinarian. free trade (trad), n. trade with other countries unrestricted by tariffs or customs duties. free-will ('wil), adj, voluntary; hold- ing the theological _ doctrine that man is free to exercise his will for good or evil. freezable (frez'a-bl), adj. that may be frozen. freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal or harden into ice; kill by cold: v.i. to be congealed with cold; be chilled with cold; be at or below the tem- perature of 32°. freezing-point ('ing-pomt), n. 32° above 0° in the Fahrenheit scale . (0° Centigrade), at which water freezes. freight (frat), n. the goods with which a vessel is loaded; cargo; goods carried by rail; the sum paid or charged for the conveyance of goods: adj. used for conveying goods: v.t. to load with goods for conveyance; hire or charter. freightage ('aj), n. charge for freight; cargo. freight-car Ckar), n. 2b railway car for transporting freight. freighter ('er), n. one who freights a ship or car; shipper; a vessel for conveying freight. French (french), adj. pertaining to France, its inhabitants, or language. frenchify ('i-fi), v. [p.t. &' p.p. frenchified, p.pr. frenchifying], to infect with French manners, char- acteristics, or customs. french leave (-lev), n. departure without ceremony or notice. frenzied (fren'zid), p. adj. affected with frenzy; delirious. frenzy ('zi), n. [pi. frenzies ('ziz) ], violent agitation; temporary mad- ness; fury. v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fren- zied, p.pr. frenzying], to throw into a frenzy ; render mad. frequency (fre'kwen-si), n. the re- peated occurrence of a thing at short intervals. frequent ('kwent), adj. recurring often :_ v.t. (fre-kwenf) to resort to, or visit often. frequentative _ ('ta-tiv), adj. in grammar, noting repetition, as cer- tain verbs. frequently (-li), adv. often; repeat- edly. fresco (fres'ko), n. [pi. frescos, fres- coes m ('koz) ], a method of wall- painting in water-colors on fresh plaster: v.t. to decorate or paint in fresco. fresh (fresh), adj. new; recent; un- faded^ uninjured by time; in good condition; not forgotten; healthy; strong and active; not wearied; live- ly; brisk; pure and cool; not salt; inexperienced; intoxicated: n. a spring; freshet; the union of fresh and salt water in a river. freshen ('en), v.t. to make fresh; render less salt; revive; slacken (a rope) to relieve the part exposed to friction: v.i. to become vigorous: grow fresh; lose saltness. freshet ('et), n. a flood caused by melting snow or heavy rain. freshman ('man), n. [pi. freshmen ('men) ], a college student in his first year. fresh-water ('waw-ter) 7 adj.^ per- taining to, living in, found in, or formed in, fresh water; accustomed to river navigation or the coasting trade. fret (fret)^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fretted, p.pr. fretting], to wear away by fric- tion; injure by rubbing; corrode; agitate; vex; irritate; make rough ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRETFUL 388 FRIJOLE on the surface; ornament with raised or interlaced work; varie- gate: v.i. to be worn away by fric- tion or corrosion; be agitated or irritated; utter peevish complaints: n. the act or process of fretting; an ornament formed by small bands or fillets interlacing each other at right angles; perforated or interlaced or- namental work; an agitation on the surface of a liquid; chafing, or irri- tation; a small piece of ivory or wood on the keyboard of certain stringed instruments. fretful ('fool), adj. peevish: irritated. fret-saw ('saw), n. a long, thin, nar- row saw with fine teeth, used for cutting frets. frette (-ta/), adj. decorated with fret- work. Also fretted. fretwork ('werk), n. carved, raised, or open ornamental work. friability (frl-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being friable. Also friableness. friable ('a-bl), adj. readily crum- bled, or reduced to powder. friar ('er), n. one of a mendicant order of monks in the Roman Cath- olic Church. friary (-ri), n. a monastery. fricassee (frik-a-se'), n. a dish of chicken, rabbit, or other meat cut into small pieces, stewed and fried with gravy or sauce: v.t. to make into, or dress like, a fricassee. fricative ('a-tiv), n. a name for cer- tain letters, as th, sh, zh, produced by the friction of the breath issuing through the narrow aperture of the organs of articulation. friction ('shun), n. the act of rub- bing; attrition; resistance to the motion of a body, caused by contact with the surface upon which it moves; the act of rubbing to stimu- late the circulation of the blood ves- sels; irritation or disagreement caused by divergence of opinion. frictional (-al), adj. pertaining to or produced by, friction. Friday (fri'da), n. the sixth day of the week: named from the Scandi- navian deity Frigga, the goddess of love. fried, p.t. & p.p. of fry. friend (frend), n. one attached to another by affection, regard, or es- teem; an intimate acquaintance;' a supporter or favorer of a cause, &c; an ally; a term of salutation. Friend, n. a member of the Society of Friends. friendliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being friendly. friendly ('li), adj. pertaining to a friend; having the characteristics of a friend; amicable; affable; genial; convenient; favorable : adv. amicably. friendship _ ('ship), n. intimacy; united with affection or esteem; mutual attachment; good-will. Friesian (fre'zian), adj. pertaining to Friesland, its inhabitants, or its language. Also Frisian. frieze (frez), n. the middle part of the entablature of a column between the architrave and cornice: usually ornamented with sculpture, &c; a coarse woolen cloth with a rough shaggy nap on one side. frigate (frig 'at), n. formerly a war- ship with an upper flush deck, car-. rying from 24 to 50 guns. frigate-bird (-berd), n. a swift rap- torial bird allied to the pelican. frigeratory (frij'er-a-to-ri), n. a cool- ing or refrigerating chamber. fright (frit), n. a sudden and violent fear; alarm; a person whose dress or appearance is ridiculous. frighten ('n), v.t. to terrify. frightful ('fool), adj. terrible; dread- ful; alarming; shocking; grotesque. frightfully (-H), adv. terribly; gro- tesquely. frigid (frij'id), adj. without warmth; wintery; cold in temperament; stiff; formal; dull. frigidity (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the state of being frigid; coldness. frijole (fre-hol'), n. a bean much cultivated in Mexico as an article of food. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booni book; hue, hut; think, then. FRILL 389 FROND frill (fril), n. a pleated or crimped edging of fine linen to a garment, as a shirt front, &c; ruffle: pi. af- fectation of manner; ornamentation of dress, &c: v.i. to ruffle or shiver the feathers with cold: said of a hawk: v.t. to make into a frill. frilling ('ing), n. gathered trimming or edging for garments. Frimaire (fre-mar'), n. one of the months of the calendar of the French people during the Revolution, from November 21st to December 20th. fringe (frinj), n. an ornamental bor- der of hanging cords, &c; any border or edging resembling a fringe: v.t. to border with, or as with, a fringe. fringy ('ji), adj. fringe-like. frippery (frip'er-i), n. old clothes or furniture; the place where old clothes are sold; trade in second- hand clothes; adj. trumpery: con- temptible. frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or dance in frolic: n. a gambol, dance, or frolic. frisket (fris'ket), n. a light frame for holding down the sheet while the impression is being printed. f riskiness ('ki-nes), n. the state or quality of being frisky. frisky ('ki), adj. lively in action; sprightly; gay; frolicsome. frit (frit), n. the mixture of sand and fluxes from which glass is made after being calcined and baked in a furnace prior to fusion: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fritted, p.pr. fritting], to decom- pose and melt partially. frit-fly ('fll), n. a small fly injurious to wheat. frith (frith), n. an inlet of the sea at the mouth of a river; estuary [Scotch]. Also firth; a kind of weir for capturing fish. fritter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by de- grees; cut up as meat into small pieces for frying: n. a small piece of meat cut for frying; a small cake with meat or fruit in it. frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), n. [pi. frivoli- ties (-tiz) ], levity; a trifling act, thought, or action. frivolous (friv'o-lus), adj. trifling; trivial; petty; silly; inclined to levity. frizette (fri-zef), n. a small piece of hair worn as a bang. Also frisette. frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; form into little hard burrs: said of the nap of cloth: n. that which is frizzed, as hair. frizzle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot coals; curl or frizz: n. a crisped lock of hair. fro (fro), adv. away from; backward. frock 'frok), n. a loose upper gar- ment worn by children and women; dress; a monk's habit; a coarse over-garment worn by laborers, &c; an undress regimental coat. frock-coat ■_ ('kot), n. a close-fitting, strait-bodied coat with wide skirts of the same length before and be- hind. frog (frog), n. a small tailless am- phibious animal of the genus Rana; a tender horny substance growing in the middle of the sole of a horse's foot; a spindle-shaped button or toggle used for fastening military cloaks, ladies' mantles, &c; a section of a railway line where the rails diverge. frogged (frogd), adj. ornamented or fastened with frogs. frogging ('ing), n. ornamentation with frogs; fishing with frogs as live bait. frolic _ (frol'ik), n. a scene of merry- making or gaiety; a sportive out- burst; wild prank: adj. sportive; merry or gay: v.i. to indulge in tricks of mirth and levity; play wild pranks. frolicsome (-sum), adj. full of frolic. from (from), prep, out of, away; since; noting source or beginning, distance, logical or physical se- quences. frond (frond), n. the union of a leaf and a branch; the leaf of a fern, palm, or seaweed. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRONS 390 FRUIT frons (fronz), n. [pi. frontes (fron'- tez) ], the forehead. front (frunt), n. the forehead; the forepart or foremost of anything; van; the most conspicuous part; impudence or boldness; a false shirt- bosom or dickey : adj. situated at the front: v.t. to stand, or be situated, opposite to, or over against: v.i. to have the front turned in a particular direction. frontage ('aj), n. the front part of a building or its area. frontal (fron'tal), adj. pertaining to the front or forehead: n. something worn on the forehead; an ecclesias- tical hanging in front of an altar; a small pediment over a window or door. frontier (fron'ter), n. the boundary or limits of a country: adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the boun- dary of a country; contiguous. frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. an illustration facing the front page of a book. frontlet (frunt 'let;, n. a fillet or band worn on the forehead; a Jew- ish phylactery; the margin of the head of a bird behind the bill. fronton (fron'ton), n. the entrance to a building ornamented. frost (frost), n. minute frozen parti- cles of moisture; the temperature of the atmosphere which causes the congelation of water; hoar-frost; an enterprise ending in failure: v.t. to cover with, or as with, hoar-frost; injure by frost; sharpen (horses' shoes) in frosty weather. frosted ('ed), p. adj. covered with, resembling, or injured by, frost. frostily ('i-li), adv. with frost, or ex- cessive cold. frostiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being frosty. frosting ('ing), n. a preparation of fine sugar and white of egg for cov- ering cakes; rough powdered glass used in decorative work. frosty ('i), adj. [comp. frostier, su- perl. frostiest], producing, or accom- panied with, frost; frozen j hoary, cold or distant in manner. froth (froth), n. the mass of bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid by agitation, or fermentation; foam; superficial knowledge; vapid elo- quence. frothily ('i-li), adv. in a frothy man- ner. frothiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being frothy. frothy ('i), adj. [comp. frothier, su- perl. frothiest], full of, or composed of, froth; empty; frivolous; unsub- stantial. f rousy. Same as frowsy. frow (frou), n. a German or Dutch woman; slattern; (fro), potato-flour; a tool used for cleaving shingles, staves, &c. f reward (fro'werd), adj. perverse; wayward. frown (froun), n. a contraction of the brows indicative of displeasure, &c: v.i. to contract the brows to indicate displeasure, &c; scowl; lower. frowzy (frou'zi), adj. musty; untidy. froze, p.t. of freeze. frozen (froz'en), p. adj. congealed, benumbed, or killed with cold; icy; wanting in warmth of feeling or sympathy. fructify (fruk'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fructified, p.pr. fructifying], to make productive; fertilize: v.i. to bear fruit. fructidor (fruk-ti-dor'), n. one of the months of the calendar of the French people during the Revolu- tion, from August 18th to Septem- ber 16th. fructose ('tos), n. sugar in ripe fruit cr honey. frugal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; eco- nomical. frugality ('i-ti), n. thrift; economy. frugally (-li), adv. with economy. frugivorous (frii-jiv'o-rus), adj. fruit- eating. fruit (frut), n. the product of a tree or plant containing the seed; prod- ate, arm, ;, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FRUITAGE 391 FULL uct; result or profit; offspring: v.i. to produce fruit. fruitage ('aj), n. fruit collectively; product. fruiterer ('er-er), n. one who deals in fruit. fruitful ('fool), adj. yielding fruit; prolific. fruitfully (-li), adv. abundantly. fruitfulness (-nes). n. the quahty of being fruitful. fruiting ('ing), p. adj. bearing fruit. fruition (frti-ish'un), n. the bearing of fruit; realization; enjoyment de- rived from use or possession. fruity (frut'i), adj. full-flavored; rich. frumenty (frfi'men-ti), n. food made of wheat and boiled milk. frustrate (frus'trat), v.t. to defeat or disappoint; thwart; nullify: adj. vain; useless; void. frustrum ('trum), n. [pi. frustra ('tra) ], that part of a solid next the base, as a cone, pyramid, &c, which is left after cutting off the top. fry (fri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fried, p.pr. frying], to cook or roast with fat in a pan over a fire: v.i. to be cooked with fat in a pan; be subjected to intense heat: n. a dish of things fried; a swarm of young fish. fuchsia (fti'shi-a), n. a garden plant with handsome pendulous elongated flowers. fuddle (fud'l), v.t. to stupefy with drink; intoxicate: v.i. to become in- toxicated. fudge (fuj), n. a made-up story; inter j. nonsense!: v.t. to make or do in a bungling, careless manner: v.i. to contrive by imperfect or impro- vised means: n a candy. fuel (fu'el), n. combustible material for supplying a fire; anything that serves to inflame or sustain passion or excitement. fugacious (fu-ga'shus), adj. fleeting; volatile; falling off very early. fugal ('gal), adj. pertaining to a fugue. fugh (foo), interj. an exclamation of disgust. fugitive (fu-ji-tiv), adj. unstable; volatile; fleeting; not permanent; fleeing from danger, pursuit, or duty: n. one who flees from danger, pursuit, or duty; a runaway or de- serter; one who takes shelter witk another power to escape punish- ment. fugitively (-li), adv. in a fugitive manner. fugleman (fii'gl-man), n. [pi. fugle- men (-men) 1, a trained soldier who stands in front of a fine of men and leads them by his movements in their drill. fugue m (fug), n. a musical composi- tion in which the parts follow each other with repetitions at certain intervals. fuguist ('ist), n. a composer or per- former of fugues. fulcrum (furkrum), n. [pi. fulcra ('kra), fulcrums ('krumz) ], that part of a lever on which it rests. fulfill (foorfil), v.t. to complete or accomplish; execute; perform or carry out, as that which is prom- ised, foretold, or anticipated. fulfillment ('ment), n. accomplish- ment; completion; execution. fulgency (fuTjen-si), n. brightness; splendor. fuliginous (ful-ig'i-nus), adj. resemb- ling soot; dark shade of brown, or black. full (fool), adj. filled; having no empty space; well supplied; stored; saturated; satiated; copious; round- ed out; plump; expressing much; clear; distinct^ sonorous; having the whole disk illuminated: said of the moon: n. the highest state, ex- tent, or measure: v.i. to pucker: v.t. scour and thicken, as cloth, in a mill: adv. without diminution or qualification; directly; quite. [Full is used in composition to express full extent or degree, _ its meaning being generally self-evident, as full- armed, full-Hedged, &c.]. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,; book; hue, hut; think, ^en. FULL AGE 392 FUNDED DEBT full age, n. age of twenty-one years. full-back ('bak), n. in football, the player furthest from the goal of the opposing side. full-butt ('but), adv. meeting di- rectly and violently. full-dress ('dres), n. dress required for formal or ceremonial occasions. full-drive ('driv), adv. with full speed or vigor. fuller ('er), n. one who fulls cloth. fuller's-earth ('erz-erth), n. a soft clay used for fulling cloth and the removal of grease. fully (foori), adv. completely; abun- dantly. fulminate (ful'mi-nat), v.t. to cause to explode; send out or utter (a threat or denunciation, as a Papal bull): v.i. to thunder; make a loud sudden noise; detonate: n. a de- tonating compound formed of a salt of fulminic acid. fulminating powder (-ing pou'der), n. an explosive substance which on being struck detonates with a loud report. fulminic acid (-min'ik as'id), n. an acid composed of cyanogen and oxy- gen. fulsome (fuTsum), adj. offensive; gross. fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; saf- fron-colored. fulwa (ful'wa), n. the butter-tree of India; the butter obtained from it. fumarole (fu'ma-rol), n. a small hole from which volcanic smoke issues. fumble ('bl), v.i. to grope or feel about; handle or attempt something in an awkward manner: v.t. to man- age awkwardly. fume (fum), n. *vapor or exhalation, especially of a narcotic or suffocat- ing nature; mental irritation or agi- tation: v.i. to emit smoke; pass off in gas or vapor; to be in a passion: v.t. fill with gas or vapor; exhale. fumigate ('i-gat), v.t. smoke; per- fume; disinfect by the action of smoke or vapor. fumitory ('i-to-ri), n. a plant, the leaves of which were formerly used as a specific for skin diseases. fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; sport: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, p.pr. fun- ning], to indulge in fun. funambulist (fu-nam'bu-list), n. a rope-walker or dancer. function (fungk'shun), n. the dis- charge or performance of any duty, office, or business; faculty; power; the office of any organ, animal or vegetable: public or official cere- mony; any mathematical quantity considered as formed from another quantity, the change in the one af- fecting the other correspondingly: v.i. to perform a function; act. functional (-al), adj. pertaining to, " or performing, a function; official. functionary _ (-a-ri), n. [pi. func- tionaries (-riz) ], one who holds an office, or discharges some trust; an official. fund (fund), n. established stock or capital; money set apart for carry- ing out some permanent or tempo- rary object; a permanent debt due by a government on which interest is paid at a ceratin rate per cent.; a stock in reserve: pl.^ money: v.t. to place in, or convert into, a fund. fundament ('a-ment), n. the base of the body; anus; foundation. fundamental ('al), adj. pertaining toa foundation or basis; essential; primary: n. a primary or essential principle; basis; the note on which a chord is formed [mus.]. fundamental bass (bas), n. that part in musical harmony which contains the fundamental notes of chords. fundamentally (-li), adv. in a fund- amental manner. funded (fund'ed), p. adj. converted into a permanent loan; invested in the public funds. funded debt (det), n. that part of a public debt for the payment of the interest of which certain funds are appropriated. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FUNDING 393 FURROW funding ('ing), n. he act or proc- ess of converting money lent to the government into a permanent fund bearing a fixed rate of interest; in- vestment in government stocks or funds. fundus (fun'dus), n. the base or depth of anything. funeral (fu'ner-al), n. the ceremony of burying a dead human body and the procession of mourners accom- panying it: adj. pertaining to, be- fit tmg, or used at, a funeral. funereal _ (-ne're-al), adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, a funeral; mourn- ful; sad. fungous (fung'gus), adj. pertaining to the nature of fungi; spongy; ex- crescent; growing up suddenly. fungus ('gus), n. [pi. fungi (fun'ji), funguses (-ez) ], _ a cryptogamous plant not containing chlorophyll, as a mushroom, toadstool, &c; a spongy excrescence. funicle (fii'ni-kl), n. a small cord, ligature, or fiber. funicular (-nik'u-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, composed of, or resembling, a funicle or funiculus; rope-shaped. funiculus ('u-lus), n. [pi. funiculi (-li) ], a small cord, ligature, or fiber; a little stalk or cord-like ap- pendage uniting a seed with the placenta. funk (fungk), n. an overpowering or offensive odor; cowardice; a kick; Hi-temper [Scotch]; fright: v.i. to be in a state of cowardly fear; to kick backwards [Scotch]. funnel (fun'el), n. a wide-mouthed, conical vessel terminating in a spout for pouring liquids into close vessels; the chimney of a steam- ship or steam-engine. funneled ('eld), adj. having, or re- sembling, a funnel. m funnily ('i-li), adv. in a funny man- ner. funning ('ing), n. merry jestinp-. funny ('i), adj. [comp. funnier, su- per!, funniest], comical; droll; pro- voking laughter; ludicrous; queer; curious; strange: n. a long narrow clinker-built pleasure boat rowed with sculls. funny-bone (-bon), n. the lower part of the elbow over which the nerve of the ulna passes. fur (f er), n. the soft hair of certain animals, growing thickly upon the skin; morbid matter collected on the tongue; the calcareous coating on the interior of a boiler, &c: pi. the dressed skins of fur-bearing animals, used for apparel or ornament: adj. consisting, lined, or trimmed, with fur: v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], to cover, line, or trim with fur; cover with a calcareous deposit or morbid matter. furbelow ('be-lo), n. an ornament of feminine attire. furbish ('bish), v.t. to make bright by rubbing, polishing, or burnish- ing; renovate. rurcate ('kat), adj. forked. furious (fu/ri-us), adj. full of fury; frenzied; mad, tempestuous. furl (ferl), v.t. to roll up and secure to something, as a sail, flag, &c. furlong (fer'long), n. l-8th of a mile. furlough (1o), n. leave of absence: v.t. to grant leave of absence to. furnace ('nas), n. a chamber or ap- paratus for producing a violent heat to reduce ores, metals, &c; severe trial. furnish ^ ('nish), v.i. to supply with what is requisite; fit out; equip: v.i. to improve in flesh and condi- tion: said of a racehorse. furnishing (-ing), n. the act of pro- viding with furniture. furniture ('ni-tur), n. the necessary equipments of a house, ship, or a trade; outfit; equipage; trappings of a horse. furore (fu'ror or fu-ro're), n. a great outburst of excitement or en- thusiasm. furrier (fur'i-er), n. one who pre- pares or sells furs; fur-dresser. furrow (fur'o), n. a trench made in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. FURRY 394 FYKE the ground by a plow; a groove; wrinkle: v.t. to plow; make grooves or wrinkles in. furry (fur'i), adj. covered with, or consisting of, fur. further (fur'^er), adj. more dis- tant; additional: adv. to a greater distance or degree; moreover; also: v.t. to promote; help forward. furtherance (-ans), n. advancement. furthermore (-mor), adv. moreover; besides. furthermost (-most), adj. most remote. furthest ('thest), adj. most distant in time or degree: adv. at, or to, the greatest distance. furtive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; secret; stealthy. fury (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies ('riz) ], violent or uncontrollable rage; mad- ness; one of the three avenging dei- ties of Greek mythology; a terma- gant woman. furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny shrub, belonging to the bean family. furzy (T), adj. covered with furze. fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by heat; melt: v.i. to become melted by heat; blend, as if melted: n. a small tube filled with an inflammable material, or a cord impregnated with such material, used for exploding gun- powder, &c. fusee (fu-zeO, n. a kind of match, used for igniting tobacco; a grooved cone in a watch, &c, around which the chain is wound. fusel-oil ('zel-oil), n. an oily poi- sonous product produced in rectify- ing grape-, potato-, or corn-spirit. fusible (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing fused. fusil (fu'zil), n. the old flint-lock musket. - fusileer ('zi-ler), n. the name of sev- eral British line regiments. Also fusilier. fusillade (-zi-lad'), n. a simulta- neous discharge of firearms: v.t. to shoot down or kill by a fusillade. fusinist ('zin-ist), n. an artist who draws with charcoal crayons. fusion ('zhun), n. the act or process of melting by heat; the state of be- ing fused or melted; union by, or as by, melting. fuss (ius), n. unnecessary or irritat- ing activity, especially in small mat- ters; disorderly bustling about; con- fusion; stir: v.i. to worry. fussy ('i), adj. making a fuss. fustanelle (-ta-nel'), n. the short white skirt worn by modern Greeks. fustian ('chan), n. a kind of coarse twilled cotton cloth, as corduroy, velveteen, &c; an inflated or pre- tentious style in writing or speak- ing; bombast: adj. made of fustian; bombastic. fustiness ('ti-nes), n. the state or quality of being fusty. fusty ('ti), adj. [comp. fustier, su- perl. fustiest], ill-smelling; moldy; meddlesome; officious. futile ('til), adj. vain; useless. futilely (-H), adv. in a futile man- ner. futility (-til'i-ti), n. the quality of being futile. futtocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the upright curved ribs of a ship springing from the keel. futtock-shrouds ('ok-shrouds), n. pi. the short shrouds which go to the shrouds above. future ('tur), adj. that will be here- after: n. time to come yet; a tense in grammar; a commodity, &c, sold or bought for future delivery. futurist (fu-tur'ist), n. one of a new school of painters which seeks to present the individuality of the artist without considering naturalism. futurity . ('i-ti), n. [pi. futurities (-tiz) ], time to come; future events. fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute particles of down, wool, &c. : v.i. to fly off in fuzz. fuzzy ('i), adj. covered with, or like, fuzz. fy. Same as fie. fyce or fice (fis), n. a diminutive cur dog. fyke (flk), n. a kind of fish-trap. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. G G, seventh letter of the English alphabet. gab (gab), n. idle chatter; loquacity; a hook on the eccentric rod of a steam-engine; the mouth [Scotch]: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gabbed, p.pr. gab- bing], to chatter. gabardine (-er-den'), n. a coarse smock frock. gabble (gab'l), v.t. to utter rapidly without sense: v.i. to chatter inco- herently: n. rapid incoherent talk. gabion (ga'bi-un), n. a large cylin- ' drical bottomless basket filled with earth: used for purposes of military defense, &c. gabionnade (ga-bi-o-nad'), n. a de- fensive work formed of gabions. gable (ga'bl), n. the triangular end of a building. gablet (ga/blet), n. a small ornamen- tal gable: used for the summit of niches, &c. gad (gad), v.i. {p.t. & p.p. gadded, p.pr. gadding], to roam about in a purposeless manner: n. the act of roaming about without an object; an iron or steel pointed mining tool; a gadfly. gadfly ('fll), n. [pi. gadflies ('fliz)], a fly that stings cattle. gadolinite ('6-li-nit), n. a silicate of yttrium. gaduin (gad'u-in), n. a substance derived from cod-liver oil. gad wall ('wawl), n. a large fresh- water duck, esteemed as game. Gael (gal), n. a Scottish Highlander. Gaelic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or be- longing to, the Keltic inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands, or to their language: n. the language of the Gaels. Also Gadhelic, Galic. gaff (gaf), n. a large hook for land- ing salmon, &c; a boom or yard to extend the upper edge of a fore-and- aft sail; a low-class theater, &c, admission to which is a penny: v.U to seize or land with a gaff. gaffer (gaf'er), n. a man of old age. gaff -topsail ('top-sl), n. a light sail set above a gaff. gag (gag), n. something placed in the mouth to hinder speech: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], to stop the mouth of, with, or as with, a gag; silence by force; introduce one's own words, &c, into: said of an actor, &c. gage, gauge (gaj), n. sl standard of measure; the number of feet a ves- sel sinks in the water; position of one ship to another and the wind; a measuring rod; the distance be- tween the rails of a railway line: v.t. to ascertain the capacity or contents of; estimate. gageable (gaj'a-bl), adj. that may be gaged. gager (gaj'er), n. one who gages. See gauger. gage-rod (gaj 'rod), n. a tapering steel rod to measure the internal bore of a tube. gage-weir (gaj'wer), n. a dam having moveable wickets to regulate the height of the water. gagger ('er), n. one who gags; a T shaped piece of iron used by foun- ders. gahnite (gan'it), n. a greenish and dark-brown mineral; zinc-spinel. gaiety (ga/e-ti), n. [pi. gaieties (-tiz)J, the state or quality of being gay; merriment; pleasure; finery. gaily (ga/li), adv. merrily; finely. gain (gan), n. advantage; profit, a mortise: v.t. to obtain^ as profit or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (395) GAINSAY 396 GALLEY advantage; earn; win; arrive at; v.i. to improve or make progress; increase; advance. gainsay ('sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gain- said, p.pr. gainsaying], to contra- dict; speak against; oppose. gairish, same as garish. gait (gat), n. manner of walking; way or course. gaiter ('er), n. a covering of cloth for the ankle, fitting over the top of the boot; a shoe with a cloth top. gala (la), n. a festive show; pomp. galactic (ga-lak'tik), adj. pertaining to the secretion or flow of milk; per- taining to the Milky_ Way. gal act o, a prefix meaning milk, form- ing compound words, as galactopha- gus, feeding on milk. galanga (-lang'ga), n. the name for various species of Alpinia, from the rootstocks of which an aromatic medicine, used in China, is obtained. galantine (gal'an-tin), n. a dish composed of chickens, veal, or other white meat, boned, seasoned, tied up, boiled, and served cold in its own jelly. galatea (-a-te'a), n. a cotton fabric with blue and white stripes. Galaxy ('aks-i), n. the Milky Way. galaxy, n. an assemblage of splendid persons or things. galbanum ('ba-num), n. an odorous and bitter gum resin used in medi- cine. gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less vio- lent than a tempest; a quarrel; noisy merriment; bog myrtle. galeate (ga'le-at), adj. wearing, cov- ered with, or shaped like, a helmet. galena (ga-le'na), n. sulphide of lead. galiot (gal'i-ot), n. a heavily-built two-masted trading vessel. galipot ('i-pot), n. a white resinous juice which exudes from pine trees. gall (gawl), n. the bile; anything very bitter; malignant feeling; ran- cor; the gall-blader; the morbid excrescence of plants caused by in- sects; gall-nut; a wound caused by friction; low-lying marshland with 1 rank vegetation: v.t. to break the skin of by friction; wear away; vex; fret; harass; impregnate with an infusion of gall-nuts: v.i. to fret; be vexed, &c. gallant (gal'ant), adj. brave; high- spirited; chivalrous: n. a person of sprightly and gay manners; a beau. gallant (gal-ant'), adj. showing court- esy and respectful deference to women: n. a man who is attentive to women (used either in a good . or bad sense) : v.t. to pay court to; accompany or escort. gallantly _ (gal'ant-li), adv. bravely; (gal-antli) politely. gallantry ('ant-ri), n. [pi. gallant- ries (-riz)], bravery; heroic cour- age; polite and deferential attention to women; court paid to women for immoral purposes; intrigue. _ gallate ('at), n. a salt of gallic acid. gailatin ('a-tin), n. coal tar oil used in the Bethell process for preserving timber. galleass ('e-as), n. a large low-built three-masted vessel propelled by sails and oars, and carrying twenty or more guns. galleon ('e-on), n. a large Spanish three-decked vessel, formerly used as a warship, or as a merchantman for trading to South America. galleried ('er-id), adj. furnished with galleries. gallery ('er-i), n. [pi. galleries (-iz)], a long apartment serving as a means of communication to others; corridor; the upper seats of a theater, church, assembly-room, &c; a building, or room, used for the exhibition of works of art, &c; a covered passage in a work for de- fense, or for communication; a bal- cony at the stern of a large ship. galley ('li), n. [pi. galleys ('liz)], a low, flat, one-decked vessel pro- pelled by oars, and sometimes with sails, formerly rowed by slaves or convicts; an open boat used by British men-of-war, river police, and ate arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GALLIC 397 GAMBLE customs officers; the cook-house of a ship; a flat, oblong frame for hold- ing composed type. Gallic ('ik), adj. pertaining to an- cient Gaul, or modern France. gallic acid (as'id), n. an organic crystalline compound found in gall- nuts, tea, &c. Gallican ('i-kan), adj. pertaining to Gaul, or France, or the Roman Catholic Church in France. Gallicism ('i-sizm), n. a French idiom. Gallicize ('i-siz), v.t. to conform to the French idiom. galling (ga wl'mg), p. adj. chafing; irritating. gallinipper (gal'i-nip-er), n. a large mosquito. gallipot ('i-pot), n. a small glazed earthenware jar. gallium- ('i-um), n. a metallic element. gallivant ('i-vant), v.i. to flirt; idle or gad about with women. gallivat ('i-vat), n. a large, two- masted, quick-sailing boat, used by Malay pirates. gallnut (gawl'nut), n. a round ex- crescence produced on the oak by the puncturing of the leaf -buds by an insect, the gall-beetle. The gall contains tannin, and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, &c. gallon (gal'un), n. a liquid measure = 4 quarts; a dry measure = l-8th of a bushel. galloon (-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, or worsted fabric used for dress trim- mings; a, thin tape made of metal woven in silk, worsted, &c, used for uniforms. gallop ('up), n. the rapid forward springing movement of a horse; the act of riding at a gallop: v.i. to run with leaps, like a horse; ride a horse at a gallop; hasten. gallopade (-lo-pad'), n. a lively dance; music appropriate to it; a curvetting or sidelong gallop. galloper (-er), n. one who gallops. galloping (-ing), p. adj. going at a gallop; progressing very quickly. gallows ('oz), n. a wooden structure consisting of two uprights with a cross bar on the top; used for hang- ing criminals; execution by hanging. gallstone (gawl'ston), n. a concre- tion formed in the gall bladder or biliary duct. galore (ga-lor'), adv. in great plenty. galosh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe of india-rubber. Also goloshe. galvanic (gal-van 'ik), adj. pertain- ing to galvanism; voltaic; spas- modic. galvanism (-izm), n. that branch of electric science which treats of currents arising from the chemical action of certain bodies placed in contact, or an acid on a metal. galvanize (-Iz), v.t. to affect with galvanism; to imbue with fictitious animation; to electrotype. galvanography (-va-nog'ra-fl), n. a method of reproducing by the elec- trotype process copies of stone and metal objects, so as to resemble a copper-plate engraving. galvanometer (-va-nom'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the pres- ence, extent, and direction of an electric current. galvanometry (-nom'e-tri), n. the art, science, or process of measuring currents of electricity. galvanoscope ('os-kop), n. an in- strument for measuring delicate currents of electricity. gambang (jam'bang), n. a Japanese musical instrument made of strips of resonant wood or metal to be struck with a light hammer. gambier (gam'ber),^ n. a vegetable extract used medicinally as an as- tringent, and for tanning and dyeing. gambit ('bit), n. an opening in chess in which a pawn, or piece, is sacri- ficed to obtain a favorable position for the action of the more important pieces. gamble ('bl), v.i. to practice gam- ing; play for money; risk money on an event or contingency: v.t. to squander in gaming (with away). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,; book; hue, hut; think, then. GAMBLER GANGWAY gambler ('bier), n. one who gambles, especially one who gambles as a business. gamboge (-booj'), n. a yellow gum- resin obtained from Cambodia, used as a pigment, and as a drastic pur- gative. gamboised Cboizd), adj. quilted or padded. gambol Cbol), n. a dancing or skip- ping about for joy or sport; frolic: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, p.pr. gamboling], to skip about sportively; frolic. gamboiier (gam-bo-ler'), n. a gay, sportive person. gambrel ('brel), n. the hock of a horse; a bent stick, resembling a horse's leg, used by butchers. gambrel-roof (-roof), n. a curved roof. gambroon _ (-broon'), n. a twilled linen fabric used for linings. game (gam), n. a sport or diversion; fun; frolic; a single match at play; the advantage required in order to win; wild animals pursued and killed by shooting or hunting; any object of pursuit: pi. athletic con- tests: adj. pertaining to game; ready; plucky^ v.i. to play at any sport or diversion; play for a stake or prize. game-cock ('kok), n. a cock bred and trained for fighting. game-fowl ('foul), n. one of a breed of fancy poultry, of a pugnacious disposition, kept for fighting gameful ('fool), adj. sportive. gamely ('li), adv. pluckily. gamesome ('sum), adj. merry; sport- ive. gamete (gam'et), n. a protoplasmic body that in conjunction with an- other forms a zygote. gamey (gam'i), adj. flavored like the meat of game. gamin ('in), n. a precocious street child; street Arab. gaming (gam'ing), n. the act of playing games for stakes; gambling. Gamma rays (gam'-ma ras), n. the most penetrating rays given off by radio-active substances, having the properties of the X-ray. gammon ('un), v.t. to impose upon (a person by inducing him to believe improbable stories); hoax; to de- feat at the game of backgammon; cure by salting and smoking; at- tach or fix a bowsprit to (a ship) : n. sl hoax; imposition; the buttock of a hog salted and smoked: inter j. nonsense! gamut (gam'ut), n. the lines and spaces upon which musical notes are written or printed: hence entire range or extent. gamy (gam'i), adj. having the flavor of game. gander (gai/der), n. a male goose. gang (gang), n. a number of persons associated together for a particular purpose; a selected number of a ship's company for special duty; a lode of course; the matrix in which an ore is embedded. Also gangue. gangboard ('bord), n. a plank with pieces of wood fastened on it for going on board a vessel. ganger ('-er), n. the foreman of a gang of workmen, especially of nav- vies or platelayers. ganglion ('gli-on), n. [pi. ganglia (-1), ganglions (-onz) ], an enlarge- ment in the course of a nerve; an encysted tumor on a tendon. ganglionic (-gli-on-ik), adj. pertain- ing to a ganglion. gangrene _ ('grene), n. the first state of mortification: v.t. to mortify. gangster (gang'ster), n. one of a gang of desperate characters. gangue (gang), n. superfluous mineral matter in vein or smelting furnace. gangway (gang'wa), n. a narrow platform of horizontal planks used as a temporary passageway, or to enter a ship; a passageway between two rows of seats; that part of a ship's side, within or without, by which persons enter or depart; the waist of a vessel or clear way by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GANNET GARROTE the side of the bulwarks; the main level in a mine. gannet ('et), n. the solon goose. gantlet, same as gauntlet. gaol, same as jail. gap (gap), n. an opening; cleft; passage; hiatus; breach: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to make a gap in. gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, &c; yawn; open as a fissure or chasm: n. the act of gaping; yawn; the opening between the mandibles of birds; the width of the mouth of a fish when opened: pi. a disease in poultry gar (gar), n. a garfish. garage (ga-raj'), n. a shed, shelter or stable for automobiles. garb (garb), n. a dress; external form: v.t. to clothe. garbage ('aj), n. offal; refuse. garble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse by sifting; select such parts of as are wanted or may serve some partic- ular purpose. gar board ('bord), n. the first plank fastened to the keel on the outside. garcon (-s6ng'), n. a boy; waiter [French]. garden ('dn), n. a piece of ground set apart for the cultivation of flow- ers, fruit, vegetables, &c; a place specially delightful or fertile: v.t. cultivate as a garden: v.t. to lay out and cultivate a garden. gare (gar), n. coarse wool growing on the legs of sheep. garfish (gar'fish), n. a marine fish with a long body and spear-like snout. Gargantuan (gar-gan'tu-an), adj. with huge appetites* from the chief character in a work by Rabelais. garget ('get), n. a disease in cattle. gargle ('gl), n. a medicinal liquid for washing the throat and mouth: v.i. to wash the throat and mouth with a gargle. gargoyle ('goil), n. in Gothic archi- tecture, a projecting stone water- spout, often in the form of a gro- tesquely^shaped man or animal. Garibaldi (gar-i-bal'di), n. a loose blouse-shaped shirt, usually red. garish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy, dazzling. garland (gar'land), n. a chaplet or wreath made of flowers, &c; a col- lection of choice extracts or prose or poetry; a netted provision-bag used by sailors; in heraldry, a wreath of laurel, or oak-leaves and acorns: v.t. to deck or adorn with a garland. garlic ('lik), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the lily family, with a strong pungent taste and unpleasant smell. garment foment), n. any article of clothing: pi. clothing collectively. garner ('ner), n. a granary: v.t. to store for preservation in, or as in, a granary; gather up. garnet ('net), n. a precious stone. garnish ('nish), v.t. m to adorn; em- bellish with something laid round a dish: n. an ornament or decoration; something laid round a dish as an embellishment. garnishee (-e'), n. the person in whose t hands the property of an- other is attached pending, the satis- faction of the claims of a third party. garnishment (-ment), n. an embel- lishment; a warning or summons; especially a notice to a party not to pay money, &c, to a defendant, but to appear in court. garniture ('ni-tur), n. embellishment. garpike ('pik), n. the garfish. garret (gar'et), n. the uppermost room of a house. garrison ('i-sn), n. a body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified place; a fortified place with troops, guns, &c: v.t. to furnish (a fortified place) with troops. garrot. ('ot), n. a kind of torniquet; a sea-duck. garrote (-rot'), n. an instrument for strangling a criminal: used in Spain; strangulation: v.t. to exe- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GARROTER 400 GASTRIC JUICE cute with a garrote or by stran- gling; seize by the throat so as to render a person helpless and then to rob him. garroter ('er), n. one who is guilty of the crime of garroting. garrulity (-roo'li-ti), n. incessant and inconsequent loquacity. garrulous (-lus), adj. characterized by garrulity; verbose. garter (gar'ter), n. an elastic band, &c, by which a stocking is held up on the leg; the distinctive badge of the Order of the Garter, the highest order of British knighthood (insti- tuted about 1348 by Edward III.): v.t. to bind or fasten with a gar- ter; invest with the Order of the Garter. garter-fish (-fish), n. a long thin- bodied fish. garter-snake (-snak), an innocuous yellow striped snake, common in America. garth (garth), n. a fish-weir. gas (gas), n. [pi. gases ('ez) ], mat- ter in its most rarefied state: op- posed to fluid, and solid; carburet- ted hydrogen used for fighting and cooking; empty talk: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gassed, p.pr. gassing], to im- pose upon by empty talk: v.i. to boast or indulge in empty talk. gasconade (-kun-ad') n. boastful or blustering talk: v.i. to bluster; boast. gaselier ('e-ler), n. a gas-burning chandelier. gaseous ('e-us), adj. having the na- ture or form of gas. gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping wound: v.t. to cut deep. gasify (gas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gas- ified, p.pr. gasifying], to convert into gas. gasket ('ket), n. a flat plaited cord by which the sails are furled or tied to the yard; hemp, &c, used for pack- ing the piston of a steam-engine, &c; a thin round piece of rubber, metal, &c, placed between two flat surfaces to make a water-tight joint. gaslog (gas'log), n. an imitation of a wood or log fire in a fireplace, made of hollow, perforated metal and lighted by illuminating gas. gasogene ('o-jen), n. an apparatus for making aerated beverages. gasolier, another form of gaselier. gasoline ('o-len), n. a volatile in- flammable colorless product of petro- leum: used for heating purposes, &c. gasometer (-om'e-ter), n. a circular hollow reservoir for storing gas, open at the bottom and closed at the top; an apparatus for measuring gases. gasometry ('e-tri), n. the science or process of measuring gas. gasoscope ('o-skop), n. an instru- ment for detecting the presence of inflammable gas. gasp (gasp), n. a convulsed pain- ful effort to catch the breath: v.i. to catch the breath with difficulty; crave earnestly: v.t. to breathe out in gasps (with away). gasping ('ing), n. convulsive or dif- ficult breathing. gassing (gas'ing), n. pretentious talk. gassy ('i), adj. impregnated with gas; , given to pretentious talk; inflated. gastero, a prefix, meaning the stom- ach: found in various compound scientific words, ns gasteropod, one of the gasteropoda. Also gastro. gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), n.pl. a division of univalve mollusks, which move by means of a broad muscular foot under the belly, in- cluding the snails and slugs. Also gastropoda. gasteropodous (-dus), adj. pertain- ing to the gasteropoda. gastralgia (-tral'ji-a), n. neuralgia of the stomach; stomachache. gastric ('trik), adj. pertaining to the stomach. gastric juice (jus), n. a thin acid fluid secreted in the mucous mem- brane of the stomach : the chief agent in digestion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GASTRITIS 401 GAWKY gastritis (-tri'tis), n. inflammation of the stomach. gastro-cephalitis (sef-a-ll'tis), n. in- flammation of the stomach and brain. gastro-enteritis (-en-te-rl'tis), n. in- flammation of the stomach and in- testines. gastro-enteralgia (gas'tro-en-te- ral'ji-a), n. pain referred to both stomach and intestines. gastrology (gas-trol'o-ji), n. the art of cooking foods; also the study of ' diseases of the stomach. gastronomic (-tro-nom'ik), adj. per- taining to gastronomy. Also gastro- nomical. gastronomically (-al-li), adv. in a gastronomic manner. gastronomist (-tron'o-mist), n. an epicure. gastronomy (-tron'o-mi), n. the art of good eating, or the preparation of food. gastropoda, same as gasteropoda. gatch (gach), n. plaster. gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, iron, &c, closing an entrance or passage, usually l moving on hinges; a large entrance to a city, castle, &c; an avenue; entrance; power. gather (g&th'er), v.t. to assemble; collect; bring into one place; pick up; glean; pluck; accumulate; pucker or plait; infer: v.\ to con- gregate; generate pus; increase; ripen: n. a plait or pucker in cloth, made by drawing thread through the folds. gathering (-ing), n. the act of as- sembling together; an assemblage; a charitable contribution; an ab- scess or suppurating tumor. Gatling gun (gat 'ling-gun), n. a cannon with numerous small barrels, which are discharged in succession by turning a handle. gaud (gawd), n. finery; ornament. Also gaudery. gaudily ('i-li). adv. in a gaudy manner. gaudiness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being gaudy. gaudy ('i), adj. [comp. gaudier, superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly gay or fine. gauge (gaj), same as gage. gauger ('er), n. one who gauges; an officer or excise who ascertains the contents of casks. gauging ('ing), n. the art or science of measuring the contents of ves- sels of capacity. Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of an- cient Gaul or France. gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and lean. gauntlet (gantlet), n. a military or naval punishment, formerly prac- ticed, by which the culprit was compelled to run between two lines of soldiers or sailors, who chastised him with rods, ropes, &c; a series of unpleasant events; a mailed glove, or one with a long wrist-ex- tension. Also ganlet^ gantlope. gauntleted (-ed), adj. wearing a gauntlet. gaur (gawr), n. a large fierce, dark- colored ox found in Indian jungles; Bengal bison. Gautama (gou-ta-ma'), n. one of the names of Buddha; the name of the tribe from which descended. gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light transpaimt silk or cotton fabric; light open-work material, as wire gauze. gauzy ('i), adj. thin and semi-trans- parent, like gauze. gave, p.t. of give. gavel (gav'el), n. a small mallet; a small unbound sheaf; toll or cus- tom: v.t. to bind into sheaves. gavial (ga'vi-al), n. the crocodile of the Ganges, with a long, narrow snout. gavotte (ga-vof), n. a lively, but dignified, dance of the minuet class; a dance-tune in common time. gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton; cuckoo. gawkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being gawky. gawky ('i), adj. awkward; ungainly: n. a tall, awkward, stupid person. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GAY 402 GENECLEXIS gay (ga), adj. lively; merry; full of spirits; cheerful; sportive; given to pleasure; licentious. gayal ('al), n. a short-horned, semi- domesticated East Indian ox. gaze (gaz), v.i. to look earnestly and fixedly : n. a steady, fixed look. gazelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, elegant, swift-footed antelope, with large, soft, black eyes. gazette (-zef), n. English govern- ment bi-weekly newspaper contain- ing official announcements; news- paper: v.t. to publish in a gazette. gazeteer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a dictionary of geographical names. gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap- paratus; tackle; harness; dress; the moving parts of machinery: v.t. to put gear on; harness; dress. gearing ('ing), n. a train of toothed wheels for transmitting motion; ropes and tackle. gear-wheel ('hwel), n. a cog-wheel. gecko (gek'o), n. the wall-lizard. gee (je), v.i. to turn to the off side; to move; stir. geese, pi. of goose. gelatinate (jel'a-ti-nat), v.t. to con- vert into gelatine or a jelly-like sub- stance: v.i. to be converted into gelatine. Also gelatinize. gelatine ('a-tin), n. a transparent nitrogenous animaL substance found in bones, hoofs, connective tissue, &c, from which it is extracted by boiling, &c; animal jelly. Also gelatin. gelatine process (pro'ses), n. a method of photo-engraving by tak- ing a negative on a gelatine film im- pregnated with a bichromate. gelation (-a/shun), n. solidification. geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: said of horses; deprive of any essential part. gelding ('ing), n. castration; a young horse which has been castrated. gelid (jel'id), adj. intensely cold; icy. gelidity ('i-ti), n. intense cold; iciness. gelogenic (jel-o-jen'ik), adj. tending to produce laughter. gelose (jel'os), n. a vegetable gummy isinglass prepared from seaweed and Chinese moss, gem (jem), n. a precious stone; leaf- bud; any perfect or rare object; jewel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gemmed, p.pr. gemming], to adorn with, or as with, gems. gemel-window (-win'do), n. a win- dow with two bays. geminate ('i-nat), adj. growing or occurring in pairs. gemination (-i-na/shun), n. duplica- tion. Gemini ('i-ni), n.pl. one of the signs in the zodiac (Castor and Pollux); the Twins. gemmule ('Til), n. a small bud; an ovule; a kind of cell produced by certain molds. gemmy ('i), adj. full of, set with, or resembling, a gem; spruce. gemmology (jem-oro-ji), n. the study of gems. gemote (ge-mot'), n- an assembly; the court of the hundred, or local court. gemsbok (gemz'bok), n. the South African antelope. genappe (je-nap'), n. a smooth worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. [pi. gendarmes], in France and Belgium an armed policeman. gendarmerie ('e-re), n. gendarmes collectively. gender (jen'der), n. the grammatical distinction of sex, expressed by suf- fixes, prefixes, or by a different word: v.t. to produce. genealogical (je-ne or jen-e-a-lcj'i- kal), adj. pertaining to genealogy; exhibiting descent. genealogist (-al'o-jist), n. one skilled in tracing pedigrees or genealogy. genealogize ('o-jiz), v.i. to trace family lineage. genealogy ('o-ji), n. [pi. genealogies (-jiz)], family pedigree; lineage; the science that treats of tracing; pedigrees. geneclexis (jen-e-klek'sis), n. natural ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, m^t; mite, mit; note, north, not; bodily book; hue, hut; think, then. GENERA 403 GENIUS selection in the organic world as distinguished from artificial selection through man's influence, the latter being sometimes termed teleclexis. genera, pi. of genus. general (jen'er-al), adj. relating to a whole genus, kind, class, order, or race; not special or particular; per- taining to the majority; not restrict- ed; usual; ordinary; common; ex- tensive but not universal; indefinite; taken as a whole; senior or highest, as Postmaster-General : n. the whole; the chief part; a general principle or statement; the populace; the com- mander of an army division or brigade; the chief of a religious order; the roll of a drum to summon troops (usually generate). generalissimo _ (-is'i-mo), n. a com- mander-in-chief. generality ('i-ti), n. [pi. generalities (-tiz)l, the state of being general: opposed to specific; bulk; majority. generalization ('i-za/shun), n. the act or result of generalizing; an in- duction. generalize ('er-al-iz), v.t. to reduce to, or^ arrange in, a genus or genera; infer inductively, as a general prin- ciple from particular instances. generally (-al-i), adv. commonly; in the main; without exact limitation. generalship (-ship), n. the office, rank, or military skill of a general; skilful tactics or leadership. generate ('er-at), v.t. to produce; procreate; originate; trace out or form by motion. generation (-a'shun), n. the act or process of generating; a single suc- cession in natural descent; people of the same period; progeny. generative ('er-a-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to generation; having the power to generate. generator ('er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, generates; a machine in which steam or gas is produced; the principal sound or sounds by which other musical sounds are pro- duced. generic (je-ner'ik), adj. pertaining to a genus, kind, or class: opposed to specific; comprehensive Also ge- nerical. generically (-al-li), adv. with re- spect to a genus or generic charac- teristics. generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. [pi. generosities (-tiz)j, the quality of being generous; liberality; magna- nimity; munificence. generous (-er-us), adj. characterized by liberality; munificent; bounti- ful; high-minded; honorable; strong; stimulating. genesis ('e-sis), n. the act or process of producing or originating; begin- ning. genet (-et'), n. an animal allied to the civet, valued for its fur; the fur of a cat made in imitation of genet. Also genette. genet ('et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also jennet. genial (jen'i-al), adj. kindly and sympathetic in disposition; cordial; contributing to cheerfulness , and life; agreeably warm and cheerful, geniality ('i-ti), n. the quality of being genial; cheerfulness. genially (-li), adv. in a genial manner. geniculate (je-nik'u-lat), adj. having knee-like joints. genie. Same as jinn. genii, pi. of genius. genital (jen'i-tal), adj. pertaining to generation^ genitival ('i-tiv-al), adj. pertaining to the genitive case. genitive ('i-tiv), n. a grammatical case, indicating origin, possession, or relation. ^ genius (jen'ius), n. innate bent of mind or disposition; remarkable aptitude or natural endowment for some special pursuit, &c; character or essential principle; embodiment; a person possessed of high mental powers or faculties (pi. geniuses): a good or evil spirit supposed to preside over the destinies of men (pi. genii). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. GENOBLAST 404 GEOGRAPHY genoblast (jen'o-blftst), n. the nu- cleus of an impregnated ovum. Genoese (-o-ez'), adj. pertaining to Genoa, or to its inhabitants. Also Genovese. genre (zhang'r), n. a style of paint- ing or sculpture representing some scene of common life. gens (jenz), n. [pi. gentes (jen'tez)], among the ancient Romans, a clan, house, or subdivision of a curia. genteel ,(jen-tel'), adj. graceful _ or elegant in manners or dress; polite; well bred. gentian ('shian), n. a bitter herb with tonic roots. Gentile ('til), adj. belonging to a non- Jewish people: n. one who is not a Jew. gentility (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gentilities (-tiz)], high or gentle birth; good breeding; social status and refine- ment. gentle ('tl), adj. mild and refined in manner and disposition; kindly; moderate in action; peaceful; docile; easy; well born or descended: n. the larva of the flesh-fly; a trained fal- con. gentle-folks (-foks), n.pl. persons of good birth or breeding. gentleman (-man), n. [pi. gentle- men (-men)], one who is entitled to bear a coat of arms; a well-bred and honorable man; a person of in- dependent income; a term of polite- ness, used in addressing an assem- bly. gentlewoman (-woom'an), n. [pi. gentlewomen (-wim'en)], a woman of good birth and breeding; lady. gently (jen'tli), adv. in a gentle man- ner. gentry ('tri), n. the upper class of society. genuflection (-u-flek'shun), n. bend- ing of the knee, especially in wor- ship. Also genuflexion. genuine ('ii-in), adj. real; unadul- terated; belonging to, or derived from, the original or true stock; not hypocritical; open. genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera (jen'- er-a)], that which has under it sev- eral species or sub-genera, having certain common characteristics; in logic, a class made up of two or more species or subordinate classes. geo, a prejix, meaning earth, torming the first element of many scientific words, as ^eobotanical, pertaining to geographical botany. geocentri (je-o-sen'trik), adj. per- taining to the center of the earth; having the earth as the center; viewed from the earth as a center. geode ( r od), n. a rounded nodule of stone, usually hollow and lined with crystals. geodesy (-od'e-si), n. the science of measuring large portions of the earth's surface; the determination of the earth's figure and size. geodetic (je-o-det'ik), adj. pertaining to, determined by, or carried out by, geodesy. Also geodetical. geodetic survey (ge-o-det'ik-ser'va), n. a determination of the figure, &c, of portions of the earth by gedetic processes. geode tically (-al-li), adv. by geode- sy. geodetic line (lln), n. the shortest line between any two points on the earth's surface. geodynamic (je-o-di-nam'ik), adj. re- lating to the forces that operate within the substance of the earth, including the phenomena of earth- quakes and volcanos. geoglyphic (je-o-glif'ik), a. relating to the marks on the rocks from which the story of geological history is read. geographer (-og'ra-fer), n. one who is versed in, or a writer on, geog- raphy. geographical (-o-graf'i-kal), adj. per- taining to geography. geographically (-li), adv. with ref- erence to geography. geography (-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. geog- raphies (-fiz)], the science that describes the surface of the earth. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GEOLOGICAL 405 GET and its division into continents, kingdoms, &c. geological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to geology. geologically- (-li), adv. according to geology. geologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one versed in geology. geology ('o-ji), n. the science that investigates the structure of the earth, the successive physical changes it has undergone, and the causes which have operated in pro- ducing such alterations in the crust of the globe. geometer (-om'e-ter),n. a geometrician. geometric (-o-met'rik), adj. pertain- ing to, or done by, geometry. Also geometrical. geometrician (-om-e-trish'an), n. one who is skilled in geometry. geometry (-om'e-tri), n. [pi. geom- etries (-triz) ], that branch of mathematics that treats of the meas- urement of lines, angles, _ surfaces, and solids, with their various rela- tions; a text-book on geometry. georgic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining to husbandry or rural: n. a poem on agriculture. geotropism (je-ot'ro-pizm), n. a tendency in the roots of certain plants to turn in the direction of the earth. geranium (-ra'ni-um) , n. a plant of various species, cultivated for its handsome scarlet or white flowers. germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary form of an organism; origin; first principle. German (jer'man), adj. pertaining to Germany, its inhabitants, or lan- guage; of the same stock or parent- age; germane. germander (-man'der), n. a wild plant of the mint family with a blue flower, used sometimes as a substi- tute for hops. germane (jer-man'), adj. related; akin ; relevant ; appropriate. Germanic (-man'ik), adj. pertaining to Germany; Teutonic. Germanism (-izm), n. a German idiom, custom, or characteristic; love of German institutions. germanium (-ma'ni-um), n. one of the metallic elements. • Germanize (-Iz), v.t. to make Ger- man, in language, customs, &c. German-millet (-mil-et), n. an edi- ble grain obtained from a grass. German-silver (-sil-ver), n. a white alloy of zinc, nickel, and copper. German-text (-tekts), n. a black letter type similar to Old English and modern German. germicide (jer'mi-sld), n. a substance used to destroy disease germs. germinal ('mi-nal), adj. pertaining to a germ or seed-bud. germinant ('mi-nant), adj. sprouting; gradually developing. germinate ('mi-nat), v.i. to sprout or bud; begin to develop into a higher form. germination (-na/shun), n. the first act of growth in a seed, bud, or germ. germ-plasm (jerm'-plazm), n. the essential substance through which the traits of the parents, either male or female, are transmitted to the offspring. germule (jerm'ul), n. a small or in- cipient germ. gerrymander (ger'i-man-der), v.t. to divide, as a state, voting district, &c, so as to give an unfair advan- tage to a particular political party; misrepresent; garble. gerund (jer'und), n. a kind of verbal noun. gestation (jes-ta/shun), n. pregnancy. gestatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to gestation. gesticulate (-tik'u-lat) , v.i. to make gestures or motions, as in speaking or attracting attention. gesticulator (-la-ter), n. one who gesticulates. gesture ('tur), n. & movement of the face, body, or limbs, to express ideas, emotions, &c. get (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, got- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. GETTER 406 GILD ten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; pro- cure; win; gain; acquire; deserve; meet with; ^ realize; learn; pro- create; prevail upon: v.i. to arrive at; become; find time, opportunity, &c; depart quickly. getter ('er), n. one who gets or ac- quires. getting ('ing), n. acquisition; profit. get-up ('up), n. style, as of dress, &c. gewgaw (gu'gaw), n. a showy trifle. geyser (gl'ser), n. an intermittent hot or boiling spring from which water or mud is ejected. Also gey- sir. ghastliness (gastli-nes), n. the qual- ity or state of being ghastly. ghastly ('li), adj. death-like; pale; haggard; cadaverous; horrible. ghaut (gawt), n. in India, a # moun- tain pass; chain of mountains; a flight of steps to a river, or to a temple; approach; a wharf. Ghat. gherkin (ger'kin), n. a small cucum- ber used for pickling. Ghetto (get '5), n. [pi. ghettos ('oz)], ghetti ('i)l, the Jews' quarter. ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a de- ceased person ; apparition; the soul; breath of life; shadow ; remotest likelihood; a false image due to some defect in a lens. ghostly ('li), adj. pertaining to. the soul; spiritual; supernatural. ghoul (gool), n. a supposed demon who robs graves and feeds on the flesh of the dead. giant (ji'ant), n. a man of extraor- dinary bulk or stature; one pos- sessed of great physical or intellec- tual power; one of a race of mon- strous size who, according to classic mythology, assailed the gods: adj. like a giant; huge. giaour (jour), n. the term applied by Mohammedans to unbelievers, especially Christians. gibber (gib'er), v.i. to speak inco- herently. gibberish (-ish), n. rapid incoherent talk; adj. incoherent. gibbet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t. to hang on a gibbet; expose to public scorn or ridicule. gibbon (gib'un), n. a long armed anthropoid ape of Southern Asia. gibbosity (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gibbosi- ties (-tiz) ], a round or swelling prominence. gibbous ('us), adj. protuberant; ir- regularly rounded; between full and half-full: said of the moon; hump- backed. Also gibbose. gibe (jib), n. a scoff ; taunt; sneering or sarcastic expression: v.t. to sneer at; taunt; v.i. to use gibes; cast re- proaches; sneer; scoff. gihlet (jiblet), n. one of the edible internal parts of a fowl, goose, &c. gid (gid), n. a disease in .sheep. giddiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being giddy. giddy X'i), adj. [comp. giddier, sw- perl. giddiest]^ having a confused whirling sensation in the head; friv- olous; fickle. gift (gift), n. something given or be- stowed; present; donation; offering; benefaction; natural talent. gifted ('ed), adj. talented. gig (gig), n. a two-wheeled open chaise drawn by one horse; a rotary machine for raising nap on cloth; a long ship's boat, rowed by alter- nate oars, and usually reserved for the commanding officer; a racing boat; a whirligig; a fish-gig: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], to fish with a fish-gig. gigantic (jl-gan'tik), adj. huge; co- lossal. gigantize (ji-gan'tiz), v.t. to cause to appear of relatively gigantic size. gigantoblast (ji-gan'to-blast), n. a type of large red blood-corpuscle. giggle (gig'l), v.i. to laugh in a ner- vous, foolish, tittering manner: n. a nervous, silly laugh. gild (gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gilded, gilt, p.pr. gilding] to overlay or wash with gold; give a fair external appearance to; illuminate; n. an- other form of guild. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boop, book; hue. hut; think, then. GILDING 407 GIRT gilding ('ing), n. the art or process of overlaying or covering with gold; gold, leaf, powder, &c, applied to a surface; a superficial covering de- signed to give a fair external ap- pearance. gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ of aquatic animals, especially fishes; the wattle of a fowl; a deep, nar- row glen through which a rivulet flows; pi. the thin, spore-bearing lamellae, or plates, under a cap of certain fungi, as a mushroom. gill (jil), «. M of a pint; ground- ivy; a wanton girl; sweetheart. gilling (gil'mg), n. a salmon of the second year. gillyflower (jil'i-flou-er), n. one of various plants of the mustard fam- ily, as the wall-flower, stock, &c. gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or yel- low like gold: n. gilding. gimbal (jim'bal), n. one of two brass rings moving within each other at right angles: used for suspending a mariner's compass, chronometer,&c. gimcrack ('krak), adj. showy, but of no value; trumpery: n. a pretty, useless thing; toy. gimlet (gim'let), n. a small boring- tool with a pointed screw at the end: v.t. to make a hole in with a gimlet. gimp (gimp), n. a kind of interlaced silk twist or trimming interwoven with wire or cord; used for furni- ture, dresses, &c: v.t. to border with gimp. gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic liquid flavored with juniper berries; a trap or snare; a machine for clear- ing cotton fibers from the seeds; a portable hoisting-machine; a pile- driving machine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ginned, p.pr. ginning], to catch in a trap; clear cotton. ginger Cjer), n. the scraped and dried root of a pungent aromatic East & West Indian plant. gingerade (-ad'), w. an^ aerated bev- erage flavored with ginger. ginger-beer (-ber), n. an efferves- cent beverage made from ginger, yeast, cream of tartar, and sugar. gingerbread (-bred), n. a dark col- ored cake made of flour, ginger, molasses sugar, &c. gingerly (-li), adv cautiously; daintily. gingham (ging'am), n. a cotton dress-cloth dyed in the yarn before weaving; an umbrella. gingioai (jin-ji'oal), adj. relating to the gums. gingko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese tree with handsome foliage; the maiden- hair tree. ginn, same as jinn. ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb with an aromatic root, much valued in China. Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies ('siz) ], one of a wandering, dark-skinned, and dark-eyed race, of Eastern, probably Hindu, origin; the lan- guage of the Gipsies (Romany); a person of dark complexion; a hoy- denish girl: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gipsied, p.pr.^ gipsying], to picnic or camp out in the woods. Also Gypsy. giraffe (ji-raf), n. the camelopard. girandole (jir'an-dol), n. a branch- ing chandelier; a kind of rotating firework. girasol ('a-sol), n. a variety of opal; the fire-opal. Also girasole. girba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather water vessel, used in Africa. gird (gerd), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. girded, girt, p.pr. girding], to surround with a flexible substance; bind; encircle; gibe; taunt. girder ('er), n. the main beam in a floor. girdle (ger'dl), n. a belt or zone for the waist; anything that encompass- es like a girdle; a circular band round the shaft of a column: v.t. to bind with, or as with, a girdle; en- close; to make a cut round the bark of the trunk of a tree and so kill it. girl (gerl), n. a female child; young unmarried woman. girt (gert), p.t. of gird: p.adj. moored ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Zften. GIRTH 408 GLARE so taut by two cables as not to swing to the wind or tide. girth (gerth), n. the band by which the saddle is kept secured on a horse; the circumference of a tree, animal, &c; anything that binds or encircles. gist (jist), n. the substance of a mat- ter; main point; object. gittern (git'ern), n. a cithern. give (giv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. given, p.pr. giving], to bestow; confer without price or reward: grant; yield; deliver; _ supply; enable; emit: v.i. to give gifts; yield to pressure; grow moist: n. elasticity. gizzard (giz'ard), n. the muscular part of the intestinal canal in cer- tain birds. glabrous (gla'brus), adj. bald; smooth. glace (-sa/), adj. iced or cooled: n. a thin shiny silk. glacial ('shi-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or caused by, ice. glaciate ('shi-at), v.t. to cover over with, or transform into, ice. glacier (gla/shi-er or glas'i-er), n. a vast accumulation of ice and snow found in the valleys and ravines of lofty mountains which moves slowly down the slopes till it melts or breaks off into icebergs. glacis (gla'sis), n. a sloping bank of earth directly in front of a fortifica- tion and designed for its defense; a protective slope on an ironclad to throw off hostile shot. rglacure (-stir'), n. a thin glaze on the finer sorts of pottery. glad, adj. [comp. gladder, superl. glad- dest], in a state of hilarity; joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful; satisfied. gladden ('n), v.t. to make glad: v.i. to rejoice. glade (glad), n. an open space or passage in a wood or forest; an open space surrounded by ice. gladiate (glad'i-at), adj. sword- shaped. gladiator ('i-a-ter), n. in ancient Rome a professional swordsman who fought in the arena with other men or animals; a combatant. gladiatorial (-a-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to gladiators or their com- bats. gladiolus (gla-dl'o-lus), n. the sword- lily. gladsome (glad'sum), adj. joyous; gay; pleased; cheerful. Gladstone ('ston or 'stun), n. a four- wheeled pleasure-carriage carrying two passengers; a long narrow trav- eling bag with a wide mouth. • glair (glar), n. the white of egg, used as size or varnish; any sticky or glairy matter. glairy ('i), adj. consisting of glair. glaive. Same as glave. glamour (glam'er), n. a charm on the eyes causing them to see things differently from what they are in reality; fascination; witchery: v.t. to fascinate. Glamer. glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot of light; quick passing look of the eye; a quick momentary view; a lustrous ore: v.i. to shoot a sudden ray; view with quick movement of the eye: v.t. to shoot or dart suddenly or ob- liquely; allude to in passing. gland (gland), n.& bodily organ by which secretion is carried on; small secreting organ for sap in plants; an acorn; a name for various me- chanical contrivances. glanders (erz), n.pl. a contagious disease in horses, in which mucus is discharged profusely from the nos- trils. glandular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or having glands; covered with hairs tipped with glands : said of a plant. glandule ('ul), n. a small gland. glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling light; overpowering luster; a fierce piercing look: v.i. to shine with a dazzling overpowering light; look with fierce piercing eyes; be exces- sively gaudy in dress or ornamenta- tion: adj. having a smooth, slippery surface, as ice. lite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLARING 409 GLISTEN glaring ('ing), p. adj. emitting or glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to a reflecting a dazzling light; gaudy. parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- glass (glas), n. a hard, brittle, trans- rice; in mining, a plot of land con- parent substance formed of silica taining ore. and certain metallic oxides; an in- glede (gled), n. the kite, strument or vessel made of glass; glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth; exhila- a drinking glass, or the quantity ration; a musical composition for contained in it; a mirror; lens; a voices in harmony, telescope, or barometer: adj. per- gleeful ('fool), adj. merry, joyous, taining to, or made of, glass; vitre- gleet (glet),w.a thin mucous discharge ous: v.t. to mirror, or reflect in a resulting from gonorrheal disease, mirror; glaze. glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; a glasswort ('wert), n. a plant from secluded hollow between hills, which a soda is obtained; used in glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: n. glass-making. the tongue; smooth talk. glauberite (glaw'ber-it), n. a min- gliddery (glid'er-i), adj. slippery, eral formed of sulphate of lime, and glide (gild), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. glided, sulphate of soda. p.pr. gliding], flow or move along giauber's-salt ('berz-sawlt), n. sul- smoothly and noiselessly; to slur phate of soda, used medicinally as a [music]: n. the act of gliding; a strong purgative. gliding movement; a slur [music]. glaucous _ (glaw'kus), adj. sea-green; glider (glid'er), n. an aeroplane green with a bluish-grey tinge; cov- without motor power on which the ered with bloom of a bluish-white operator descends or glides from a color. height to the ground. glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon gliff (glif) ft. a glimpse; brief inter- fixed to a pole,' somewhat resembl- val; sudden fear, ing a halbert, formerly used by foot glim (glim), ft. a light or candle, soldiers. Also glaive. glimmer ('er), v.i. to shine faintly glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with and intermittently: ft. a faint inter- glass; overlay with a transparent mittent light; sheen, substance resembling glass: v.i. to glimpse (glimps), ft. a weak, faint become glassy or glazed: ft. the light; transient view; slight trace: vitreous or glassy coating on pot- v.t. to catch a glimpse of: v.i. "to ter's ware. glance: appear for the moment. glazier ('zher), ft. one whose business glin (glin), ft. a haze on the horizon is to set glass in windows, &c. at sea, indicative of a storm. glazing ('ing), n. a glaze; the opera- glint (glint), ft. a gleam of light; sly tion of setting glass, or applying a glance: v.i. to gleam or flash out. glaze; window-panes; glass; semi- glioma (gli-6'ma), ft. a tumor of transparent colors passedthinly over rapid growth on the brain, spinal other colors to tone down their effect. cord, or auditory nerve. gleam (glem), n. a stream or shoot glissade (glis-ad'), ft. the act of slid- of_ light; brightness: v.i. to emit ing down a glacier; a glide in danc- brightness; shoot, or dart, as rays ing: v.i. to slide, especially down a of light. glacier. glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as grain glissando (-san'do), n. in pianoforte that the reapers have left; collect playing, a run by sliding the fingers little by little, or piece by piece; over the keys; in violin-playing, a infer: v.i. to gather gleanings: n. a quick slur. collection made by gleaning; a glisten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle with collection, as of herrings. light; shine: n. a glitter. ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. GLITTER 410 GLOSSA glitter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle with light; gleam; be showy, attractive, or specious: n. brilliancy; specious luster. glizade (gli-zad'), n. a sliding move- ment of the foil in fencing. gloam (glom), v.i. to begin to grow dark, like twilight; exhibit sullen- ness or gloom. gloaming ('ing), n. twilight: adj. pertaining to twilight. gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze earn- estly or with admiration, often in a bad sense with feelings of lust and cruelty. global (glo'bal), adj. pertaining to a globe; world-wide. globate ('bat), adj. globe-shaped. globe (glob), n. a spherical body; ball; the terraqueous earth (with the); a sphere on which are repre- sented the divisions of the earth, &c. (terrestrial globe), or the heavenly bodies (celestial globe). globe-fish ('fish), n. a fish capable of inflating itself to a globular shape. globeflower ('flou-er), n. a plant of the crowfoot family with globular- shaped flowers. globe-trotter ('trot-er), n. an ex- tensive traveler. gSobi, a prefix in various scientific words, meaning a ball, or ball- shaped. Globo. globin ('bin), n. a constituent of red blood corpuscles. globular (glob'u-lar), adj. globe-like; spherical. Also globose. globule ('til), n. a small spherical particle; a minute homoeopathic pill; a blood- or lymph- corpuscle. globulin ('u-lin), n. an albuminous proteid substance forming one of the constituents of the blood and cellular tissue of plants. glome (glom), n. a roundish head of flowers. glomerate (glom'er-at), adj. gath- ered into a roundish head or mass glonoin (glon'o-in), n. a pure nitro- glycerine. gloom (gloom), n. partial darkness; obscurity; melancholy; depression; sadness; sullenness: v.i. to be, or become, cloudy or partially dark; present a gloomy aspect: v.t. to make gloomy; deject or sadden. gloomily ('i-li), adv. in a gloomy manner. gloominess ('i-nes), n. the state of being gloomy. gloomy ('i), adj. [comp. gloomier, superl. gloomiest], overspread with, or enveloped in, darkness; dismal; melancholy; dispirited; cheerless; morose. gloria (glo'ri-a), n. an inscription of praise, especially the Gloria in Ex- celsis and Gloria Patri; a musical setting of these. glorification (-ri-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of glorifying; exaltation to honor and dignity; a jollification. glorify ('ri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glori- fied, p.pr. glorifying], to raise in honor and dignity; magnify and honor in worship; adore; beautify. gloriole ('ri-6l), n. a circle of light. gloriosa (-ri-o'sa), n. genus of plants of the lily family, with bright red or yellow flowers. glorious ('ri-us), adj. full of glory; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; exalted. glory ('ri), n. [pi. glories ('riz) ], splendor; magnificence; brightness; praise ascribed in adoration; dis- tinction; renown; honor; the Divine perfection or presence; the felicity of heaven; in art, a circle of rays surrounding the head of a saint: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gloried, p.pr. glorying], to rejoice or exult (with in). gloss (glos), n. luster from a polished surface; specious show; an explana- tion or comment to elucidate some difficulty or obscurity in the text; a plausible, specious representation: v.t. to explain by notes or com- ments; palliate by plausible repre- sentation; varnish; make glossy: v.i. to annotate. glossa ('a), n. [pi. glossae ('e) ], the tongue, especially of insects. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLOSSARIAL 411 GLYCERIDE glossarial (-a/ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a glossary. glossary ('a-ri), n. [pi. glossaries (-riz) ], a dictionary of obsolete, ob- scure, or technical words. glossily ('i-li), adv. in a glossy man- ner. glossiness ('i-nes), n. superficial lus- ter. glossitis (-I'tis), n. inflammation of the tongue. glosso, a prefix in scientific words meaning tongue, or tongue-like, as glossocele, protrusion of the tongue due to inflammation. glossograph (glos'o-graf), n. an in- strument, for recording the vibra- tions of the tongue in speaking. glossography (-og'ra-fi), n. an an- atomical description of the tongue. glossology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of anthropology which treats of the classification of languages; compar- ative philology. glossonomy (-on'o-mi), n. the sci- ence of language and the laws which govern it. glossy ('i), adj. [comp. glossier, superl. glossiest], having a lustrous smooth surface; smooth and plausi- ble. glottal (glot'al), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis. glottic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the tongue. glottis ('is), n. the small elastic ob- long opening at the top of the wind- pipe. glove (gluv), n. a hand-covering with a separate sheath for each finger: pi. boxing-gloves: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a glove. glover ('er), n. a maker or seller of gloves. gloving ('ing), n. glove-making. glow (glo), v.i, to shine with intense heat; radiate heat and fight; be in- candescent; be red or flushed; be animated with passion, love, zeal, &c: n. intense or shining heat; in- candescence; redness, or brightness of color; passion; ardor. glower (glou'er), v.i. to stare with a threatening or angry countenance; frown. glowworm (glo'werm), n. a beetle, the wingless female of which emits a shining green light at night. gloxinia (gloks-in'-i-a ) n. a genus of tropical plants with bell-shaped flowers. gloze (gloz), v.t. to gloss over. glucic acid (gloo'sik as'id), n. a col- orless honey-like compound obtained by the action of acids from cane- sugar. glucinum (-si'num), n. a metallic element resembling magnesium. glucose ('kos), n. the particular form of sugar existing in many animal and vegetable organisms: it is pro- duced for commercial use by the ac- tion of sulphuric acid on starch. glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid ce- ment made by boiling some animal substance to a jelly: v.t. to unite or cement with glue. gluey ('i), adj. like glue; sticky. glum (glum), adj. gloomy; moody; sullen. glume (gloom), n. the husk of corn or grasses. glut (glut), n. a superabundance: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. glutting], to fill to repletion; oversupply. gluten (gloo'ten), n. a tough grey al- buminous substance obtained from wheat and other grains. glutinous ('ti-nus), adj. viscid: gluey. glutton (glut'n), n. one who eats to excess; a carnivorous animal, the wolverine. gluttonize (-iz), v.i. to act as a glutton. gluttonous (-us), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, gluttony. gluttony (-i), n. pi. gluttonies (-iz)], the act or habit of eating to ex- cess. glyceric (glis'er-ik), adj. obtained from glycerine. glyceride (-id), n. an ether of glyc- erine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GLYCERINE 412 GOAD glycerine (glis'er-in), n. a sweet col- orless viscid liquid obtained from oils, fat, &c: used extensively in various manufactures and medicine. Also glycerin. glycerol, another name for glycerine. glycogen (gli'ko-jen), n. a white in- soluble starch-like substance ob- tained from the livers of animals. glycol (gli'kol, or 'kol), n. a viscid liquid, intermediate between glycer- ine and alcohol. glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular fluting. glyphic ('ik), adj. pertaining to carving or sculpture: n. a hiero- glyphic. glyphography (-og'ra-fi), n. a meth- od of producing engravings in re- lief for printing, similar to electro- typy, after etching the picture on a copperplate covered thinly with wax. glyptic (glip'tik), adj. pertaining to engraving on gems; figured: n.pl. the art of engraving designs on pre- cious stones, ivory, &c. glyptograph ('to-graf), n. a design cut or engraved on a gem. gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the trunk or branch of a tree. gnarled ('d), adi. full of knots: dis- torted. gnash (nash), v.t. to strike together, as the teeth: v.i. to grind the teeth in anger or agony. gnat (nat), n. a small stinging winged insect of several species, allied to the mosquito. gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or eat away, by degrees; corrode; bite in agony, rage, or despair; fret; v.i. to exercise the teeth in biting re- peatedly; act as if by continual biting. gneiss (nis), n. a crystallized rock composed of quartz, mica, and feld- spar. gnome (nom), n. a fabulous deformed, diminutive goblin, supposed to dwell in the earth or to be the guardian spirit of miners; a pithy or sen- tentious saying. gnomic ('mik), adj. dealing in, or containing, pithy or sententious say. ings; didactic. Also gnomical. gnomide ('mid), n. a female gnome, supposed to keep guard over dia- monds. gnomiometr ical (-mi-o-met'ri-kal) , adj. employed in the measurement of angles. gnomon ('mon), n. the style which by its shadow on a dial shows the time of day; the figures made up of the two complements of a parallelo- gram, together with either of the parallelograms about the diameter. gnomonics ('iks), n.-pl. the science of dialing, gnosiology (no-si-ol'd-ji), n. that branch of philosophy that treats of the principles of cognition. gnosis ('sis), n. higher knowledge or insight. Gnostic (nos'tik), adj. pertaining to the Gnostics or the adherents of Gnosticism. gnostic, adj. knowing; shrewd. Gnosticism ('ti-sizm), n. a system of religion and Greek and Oriental philosophy (lst-6th century A.D.) intermediate between Christianity and paganism. gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned ani- mal with a head resembling a buf- falo, of the antelope kind, inhabit- ing South Africa. go (go), v.i. [p.t. went, p.p. gone, p.pr. going], to depart; proceed; move on; pass from one state or place to another; conduce; contrib- ute; be habitually used or said; pass current; succeed; fall out or terminate; move by mechanism; strike, as a clock; act in harmony with; fit or suit; be expended; car- ry young in the womb: n. the fash- ion; enterprise or push; difficulty or scrape; a glass of spirits. goa ('a), n. the Tibetan gazelle. goad (god), n. a pointed stick to urge on cattle: v.t. to urge on with, or as with, a goad; stimulate: v.i. to act as a goad. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GOAF 413 GOLDEN AGE geaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves (govz) ], a place left in the old workings of a coal mine; the coal-waste left there goal (gol), to. the winning post at a race or at football: hence, the end aimed at. goat (got), to. a ruminating horned quadruped with long hair. goatee (go-te'), to. a goat-like beard. gobble (gob'l), v.t. to swallow hasti- ly or greedily: v.i. to utter a cry like a turkey: n. the noise of a turkey; a quick straight stroke in putting at golf. gobelin (golDe-lin, go'blin, go-be- lang'), to. a superior kind of French tapestry. go-between Cbe-twen), to. an inter- mediary. goblet (gob 'let), to. a drinking-vessel with a stem and without a handle. goblin ('iin), to. an evil, mischievous spirit; gnome; fairy. goby (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies ('biz) ], a fish of peculiar shape. go-by ('bl), to. avoidance; evasion. go-cart ('kart), to. a contrivance for teaching children to walk; a child's cart; a light village cart. God (god), to. the Supreme Deity, and self-existent Creator or Up- holder of the Universe. < god, to. a supernatural being conceived of as possessing divine powers or attributes; idol; a person or thing deified or honored to excess; an oc- cupant of the upper gallery of a theater. godchild ('child), to. one for whom one is sponsor at baptism. goddess ('des), n. a female deity; a woman of superior charms or excel- lence. godfather ('fa-tfier), to. one who acts as sponsor to another at bap- tism: v.t. to act as godfather to. Godhead ('hed), to. the Divine es- sence, nature, and attributes; the Supreme Deity. godhood ('hood), to. divinity. godliness ('li-nes), n. piety; devotion. godly ('li), adj. devout; pious. God-man ('man), to. the union of deity and manhood in Jesus Christ. godmother ('mu^-er), to. a female sponsor at baptism. godroon (go-droon'), to. fluting or beading»of olive shape. God's-acre (godz'a-ker), to. a church- yard. godsend (god'send), to. unexpected assistance .or acquisition. godspeed ('sped), n. success. godwit ('wit) , to. a curlew-like bird. goer (go'er), to. one who, or that which, goes. goffer (gofer), v.t. to form flutes in; crimp. goffering (-ing), to. fluting for frills, &c. ; indented ornamentation on the edge of a book. goggle (gog'l), v.i. to strain or roll the eyes: adj. staring; prominent: n. a strained or affected rolling of the eyes: pi. a particular kind of spectacles for protecting the eyes from dust, excessive fight, &c. going (go'ing), n. the act of depart- ing or moving; state of roads. goiter (goi'ter), to. a swelling of the glands in the front part -and side of the neck; prevalent in mountainous districts. goitrous ('rus), adj. affected with goiter. Golconda (gol-kpn'da), to. a mine of wealth. gold (gold), to. ti metallic element, soft, ductile, and of a bright yellow color when pure; money; wealth; precious or pure quality; in archery, the bull's-eye. gold-beater ('be-ter), to. one who beats gold into thin leaves for gild- ing. gold-bug Cbug), to. one who advo- cates gold as the only money stand- ard. gold-carp ('karp), to. the goldfish. golden (gold'n), adj. formed of, con- sisting of, or resembling, gold; shin- ing; lustrous like gold; bright; most valuable; excellent. golden age, to. the tabled primeval ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. GOLDEN NUMBER 414 GOODLINESS age of perfect human happiness and innocency. golden number (num'ber), ft. a number which shows the year of the moon's cycle. golden-pheasant (-fez-ant), ft. a handsome Chinese pheasant. golden rod (-rod), n. a tall plant of the aster family with yellow flowers. Golden Rule (rool), ft. the rule to treat others as we ourselves wish to be treated (cf. Matthew vii. 12). goldfields ('feldz), n.pl. auriferous deposits and diggings in Australia, Alaska, California, South Africa, &c. goldfinch ('finch), ft. a beautiful singing bird with yellow-streaked wings and a red throat. goldfish ('fish), ft. an orange-colored fresh-water fish of the carp family. goldsmith ('smith), ft. a worker in gold, or dealer in gold-plate. goldy locks (-loks), ft. a common name for various plants with yellow flowers, as the buttercup. golf (golf), ft. a game played with a small gutta-percha ball and club- headed sticks, the object being to drive the ball into a series of small holes with the fewest possible strokes: v.i. to play golf. Golgotha (gol'go-tha), ft. (Hebrew the place of a skull) the place where Jesus Christ was crucified. golgotha, ft. a burial place. gommer (gom'er), ft. milled amel- corn (an inferior wheat): much used in parts of Germany as an in- gredient in soups. gomphiasis (-fi'a-sis), ft. looseness of the teeth. gomuti (go-moo'ti), ft. a tough hair- like fiber obtained from the sago- palm: used for cordage; ejoo. gonad (gon'ad), ft. a germ-gland. gonagra (go-nag'ra), n. gout in the knee. gondola (gon'do-la), ft. a long nar- row Venetian pleasure boat pro- pelled by one oar; a flat-bottomed boat or railway car used for carry- ing coal, produce, &c. gondolier (-do-ler'), ft. the fower of a gondola. gondolino (-le'no), ft. a racing gon- dola. gone (gon), p. adj. ruined; lost: char- acterized by faintness or weakness; carried away: said of a spar, &c. goneness ('nes), ft. a state of weak- ness or collapse. goner ('er), ft. one who is lost or ruined. gonfalon ('fa-Ion), ft. standard or ensign, usually with streamers. gong (gong), ft. a tambourine-shaped musical instrument of bronze, which is struck by a padded stick. goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter), ft. an instrument for measuring angles. gono, a prefix in many scientific words, meaning generation, repro- duction, as monoblast, a reproduc- tive cell or bud. gonophore (gon'o-for), ft. the gen- erative bud or receptacle of a hy- drozoan; in plants, an elongated re- ceptacle elevating the pistil and sta- mens above the floral envelope. gonorrhoea (-rea), ft. a venereal dis- ease. good (good), adj. [comp. better, su- perl. best], having excellent quali- ties; proper, fit for, adapted, or con- ducive to, any particular object; pious; moral; kind; well-disposed; favorable; beneficial; convenient; useful; unblemished; adequate; ex- pedient; reliable; well-informed; full; not irritable: ft. that which contri- butes to happiness; moral qualities; prosperity; benefit: pi. household furniture; merchandise: inter j. an expression of assent or pleasure. good-bye (good-bi'), ft. salutation at parting; farewell greeting; con- traction of "God be with you": adj. relating to parting. Good Friday (fri'da), ft. a fast held in commemoration of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ on the Friday be- fore Easter Day. goodliness ('li-nes), ft. grace; physi- cal beauty. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boo** book; hue, hut; think, then. GOODLY 415 GOSPEL goodly ('li), adj. [comp. goodlier, superl. goodliest], good-looking; no- ble; considerable; pleasant. goodman ('man), n. the master of a house. goodness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being good; benevolence. goods and chattels (chat'lz), n. per- sonal property. good wife ('wif), n. [pi. goodwives ('wivz)J, the mistress of a house. goodwill (-wil'), n. benevolence; kindly feeling; the value a business has over and above stock-in-trade, &c; the money paid for such value; friendly disposition. goody ('i), adj. affectedly or weakly pious; namby-pamby^ n. (pi. good- ies) a poor old rustic woman; a kind of sweetmeat. googul (goo'gul), n. a gum obtained from a tree of the myrrh family. goose (goos), n. [pi. geese _ (ges)], a web-footed domesticated bird of the genus Anser; a tailor's smoothing iron; a silly person. gooseberry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. goose- berries (-iz)], the fruit of a shrub of the genus Ribes; the shrub itself: adj. made of gooseberries. goose-flesh (goos'flesh), n. a pimpled condition of the skin resembling a plucked goose, caused by terror or cold. gooseneck (goos'nek), n. a bent iron fitted to the extremity of a boom or yard. goosestep ('step), n. the peculiar parade-step of the German soldier. goosewing ('wing), n. a studding- sail; the lower corner of a fore-sail or square main-sail when the body of the sail is furled. gopher (go'fer), v.i. to mine unsys- tematically: n. a North American burrowing, rat-like rodent; a wood mentioned in the Old Testament (Gen. vi. 14). goral ('ral), n. the Nepaul antelope. Gordian (gor'di-an), adj. pertaining to the Phrygian King Gordius, or to the intricate knot tied by him in his harness, which Alexander the Great cut with his sword. gordian, n. anything intricate or difficult. gore (gor), n. congealed or clotted blood; a triangular piece sewn into a dress, sail, &c; a narrow or tri- angular piece of land: v.t. to pierce as with a horn; furnish with gores: said of a garment, &c. gorge (gorj)^ n. the throat; gullet; that which is gorged or swallowed; a narrow passage between moun- tains or hills: v.t. to swallow witk greediness or in large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. to feed greedily. gorged (gorj'd), adj. having a gorge; in heraldry, bearing a crown or the like about the neck.^ gorgeous ('jus), adj. glittering in various colors; splendid; showy; in- clined to magnificence. gorget ('jet), n. a protective piece of armor for the throat or neck; a crescent-shaped breast-plate. Gorgon ('gun), n. one of three sis- ters in Greek mythology whose as- pect was so terrible that anyone who beheld them was turned to stone. gorgoneia # (-go-nl'a), n.pl. masks carried in the form of Gorgons' heads: used as keystones in arches. gorilla (go-ril'a), n. an African an- thropoid ape some 5 ft. in height with powerful limbs; the largest ape known. gormand (gor'mand), n. a greedy or ravenous eater; glutton; a connois- seur in table delicacies. gormandize (-iz), v.i. to eat greedily or voraciously. gorse (gors), n. the common furze; whin. gorsy ('i), adj. covered with gorse. gory (gor'i), adj. covered or stained with gore. goshawk (gos'hawk), n. a raptorial bird of the hawk family. gosling (goz'ling), n. a young goose; a catkin. Gospel (gos'pel), n. the announce- ment of the salvation of mankind by ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; bo5u* book; hue, hut; think, then. GOSPELER 416 GRAB Jesus Christ; the history of the life and doctrines of Jesus Christ, con- tained in the four canonical books of SS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; a selection from these in ths Church service the general doc- trines of the New Testament; some- thing received as infallibly true: adj. pertaining to the gospel. gospeler (-er), ft. an evangelist; the priest who reads the gospel at the altar. gossamer ('a-mer), ft. a very fine spider's web which floats in the air; a very thin soft filmy strong gauze: adj. very thin, like gossamer; flimsy. gossip ('ip), ft. familiar or idle talk; scandal; a babbler : formerly a sponsor, neighbor, or friend : v.i. to tell idle tales about others; tattle; chat. gossoon (gos-soon'), ft. a young lad. got, p.t. of get. Goth (goth), ft. one of an ancient Teutonic tribe that overran the Ro- man Empire (3rd and 4th centuries A.D.); an uncivilized person, espe- cially one who is destitute of artis- tic taste. Gothic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the Goths or their language; denoting the style of architecture character- ized by high and pointed arches, clustered columns, &c: ft. the lan- guage of the Goths; the Gothic or pointed style of architecture. gouge (gouj), ft. a rounded hollow chisel for cutting grooves or holes; a swindle: v.t. to scoop out with a gouge: v.i. force out the eye with the thumb or ringer. gouger ('er), ft. one who, and that which, gouges; a swindler. goulash (goo'lash), ft. a Hungarian meat stew, richly seasoned. gourami (goo'ra-mi), ft. an Oriental fish, cultivated for food. Also go- ramy. gourd (gord), ft. a plant and fruit of various species of the genus Cu- curbita, the shell of which is used for holding liquids; a gourd-shaped vessel. gourmand (goor-mang'), n. one ^ho has a gluttonous appetite. gourmet (goor'ma'), n. an epicure. gout (gout), ft. a painful inflamma- tory disease of the joints or extremi- ties, especially of the great toe. gouty (gout'i), adj. pertaining to, or affected with, gout. govern (guv'ern), v.i. to control bv authority; regulate; direct; man- age; steer; restrain; require to be in a particular mood, case, &c: v.i. to exercise authority; administer the law. governance (-ans), ft. government; control. governante (-ant), ft. a governess; duenna. governess (-es), ft. a lady who trains and instructs children; an instruc- tress; teacher. governing (-ing), p. adj. exercising control; prevalent; ruling. government (-ment), ft. the act of governing; administration of pub- lic affairs; established state of le- gal authority; executive power; self-control; relation between two words by which one determines the case or mood of another. governmental (-men'tal), adj. per- taining to, connected with, or pro- ceeding from, the government. governor ('ern-er), ft. one who is invested with supreme authority; chief ruler; tutor; a mechanical de- vice for regulating the speed of an engine, &c. gown (goun), ft. a woman's outer garment, or dress ; a long loose robe worn by university or professional men: the emblem of peace; a long loose outer covering or wrapper, as a dressing-gown, &c. gowned (gound), adj. attired in a gown. gownsman (z'man), n. one who wears a gown professionally; a ci- vilian. gowt (gout), ft. a sluice in an em- bankment for letting out water. grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grabbed> ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRABBLE 417 GRAFT p.pr. grabbing], to seize suddenly and forcibly; snatch: n. a sudden and forcible seizure: a large East Indian coaster with two or three masts. grabble (1), v.i. to feel about; grope. grabouge (gra-boozh'), n. a card game. grace (gras), n. any excellence, char- acteristic attraction, or endowment, natural or acquired; elegance of action or language; beauty; embel- lishment: the unmerited favor and love of God toward man in Christ; divine sanctifying, regenerating, and preserving influence; spiritual excellence; virtue; a brief prayer before or after meals; a respectful title of address applied to an arch- bishop or duke; behavior or de- meanor; indulgence or privilege; in music, an ornamental note or pas- sage; an act, vote, or decree of the governing body of a university or college: v.t. to adorn or embellish; honor; dignify; favor. graceful ('fool), adj. full of grace or beauty; easy and elegant in man- ner or demeanor. gracefully (-li), adv. in a graceful manner. grace-note ('not), n. an ornamental note. gracious (gra'shus), adj. showing or bestowing grace, kindness, or mer- cy; affable; polite. grackle (grak'l), n. a starling-like bird. gradate (gra'dat), v.t. to produce in grades; blend by gradation. gradatim (gra-da/tim), adv. by de- grees. gradation (gra-da'shun), n. a regu- lar advance or progress, step by step; regular arrangement^ a grad- ual blending of one tint into an- other; series; order. gradatory (grad'a-to-ri), adj. pro- ceeding by gradations; suited for walking: n.pl. (gradatories) a se- ries of steps leading from a cloister into a church. grade (grad), n. a step or degree in rank, dignity, quality, order, &c. the rise or descent of a railroad, &c. v.t. to level and prepare (ground for laying the rails of a railway; arrange in a regular series: v.i. to take rank. gradely ('li), adv. decently; properly. gradient (gra'di-ent), adj. advancing by steps; walking or running on legs;^ ascending or descending in a certain proportion: n. the incline of a railway or road; in meteorology, the rate of atmospheric pressure or temperature. gradine (-den) , n, a sculptor's toothed chisel; a tier of seats (gra-dang'). gradual (grad'u-al), adj. proceeding by degrees; step by step; regular and slow: n. a response sung after the Epistle; an ancient book of an- thems or scripture sentences: so called because some were chanted on the steps of the pulpit. Also grad- uale, grail. gradually (-li), adv. in a gradual manner. graduate ('u-at), n. one on whom an academical degree has been con- ferred: v.t. to mark with degrees or a scale; temper: v.i. to take or re- ceive an academical degree; change by degrees: adj. having been gradu- ated. graduation (-a'shun), n. the con- ferring or reception of an academi- cal degree; regular progression; a marking into degrees or parts. graduator ('u-a-ter), n, ani nstru- ment for dividing lines into equal minute parts; an electro-magnet for making and^ breaking gradually a telegraphic circuit. gradus (gra/dus), n. a dictionary of Greek and Latin prosody (Gradus ad Parnassum). graffito (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. graffiti ('te) ], rude writing, or sketching, on the wall of an ancient building, as at Rome. graft (graft), n. a small shoot of a tree inserted into another tree: ate, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRAFTER 418 GRANDEUR hence something incorporated with a foreign stock; an unlawful or ir- regular perquisite; a bribe; v.t. to insert as a shoot in another tree; join so as to receive support from anothing thing; in surgery, to trans- plant (tissue) : v.i. to practice graft- ing; to accept bribe money. grafter (graft er), n. an office holder, employe" or any person under pay who uses the office to acquire per- quisites dishonestly. grail (grai), n. a dish or chalice, es- pecially the Holy Grail (Sangreal), the cup used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, said to have been pre- served by Joseph of Arimathea, who collected in -it some of the blood which flowed from our Lord on His crucifixion; a gradual. Also graal. grain (gran), n, any minute hard mass; a single seed of corn; the smallest particle or amount; a unit of weight = l-20th of a scruple, l-24th of a pennyweight; the ar- rangement of particles in a body; texture; a red dye obtained frmi cochineal insects: pi. the refuse of malted barley: v.t. form into grains; to paint in imitation of the grain of wood. grainer ('er), n. one who imitates the grain or texture of wood; a graining tool. graining ('ing), n. painting in imi- tation of the grain or texture of wood; a process in dyeing; the peb- bling of paper or leather in book- binding. gram, see gramme. grama-grass (gra'ma-gras), n. a low pasture grass of the West and Southwest United States. gramercy (gra-mer'si), inter j. great thanks! graminivorous (gram-i-niv'6-rus), adj. feeding on grasses. grammalogue ('a-log), n. in pho- nography, a word represented by a single sign. grammar ('er), n. the art of speak- ing or writing a language correct- ly; the science that treats of the principles that govern the correct use of language; an elementary treatise. grammarian (-ma/ri-an), n. one who is versed in grammar; a phi- lologist. grammatical (-at'ik-al), _ adj. per- taining to grammar, or its rules. grammatically (-li), adv. in a gram- matical manner. grammaticism ('i-sizm), n. a point in grammar. grammaticize ('i-siz), v.t. to render grammatical. gramme m (gram), n. the unit of weight in the metric system, 15.43 grains troy. Also gram. grammopetalous (-o-pet'a-Ius), adj. having the petals very narrow. gramophone ('o-fon), n. an instru- ment for recording and reproducing speech. grampus ('pus), n. alarge cetacean, akin to the porpoise; a corpulent person. granadilla (gran-a-dil'a), n. the edi- ble fruit of a species of passion- flower. granary ('a-ri), n. [pi. granaries (-riz) ], a store-house for grainy a country where grain is the chief product. grand (grand), adj. high in dignity or power; illustrious; chief; great; magnificent; splendid; sublime; no- ble; . of striking excellence or im- pressive dignity; conceived or ex- pressed in dignified language; com- prehensive; complete; the second degree of parentage or descent: n. a grand piano. grandam (gran'dam), n. a grand- mother; an old woman. grandchild (grand'chlld), n. the child of one's son or daughter. granddaughter ('daw-ter), n. the daughter of one's son or daughter. grandee (gran-de'), n. a Spanish no- bleman of the highest rank, grandeur ('jur), n. greatness; vast- ness; sublimity; splendor of ap- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRANDFATHER 419 GRASP pearance; social distinction and display; elevation of thought, sen- timent, or demeanor. grandfather (grand'fa-#ier), n. the father of one's father or mother. grandiloquent # (gran-dil'o-kwent), adj. speaking in, or characterized by, a lofty or bombastic style. grandiose ('di-os), adj. really or af- fectedly grand or impressive. grandparent ('par-ent), n. the par- ent of one's parent. grandsire ('sir), n. a grandfather; male ancestor. grandson ('sun), n. the son of one's son or daughter. grand vizier (viz'er), n. the chiet minister of the Turiasli Empire. _ grange (granj), n. a farm with its dwelling-house, appurtenances, &c; a local lodge 01 the Patrons of Hus- bandry, a powerful agricultural as- sociation in the United States. granite (gran'it), n. a massive crys- talline rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. granitic (-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, granite. granitoid (gran'i-toid), adj. resem- bling granite. granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus), adj. eat- ing grain; living on seeds. granny, abbreviation of grand- mother. grant (grant), v.t. to give or confer, especially in response to a request; admit as true (what has not been proved); concede; transfer the title of, for any good consideration: n. the act of granting; a gift; a be- stowing; an allowance; the thing conveyed; an admission or conces- sion. grantee (-e'), n. the person to whom property is transferred by deed, &c. granter ('er), n. one who grants. grantor ('er), n. one who transfers property by deed, &c. granular (gran'ti-lar), adj composed of, or resembling, grains or granules. granulate ('ii-lat), v.t. to form into grains or small masses; roughen the surface of: v.i. to become granu- lar. granule ('til), n. a small grain or particle. granulose ('u-los), n. the more solu- ble £art of starch grains^ in plants, capable of being formed into sugar. grape (grap), n. the fruit of the grape-vine; a vine of the genus Vitis; grape-shot. grapery ('er-i), n. a vinery. grape-shot ('shot), n. a cluster of small shot arranged in tiers of three shots each between plates, so as to disperse when fired. graphic (rgaf'ik), adj. pertaining to the_ art of writing or delineating; vividly described; well delineated; life-like. Also graphical. graphically (-al-li), adv. in a graph- ic manner. graphite ('it), n. a metallic variety of carbon. graphitic (gra-fit'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, graphite. grapho, a prefix meaning writing or delineation, as grap/iophone, an in- strument resembling the phono- graph, but having a rubber cylinder instead of one of wax. Also graph. graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. the art of describing character by the hand- writing. graphometer (-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the degrees in an angle. graphophone. See under grapho. graphotype ('o-tip), n. a chemical process for producing surface-blocks speedily; the chalk process. grapnel (grap'nel), n. a kind of small anchor usually with flukes^ heavy tongs used for lifting stone, ice, &c. grapple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast hold of: v.i. struggle or contend in close fight: n. a close fight ; # a seizing; close hold, as in wrestling, *&c; a mechanical device for taking hold 6f anything. grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or catch at; hold by clasping or contracting: v.i. to endeavor to seize; struggle ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRASPING 420 GRAVITATE or grapple; lay hold of greedily; encroach: n. a seizure of the hand; reach of the hand; power of seiz- ure; hold; intellectual capacity. grasping ('ing), p. adj. avaricious. grass (gras), n. field or hill pasture; herbage having hollow-jointed stalks, a husky calyx, and the seed single; springtime; that which is subject to decay: v.t. to cover with grass or turf; bleach, by exposure on grass; pasture or graze. grasshopper ('hop-er), ft. a large nimble insect of the locust kind. grassiness ('i-nes), ft. the state of being grassy. grass-widow ('wid-5), ft. a wife whose husband is away, or divorced. grassy ('i), adj. abounding in, cov- ered with, or like, grass. grate (grat), ft. a framework of iron bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.t. to rub or wear away by the friction of a rough body; produce a sound of by the friction of rough or hard surfaces; grind down; furnish with a grate: v.t. make a harsh noise; produce mental irritation. grateful ('fool), adj. thankful; pleasurable. gratefully (-li), adv. in a grateful manner. graticulation (gra-tik-u-la/shun), ft. the art of dividing a plan, &c, into small squares for reduction or en- largement. gratification (grat-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of gratifying; satisfaction; pleasure; reward or recompense. gratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gratified, p.pr. gratifying], to afford pleasure to; indulge; delight; humor. grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- work or lattice of bars: p. adj. harsh; irritating. gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. gratitude (grat'i-tud), ft. the state of being grateful; appreciation of favors received; thankfulness. grattoir (grat-twar'), n. a chipped stone or flint implement. gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus), adj. free- ly bestowed; voluntary; without cause or provocation; granted with- out merit or claim. gratuity ( r i-ti), n. [pi. gratuities (-tiz) J, a donation or present; free gift. gravamen (gra-va'men), ft. cause- of complaint or action. grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; thoughtful; sedate; important; in grammar, the grave, or 'long-sound- ing accent; plain; slow in move- ment; very deep in pitch [mus.]: n. an excavation in the earth for the reception of a dead body; place of interment; place of great slaugh- ter or mortality; the place of the dead (Hades): v.t. to shape or carve by cutting with a chisel; en- grave. gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with gravel; run aground on a beach: said of a vessel; embarrass; lame a horse by gravel under the shoe: ft. fragments of rock coarser than sand, and frequently intermixed with it; a disease occasioned by the presence of calculi in the bladder and kidneys. gravelly (-li), adj. composed of, or abounding in, gravel. gravely (gravli), adv. in a grave manner. graver ('er), ft. a cutting tool used by engravers and sculptors; an en- graver, or carver in stone. gravestone (grav'ston), ft. a stone placed at a grave. graveyard (grav'yard), ft. a burial ground; a cemetery. gravid (grav'id), adj. pregnant. gravied (gra'vid), adj. covered, or served with, gravy. gravimeter (gra-vim'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the spe- cific gravity of liquid or solid bodies. gravimetric (grav-i-met'rik), adj. de- termined by weight. graving (grav'ing), ft. the act of en- graving or incising; the clearing of the bottom of a ship. gravitate (grav'i-tat), v.i. to be acted ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRAVITATION 421 GREEK-FIRE upon or attracted by the force of gravity; be naturally attracted. gravitation (-i-ta/shun), n. the force which attracts material bodies to each other. gravity ('i-ti), n. that force which tends to draw all bodies toward the center of the earth; weight; im- portance; seriousness; solemnity; weight of guilt; lowness of a tone or note [mus.]. gravy (gra'vi), n. [pi. gravies (Viz) ], the fatty juice from roasting flesh. gray, another form of grey. graybook, n. official name of a col- lection of diplomatic messages issued by Belgium just before the European War of 1914. grayling (gra/ling), n. a fresh-water fish of the salmon family. graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. to eat grass; move along while grazing: n. a slight rub or touch. grazier (gra'zher), n. one who pas- tures cattle or breeds them for the market. grease (grez), n. soft animal fat; oily matter; inflammation of the hoof and fetlock in horses, with a fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or rub with grease; cause to move easi- ly; bribe. greaser ('er), n. one who, or that which, greases; a Mexican, or Mex- ican creole. greasily ('i-li), adv. in a greasy manner. greasiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being greasy. greasy ('i), adj. [comp. greasier, su- perl. greasiest], resembling, smeared, or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- ous; foggy; muddy. great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- cipal; weighty ; marvelous; eminent; illustrious; high in rank or position; sublime; noble; able; accomplished; long-continued; magnanimous; high- minded ; wealthy ; sumptuous ; proud ; swollen; pregnant; intimate; denot- ing a step of ascending or descending consanguinity: adv. very much: n. the whole, or gross; noble, or influential, people. Greater Britain ('er-brit'n), n. the colonies of Great Britain. Great Father (fa'£/ier), n. name given by the American Indians to the chief executive of the United States. great primer (grat prim'er), n. a size of type (see type). great seal (sel), n. the .chief official seal of a kingdom, government, state, &c. Great Spirit (spirit), n. the title applied to the Supreme Being by the Red Indians. greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- tect the legs from the ankle to the knee; the sediment of melted tallow. grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tailless diving bird. Grecian (gre'shan), adj. pertaining to Greece; a native or inhabitant of Greece; a Greek scholar. Grecian bend (bend), n. sl fashion prevalent among women in 1868 of bending the body forward in walk- ing. Grecism ('sizm), n. a Greek idiom. Grecize (gre'slz),^ v.t. to make Gre- cian; translate into Greek: v.i. to imitate the Greeks in language, man- ner, &c. Greco, a prefix meaning Greek. greed (gred), n. avarice ; greediness. greedily ('i-li), adv. in a greedy manner. greediness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being greedy. greedy ('i), adj. [comp. greedier, superl. greediest], voracious; glut- tonous; eagerly desirous; covetous. Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Greece or the Greeks; Hellenic: n. a Grecian; the lan- guage of ancient and modern Greece; something unintelligible. Greek Church (cherch), n. the East- ern or Oriental Church. Greek-cross ('kros), n. a cross with four equal arms. Greek-fire ('fir), n. an inflammable material used by the ancient Greeks ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GREEK ORDERS 422 GRIEVOUS in warfare: said to have been inex- tinguishable in water. Greek orders (or'derz), n.pl. in architecture, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. green (gren), adj. having the color of growing grass or plants; of a color omposed of blue and yellow; fresh; nourishing; unripe; not salted; immature; inexperienced; raw; pale; sickly; not four months old: said of a goose: ft. a grass plot or common: v.t. to make green: v.i. to become green. greenback ('bak), ft. a paper money (U. S. legal-tender note) with a green back, first issued in 1862. greencorn ('korn), ft. immature maize used in cooking. greenfinch ('finch), ft. the green grosbeak. greenfly ('fli), ft. a green plant-louse. green goods (gren' goodz), n. term used by counterfeiters for counter- feit paper money. greenhorn ('horn), ft. a simpleton; novice. greenhouse Chous), n. a conservatory. greenroom ('room), n. the actors' retiring-room in a theater. green sickness ('sik-nes), n. chloro- sis. greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- ness or respect; _ congratulate: v.i. to exchange greetings. greeting ('ing), ft. salutation; wel- come. gregale (gra-ga'la), n. a cold dry northeast wind prevailing at Malta; the euroclydon. gregarian (gre-ga'ri-an), adj. liv- ing in herds; common. gregarina (greg-a-rl'na), _ ft. a very , minute parasite belonging to the Protozoa. gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), adj. asso- ciating or going together in herds. grege (grej), n. raw silk. Gregorian calendar (kal'en-der), n. the reformed calendar introduced, 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. Gregorian chant (chant) ft. the mediaeval system of choral music, in- troduced by Pope Gregory the Great; plain song. gremial (gre'mi-al), an ecclesias- tical vestment worn by a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. grenade (gren-ad'), ft. an explosive shell fired by a fuse and thrown by hand. grenadier (gren-a-der') , n. originally a foot soldier who threw grenades, now a soldier of the Grenadier Guards. grenadine (-a-den'), n. a dress fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool ; a dyestuff . gres (gra), n. a fine stoneware made in Germany. gressorial, ». suitable for walking. grew, p.t. of grow. grey (gra), adj. of a white color with a mixture of black; hoary; ma- ture: ft. a grey horse. greybeard ('berd), ft. an old man. greyhound ('hound), n. a slender swift hound used for coursing. griddle (grid'l), ft. a broad shallow pan, used for.cooking cakes; a large sieve for sifting ore. griddle-cake (-kak), ft. a thin but- ter cake. gride (grld)j V.t. to jar harshly. gridelin (grid'e-lin), n. a color mixed of white and red, or a grey violet. gridiron ('Irn), ft. a grated iron utensil for broiling meat or fish; a contrivance for examining and re- pairing the hulls of ships. grief (gref), ft. mental pain on ac- count of present or past trouble; that which causes sorrow or sad- ness; physical pain. grievance (grev'ans), ft. a sense of wrong or oppression; just or sup- posed ground of complaint; an in- justice; cause of annoyance. grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to ex- perience grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to be in sorrow; lament. grievous ('us), adj. causing grief or sorrow^ hard to be borne; painful; oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- atious. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRIFFIN 423 GRIT griffin ('in), n. a fabulous animal with the body and legs of. a lion, the wings and beak of an eagle, and with listening ears; a watchful chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; crick- et; the sand-ell; heather. grill ^ (gril), v.t. to broil; torment, as if by grilling: v.i. to be broiled: n. a gridiron* grilled meat. ' gril lade (-ad'), n. the act of grill- ing; grilled meat. grillage ('aj), n. an arrangement of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in loose or marshy soil for erections. grille (gre-la), n. lace with a back- ground of parallel bars. grille (gril), n. an open grating or screen of wrought metal; a kind of frame for hatching fish. grim (grim), adj. [comp, grimmer, superl. grimmest], of a forbidding aspect; stern and surly; hideous; frightful; cruel; unyielding. grimace (gri-mas'), n. a distortion of the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make grimaces. grimalkfn (-mawlTrin), n. an old cat. grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty or grimy. grimily ('i-li), adv. in a grimy man- ner. griminess ('i-nes), n. the state of being grimy. grimy ('i), adj. full of grime. grin (grin), n. the act of closing the teeth and showing them; a broad smile v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. grinning], to show the teeth in laughter, scorn, or pain: v.t. to ex- press by grinning. grind (grind), v.t. [p.t." p.p. & ground, p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or reduce to powder by friction; sharpen or smooth by friction; grate; oppress; harass; prepare for examination; study Qjjd: v.i. to perform the act of grinding; be rubbed together: n. the act of grinding; tedious work. grinder ('er), n. one who, or that which, grinds; a molar tooth; one who coaches pupils for an examina- tion. grindstone ('ston), n. a flat, circu- lar stone for sharpening tools, &c. gringo, n. Sp. Amer. term for for- eigner, from Griego (Greek). grinningly (grin'ing-li), adv. with a grin. grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; a holding fast; that by which any- thing is held firmly; a particular mode of grasping the hand, as among Freemasons; grasping pow- er; a small ditch or trench; grippe: v.t to grasp, or seize: v.i. to take fast hold. gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the hand or arms; a squeeze ; pressure; pinching distress: pi. colic: v.t. to hold with closed fingers; grasp; hold tightly; seize; clutch; op- press; pinch; v.i. to take firm hold. griping ('ing), adj. avaricious. grippe (grip, or grep), n. influenza. Also grip. gripper (grip'er), n. one who, or that which, grips; a mechanical de- vice for seizing and holding. grisaille (gri-zal' or gri-za'ya), n. a method of painting in grey tints, so as to represent a solid body in bas-relief. grisette^ (gre-zef) n. a Parisian shop-girl; a French girl of the operative class who dresses coquet- tishly; a moth. griskin (gris'kin), n. a hog's spine. grisly (griz'li), adj. terrible; savage- looking. grisly. Same as grizzly. grison (gri'sun), n. a carnivorous mammal of South America resem- bling a weasel. grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; ground corn; provision or supply. gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. gristly ('li), adj. cartilaginous. grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, as Sand, &c, a hard sandstone com- posed of sharp silicious grains; the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 28 GRITTINESS 424 GROUND coarse part of meal; firmness of of rope, and rammed between the character; courage: pi. oats hulled powder and the ball. and coarsely ground. groom (groom), n. a man or boy who grittiness ('i-nes), n. the state of has charge of horses; a bridegroom; being gritty. the title of several officers of the gritty ('i), adj. composed of, con- royal household: v.t. to feed and taining, or resembling, grit; cour- take care of, as a groom does a ageous. . horse; curry and brush. grizzly (Ti), adj. somewhat grey: groomsman (groomz'man), n. one n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce who attends a bridegroom; best man. bear of North America. groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound row, especially as cut by a tool; set- uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, tied habit or routine: v.t. to form rumbling sound expressive of dis- or cut a groove in. approbation or ridicule; a low, grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way dismal sound, as of the wind: v.i. with the hands, as in the dark; seek to utter a groan; lament; be bur- blindly: v.t. to search out, as in dened: v.t. to express disapproval of the dark, by feeling with the hands, by groans. gros (gro), n. a heavy silk fabric. groat (grot), n. formerly a silver grosbeak (gros'bek), n. the name of coin current in England, value 4d.; various warblers with a large stout a trifling sum: pi. hulled oats. beak, allied to the finches. grocer (gro'ser), n. one who sells grosgrain (gro'gran), n. a stout groceries. " double-corded silk. grocery (-i), n. [pi. groceries (-iz) ], gross (gros), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; tea, coffee, sugar, spices, &c. (usu- rude; indelicate; flagrant; dull; ally pi.); a grocer's shop; a grog- heavy; corpulent; dense; whole: n. shop. 12 dozen; main body; mass; entire grog (grog), n. a mixture of spirits amount. and water; spirituous liquor: v.t. grossuline (gros'u-lin) , n. a principle to make into grog by the addition obtained from certain acid fruits, of water. as gooseberries. Also grossaline. groggery ('er-i), n. a low drinking grot (grot), n. a grotto [poet.]. place; & grog-shop. grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- grogginess (Vnes), n. the state of tically or oddly formed; extrava- being groggy. gant ; whimsical ; ridiculous : n. whim- grogging ('ing), n. the extraction of s i ca l ornamentation, figures, or spirits from empty casks by hot scenery; the incongruous or uncouth water. in art. groggy ('i), adj. tipsy; moving with grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- an unsteady gait: said of horses; ficial cavern in the earth, staggering as if dazed: said of a grotto-work (-werk), n. ornamental pugilist. work in imitation of grottos. groin (groin), n. the depressed part grouch (grouch), n. a sulky mood, of the human body between the grouchy (grouch'i), adj. sullen; ill- thigh and the belly* the angular tempered. curve made by the intersection of ground (ground), n. the earth or two arches: v.t. to build or form soil; surface of a floor or pave- into groins. ment; land; territory; country; es- grommet (grom'et), n. a ring formed tate; foundation; tJause or reason; of a strand of rope laid round; an origin; original principle; a funda- eyelet of metal; a cannon-wad made mental or preparatory part in va- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GROUND-HOG 425 GRUYERE rious arts; plain song: pi. dregs perch; a four-wheeled cab; pitcher or sediment: v.t. to place or set on, or pail of beer. or in, the ground; settle in first grown, p.p. of grow. principles; base; cover with paint growth (groth), n. the progressive or plaster; run aground: v.i. to take increase of animal or vegetable bod- the ground; place dependence on: ies; advancement; increase; progress; adj. fundamental: p.t. & p.p. of result; effect. grind. grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grub- ground-hog ('hog), n. the wood- bed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root chuck; the aardvark. out of the ground; provide with groundsel ('sel), n. a weed of the food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- aster family with yellow flowers. form dirty work: n. the larva of a ground-swell ('swel), n. a broad, beetle, moth or other insect; food; deep heavy, rolling sea, caused by a a sloven or dirty person. distant storm or earthquake. grubber ('er), one who, or that group (groop), n. a small crowd or which, grubs. assemblage; a cluster; an assem- grub-stake (grub'-stak), n. outfit blage of figures or objects forming given to a miner for exploration. an artistic whole; a division of grude (grud), n. a person with an organisms with certain characteris- extreme grouch. tics; the chief division of a geological grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with system: v.t. to form into a group. envy or discontent; give or take grouse (grous), ft. red and black with reluctance: n. secret malice or heath-game; partridge; pheasant; ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel. prairie-hen. gruel (groo'el), ft. a light semi-liquid grout (grout), ft. mortar or cement food made of oatmeal, &c, for in- mixed with gravel, used for founda- valids. tions and joints of masonry; a fine gruesome (groo'sum), adj. horrible plaster for ceilings; coarse meal: v.t. of aspect; inspiring gloom or horror. to surround or fill in with grout. gruff (gruf), adj. rough or surly in grouty (grout'i), cross; sulky; dreg- voice or manner; harsh; hoarse. gy. gru-gru (groo'groo), n. the larva of grove (grov), re. a small wood; a row a South American weevil, cooked for of trees shading an avenue. food as a delicacy. grovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur move with the body prostrate on the discontentedly; find fault. ground; be mean or debased. grumbling ('bling), n. the act of groveler (-er), ft. one who grovels. murmuring discontentedly. groveling (-ing), p. adj. lying pros- grumous (gro5'mus), adj. consisting trate; mean; undignified. of clustered grains^ thick or clotted. grow (gr5), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, grumpily (grump'i-li), adv. in a p.pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. grumpy manner. to increase in stature or size by grumpiness (1-nes), ft. the state of natural organic development; be being grumpy. produced by vegetation; increase; grumpy ('i), adj. surly; cross; low- flourish; thrive; become; advance; spirited. become fixed or attached. grunt (grunt), ft. the guttural noise growl (groul), ft. a deep angry snarl of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a like a dog; grumble. hog. growler ('er), ft. one who, and that gruyere (groo-yar'), n. a Swiss or which, growls; a North American French cheese made from skim-milk. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GRYPOSIS 426 GUIDE gryposis (gri-po'sis), n. an ingrow- ing of the nails. Also gryphosis. grysbok (gris'bok), n. a South Afri- can antelope. guaco (gwa'ko), n. a tropical Ameri- can plant, used as a specific for snake-bites. Guaiacum (gwi'a-kum), n. a genus of tropical American and West In- dian shrubs and trees from which a resin, extensively used in medicine, is obtained. guan (gwan), n. a gallinaceous bird of South America. guanaco (gwa-na'ko), n. the wild llama of the Andes. guaniferous (gwa-nif'er-us), adj. yielding guano. guanine ('nin), n. a principle found in guano, pancreatic juice, &c. guano ('no), n. the dung of sea-birds found in thick layers in South America and Africa, yielding a valu- able manure. guarantee (gar-an-te'), n. an en- gagement made by a third person to secure the fulfillment of an agree- ment; one who becomes surety for the performance of another's acts: v.t. to undertake that another shall perform a certain stipulation; war- rant; be responsible for. Also guar- anty. guarantor ('an-tor), n. one who guarantees, or makes, a guaranty. guaranty, the legal form of guarantee. guard (gard), v.t. to watch over or protect; preserve by caution; shield or defend: v.i. be _ cautious (with against) : n. security or defense against injury or attack; a state of vigilance or caution; _ attention; any contrivance or device for se- curity; an official in charge of a train; a man or body of men em- ployed for defense or control. guarded ('ed), p.adj. defended; care- ful; cautious; circumspect. guardian ('i-an,, n. one who has the care of the person or property of another; a warden: adj. protecting; tutelary. guard-ship ('ship), n. a warship stationed at a port or harbor for its protection. guardsman (z'man), n. [pi. guards- men ('men) ], an officer or soldier of the guards. guava _ (gwa'va), a tree of tropical America yielding a pear-shaped fruit, from which a jelly is made. gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to a governor or to his office. gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small edible fresh-water fish; a person who is easily imposed upon; an iron pin or shaft on which a wheel revolves. guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. guerilla (ger-il'a), n. one of an ir- regular force engaged in harassing an enemy in small bands ; petty war- fare; adj. belonging to, or consisting of, guerillas; pertaining to irregular warfare. Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey. guernsey (gern'zi), n. a close-fitting knitted woolen shirt. guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- dom; believe or think: v.i. to con- jecture. guess-work ('werk),n. random con- jecture; work performed by guess. guest (gest) , n. one who is entertained at the house or table of another. guevi (gwa've), n. a South African antelope. guffaw (guf-faw'), n. a rude boister- ous laugh. guffer ('er), n. the eel-pout. guhr (goor)^ n. a loose earthy de- posit found in the clefts and cavities of rocks. guib (gwib), n. a West African ante- lope. guidable (gid'a-bl), adj. that may be guided. guidance ('ans), n. direction; lead- ing. guide (gid), n. one who leads or directs; conductor; director; a soldier ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GUIDE-BOOK 427 GUMPTION or other person who obtains infor- mation for an army; that by which one directs his course; a guide- book: v.t. to lead or direct; influence; regulate; govern by counsel. guide-book ('book), n. a handbook for the direction of travelers. guidon (gl'dun), n. the forked flag of a troop of light cavalry; the flag of a guild or confraternity. guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora- tion; association. Also gild. guilder ('er), n. the Dutch florin, value about 40.2 cents. guile (gil), n. deceit; cunning; du- plicity. guileful ('fool), adj. full of guile.^ guillemot (gil'e-mot), n. a species of auk. guilloche (gil-losh'), n. a series of interwoven or twisted ornaments. guillotine ('o-ten), n. an apparatus for beheading a criminal^ by means of a heavy knife sliding in two up- right grooves: v.t. (-o-ten') to be- head with the guillotine. guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who is liable to a penalty^ sin; criminality. guiltily ('i-li), adv. in a guilty man- ner. guiltiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being guilty. guilty ('i), adj. [comp. guiltier, su- per!, guiltiest], justly chargeable with a crime; wicked; criminal; not inno- cent. guimpe (gamp), n. chemisette used with low-necked gown. guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- merly current in England, value 21s. or about $5. guinea-fowl (-foul), n. a greyish- blue gallinaceous bird with white spots, originally from Guinea. guinea-pig (-pig), n. a small do- mesticated South American rodent, allied to the cavy. guipure (ge-pur'), n. a kind of lace or gimp. guise (giz), n. external appearance; dress; mien. guitar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed in- strument, on the principle of the violin, played with the fingers. gula (gii'la), n. [pi. guise ('le)], n. the gullet; throat. gular ('lar), adj. pertaining to the gula. gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or rough narrow valley. gules (gulz), n. a term in heraldry, meaning a blazon in perpendicular lines without color; a tincture red. gulf (gulf), n. an arm of the sea ex- tending into the land, intermediate in size between a bay and sea; a deep place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- pool; something insatiable. gulf stream (strem), n. a vast and important warm ocean-current flow- ing out from the Gulf of Mexico. gull (gul), n. a web-footed sea-fowl with long wings; one who is easily cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- pose upon. gullet ('et), n. the throat; oesophagus. gullibility m (gul-i-bil'i-ti), n. capac- ity for being gulled. gullible (gul'i-bl), adj. capable of being easily deceived. gully ('i), n. [pi. gullies ('iz) ], a channel or hollow worn by water; narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or -plate. gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down eagerly or in large draughts: n. the act of gulping; swallow. *gum (gum), n. the soft, fleshy part of the jaws by which the teeth are surrounded; a semi-transparent viscid vegetable substance that ex- udes from certain trees and shrubs and hardens on the surface: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gummed, p.pr. gum- ming], to smear or unite with gum. gum arabic (ar'a-bik), n. a gum ob- tained from various species of acacia. gumbo ('bo), n. a dish or soup made from the gummy pods of the okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. gumminess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being gummy. gummy ('i), adj. like gum. gumption (gump'shun), n. quickness ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. GUMPTIOUS 428 GUTTA-PERCHA of perception; common sense; in the fine arts, the art of preparing colors. gumptious ('shus), adj. shrewd; smart. gun (gun), ft. an instrument for dis- charging shot, by the force of an ex- plosive: v.i. to shoot with a gun. gunboat (gun'bot), ft. a. warship of light draught, next in size to a cruiser, canying several heavy guns. guncotton ('kot-n), ft. .a highly ex- plosive substance formed by the ac- tion of nitric and sulphuric acid upon cotton, or some other vegetable fibre. gun-fire ('fir), ft. the hour at which the morning and evening gun is fired. gunjah ('ja), n. the hemp plant of India. Also ganja. gun-metal ('met-al), ft. an alloy of copper and tin. gunnel, same as gunwale. gunner ('er), n. one who works a gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- officer in the navy who has charge of the ordnance of a war-vessel and ordnance-stores. gunnery ('er-i), ft. the science of artillery. gunning _ ('ing), ft. the shooting of game with a gun. . gunman (gun'man), ft. a desperate character, armed, and ready to shoot another for hire or revenge. gunny ('i), ft. [pi. gunnies ('iz) ], a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute or hemp. gunpowder ('pou-der), ft. an explo- sive substance composed of sulphur, niter and charcoal; a fine kind of green tea. gun-shy (gun'-shl), adj. afnicted with terror at sight or report of a gun. Gunter's chain (gun'terz chan), ft. a surveyor's chain used in measur- ing land, 66 ft. long, and divided in 100 links of 7.92 in. each. Gunter's scale _ (skal)^ ft. a large plane scale, with various fines of numbers engraved upon it, by means of which surveyors' and navigators' calculations are determined. gunwale (gun'l;, n. the upper edge of the side of a ship next to the bulwarks. gurgitation (ger-ji-ta/shun), n. a state of boiling, or whirling round. gurgle (geVgl), v.i. to flow or nn\ with a purling, bubbling sound: n. a purling, bubbling noise. gurglet ('glet), ft. a porous earthen vessel for cooling water. Gurkha (gur'ka), ft. a native East Indian British soldier. gurnet ('net), ft. an edible sea-fish with a large angular head and rough bony skin. Also gurnard. gurrah (gur'a), ft. a plain coarse Indian muslin. gurry (T), ft. in India, a small native fort; crude oil from the fivers of fish. gush (gush), ft. a sudden and^ violent flow of a liquid from an inclosed space; outburst; an extravagant display of sentiment: v.i. to issue with violence and rapidity; flow copiously; be extravagantly senti- mental. gusher ('er), ft. one who, or that which, gushes; an oil well that dis- charges its contents without the aid of machinery. gusset (gus'et), ft. a small triangular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen or enlarge a part. gust (gust), ft. a sudden squall; a sudden and violent outburst of pas- sion. gustatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. pertaining to the taste. gustful ('fool), adj. full of gusto. gusto ('to), ft. zest; relish. gusty ('i), adj. characterized by gusts. gut (gut), ft. the intestinal canal; an intestine; catgut; a narrow channel or strait: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gutted, p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or empty entirely. gutta-percha (-per'cha), ft. a red- dish-brown horn-like substance; the inspissated juice of the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra gutta) of the Malay Archipelago. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. GUTTER 429 GYROSTAT gutter ('er), n. a channel for carry- ing away water: v.t. to cut into ■small channels; furnish with gut- ters: v.i. to run in drops. guttering (-ing), n. a making into hollows; the act of falling in drops; material for making gutters. guttural ('er-al), adj. pertaining to, or produced in, the throat: n. a letter produced in the throat. gutturally (-li), adv. in a guttural manner. guy _ (gi), n. a rope, chain, &c, to swing and keep steady a heavy body : an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes; a person oddiy or dowdily dressed: v.t. to steady or guide with a guy; ridicule; delude. guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily and immoderately: n. intoxicating liquor; a drunken debauch. guzzy ('i), n. an East Indian cotton cloth. gwiniad (gwin'i-ad), n. a Welst trout; the powan. Also guiniad. gymn, a 'prefix meaning naked, desti- tute of, occurring in many com- pound words. Also gymno. gymnanthous (jim-nan'thus), adj. without calyx or corolla. gymnasium (-na/zi-um), n. [pi. gym- nasia (-a) ], a building where gym- nastic exercises are practiced; a school for the higher branches of literature and art; in ancient Greece, a place for athletic exer- cises, provided with baths, &c, also, in connection with it, apartments in which philosophic discussions were carried on. gymnast ('nast), n. one who prac- tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. gymnastic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, gymnastics. gymnastics ('iks), n.pl. athletic ex- ercises; the art of developing the physical powers by athletic exer- cises. gymno, prefix see gymn. gymnogens (jim'no-jens), n.pl. plants having naked seeds, or not inclosed in an ovary. gymnotus (jim-no'tus), n. the elec- tric eel of South America. gynarchy (jin'ar-ki), n. government by a woman; female rule. gyne, a prefix meaning woman, fe- male. Also gyneco. gynecocracy (jin-e-kok'ra-si), n. fe- male rule or supremacy. Also gyne- ocracy. gynecology (jin-e-kol'o-ji), n. that branch of medical science which treats of the functions and diseases of women. gyneolatry ^ ('oFa-tri), n. excessive homage paid to women. gyno, prefix meaning ovary or pistil, occurring in various botanical terms, as gynophoie, the long stalk upon which some ovaria are situated, as in the passion flower. gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of lime; plaster of paris. Gypsy, same as Gipsy. gyral Qi'ral), adj. rotatory; whirl- ing. gyrate ('rat), v.i. to revolve round a central point; rotate; wheel. gyratory ('ra-to-ri), adj. revolving in a circle. gyre (jlr), n. a fetter for the legs: v.t. to fetter. gyro, a prefix in various scientific words meaning a circle, round. gyro-compass (ji'ro-kom'pas), n, a compass operated by a gyroscope and uninfluenced by the earth's magnetism. gyroscope (ji'ro-skop) , n. an instru- ment for demonstrating the laws of rotation. gyroscope-railway (jl'ro-skop-ral'- wa), n. a railway with a single rail, on which the cars are kept upright by two gyroscopes whirling in opposite directions. gyrostat (-stat), n. an instrument for demonstrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. I H H, eighth letter in the English alpha- bet; symbol in chemistry for Hy- drogen. ha (ha), inter j. an expression of wonder, joy, hesitation, &c: v.i. to express wonder, &c; hesitate. < haaf (haf), n a deep-sea fishing- bank off the Shetlands. habeas corpus (ha'be-as kor'pus, Latin have the body), a writ to pro- duce a prisoner at a stated time and place to declare the cause of his de- tention. haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. a dealer in small wares, as ribbons, lace, tapes, needles, &c. haberdashery (-i), n. the wares sold by a haberdasher; a haber- dasher's shop. habergeon _ ('er-jun), n. a coat of mail covering the neck and breast. habiliment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. an article of clothing: pi. dress. habilitate ('i-tat), v.i. to become qualified. habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of conduct; general condition or tend- ency; disposition; established cus- tom; dressy a woman's riding-dress; the distinctive dress worn by mem- bers of a religious order: v.t. to dress; furnish with a habit. habitable ('it-a-bl), adj. fit to be dwelt in. habitant ('it-ant), n. a dweller; per- manent resident; a farmer of French descent, in Canada and Louisiana. habitat ('i-tat), n. the natural lo- cality of animals, plants, &c, in their wild state; geographical range. habitation (-i-ta'shun), n. residence or place of abode; natural locality; a Primrose League lodge. habited ('i-ted), p.adj. wearing a habit or dress. habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed or acquired by use; customary; in- veterate. habitually (-lij, adv. by habit. habituate ('u-at), v.t. to make fa- miliar by use or custom; familiarize. habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- tomary manner or mode; familiarity. habitue (ha-bit'u-a), n. one who habitually frequents a place of amusement, &c. hacienda (a-the-en'da, or has-i-en'- da), n. in Spanish America, a large p]antation on which the owner is resident; an isolated farm; an es- tablishment for raising stock, farm produce, &c. hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly and into small pieces; injure by cutting; notch; let out for hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick on the shins at football; a carriage let out for hire; a hackney coach; a literary drudge; a drying frame for fish; a place where green bricks are dried; a feeding rack. hackamore, n. a halter. hackberry ('ber-ri), n. a large North American forest-tree, with an edible fruit. hackbut ('but), n. an arquebus. hackee ('e) n, the chipmunk. hackia ('i-a), n. a lofty South Amer- ican tree of the madder family. hacking ('ing), adj. notching; ir- ritating and wearing: said of a cough; n. the stacking of bricks for drying; a particular method of mas- sage; a process in gem cutting. hackle (hakl), v.t. to dress or comb, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (430) HACKMAN 431 HAIRSPRING as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; mangle in cutting: n. an implement with sharp spikes for cleansing flax or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- row feather in the neck of a cock, used for making artificial flies for angling; a feather fly for angling. hackman (hak'man), n. the driver of a hack or coach for hire. hackmatack ('ma-tak), n. the red American larch, or tamarack. hackney ('ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hack- neyed, p.pr. hackneying], to wear out by constant use; make common- place: adj. let out for hire; com- mon or trite; n. a hackney-coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. hackney-coach (-koch), n. a li- censed carriage that plies for hire. hackneyed ('nid), p. adj. worn out; commonplace. had, p.t.oi have. haddock # ('ok), n. a sea-fish of the cod family Hadean (ha-de'an), adj. pertaining to Hades. Hades ('dez), n. the abode and state of the dead. hading (had'ing), n. the deviation from the vertical of a vein or stra- tum; underlay. hadji m (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan pilgrim who has been to Mecca, and therefore looked upon as a holy man. (Also Howadji). Haeckelism (hek'el-izm), n. theories of Ernst Hseckel, the German scientist; more particularly his the- ory that the embryo passes through successive stages that recapitulate the evolutionary history of its race. haema, a prefix meaning blood, occur- ring in many scientific words* Also hsem, haemat, hsemo, hemo. haemachrome (hem'a-krom), n. the coloring matter of the blood. haemadromometer (-dro-mom'e- ter), n. an instrument for determin- ing the velocity of the flow of blood. haemal (he'mal), adj. pertaining to the blood. haemalopia (hem-a-lo'pi-a), n. dis- ease of the eye in which objects ap- pear red. haematemesis (-a-tem'e-sis), n. vom- iting of blood from the stomach. haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to the blood: n.pl. that branch of physiology that treats of the blood. heematoid (hem'a-toid), adj. blood- like. haemoglobin (-o-glo'bin), n. same as hemoglobin. haemoptysis (he-mop'ti-sis), n. same as hemoptysis. haemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. same as hemorrhage. haemorrhoids ('o-roids), n.pl. same as hemorrhoids. haft (haft), n. a handle of a tool or knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or handle. hag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly old woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- sitic in the bodies of other fish. haggard ( r ard), adj. worn and anx ious in appearance; lean and hollow eyed. haggle ('1), v.i. to higgle. Hahnemanism (ha/ne-man-izm), n. the system in medicine called homoe- opathy, founded by Samuel Hahne- mann. haik (hak), n. an outer woolen gar- ment with colored stripes worn by the Arabs. hail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: v.t. to pour down or out like hail; call to or salute. haily ('i), adj. consisting of, or like, hail. hair (har), n. one of the small horny fibrous tubes with a bulbous root growing out of the skin of a mam- mal; the mass of such horny fibrous tubes; minute hair-like filaments on the surface of plants. hairsplitting ('split-ing), adj. mak- ing oversubtle or very minute dis- tinctions, in reasoning or statement. hairspring ('spring), n. a very fine spring to regulate the balance wheel of a watch. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HAIR-TRIGGER 432 HALTER hair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. a sec- ondary trigger of a gun. hairy ('i), adj. covered with, abound- ing in, or resembling, hair. hake (hak), n. an edible seafish al- lied to the cod. halation (ha-la/shun), n. a halo on a photographic plate. halberd (halberd), n. a mediaeval weapon consisting of a long staff to which an axe was affixed with a spear-like point. Also halbert. halcyon ('si-un), adj. pertaining to the kingfisher; peaceful; happy; calm: n. the kingfisher: from the fable that its hatching season was in calm weather. hale (hal), adj. sound bodily ; healthy ; hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- lence. half (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz) ], one of two equal parts; a school term; in football, a half-back: adv. equally; partly: adj. consisting of a half; approximating. half-and-half, n. a mixture of ale and porter, or of old and new ale. halfback (hafbak), n. one of the two positions in football, back of the main or rush line, between the quarter-back and full-back. half-blood Cblud), n. one whose parents are of different races; rela- tionship between persons who have one parent in common. half-breed Cored), n. a person of mixed blood: as, in Indian half- half-caste Ckast), n. a person of an East Indian parent on one side and of a European on the other. half-tone (haf'ton), n. a plate photo- engraved with the aid of a screen of netting, or the picture printed from such a plate. The half-tone process is very extensively used in illustrat- ing modern periodicals and books. halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large edible flat fish. halicore ('i-kor), n. the dugong. hall (hawl), n. a large room for the transaction of public business, entertainments, &c; a court of jus- tice; the first large room of a house; a manor-nouse; a college dining- room; the dinner served there; the public room of a corporation or guild; a minor college. hallelujah (hal-e-loo'j^a), n. (He- brew, Praise ye Jehovah) an ascrip- tion of praise to God; a musical composition having as its theme such an ascription of praise: adj. singing, or containing, hallelujah. Also al- leluiah. hallelujah lass (las), n. a female member of the Salvation Army. halliard, same as halyard. hall-mark (hawl 'mark), n. the offi- cial mark of the Goldsmiths' Compa- ny and other English assay offices, attesting the quality of the gold and silver articles on which it is im- pressed: hence a mark or proof of genuineness. halloo (ha-lo'), inter j. an exclama- tion to call attention to or cheer one; a shout to attract attention, or to cheer or urge on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. Also holloa. hallow (hal'o), v.t. to consecrate; devote to sacred purposes; revere. Halloween (-en 7 ), n. the Eve of All Saints or All Hallows, Oct. 31. hallucination (hal-loo-si-na'shun), n. belief in something imaginary; de- lusion; error. halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light round the sun or moon, caused by refraction; a ring of light or nimbus. halogen (hal'o-jen), n. an element as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- rine, which forms saline compounds by combining with other elements. haloid ('oid), adj. resembling salt. halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a stop in marching: adj. crippled or lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- bious or hesitate; to stop in march- ing. halter ('er), n. one who halts; a rope for hanging criminals; a rope for ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HALVE 433 HANDKERCHIEF leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put on, or secure with, a halter. halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two equal parts; fasten together, as tim- bers. halved (half'ed), a. in golf, having equal scores; said of a hole which each side has made in the same number of strokes, or of a match that is tied. halves, pi. of half. halyard (hal'vard), n. a rope or tackle for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. Also halliard. ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- cially a pig, salted and smoked; a house; village: in place names of Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. Hamamelis (-a-me'lis), n. an order of shrubs, to which the witch-hazel belongs^ and from which a medicinal extract is obtained. Hamburg ('berg), n. a rich kind of black grape; a breed of black do- mestic fowl. hame (ham), n. one of the curved bars on the collar to which the traces of a draught horse are fastened. hamerkop (ham'er-kop), n. an Afri- can bird with hammer-shaped feath- ers on its head. hamiform ('i-form), adj. hook- shaped. hamlet (let), n. a small village. hammer ('er), n. an instrument with a handle and iron head for driving nails, beating metals, &c. ; . anything resembling a hammer in its action or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as with, a hammer; forge; beat; work in the mind : v.i. to work hard. hammer-beam (-bem), n. a horizon- tal piece of timber projecting from the inside of a wall. hammer-cloth (-kloth), n. the cloth which covers a coach-box. hammock ('ok), n. a swinging bed usually of network or canvas. hamper ('per), n. a large wicker- work basket for carrying food, &c. ; the rigging of a ship: v.t. to put into, or inclose in, a hamper; era* barrass; perplex; impede. hamshackle ('shak'l), v.t. fasten the head of an animal to one of its fore- legs, as a horse. hamster ('ster), n. a species of grain- storing rat with two cheek-pouches and a short tail. hamstring ('string), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing!, to lame by cutting the tendons of the ham: n.pl. the strong sinews at the back of the knee. hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- minal extremity of the human arm connected with the wrist, a similar organ terminating the fore-limb of certain animals; something resem- bling a hand in appearance or use; a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in manipulation or performance; right or left side; possession; style of writing; an employe* who labors with his hands; a sailor; cards held; a game; pledge of betrothal; near- ness; gain; advantage; agency of; index of any kind; turn of a player to* serve the ball at tennis, &c; a shoulder of pork: v.t. to give or transmit with, or as with, the hand; assist or lead with the hand: adj. pertaining to, or used by, the hand. handicraft ('i-kraft), n. the work or skill of an artificer; manual skill, or labor : adj. pertaining to manual labor. handcuff (hand'kuf), n. a contrivance to fetter the wrists together; a manacle. handicap (han'di-kap), n. certain conditions imposed on contestants in races or other contests in order to bring about equality as nearly as possible. handily (han'di-li), adv. in a handy manner. handiness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being handy. handiwork (-werk), n. work done, or produced by, the hands. handkerchief (hang'ker-chif), n. a pocket handkerchief; a silk or cot- ton square for the neck. ftte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HANDLE 434 HAPPINESS handle (hand'l), n. that part of a tool, vessel, &c, grasped by the hand; an instrument or occasion: v.t. to touch or feel with the hand; manage; manipulate; discourse on; act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. handmaid ('mad), n. a female serv- ant or attendant. Also handmaiden. handscrew ('skroo), n. a lifting-jack. handsel ('sel), n. an earnest given to make good a contract; the act of using anything for the first time; a gift, especially at the time of the New Year: v.t. to give a handsel to; use or do for the first time. handsome ('sum), pleasing to look upon; well-formed; elegantly dressed; graceful; liberal; generous; ample. handy ('i), adj. [comp. handier, su- perl. handiest], dexterous; skilful; convenient; close at hand; manage- able. hang (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hung, hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend; to fasten to something so as to be movable; suspend by the neck; cause to droop; display; show aloft; attach or fasten; furnish with orna- ments or drapery suspended or fas- tened to the walls, &c; catch fast: v.i. to be suspended; bend forward; be dependent upon; dangle; cling; be in a deadlock : n. method of hang- ing; manner of doing or using; gen- eral tendency; slope. hangar (hang'gahr), n. a shed or shelter for housing aeroplanes, bal- loons and all other air-craft. hangdog ('dog), adj. of degraded or sneaking appearance. hanger ('er), n. one who hangs; that by which something is hung or sus- pended; a kind of cutlass. hanging ('ing), p. adj. suspended or dangling; suggesting or involving death by hanging: n. the act of put- ting to death by the punishment of the halter: pi. drapery for a room. hangman ('man), n. [pi. hangmen ('men) ], a public executioner. hangnail ('nal), n. a small piece of skin hanging from the root of a fin- ger-nail; an agnail. hanif (ha-nef), n. an orthodox Mo- hammedan; a monotheistic Arab, before the time of Mohammed. hank (hangk), n. two or more skeins of thread, silk, wool, &c, fastened together, one of the wooden rings to which a fore-and-aft sail is bent; a withy or rope for fastening a gate: v.t. to form into hanks. hanker ('er), v.i. to desire eagerly (with after). hanky-panky (Td-pangld), n. jug- glery; adj. tricky; cheating. hanse (hans), n. a confederacy of merchants or commercial towns. Hanseatic (-e-at'ik), adj. pertaining to the Hanse towns or their confed- eracy. Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik leg), n. the confederation of certain com- mercial towns in Germany, banded together for mutual advantage and protection. Their most flourishing period was from the 12th to the 14th century. In 1889 the cities became a part of the German Empire. Hanse town _ (toun), n. a town con- federated with another for mutual trade and protection. hansom ('sum), n. a two-wheeled cab. hap (hap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, p.pr. happing], to happen; befall cas- ually; v.t. cover or wrap [Scotch]: n. chance; a casual event; a cloak or wrapper [Scotch]. haphazard ('haz-&rd), n. chance; accident: adv. by chance. hapless (hap'les), adj. unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy. haploma (lo-mi), n. an outer cloth for an altar. haploscope (haplo-skop), n. a stere- oscope giving a different field of vision for each eye. haply ('li), adv. by chance; perhaps* happen ('n), v.i. to chance; occur. happily ('i-li), adv. successfully; by- good fortune; felicitously. happiness ('i-nes), n. the state of 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HAPPY 435 HARELIP being happy; good fortune: felici- tousness. happy ('i), adj. [corny, happier, superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure or good; successful; prosperous; lucky; living in concord; satisfied; propitious; felicitous. haptic ('tik), adj. relating to the sense of touch. haptophore (hap'to-for), n. in Ehr- llch's famous side-chain theory, the part of a poisonous molecule that unites with the cell-receptor, or the uniting portion of the cell-receptor itself. harakiri (ha'ra-ke-ri), n. formerly in Japan, a method of suicide by ripping open the bowels, permitted to nobles and military officers so as to escape the indignity of a public exe- cution or official disgrace. Called also hapoy despatch: hari-kari (wrongly). harangue (ha-rang'), n. a public ad- dress or oration, especially extem- pore: v.i. to deliver a harangue: v.t. to address by a harangue. harass (har'as), v.t. to annoy or vex; fatigue or weary with labor or im- portunity; to tire out and annoy an enemy by incessant petty attacks. harassing (-ing), p. adj. fatiguing; annoying. harassment (-ment), n. the act of harassing; the state of being har- assed. harbinger (har'bin-jer), n. a pre- cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; foretell; usher in. harbor ('ber), n. a port or haven for ships; any place of refuge or safety; formerly an inn or lodging: v.t. to shelter or protect; cherish. harborage (-aj), n. a port or anchor- age for ships. hard (hard), adj. compact and solid; firm; not easy to be pierced or broken ; unyielding ; difficult of ac- complishment ; laborious ; fatiguing ; cruel; oppressive; severe; keen; austere; inflexible; unfeeling; ex- acting; not easily granted; rough; coarse; unprosperous; uttered gut- turally; stiff or formal: adv. forci- bly; laboriously; diligently; tem- pestuously; closely; near; roughly; to the utmost extent; so as to be- come hard; with vexation, trouble, or sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- terial by the sea; a pier or lancling- place: pi. the refuse of flax or wool; alum and salt mixed together, used for giving a white color to bread. hard-by (hard-bi'), adv. near by. harden ('n), v.t. to make hard or harder; confirm in impudence or wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i. to become hard or harder. hardihood ('i-hood), n. effrontery; boldness; physical endurance. hardily ('i-h), adv. with hardihood. hard-labor (la-ber), n. work im- posed as an additional punishment to a term of imprisonment. hardly ('li), adv. with difficulty; scarcely; vigorously; severely; with- out delicacy; coarsely; unfavorably. hardness ('nes), n. the quality of being hard. hard-pan ('pan), n. in mining, a stratum of gravel or sand; a solid foundation. hardship ('ship), n. oppression; se- vere labor or want; injustice. hard-tack ('tak), n. large, hard cracker or biscuit baked for army and navy use. hardware ('war), n. manufactured articles of metal. hare (har), n. a rodent, with long ears and a short tail, larger than a rabbit, characterized by its great timidity. harebell Cbel), n. a species of cam- panula, the bluebell of Scotland. harebrained ('brand), adj. volatile; wild. harefoot ('foot), n. a long narrow foot ; a fast runner. harehound ('hound), n. a harrier. harelip ('lip), n. a malformation of the upper lip, which is divided in the middle. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note : north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HAREM 436 HARPSICHORD harem (ha' or ha'rem), ft. the apart- ments of the women and children in a Mohammedan house; the wives and concubines of a Mohammedan. Also hareem, haram. hare's-foot (harz'foot), ft. a species of # fern; a kind of clover; the foot of* a hare used in making up by actors. hare's-tai! ('tal), n.. a species of cot- ton-grass allied to the bulrushes. haricot (har'i-ko), ft. a kind of stew of meat and vegetables; the kidney- bean. hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also harken. harlequin (harle-kwin), ft. the per- former in a pantomime who wears parti-colored garments and carries a talismanic wand: adj. fantastic or full of trickery; parti-colored: v.i. to make fun by sportive tricks. harlequinade (-ad'), ft. that part of a pantomime in which the harlequin appears; an extravaganza. harlot ('lot), n. a prostitute. harlotry (-ri), ft. the trade or prac- tice of prostitution. harm (harm), ft. injury; hurt; dam- age; moral evil or wrong-doing : v.t. to inflict hurt, damage, or injury upon. harmel ('mel), ft. an herb of the rue family used in the East as' a vermi- fuge and disinfectant. harmful (harm'fool), adj. hurtful; injurious. harmfully (-li), adv. injuriously. harmonic (har-mon'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- sical; concordant; harmonious; also harmonical : n.pl. the science of mu- sical sounds. harmonica (-mon'i-ka), n. 2b musical instrument the tones of which are produced by friction from a number of musical glasses filled to various heights with water; & mouth-organ; an oblong musical instrument con- sisting of a number of glass slips which are struck by a mallet. Also harmonicon. harmonically ('ik-al-li), adv. in a harmonic manner. harmonic triad (tii'ad), ft. the com- mon chord, consisting of its third and perfect fifth. harmonious (-mo'ni-us), adj. con- cordant; musical; symmetrical. harmoniphon (-mon'i-fon), n. a musical wind instrument with reeds and a keyboard. harmonize ('mo-niz), v.t. to render harmonious; cause to agree; recon- cile: v.i. to agree; be in peace and friendship; correspond. harmonist ('mo-nist), ft. one who is skilled in harmony; an expounder of the harmony of the Scriptures, espe- cially of the Gospels. harmonium (-mo'ni-um), ft. a reed- organ. harmony ('mo-ni), ft. [pi. harmonies (-niz) ], the quality of being pleas- ing to the ear; unison; just adapta- tion of parts to one another, so as to form a connected whole; accord in feeling, sentiment, &c; a literary work showing the agreement be- tween parallel or similar histories or passages. harness ('nes), ft. the working gear of a horse; the accoutrement and armor of a knight; any arrange- ment, as of straps, &c, for perform- ing some mechanical operation: v.t. to put harness upon; equip, as a knight. harp (harp), ft. a musical stringed instrument of triangular shape, played with the fingers: v.i. to play on the harp; dwell tediously or per- sistently on some particular subject (with on or upon). harping ('ing), n. the act of playing upon a harp: pi. the breadth of a ship at the bow. harpoon (-poon')^ ft. a long barb- headed spear having a line attached to the staff, for striking and killing whales: v.t. to strike with a harpoon. harpsichord ('si-kord), ft. a stringed instrument with a keyboard, the precursor of the pianoforte. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HARPY 437 HATCH-BOAT harpy ('i), n. [pi. harpies ('iz) ], in classical mythology, one of three winged monsters, the daughters of Neptune and Terra, with a woman's face, and the body and sharp claws of a vulture, exceedingly rapacious and filthy: hence, an extortioner; a large crested American eagle. harridan (har'i-dan), n. an ugly, ill- tempered old woman. harrier ('i-er),n. a variety of dog used for hunting hares; a species of hawk. harrow ('5), n. an agricultural in- strument for breaking up clods and casting earth upon sown land: v.t. to break up, tear, or draw over with a harrow; lacerate or torment. harry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. harried, p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: v.i. to make predatory raids. harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; jar- ring; rough to the ear, taste, or touch; austere. hart (hart), n. the male of the red deer. hartbeest ('best), n. a large African antelope. hartshorn (z'horn), n. the antler of a hart; a volatile preparation of ammonia. hart's-tongue ('tung), n. a British fern. harum-scarum (har'um-skar'um), adj. giddy; wild; reckless; untidy. haruspex (ha-rus'peks), n. [pi. ha- ruspices _ ('pi-sez) ], an ancient Ro- man diviner or soothsayer who fore- told events by inspecting the entrails of sacrificial victims. Also aruspex. harvest (har'vest), n. the season of reaping and gathering in the har- vest: v.t. to gather in, as corn; reap. harvest-home (-horn), n. a harvest festival. harvest-moon (-moon), n. the full moon which falls near the time of the autumnal equinox, about Sept. 23. harvest-mouse (-mous), n. a small field mouse which builds a round nest in the stalks of corn. Harveyize (har'vi-iz), v.t. to subject the face of a plate of steel (usually to be used as an armor plate) to a hardening process devised by H. A. Harvey. hash (hash), n. a dish of meat cut and cooked with vegetables; a mix- ture: v.t. to chop small and mix. hashish ('esh), n. an intoxicant made from Indian hemp; bhang. haslet (has'let), n. the fiver, heart, and lungs of a sheep. hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a staple and secured with a padlock: v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or cushion for kneeling upon in church, &c. ; a kneeler. hast, 2nd per., sing., pres. t. of have. haste (hast), n. quickness of move- ment; celerity; speed; urgency; pre- cipitancy; vehemence: v.t. to hasten. hasten (ha'sn), v.t. to cause to make haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. to move with speed; be quick. hastily ('sti-li), adv. in a hasty manner. hasty ('sti)^ adj. [comp. hastier, superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; speedy; eager; vehement; rash. hasty-pudding (-pud-ing), n. a pud- ding of flour or meal and water or milk stirred together and boiled. hiat (hat), n. a covering for the head, with a crown and brim; a cardinal's rank and dignity. hatband ('band), n. a band worn round the hat; a black cloth band worn as a token of mourning. hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) from eggs; plot or contrive; shade by narrow lines; close with, or as with, a hatch: n. the number of young produced from eggs at a sit- ting; brood; plot; a narrow line in engraving, or drawing; a door with an opening over it; a half -door: pi. doors or openings by which a de- scent is made from one deck of a ship to another. hatch 7 boat ('bot), n. a half-decked fishing-vessel with a well for holding fish. 5te, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HATCHERY 438 HAWK hatchery ('er-i), ft. a place where eggs are artificially hatched, espe- cially those of fish. hatchet ('et), ft. a small axe. hatching ('ing), ft. a kind of draw- ing or engraving by narrow parallel or crossed lines. hatchling (hach'ling), ft. a young fish in a hatchery during the period when it is still especially protected and fed. hatchment ('ment), ft. the escutch- eon or armorial bearings of a de- ceased person, placed in front of his house, on a tomb, in a church, &c. hatchway ('wa), ft. a rectangular opening in the deck of a vessel for passage below. hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; abhor; detest: ft. hatred. hateful ('fool), adj. causing hate. hatefully (-li), adv. in a hateful man- ner. hathamite (hath'a-mit) , ft. an ex- plosive of great force. hatred ('red), ft. bitter aversion: continued hostility of feeling; detes- tation. hatted (hat'ed), adj. wearing a hat. hatter ('er), ft. a make of hats. haubergeon (haw'ber-jun), ft. a short hauberk. hauberk ('berk), ft. a coat of armor formed of steel rings, reaching be- low the knees. haughtily (haw'ti-li), adv. in a haughty manner. haughty ('ti), adj. [comp. haughtier, superl. haughtiestl, proud and dis- dainful ;supercilious ; contemptuous. haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw with force; transport by drawing; v.i. to change the course of a ship; shift; said of the wind: ft. a strong pull; draught of a net; quantity over which anything is drawn. haulage ('aj), ft. the act or process of hauling; charges for hauling. hauler (hawl'er), ft. one who, or that which, hauls. haulm (hawm), ft. the stalks or stems of grain, beans, &c; stubble. haunch (hanch), ft. the fleshy part of the hip and buttock; a joint of venison or mutton; shoulder of an arch. haunt (hant), ft. a place of accus- tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently or habitually; trouble with frequent visits, as an apparition. hautboy (ho'boi), ft. a wind instru- ment of the flute class: the oboe. hauteur (ho-toor'), ft. haughty bear- ing or spirit. Havana (ha-van'a), ft. a cigar made of Cuban tobacco. have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. having], to possess; take, hold or bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- vantage of. haven (havn), ft. a sheltered anchor- age for ships; harbor; place of shelter and safety. haversack (hav'er-sak) , ft. a strong coarse linen bag in which soldiers carry their rations when marching. haversian canals (ha-ver'si-an ka'- nalz), n.pl. small longitudinal canals in the bones conveying the vessels of nutrition. havildar ('il-dar), ft. a native ser- geant of an Indian infantry regi- ment. having ('ing), ft. the act or state of possession. havoc ('ok), ft. wide and general destruction; devastation." haw (haw), ft. the fruit of various species of hawthorn; an excrescence under the third eyelid of a horse; a hedge or inclosure; a hesitation in speech. Hawaiian (ha-wl'yan), adj. pertain- ing to Hawaii, its inhabitants, or language. * hawfinch (haw'finch), ft. the com- mon grosbeak. hawk (hawk), ft. a name for various species of raptorial birds allied to the eagles and falcons; a forcible effort to clear the throat of phlegm; a square board, with a short handle, for holding mortar: v.t. to cry, or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. __ _ HAWKBILL 439 HEADLINE carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a forcible effort to cough up phlegm; to fly trained hawks at birds on the wing. hawkbill ('bil), n. a marine turtle that furnishes tortoiseshell : so named from its curved upper jaw. hawker ('er), n. one who cries and sells goods in the streets; peddler; falconer. hawk-eyed ('id), adj. keen sighted like a hawk. Hawkeye State (hawk'i), n. a popular name for the State of Iowa. hawkmoth ('moth), n. a large moth whose flight somewhat resembles that of a hawk. hawkweed ('wed), n. a plant of the aster family with yellow flowers. hawok (ha'wok), n. the* shell money of the aborigines of California. hawse (hawz), n. that part of a ship's bows where the hawse-holes are sit- uated. hawse-hole ('hoi), n. one of the two holes under a snip's bow through which the cable passes when the ves- sel is moored. hawser ('er), n. a thick rope or cable. hawthorn (haw'thorn), n. a prickly shrub or tree of the rose family. hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c, cut and dried for fodder. # haycock ('kok), a conical pile of hay. hay-fever ('fe-ver), n.& catarrh, ac- companied by itching, sneezing, slight fever, and pains in the head. haymow ('mow), n. a mass of hay laid up in a barn. Haytian (ha'ti-an), adj. pertaining to Hayti or its inhabitants. Also Haitian. hazard (haz'ard), n. chance; acci- dent; risk; danger; a dice game; a stroke at billiards: v.t. to run the risk of; chance; put in peril. hazard ('ard), in golf an obstacle, as a bunker, a pool of water, or a ditch, which renders the game more difficult. hazardous (-us), adj. risky; peril- haze (haz), n. a slight fog or mist; dimness of sight or knowledge: v.i. to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or harass by overwork or unpleasant tasks; play practical jokes upon, especially of a severe kind. hazel ('1), n. a shrub or tree of the genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. haziness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing hazy. hazy ('i), adj. misty; obscure. he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha) ], the masculine pronoun of the 3rd per- son: n. a male. hea (he'a), n. a tree of the Pacific Islands bearing a fruit from which a red stain is obtained. head (hed), n. the uppermost part of the body of an animal that contains the face, brain, &c; chief or princi- pal part of anything; an individual; leader or commander; place of honor or authority; topj fore-part; the understanding or intellect; princi- pal topic; a division; < origin or source; pitch; crisis or height; static or latent force; froth: adj. princi- pal or chief; acting against the front: v.t. to lead or direct; take the first place in ; get in front of ; direct the course of; oppose; strain: v.i. to move forward; come to, or form, a head. headed ('ed), adj. having a head; noting understanding or intellect (much used in composition, as clear- headed, wrong-Aeaded, &c). header ('er), n. a plunge or fall fore- most; one who puts heads on, as in pin-making; a machine, &c, for making or removing heads; a brick or stone with its short face in front. headfast ('fast), n. a rope at the bow of a ship to secure to a wharf, &c. heading ('ing), n. a title; material from which casks' heads are made; the strip on a piece of embroidery, for sewing on to a garment; the adit of a mine. headland ('land), n. a promontory. headline ('lln), n. a line of type dis- ate, arm, ai Die. 29 :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEADLONG 440 HEAT played conspicuously at the top of a page, chapter, column of a newspa- per, &c. : pi. the ropes at tne head of a sail by which it is secured to the yard. headlong ('long), adv. head fore- most; rashly; precipitously: adj. rash; precipitate; violent; thought- less. headsman (z'man), n. an execution- er. headstrong ('str6ng), adj. ungov- ernable; self-willed. headwind ('wind), n. a contrary wind. heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- toxicating. heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; cure; make sound; reconcile: v.i. to become well or sound. healing ('ing), p. adj. curative. health (helth), n. freedom from bod- ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; moral purity; righteousness; heal- ing power; a toast or pledge. healthful ('fool), adj. promoting health; salubrious. healthfully (-li), adv. in a healthful manner. healthiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being healthy. healthy ('i), adj. [comp. healthier, superl. healthiest], noting a sound condition of body; enjoying, or con- tributing, to health. heap (hep), n. a pile or collection of things thrown together; a quantity; accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form into a heap; pile up; aggregate; amass. hear (her), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. heard, p.pr. hearing], to perceive by the ear; attend or listen to; give heed to; obey; accede to the wishes of; attend judicially: v.i. to have the sense of hearing; be told of. hearing ('ing), n. the sense by which sound is perceived; audience; judi- cial investigation. hearken. Same as harken. hearsay ('sa), n. rumor or report: adj. second hand. hearse (hers), n» a vehicle for the conveyance of dead bodies to the grave. heart (hart), n. the organ in animals by the muscular contraction and di- lation of which the blood is circu- lated through the arteries, &c. ; the vital, inner, or chief part of any- thing; the seat of the affections and passions; emotion; tenderness; af- fection; courage; will; spirit; en- ergy; power; < resolution; secret thoughts; conscience; one of a suit of cards marked with one or more red hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. a card game. heartache ('ak), n. sorrow; pang; grief. heart-broken ('bro-ken), adj. over- whelmingly grieved. heartburn ('bern), n. a burning af- fection of the esophagus, caused by acidity of the stomach. hearted ('ed), adj. having a heart (used in compounds, denoting gen- erally affections, qualities, &c, as good-hearted, &c). hearten ('n), v.t. to give courage to; inspirit. hearth (harth), n. that part of a room where the fire is made: hence the family circle. heartily ('i-li), adv. cordially; ener- getically. heartiness ('i-nes), n. cordiality; vigor. heartsease (-z'ez), n. the pansy. heartseed (-'sed), n-. a climbing plant with seeds marked with a heart- shaped scar. heart-whole (hart '-hoi), adj. with the affections still unengaged by one of the opposite sex; fancy-free. hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; open; warm; strong; vigorous; good- natured; kind; healthy; having a keen appetite. heat (het), n. the sensation produced by a hot body; caloric; the state of being hot; effervescence; agitation of sudden or violent passion; ardor; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEATER 441 HECTARE vehemence; redness or flush of the face; a course at a race; hot weather: v.t. to make hot; warm; excite with passion or desire; make feverish; animate: v.i. to become hot or warm. heater ('er), n, one who, or that which, heats, as various mechanical contrivances. heath (heth), n. a small evergreen flowering shrub with rose-colored flowers growing on moorlands, &c; heather; moorland, especially with heath growing upon it. heathen (he^An), n. one who is ig- norant of the true God; a pagan; idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncul- tured person. heathendom (-dom), n. the state or condition of being a heathen; that part of the world inhabited by heathens. heathenish (-ish), adj. pertaining to heathens; rude; ignorant, or uncul- tured. heathenism (-izm), n. ignorance of the true God; paganism; idolatry. heathenize (Iz), v.t. to render heathen. heather (heta'er). Same as heath. heathy ^heth'i), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, heath. heave (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift up; force from the breast, as a sigh; cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be lifted up; swell; rise and fall alter- nately; struggle or toil; . pant; vomit: n. an effort or exertion up- wards; lift; the act of throwing; swell or rising; haul; struggle, ef- fort to vomit. heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God and the blessed; the firmament or sky; a state or condition of bliss. Heaven, n. the Supreme Being. heavenliness (-li-nes), n. supreme excellence. heavenly (-li), adj. pertaining to. or resembling, heaven; celestial; di- vine; supremely excellent. heaver (hev'er), n. one who, or that which, lifts or heaves, especially one who loads or unloads goods, coal, &c. heaviness (hev'i-nes), n. the quality of being heavy; dejection; grief. heavy {'{), adj. [comp. heavier, su- perl. heaviest], ponderous; weighty; oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- structive; depressed; dull; dense; powerful^ loud; indigestible; clayey; adv. heavily [poet.]. heavy-spar (spar), n. sulphate of barium. hebdomadal (heb-dom'a-dal), adj. including a term of seven days; hap- pening once in every period of that duration. hebetude (heb'e-tud), n. sluggish- ness; dullness. Hebraic (he-bra/ik), adj. pertaining to the Hebrews, the Jewish language or literature. _ Hebraicize ('irSiz), v.t. to convert into the Hebrew idiom: v.i. to speak Hebrew, or adopt Hebrew customs. Also Hebraize (-ize). Hebraism ('izm), n. a Hebrew idiom, or a characteristic of the Hebrew. Hebraist (-ist), n. one who is learned in the Hebrew language and litera- ture. Hebrew ('broo), adj. pertaining to the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. Hebrewess (-es), n. a Jewess. Hecate (hek'a-te), n. an ancient threefold Grecian deity possessing power over heaven, earth, and the under-world. ^ hecate, n. a witch; a hag. hecato, a prefix meaning a hundred. Also hecaton, hect, hecto. hecatomb ('a-toom), n. a sacrifice of a hundred oxen; any large sac- rifice or slaughter. heck (hek), n. a rack for fodder; lat- ticework; a latticework grating for catching or hanging fish upon; a bend in a stream. heckle (hek'l), v.t. to ask embarrass- ing questions of a speaker at a public meeting; to badger; to torment. hectare (tar), n. in the metric sys- tem, a French land measure = 100 ares, of 2.47 acres. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then.. HECTIC 442 HEIRLOOM hectic ('tik), adj. constitutional; slow, but of long continuance; per- taining to hectic fever; feverish: n. a remittent fever accompanying con- sumption, characterized by a bright pink spot or flush on the cheeks. hectogramme ('to-gram), n. in the metric system, a French weight = 100 grammes, or 3.53 ounces. hectograph ('to-graf), n. an appa- ratus for multiplying copies of a letter or drawing, &c. hectoliter ('to-le-tr), n. in the met- ric system, a French liquid measure = 100 liters or 26.42 gallons.^ hectometer ('to-me-tr), n. in the metric system, a French measure of length = 100 meters, or 328 feet, 1 inch. hector ('ter), v.t. to bully or blus- ter: from Hector, the Trojan hero. hectostere ('to-sier) , n. in the metric system a French cubi" measure= 100 cubic meters. heddles (hed'dlz), n.pl. in a loom, the harness for guiding the warp threads. hedge (hej), n. a fence of bushes or shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a hedge; encircle; invest: v.i. to bet on both sides, so that the possibility of loss will be diminished; skulk: adj. mean; comtemptible; of the lowest class. hedgehog ('hog), n. an insectivorous mamma! covered on the back with spines or prickles. hedge-priest (hej 'pr est), n. one pre- tending to be and acting as a priest, but who has never received clerical orders and is without authority. hedonic (he-don'ik), adj. pertaining to hedonism hedonism ('do-nizm), n. the doctrine that pleasure is the chief end of life. heed (hed), v.t. to regard with care; take notice of; mind; attend; re- gard: n. careful attention; regard; caution. heedful ('fool), adj. cautious; at- tentive. needfully (-li), adv. cautiously; at- tentively. heehaw Chaw), v.i. to bray like an ass: n. the bray of an ass. heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the foot; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, or stocking; anything shaped like a heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: v.i. lean on one side, as a ship. heel-ball ('bawl), n. a black waxy composition used for blacking the heels of shoes, &c, and for obtain- ing rubbings of brasses, &c. heeler ('er), n. a political hanger-on. heeling ('ing), n. the degree of in- clination of a vessel from the per- pendicular. heel-tap ('tap), n. a small thickness of leather for a shoe-heel. heft (heft), n. a handle; an effort; weight; the greater part or bulk. hegemony (he-gem'o-ni), n. leader- ship; superiority; applied to a state predominating over another. Hegira (he-jl-ra), n. the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina (662 A.D.). Also Hejira. hegleek (heg'lek), n. an African tree yielding an edible fruit, from which an intoxicating drink is made by the natives. heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. heigh-ho (hl'ho), inter j. an expres- sion of languor or uneasiness. height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; highest state or degree; an eminence or hill; summit; stature. heighten ('en), v.L to make high or higher; elevate; intensify; set off; increase; aggravate; improve. heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; extremely wicked; flagrant. heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- other in the possession of property, title, office, mental gifts, &c. heir-apparent (-ap-pa'rent), n. one whose right to succeed is inde- feasible at law if he outlives his ancestor. heiress ('es), n. a female heir. heirloom (loom), n. any movable or personal chattel, which by its connection with an estate descends to the heir. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEIR-PRESUMPTIVE 443 HELLENIC heir-presumptive (-pre-zump'tiv), n. one who will succeed as heir if his right is -not barred by the birth of one nearer insuccession than himself. hejira. Same as hegira. held (held), p.t. of hold. heliac (he r tirak) 1 -adj. pertaining to the sun; emerging from, or passing into, the light of the sun. Also heliacal. heliacally (-li'a-kal-li), adv. in a heliacal manner. Helianthus (he-li-an'thus), n. a ge- nus of plants to which the sunflower "belongs. helic, a prefix meaning spiral. Also helico. helical (hel'i-kal), adj. spiral-shaped. helicoid ('i-koid), adj. coiled like the shell of a snail: n. a spirally-curved geometrical figure. helicopter (hel-i-kop'ter), n. sl flying machine designed so as to be lifted vertically into the air. helio, prefix meaning sun, caused by, or like, the sun or sunlight, as Myograph, an instrument for tak- ing a photograph of the sun, or for signaling by reflecting sunlight from one mirror to another. heliocentric (he-li-o-sen'irik), adj. having the sun as the center. heliochrome ('li-o-krom), n. a pho- tograph in natural colors. heliochromotype Co-tip), n. a pho- tograph reproducing the color of the subject. heliochromy (-ok'ro-mi), n. the art or process of obtaining photographs in natural colors. heliograph. See under helio. heliogravure (-grav'iir), n. photo- engraving or -etching. heliolatry (-ol'a-tri), n. worship of the«sun. heliometer (-om'e-ter), n. a microm- eter for measuring small angles in the heavens. heliophag ('li-o-fag), n. that part of an animal that ^bsorbs sunlight. helioscene ('li-o^sen), n. a kind of sun-blind. helioscope (Ti-o-skop), n. a form of refracting telescope for observing the sun. heliosis (-o'sis), n. the production of spots on leaves by the continued action of the sun's rays; sunstroke. heliostat ('li-o-stat), n. an instru- ment by which signaling is carried on by means of a mirror, moved by clockwork. heliotrope (Ti-o-trop \ n. a plant whose flowers follow the course of the sun; a green-colored variety of chalcedony with small red spots; bloodstone; the color of the flowers of heliotrope, bluish-pink. heliotropic (-li-o-trop'ik), adj. char- acterized by heliotropism. Also he- liotropical. heliotropism (-ot'r5-pizm) , n. the movements of flowers or leaves to- ward the sun. heliotype ('li-5-tip), n. an impres- sion from a photograph taken on a gelatine plate hardened with alum. helium ('li-um), n. an element first discovered in the spectrum of the sun and supposed to be peculiar to that body. It has recently been discovered on the earth, and a gas arising from radium has been ob- served to change into this element. helix ('liks), /n. [pi. helices (hel'i- sez) ], a spiral line, as of a line coiled round; a circumvolution; the margin of the external ear; a small volute; a genus of molluscs, con- taining the shell snails. hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or of departed souls (more correctly Hades); the place of punishment for the wicked after death: hence any place or condition of extreme misery or evil; a gambling-house. Hellas (hel 'as), n. the name given by the ancient Greeks to- Greece. hellebore ('e-bor), n. the Christmas rose. Hellene ('en), n. a Greek. Hellenic (he-len'ik;, adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the ancient Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian art and literature. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HELLENISM 444 HEMOLYSIN Hellenism (hel'en-izm), n. a Greek idiom; Grecian culture and the love of the beautiful in art, &c. Hellenist ('en-ist), n. a Jew who spoke Greek; one learned in Greek. Hellenize ('en-Iz), v.t. to cause to conform to Greek standards or usages; make Hellenic. kello (hel'o) and # hullo (hul'o), common exclamations of greetings, now the usual form of a telephone call. helm (helm), n. the apparatus for steering a ship; tiller; the place of its direction and government; a hel- met [poet.]: v.t. to guide or con- duct. helmet ('et), n. metal or leather ar- mor for the head; the hooded upper lip of a flower. helminthology (hel-min-thoro-ji), n. that branch of zoology that treats of worms. helminthous (hel-min'thus), adj. in- fested with or pertaining to worms, particularly those of the intestines. helo, a prefix meaning nail, occurring in various scientific words, as helo- dont, having nail-like teeth; kelo- derm, a Mexican poisonous lizard with mail-like scales. helot (hel'ot, or he'lot), n. a slave in ancient Sparta; m slave or serf. helot ism (he'lot-izm), n. keeping of slaves by animals or insects, as plant lice are kept by some species of ants. helotry (heYot-Ti), n. the condition of a helot; body of helots. Also helotage. heloxyle (he-lok'sil), n. a building material for walls, ceiling, &c, composed of compressed peat-fiber. help (help), v.t. to give_ assistance to; aid; support; sustain; succor; relieve; avoid; prevent; distribute food to at table; remedy; cure: v.i. to lend aid; be available or useful: n. assistance; aid; support; succor; relief ; that which forwards or pro- motes; a portion of food served at a meal; a hired servant. helpful ('fool), adj. affording help. helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter), adv. in hurry and confusion. helve (helv), n. the handle of an axe, &c. Helvetian (hel-ve'shan), adj. per- taining to Switzerland: n. a Swiss. Also Helvetic. helypsometer _ (hel-ip-som'e-ter), n> a photographic apparatus to aid in determining latitude at sea. hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hemmed, p. pr. hemming], to form a hem on; to shut in; environ: v.i. utter the ejaculation hem. hema, a prefix meaning blood, occur- ring in many scientific words. Also hem, hemato, hsema, hsem, haemato. hemacite (hem'a-sit), n. an artificial substitute for horn of which the basis is blood. hemadromometer (hem'a-dro-mom'- e-ter), n. an instrument for deter- mining the rate of flow of the blood stream. hematin (hem'a-tin), n. the red col- oring matter in the blood. Also hsematin. hemi, a prefix meaning half, as hemi- sphere, half a sphere or globe. hemibenthic (hem-i-ben'thik), # adj. applied # to certain marine animals that swim in the water at one stage and at another five at the bottom. hemicrania (hem'i-kra-ni-a), n, a pain on one side of the head. hemicrescentic (hem'i-kre-sen-tik), adj. shaped like half a crescent, as the bills of certain birds. hemihedral (-he'dral), adj. having only half the normal number of planes or faces: said of crystals. ^ hemilytic (hem-i-lit'ik), adj. relating to the retardation of evolutionary progress by inbreeding and close selection. hemolysin (he-mol'i-sin), n. a fer- ment-like substance that causes the dissolution of the red corpuscles of the blood. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEMOLYSIS 445 HEPTAHEDRON hemolysis (he-mol'i-sis), n. the pro- cess of dissolving blood corpuscles, usually by specific hemolysins. hemiopia (-i-o'pi-a), n. a defect in vision in which only the half of an object is seen. hemiplegia (-ple'ji-a), n. paralysis of one side of the body. hemisphere. See under hemi. hemistich (-stik), n. in poetry, an incomplete line or the half of a line. hemlock (hem'lok), n. a wild poi- sonous plant of the parsley family: hemlock spruce, an evergreen tree of the pine family: the lumber made from the hemlock tree. hemmer ('er), n. one who, or that which, hems; an attachment to a sewing machine for hemming.^ hemming ('ing), n. the action of the verb to hem; hems collectively. hemo. See haema. hemoglobin (hem-o-glo'bin), n. an albuminoid substance in the blood forming the chief constituent of the red corpuscles. hemophile _ (hem'o-fil), n. a person who is subject to an abnormal ten- dency to bleeding, sometimes spoken of as a bleeder. hemoptysis (-op'ti-sis), n. spitting of blood. hemorrhage (hem'o-raj), n. bleed- ing from the lungs, arteries, veins, &c. hemorrhoids ('o-roidz), n.pl. bleed- ing piles. hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the net- tle family, the tough fiber of which is used for cordage and various kinds of coarse linen; in the East, a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish (q.v.), is obtained from hemp. hempen ('en), adj. pertaining to, or made of, hemp. hemstitch ('stich), n. a particular kind of ornamental stitching. hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, especially the domestic fowl. henbane ('ban), n. a poisonous coarse hairy wild herb of the night- shade family deadly to fowls. hence (hens), adv. from this place, source, or time; in consequence of this: inter j. away! begone! henchman (hench'man), n. [pi. henchmen ('men) ], formerly, a male attendant or servant; groom; one who serves in a political campaign under another for pecuniary consid- erations. hendeca, a prefix meaning eleven, as hendecahedxon, a solid figure having eleven plane faces. hendecagon (hen-dek'a-gon) , n. a plane figure having eleven sides and eleven angles. hendecasyllable (-sil'a-bl), n. a metrical line or verse of eleven syl- lables. henna ('a), n. a tropical shrub from the powdered leaves of which a cos- metic paste is made: used in the East to dye the nails, hair, &c, a reddish-orange color. henpecked ('pekt), adj. governed by one's wife. hepar (he'par), n. sulphide of calcium. hepat, a prefix meaning the liver. Also hepato, as hepatocele, hernia of the liver. hepatic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertaining to the liver. hepatite (hep'a-tit), n. fcetid sul- phate of barium. hepatocele. See under hepat. hepatogastric (he-pat-o-gas'trik), adj. pertaining to the liver and the stomach. hept, a prefix meaning seven. _ Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- cal instrument. heptad (hep'tad), n. a chemical atom or element that has the equivalence of seven atoms of hydrogen. heptaglot ('ta-glot), adj. written in seven languages. heptagon ('ta-gon), n. a plane figure having seven sides and seven angles. heptagonal (-tag'o-nal), adj. having seven sides or seven angles. heptahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid figure with seven sides. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HEPTAHEXAHEDRAL 446 HERETICALLY heptahexahedral (-heks-a-he'dral) , adj. having seven ranges of faces one above the other, each range containing six faces. heptarchy ('tark-i), n. [pi. hep- tarchies (-iz) ], a government by seven rulers, especially the seven .Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in England. her (her), pron. the objective and possessive case of the personal pro- noun she. herakla (he-rak'la), n. an antelope of equatorial Africa. herald (herald), n. formerly an offi- cial who proclaimed peace and war, bore messages from a sovereign to a commander, superintended coro- nations and other public ceremonial functions, &c; an official whose duty it is to grant, record, and bla- zon arms, trace pedigrees, &c; a precursor: v.t. to introduce; pro- claim; usher in. heraldic (he-ral'dik), adj. pertaining to heralds or heraldry. herald ically (-al-li), adv. according to the rules of heraldry. heraldry (her'ald-ri), n. the science that treats of armorial bearings, and of determining pedigrees, &c. herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a soft and succulent stem that, after flowering, withers away. herbaceous (-a'shus), adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, or feed- ing upon, herbs. herbage ('aj), n. herbs collectively; grass; pasturage; the right of pas- ture on the lands of another. herbal ('111), adj. pertaining to herbs: n. a book descriptive of plants. herbarium (-ba/ri-um). n [pi _ her- baria (-a)], a systematic collection of dried plants for purposes of study; a building where such a collection is kept. herbiferous (-bif'e-rus), adj. pro- ducing herbs. herbivora (-biv'o-ra), n.pl. mam- mals that feed on herbs or vegeta- bles. herbivorous ('5-rus), adj. feeding on herbs. Herculean (-ku'le-in), adj. pertain- ing to Hercules, the hero of Grecian mythology, possessed of superhuman strength : hence of exceeding-strength and power; huge; vast; very difficult. herd (herd), n. a collection of beasts or cattle feeding or driven together; crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to unite or associate, as beasts; crowd together. here (her), adv. m, or to, this place; at this pointy in the present hfe or state; on this occasion. hereby (-bl'), adv. by virtue of this; near. hereditable (he-red 'it-a-bl), adj. that may be inherited. Also heritable. hereditably (-bli), adv. by way of inheritance. hereditament (her-e-dit'a-ment), n. property inherited. hereditarily m (he-red'i-ta-ri-li), adv. by way of inheritance. hereditary ('i-ta-ri), adj. passing from an ancestor to a descendant; transmitted from parent to offspring. heredity # ('i-ti), n. the transmission of physical or mental characteris- tics or qualities from parent to off- spring; the tendency of an organism to reproduce the characteristics of the progenitor. herein (her-in'), adv. in this.^ hereinafter (-after), adv. in this (deed, book, &c.) after or subse- quently. heresy (her'e-si), n. [pi. heresies (-siz)], an opinion or doctrine at variance with fundamental truths commonly received as orthodox, es- pecially if leading to division. heretic ('e-tik), n. one who holds, or maintains, heretical opinions. heretical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, heresy; sub- versive of, or contrary to, orthodox belief. heretically (-li), adv. in a heretical manner. &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HERETOFORE 447 HESITATE heretofore (her-too-for'), adv. pre- viously; hitherto. heritable, same as hereditable. heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that passes from an ancestor to a de- scendant; a birthright or inherit- ance; the people of God. hermaphrodite (her-maf'ro-dit), adj. having the sexual characteristics of both male and female in the same individual: n. an animal with both the male and female sexual organs; a plant having stamens and pistils in the same floral envelope; a brig square-rigged forward and schooner- rigged aft. hermaphroditic (-dit'ik), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a hermaphrodite. hermeneutics (her-men-u'tiks), n. the science of explaining and in- terpreting. hermetic (her-met'ik), adj. perfect- ly closed and air-tight. Also her- metical. hermetically (-al-li), adv. in an air- tight manner, by means of fusion. hermit ('mit), n. one who retires from society and lives in solitude, especially for devotional contempla- tion; an anchorite. hermitage (-aj), n. the abode of a hermit; a variety of red and white French wine. hermit-crab Ckrab), n. one of a genus of crabs that live in the empty shells of univalve mollusks. hermitical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit; solitary. hern (hern), n. the heron. Also hernshaw. hernani (her-na/ni), n. a woolen or silk dress fabric. hernia ('ni-a), n. a protrusion of some part of the intestine, or of some other internal organ; rupture. hernial ('ni-al), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, hernia. herniotomy (-ni-ot'o-mi), n. the operation of cutting for strangu- lated hernia. hernshaw. See hern. hero (he'ro), n. [pi. heroes ('roz)J, a demigod; a man of distinguished courage, moral or physical; the chief character in a play, novel, poem, &c. heroic (he-ro'ik), adj. having the qualities of a hero; producing he- roes; larger than life; venturesome; drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- travagant or boastful language. heroic age (aj), n. the age in which the demigods or heroes of Greek antiquity are fabled to have lived. heroically (-li), adv. like a hero. heroic verse (vers), n. epic poetry: the hexameter verse in Greek ana Latin poetry; in English, an iambic measure of ten syllables. heroine (her'o-in), n. a female hero; the female character in a play, novel, &c. heroism (her'o-izm), n. the qualities of a hero. heron ('un), n. a wading bird with <* long neck and long legs. heronry (-ri), n. a place where her- ons breed. hero-worship (-wer-ship), n. exces- sive admiration of distinguished men. herperto, a prefix meaning lizard. herpes (her'pez), n. a skin disease, characterized by small clusters of vesicles on inflamed surfaces. herpetology (her-pe-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology that treats of rep- tiles and amphibians. Herr (her) n. mister, or sir [Ger- man], herring ('ing), n. an edible sea-fish moving in shoals. herring-bone (-bon), n. a kind of cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work in such a stitch. Herschel (her'shel), n. the planet Uranus. herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the form of a harrow set with spikes. hesitancy (hez'i-tan-si), n. hesita- tion; suspense. hesitate ('i-tat), v.i. to be in sus- pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- late; stammer. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me,, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bodiy book; hue, hut; think, then* HESPER 448 HIBERNIA Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, especially Venus. Also Hesperus. Hesperides ('i-dez), n.pl. in Grecian mythology, the four daughters of Nox (Night) and granddaughters of Hesperus, who guarded the golden apples given by Gaia to Hera on her marriage with Zeus (Jupi- ter); the garden containing the golden apples protected by an en- chanted dragon. Hesperus. Same as Hesper. Hessian _ (hesh'an), adj. pertaining to Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- ants; a venal politician: pi. top- boots with tassels in front. Hessian-fly (-fli), n. a small fly the larvse of which are very destructive to corn crops. hest (hest), n. a behest; command. heteerism (he-te'rizm), n. open con- cubinage; a system of communal marriage among certain tribes. hetero a prefix meaning another, ab- normal, different, unequal. Also heter, as heteroceical, having the upper lobe of the tail longer than , the lower lobe: said of certain fish. heterodox ('er-o-doks), adj. deviat- ing from an accepted doctrine or Standard of faith, &c; heretical: opposed to orthodox. heterodoxy (-dok-si), n. [pi. hetero- doxies (-iz) ], an unorthodox doc- trine or opinion; heresy. heterogeneity (-je-ne'i-ti), n. dif- ference in kind; dissimilarity. heterogeneous (-o-je'ne-us), adj. opposite or dissimilar in character, quality, structure, &c, not homo- geneous. heterogenesis (-jen'e-sis), _ n. the doctrine that certain organisms can produce offspring differing in struc- ture and habit from the parent, but reverting^ in subsequent generations to the original type. heterologous (-ol'o-gus), adj. ab- normal in type or structure; con- sisting of different elements, or of the same elements in varying pro- portions. heteromorphism (-m6r'fizm), m deviation from the natural form or structure. heteronomous (-on'o-mus), adj. dif- fering from the normal type. heteroscopy (het-e-ros'ko-pi), n. dif- ference of vision in the two eyes, a very common defect. heulandite (hu'land-it), n. a vitre- ous transparent brittle mineral, a silicate of alumina and lime. hew (ml), v.t. [p.t. hewed, p.p. hewn, hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, ^ as with an axe or other sharp instrument; hack; chop; form laboriously. hexa a prefix meaning six. Also hex, as hexachord, a six-stringed musical instrument. hexad (heks'ad), n. a chemical ele- ment, atom, or radical that can be combined with, or replaced by, six atoms of hydrogen. hexagon ('a-gon), n. a plane figure having six angles and six sides. hexagonal (-al), adj. six-sided. hexahedron (-a-he'dron), n. [pi. hexahedra Cdra) ], a solid bounded by six plane faces. hexameter (-am'e-ter), n. in Greek and Latin verse, a line consisting of six feet, the last being usually a spondee. hexapod ('a-pod), n. an animal with six legs, as insects. hexiology (-i-ol'o-ji), n. the science of habits and environment. hiatus (hl-a'tus), n. a break; vacan- cy; gap; the concurrence of two vowels in two successive syllables. hibernaculum (-ber-nak'u-lum), n. [pi. -la], the winter quarters of a hibernating animal; the bud-scales of a winter bud. hibernal (-ber'nal), adj. wintry. hibernate ('ber-nat), v.i. to pass the winter in a state of torpor, as certain animals; to winter. . Hibernia (hl-ber'ni-a), n. the name given by the Romans to Ireland, now mostly used in poetry and romantic writing. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom,, book; hue, hut; think, then. HIBERNIAN 449 HIGH-FLOWN Hibernian ('ni-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Hibernia or Ireland. Hihernianism ('ni-an-izm), n. an Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. Hi ber no-Gel tic ('no-sel'tik), adj. pertaining to the Kelts of Ireland or their language :n. native Irish. Also Hiberno-Keltic. Hibiscus (hi-bisTois), n. a genus of plants, shrubs, &c. s of the mallow family. hiccatee (hik-a-te')> n. an American fresh water tortoise. hiccough ('up), n. a short convulsive cough: v.i. to utter a, short convul- sive cough. Also hiccup. hie jacet (ja/set), (Latin: here lies) an inscription on tombstones. hickory ('o-ri), n. [pi. hickories -riz) ], an American nut-bearing tree of the genus Carya. hid, p. adj. concealed; not known; se- cret. Also hidden. hidalgo (hi-dal'go), n. in Spain, a nobleman of the lowest rank. Fern. hidalga. hide (hid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, p.pr. hiding], to conceal; secrete; not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i. to lie concealed: n. an animal's skin raw or dressed; formerly a measure of land. hidebound Cbound), adj. having the skin close or contracted; preju- diced; bigoted. hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; dreadful; horrible. hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a beating. hie (hi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to hasten. hierarch ('er-ark), n. the chief ruler of an ecclesiastical body; the leader of an angelic host ; in ancient Greece, an officer who had charge of votive offerings. hierarchic ('ik), adj. pertaining to a hierarch, or a hierarchy. Also hier- archical. hierarchism (-izm), n. church gov- ernment by a hierarchy. hierarchy (-i), n. [pi. hierarchies (-iz) ], the higher and lower clergy of a church; priesthood; rank of holy beings, as angels; in biology, a series of systematic groups. hieratic (-e-rat'ik), adj. pertaining to priests; sacred; consecrated. Also hieratical. hiero, a prefix meaning sacred, as /werophant, a priest who, in ancient Greece, initiated novices into the sacred mysteries. hieroglyphic (M-er-5-glif'ik), n. a sacred character or symbol: pi. the picture writings of the # ancient Egyptians, &c: adj. pertaining to hieroglyphics; emblematic. hieroglyphically (-al-li), adv. by hieroglyphics. hierology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of hieroglyphics. higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- pute about trifles. higgledy-piggledy (-di-pig'1-di), adv. in confusion; topsy-turvy. high (hi), adj % elevated in place; lofty; exalted in degree or quality; chief; head; honorable; noble; of large amount or quantity; strong; powerful; intense; tempestuous; full or complete; near to the wind; tainted; shrill; acute: n. an ele- vated place: adv. aloft; profoundly; eminently; aloud; luxurious. high-church ('cherch), adj. attach- ing great importance to the prerog- ative and authority of the Church, its sacraments and priesthood. high-colored ('kul-erd), adj. having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed; vivid; exaggerated. highest ('est), adj. most high. highfalutin (-fa-lu'tin), adj. bom- bastic: n. bombastic speech. high-farming ('farm-ing), adj. using fertilizing manures extensively. high-flown ('flon), adj. elevated; proud; extravagant; inflated. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n* book; hue, hut; think, then. HIGH-HANDED 450 HINTERHAND high-handed ('hand'ed), adj. vio- lent; arbitrary. high-jinks ('jingks), ft. sportive jol- lification. highland ('land), n. a mountainous region: pi. the mountainous dis- tricts of Scotland. high life (lif), n. fashionable socie- ty; its manner of living. highlows ('loz), n.pl. laced shoes reaching to the ankle. highly ('li), adv. in a high manner; in a great degree; with high esteem or opinion; proudly; arrogantly. high mass (mas), ft. a mass, usually at the high altar, at which a dea- con and a subdeacon assist the cele- brant. highness ('nes), ft. the state or qual- ity of being high; a title of honor applied to persons of princely rank (with a possessive pronoun). high priest (prest), ft. a chief priest, especially the principal priest of the Jewish hierarchy. highroad ('rod), ft. a chief road; highway; an easy course or method. high-roller (hl-rol'er), ft. one who Eves extravagantly and luxuriously. highstmng ('strung), adj. strung to a high pitch; extremely sensitive. hight (hit), p. adj. called.. high-toned ('tond), adj. high pitched; high principled; fashionable. highwater ('waw-ter), adj. pertain- ing to high tide. highway ('wa), ft. a public road; a course or path. highwayman (-man), n. [pi. high- waymen (-men) ], one who 'robs on the public road. high wine (win), ft. a distillage of wine; brandy containing a large percentage of alcohol. hike (hik), n. to tramp or march over a given course. hilarious (hi-la'ri-us), adj. merry; exhilarated. hilarity (-lar'i-ti), ft. [pi. hilarities (-tiz) ], noisy merriment. hill (nil), n. an elevation less than a mountain; a small mound or heap: v.t. to draw earth about (plants in mounds), as potatoes. hilliness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing hilly. hillock ('ok), n. a small hill. hilly ('i), adj. abounding with, or characterized by, hills; rugged. hilt (hilt), ft. a handle, especially of a sword. him (him), pron. the objective case of he. hind (hind), ft. the female of the stag or red deer; a farm servant; peasant: adj. backward; hinder. hinder (hind'er), adj. belonging to, or constituting, the back or rear of anything. hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or impede: v.i. to impose obstructions or impediments. hindermost (hind'er-most), adj. same as hindmost. hindmost (hmd'most), adj. farthest from the front; in the extreme rear. Hindoo. Same as Hindu. hindrance (hin'drans), n. obstruc- tion. Hindu ('doo), ft. a native of Hin- dustan belonging to the Aryan race; Brahman: adj. pertaining to the Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- doo. Hinduism (-izm), ft. Brahmanism, more or less modified from the orig- inal cult. Hindustani (-sta'ne), ft. the official and common language of India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. hinge (hinj), ft. the joint or hook on which a door, &c, turn or swing; the joint of a bivalve shell; that on which anything depends or turns: v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. hinny (hin'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hin- nied, p.pr. hinnying], to neigh: n. the offspring of a horse and a she ass. hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; mention casually: n. a suggestion; distant allusion. hinterhand (hin'ter-hand), ft. in the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HIP 451 HITCH game of skat, the person who plays hirsute (her'sut), adj. hairy; shaggy. last on the first trick; inland. his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy part Hispanic (his-pan'ik) , adj. pertain- of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of ing to Hispania or Spain. an insect; the rafter at the junction Hispanicism ('i-sizm), n. a Spanish of two sloping roofs; the fruit of idiom. the briar or dogrose; melancholy: hispid Cpid), adj. bristly. inter j. a huzzah: _ v.t. [p.t. &^ p.p. hiss (his), n. a noise, made by fore- hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or ing the breath between the tongue fracture the hip of; affect with mel- and upper teeth, resembling that of ancholy ; build with a hip # throw by a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such a cross-buttock in wrestling. a sound, especially as expressing dis- hipp, a prefix meaning horse. Also approbation or contempt. hippo, as hippoph&gy, the practice hist (hist), inter j. silence! hark! of eating horse-flesh. histo, a prefix meaning^ tissue, as Hippocampus (-o-kam'pus), n. [pi. histogr&iphy, a description of or- Hippocampi (-pi)], a genus of small ganic tissues. osseous fishes, having the head and histology (-tol'o-ji), n. the science shoulders somewhat resembling that of animal tissues; microscopic anat- of a horse. omy. hippocampus, n. a sea-horse; the historian (-to'ri-an), n. a writer or name of two eminences on the lateral student of history. ventricles of the brain (hippocampus historic (-tor'ik), adj. pertaining to, major and hippocampus minor). contained in, or celebrated in, his- hippodrome - ('6-drom), n. an an- tory ; relating to the past. Also hi s- cient Greek race-course for eques- torical. trian games and chariots; a circus; historiette (-to-ri-ef), n. a short a fraudulent contest or race, the history. result of which has been previously historiographer (-og'ra-fer), n. a arranged. writer of history, especially an ofh- hippogriff ('o-grif), n. a fabulous cial historian. winged monster, half horse, half history ('to-ri), n. [pi. histories griffin. (-riz)], a narration of facts and hippology (-ol'o-ji), n. the study of events arranged chronologically with the horse, its structure, habits, &c. their causes and effects; knowledge hippophagy (hip-pof 'a-ji), n. the eat- of facts. ing of horse flesh. histrionic (-tri-on'ik), adj. pertain- hippopotamus (-pot'a-mus), n. [pi. ing to actors or the stage; theatri- hippopotami (-mi), -muses (-ez)], a cal; also historical: n.pl. the art large pachydermatous aquatic ani- of theatrical representation. mal of Africa; the river-horse. histrionically (-al-li), adv. theat- hircine (her'sin), adj. resembling a rically. goat; smelling like a goat: n. an histrionicism ('i-sizm), stage effect. oily product with a fcetid smell histrionism (-izm), n. stage repre- found in the fat of goats and sheep. sentation; affectation. hire (hir), v.t. to engage for tern- hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hit, p.pr. porary service at a certain price; hitting], to strike; give a blow to; bribe; let or lease: n. recompense touch (the mark); attain to; suit: or consideration paid for the use of v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. anything; wages; bribe. a stroke or blow; a lucky event; hireling (hir-ling), n. one who serves felicitous remark. for hire: adj. mercenary. hitch (hich), n. a catch; that which ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HITCHING 452 HOE acts like a catch; impediment; a pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to become entangled or caught; move by jerks; strike the feet together, as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull up with a jerk. hitching ('ing), n. a fastening in harness. hither (hith'er), adv. to this place: adj. on the side nearest to the speaker. hive (hiv), n. an artificial receptacle or house for bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting a hive; a busy assem- blage or society: v.t. to gather or put into a hive; harbor: v.i. to live or take shelter together. hives (hivz), n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. ho (ho), inter j. stop! hold! hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with age; ancient. hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure laid up secretly; an accumulation of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: v.i. to lay up store. hoarding ('ing), n. the act of stor- ing up; a fence of rough boards in- closing a building site. hoar-frost (hSr'frost), n. white par- ticles of frozen dew or moisture. hoarhound ('hound), n. a white woolly aromatic herb. hoarse (hors), adj. rough and harsh in sound, as the voice when affected by a cold. hoarsely (1i) , adv. in a hoarse manner. hoarseness ('nes), n. the state of being hoarse. hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive trick; practical joke: v.t. to take in, or delude, by a hoax. hob (hob), n. the fiat part of a grate on which things are placed to be kept warm; a sprite or fairy. hobble (1), v.i. to walk with a limp or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- ward step. hobble-de-hoy (-de-hoi'), n. a lad between boyhood and manhood; an inexperienced, awkward youth. hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a skirt closely draped to the figure of the wearer; tightened by bands be- tween the ankles and knees, render- ing locomotion difficult. hobbly ('li), adj. rough or uneven. hobby (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies ('iz)J, a favorite pursuit or object; an ambling nag; a hobby-horse; a kind of falcon. hobby-horse (-hors), n. a stick with a horse's head, across which children sit; a wooden or rocking-horse; a character in old morris dances. hobgoblin (-goblin), n. a goblin, sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- ful appearance: hence an alarming apparition. hobnail ('nal), n. a short thick nail with a large head: used for protect- ing the soles of heavy boots. hobnob ('nob), v.i. to drink famil- iarly with; associate intimately to- gether. hobo (hoTDo), n. an idle itinerant workman; a tramp. # hock (hok), n. the joint between the knee and the fetlock; the back part of the human knee-joint; any white Rhine wine; pawn. hockey ('i), n. an outdoor game played with a ball and clubs curved at one end. hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ho- cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or trick; to stupefy or render insensi- ble by means of drugged liquor in order to cheat or rob: n. a trick or juggle; drugged liquor. hocus-pocus (po'kus), n. a juggler's trick; a juggler. hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- fixed to a long handle, for carrying mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a male ferret. hod-carrier Ckar-i-er), n. a man who carries a hod; hodman. hodge-podge Cpoj), n. a medley of ingredients, as in a hodge-podge pud- ding. hodman (hod'man) , n. a bricklayer's laborer; a hod-carrier. hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOG 453 HOLY OF HOLIES cutting weeds, &c: v.t. to cut, or till with a hoe; clear from weeds. hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of rough broom used for scrubbing a ship's bottom under water; a grasp- ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to scrub (a ship's bottom) under water; to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop at both ends: said of a ship: hogshead (z'hed), n. a measure of capacity = 52^ imperial gals, or 63 wine gals.; _ a large barrel or cask. _ hoiden (hoi'dn)^ n. a rude, rustic girl; romp: adj. inelegant; rustic; Sl-mannered: v.i. to romp roughly or indelicately. Also hoyden. hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for lifting goods from a lower to a higher floor, &c. ; a lift. hoity-toity (hoi'ti-toi'ti), interj. an exclamation of surprise, rebuke, &c. hoki ('ki), n. a New Zealand fish. hoky-poky (ho'ki-po'ki), n. a com- mon kind of ice-cream sold in slabs. hold (hold), v.t. [p.t. held, p.p. held, hoiden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and keep in the hand; clutch; retain; keep; possess; connect; judge or consider; entertain; contain; cele- brate; use: v.i. to cling; adhere; stand good; continue; proceed; re- frain; maintain an opinion: n. the act of holding; a grasp or clutch; an embrace; support, a fortified place; that part of a vessel where the cargo is stored. holdfast ('fast), n. a hook or sup- port; adj. tenacious. holding ('ing), n. anything held; tenure or right of possession; a farm held of a superior. hole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow place; pit; perforation; the burrow of an animal; mean habitation; a diffi- culty or dilemma. holiday (hol'i-da), n. a day of gaiety and joy in celebration of some event, &c: a day of freedom from labor: adj. pertaining to a festival; joyous; gay. holily (holi-li), adv. piously. holiness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being holy; freedom from sin; moral and spiritual purity; sacredness; a title of the Pope Holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached linen, glazed or unglazed: pi. a kind of gin. holloa (hol'o), v.i. to shout to one at a distance: n. a shout. hollow ('o), adj. having a void space within :^ opposed to solid; sunken; superficial; unreal: n. a cavity; pit; groove; space between hMls or elevations; insincere; deep; low: v.t. to make hollow: adv. complete- ly; thoroughly. hollow-ware (-war), n. cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, &c. holly (li), n. a shrub or tree of the genus Ilex, with glossy, prickly leaves and red berries. hollyhock (hol'i-hok), n. a tall bien- nial plant of the mallow family with large flowers. holm (horn), n. an evergreen oak; low flat land by the side of a river; a small river island. holo, a prefix^ meaning whole, entire, as holocryptic, undecipherable. holoblastic m (hol-o-blas'tik), adj. wholly germinal. holocaust ('o-kawst), n. a sacrifice wholly consumed by fire. holocryptic. See under holo. holograph ('o-grM), n. a document entirely in the handwriting of the author. holster (h5l ster), n. a leather pistol- case usually carried at the saddle- bow. holt (h5lt), n. a wooded hill; a bur- row or hiding place. holy (ho'li), adj. \comp. holier, su- perl. holiest], pure; morally and spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- nently good; pious; sacred; conse- crated. holy day (da), a religious festival. Holy Ghost. Same as Holy Spirit . Holy Land (land), n. Palestine. Holy of Holies (hS'li of ho'liz), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. HOLY ROOD 454 HOMOGENESIS inmost room of the tabernacle, containing the Ark of the Covenant. Only the High Priest was permitted to enter it, and only on the Day of Atonement. Holy Rood (r5od), n. a cross or crucifix, especially one over the en- trance to the chancel. Holy Spirit (spir'it), n. God; the third person of the Trinity. holystone (-ston), n. a large flat piece of stone used for scouring the ship's decks: v.t. to scrub (a deck) with a holystone. homage (hom'aj), n. respect paid by external action; deference; rever- ence; the ceremony by which a tenant or vassal promised fealty and service to his feudal lord. homalo, a prefix, meaning even, plane, as homaloidal, flat; plane. home (horn), n. one's abode or resi- dence; dwelling-place of a man and his family; fatherland; habitat; a benevolent or charitable institution: adj. pertaining to one's abode or country; domestic: to the point de- signed; near; effective: adv. to or at home; to the uttermost; closely. homeliness ('li-nes), ft. the state of being homely; plainness; rudeness. homely ('li), adj. plain-featured; un- cultured; rude. In England benevo- lent, kindly, homelike. home-made ('mad), adj. of house- hold or domestic manufacture, as home-made bread. homeopathic (ho-me-o-patn'ik), adj. of or pertaining to homeopathy; extremely small in quantity. homeopathist (op'a-thist), n. one who practices or believes in homeop- athy. homeopathy (op'a-thi), n. the medi- cal system introduced by Hahne- mann (1755-1843), which seeks to cure diseases by the administration of medicines in minute quantities to produce in the patient symptoms similar to those the same medicine would produce in a healthy person. Homeridae (ho-mer'i-de), n.pl. the poetical descendants of Homer; the rhapsodists who recited the Homeric poems. home rule (horn rool), n. local self- government, especially that form of government for Ireland advocated by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish Party. homesick (hSm'sik), adj. ill because of absence from home; nostalgic. homesickness (-nes), n. state of be- ing homesick; nostalgia. homespun (hom'spun), n. a coarse woolen cloth, formerly spun at home. homestead ('sted), n. a dwelling- house with the adjacent land; orig- inal abode. homicidal (hom'i-si-dal), adj. per- taining to, or having a tendency to, homicide. homicide ('i-sid), n. the kilhng of a human being; one who kills another. homiletic (-i-let'ik), adj. pertaining to homiletics. Also homiletical. homiletics ('iks), n.pl. that branch of theology which treats of ser- mons and their composition. homilist ('i-list), n. a preacher. homily ('i-li), n. [pi. homilies (-liz) ], a plain religious discourse or sermon. homing (hom'ing)^ adj. returning home: said of carrier pigeons. hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Indian-corn soaked so as to remove the hull, and then coarsely ground. homo, a prefix meaning like, same, similar, as ftomocercal, lobed alike, as the tail of a mackerel. homocentric. Same as concentric. homodoxia (ho-mo-dok'si-a), adj. holding the same opinions. homoeopathy. Same as homeopathy. homogamy (ho-mog'a-mi), ft. the assortive mating of animals or hu- man beings in the widest sense. homogeneity (ho-mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. similarity. homogeneous (-je'ne-us), adj. uni- form; composed of similar parts or elements. homogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. a mode ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOMOGENOUS 455 HOOD of reproduction in which the off- spring of a higher organism passes through the same cycle of existence as the parent. homogenous (-moj'e-nus), adj. of the same origin. Also homogenetic. homograph ('mo-graf), n. a word spelled the same way as another word, but haying a different mean- ing, and derived from a different root, as grave, a tomb; grave, serious. homologous (-mol'o-gus), adj. iden- tical. homologue ('mo-log), n. the same organ or part in different animals, but varying in form and functions, as a hand, fin, &c. homology ('6-ji), n. affinity of struc- ture. homomorph ('mo-morf), n. a sim- ilar character or mark. homonym ('mo-nim), n. a word alike in sound, but differing in meaning, as pair, pare, pear. homophone (ho'm5-fon), n. a letter representing the same sound as an- other. homophonous (-mof'o-nus), adj. alike in sound, but differing in mean- ing. homosexual (ho'mo-sex'u-al), n. per- taining to the same sex. homotype ('mo-tip), n. that part of an animal which corresponds to another part. hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. honest (on'est), adj. upright; just; sincere; honorable; equitable; fair; righteous; chaste; frank or open. honesty (-i), n. the quality of being honest. honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, syrupy substance collected by bees from flowers; sweetness; darling or sweet one: adj. resembling honey: v.t. to talk to in an endearing or flattering manner. honey-bee (-be), n. the common hive-bee. honeycomb (-kom), n. the waxen hexagonal cells made by bees to con- tain their honey, eggs, &c; any structure resembling a honeycomb: v.t. to fill with holes, &c, so as to leave only thin partitions. honeydew (-du), a saccharine secre- tion from the leaves of certain plants ; a sweet substance secreted by aphids; a variety of tobacco. honey-locust (-15-kust), n. a large American tree of the bean family. honeymoon (-moon), n. the first month after marriage. honeysuckle (-suk'l), n. a climbing plant with fragrant flowers. honiton (hon'i-tun), n. a kind of lace. honk (honk), inter j. the cry of wild geese in flight. honorarium (on-o-ra'ri-um), n. & fee paid to a professional man. honorary ('er-a-ri), adj. done, or conferred, as an honor. honor ('er), n. respectful regard; esteem; worship; reputation; ex- alted rank; fame; magnanimity; scorn of meanness; self-respect; chastity; an outward mark of high esteem; glory; a title used in ad- dressing certain officials; one oi the four highest trump cards in whist. pi. in a university examination, the highest class: v.t. to treat with re- spect, deference, or civility; revere or worship; bestow marks of honor upon (with with); dignity; ac- knowledge; accept and pay when due. honorable (-a-bl), adj. worthy of, or conferring, honor; distinguished in rank; high-minded; illustrious; upright; indicating honor; a title of distinction. ^ honorably (-bli), adv. in an honor- able manner. hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or covering for the head; a monk's, woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- ing cover for a carriage; an orna- mental fold hanging down the back denoting a university degree; some- thing resembling a hood; a cowl: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOODLUM 456 HORAL v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as with, a hood: suffix = state, con- dition, or quality, as manhood, hardihood. hoodlum (hood'lum), n. originally a Calif ornian rough or bully; a rowdy. hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or thing that causes ill-luck: v.t. to bring ill-luck upon. hoodwink _ (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- ceive; blindfold. hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs], the horny substance covering the feet of cer- tain mammals, as horses, &c; an animal with hoofs. hook (hook), n. a curved piece of metal, bone, &c, to hold or catch something; a fish-hook; sickle; a trap; an instrument for lopping or cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to catch with, or as with, a hook; to gore or attack with the horns. hookah (hoo'kah), n. a pipe with a long flexible tube which draws the smoke through a vase containing water. Also hooka. hooked (hookt), p. adj. curved like a hook. hooker (hoc-k'er), w . ne who, or that which, hooks; a fishing-smack; a small Dutch vessel; any clumsy, ill-fitted, old craft. hook-worm _ (hook-werm), n. a parasite which enters the human body by the feet, and, by sucking the blood, produces inanition. hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a r.owdy; a tough. hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal or wooden band to hold together the staves of a cask, &c; the band of a finger-ring; a kind of crinoline; a large circular ring of metal or wood used by children for trund- ling; anything curved like a hoop; a whoop ; the noise made in whoop- ing-cough: v.t. to bind or secure with a hoop; encircle. hooper ('er), n. a cooper; the wild swan. hooping ('ing), n. material for mak- ing hoops; hoops collectively. hooping-cough. Same as whooping- cough. hoopoe (hoo'po), n. a bird with an erect crest and handsome plumage. hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout. hootch, n. slang for intoxicating liquor, especially home brew. hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, in which the abdomen is distended. hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped, p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- pregnate with hops: v.i. to proceed by short leaps on one leg; skip with both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. sl jump on one leg; a, dance; a twin- ing plant the ripened ^ cones of which are used in brewing to im- part a bitter taste to malt liquors: adj. pertaining to hops. hope (hop), n. the desire of good accompanied by expectation; ^ antic- ipation; confidence; the object of hope: v.t. to expect with confidence or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire for good; trust confidently. hopeful ('fool), adj. full of hope; promising success. hopefully (-li), adv. in a hopeful manner. hoplite (hop 'lit), n. an ancient Greek heavy-armed foot-soldier. hopper (hop'er), n. one who, or that which, hops; a name for various leaping insects; a wooden trough or funnel through which grain passes into a mill; mechanism in a piano for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- ket used in sowing grain; a hop- picker; the basin of a water-closet. hoppet ('et), n. a hand-basket; a dish for measuring ore. hopple ('1), v.t. to hobble. hoppy ( y i), adj. full of, or tasting like, hops. hops. See under hop. hopscotch ('skoch), n. a children's game, in which a flat stone is driven from one numbered compartment to another by the player while he hops. horal (ho'ral), adj. pertaining to, or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, HORDE 457 HORSE lasting, an hour; hourly. Also horary. horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe or clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act together, in hordes. hordeine (hor'de-in), n. a starch-like substance obtained from barley. horehound. Same as hoarhound. horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular line where the sky and earth, or sea, appear co meets j hence, the limit of one's mental vision. horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- lel to, or situated near, the horizon; level: opposed to vertical. horizontally (-H), adv. in a horizon- tal direction. hormone (hor'mon), n. the active principle of one of the internal secretions in the body, recently dis- covered to have great importance in controlling bodily functions. _ horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, usually curved, protuberance on the head of certain mammals, especially hoofed animals; a thickened form of tissue; anything made of horn, or like horn; a wind instrument; one of the extremities of the moon when in crescent form. hornbeak ('bek), n, the garfish. hornbeam ('bem), n. a small tree yielding a tough wood : used for cog- wheels, &c. hornbill ('bil), n. a bird with a large horn-crested bill, allied to the kingfishers. hornblende Cblend), n. a dark- green or black-colored mineral with a horn-like cleavage. horned (hornd), adj. having horns; horn-shaped. hornet (hor'net), n. a social wasp which inflicts a severe sting: hence a waspish, disagreeable person. horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- ance of the moon at her first and last quarter. hornpipe (horn'plp), n. a lively dance, especially by sailors; an ob- solete wind instrument. hornwrack ('rak), n. sea-mat. horny ('i), adj. like horn. horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechan- ism, as a clock, &c, for marking the hours. horology (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the art of measuring time, or of constructing timepieces. horometer (ho-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring time. horoscope (hor'5-skop), n. a repre- sentation of the heavens at any time, especially at one's birth. horoscopy (ho-ros'ko-pi), n. the art of casting horoscopes and determin- ing the destiny of persons from them; a horoscope. horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bris- tling. horrible ('i-bl), adj. terrible; dread- ful. horribleness (-nes), n. the state or being horrible. horribly ('i-bli), adv. terribly; dread- fully. horrid ('id), adj. dreadful; terrible; hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. horrific (-if'ik), adj. causing horror. horrify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- fied], to fill or strike with horror. horripilation (-ip-i-la/shun), n. a shuddering sensation as of the hair standing on end, or goose-flesh. horror ('er), n. excessive fear accompan- ied with shuddering ; extreme dread ; great disgust: pi. extreme depression ; delirium tremens (with the). hors de combat (or de cong-ba'), prep. phr. out of the fight; dis- abled [Frenchl. hors-d'oeuvre (-d5ovr'), n. a side dish [French]. horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- mal, used for riding or drawing airy; a framework or machine for the support of anything; a foot- rope to support the foot of a sailor under a yard or the bowsprit; work charged for before it is executed: v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, a horse; carry on horseback; place ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HORSE-CHESTNUT 458 HOTCHPOTCH astride: v.i. to get on horseback: adj. noting something coarse or large. horse-chestnut (hors'ches-nut), n. a chestnut tree bearing a nut resemb- ling the ordinary chestnut; grows to a considerable height; nut not edible. horse-fly ('fli), n. a large fly that stings horses. horse-laugh (laf), n. a coarse noisy laugh. hcrse-pistol (hors 'pistol), n. a large powder-and-ball pistol formerly car- ried in front of a rider. horse-play (hors'pla), n. loud, bois- terous conduct. horse-power ('pou-er), n. the theo- retical unit of work of a steam- engine = 33,000 lbs. raised 1 ft. in 1 minute. horseradish ('rad-ish), n. a plant with a long root having an acrid pungent taste. horseshoe ('shoo), n. a U-shaped metal shoe to protect the hoof of a horse; anything U-shaped; the king crab. horseweed ('wed), n. the fleabane. horsy ('i), adj. pertaining to horses. Also horsey. hortative (hor'ta-tiv), adj. inciting; giving exhortation. Also hortatory. hortensial (-ten'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or fitted for, a garden. horticultural (-ti-kul'tu-ral), adj. pertaining to horticulture. horticulture # (-ti-kul'tiir), n. the art of cultivating gardens. horticulturist (-ist), n. one who is skilled in horticulture. hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an excla- mation of praise and glory to God. hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for the legs; stockings; flexible tub- ing for conveying water, &c. hosier ('zher), n. one who deals in hosiery. hosiery (-i), n. stockings, undercloth- ing, &c; a manufactory for such goods. hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- vent for the reception and enter- tainment of travelers. hospitable ('pit-a-bl), adj. receiv- ing and entertaining friends or strangers. hospital ('pi-tal), n. an institution for the medical treatment and care of the sick. hospitality ('i-ti), n. [pi. hospital- ities (-tiz) ], the practice of enter- taining friends and strangers with kindness and liberality. host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; army; one who entertains another in public or private; a landlord of a hotel or inn; an organism on which another is parasitic; the con- secrated bread or wafer of the Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran Churches. hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who remains in the hands of another as a pledge for the fulfillment of cer- tain conditions; a pledge. hostel ('teD, n. a hostelry; at Ox- ford and Cambridge, a small unen- dowed college. hostelry (-ri), n. an inn or lodging- house. hostess (hSst'es), n. a female host. hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- nant : n. a hostile Indian. hostility (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. hostilities (-tiz) ], the state of being hostile; antagonism; enmity; animosity: pi. acts of warfare. hostler ('ler), n. one who takes charge of horses at an inn. Also ostler. hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superl. hottest], having much heat; burn- ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ardent; furious; pungent; acrid; unendura- ble; near to the object sought for. hotbed ('bed), n. a bed of earth cov- ered with glass and made warm by the fermentation of manure, for rearing plants. hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- ture of various ingredients; a thick broth of meat and vegetables [Scotch]; a commixture of property for division. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HOTEL 459 HOY hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or lodging-house. hothead (hot'hed), n. one easily- aroused to anger; one choleric and high-tempered. hothouse (hotTious), n. a glazed building artificially heated for rear- ing tender plants; a drying-room. hot -mouthed ('mouth't), adj. head- strong. hotpress ('pres), v.t. to gloss paper or linen by passing it between heated rollers. hotspur (hot'sper), n. a man of hasty and precipitate valor: adj. hot-headed. Hottentot ('en-tot), n. one of an aboriginal South African race in Cape Colony; the language spoken by the Hottentots, characterized by a peculiar click. houdah. Same as howdah. hough. Same as hock. hound (hound), n. a particular breed of hunting dog; a despicable, mean fellow: v.t. to chase with, or as with, hounds; incite; set upon. houndfish ('fish), n. a kind of shark. hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a day; 60 minutes; particular time: pi. life; in the Roman Catholic Church, prayers repeated at stated times during the day; the book con- taining such devotional exercises. Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, god- desses of the hours and seasons. hour-glass _ (our'glas), n. a device for measuring time by running sand through a narrow neck of a glass vessel. houri (hou' or hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris ('riz) ], one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the Mohammedan paradise. house (hous), n. a building for resi- dence; place of abode; household af- fairs; manner of living; family or race, especially of high rank; one of the divisions of a legislative or ec- clesiastical body; a quorum of the members of such a body; a mercan- tile firm; in astrology, the station of a planet in the heavens, or the 12th part of the heavens; a square on a chess-board; a workhouse: (houz) v.t. to place in a house; shelter or lodge; make secure before a storm: v.i. hide; to take shelter. house-boat (Hoot), n. a covered boat fitted up as a river residence. household ('hold), n. a family liv- ing together: adj. domestic; pertain- ing to a family or home. housing (houz'ing), n. a saddle cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of a horse. hovel (hovl), n. a mean habitation; hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a hovel. hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over or about; stand in suspense or ex- pectation; move about in a neigh- borhood. how (hou), adv. in what manner; to what degree or extent; for what reason. howbeit (-be'it), adv. nevertheless. howdah (hou'da), n. a protected seat for riding on an elephant or camel. Also houdah. howel ('el), n. a cooper's smoothing plane. however (-ev'er), adv. in whatever manner or degree; at all events: conj. notwithstanding; yet. howitzer ('itz-er), n. a short can- non, formerly used for throwing shells. howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of a dog or wolf; the cry of one in pain or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain or distress; roar, like the wind; cry down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a loud wailing tone. howler ('er), n. one who howls; a South American monkey of the ge- nus Mycetes. howling ('ing), p. adj. filled with howls or howling; dreary; dismal; extreme. howsoever (-so-ev'er), adv. in what manner soever; although. hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted coasting-vessel: inter j. ho! ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, bock; hue, hut; think, then. HOYDEN 460 HUMANITARIAN hoyden. Same as hoiden. hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel; the peg at which quoits are thrown; a kind of steel punch used in coin- ing, &c; a hilt; a jutting obstruc- tion. hubbub (hub'bub), ft. uproar. huccatoon (huk-ka-toon'), ft. a kind of cotton cloth. huck (huk), n. a German trout. huckaback ('a-bak), ft. a rough kind of linen or cotton cloth: used for toweling. huckle ('1), ft. the hip; a haunch. hucklebacked ('bakt), adj. round- shouldered. huckleberry (-ber-i), ft. [pi. huckle- berries (-iz) ], the edible berry of any species of Gaylussacia; the whor- tleberry. huckster ('ster), ft. one who retails small articles; a mean tricky fellow. huckstress ('stres), ft. a female huckster. huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd to- gether in a disorderly manner; col- lect closely; place or perform in haste or disorder: v.i. to come in a crowd or haste (with on, up, over): ft. confusion; crowd. hue (hu), ft. color tint; a shouting; clamor. hue and cry (kri), ft. in law, the common process of pursuing a felon. huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; treat with insolence; bully; remove (a piece at checkers) when one's opponent fails to take with it: ft. fit of petulance; sudden offense taken, hug (hug), ft. a close embrace; a par- ticular grip in wrestling: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; keep close to. huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. hugely ('li), adv. immensely; exceed- ingly. hugeness ('nes), ft. vastness; enor- mous bulk. hugger-mugger (hug'er-mug'er), adj. secret; sloven: confused. Huguenot (hu'ge-not or no), n. a name formerly applied to French Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries. hulk (hulk), ft. the body of a ship, especially if old or dismantled: pi. old dismasted ships formerly used as convict prisons (with the). hulking ('ing), ft. unwieldy; bulky. hull (hul), ft. outer covering, especial- ly of grain or nuts; the body or frame of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or husk of; strike or pierce (the hull of a vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i, to drift to and fro upon the sea, like a ship without sails. hullabaloo (-a-ba-looO, n. uproar; noisy contention. hum (hum), n.the noise of bees and other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hummed, p.pr. humming], to make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a low undertone; set or keep going in an energetic manner: ^ inter j.^ a sound with a pause implying hesita- tion or consideration. human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, man or man- kind^ having the qualities of a man; not divine. humane (-man'), adj. having the feelings proper to man; benevolent; kind; compassionate; elevating. humanely ('li), adv. in a humane manner. humaneness ('nes), ft. the quality of being humane. humanize ('man-iz), v.t. to render human; soften. humanism _ (-izm), ft. culture derived from classical training; human na- ture. humanist (-ist) , ft. a student of the humanities: one versed in the knowl- edge of human nature. humanistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the humani- ties, or human nature. humanitarian (-i-ta/ri-lm), ft. a phi- lanthropist; an anti-Trinitarian; one who believes that the duty of man consists of acting rightly to others; a perfectionist: adj. philanthropic. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HUMANITY 461 HUNCH humanity ('i-ti), n. [pi. humanities (-tiz) ], mankind; the state or qual- ity of being human or humane; phi- lanthropy; kindness; benevolence: pi. classical learning and literature. humankind (-kind), n. human spe- cies. humanly (-li), adv. after the manner of men. humble (hum/bl), adj. having a low- estimate of one's self; modest; meek; submissive; lowly; mean; obscure: v.t. to make submissive; subdue; bring low; mortify; hu- miliate. humble-bee (-be), n. a bumble-bee. humble-pie (-pi), n. a pie made of the humbles, or entrails, of a deer. humbles ('biz), n.pl. entrails, es- pecially of a deer. humboldtine ('bol-tin), n. a yellow- ish crystalline mineral; natural fer- rous oxalate. humbug ('bug), n. a fraud or impo- sition under fair pretenses ; sham ; a plausible deceiver; a spirit of trick- ery or deception: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbugging], to cheat or impose upon; hoax. humbugger (-er), n. one who hum- bugs. humb'uggery (-i), n. [pi. humbug- geries (-iz) ], imposition. humdrum ('drum), adj. dull; mo- • notonous; commonplace. humeral (hti'mer-al), adj. pertaining to the shoulder. humero, a prejix meaning shoulder. humerus ('mer-us), n. [pi. humeri (-ri) ], the arm from the shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylindrical bone of that part. humhum (hum'hum), n. a coarse In- dian cotton cloth. humid (hti'mid), adj. damp; moist. humidity ('i-ti), n. dampness; mois- ture. humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a chest or jar to keep cigars or tobacco in a moist condition; generally supplied with a sponge or cloth to be damp- ened for that purpose. humiliate (-mil'i-at), v.t. to humble; abase. humiliation (-a 'shun), n. the act of humiliating; the state of being hu- miliated; mortification; abasement. humility (-mil'i-ti), n. [pi. humili- ties (-tiz)], the state or quality of being humble; modesty; self-abase- ment. humite (hu'rnit), n. a variety of chrondrodite. humming-bird ('ing-berd), n. a very small bird of the family Tro- chilidae, with brilliant metallic plu- mage. hummock ('ok), n. a large mass of floating ice; a hillock or mound. humor (hu' or ii'mer), n. wit; merri- ment; the tendency to look at things from the mirthful or incongruous side; caprice; proud conceit; temper; petulance; peevishness; moisture of the body and eye; disease: v.t. to indulge; yield to a particular desire of. humorist (-1st), n. one who gratifies his own humor; a droll person; one whose writing or conversation is characterized by humor. humorous (-us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, humor; comical; di- verting. humorsome (-sum), adj. character- ized by humor, laughable; capri- cious. hump (hump), n. a protuberance on the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- ert (one's self). humpty-dumpty ('ti-dump'ti), adj. characterized by short limbs and a round body. humulin (hii'mu-lin), n. the bitter narcotic principle in hops. humulus (-lus), n. a genus of twin- ing plants, containing the hops. humus ('mus), n. vegetable mold. Hun (hun), n. one of an ancient Tartar race, which in the 5th cen- tury, A. D., overran and devastated Europe. hunch (hunch), n. a hump; lump; a thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, iAen. HUNCH-BACK 462 HURTLE push with the fist or elbow; push with a sudden jerk. hunch-back (hunch'bak), n. one with a hump on his back between his shoulders, generally dwarfed in size. hundred (hun'dred), adj. 10 times 10: n. the number of 10 times 10; the symbol (C. or 100) denoting it; a division of an English county. hundredth ('dredth), adj. the ordi- nal of 100: n. one of 100 equal parts. hundredweight ('dred-wat), n. the l-20th part of a ton. hung, p.t. of hang. Hungarian (hung-ga/ri-an), adj. per- taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, or language. hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of appetite; pain or uneasiness caused by want of food; strong desire: v.i. to feel the pain of hunger; to have a longing or earnest desire. hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik), n. the refusal of imprisoned militant suffragettes to take food. hungrily ('gri-li), adj. in a hungry manner. hungry ('gri), adj. [comp. hungrier, superl. hungriest], having a keen appetite; feeling pain or uneasiness for want of food; emaciated; eager- ly desirous; unfertile: said of land. hunk (hungk), n. a lump or large piece. hunky ('i), adj. well done; in good trim. hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue, or chase, as game or wild animals; follow closely; search after: v.i. to follow the chase: n. pursuit of game or wild animals; pack of hounds; an association of huntsmen; district hunted over by hounds; a search. hunter ('er), n. a huntsman; a horse or hound trained for hunting; a hunting-watch. _ hunting (hunt'ing), n. the act or practice of one who hunts; pursuit; search. hunting-box (-boks), n. a tempo- rary residence while hunting. hunting- watch (woch), n. a watch having its face protected with a metal cover. huntress ('res), n. a female hunter. huntsman ('z-man), n. [pi. hunts- men ('men)], a hunter; one who has the management of a pack of hounds. hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence of osiers or branches; a fence to be leaped over in steeplechasing; a rude frame on which criminals were formerly dragged to execution: v.t. to cover or inclose with hurdles. hurdy-gurdy ('di-ger'di), n. a string- ed instrument somewhat resembling a violin, played by a wheel; a barrel organ; a miner's camp. hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- hemence: n. the act of throwing. hurly-burly (her'li-ber'li), n. tu- mult; great commotion. hurrah _ (hoo-ra'), inter j. a shout of joy, triumph, applause, &c: v.i. to utter such a shout in applause, &c. Also hurra. hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of extreme violence characterized by fitful changes of the wind. hurricane-deck (-dek), n. the bridge- deck of a steamship; the upper deck of a river steamer. hurried ('id), p. adj. exhibiting, or characterized by, haste; hasty. hurry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, p.pr . hurrying], to impel to greater speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to act or move with haste: n. haste; urgency; precipitation; confusion; a coaling stage for loading vessels. hurry-scurry (-skur'i), n. confused bustle. hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, p.pr. hurting], to cause or inflict pain in; wound; grieve; injure; impair or damage: n. a wound J injury; damage or loss. hurtful ('fool), adj. injurious; harmful* hurtfully (-li), adv. so as to hurt. hurtle (hert'l), v.t. to move violently; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash in collision. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HURTLEBERRY 463 HYDRATE htirtleberry. Same as whortleberry. husband (huz'band), n. a married man: v.t. to manage or use with economy. husbandman (-man), n. [pi. hus- bandmen (-men)], a tiller of the soil; farmer. husbandry (-ri), n. agriculture; fru- gality. hush (hush), inter j. be still! silence! adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. to remove husks from. huskily ('ki-lij, adj. hoarsely. huskiness (1a-nes), n. the state of being husky. husking- bee ('ing-be), n. a social gathering to assist in husking corn. husky ('ki), adj. [comp. huskier, superl. huskiest], consisting of, or like, husks; worthless; > rough or hoarse: said of the voice: n. an American Indian sledge-dog. hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed cavalry soldier. hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies ('iz)] } a fast girl; worthless woman. hustings (hustings), n.pl. a court held in the Guildhall before the Lord Mayor, Recorder and sheriffs of London; formerly the stand from which Parliamentary candidates, when nominated, addressed the elec- tors. hustle (husl), v.t. to push roughly; jostle; mob; shake together in con- fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- rity. hut (hut), n. a small house or cabin; a temporary erection for lodging troops. hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; a coop or pen; a mining trough for washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash (ore) in a hutch. huzzah. Same as hurrah. hyacinth (hi'a-sinth), n. a handsome bulbous flowering plant of the genus Hyacinthus; a variety of zircon, used as a jewel. hyacinthine ('in), adj. pertaining to the hyacinth; like Hyacinthus, the handsome youth beloved by Apoilo and transformed into the hyacinth: hence handsome; beautiful. Hyades ('a-dez), n.pl. the five stars in the face of the constellation Tau- rus, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. Also Hyads. hyesna (hi-e'na), n. same as hyena. hyal, a prefix meaning glass, as hyal- ine, like glass: also hyalo: hyalo- graphy, the art of writing or en- graving upon glass. hyaline (hl'a-lin), adj. glassy; trans- parent. hybrid (hi'brid), n. a mongrel; an animal or plant produced by inter- breeding different species or varie- ties; a compound word the elements of which are derived from different languages. hybridize (-Iz), v.t. to cause to in- terbreed and thus produce hybrids. hydatoid ('da-toid), adj. watery: n. the membrane around the aqueous humor of the eye; the aqueous hu- mor itself. hydr, a prefix meaning water, also the presence of hydrogen. Also hydro, as hydracid, an acid contain- ing hydrogen but no oxygen; hydro- pathy, the cure of disease by water treatment, externally or internally. Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- thology, the water serpent with nine heads slain by Hercules; each of these on being cut off became two: hence any evil which, when grappled with, appears to intensify; a genus of fresh-water polyps which multi- ply on division. hydracid. See under hydr. Hydrangea (-dran'je-a), n. a genus of shrubs of the saxifrage family with showy flowers. hydrant ('drant), n. a plug with a valve connected with a water main for extinguishing fires. hydrate ('drat), n. a chemical com- pound containing a definite quantity ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HYDRAULIC 464 HYETOGRAPH of water: v.t. to combine with water to form a hydrate. hydraulic (-draw'lik), adj. pertain- ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the science of liquids in motion and the application of the forces which in- fluence the motions of water for practical purposes, as raising water, &c. hydric m ('drik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen in combina- tion; pertaining to water. hydride ('drid), n a chemical com- bination of hydrogen with another element. hydriodic (-dri-od'ik), adj. composed of hydrogen and iodine. hydro. See hydr. hydroaeroplane (hi'dro-a-er'o-plan) , n. an aeroplane with a boat-like body or with floats enabling it to alight on the water. hydrocarbons (-karloonz), n.pl. a general name for bitumens, mineral resins, and fats which are composed of hydrogen and carbon. hydrocele ('dro-sel), n. dropsy of the scrotum. hydrocephalus (-sef'a-lus), n. dropsy of the brain. hydrochl orate (-klo'rat), n. a salt of hydrochloric acid. hydrochloric ('rik), adj. composed of hydrogen and chlorine. hydrocyanic (-si-an'ik), adj. com- posed of hydrogen and cyanogen. hydrocyanic acid (as 'id), n. prussic acid. hydrodynamic (-dl-nam'ik), adj. per- taining to, or derived from, the pressure of water: n.pl. the science that treats of water pressure. hydrofluoric (-flu-or'ik), adj. com- posed of hydrogen and fluorine. hydrofluoric acid (as'id), n. a vola- tile fuming acid used in etching hydrogen ('dro-jen), n. a colorless, gaseous, inflammable substance, which liquefies under great pressure, and is the lightest element yet known: when combined with oxygen it produces water. Hydrogen is the standard unit for the estimation of atomic weights and volumes. hydrography (-drog'ra-h), n. the art of measuring and mapping the water surface of the earth, as oceans, lakes, coast-lines, &c, with relative data as to their depth, tides, beds, &c. hydrokinetics (-dro-ki-net'iks), n.pl. that branch of physics which treats of fluids in motion. hydrology (-drol'o-ji), n. the science of water, its property, laws, phe- nomena, &c. hydrometer (-drom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for determining the specific gravity, strength, &c, of fluids. hydropathy. See under hydr. hydrophane ('dro-fan), n. an opaque variety of opal which when wet be- comes translucent. hydrophobia (-fo'bi-a), n. a disease caused by the virus from the saliva of a mad dog accompanied by con- vulsions and unnatural dread of water. hydrophyte ('dro-fit), n. a water- plant. hydroplane ('dro-plan), n. an at- tachment to a boat, lessening fric- tion, causing it to glide when speeded. hydrostat ('dro-stat), n. an appara- tus for the prevention of boiler ex- plosions; an electrical contrivance for indicating the leakage or over- flow of water. hydrostatic (-stat'ik), adj. pertaining to hydrostatics: n.pl. that branch of physics that treats of the pres- sure and equilibrium of fluids. hydrotherapy (-ther'a-pi) , n. treat- ment of disease by water; water-cure. hydrothermal (-ther'mal), adj. per- taining to the action of hot water. hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned, wolf-like carnivorous quadruped. hyetal ('et-al), adj. pertaining to rain, or rainfall. hyetograph (-o-graf), n. a chart showing the rainfall over various areas. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. HYETOLOGY 465 HYPOSTYLE hyetology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of meteorology treating of rainfall, its distribution, representation on charts, &c. Hygeian (-je'an), adj. pertaining to Hygeia, the goddess of health. hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or hygiene. hygiene < ('jen), n. the science of health, its preservation, and the laws of sanitation. hygienic (-ji-en'ik), adj. pertaining to hygiene. hygiology (-ji-ol'o-ji), n. the science of hygiene; a treatise on hygiene. hygro, a prefix meaning moist, wet, as hygrometer, an instrument for measuring the amount of moisture contained in the atmosphere. hygrometer (hi-grom'e-ter). See un- der hygro. hygrometry (-grom'e-tri), n. that branch of physics that treats of the moisture of the atmosphere. hygroscope ('gro-skop), n. an appa- ratus for indicating atmospheric moisture. hymen ('men), n. marriage, from Hy- men, the Grecian god of marriage; the virginal membrane. hymeneal (-e'al),^ p. adj. pertaining to marriage; nuptial. hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- sive of praise or adoration: v.t. to sing hymns to; adore or praise by hymns. hymnal ('nal)^ n. a collection of hymns for public worship. hymnology (-nol'o-ji), n. the study of hymns, their origin, use, lore, &c. hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the Greek letter T, v. n. a U-shaped bone supporting the tongue. hyp. See hypo. hyper, a prefix meaning over, beyond, excess, and in chemistry highest. hyperbola (-per'bo-la), n. a curve formed by the section of a cone when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. hyperbole ('bo-le), n. a figure of speech which expresses more or less than the truth. hyperbolic (-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to or containing, hyperbole; exag- gerated; pertaining to, or of the nature of, a hyperbola. hyperborean (-bo're-an), adj. arctic. hyperdulia (-doo'li-a), n. veneration of the Virgin Mary. hyphen (hi'fen), n. a mark (-) join- ing two words or syllables: v.t. to join by such a mark. hypno a, prefix meaning sleep, as hypnosis, a hypnotic state or trance. hypnosis (hip-no 'sis). See hypno. hypnotic (hip-not 'ik), adj. pertaining to, or producing hypnotism. hypnotize ('no-tiz), v.t. to produce, or subject to, hypnotism. hypnotism ('no-tism), n. a method of inducing a trance-like sleep: a method of medical treatment by hypnotism. hypo, hyp, a prefix meaning under, beneath. hypoblast (hi'po-blast), n. £he under layer of the blastoderm. hypochondria (hip-5-kon'dri-a), n. a disease attended with extreme mel- ancholy, and anxiety respecting one's state of health. Also hypochondri- asis. hypochondriac ('dri-ak), n. one who is affected with hypochondria: adj. pertaining to, or affected with, hypochondria. hypocrisy (-ok'ri-si), n. a feigning to be what one is not; dissimulation; false profession. hypocrite ('o-krit), n. one who prac- tices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik), adj. in- serted under the skin: n. a medicine thus injected. hypogastric (hl-po-gas'trik), adj. pertaining to the hypogastrium. hypogastrium ('tri-um), n. [pi. hypo- gastria (-a) ], the middle part of the lower region of the abdomen. hypos tyle ('o-stil), n. a roof sup- ported by columns ; a covered colon- nade; pillared hall or court. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. HYPOTENUSE 466 HYSTEROTOMY hypotenuse (-pot'e-nus), n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite the right angle. Also hypothenuse. hypothecate (hi-poth'e-kat) , v. to assign something for security; to mortgage. hypothesis (-poth'e-sis) , n. [pi. hy- potheses (-sez) ], something assumed for the purpose of argument. hypothetic (-po-thet'ik), adj. based on hypothesis; conjectural. Also hypothetical. hypotheticaSly (-al-li), adv. by hy- pothesis. hypsi, a prefix meaning high, excep- tionally high, as %psibrachycephal- ic: adj. having a high broad skull, as certain races. Also hypso. hypsometer (hip-som'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring altitudes by atmospheric pressure. hypsometry ('e-tri), n. the art of de- termining altitudes by atmospheric pressure. hyrax (hi'raks), n. a small hare-like mammal, the coney of the Bible. hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant with blue flowers; an unidentified plant mentioned in the Bible. hysteria (his-te'ri-a), n. a nervous affection of women characterized by choking sensations, paroxysms of laughter or weeping, and frequently simulating other diseases. hysterical (-ter'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- lently emotional. hysterically (-li), adv. in a hysteric- al manner. hysterics (his-ter'iks), n.pl. hysteria. hy steroid ('oid), adj. resembling hysteria. hysterotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the opera- tion of cutting out, or into, the womb . Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. I 1, the ninth letter of the alphabets of Western Europe. 1 (I), pron. [pi. we (we) ], nom. case, sing, of the pronoun of the 1st per- son; the word by which the speaker or writer denotes himself: n. in metaphysics, the object of conscious- ness; the ego. _ iambic (I-am'bik), adj. consisting of, or employing, iambics^ n. an iam- bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. iambus m ('bus), n. a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, of which the first is short and the second is long (~>), or, in accentual versi- fication, a foot of two syllables, in which the stress accent falls on the second syllable. ibex ('beks), n. a genus of wild goats, having very large recurved horns, the best known species of which is the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. ibis ('bis), n. a genus of large wad- ing birds, having a long, curved beak, of which the most notable spe- cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians. ibogaine (e-bo'ga-in), n. a local anesthetic extracted from the Kom- go-plat, sometimes used as a substi- tute for cocaine. ice (is), n. frozen water or other fluid; a frozen confection, as ice- cream: v.t. to convert into ice; freeze; preserve in ice, cover with concreted sugar; frosty Ice Age (aj), n. the glacial epoch. iceberg ('berg), n. a large mass of ice detached from a glacier, and floating in the sea. ice boat (bot), n. a strong steam boat used to break a channel through ice; a boat mounted on runners and propelled by sails on ice. ice-cream (is-krem'), n. cream, sweetened^ and flavored, and frozen in a contrivance for the purpose. ice-field _ ('f eld), n. an extensive sheet of floating ice. ice-fender (is-fen'der), n. a fender to guard a vessel against injury from ice. ice-floe ('flo), n. a small sheet of floating ice. ice-hockey (Ts'hok'i), n. a game similar to field-hockey, but played on the ice. ace-pack Cpak), n. a field of broken and drifting ice, consisting of great masses packed together. ice-scooter (Is'sku'ter), n. a Long Island boat that sails on ice as well as in water, running from one to the other if necessary. ichneumon (ik-nti'mun), n. an ani- mal of the weasel kind, found in Egypt, where it was anciently wor- shipped; it tracks out and devours the eggs of the crocodile. ichneumon-fly (-fli), n. an insect which lays its eggs in the bodies of other insects. ichnolite ('no-lit), n. a stone im- pressed with a fossil footprint. ichnology (-nol'o-ji), n. that branch of science which treats of fossil foot- prints. ichor (i'k6r), n. in classical mythol- ogy, the ethereal^ fluid which ran, in- stead of blood, in the veins of the gods; a thin, watery, acrid serum from an ulcer or wound. ichthyic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish-like. ichthyo, a prefix meaning a fish, as fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (467) ICHTHYOGRAPHY 468 IDEOGRAPHIC ichthyolite, a fossil fish; the impres- sion of a fossil fish. Also ichthy. ichthyography (ik-thi-og'ra-fi), n. a treatise on fishes. ichthyolite. See under ichthyo. ichthyology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology which treats of fishes, their structure, classification, &c. Ichthyosaurus (-saw'rus), n. a genus of huge fossil fish-lizards. ichthyosis (-o'sis), n. a disease in which the skin presents the form of hard dry scales and plates. icicle (i'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of ice formed by the freezing of drip- ping water. icily ('si-li), adv. in an icy manner; coldly. iciness ('si-nes), n. the state of being icy; coldness. icing ('sing), n. a coating of concrete sugar. icon (iTson), n. [pi. icons Ckonz), icones ('kon-ez)j, in the Greek Church, a sacred image or picture. Also eikon, ikon. Icono, a prefix meaning image, as iconoclasm, image breaking. iconoclast (I-kon'o-klast), n. an im- age breaker; one who attacks super- stitions or shams. iconometer ^ (I-ko-nom'e-ter), n. a measuring instrument to determine the actual position of unknown points from observation of two drawings or photographs. icos, a prefix meaning twenty, as icos- ahedral, having twenty plane faces. icosahedron (-kos-a-he'dron), n. a solid bounded by twenty plane faces. ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in prosody and music, rhythmical or metrical accent or stress. icy (i'si), adj. [comp. icier, superl. iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; indifferent. idea (-de'a), n. a mental image or picture; a conception of what ought to be; an abstract principle; opin- f ion; belief; plan. ideal (-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- nation only; visionary; conforming to a standard of perfection; per- fect: n. a mental conception, or an ' individual regarded as the standard of perfection. idealism (-izm), n. in art, the effort to realize, by elimination and com • bination, the highest type of any natural object; the doctrine that all our knowledge of objects is a knowl- edge of ideas. idealist (-ist), n. one who pursues the ideal; one who holds the doc- trine of idealism; a visionary. idealistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to an ideal; relating to idealism or idealists. ideality ('i-ti), n. the quality of be- ing ideal; the faculty to form ideals. idealize (-Iz), v.t. to make ideal; embody in an ideal form; represent (natural objects) so as to show their most important characteristics only : v.i. to form ideals. ideally (-li), adv. according to an ideal; mentally. idem (I'dem), n. the same; used as a prefix in words defining similar ideas. identical (I-den'tik-al), adj. express- ing sameness; differing in no essen- tial point. identically (-li), adv. in an identical manner. identical note (not), n. a note in terms agreed upon by two or more powers, intended to influence anoth- er power. identifiable (-ti-f I'a-bl) , adj. that may be identified. identify (-den'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, prove to be, or consider as, the same. identity ('ti-ti), n. essential or prac- tical sameness. ideograph (id'e-o-graf), n. a symbol, figure, or hieroglyph, not naming but suggesting the idea of an object. Also ideogram. ideographic ('ik), adj. representing ideas by symbols independently of sounds. Also ideographical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boOn, book; hue, hut; think, then. IDEOGRAPHY IDOLATRY ideography (-e-og'ra-fi), n. the 'direct representation of ideas by symbols. ideologist _ (I-de-ol'o-jist), n. one oc- cupied with ideas or ideals; a theo- rist. ideology ('o-ji), n. the science of ideas; the system of philosophy which derives ideas exclusively from sensation. ideomotion (-o-mo'shun), n. uncon- scious muscular motion arising from a dominant idea. ides (idz), n. pi. in the ancient Roman calendar, the eighth day after the nones — the 15 th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months. idio, a prefix meaning one's own, pe- culiar, as ic&ograph, a private or trade mark. idioblast (id'i-o-blast), n. a, hypothet- ical ultimate element of a living cell. idiochromosome (id'i-o-kro'mo- som), n. a minute colorable body in the germ-cell supposed to have to do with the determination of the sex of the ovum. idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. the state of be- ing an idiot; mental imbecility. Also idiotcy. idiogenesis (i-di-o-jen'e-sis), n. orig- inating^ spontaneously or without determinable cause. idiograph. See under idio. Idiom ('km), n. a turn of expression peculiar to a language; the distinc- tive characteristics of a language. idiomatic (-o-mat'ik), adj. peculiar to a language; given to, or marked by, the use of idioms. Also idio- matical. idiomatically (-al-li), adv. accord- ing to the idiom. idiometer (id-i-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument to determine the personal equation of a person using a tele- scope to note the precise time when a star crosses the meridian. idiopathic (-o-path'ik), adj. charac- terizing a disease not produced by another. idiopathy (-op'a-thi), n. an individ- ual or personal affection; a primary disease not arising from another. idiosome (id'io-som), n. a theoreti- cal ultimate element of living mat- ter. idiosyncrasy (-i-o-sin / kra-si), n. [pi. idiosyncrasies (-siz) ], peculiarity of constitution or temperament: a characteristic peculiar to an indi- vidual. idiot ('i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; a foolish person. idiotic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. Also idiotical. idiotically (-al-li), adv. in an idiotic manner. idiotrophic (id'i-o-trof 'ik), n. capable of selecting suitable nourishment: said of living cells. idle (I'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; unemployed; unused; useless; vain; of no importance; irrelevant; averse to labor; futile; lazy; v.i. to be in- active or without employment: v.t. to spend in idleness; waste (time): usuallywith away. idler (I'dler), n. one who idles; a lazy person; one who has constant day duty on board ship, and does not keep night watch. idle-wheel ('hwel), n. a wheel placed between two others to transfer motion without change of direction. ido (e'do), n. a proposed universal language. idol (i-dol), n. an image of a divinity, employed asan object of worship; a person or thing loved to excess. idolater ('a-ter), n. an idol-wor- shipper; one who pays divine honors to images, &c. ; one who loves a per- son or thing to excess. idolatress ('a-tres), n. a female idolater, idolatrous ( f a-trus), adj. pertaining to, or practicing, idolatry; marked by undue reverence or affection.^ idolatry ('a-tri)^ n. [pi. idolatries (-triz) ], the paying of Divine honors to idols, images, or any created ob- ject; the ascription of Divine pow- 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ' IDOLIZE 470 ILLEGAL er to natural agencies; excessive ad- miration, veneration, or love for any person or thing. idolize (-Iz), v.t. to make an idol of; love or admire to excess. idyl (l'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought pastoral poem; applied also to de- scriptive and narrative poems # of greater length; a description of sim- ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also idyll. idylist (I'dil-ist), n. a pastoral poet or painter. idyllic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of an idyl; pastoral. if (if), conj. on the condition; sup- posing that; whether; although. igneous ('ne-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling fire, or produced by fire. ignis fatuus ('nis-fat-u'us), n. a me- teoric light seen to flit above the ground in marshy places, &c. ; a misleading influence. Popularly known as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'- Lantern, Corpse-candle. ignite ('nit), v.t. to set on fire; to make incandescent with heat; sub- ject to the action of intense heat: v.i. to take fire; glow with "heat. igniter ('er), n. one who, or that which, ignites; a time exploder for igniting the powder of a torpedo. ignitible (ig-ni'ti-bl), adj. capable of being ignited; easily kindled. ignition (-nish'un), n. the act of ig- niting; the state of being ignited. ignition-box (ig-nish'on-boks), n. the explosion-chamber of an in- ternal combustion engine. ignoble (-no'bl), adj. of low birth or station; of mean character or qual- ity; of little value; characterizing a short-winged hawk, as distinguished from a long-winged falcon. ignobleness ('bl-nes), n. the state or quality of being ignoble; absence of dignity. ignobly ('bh), adv. m an ignoble manner; basely. ignominious (-no-min'i-us), adj. marked with ignominy or public dis- grace; shameful; deserving disgrace; despicable. ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. igno- minies (-iz) ], loss of one's good name; public disgrace or dishonor; cause or source of disgrace. ignoramus (-ra'mus), n. an ignorant person, especially an ignorant pre- tender to knowledge. ignorance (-rans), n. the state of be- ing ignorant; want of knowledge. ignorant (-rant), adj. destitute of knowledge; uninstructed; illiterate. ignore (-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant of; treat as unknown; disregard; throw out as false or unsupported by sufficient evidence: said of a grand jury rejecting a bill. Igorrote (i'gor-ro'te), n. one of a tribe of head hunters in Luzon, Philippine Islands. iguana (i-gwa'nli), n. a large trop- ical American lizard, having a dew- lap under the throat. il, a prefix, another form of in when followed by I, meaning not, as illit- erate, uneducated. ileum (il'e-um), n. the lower part of the small intestine. Ilex (I'leks), n. a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs represented by the holly. iliac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to the ileum, or to the ilium, or flank bone. ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- per part of the hip-bone. ill (il), adj. [comp. worse, superl. worst], bad or evil; contrary to good;_ causing or attended by evil or suffering in a bad or disordered state physically or morally; sick; dis- eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- skilful; vicious: n. evil; wickedness; misfortune; disease; anything dis- creditable; harm; mischief: adv. not well; not easily. Illapse (-laps'), n. a gliding in or into, especially a divine influx; inspiration. illation (-la'shun), n. an inference, deduction, or conclusion. illegal (il-le'gal), adj. contrary to law; unlawful. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ILLEGIBLE 471 IMAGINABLE illegible (il-lej'i-bl), adj. hard to read; not plain or clear. illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), adj. born out of wedlock. illicit (-lis'it), adj. not authorized or allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. Illicium ('i-um) ; n. a genus of shrubs of the magnolia family, containing the Japanese incense plant. illimitable (-lim'it-a-bl), adj. im- measurable; vast; infinite. iliimitableness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being illimitable. illimitably (-bli), adv. without pos- sibility of being bounded. illision (-lizh'un), n. the act of strik- ing into or against. _ illiteracy (-lit'er-a-si), n. ignorance of letters. illness ('nes), n. the condition of be- ing ill; disease; sickness. illude (-lud'), v.t. co mock; deceive; delude. illuminant _ (-lum'i-nant), adj. per- taining to illumination: n. anything which illuminates or affords light. illuminate ('i-nat), v.t. to give light to; decorate with lights, in token of rejoicing; enlighten; throw light upon; make plain; elucidate; adorn, as a manuscript, with miniature pic- tures in colors and gold: v.i. to dis- play lights in token of rejoicing. illumination (-na/shun), n. supply of light; the act of illuminating, or state of being illuminated, especially the festive decoration of houses or cities with lights: the art of illumin- ating books or manuscripts; a design in an illuminated work; intellectual light; inspiration. illuminator ('mi-na-ter) , ft. one who, or that which, gives light; one who illuminates books, manuscripts, &c; a condenser or reflector; an il- luminant. illumine ('min), v.t. to illuminate [poet.]. illusion (/zhun), ft. deceptive ap- pearance; false show; hallucination. illusionist (-ist), ft. one subject to illusion; a sleight-of-hand performer. illusive ('siv), adj. deceiving by il- lusion; deceptive; illusory. illusively (-li), adv. in an illusive manner. illusiveness (-nes), n. deception; false show. illusory ('so-ri), adj. causing illu- sion; fallacious; deceptive. illustrate __ (-us'trat), v.t. to make clear or intelligible; explain by ex- amples; elucidate by means of pic- tures, &c. illustrated (-ed), p. adj. having illus- trations. illustration ^ (-tra'shun), n. the act of illustrating; the state of being illustrated; that which illustrates; a comparison or example which ex- plains or corroborates; a picture designed to elucidate the text. illustrative ('tra-tiv), adj. tending to illustrate, elucidate, or exemplify. illustratively (-li), adv. by way of illustration. illustrator ('us-tra-ter), n. one who illustrates; < one who exemplifies something in his own person; one who draws pictorial representations. illustrious ('tri-us), adj. distin- guished by luster or greatness; emi- nent; renowned; conferring luster or honor; glorious; famous; hon- ored. im, a prefix representing in when fol- lowed by b, m, or p. image (im'aj), ft. an imitation of any person or thing; a statue, effigy, or bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- ness; a mental picture, conception, or idea; an extended metaphor; the figure of an object formed by rays of light: v.t. to form, or reflect; an image of; represent to the mental vision; imagine. imaged ('ajd), adj. decorated with human figures, as porcelain. imagery ('aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries (-riz)], representation by images; images collectively; figures in dis- course; forms of the fancy. imaginable (-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that may be imagined or conceived. ate, arm, ask, at. awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMAGINABLENESS 472 IMMATURED imaginableness (-nes), n. the state standing; entanglement; strife; per- of being imaginable. plexity; complicated plot. imaginably (-bli), adv. in a conceiv- imbrue ('broo), v.t. to wet or mois- able manner; possibly. : ten; soak; drench, especially in imaginary ('i-na-ri), adj. existing blood. only in imagination; unreal; uto- imbue Odu), v.t. to cause to absorb; plan. _ tinge deeply; dye; to tincture deep- imagination (-na'shun), n. the im- ly, as the mind with certain princi- age-forming power of the mind, or pies. the power of the mind which modi- imi table ('i-ta-bl), adj. capable of, fies the conceptions, especially the or worthy of, imitation, higher forms of this power exercised imitate ('i-tat), v.t. to produce a in art and poetry, usually termed semblance of, in form, color, quali- the plastic or creative power; a con- ties, conduct, and the like; use as a ception^ or idea; fanciful opinion; model or pattern; to take example fancy; invention. by; to counterfeit; copy. imaginative ('i-na-tiv), adj. pro- imitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- imitating; that which is produced dowed with, imagination; inventive; by imitating; the repetition of the fanciful. same melodic theme or phrase, either imaginatively (-li), adv. in an im- in a different key, or in another aginative manner. voice or part: adj. made in imita- imaginativeness (-nes), n. the qual- tion; not genuine. ity of being imaginative. imitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. inclined to, imagine (-aj'in), v.t. to form a men- or aiming at, imitation; formed tal picture of; produce by the im- after a model. agination; conceive; conjecture; imitatively (-li), adv. in an imita- think; suppose; v.i. to form a men- tive manner. tal image; _ fancy ; to surmise. _ imitator ('i-ta-ter), n. one who imi- imbecile (im'be-sil), adj. without tates. strength, especially of mind; feeble- immaculate (-mak'u-lat), adj. with- minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble out blemish; unspotted; undefiled; mind. pure. imbecility (-sil'i-ti), n. [pi. imbe- immaculately (-li), adv. in an im- cilities (-tiz)], mental or physical maculate manner, weakness. immaculateness (-nes), n. spotless imbibe ('bib), v.t. to drink in; ab- purity. sorb, as if by drinking; _ receive or Immanuel, another form of Em- absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; manuel. absorb moisture. immaterial (-ma-te'ri-al), adj. ^ not imbricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to lay in consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- order, one lapping over another, like embodied* unimportant, tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- irnmaterialism (-izm), n. idealism; ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a spiritualism. gutter tile or pantile; overlapping immaterially (-li), adv. without mat- like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or ter; in an unimportant manner or the leaf -buds of plants; decorated degree. with a pattern resembling lapping immature (-ma-tur'), adj. not ripe; tiles or scales. not fully grown or developed; not imbroglio (-bro'lyo), n. a confused finished or perfected; crude. mass of things; intricate and per- immatured (-turd')» &dj. not ma- plexing state of affairs; misunder- tured; not ripened. . — » ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, ^en. IMMATURELY 473 IMMORALITY immaturely (-tur'li), adv. crudely. immatureness ('nes), n. immaturi- ty- immaturity (-tur'i-ti), n. unripe- ness; incompleteness. immeasurability (-mezh-ur-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of not being meas- urable. immeasurable ('ur-a-bl), adj. not to be measured; immense; limitless;' vast. immeasurableness (-nes), n. bound- less extent. immeasurably (-bli), adv. to an in- definite extent or degree. immediate (-me'di-at), adj. directly related without an intervening me- dium; next; direct; approximate; instant. immediately (-li), adv. directly; proximately; instantly. immediateness (-nes), n. the quali- ty of being immediate^ promptness. immemorial (-me-mor'i-al), adj. ex- tending beyond the reach of mem- ory, record, or tradition: as imme- morial usage or custom. immemorially (-li), adv. from time out of mind. immense (-mens'), adj. immeasura- ble; boundless; vast; very great or large; very good or fine: n. infinite space; immensity. immensely ('li), adv. to an immense degree; exceedingly. immenseness ('nes), n. the state of being immense; immensity. immensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. immensi- ties (-tiz) ], the character of being immense; immeasurableness; infi- nite space; vastness in extent or bulk. immerge (-merj'), v.t. o plunge into or_ under anything, especially a fluid ; immerse : v.i. to disappear by entering into any medium, as the moon into the shadow of the earth. immerse (-mers'), v.t. to plunge into or under anything, especially a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an occupation; baptize by immersion. immersed (-merst/), p. adj. deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid; deeply occupied, engrossed, or involved; growing wholly under water: said of a plant. immersion m (-mer'shun), n. the act of immersing; the state of being immersed; baptism by dipping the whole person into water. immigrant ^ ('i-grant), adi. passing or coming into, as a new habitat or place of residence: n. one who, or that which, immigrates. immigrate ('i-grat), v.i. to come into a new habitat or place of residence f especially to come into a country to settle. imminence ('i-nens), n. the condi- tion of being imminent; nearness; impending evil or danger. imminent ('i-nent), adj. threatening or about to fall or occur immediately: said especially of misfortune or peril. immixture (i-miks'tur), n. the action of mixing or combining, particularly with reference to social matters. immobility (-mo-bil'i-ti), n. fixed- ness in place or state. immoderate (-mod'er-at), adj. not moderate; not confined to custom- ary or just or reasonable limits; extravagant; intemperate. immoderately (-li), adv. excessive- ly; unreasonaoly. immoderateness (-nes), n. want of moderation: excess. immodest (-mod'est), adj. forward; arrogant; wanting in the restraint required by decency; indelicate; un- chaste. immodesty (-mod'est-i), n. want of modesty, delicacy, or proper re- serve; arrogance; unchastity. immolate ('o-lat), v.t. to kill as a sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; make a sacrifice of. immoral (-mor'al), adj. contrary to the^ moral law, or to the public good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; un- principled. immorality (-mo-ral'i-ti), n. the quality of being immoral; an im- moral act or practice. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMMORALLY 474 IMPARTIBLE immorally (-li), adv. in an immoral manner. immortal (-mor'tal), adj. not mortal or subject to death; imperishable; ever-living: n. one who is immor- tal; pi. the gods of classical my- thology. immortalize ('tal-iz), v.t. to render immortal ; bestow lasting fame upon. immortality (-tal'i-ti), n. exemption from death or oblivion; unending existence. immortally (-li), adv. eternally. immortelle (-mor-tel'), n. [pi. im- mortelles (telz') ], a plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color; an everlasting; a wreath made of everlastings. immovability (-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. fixedness. immovable ('a-bl), adj. incapable of being moved; fixed; steadfast; un- changing; unfeeling: n.pl. land, or things fixed to, or running with, land, as trees, buildings. immune (-mun'), adj. exempt, as from a disease: n. one who is ex- empt from any particular disease by reason of having had it. immune body (im-mfm'bod'i), n. a hypothetical substance in the blood stream associated with the process of giving immunity to bacterial dis- immune serum (im-mun' se-rum), n. serum of an immunized animal that may be used as an antidote to a bacterial poison. immunify (i-mu'ni-fi), v.t. to make immune to a bacterial or other dis- ease or toxic condition. immunizator (i-mu-ni-za'tor), n. one who practices immunization, usually with the aid of vaccines or serums. immunity (-mun'i-ti), n. [pi. im- munities (-tiz) ], exemption from any duty, office, or tax; freedom from natural or usual liability; spe- cial privilege (usually in pi.). immunize (-mun'iz), v.t. to render immune. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; immure (-mur'), v.t. to enclose with- in walls; shut up in prison; confine. immutability (-mut-a-bil'i-ti), n. unchangeableness. immutable (-mut'a-bl), adj. un- changeable; invariable; unaltera- ble; permanent. imp (imp), n. a young, little, or in- ferior devil; a hobgoblin; sprite; a pert or mischievous child. impact (im'pakt), n. collision. impair (-par), v.t. to make worse; lessen in quantity, value, excellence, or strength: v.i. to become worse; deteriorate. impairment ('ment), n. diminution; injury. impale (-pal'), v.t. to fix on a stake; put to death by spitting on a sharp stake fixed upright; surround, with or as with, a pale or palisade; in heraldry, to join (two coats of arms) on one shield, palewise. impalpable (-pal'pa-bl), adj. not to be perceived by touch; not material; incorporeal; not (readily) appre- hensible by the mind; intangible; unreal. impanel (-pan'el), v.t. to enter the names of (jurors) on a piece of parchment called a panel; summon to serve on a jury; draw from the panel and swear in. imparity (-par'i-ti), n. inequality; disproportion: difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, quantity, &c. ; want of correspondence. impart (-part'), v.t. to bestow a share or portion of; give; to communi- cate knowledge of; make known: v.i. to give a share. impartial (-par'shal), adj. free from partiality; equitable; fair; just; unprejudiced. impartiality (-shi-al'-i-ti), n. free- dom from bias; fairness. impartially (-par'shal-li), adv. just- ly; fairly; without prejudice. impartialness (-nes), n. impartiality. impartible ('ti-bl), adj. capable of being imparted or communicated; indivisible. me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, thzn. IMPASSABLE 475 IMPERCEPTIBLY impassable (-pas'a-bl), adj. not to be passed; not admitting passage; impervious. impassableness (-nes), n. the state of being impassable. impassably (-bli), adv. in an impas- sable manner; in a manner inca- pable of suffering from external causes; exempt from harm or pain; not to be moved to passion, sym- pathy, or any sign of emotion. impassioned (-pash'und), _ p. adj. moved to strong feeling; animated; excited. impassive (-pas'iv), adj. apathetic. impassively (-li), adv. in an impas- sive manner. impassiveness (-nes), n. insensi- bility. impatience (-pa/shens), n. the state of being impatient. impatient ('shent), adj. intolerant of pain, delay, opposition, control, or circumstances; exhibiting or ex- pressing impatience (with at) ; eager (with, /or). impawn (-pawn'), v.t. to put in pawn; deposit as security; pledge. impeach (-pech'), v.t. to call in question; accuse before a tribunal of official misconduct; challenge the credibility or validity of: as a wit- ness or a document. impeachment ('ment), n. the ar- raignment of a public officer for malfeasance in office; a discrediting or calling in question. impeccability (-pek-a-bil'i-ti), n. ex- emption from sin, error, or wrong- doing. impeccable (-pek'a-bl), adj. not lia- ble to sin ; faultless. impecuniosity (-pe-ku-ni-os'i-ti), n. want of money; poverty. impecunious ('ni-us), adj. without money; poor. impede (-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- der. impediment (-ped'i-ment), n. that which impedes progress or activity; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. impedimenta (-ped-i-men'ta), n.pl. encumbrances: traveling equipage; baggage, _ especially _ military bag- gage; military supplies. impedimental ('tal), adj. of the na- ture of an impediment; impeding. impel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or urge forward or on; constrain to any kind of motion or action. impellent Cent), adj. having the quality of impelling: n. a motive or impelling power. impend (-pend'), v.i. to hang over; be ready to fall ; be at hand. impendent ('ent), adj. impending. impending ('ing), p. adj. overhang- ing; suspended so as to menace; close at hand. impenetrability (-pen-e-tra-bil'i-ti) , ti. incapability of being penetrated; that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time. impenetrable ('e-tra-bl), adj. not penetrable; not admitting entrance; having the property of being im- penetrable; impervious. impenitence (-pen'i-tens), n. the state of being impenitent; hardness of heart ; stubborn wickedness. Also impenitency. impenitent ('i-tent), adj. not con- trite; finally negligent of the duty of repentance; obdurate: n. one who finally neglects the duty of re- pentance; a hardened sinner. imperative (-per'a-tiv), adj. express- ing command; peremptory; obliga- tory: n. that mood of a verb that expresses command, entreaty, or exhortation. imperatively (-li), adv. perempto- rily. imperceptibility (-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being imperceptible. imperceptible (-sep'ti-bl), adj. that cannot be immediately perceived by the senses, or easily apprehended by the mind. imperceptibly ('ti-bli), adv. so as not to be readily perceived. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPERFECT 476 IMPETUOUS imperfect ('fekt), adj. wanting in through its substance; impervious; completeness, correctness, or excel- impenetrable. lence; wanting in some organ es- impermeably (-bli), adv. so as to sential to normal activity; incom- be impermeable. plete; defective; faulty. _ impermeator ('me-a-ter), n. a con- imperfection (-fek'shun), n. incom- trivance for uniformly supplying oil pleteness; faultiness; a defect or to the cylinder of a steam-engine. blemish, physical, mental, or moral; impersonal ('sun-al), adj. wanting failing. personality or conscious individuali- imperf orate ('fo-rat), adj. having ty; not referring to a particular no perforations or pores. person: n. an impersonal verb. imperial (-pe'ri-al), adj. pertaining impersonality ('i-ti), n. absence of to an empire or emperor; fit or suit- personality. able for one who wields supreme au- impersonally (-li), adv. in an im- thority; of superior size or excel- personal manner. lence; royal; sovereign: n. the top of impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb a diligence or coach; a baggage-case used without a subject, or (in Eng- on a traveling carriage; a size of Hsh) with only the impersonal it. Eaper, 30 in. X 22 in.; a tuft of impersonate ('sun-at), v.L to invest air left unshaven on the lower lip with personality; embody as a per- and chin (so called from Napoleon son; represent as a personality; to III., who set this fashion). represent the person or character imperialism (-izm), n. the system of, especially on the stage. of imperial government; the policy impersonator (-a-ter), n. one who of imperial federation; policy of impersonates; an actor. • territorial expansion. impertinence ('tin-ens), n. that imperialist (-ist)', n. one who fa- which is impertinent or irrelevant, vors or upholdsimperialism. as in speech or manners; a thing of imperialistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- no value; _ a trifle; forwardness; ing to, or favoring, imperialism., rudeness; in law, matter which is imperialization (-i-za'shun), n. the immaterial in substance. establishment or extension of im- impertinent ('tin-ent), adj. non- perial power. > pertinent; of no relation to the mat- imperialize ('ri-al-iz), v.t. to invest ter in hand; not to the point; in- with imperial character, style, or apposite; inapplicable; rude; un- power; bring to the form of an em- civil; or offensive in behavior: n. pire. one who interferes in things which imperially ('ri-al-li), adv. in an im- do not concern him; a forward, ill— perial manner. mannered person. imperil (-per'il), v.t. to put in peril; imperturbability (-ter-ba-bil'i-ti), n. endanger; jeopardize. the quality of being imperturba- imperious (-pe'ri-us), adj. domineer- ble. ing, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- imperturbable ('ba-bl), adj. not gent; imperative. f easily disturbed, agitated, or dis- imperishable (-per'ish-a-bl), adj. in- concerted; self-contained, cool, calm. destructible; not subject to decay; impervious (Vi-us), adj. not to_ be permanently enduring. passed through or penetrated; im- impermeability (-per-me-a-biri-ti), penetrable; not permitting passage, n. the property of being impermea- as of a fluid, through its substance. ble. impetuosity (-ti-os'i-ti), n. vehe- impermeable ('me-a-bl), adj. not mence; violence; force. permitting passage, as of a fluid, impetuous ('ti-us), adj. rushing with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPETUS 477 IMPORTANCE force and violence; vehement in feeling; acting with sudden energy; precipitate. impetus Cpe-tus), n. the force with which any body is driven or im- pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- mentum. impiety (-pi'i-ti), n. [pi. impieties (-tiz) ], want of piety; disregard of the Supreme Being; ungodliness; an act of irreverence or wicked- ness," violation of natural duty to- ward others, as disobedience to parents. impinge (-pinj'), v.i. strike or dash; clash; come in collision (with on, upon, or against). impingent ('pin-jent), adj. imping- ing. impious ('pi-us), adj. irreligious; wicked; profane. impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mischievous character of an imp. implacability (-pla-ka-biTi-ti), n. a state of irreconcilable enmity or un- appeasable anger. Also implacable- ness. implacable (-pla'ka-bl), adj. not to be pacified or appeased; constant in anger or enmity; relentless. implacably (-bli), adv. with unap- peasable resentment. implant (-plant'), v.t to inx for growth; cause to take root; ingraft. implead (-pled'), v.t. to sue or prose- cute; accuse; impeach. implement ('ple-ment), _ n. that which supplies a want, or is a requi- site to an end, especially an instru- ment, tool, or utensil: pi. the tools and weapons of prehistoric man. implemental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or characterized by, the use of implements. implicate ('pli-kat), v.t. to infold; involve; entangle; bring into con- nection with. implication (-ka'shun), n. entangle- ment; that which is implied; an inference not expressed but under- stood; deduction. implicit (-plis'it), adj. implied; rest- ing on implication or inference; trusting in the word or authority of another; submissive; blind; tacit; Unreserved. implore (-plor'), v.t. to entreat (a person, or for a thing) earnestly, humbly, and importunately: v.i. to beg; pray; supplicate. imploring ('ing), p.adj. supplicat- ing. imply (-pli'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. im- plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by implication; mean or signify by fair inference; express indirectly; in- sinuate. impolicy (-pql'i-si), n. the quality of being impolitic; want of policy; in- expediency. impolite (-po-lit'), adj. wanting in good manners; boorish; coarse. impolitely (-li), adv. ill-manneredly; discourteously. impoliteness (-nes), n. incivility; rudeness. impolitic (-pol'i-tik) , adj. contrary to good policy; unwise; injudicious; indiscreet. imponderability (-pon-der-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being impon- derable. imponderable (-pon'der-a-bl), adj. not capable of being weighed; with- out (sensible) weight: n. a term applied to the hypothetical universal medium, ether. imporosity (-po-ros'i-ti), n. absence of pores; compactness. imporous (-po'rus), adj. without pores; solid. import (-port'), v.t. to bring into a country from abroad : opposed to ex- port; bring in from without, as ir- relevant matter into a discussion; bear in meaning; imply; signify; betoken; be of interest or conse- quence to; concern: v.i. to be of moment: n. (im'port) merchandise brought into a country from abroad (usually in pi.) ; meaning; purport; significance; importance. importance (-p6r'tans), n. the qual- ity of being important: high place .te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPORTANCE 478 IMPRECATE in public estimation; high self-es- teem. important ('tat), adj. of much im- port or significance; momentous; bearing weight or consequence; of high standing; pompous. importation (-ta/shun), n. the act or practice of bringing merchandise into a country from aroad; that which is imported^ one who, or that which, is recently introduced. importunate (-por'tu-nat), adj. per- sistent ; unreasonable or troublesome in solicitation; not to be repulsed; urgent. importunately (-Ii), adv. with per- sistent solicitation. import unateness (-nes), n. impor- tunity. importune (-p5r-tun0, v.t. to harass with perpetual petitions or de- mands: v.i. to beg persistently or urgently. importunity (-tu'ni-ti), n. [pi. im- portunities (-tiz) ], persistent so- licitation or demand; incessant in- sistence; urgency. impose ^ (-poz'), v.t. to place upon: as, to impose the hands in confirma- tion or ordination; lay upon, as a burden, punishment, or charge; to palm off; lay (pages of type) on an imposing-stone or the bed of a press, and secure them in a chase: v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- tice deception (with upon). imposing ('ing), p. adj. adapted to im- press forcibly; commanding; stately; grand; impressive: n. in printing, the arrangement of pages or columns into forms. imposition (-po-zish'un), n. a laying upon, especially of hands in ordina- tion or confirmation; the fixing of a meaning upon the terms of a proposi- tion; that which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; an extra exercise im- posed on a student as a punishment ; a trick, fraud, or deception; a duty formerly imposed at the pleasure of the British king on imports and exports. impossibility (-pos-i-biri-ti) , n. char- acter of being impossible; that which cannot be, or be supposed to be, done. impossible (-pos'i-bl), adj. that can- not be done; inconceivable. impost ('post), n. that which is im- posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty, especially a customs-duty lev- ied by government on imports; the top member of a pillar on which the arch rests. impostor (-pos'ter), n. one who im- poses upon others by an assumed character or false pretensions. impostress ('tes), n. a female im- postor. imposture ('pos-tur), n. deception, especially that which is practiced under an assumed chaacter or by false pretensions. impotence ('po-tens), n. the state of being impotent in body or mind; feebleness; want of capacity; de- ficiency of means to achieve an end. impotent ('po-tent), adj. wanting in physical, intellectual, or moral power; weak; deficient in capacity; lacking self-restraint. impound (-pound'), v.t. to shut up in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; confine; hold in the custody of a court. impoverish (-pov'er-ish), v.t. to make poor reduce to poverty; cause to deteriorate in quality or productive- ness. impoverishment (-ment), n. the act of impoverishing; the state of being impoverished; indigence; deteriora- tion. impr aticability (-prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti) ,- n. the quality of being impractic- able. impracticable ('ti-ka-bl), adj. not to be effected by the means em- ployed, or at command; not easily dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- ble; intractable. imprecate ('pre-kat), v.t. to invoke, especially an evil or curse, upon; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boOn, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPRECATORY 479 IMPRINT imprecatory ('pre-ka-to-ri), adj. in- notion, remembrance, or belief; a yoking evil or a curse. copy taken by pressure from type; impregnability (-preg-na-bil'i-ti), n. number of copies printed at once; the quality of being unconquerable. edition. impregnable ('na-bl), adj. not to be impressionability (-a-bil'i-ti), ft. the captured, as a fortress; not to be quality of being impressionable, overcome, as virtue. impressionable ('a-bl), adj. capable impregnably (-bli), adv. so as to of receiving impressions; susceptible, defy attack. impressional ('un-al), adj. pertain- impregnate (-preg'nat), v.t. to make ing to impressions, pregnant; tecundate; fertilize; in- impressionism ('un-izm), n. the fuse an active principle, or the par- doctrine that natural objects should tides of another substance, into; be painted — in literature described imbue ; saturate. — so as to reproduce only their impresario (-pra-sa/re-o), ft. the larger and more immediate effect or manager of an opera or concert impressions, without selection or company; one who engages singers elaboration of details. and brings them before the public. impressionist ('un-ist), ft. one who, imprescriptible (-pre-skrip'ti-bl), in art or in literature, adheres to adj. not founded on prescription; the theory of impressionism, not to be alienated or lost by lapse impressionistic (-is'tik), adj. per- of time; independent of external taining to, or characterized by, im- authority; inalienable; self-evidenc- pressionism. ing. impressive (-pres'iv), adj. capable impress (-pres'), v.t. to mark, stamp, of making impression. or print by pressure; to affect for- impressively (-li), adv. in an irn- cibly, or stamp deeply on, the mind; pressive, affecting, or touching man- to imprint; inculcate; compel to ner. enter the public service as soldiers impressiveness (-nes), n. the quali- or sailors, especially to carry off ty of being impressive, forcibly to serve in the navy; seize impressment (-pres'ment), n. the for the public service, as money or act of seizing for public use, or of provisions: ft. (im'pres) a mark compelling to enter the public serv- made by pressure; an image or fig- ice. ure; a mark of distinction ;_ char- imprimatur (im-pri-ma'ter), n. a acteristic; stamp; an impression or license given to print; approval or image fixed in the mind. m sanction from authorized sources. impressibility (-i-bh"i-ti), ft. the imprimis (-pri'mis), adv. in the first quality of being impressible. place; a word introducing the first impressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of of a series of particulars in an being impressed; susceptible of im- enumeration, pressions. imprint (-print'), v.t. to mark by impression (-presh'un), ft. the mark pressure; to stamp, as letters and made by a stamp or mold; style of words on paper, by means of inked character formed by external force types ; print; impress deeply, as on or influence; the mark or stamp the mind or memory: n. (im'print) which is the result of external force an impression, impress, or mark left or influence; an image in the mind by something; the publisher's or caused by something external to it; printer's name, usually with time the immediate effect produced upon and place of issue, on the title-page the mind by a sensation, passion, or at the end of a book or other pub- or emotion; an indistinct or vague lication. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPRISON 480 IMPUNITY imprison (-priz'n), v.t. to put into act of improvising; the act of com- a prison; detain in custody; re- posing poetry or music extempora- strain or confine in any way; in- neously; an impromptu, carcerate. improvisator ('i-sa-ter), ft. an im- imprisonment (-ment), n. state of proviser. Also improvisatore. being shut in, or as in, prison; con- improvisatrice (-ve-za-tre'cha), ft. a finement. female improvisatore. improbability _ (-prob-a-bil'i-ti), ft. improvise (-pro-viz'), V.t. to com- [pl. improbabilities (-tiz) ], unlike- pose extemporaneously, especially Imood; an improbable event. verse or music; bring about on a improbable ('a-bl), adj. unlikely; sudden, or without previous prepa- not to be expected. ration; devise on the spur of the improbably (-bli), adv. in an im- moment, or for a special occasion: probable manner. m v.i. to compose extemporaneously; improbity (-prob'i-ti), ft. want of do a thing in an offhand way. probity or rectitude; dishonesty. imprudence (-proo'dens), ft. want of impromptu (-promp'tii), adv. with- ' prudence; _ carelessness of conse- out preparation; offhand; extern- quences; inattention to one's in- pore; adj. extemporaneous; thrown terest. off on the spur of the moment: ft. imprudent ('dent), adj. wanting an extemporaneous speech or effort. prudence; not attentive to conse- improper (-prop'er), adj. not well quences or interest; indiscreet; in- adapced or suited to the purpose; judicious. not according to nature, usage, &c; impudence ('pu-dens), ft. want of erroneous; unseemly. modesty; shamelessness; rudeness; improper fraction (frak'shun), ft. forwardness. a fraction whose numerator is equal impudent ('pu-dent), ^ adj. shame- to, or greater than, its denominator. less; immodest; offensively forward; impropriety (-pri'e-ti), ft . [pi. im- intentionally disrespectful. Eroprieties (-tiz) ], the quality of impugn (-pun'), v.t. to attack by eing improper; unsuitableness; that arguments; contradict; gainsay, which is improper in act, expres- impugnable ('a-bl), adj. that may sion, <&c. be impugned or gainsaid. improvable (-proov'a-bl), adj. capa- impulse ('puis), ft. force communi- ble of being improved. cated suddenly; the result of an improve (-proov'), 'X to make bet- impelling force; a mental force di- ter; turn to account; intensify: v.i. rectly urging to action; a sudden de- to grow better. termination not arising from reflec- improvement ('ment), ft. advance- tion. ment of anything from good to bet- impulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act of ter; profitable use or application impelling; the state of being im- of anything; that by which the pelled; instigation, value of anything, especially prop- impulsive ('siv), adj. having the erty, is advanced: pi. betterments. power of impelling; actuated by, or improver ('er), ft. one who, or that resulting from, impulse; passion- which, improves. _ ate; acting by momentary impulse, improvidence (-prov'i-dens), want not continuously. of foresight or thrift. impulsively (-li), adv. by impulse. improvident ('i-dent), adj. lacking impulsiveness (-nes), ft. the quality foresight or thrift; wanting care to of being impulsive, provide for the future; careless. impunity (-pun'i-ti), n. freedom improvisation (-i-sa'shun), ft. the from punishment, injury, or loss. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IMPURE 481 INBOARD impure (-pur'), adj. mixed with ex- inanimate (in-an'i-mat), adj. not traneous matter; unchaste; un- animate or animated; dead; spirit- clean; dirty; not accurate or idio- less; lifeless, matic: said of a language or style, inanition (-a-nish'un), n. empti- impurely ('li), adv. in an impure ness; exhaustion from lack of nour- manner. ishment. impureness ('nes), n. the quality of inanity (-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities being impure; impurity. (-tiz)], emptiness; mental vacuity; impurity ('ti), n. [pi. impurities frivolity: pi. vanities. (-tiz) ], uncleanness; a physical or inappreciable (-pre'shi-a-bl), adj. moral blemish. not to be appreciated or estimated; imputable (-piit'a-bl), adj. that may of no consequence. be imputed, charged, or ascribed. inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by imputation (-ta/shun), n. the act of uniting (a scion) to a stock without imputing or charging; anything im- separating the scion from its parent puted or charged, especially in the tree. way of discredit; censure; reproach; inarticulate (m-ar-tik'u-lat) , adj. not insinuation; the doctrine that the uttered with intelligible distinctness; sin of Adam is attributed to his incapable of speech; not articulated; posterity, and the righteousness of not jointed, segmented, or valved. Christ to the believer. inarticulately (-li), adv. in an in- impute (-put'), v.t. to charge, at- articulate manner. tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault; inarticulateness (-nes), n. indis- attribute (sin or righteousness) aa tinctness of utterance. derived from another. inasmuch (-az-much'), adv. in a like in, prefix meaning in, within, inside, degree; seeing that (with as); be- not, cause. in (in), adv. or prep, within; inside inaugural (-aw'gu-ral), adj. pertain- of; with verbs of motion, into. ing to an inauguration: n. an inau- inadvertence (in-ad-vert'ens), n. gural address. want of attention; oversight; mis- inaugurate ( r gu-rat), v.t. to induct take. Also inadvertency. into office with appropriate cere- inadvertent Cent), adj. inatten- monies; invest with office in a for- tive; heedless; careless; uncon- mal manner; consecrate^ make a scious. formal beginning of; initiate, as a inalienability (-al-yen-a-bil'i-ti), n. new policy; celebrate the first pub- the quality of being inalienable. lie use of by some opening cere- inalienable .(-a-bl), adj. that cannot, mony; dedicate, as a public building. or should not, be alienated, surren- inaugurator (-rat-er), n. one who dered, or transferred to another. inaugurates, or initiates. inalienableness (-nes), n. inaliena- inauguratory (-to-ri), adj. pertain- bility. ing to inauguration. inalienably (-bli), adv. so as to be inauguratrix (-triks), n. a female inalienable. who inaugurates. inamorata (-a-mo-ra/ta), n. a worn- inauspicious (-spish'us), adj. ill— an with whom one is in love; sweet- omened; unlucky; unfavorable; un- heart; mistress [Italian]. fortunate. inamorato ('to), n. a man who is inbeing ('be-ing), n. inherent exist- in love; a lover [Italian]. ence; inherence; inseparableness. _ inane (-an'), adj. empty; void; inboard ('bord), adv. and adj. with- senseless; silly; pointless; frivo- in the ship; not projecting over the lous: n. infinite void; space. bulwarks. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,^ book; hue, hut; think, then. INBOND 482 INCEPTIVE inbond (t)ond), adj. a term applied to a brick or stone laid lengthwise across a wall. inbreed (-bred 7 ), v.t. to breed or de- velop within; breed from animals closely related. Inca (ing'ka), n. the Peruvian em- peror, or a member of the royal race in Peru (which claimed descent from the sun) previous to the Spanish conquest under Pizarro, 1531; the aboriginal Peruvian race, whose lan- guage, called Quichua, is still spoken in the Sierra. incalculable (in-kal'ku-la-bl), adj. beyond calculation. incalculably (-bli), adv. immeasur- ably. incalescence (-kal-es'ens), the state of growing warm. Also incalescency. incalescent (-es'ent), adj. increas- ing in heat. incandesce (-kan-des'), v.t. to cause to glow with heat: v.t. to glow with heat. incandescence ('ens), n. white heat. Also incandescency. incandescent ('ent), adj. glowing; white with heat. incandescent lamp (lamp), n. a lamp in which the light is produced by a thin strip of non-conducting material contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an elec- tric current. incantation (-kan-ta'shun), n. a magical charm said or sung; en- chantment. incantatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. dealing by enchantment; magical. incapacitate (-ka-pas'i-tat) , v.t. to deprive of capacity or natural pow- er; render incapable or unfit; dis- qualify; disable. incapacity (-ti), n. lack of power, physical or mental; legal disqualifi- cation. incarcerate (-kar'ser-at), v.t. to im- prison; confine. incarceration (-ra/shun), n. im- prisonment; confinement; constric- tion, as of a hernia. incarcerator ('ser-a-ter), n. one who incarcerates. incarnate ('nat), v.t. to clothe with flesh; embody in flesh: p. adj. em- bodied in flesh; flesh-colored. incarnation (-na'shun), n. the act of clothing with, or of assuming, flesh; embodiment in human form; a striking exemplification or personi- fication; the assumption of human nature by the Son of God; the pro- cess by which a wound heals by being filled with new flesh. incase. Same as encase. incastellate (in-kas'te-lat), v.t. to confine in a dungeon; to imprison. incautious (-kaw'shus), adj. want- ing in caution; not circumspect; unwary. incavo (-ka'vo), the hollowed part in an intaglio or an engraved work. incendiarism (-sen'di-a-rizm), the act of an incendiary; burning; arson. incendiary ('di-a-ri), adj. pertaining to arson or the malicious burning of property; tending to excite passion or violence; inflammatory; sedi- tious: n. one guilty of arson; one who excites passion or violence; a seditious agitator. incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in- flame with anger; provoke; irritate; (in 'sens), perfume with incense: n. any aromatic material which ex- hales perfume when burned, especial- ly olibanum, the frankincense of the Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks and Romans; any gratifying odor, as^ of flowers; homage; odor of spices and gums burned in religious rites. incentive (sen'tiv), adj. inciting; encouraging: n. incitement; _ en- couragement; motive; spur; stimu- lus. inception (-sep'shun), n. reception; beginning; the formal qualification of a master of arts, previous to tak- ing his degree. inceptive (-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; noting beginning: n. an inceptive word or phrase. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book, hue, -hut; think, then. INCESSANT 483 INCLINED PLANE incessant (ses'ant), adj. unceasing; ceaseless; continuous. incest ('sest), n. sexual commerce between persons related within the prohibited degrees of marriage. incestuous (-ses'tu-us), adj. guilty of, or involving, incest. Inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a small quantity or degree; a critical moment: v.t to drive by small de- grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move slowly. inchoate Cko-at), adj. just begun; incipient; elementary; incomplete. inchoately (-li), adv. rudimentarily. inchoative ('a-tiv), m adj. incipient; rudimentary: n. an inceptive. incidence ('si-dens), n. the direction in which a ray of light or heat falls upon a surface. incident ('si-dent), adj. falling upon, as a ray of light on a reflecting sur- face; apt to occur; appertaining; occurring accidentally; casual; sub- ordinate: n. occurrence; that which happens beside the main design; casualty; episode; event; accident. incidental ('al), adj. _ casual; sub- ordinate: n. something casual or subordinate: pi. minor expenses. incidentally (-li), adv. casually. incinerate (-sin'er-at), v.t. to burn to ashes. incineration (-er-ashun\ n. crema- tion. incinerator ('er-a-ter), n. a furnace or retort for reducing substances to ashes. incipience (-sip'i-ens), n. incipient state; beginning; commencement. Also incipiency. incipient ('i-ent),^ adj. beginning to be or to appear; initial. incise (in-slz'), v.t. to cut, to make a gash. incised (-sizd'), p.adj. cut; caused by cutting; engraved; notched. incision (-sizh'un), n. a cut made with a sharp instrument; notch. incisive (-si'siv), adj. having the quality of cutting into; sharp; trenchant; pertaining to the incisor teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive edge or tooth of the mandible of a beetle. incisively (-li), adv. with incision. incisiveness (-nes), n. the quality of being incisive. incisor ('ser), n. a, cutting tooth; one of the teeth in front of the ca- nines in both jaws. incisorial (-sor'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, an in- cisor tooth. incisory ('so-ri), adj. cutting. incite (-sit'), v.t. to move to action; stir up; spur on; encourage; impel. incitable (in-si'ta-bl), adj. capable of being incited to action. incitement ('ment), n. an inciting cause; incentive; impulse; encour- agement. incivic (in-siv'ik) , adj. deficient in the qualities that make for good citizen- ship. incivility (-si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. inci- vilities (-tiz) ], lack of civility or courtesy; impoliteness. inclemency (-klem'en-si) , n. [pi. in- clemencies (-siz) ], want of clem- ency; severity of temper' stormi- ness; adversity. inclement ('ent), adj. not clement ■, unmerciful; tempestuous. inclination (-cli-na'shun) , n. a lead- ing; deviation from normal direc- tion or position; tendency of the mind; disposition; a slope or de- clivity; slant; propensity. incline (-kiln'), v.i. to deviate from the normal direction or position; lean; bow; have a mental bent or tendency; be disposed: v.t. to cause to lean; direct; i bow (as in rever- ence or civility) ; • give a tendency to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an inclined plane; gradient. inclined (-klind'), p.adj. having a tendency; sloping; disposed; bent into a convex curve. inclined plane (plan) , n. a plane that makes an angle with the" plane of the horizon; one of the mechanical powers. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCLINOMETER 484 INCOMPATIBLE inclinometer (-kli-nom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for determining the mag- netic inclination or dip; a dipping needle; clinometer. inclose (-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- compass; surround; put into an envelope; put into the same envel- ope (with another letter) ; separate from common lands by a fence. inclosure ('zhur), n. the act of in- closing, or state of being inclosed, especially the act of separating land from a^ common by a fence; that which is inclosed; that which in- closes, as a fence; something in- closed with a letter in an envelope, as a bill, check, &c. include (-klood'), v.t. to inclose; hold as in an enclosure; confine within something; comprise or compre- hend, as a genus the species. included Ced), p.adj. inclosed; con- tained; not projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla of a flower. inclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. the act of including; the state of being in- cluded; that which is included. inclusive ('siv), adj. inclosing; in- cluding; comprehending the ex- tremes in the sum, as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in both Monday and Saturday. inclusively (4i), adv. so as to in- clude. incoercible (in-ko-er'si-bl), adj. in- capable of being forced or coerced; applied also to gases supposed to be incapable of liquefaction. incognito (-kog'ni-to), adj. unknown or disguised: adv. in disguise; under an assumed name: n. a great personage who travels under an assumed style; the assumption of a character or title to avoid recog- nition; state of being unrecognized. Fein, incognita. incoherence (-ko-her'ens), n. want of cohesion; looseness; want of con- nection; incongruity; inconsequence. Incoherency. incoherent Cent), without cohesion; incongruous; inconsecutive. incohesion (-he'zhun), n. want of cohesion. incombustible (-kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. that cannot be consumed by fire: n. an incombustible substance. income ('kum), n. the gain which proceeds from labor, business, prop- erty, or capital; annual receipts of a person or corporation. incomer ('kum-er), n. one who comes in; one who succeeds another as a tenant. incoming ('kum-ing), p.adj. coming in; accruing: n. the act of coming in; that which comes in; income incommensurability (-kom-men-su- ra-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or stateof being incommensurable. Also in- commensurableness. incommensurable ('su-ra-bl), adj. having no common measure; having no common divisor except unity: n. one of two (or more) quantities that have no common measure. incommensurate (-rat), adj. not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable; not sufficient in measure; inadequate. incommensurately (-li), adv. not in equal or due measure. incommode (-kom-od), v.t. to give inconvenience or trouble to; dis- turb. incommiscible (in-kom-mis'i-bl), adj. incapable of being mixed. incommodious ('i-us), adj. tending to incommode; troublesome; incon- venient. incommunicable (-mu'ni-M-bl), adj. that cannot be communicated or told. incomparable (-kom'pa-ra-bl), adj. not admitting of comparison* un- equaled; transcendent; peerless. incomparableness (-nes), n. excel- lence beyond comparison. incomparably (-bli), adv. beyond comparison. incompatibility (-pat-i-bil'i-ti) , n. irreconcilableness. Also incompat- ibleness. incompatible ('i-bl), adj. incapable ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; me, hut; think, then.. INCOMPATIBLY 485 INCONTINENT of harmonious subsistence or com- bination; inconsistent; incongruous: n.pl. persons or things irreconcilably disagreeing with each other. incompatibly ' (-bli), adv. in an in- compatible* manner. incompetence (-kom'pe-tens), n. in- ability, physical, intellectual, or moral; insufficiency; inadequacy; lack of qualification or jurisdiction. Also incompetency. incompetent ('pe-tent), adj. want- ing * ability; inadequate; wanting qualification or fitness; incapaci- tated; inadmissible. incomplete (-plef), adj. not fully finished or developed; not having all its parts; imperfect; defective. incompletely ('li), adv. imperfectly. incompleteness ('nes), n. imperfec- tion. incomprehensible (-pre-hen'si-bl) , adj. illimitable; not to be under- stood or grasped by the mind; in- conceivable. incompressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. in- capable of being reduced in volume by pressure; resisting pressure. inconceivability ^ (-kon-sev-a-bil'i- ti), n. the quality of being incon- ceivable. inconceivable ('a-bl), adj. incapable of being conceived or imagined; in- credible. inconceivably Cbli), adv. beyond the power of conception. inconclusive (-kloo'siv), adj. lead- ing to no conclusion in evidence or argument; ? unconvincing; reaching no definite result in action; ineffec- tive; inefficient. inconclusively (-li), adv. in an in- conclusive manner. incondensible (-den'si-bl), adj. in- capable of being made more dense or compact, or of being reduced to liquid form. incongruity (-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. in- congruities (-tiz)], want of mutual fitness; unsuitableness of one thing to another. incongruous (-kong'groo-us), adj. reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to one another; inharmonious; inap- propriate. inconnu (-kon-nu r ), adj. unknown: n. an unknown person. Feminine inconnue [French]. inconsequence ('se-kwens), n. the quality of being inconsequent; want of logical sequence; inconclusiveness. inconsequent (-kwent), adj. not fol- lowing 'from the premises; illogical; out of proper relation; irrelevant. inconsiderable (-sid'er-a-bl), adj. not deserving consideration; unim- portant. inconsiderably (-bli), adv. very little. inconsiderate (-sid'er-at), adj. with- out consideration; thoughtless. inconsiderately (-li), adv. thought- lessly. inconsistency (-sis 'ten-si), n. [pi. inconsistencies _ (-siz)], the quality of being inconsistent; incongruity. inconsistent ('tent), adj. lacking coherence or agreement; discrepant; lacking uniformity; self-contradict- ing; incongruous. inconsolable (-sol'a-bl), adj. not to be consoled or comforted. inconsolably (-bli), adv. in an in- consolable manner or degree. inconspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. not easily perceived; so small as to es- cape notice; hardly discernible. inconstancy ('stan-si), n. change- ableness. inconstant ('stant), adj. subject to change; unstable; variable; fickle; capricious. incontestable (-test 'a-bl), adj. not admitting of question or dispute; incontrovertible. incontestably (-bli), adv. indispu- tably. incontinence ('ti-nens), n. lack of restraint, especially undue indul- gence of the sexual passions; licen- tiousness; involuntary discharge. Also incontinency. incontinent ('ti-nent), adj. unre- strained; unchaste: n. an unchaste person. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INCONTROVERTIBILITY 486 INCRIMINATE incontrovertibility (-tro-ver-ti-bil'- i-ti), n. the state or quality of being incontrovertible. incontrovertible ('ti-bl), adj. not admitting of controversy; indis- putable. incontrovertibly (-bli), adv. indisput- ably. inconvenience (-ven'iens), n. want of convenience; unfitness; trouble- someness; that which incommodes; disadvantage. Also inconveniency : v.t. to put to inconvenience; incom- mode; annoy; molest. inconvenient ('lent), adj. disadvant- ageous; inopportune; unfit; inex- pedient. inconvertibility (-ver-ti-biri-ti), n. the quality of being inconvertible. inconvertible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- ble of being converted into, or ex- changed for, something else. incorporate (-kor'po-rat) , v.t. to combine into one body; give a body to ; embody; unite; associate; unite intimately; assimilate; blend; form into a corporation recognized by law: v.i. to unite with another body so as to form a part of it ; be mixed or blended with: p. adj. incorpo- rated; united in one body. incorporation (-po-ra'shun), n. com- bination; assimilation; mixture; formation of a body corporate; a corporation. incorporator (-ra-ter), n. one who incorporates; an original member of an incorporated society. incorporeal (-po're-al), adj. not cor- poreal; immaterial; intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law. incorporeally (-li), adv. immaterially. incorrect (-kor-ekt'), adj. not accord- ing to model or rule; faulty; not according to fact; inaccurate; not in accordance with morality or good manners; improper. incorrigible ('ri-ji-bl), adj. bad be- yond correction or amendment; ir- reclaimable. incorrigibleness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being incorrigible. Also in- corrigibility. incorrigibly (-bli), adv. irreclaimably. incorrodible (-rod'i-bl), adj. incap- able of being corroded. incorrupt (-kor-upf), adj. free from physical or moral taint; unim- paired; apnght; especially above the influence of corruption or bribery; honest. incorruptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti) , n. in- capability of corruption. incorruptible ('ti-bl), adj. incapa- ble of physical corruption, decay or dissolution; not liable to moral per- version or contamination; especially incapable of being bribed. incorruptibly (-bli), adv. in an in- corruptible manner. incorruption (-rup'shun), n. ex- emption from corruption. increase (-kres'), v.i. to become greater in any respect; augment; multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: v.t. to make greater in any respect; enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. (in'kres), a growing larger; that which is added to the original stock ; increment; produce; profit; issue; offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. incredibility (-kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being incredible. Also in- credibleness. incredible ('i-bl), adj. belief; hard to believe; surpassing unimagin- able; inconceivable. incredibly (-bli), adv. in an incred- ible manner. incredulity (kre-du'li-ti), n. the quality of being incredulous; scep- ticism; disbelief. incredulous (-kred'u-lus), adj. hard of belief; sceptical; unbelieving. increment ('kre-ment), n. increase; augmentation; produce. increscent m (-kres'ent), p. adj. in- creasing; in heraldry, denoting the new moon, with the horns toward the dexter side. incriminate (-krim'i-nat), v.t. to charge with a crime; criminate; ac- cuse. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book hue hut think then. INCRUST 487 INDEFEASIBLY incrust (in-krust'), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form a decorative covering. Also encrust. incrustate ('at), adj. covered with earthy matter; _ growing firmly to the pericarp: said of seeds. incrustation (-krus-ta'shun), n. & crust; covering; an incrusted or in- laid object or substance; a covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c, attached to the masonry. incubate ('ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon (eggs) to hatch them;_ hatch out: v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go through the stage of incubation. incubator ('ku-ba-ter), n. one who, or that, which, incubates; especially an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- ficially. incubus ('ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses (-ez) incubi (-bi)], the nightmare; in the superstition of the middle ages, a demon believed to cause nightmare, and the birth of de- formed children; a heavy weight or burden. inculcate (-kul'kat), v.t. to impress upon the mind by frequent admoni- tions. inculcator ('ka-ter), n. one who in- culcates. incumbency (-kum'ben-si), n. [pi. incumbencies (-siz)j, the act or state of being incumbent; full pos- session and exercise of any office; state of holding a benefice. incumbent ('bent), adj. lying upon; imposed as a duty: n. the holder of an office; a clergyman in posses- sion of a benefice. incur (-ker'), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- curred, p.pr. incurring], to become liable to, by one's own action; con- tract, as a debt. incurability (kur-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being incurable. incurable (-kur'a-bl), adj. incapable of being cured; beyond the powerof skill or medicine; irremediable; in- corrigible: n. a person diseased be- yond cure. incurably (-bli), adv. without remedy, incursion (in-ker'shun), n. an in- road; raid; invasion. incurvate (Vat), p.adj. bent inward; curved. indebted _ (-det'ed), p.adj. being in debt; lying under an obligation. indecency (-de'sen-si), n. [pi. in- decencies (-siz)], want of decency, modesty^ or good manners; that which is indecent, grossly vulgar, or obscene; in law, the public exhibi- tion of something indecent. indecent _ ('sent), adj. violating pro- priety in language; behavior, &c; immodest; indelicate; obscene. indecision (-de-sizh'un), n. want of decision; a wavering of the mind; irresolution. indecisive (-si'siv), adj. not bring- ing to a decision or final issue; in- conclusive. indecisively (-li), adv. in an inde- cisive manner. indeclinable (-klfna-bl), adj. that cannot m be declined, or varied by declension: n. a word that cannot be declined. indeclinably (-bli), adv. without de- clension. indecorous (-de-ko'rus), adj. vio- lating decorum, or any accepted rule of conduct. indecorum (-ko'rum), n. violation of decorum or propriety; breach of etiquette or civility. indeed (-ded'), adv. in fact; in truth. indefatigability (-de-fat-i-ga-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indefati- gable. indefatigable ('i-ga-bl), adj. not to be wearied out; not yielding to fatigue; unremitting in labor or ef- fort. indefatigably (-bli), adv. without yielding to fatigue; persistently. indefeasibility (-de-fe-zi-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indefeasible. indefeasible ('zi-bl), adj. not to be defeated or made void, as a title. indefeasibly _ (-bli), adv. so as not to be set aside or made void. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 32 INDEFECTIBLE 488 INDEX-FINGER indefectible (-fek'ti-bl). ad], subject to no defect, failure, or decay, indefensible (-fen'si-bl)^ adj. that cannot be defended, maintained, or justified. indefensibly (-bli), adv. so as to ad- mit of no defense. indefinable (-fl'na-bl), adj. that can- not be denned. indefinably (-bli), adv. in an inde- finable manner. indefinite (-def ; i-nit) , adj. not de- fined; not precise; vague: having no particular limit ; large beyond the comprehension of man, though not absolutely infinite; too numerous or variable to be easily counted; inde- terminate in logical quantity. indefinitely (-li), adv. to an indef- inite degree; without determinate limitation. indelibility (-del-i-biri-ti), n. the quality of being indelible. indelible ('i-bl), adj. not to be blot- ted out, effaced, or obliterated. indelibly (-bli), adv. so as to be in- delible. indelicacy (-del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. in- delicacies (-siz) ], want of delicacy; that which is offensive to modesty or refined taste. indelicate ('i-kat), adj. offensive to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- decent. indelicately (-li), adv. in an indeli- cate manner. indemnification (-dem-ni-fi-ka'- shun), n. the act of securing against loss; reimbursement of loss. indemnify ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnifying], to secure or insure against loss or dam- age; reimburse. indemnity ('ni-ti), n. [pi. indemni- ties (-tiz) ], security against loss, damage, or punishment; compensa- tion for loss. indent (-dent'), v.t. to make a dent or depression in; dent; cut into points like teeth; notch; bind out by indenture, as an apprentice: n. a notch in the margin; a covenant. indentation (-den-ta'shun), n. & small hollow or depression, as from a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or recess in a margin. indented ('ted), p.adj. notched in the margin like a row of teeth; zig- zag; in heraldry, notched or ser- rated. indenture ('tur), n. a covenant or deed, formerly in duplicate, with the edges notched so as to correspond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as an ap- prentice. independence (-de-pend'ans), n. free- ' dom from support or governance by others; a competency; self-reliance. Independence Day (da), July 4, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, observed as a na- tional holiday. independency ('en-si), n. independ- ence; the principles of the Inde- pendents. independent Cent), adj. not de- pendent, supported by, or governed by, another; having a competency; not subject to bias or influence; free; irrespective: n. one who sup- ports measures or men independent- ly of any organized party. indestructibility (-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being destroyed. indestructible ('ti-bl), adj. not to be destroyed. indestructibly (-bli), adv. so as to be indestructible. indeterminate (-ter'min-at), adj. not determinate, settled, or fixed; indefinite; not precise; having an indefinite number of values or solu- tions. indeterminately (-li), adv. indefi- nitely. index ('deks), n. [pi. indexes (-ez), indices ('di-sez) ], that which points out or indicates; an alphabetical table of the contents of a book; the figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the ex- ponent: v.t. provide with an index. index-finger (-fing'ger), n. the fore- finger. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then* INDIAMAN 489 INDIGNITY Indiaman ('di-a-man), n. \pl. In- diamen (-men)], a - large vessel formerly employed in the India trade. Indian ('di-an), adj. pertaining to the Indies, to the West Indies or to the American Indians; made of maize or Indian corn: n. an East Indian, West Indian or Anglo-In- dian; one of the aborigines of Amer- ica, or a Red Indian. Indian corn (k6rn), n. a native American plant, known as maize. Indian-file (-fil), n. single file. Indian red (red), n. a silicate of iron, imported from the Persian Gulf. india-rubber ('di-a-rub'er) , n. caout- chouc. Indian summer (sum'er), n. sum- mer-like weather, with calm and ab- sence of rain, occurring in autumn. Indian yellow (yel'o), n. a bright yellow pigment. indican (in'di-kan), n. a substance obtained from the various indigo- producing plants, decomposing, by the . action^ of acids, into sugar, in- digo-blue, indigo-red, and mchgluein. indicant ('di-kant), adj. indicating: n. that which points out a remedy for a disease. indicate ('di-kat), v.t. to point out; show; suggest; hint; point out, as a remedy. indication (-ka/shun), n. the act of indicating; that which indicates; information; token; evidence; sign; symptom. indicative (-dik'a-tiv), adj. pointing out; bringing to notice; noting that mood of the verb which indicates, predicates, or affirms : n. the indica- tive mood. indicatively (-li), adv. so as to in- dicate. indicator > ('di-ka-ter), n. one who, or that which, indicates; the part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, especially an apparatus for ascertaining and recording the variations of pressure or vacujmn in the cylinder of a steam engine. indicatory (-ka-to-ri), adj. serving to indicate. indict (-dit'), v.t. to charge with a crime, by the presentment of a grand jury. indictable ('a-bl), adj. liable to be indicted; punishable. indicter ('er), n. one who indicts. Also indictor. indictment ('ment), n. a written accusation against a prisoner pre- sented by a grand jury to a court. indifference (-dif'er-ens), n. the state of being indifferent; impartial- ity; absence of preference or in- terest; unconcernedness; unimpor- tance ; condition of being indifferent in character or quality; mediocrity. indifferent ('er-ent), adj. uncon- cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- gardless. indigence ('di-jens), n. the state of being indigent ; poverty; want. Al- so indigency. indigene ('di-jen), n. a native; abo- rigine. indigenous _(-dij'-e-nus), adj. born or produced in a country; not exotic; not imported; innate; inherent; native. indigent ('di-jent), adj. destitute; needy. indigested (-jest'ed), adj. undigested, as food ; crude • not softened by heat. indigestibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indigestible. indigestible (-jest'i-bl), adj. not di- gestible, physically or mentally. indigestibly (-bli), adv. so as not to be digested. indigestion (-jes'chun), n. difficulty in digesting food; dyspepsia. indignant < (-dig'nant), adj. affected with indignation; inflamed with mingled anger and disdain. indignation (-na/shun), n. anger at what is unworthy, unjust, dishonor- able, or base;^ anger mingled with contempt or disgust. indignity ^ (-dig'ni-ti), n.^ [pi. indig- nities (-tiz) ], an action intended to lower the dignity of another; insult. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not f boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDIGO 490 INDO-EUROPEAN indigo ('di-go). n. a blue dye-stuff obtained from the indigo plant by de composition of the glucoside indican. indirect (ndi-rekt 7 ), adj.- not straight or rectilinear; not directly result- ing from a cause; not reaching the end aimed at by the most direct method; not straightforward or fair. indiscreet _ (-dis-kret), adj. wanting in discretion; imprudent. indiscretion (-dis-kresh'un), n. want of discretion; imprudence; an im- prudent act. indiscriminate (-krim'i-nat), adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. indiscriminately (-li), adv. without distinction. indiscriminative (-krim'in-a-ti v), adj. making no distinction. indispensability (-pens-a-bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being dispensed with. indispensable ('a-bl), adj. that can- not be dispensed with; absolutely necessary. indispensably (-bli) , adv. unavoidably. indispose (-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- cline; unfit. indisposed (-pozd'), adj. slightly ill in health; disinclined. indisposition (-po-zish'un), n. slight illness ; disinclination. indisputability (-pu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being indisputable. indisputable ('ta-bl), adj. too evi- dent to admit of dispute; unques- tionable. indisputably (-bli), adv. unques- tionably. indissolubility (-o-lu-bil'i-ti), n. in- capability of being dissolved or lique- fied; perpetuity of obligation. indissoluble ('o-lu-bl), adj. not dis- soluble or dissolvable. indistinct (-dis-tingkt') , adj. not distinct to the senses or the mind; undefined; indefinite; confused. indistinguishable (-ting'gwish-a-bl) , adj. incapable of being distinguished, discriminated, or perceived. indistinguishably (-bli), adv. so as not to- be distinguished. indite (-dlf), v.t. to compose; write. indium ('di-um), n. a rare metallic element found in zinc-blende. individual (-di-vij'u-al), adj. exist- ing as 'a single indivisible entity; pertaining to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing: n. a single person, animal, or thing. individualize ('u-al-iz), v.t. to in- vest with individuality; distinguish. individualism (-izm), n. the qual- ity of being individual^ a social system in which each individual works for himself alone; the theory of government winch discounten- ances the interference -of the state in the affairs of the individual. individualist (-ist), n. one who holds the theory of individualism: adj. individualistic. individualistic _ (-is'tik), adj. per- taining to individualism or to indi- vidualists. individuality (-al'i-ti), n. the con- dition of being individual; separate or distinct existence; distinctive character. individually (-li), adv. separately; personally. individuate ('u-at), v.t. to mark as distinct. indivisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. the property of being indivisible. indivisible ('i-bl), not separable into parts: n. that which is indivisible; an element, infinitely small, assumed to admit of no further division. indivisibly (-bli), adv. so as to be incapable of division. Indo, a prefix meaning connected with India, as Indo-Chinese, pertain- ing to Indo-China. indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- able; intractable. indocility (-do-sil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being indocile. indoctrinate (-dok'tri-nat) , v.t. to imbue with learning, principles, cr doctrines. Indo-European (-do-ii-ro-pe'an) , adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan languages extending from India o\er Europe. £te, arm, ask, at- awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INDOLENCE 1 491 INDUSTRIALLY indolence ('do-lens), n. love of ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- ness; supineness. indolent (-lent), adj. indulging in ease; avoiding labor; lazy. indomitable (-dom'i-ta-bl), adj. un- tamable; irrepressible; invincible. indoor (in'dor), adj. _ taking place within doors; pertaining to that in a house or building. indorse (-d6rs')» v.t. to write on the back of, as a check, &c; sanction; approve. Also endorse. indorsee (-e'), # n. a person to whom a check, &c, is indorsed or assigned. indorsement ('ment), n. the act of writing on the back of a check, &c. ; that which is so written; approval; sanction. indorser ('er), n. one who indorses. Also indorsor. indubitable (-du'bi-ta-bl), adj. too evident to be doubted; unquestion- able. indubitably (-bli), adv. beyond doubt. induce (dus'), v.t. to lead on; in- fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- fect; cause; to infer by induction; produce by magnetic or electric in- duction. induced (-dust'), p. adj. caused by induction. inducement (-dus'ment), n. that which induces; motive; in pleading, an introductory statement. inducible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being induced, caused, or inferred. induct (-dukf), v.t. to introduce; install into an office; put into pos- session of a benefice. inductance ('tans), n. the capacity for induction possessed by an active electric circuit on itself, or on neighboring circuits. induction (-duk'shun), n. the act of inducting; the introduction of a person into an office; the introduc- tion of a clergyman into a benefice ; the process of discovering and prov- ing general propositions from par* ticular cases; conclusion drawn from, a process of induction; elec- trical or magnetic influence without direct contact. inductional ('shun-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or produced by, induction; inductive. inductive ('tiv), adj. proceeding by induction; producing induction; operated by induction; susceptible of being acted on by induction. inductive philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. the name given by Bacon to ex- perimental science, or science found- ed on induction. inductive science (si'ens), n. any branch of science^ which admits of and employs, the inductive method. inductivity (-tiv'i-ti), n. specific in- ductive capacity. inductometer (-tomVter), n. an in- strument for measuring the degree or rate of electric induction. inductor ('ter), n. one who inducts; that part of an electric apparatus which acts inductively. indue (-du'), v.t. to clothe or invest; furnish; supply; endow. indulge ^ (-duljO, v.t. to be kind or complaisant to; humor; give free course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. indulgence ('ens), n. forbearance from restraint or control; permis- sion; license; gratification; excess; forbearance of present payment; toleration. indulgent Cent), adj. disposed to indulge; compliant; showing favor; kind. indulgently (-li), adv. with indul- gence. induline ('du-lin), n. a coal-tar dye- stuff of a dark blue color. Also in- dulin. indurate ('dti-rat), v.i. to grow hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- feeling or obdurate. industrial (-dus'tri-al), adj. pertain- ing to productive industry. industrialism ('tri-al-izm), n. a state of society marked by the pre^ dominance of industrial pursuits. industrially (-li), adv. with refer* ence to industry or industrialism. §*te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mTJe, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue. hut 1 think, then. INDUSTRIOUS 492 INEXORABILITY industrious ('tri-us), adj. character- ized by diligence or industry; hard- working. industry ('dus-tri), n. [pi. industries (-triz) ], steady application to busi- ness or labor; productive labor; an industrial art; a particular branch of work or trade. inebriate (-e'bri-at), v.t. to make drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- tally or emotionally: n. an habitual drunkard. inebriation (-a'shun) , n. intoxication. inebriety (-bri'e-ti), n. intoxication, especially habitual drunkenness. ineffable (-ef'a-bl), adj. unspeaka- ble; inexpressible; too sacred for utterance.^* ineffableness (-nes), n. unspeakable- ness. ineffably (-bli), adv. unspeakably. ineffaceable (in-ef-f as'a-bl) , adv. that which cannotbeerasedorobliterated. ineffective (-ef-ekt'iv) , adj. not pro- ducingthe desired effect; ineffectual. ineffectively (-li), adv. without ef- fect. ineffectual (-u-al), adj. not produc- ing the desired effect; unavailing. ineffectually (-li), adv. in vain. inefficacy (-ef'i-ka-si), n. lack of efficacy. inefficiency (-ish'en-si) , n. incompe- tency. inefficient Cent), adj. not producing, or not capable of producing, the desired effect; incapable. inelegance (-el'e-gans) , n. [pi. inele- gances (-gan-sez) ], want of any quality required by good taste; something inelegant. inelegant ('e-gant), adj. offensive to good taste. inelastic (in-e-las'tik) , adj. wanting in elasticity." ineligibility (-el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being ineligible. ineligible ('i-ji-bl), adj. unworthy of choice; unsuitable; legally disqual- ified for choice or election. ineligibly (-bli), adv. in an ineligi- ble manner. ineptly (-ept'li), adv. unsuitably, foolishly. inequality (-e-kwal'i-ti) , n. {pi. ine- qualities (-tiz) ], difference, especial- ly of rank or station; unevenness; changeableness; inadequacy; devia- tion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. inequitable (-ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. not according to equity; unjust. inequitably (-bli), adv. unjustly; unfairly. inequity ('wi-ti), n. lack of equity; injustice. inert (-ert), adj. having no power of motion or action; lifeless; slug- gish. inertia (-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- ity; inertness; sluggishness; that property of matter by virtue of which it tends to remain at rest, if resting, or to move uniformly in a straight line, if moving (vis iner- tioe) . inestimable (-es'ti-ma-bl), adj. not to be estimated; beyond measure or price; incalculable; invaluable. inestimably (-bli), adv. above esti- mation. inevitability (-ev-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. im- possibility of being avoided. Also inevitableness. inevitable (-ev'i-ta-bl) , adj. not to> be evaded; unavoidable. inevitably (-bli), adv. unavoidably. inexact (-egz-akf), adj. not precise, correct, accurate, or punctual. inexactness (-nes), n. want of pre- cision. inexcusable (-eks-ku'za-bl) , adj. in- capable of being excused; unpardon- able. inexcusably (-bli), adv. without ex- cuse. inexhaustible (-egs-awst'-i-bl) , adj. not to be exhausted or spent; un- failing; unwearied. inexhaustibly (-bli), adv. in an in- exhaustible manner or degree. inexorability (-eks-6-ra-bil'i-ti) , n. incapability of being moved by prayers. Also inexorableness. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INEXORABLE 493 INFATUATE inexorable C'o-ra-bl), adj. not to be infallible (-fal'i-bl), adj. incapable moved by prayers; unyielding; un- of erring; unerring; certain; un- relenting, failing. inexorably (-bli), adv. inflexibly. infallibly (-bli), adv. without error inexpediency (-pe'di-en-si), n. un- or failure, suitableness; inadvisability. Also infamous ('fa-mus), adj. having a inexpedience. notoriously bad reputation; odious; inexpedient ('di-ent), adj. unsuita- scandalous, ble to circumstances; inadvisable. infamously (-li), adv. shamefully; inexpensive (-pen'siy), adj. cheap. wickedly. inexperience (-pe'ri-ens), n. want infamy ('fa-mi), n. infamous charac- of experience, or of the knowledge ter; public disgrace; ignominy, that comes by experience. infancy ('fan-si), n. the state of being inexperienced (-enst), adj. lacking an infant; early childhood; the first experience; unpracticed; unskilled; age of anything; in law, the period unversed. of life from birth to the age of inexpert (-pert'), adj. unskilled; twenty-one. lacking the knowledge or dexterity infant ('fant), n. a young child; pop- derived from practice. ularly a child under two years; in inexpiable ('pi-a-bl), adj. that can- law, a person who has not attained not be expiated, atoned for, or sat- his legal majority, or the age of isfied. twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in- inexplicable ('pli-ka-bl), adj. not to fancy or to the legal period of infancy; be explained, made plain, or intelli- infantile; incipient, gible; not to be interpreted or ac- Infanta (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prin- counted for. cess of Spain, formerly also of inexplicably (-bli), adv. so as not Portugal, to be explained. _ Infante (in-fan'ta), n. a royal prince inexplosive (-plo'siv), adj. not liable of Spain, formerly also of Portugal; to explode. male heir of the Spanish sovereign. inexpressible (-pres'i-bl), adj. inca- infanticidal ('ti-si-dal), adj. pertain- pable of being expressed, uttered, or ing to infanticide, described. infanticide ('ti-sid), n. the murder inexpressibly (-bli), adv. unspeakably. of an infant born alive; one who inexpressive (-pres'iv), adj. lacking kills an infant. expression or distinct significance, infantile ('fan-til), adj. pertaining inextensibility (-ten-si-bil'i-ti), n. to infants or infancy; child-like; the quality of being inextensible. childish. inextensible ('si-bl), adj. that can- infantile-spinal-paralysis (in'fan- not be extended or stretched. til-spi'nal-pa-ral'i-sis), n. common inextinguishable (-ting'gwish-a-bl), name of poliomyelitis, a disease of, adj. unquenchable. as yet, unknown origin, affecting inextinguishably (-bli), adv. so as adults as well as children, and not to be extinguished. sometimes epidemic in various parts inextricable ('tri-ka-bl), adj. not ex- of the U. S. tricable; not permitting extrication; infantry ('fan-tri), n. foot soldiers, not to be freed from intricacy or except engineers and men of the perplexity. ' _ ' army service corps. inextricably (-bli), adv. beyond dis- infare ('far), n. a housewarming. entanglement. _ _ infatuate (-fat'u-at), v.t. to make infallibility (-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- extravagantly foolish; to inspire ity of being infallible. with fatuous passion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; .hue, hut; think, then. INFATUATION 494 INFINITIVE infatuation (-u-a'shun), n. extrava- gant folly; fatuous passion. infect (-fekf), v.t. to communicate some (especially bad) quality to; taint, especially with disease, physi- cal or moral. infection (-fek'shun), n. the act of infecting; that which infects; con- taminating; taint; communication of disease from the sick to the healthy; an infectious disease. infectious ('shus), adj. communica- ble by infection; sympathetic; com- municating infection; demoralizing. infecundity (-fe-kun'di-ti), n. bar- renness. infelicitous (-fe-lis'i-tus), adj. un- fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; ill-timed. infelicity (-lis'i-ti), n. [pi. infelici- ties (-tiz) ], misfortune; unhappi- ness; inappropriateness; an infelici- tous act or expression. infelt ('felt), adj. felt within; heart- felt. infer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inferred, p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- tion or deduction; accept as a fact or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- clude. inferable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing inferred. inference ('fer-ens), n. the act of in- ferring; the conclusion; deduction; induction. inferential (-en'shal), adj. having the nature of an inference; deduced by inference. inferentially (-li), adv. by way of inference. inferior ('ri-er), adj. lower in place, rank, or quality; secondary; subor- dinate; between the earth and the sun; below the horizon; growing be- low another organ: n. one who ranks below another; a subordinate. inferiority (-ri-or'i-ti), n. lower state or quality. infernal (-fer'nal), adj. pertaining to the Tartarus of the ancients, the lower regions, or regions of the dead; pertaining to or resembling" hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish; outrageous. infernally (-li), adv. in an infernal manner. infernal machine (ma-shen'), n. an apparatus maliciously designed to explode to the destruction of life or property. inferno ('no), n. [pi. inferni ('ne) ], a place or position of torment. infest (-fesf), v.t. to attack; haunt; overrun. infidel ('fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- ligion; rejecting a religion which claims to be divinely revealed, espe- cially the Christian religion; mani- festing unbelief: n. one who rejects Christianity as a divine revelation; formerly, a Mohammedan, Jew, or heathen. infidelity (-del'i-ti), n. [pi. infideli- ties (-tiz) ], disbelief in all religion, especially disbelief in Christianity; breach of trust; violation of the marriage contract by adultery. infield ('feld), n. in baseball, the space within the base line, 30 yds. X 30 yds. infiltration (-fil-tra/shun), n. the act of infiltrating; that which infil- trates; morbid condition of an organ due to accumulation of substances introduced from without. infinite ('fi-nit), adj. indefinitely ex- tensive; immeasurable: n. the Infi- nite Being; the Absolute; the Un- conditioned; a quantity greater or less than any assignable quantity of the same kind; an indeterminate. infinitely (-li), adv. beyond any con- ceivable degree; vastly % infiniteness (-nes), n. infinity; im- mensity. infinitesimal (-fin-i-tes'i-mal), adj. infinitely small: n. a quantity less than any assignable quantity ._ infinitesimally (-li), adv. by infini- tesimals; in infinitely small quanti- ties; in an infinitesimal degree. infinitive (-fin'i-tiv), adj. the term applied to that verb-form which simply expresses the general sense of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INFINITUDE 495 INFLORESCENCE the verb without limitation to person or number: n. the infinitive mood; a verb in the infinitive mood. infinitude ('i-tud), n. the state of be- ing infinite; unlimited extent ; infinity. infinity ('i-ti), n. [pi. infinities (-tiz) ] the state of being infinite; un- limited extent of time, space, or quantity; absolute perfection; an infinite quantity. infirm (-ferm'), adj. feeble in body or health; weak-minded ; vacillat- ing; insecure; debilitated; irresolute; precarious. infirmary ('ma-ri), n. [pi. infirma- ries (-riz) ], a hospital for the sick and injured. Infirmity ('mi-ti), n. [pl.^ infirmities (-tiz) ], the state of being infirm; debility; imbecility; weakness of body or of mind; malady; failing; foible. infix (-fiks'), v.t. to fix or fasten in; implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- thing infixed; an element equivalent to a prefix or suffix inserted in the body of a word. inflame (-flam'), v.t. to set on fire; fire with passion; excite; provoke; irritate; put into a state of inflam- mation: v.i. to become inflamed. inflamed (-flamd'), p. adj. heated; ex- asperated; in heraldry, represented as burning, or decorated with tongues of flame. inflammability (-flam-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being inflam- mable. inflammable ('a-bl), adj. easily set on flame; combustible; easily ex- cited; excitable. inflammably (-bli), adv. in an in- flammable manner. inflammation (-a/shun), n. a mor- bid process, characterized, when external, by pain, redness, heat, and swelling. inflammatory ('a-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to excite passion, tumult, or se- dition; tending to produce, accom- panied by, or indicative of, inflam- mation. inflatable (-flat'a-bl), adj. capable of being inflated. inflate (-flat'), v.t. to swell, or distend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; expand or raise artificially, as prices. inflationist (-fla/shun-ist), n. one in favor of an increased issue of paper money. inflator ('ter), n. a mechanical appli- ance for producing inflation. inflatus (-fla/tus), n. inspiration; afflatus. inflect (flekt'), v.t. bend; turn from a direct line; modulate; vary the terminations of; decline ; conjugate : v.i. to undergo grammatical change of termination. inflected ('ed), p.adl. bent or turned from a direct fine or course; having inflections; bent or turned inward or downward. inflection (-flek'shun), n. a bend or bending; modulation of the voice; variation of nouns, verbs, <&c, by declension and conjugation; diffrac- tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. Inflectional (;-al), adj. exhibiting grammatical inflections. Also in- flexional inflective (-flek'tiv), adj. capable of bending. inflex (fleks'), v.t. to inflect; curve inward. inflexibility (-fleks-i-bil'i-ti) , n. in- capability of being bent; stiffness; obstinacy. _ inflexible ('i-bl), adj. not to be bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by prayers; inexorable; not to be varied or changed; unalterable; stubborn. inflexibleness (-nes) n. the quality of being inflexible. inflexibly (-bli), adv. rigidly; inex- orably. inflict (-flikf), v.t. to cause by, or as if by, striking; cause to be suffered; impose as a punishment. inflorescence (-fid-res 'ens), n. the mode or principle of floral arrange- ment exhibited by any species of plant; a group of flowers arising upon a common main axis. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut- think, then. INFLUENCE 496 INGRATITUDE influence ('flu-ens), n. energy or po- tency tending to produce effects in- sensibly and invisibly; power arising from character or station; electrical induction: v.t. to exercise influence on, physically or morally. influential (-flu-en'shal), adj. having or exerting influence. influentially (4i), adv. so as to in- fluence. influenza (-flu-en'za), n. an epidemic catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, and nervous prostration. influx ('fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; continuous importation; the point at which a stream flows into another or into the sea. inform # (-form'), v.t. to animate; mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give information. informal ('al), adj. not according to form, custom, or rule; irregular; un- ceremonious; deficient in legal form. informality ('i-ti), n. [pi. informali- ties (-tiz) ], want of regular, custo- mary, or legal form. m informally (-li), adv. in an informal manner. informant ('ant), n. one who gives information. information (-for-ma'shun), n. com- municated # knowledge or intelli- gence; a suit instituted on behalf of the government; a declaration made before a magistrate to induce him to issue a summons or warrant. informer (-form'er), n. one who in- forms a magistrate of a violation of the law, or sues for a penalty under some statute. infra, a prefix, meaning below, further on, as -m/ra-axillary, situated below the axil. infraction (-frak'shun), n. a viola- tion, or breach, especially of law; infringement. infrangible (-fran'ji-bl), adj. that cannot be broken, separated, or violated; inviolable. infrequence (-fre'kwens), n. the state of being infrequent; rareness. Also infrequency. infrequent Ckwent), adj. seldom occurring. infringe (-frinj'), v.t. to violate or break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: followed by on or upon. infringement ('ment), n. violation or breach, as of a law, patent, trade- mark, &c. infuriate (-fu'ri-at), v.t. to enrage; madden. infuse (-fuz'), v.t. to introduce, as by pouring ; instil ; make an infusion of. infusibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. capability of infusion. infusible (-fuz'i-bl), adj. capable of being infused. infusion (-fu'zhun), n. a pouring in, or something poured in or mingled; instillation, as of good principles; a liquid extract obtained by steeping a vegetable substance in hot or cold water without boiling. infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n.pl. term applied to certain classes of protozoa. ingate ('gat), n. the aperture in a mold through which the melted met- al enters. ingenious (je'nius), adj. having in- genuity or inventive skill; clever. ingenue (ang-zha-noo'), n. an artless girl or young woman; an actress who acts such a character in a play. ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- ness in contriving or inventing; skill. ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), adj. frank; open; sincere; artless; candid. inglorious (-glo'ri-us), adj. without glory; disgraceful; shameful. ingot ('got), n. a cast mass of metal. ingrain (-gran'), v.t. to dye with grain or kermes^ dye with any deep, lasting color; impregnate deeply: adj. (in'gran), dyed prior to being manufactured: n. (in'gran), a car- pet made of cotton warps and wool filling . ingratiate (-gra'shi-at), v.t. to in- sinuate (one's self) into the favor of another; secure favorable reception for (with into). ingratitude (-grat'i-tud), n. absence of gratitude; insensibility to kindness. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boom book; hue, hut; think, then. INGREDIENT 497 INJURE ingredient (-gre'di-ent), n. sl compo- nent part of a compound body; part. ingress ('gres), n. entrance. ingulf. Same as engulf. inhabit (-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; occupy as a place of residence: v.i. to reside; remain. inhabitable ('it-a-bl), adj. fit for habitation. inhabitance ('it-ans), n. occupancy; residence. Also inhabitancy. inhabitant ('it-ant), n. one who, or that which, inhabits; a permanent resident. inhabitation (-i-ta/shun), n. the act of inhabiting; continued residence. inhalant (-ha/lant), n. an apparatus for inhaling; that which is inhaled. inhalation (-la/shun), n. the act of inhaling; inspiration. inhale (-hal'), v.t. to draw into the lungs. inharmonious (-har-mo'ni-us), adj. unmusical; discordant. inhere (-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist in something else; be an essential part of. inherence ('ens), n. the state of be- ing inherent. Also inherency. inherent ('ent), adj. existing insep- arably in something else; innate. inherit (-her'it), v.t. to possess from an ancestor by right of succession; receive by nature from one's ances- tors ; become divinely endowed with : v.i. to come into possession of prop- erty as the heir. inheritance (-ans), n. the act of in- heriting; that which is inherited; a possession. inhibit (-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) from exercising his spiritual func- tions. inhospitable (-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not hospitable; affording no shelter; barren; cheerless. inhuman (-hu'man), adj. cruel: un- feeling. inhumanity (-man'i-ti), n. [pi. in- humanities (-tiz) ], the quality of being inhuman; cruelty. inhume (-hum'), v.t. to bury; inter. inimical (-im'i-kal), adj. hostile; ad- verse. inimically (-li), adv. hostilely; ad- versely. inimitable (1-ta-bl), adj. matchless. inimitably (-bli), adv. in an inimi-v table manner. iniquitous (-ik'kwi-tus), adj. wicked; unjust. iniquity Ckwi-ti), n. [pi. iniquities (-tiz) ], wickedness; injustice; un- righteousness; crime; evil. initial (-ish'al), adj. placed at the beginning; incipient: n. a letter placed at the beginning of a word, &c; pi. the first letters of a per- son's name placed separately: v.t. to mark with an initial.^ initiate ('i-at), v.t. to instruct in the first principles of anything; set on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- teries or secrets. initiation (-i-a/shun), n. the act of initiating; formal admission. initiative ('i-a-tiv), adj. introduc- tory: n. an introductory or first step; power of commencing, espe- cially legislative projects. initiator ('i-a-ter),n. one who initiates. initiatory ('i-a-to-ri), adj. introduc- tory. inject (-jekt'), v.t. to throw or cast in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- chanical means. injecta (-jek'ta), n.pl. things injected. injection (in-jek'shun), n. that which is introduced or inserted by me- chanical means; an enema. injector # ('ter), n. one who, or that which, injects, especially an appa- ratus for fining the boilers of steam- engines with water. injudicious m (-ju-dish'us), adj. not judicious; indiscreet; unwise. injunction (-jungk'shun), n. the act of enjoining; that which is enjoined; command, order, or precept; a writ of equity or prohibition to restrain certain proceedings. injure Cjur), v.t. to hurt; harm; damage, physically or morally. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INJURIOUS 498 INOPPORTUNE injurious (-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, physically or morally; unjust; defc rimental. injury ('joo-ri), n. [pi. injuries (-iz) ], that which occasions harm morally cr physically; detriment; loss; damage. injustice (-jus'tis), n. the quality of being unjust; violation of another's rights; injury; wrong. ink. (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous ma- terial used for writing, printing, &c: v.t. to spread ink upon; color or blacken with ink. inkiness (1-nes), n. the state of be- ing inky. inkling Cling), n. an intimation; hint. Inky (Id), adj. consisting of, or like, ink; discolored with ink; black. inland (inland), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the interior of a country; remote from the sea; not foreign: adj. toward the interior. inlay (-la'), # v.t. [pi. & p.p. inlaid, p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- face) by laying in pieces of ivory, wood, metal, &c: n. materials for inlaying. inlet (-let'), v.t. (pi. & p.p. inlet, p.pr. inletting], to inlay; insert: n. (inlet), an entrance; a small bay or creek. inly (li), adv. inwardly; secretly. inmate (in'mat), n. one who inhabits a house or institution with others. inmost ('most), adj. deepest within. Also innermost. inn (in), n. a house for the reception and entertainment of travelers;' tav- ern; in England, a college of com- mon law professors and students. innate ('nat), adj. inborn; native. inner Cer), adj. internal; interior; esoteric: n. that part of a target which* is between the outer and the bull's-eye. innervation (-er-va'shun), n. the ar- rangement of nervous filaments in the body; special activity or stim- ulus in any part of the nervous sys- innings (Ings), n.pl. the turn of a side or player to bat; lands re- claimed from the sea. innocence ('o-sens), n. freedom from guilt; purity; simplicity^ of heart; harmlessness; mental imbecility. Also innocency. innocent ('o-sent), adj. free from guilt or wrong-doing; blameless; pure in heart and life; weak in in- tellect. innocuous (-nok'u-us), adj. harm- less. innovate ('o-vat), v.i. to make alter- ations or changes in something al- ready established; introduce new things. innovator ('o-va-ter), n. one who in- troduces, or seeks to introduce, new things. innoxious (-nok'shus), n. harmless. innuendo (-u-en'do), n. [pi. innuen- dos, -does (-doz) ], an oblique hint or insinuation. innumerability (-nu-mer-a-bill-ti), n. the state of being innumerable. Also innumerableness. innumerable ('mer-a-bl), adj. that cannot be counted: very numerous, innumerably (-bli), adv. without number. innutritious (-trish'us), adj. not af- fording nutrition or nourishment^ inocarpus (-o-kar'pus), adj. having fibrous fruit. inoculate (-ok'u-lat), v.t. to commu- nicate a disease to by the insertion of infectious matter into the system; graft on by the insertion of buds: v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by the insertion of buds. inoculator ('ter), n. one who inocu- lates. inodcrous (in-o'do-rus), adj. lacking odor; having no smell. inoffensive (in-of-fen'siv), adj. harm- less; not objectionable. _ inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not in operation; without effect. inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), adj. untimely; out of season; not appro- priate. ate, arm. ask. at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, iiook: hue. hut: think, then. INORDINATE INSIGNIA inordinate (-or'di-nat), adj. immod- erate; excessive. inordinately (-li), adv. immoder- ately. inorganic (-gan'ik), adj. destitute of organs; not produced by living or- ganisms. Also inorganical. inorganically (-al-li), adv. without organs. inquest ('kwest), n. a coroner's in- quiry with a jury into the cause of a sudden death from any cause; a judicial inquiry. inquire (-kwir'), v.i. to seek for or after by questions; make inquiry (with for, into, after, about). ^ inquiry (-kwlr'i), n. [pi. inquiries ('iz) ], the act of inquiring; search by question; investigation; ques- tion; research. inquisition (-kwi-zish'un), _ n. in- quiry ; # examination; a judicial in- quiry in criminal matters. inquisitive (-kwis'i-tiv), adj. given to asking questions; prying; curious. inquisitor ('i-ter), n. one who makes inquiries or investigates. inquisitorial (-to'ri-al), adj. per- , taining to an inquisitor or to his office; prying. inroad ('rod), n. a hostile incursion. insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. unhealthful. insane (-san'), adj. mentally de- ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- ish. insanity (-san'i-ti), n. derangement of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- ness. insatiability (-sa-shi-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being insatiable. insatiable ('shi-a-bl), adj. that can- not be satisfied or appeased. inscribe (-skrlb'), v.t. to write or engrave upon; address in a formal dedication; draw (one figure within another.) inscription (-skrip'shun), n. the act of inscribing^ that which is in- scribed; a dedicatory address; entry in a roll or register. inscriptive ('tiv), adj. inscribed. inscrutability (-skroo-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being inscrutable. inscrutable ('ta-bl), adj. not to be penetrated by inquiry or reason; incomprehensible. insect ('sekt), n. one of a numerous class of articulate animals, the In- secta;^ anything very minute or con- temptible. Insecta (-sek'ta), n.pl. a class of ar- ticulate animals having 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings, and the body divided into 3 segments — head, tho- rax, and abdomen. insecticide _('ti-sid), n. a powder for destroying insects. insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. unsafe; liable to danger or injury. insenescible (in-se-nes'i-bl), adj. in- capable of growing old. insensate (-sen'sat), adj. destitute of sense or mental perception; soul- less; mad; brutish. insensibility (-si-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being insensible; apathy. insensible ('si-bl), adj. that cannot be felt or perceived mentally or physically; heedless; callous; sense- less. insert (-serf), v.t. to place in or among; introduce into. insertion (-ser'shun), n. the act of inserting; that which is inserted, as lace or embroidery in a garment, words in writing, &c. inset ('set;, n. a leaf or leaves in- serted in a newspaper, magazine, &c: v.t. (in-set') to set in; im- plant. inshore ('shor), adv. near or towards the shore. inside ('sid), adj. interior; being within; adv. & prep, within; in less time or space: n. that which is with- in; inner part; contents; entrails; an inside passenger. insidious (sid'i-us), adj. treacher- ous; deceitful; operating secretly. insight ('sit), n. penetration; intui- tion. insignia (-sig'ni-a), n.pl. badges of honor or office. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booi^ book; hue, hut; think, then. INSIGNIFICANCE 500 INSTANCE insignificance (-nif'i-kans), n. un- importance. Also insignificancy. insignificant (i-kant), adj. without importance, force, influence, or mean- ing; trivial; contemptible. insincere (in-sin-ser'), adj. hypo- critical; untrustworthy; deceitful. insinuate ('u-at), v.t. to ingratiate, as into the confidence or affections of; suggest or hint indirectly; intro- duce as by a winding motion; worm in: v.i. work one's self into the con- fidence or affection of another. insinuating < (-ing), p.adj. character- ized by insinuation; gently gaining favor; hinting slyly. insinuation ^ (-u-a/shun), n. the act of insinuating; an indirect or sly hint. insipid (-sip'id), adj. without flavor; tasteless. insipidity _ ('i-ti), n. the quality of being insipid. insist (-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, as a wish or command; be persistent or peremptory. insistence ('ens), n. the act of in- sisting. Also insistency. insistent Cent), adj. urgent; con- spicuous; entirely on the ground, as the hind toe of a bird; supported by something else. insititious (in-si-tish'us), a. inserted or ingrafted in an unnatural way, as a graft on a foreign stock. insobriety (-so-bri'i-ti), n. intemper- ance. insolence ('so-lens), n. contemptu- ous or overbearing language or man- ner; offensive impertinence; insult- ing behavior. insolent ('so-lent), adj. overbearing or contemptuously offensive to oth- ers; insulting; grossly rude. insolubility (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being insoluble. insoluble ('u-bl), adj. that cannot be dissolved; not soluble; inexplica- ble. insolvency (Ven-si), n. [pi. insol- vencies (-siz)], the state of being insolvent. insolvent (Vent), adj. unable to pay all debts; bankrupt: n. one who cannot pay all his debts; a bankrupt. insomnia (-som'ni-a), n. sleepless- ness. inspect (-spekt'), v.t. to examine critically; test officially; superintend. inspection (-spek'shun), n. the act of inspecting; careful or critical scrutiny. inspector ('ter), n. one who inspects or oversees; an official who superin- tends some matter of public inter- est; a police officer ranking next below a superintendent. inspiration (-spi-ra'shun), n. the act of drawing air into the lungs; cre- ative influence of genius; elevat- ing influence derived from associa- tion with great minds, scenery, &c; the supernatural influence or the Holy Spirit on sacred writers and teachers. inspiratory (-spir'a-to-ri), adj. per- taining to inspiration. inspire (-spir'), v.t. to draw (air) in- to the lungs; breathe into; imbue with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; communicate officially: v.i. to inhale air or any other influence. inspirit (-spir'it), v.t. to infuse spirit into; animate \ exhilarate; cheer. inspissate (-spis'at), v.t. to thicken by boiling or evaporation. instability (-sta-bil'i-ti), n. want of stability or firmness; inconstancy; fickleness. install _ (-stawl'), v.t. to place or in- state in an office or rank. installation (-a'shun), n. the act of installing; induction of a minister of a non-episcopal church to a charge; introduction of machinery for use. installment ('ment), n. the act of installing; payment of part of a sum of money due ; one of a number of parts of anything produced. instance ('stans), v.t. to refer to, or offer as an example: n. something offered as an illustration or exam- ple; earnest solicitation. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; "hue, hut; think, then. INSTANT 501 INSULATION instant ('stant), adj. urgent; imme- diate; passing; current: n. a par- ticular moment of time; point of duration. instantaneous (-tan-ta'ne-us), adj. acting or occurring in a moment; position at a particular moment. instanter (-stan'ter), adv. immedi- ately. instantly (-stant'li), adv. at once. instate (-stat'), v.t. to put in office or rank. instead (-sted'), adv. in room or place: followed by of. instep ('step), n. the arched fore- part of the upper side of the human foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg which reaches from the ham to the pastern-joint. instigate ('sti-gat), v.t. to provoke or urge on (in a bad sense); incite. instigator (-ga'ter), n. one who in- instil (-stil'), m v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- stilled, p.pr. instilling], to insinuate gradually, as if by drops; pour in by drops. instinct ('stingkt), adj. animated; stimulated from within: n. natural impulse in animals. instinctive (-stingk'tiv), adj. acting or prompted by instinct; spontaneous. institute ('sti-ttit), v.t. to establish; set up; fix; originate; set in opera- tion; ordain; invest with the spir- itual part of a benefice: n. estab- lished law; a maxim or principle; scientific or literary society: pi. a book of laws or principles, especially Roman laws. institution (-tu'shun), n. the act of instituting; that which is instituted or established; a corporate body or society for promoting a particular object; the building where such a society meets. institutional (-al), adj. pertaining to institutions; elementary. institutor ('sti-tu-ter), n. a founder; a cleric appointed by the bishop to institute a clergyman into a spir- itual benefice. instruct (-strukt'),, v.t. to teach; 1 educate; furnish with orders or di- rections. instruction (-struk'shun), n. the act of instructing; education; an order, &c. instructional (-al), adj. pertaining to instruction. instructive (-struk'tiv), adj. tending to instruct; conveying instruction. instructor ('ter), n. one who in- structs. instrument ('stroo-ment), n. that by which anything is effected; a tool or implement; a mechanical con- trivance for producing musical sounds; agent; a writing containing the terms of a contract, as a deed. instrumental (-men'tal), adj. per- taining to, or done by, an instru- ment; conducive to some end; help- ful. instrumentality (-tal'i-ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (-tiz)], a subordi- nate or auxiliary agency; means. instrumentation (-ta/shun), n. the arrangement of music for a com- bination of instruments; music thus arranged; use or method of using an instrument. insubordinate (-sub-or'di-nat), adj. not submitting to authority; muti- nous. insubordination (-di-na'shun), n. the state of being insubordinate. insufferable (-suf'er-a-bl), adj. in- tolerable. insufferably (-bli), adv. intolerably. insular ('su-lar), adj. pertaining to an island, or to the inhabitants of an island, their customs, &c; iso- lated; narrow. insularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state of being insular; narrowness of opin- ions, &c. insulate ('su-lat), v.t. to place alone or in a detached situation; separate by a non-conductor from other con- ducting bodies. insulation (-la/shun), n. the act of insulating; the state of being in- sulated. 6te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INSULATOR 502 INTENSE insulator ('ter), n. one who, or that which, insulates; a non-conductor ofielectricity, heat, or sound. insult ('suit), n. an affront or in- dignity; gross abuse in word or action: v.t. (in-sulf) to treat with gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, by word or act. insuperable (-su'per-a-bl), adj. not to be overcome; invincible. insuperably (-bli), adv. insurmoun- tably. insurable (-shur'a-bl) , adj. capable of being insured against loss, dam- age, &c; proper to be insured. insurance Cans), n. the act or sys- tem of insuring against loss or damage a contract entered into to secure against loss by^ fire, &c, by the payment of a specified sum; premium paid. insure (-shtir'), v.t. to contract on certain conditions to secure against loss or damage by fire, &c; make sure or secure. insurgent (-ser'jent), adj. rising against constituted authority: n. a rebel. insurrection, (-rek'shun), n. active or open hostility to constituted authority; rebellion. insurrectionary (-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or engaged in, insurrec- tion; seditious. intact (-takf), adj. entire; uninjured. intaglio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi. intaglii, -glios (lye, lyoz) ], a gem or stone having a design cut in the surface; incised carving. intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken in; opposed to outgo; the point in a channel where water enters. integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a whole number: opposed to fraction. integral Cte-gral), adj. constituting a whole; complete; pertaining to an integer: n. the whole made up of parts. integrant ('te-grant), adj. making part of a whole; necessary to con- stitute an entire thing. integrate ('te-grat), v.t. to bring together the parts of; give the sum total of: v.i. to pass from a complex and unstable state to one relatively simple and stable. integrity (-teg'ri-ti), n. uprightness; virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- paired or unbroken state of any- thing. integument Cu-ment), n. an exter- nal covering or skin. intellect ('tel-ekt), n. the mind or understanding; superior intelli- gence; acquired knowledge. intellectual ('tti-al), adj. pertaining to, or apprehended by, the intellect; mental; ideal. intellect uaiism (-izm), n. intellect- ual power or quality; the doctrine that all knowledge is derived from pure reason. intellectuality (-tti-al'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being intellectual. intellectually (-tu-al-li), adv. by means of the intellect. intelligence (-tel'i-jens), n. intellec- tual capacity; understanding; mind; acquired knowledge; notification; news. intelligent ('i-jent), adj. endowed with intelligence or understanding; exhibiting knowledge; clever; acute; discerning. intelligible ('i-ji-bl), adj. capable of being understood; clear. intelligibly (-bli), adv. clearly. intemperance (-tem'per-ans), _ n. want of moderation or self-restraint ; excess, especially in the use of alcoholic liquors. intemperate Cper-at), adj. charac- terized by want of moderation or self-restraint; excessive; addicted to alcoholic liquors. intend^ (-tend'), v.t. to purpose; mean. intendant ('ant), n. a superintend- ent. intended ('ed), n. an affianced lover. intense (-tens'), adj. increased to excess; strained; forced; ardent; vehement. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTENSIFY 503 INTERMEDIARY intensify (-ten'si-f I) , v.t. [p.L & p.p. intensified, p.pr. intensifying], to render more intense; heighten. intensity ('si-ti), n. [pi. intensities (tiz)], the state or quality of being intense; density, as of a negative plate; the force or energy of any physical agent. intensive ('siv), adj. serving to in- tensify; giving force or emphasis to. intent (-tent'), adj. having the mind strained or closely fixed on a sub- ject; anxiously diligent; constantly or assiduously directed (with on): n. purpose; aim. intention (-ten'shun), n. purpose; fixed design; end or aim; project. i mentioned ('shund), adj. having intentions. inter (-ter)', v.t. [p.t. & p.p. interred, p.pr. interring], to bury. inter, a prefix meaning between, among. interborough (in'ter-bu'ro), adj. exist- ing or carried on between boroughs. intercalary (-ter'ka-l&-ri), adj. in- serted in the calendar, as Feb. 29 in leap-year. intercalate ('ka-lat), v.t. to insert between or among. intercede (-sed'), v.i. to mediate as a friend between persons at vari- ance; plead for another; interpose. intercept (-sept'), v.t. to stop and seize in the way; cut off; obstruct; include between two points of a line. intercession (-sesh'un), n. the act of interceding; mediation; a prayer for persons of different conditions. intercessor (-ses'er), n. a mediator. intercity (in'ter-si'ti), adj. existing or carried on between cities. intercollegiate (in'ter-kol-le' ji-at) , adj. between or among colleges; as intercollegiate contests, football, etc. intercourse ('ter-kors), n. connec- tion, correspondence, or communica- tion between individuals, nations, &c; mutual exchange; familiarity; fellowship. interdict (-dikf), v.t. to restrain or forbid; cut off from the spiritual services of the Church. interest ('ter-est), v.t. to engage the attention; awaken concern in; cause to take a share in: n. advan- tage; influence; personal concern; benefit; profit; premium paid for the use of money. interesting (-ing), p. adj. engaging the attention or curiosity; exciting the feelings or emotions. interfere ^ (fer') v.i. to interpose or meddle in the affairs of others; op- pose; come into collision; act recip- rocally so as to modify the result; injure the fetlock by striking it with the opposite hoof. interference ('ens), n. the act of interfering. interim ( ter-i'm), intervening time or perod : adv. in the meanwhile. interior ^-te'ri-or), adj. not exterior; inner; internal; remote from the coast or frontier: n. the inside; the inland; home department of a gov- ernment. interjection (-ter-jek'shun), n. an exclamation; a word thrown in to express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. interlard (in-ter-lard'), v.t. to insert or inject matter in a discourse not exactly germane, but explicatory and apropos. interleave (-lev), v.t. to insert a leaf in: as to interleave a book with blank leaves or illustrations. interline (in-ter-k~n'), v.t. to write between the lines of manuscript or printed matter. interlinear (-lin'e-ar), adj. written or printed between other lines, as a translation. interlocutory (-lok'u-to-ri), adj. con- versational; intermediate; not final. interloper ('ter-lo-per), n, an in- truder. interlude ('ter-lud), n. a short en- tertainment given between acts of a play, &c; a short instrumental passage played between the stanzas of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. intermediary (-me'di-a-ri), adj. in- tervening: n. an agent; go-between; medium. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 33 INTERMEDIATE 504 INTERURBAN intermediate ('di-at), adj. existing or lying in the middle; intervening. interment ('ment), n. burial. intermezzo (-met'zS), n. an inter- lude. intermingle (in-ter-ming'gl), v.t. to mix together or among. intermission (-mish'un), n. inter- ruption; pause; temporary cessation between paroxysms of a disease. intermit (-mit'), V.t. [p.t. & p.p. intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to cause to cease for a time; interrupt; suspend. intern (-tern'), v.t. to confine within a town or fortress, or in the inte- rior of a country; place under ar- rest. internal (-ter'nal), adj. pertaining to the m center; interior; inward; not foreign; domestic. internally (4i), adv. inwardly. international (-nash'un-al), adj. pertaining to two or more nations in common. internecine (-ne'sin), adj. mutually destructive; deadly. interne (in'tern), n. a physician liv- ing in a hospital. interpellate (-pel'at), v.t. to ques- tion. interpleader (-pled'er), n. the dis- cussion oi a point incidentally oc- curring in law. interpolate ('po-lat), v.t. to insert in a book or writing new or spurious matter; corrupt by insertions. interpolater (-er), n. one who in- terpolates. interpose (-poz'), v.t to place be- tween; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. to intercede; come between. interpret # ('pret), v.t. to explain the meaning of; expound; construe. interpretation (-ta/shun), n. the act of interpreting; explanation. interregnum (-reg'num), n. the pe- riod between two reigns, govern- ments, or ministries; time of abey- ance. interrogate ('o-gat), v.t. to ques- tion: v.i. to ask questions. interrogation (-ga'shun), n. the act of interrogating; a qflestion; in- quiry; a mark (?) denoting a ques- tion. interrogative (-rog'a-tiv), adj. de- noting or containing a question or inquiry: n. a word used in asking a question. interrogatively (-li), adv. by ques- tions. interrogator ('o-ga-ter), n. one who interrogates. interrogatory (-rog'a-t5-ri) , adj. per- taining to, or expressing, a question: n. a question in writing put to a party to a suit. interrupt (-rupf), v.t. to stop or hinder by breaking in upon; break the continuity of; cause to be de- layed; end suddenly. interrupted ('ed), p. adj. intermit- ted; broken. interruption ('shun), n. the act of interrupting; hindrance; obstruc- tion; intervention; sudden cessa- tion. intersect (-sekt'), v.t. to cut or di- vide mutually: v.i. to cross each other. intersection (-sek'shun), n. the act or state of intersecting; place of crossing; the point or line in which two lines or two planes cut each other. intersperse (in-ter-spers'). v.t. to scatter between or among. interstellar (-stel'ar), adj. pertain- ing to, or situated in, space be- tween the stars. interstate ('ter-stat), adj. between the states. interstice ('ter-stis, or -ter'stis), n. a narrow space between things close- ly set; crevice. interstitial (-stish'al), adj. pertain- ing to, containing, or existing in interstices. intertidal (-ti'dal), adj. living be- tween high- and low- water mark, interurban (in-ter-er'ban), adj, be- tween or uniting two or more towns or cities. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. INTERVAL 505 INTRICATE interval ('ter-val), n. time or space between; distance between two given musical sounds. intervale ('ter-val), n. a tract of low ground situated between hills, or by the banks of a river. intervene (-ven'), v.i. to come, or be situated, between; interpose; in- terfere. intervention (-ven'shun), n. the act of intervening; interposition; medi- ation. interview ('ter-vii), v.t. to visit, as a notable personage, to obtain par- ticulars respecting himself or his opinions: n. a personal conference or meeting. intestacy (-tes'ta-si), n. the state of dying without a will. intestate ('tat), adj. dying without having made a valid will: n. one who dies without having made a will. intestinal £'ti-nal), adj. pertaining to, or found in,_the intestines. intestine ('tin), adj. internal; not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; entrails. intimacy ('ti-ma-si), n. [pi. intima- cies (-siz) ], close or confidential friendship. intimate ('ti-mat), adj. close in friendship; well acquainted; famil- iar; confidential; complete: v.t. to indicate; make known. intimately (-li), adv. in an intimate manner. intimation (-ma/shun), n. an indi- rect suggestion or hint; announce- ment. intimidate (-tim'i-dat), v.t. to make afraid. into ('to5), prep, noting passage in- wards; inclusion or comprehension. intolerable (-tol'er-a-bl), adj. un- bearable. intolerably (-bli), adv. in an intol- erable manner. intolerance ('er-ans), n. want of toleration of the opinions or prac- tices of others; inability to bear or endure. intolerant ('er-ant), adj. bigoted; unable to bear or endure (with of). intonation (-to-na'shun), n. the act or manner of sounding musical notes: modulation of the voice; act of intoning. intone (-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- tone. in toto (in to'to), adv. entirely; com- pletely. intoxicant (-toks'i-kant), n. that which intoxicates. intoxicate ('i-kafc), v.t. to make drunk by spirituous liquors; excite unduly. intoxication (-ka'shun), n. the act of intoxicating; extreme excitement. intra, a prefix meaning within, as intramural, within the walls of a city. intracellular (in-tra-sel'u-lar), adj. within and around a cell. intractability (-trak-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being intrac- table. intractable (-trak'ta-bl), adj. un- manageable. intractile ('til), adj. incapable of being drawn out; not extensible. intrados (-tra'dos), n. the interior and lower line or curve of an arch. intramural. See under intra. intransigeant _ (in-tran-se'ja-ant), n. a person who is opposed to the exist- ing order. intransitive ('si-tiv), adj. not pass- ing over to or requiring an object: said of certain verbs. \ intransitively (-li), adv. in an in-' transitive manner. intransitu (-tran'si-tti), on the way. intrastate ('tra-stat), adj. within a state. intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify and protect by means of ditches or walls. intrepid (-trep'id), adj. bold; fear- less. intrepidity (-tre-pid'i-ti), n. fear- lessness. intricacy ('tri-ka-si), n. [pi. intrica- cies (-siz) ], the quality of being in- tricate; perplexity. intricate ('tri-kat), adj. entangled or involved. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INTRIGANT 506 INVENTORY intrigant (in-tri-gant') , n. one who intrigues or plots; a person who mixes in private or secret affairs. intrigue (in-treg 7 ), v.L to carry on a secret plot; engage in clandestine love affairs: n. a secret plot; clan- destine love affair. intrinsic (-trin'sik), adj. pertaining to that which is inherent; real; genuine. intrinsically (-al-li), adv. inherently. intro, a prefix meaning within, into, as introcession, a depression or sink- ing of parts inwards. introduce (-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- duct or bringin; bring into use or notice; bring into acquaintance; in- sert. introduction (-duk'shun) , n. the act of introducing; presentation; a preface. introductory ('to-ri), adj. serving to introduce. Also introductive. introflexed (-neksf) adj. bent in- wards. intromission (-tro-mish'un), n. in- sertion; introduction. intromit (-mif), v.t. [pi. & p.p. in- tromitted, p.pr. intromiting], to ad- mit; insert. introspection (in-tro-spek'shun), n. looking inward; examination of one's thoughts or motives. intrude (-trud'), v.i. to thrust one's self in without c invitation or wel- come: v.t. force in. intrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act of intruding; encroachment; unlawful entry into vacant lands or tene- ments. intuition (-tu-ish'un), n. instinctive knowledge or feeling; immediate per- ception. intuitional (-al), adj. pertaining to intuition. intuitive ('i-tiv), adj. perceived im= mediately by the mind.^ intuitively (-li), adv. without rea- soning. inundate (-un'dat), v.t. to fill with an overflowing abundance; flood. inundation (-da/shun), n. overflow; flood. inure (-ur'), v.t. to habituate, or ac- custom; toughen. in vacuo (vak'u-o), in a vacuum. invade (-vad'J, v.t. to enter (a coun- try) with a hostile army; infringe upon; violate. invalid (-val'id), adj. of no force or authority; null and void: n. (in'vfU lid), one who is weak or infirm in health; a disabled soldier or sailor: v.t. to register as an invalid; affect with disease. invalidate (-val'i-dat), v.t. to weak- en or destroy the force or validity of. invalidity (-id'i-ti), n. want of legal force or argument. invaluable (-val'ii-a-bl), adj. price- less. invariable (-var'i-a-bl), adj. con- stant. invariably (-bli), adv. constantly. invasion (-va/zhun), n. the act of in- vading; hostile incursion; encroach- ment. invective (-vek'tiv), n. a violent ut- terance of censure, sarcasm, or abuse: adj. abusive. inveigh (-va/), v.i. to rail against persons or things with vehemence; utter censure or reproach; declaim. inveigle (-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; seduce. invent (-vent')? v.t. to find out by original study or contrivance; devise or contrive; originate. invention (-ven'shun), n. the act of inventing; the thing invented; dis- covery; creative faculty; concoc- tion; fabrication. inventive ('tiv), adj. able to invent; quick at contriving; ready in ex- pedients. inventively (-li), adv. by the faculty of invention. inventiveness (-nes), n. the inventive faculty. inventor ('ter), n. one who invents. inventory ('ven-to-ri), n. [pi. in- ventories (-riz) ], a catalogue or list of goods, furniture, &c; ac- count: v.t. to draw up an inventory or catalogue of. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INVERSE 507 INVOLVE inverse (-vers'), # adj. contrary in tendency, direction, or effect; recip- rocal; inverted. inversely ('li), adv. in an inverse order or ratio. inversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of inverting; the state of being in- verted; contrary change of order or position. inversive ('siv), adj. pertaining to, or causing, inversion. invert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside down. Invertebrata (-ver-te-bra'ta), n.pl. one of the sub-divisions of the ani- mal kingdom, including those ani- mals which have no vertebrae or spinal column. invertebrate ('te-brat), n. one of the Invertebrata: adj. having no back- bone; having no force of character; weak. invest (-vest'), v.t. to place or lay out, as money; clothe, as with office, authority, or dignity; surround: v.i. to make an investment. investigate (l-gat), v.t. to ascertain by careful inquiry: search; examine. investigation (-ga shun), n. the act of investigating; inquiry; search. investigator ('ter), n. one who in- vestigates. investiture ('ti-tur), n. the act or right of giving legal possession; the ceremony of inducting a bishop into his office. investment (-vest'ment), n. the act of laying out money productively; money so invested; the act of be- sieging or blockading. investor (-ves'ter), n. one who in- vests. inveteracy (-vet'er-a-si), n. the state of being inveterate. inveterate ('er-at), adj. deep-rooted; habitual. invidious (-vid'i-us), adj. likely to provoke ill-will or envy; unpleasant. invigorate (-vig'o-rat), v.t. to give vigor to; strengthen; animate. invincibility (-vin-si-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being invincible. invincible ('si-bl), adj. unconquer- able. inviolability (-vi-o-la-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being inviolable. inviolable ('5-la-bT), adj. that can- not be profaned or injured; un- broken. Inviolate. invisibility (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being invisible. invisible ('i-bl), adj. that cannot be seen. invitation (-vi-ta'shun), n. the act of inviting; polite solicitation; the words or document by which one is invited. invitatory (-vi'ta-to-ri), adj. con- taining, or using invitation. invite (-vif), v.t. to ask, solicit, or summon; request the presence of; persuade; allure. inviting ('ing), p.adj. tempting; se- ductive. invocation (-vo-ka'shun), n. the act or form of invoking. invoice ('vois), n. a document an- nouncing the despatch of goods with their prices, quantity, &c. : v.t. to state or insert in an invoice. invoke (-vok'), v.t. to address in prayer or supplication; solicit (aid or protection). involuntarily (-vol'un-ta-ri-li), adv. not willingly. involuntary (-vol'un-ta-ri), adj. with- out will or choice; not spontaneous. involute ('vo-lut), adj. folded or rolled inwards, as certain leaves and flowers; coiled spirally: n. a par- ticular kind of curve turned inward at the margin. involution (-lii'shun), n. the act of involving or infolding; complica- tion; return of an organ or tissue to its normal size after distention; the process of raising an arithmetical or algebraical quantity to a given power, as 3* =81. involve (-volv'), v.t. to complicate; entangle; surround; embroil; result as a logical consequence; multiply a quantity into itself any given number of times. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. INVULNERABILITY 508 IRONCLAD ; nvulnerability (-vul-ner-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being invulnerable. invulnerable (-vul'ner-a-bl), adj. that cannot be wounded or injured; without any weak point. inward ('ward), adj. situated within; in the mind: adv. interior; toward the center. Also inwards. inwardly (4i), adv. in an inward manner; secretly. inwrought (-rawf), p. adj. worked in; adorned with figures or patterns. io (I'o), n. the peacock butterfly. iod, a prefix, indicating the presence of iodine. Also iodo. iodic (-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, iodine. iodide ('o-did), n. a compound of iodine. iodine ('o-din), n. a non-metallic ele- ment, which, when heated, gives off a rich violet vapor. iodize ('o-dlz), v.t. to treat with io- dine. iodism ('o-dizm), n. a morbid con- dition caused by overdoses of iodine. iodoform (-5 'do-form), n. a crystal- line compound formed by the action of iodine on alcohol and potash. iodol ('o-dol), n. an antiseptic specific used for wounds and cutaneous diseases. ion ('on), n. a substance resulting from the decomposition of a body by electrolysis. Ionian ('o-ni-an), adj. pertaining to Ionia, or its inhabitants. Also Ionic. Ionic order ('ik or'der), n. an order of classic architecture, characterized by the volute, or ram's-horn scroll, of its capital. iota _ (-o't&), n. the Greek letter (i), which from its being used under the vowels a, n, io {iota subscriptum) , denotes anything small or insignifi- cant. ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacuanha. ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a), n. the root of a South American plant; used in medicine. ir, prefix, meaning not. irade (i-ra'de), n. an imperial decree [Turkish]. Iran (I-ran), n. the official name for Persia. Iranian (I-ra'ni-an), n. a Persian; pertaining to Persia; Iranian lan- guages, descriptive of a group of kindred languages, such as the Zend, Palatine, and Persian. irascibility (I-ras-i-bil'i-ti), n. qual- ity of being irascible. irascible ('i-bl), n. easily excited to anger. irascibly (-bli), adv. in an irascible manner. irate (-rat'), adj. angry; enraged. ire (Ir), n. anger; wrath. irid, a prefix meaning eye. Also irido. iridescence (ir-i-des'ens), n. the ex- hibition of colors like those of the rainbow. iridescent ('ent), adj. exhibiting iri- descence. iridium (i-rid'i-um), n. a metallic element. iris ('ris), n. [pi. irises, irides (-sez, 'ri-dez) ], the pupil of the eye; the rainbow. iriscope ('ri-skop), n. an apparatus for showing the prismatic colors. Irish ('rish), adj. pertaining to Ire- land, its inhabitants, or language. Irishism (-izm), n. an Irish idiom. irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to become tired. irksome ('sum), adj. tedious; weari- some. iron (l'ern), n. the most common and useful of the metals; an instrument made of iron; anything especially hard or durable: pi. fetters: adj. pertaining to, resembling, or made of iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron implement ^furnish with iron; fetter. Iron Age (aj), n. the last prehistoric age, characterized by the use of iron for weapons, &c; the last of the four ages of classic mythology. ironclad (-klad), n. a warship pro- tected wholly or partially with iron or steel plates: adj. covered or pro- tected with iron armor. £le, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. IRONICAL 509 ISLAND ironical (I-ron'i-kal), adj. expressing one thing and meaning another. ironically (-li), adv. in an ironical manner. iron wood ('ern-wood), n. a name for the timber of trees of exceptional hardness and durability. irony ('ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a mode of speech conveying the op- posite of what is meant. irradiance (ir-ra/di-ans), n. the act of sending forth luminous rays; luster. Irradiancy. ■ irradiant (-ant), adj. emitting rays of light. irradiate ('di-at), v.t. to shed light upon; illuminate; brighten: v.i. emit rays of light. irradicate (-rad'i-kat), v.t. to root deeply. irrational (ir-rash'un-al), adj. with- out reason; absurd. irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl), adj. that which cannot be reclaimed. irredeemable (ir-re-dem'a-bl), adj. impossible of redemption. Irredentist (ir-re-den'tist), n. one of an Italian political party organized about 1877 with the view of re- covering the Italian provinces lost to Austria. From the phrase Italia Irredenta, or "Italy Unredeemed." irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj. not con- forming to rule; variable. irrelevant (ir-rel'e-vant), adj. dis- connected; not pertaining to; un- related to the subject discussed. irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not capable of repair. irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. un- restrainable. irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj. without blame or reproach. irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not to be resisted. irresolute (ir-res'5-lut), adj. unde- cided; vacillating in purpose. irrespective (-re-spek'tiv), adj. re- gardless (with of). irrespectively (-li), adv. without regard. irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. with no responsibility; not account- able. irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. want- ing in reverence. irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl), adj. not to be recalled; final. irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl), adj. capable of being irrigated. irrigate ('i-gat), v.t. to moisten (land) by causing water to flow over by artificial means. irritability (-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity or state of being irritable. Ir- ritableness. irritable ('i-ta-bl), adj. easily pro- voked to anger; easily stimulated to perform some physical function. irritably (-bli), adv. with irritation. irritant ('i-tant), adj. causing irri- tation: n. anything which causes irritation. irritate ('i-tat), v.t. to provoke or make angry; excite heat and red- ness in. irritation (-ta/shun), n. the act of irritating; the state of being irri- tated; exasperation; vexation; im- patience; excitement of muscular action by external agency. irruption (-rup'shun), n. a bursting or rushing in; sudden invasion. is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie, of be. is, prefix meaning equal. Also iso: as isanthous, having equal anthers; isothermal, having the same mean summer temperature. isagon (i'sa-gon), n. a figure with equal angles. Ishmaelite (ish'ma-el-It) , n. a de- scendant of Ishmael: hence a social outcast. isinglass (I'zing-glas), n. a white semi-transparent substance prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of the sturgeon, cod, &c. Islam (is'lam), n. the Mohammedan religion; the whole body of Moham- medans and the countries where the religion of Mohammed is professed. island (I'land), n. a tract of land surrounded by water; anything re- sembling an island. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ISLE 510 ITINERANCY isle (il), n. an island [poet.]. islet (I'let), n. a small island. ism (izm), n. a system or theory. iso, prefix. See is. isobar (I'so-bar), n. a line which connects places on the earth's sur- face having the same atmospheric pressure at the sea level. isobaric (-bar'ik), adj. of equal baro- metric pressure; pertaining to, or showing, isobars. Alsoisobarometric. isochromatic (-kro-mat'ik), adj. hav- ing the same color. isochronous (-sok'ro-nus), adj. oc- curring in equal times. isoclinal (-so-kli'nal), adj. having the same dip or inclination. isoch/namic (-di-nam'ik), adj. having equal force. isogeothermal (-je-o-ther'mM), adj. noting imaginary lines connecting places on the earth's surface which have the same mean annual tem- perature. isolate ('so-lat), v.t. to place alone; place in a detached situation; insu- late; obtain in an uncombined form. isolation (-la/shun), n. the state of being isolated. _ isomeric (-mer'ik), adj. having the same elements in the same propor- tions, but with different physical characteristics. isometric (-met'rik), adj. having equality of measure. isomorphism (-mor'fizm), n. the quality of having the same crystal- line form, but of varied elements. isosceles (-sos'e-lez), adj. having equal sides. isostasist (I-so-stas'ist), n. a student of isostatics. isostatics (I-so-stat'iks), n. science dealing with theories of the earth's equilibrium. isotherm ('so-therm), n. an imag- inary line connecting plpces having the same mean temperature. I-spy (i-spi'), n. a children's game. Israelite (iz'rD. -el-it), n. a descendant of Israel; a Jew. Israelitish ('ish), adj. pertaining to the Israelites; Jewish. Also Is- raelitic. issue (ish'u), n. the act of passing or flowing out; egress; that which flows or passes out; discharge; flux; publication; offspring; lineal de- scendants; produce of the earth; profits of land, &c; essential points in pleading or debate; result: v.t. to send out; publish; put into cir- culation: v.i. to come or pass out; arise, as from a source; flow; pro- ceed; be descended; end. isthmian (ist'mi-an), adj. pertain- ing to an isthmus. isthmus ('mus), n. a neck of land connecting two larger portions. it (It) pr. the neuter pronoun of the third person, and having the same plural (as they, them). Italian (i-tal'yan), adj. pertaining to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. _ Italic ('ik), adj. pertaining to Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind of type (italic): used for emphasis, &c: n.pl. italic type. italicize ('i-siz), v.t. to write or print in italics. Italiote ('i-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- tant of Italy. Italy (it'a-li), n. a country of Europe. Ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n. a palm-tree of South America from which the natives obtain many useful articles, including food and drink. itch (ich), n. m & parasitic cutaneous disease causing great irritation; a constant and teasing desire for some- thing. item (I'tem), n. a separate article or particular; a newspaper paragraph: adv. also. itemize (I'tem-iz), v.t. to set forth in detail; to give the items. iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. iteration (-a/shun), repetition. iterative ('er-a-tiv), adj. repeating. itineracy (I-tin'er-a-si), n. the prac- tice of itinerating. itinerancy ('er-an-si), n. a passing ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. ITINERANT 511 IZZARD from place to place, especially in white* dentine which forms the tusks the discharge of some official func- of the elephant, walrus, &c: adj. tion, as by a judge on circuit, a made of, or like, ivory, preacher, &c. ivory palm (-pam), n. the palm itinerant ('er-ant), adj. passing from from which the ivory nuts used in place to place : n. one who itinerates. turning as an imitation for ivory itinerary ('er-a-ri), adj. pertaining are obtained. to, or done on, a journey; traveling ivory type (-tip), n. a particular kind from place to place: n. a traveler's of photographic picture with an guide or route-book; a diary of a ivory-like surface, journey; plan of a projected ex- ivy (i'vi), n. a clinging evergreen cursion. plant of the genus Hedera. itinerate ('er-at), v.i. to travel from Izar (iz'ar), n. the star Bootes; an place to place. Arabian woman's wrap or outer ivoride m (Vo-rld), n. a variety of arti- garment with veil-like^ appearance, ficial ivory. izzard (iz'ard), n. ancient* term for ivory (Vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, the letter z. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, , J J, the tenth letter of the English alpha- bet, and its latest addition; formerly another way of writing the letter I. jabber ('er), v.i. to talk rapidly and indistinctly ; chatter. jacal (ha-kal'), n. a native Mexican dwelling made of thin poles covered with mud. jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red variety of zircon. %> jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a small ball serving as a mark to be aimed at; the male of some animals; a leather ^eup or jug; timber cut short of its usual length; a flag used for signaling; the knave of cards; a leathern coat of mail; a name applied to various kinds of levers or mechanical labor-saving appliances, as a jiacfc-serew, roast- ing-jack, &c: v.t. to lift with a jack; give up. jackal ('awl), n. sl dog-like carniv- orous animal which hunts in packs; one who does base work for an- other. jackanapes ('a-naps), n. a conceited or upstart fellow. jackass ('&s), »„ the male ass; don- key. jackboots ('bootz), n.pl. large boots reaching above the knee. jackdaw ('daw), n. a glossy species of crow. jacket ('et), n. a short tailless coat: a covering to prevent radiation of heat: L v.L to clothe with a jacket; beat. Jack Ketch (jak-ketch'), n. a public hangman, from an individual of that name who occupied that office under James II. jackknife (jak'nif), n. a large pocket knife, commonly a boy's knife. jack-snipe (jak'snip), n. a small snipe, also called sandpiper. jackstays ('staz), n.pl. ropes stretched along the yard of a ship to fasten the sails to. Jacobite (jak'o-bit), n. one of the adherents to the cause of James II. and his descendants. jaconet ('o-net), n. a fine soft white cotton material somewhat resembling cambric; nainsook. Also jacconet. Jacquard ('kard), # W. a loom for weaving patterns invented by Jac- quard, a Frenchman. jade (jad), n. l. tired or worn-out horse; a vicious woman: a young woman (contemptuously or humor- ously); a silicate of magnesia and lime of green color: formerly much used for ornaments. jag (jag), n. a notch; projecting point; denticulation; a small load; a condition of partial intoxication: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jagged, p.pr. jag- ging], to cut into notches or teeth. jager, n. German light infantryman. jaguar (-gwar'), n. a, fierce animal of South America, _ resembling the leopard; the American tiger. jail (jal), n. a prison; a bridewell. jalap (jal'ap), n. the root of Ipomcea purga: used medicinally as a purga- tive. jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar; a squeeze; block; crush: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr. jamming], to squeeze or crush; press in tightly; block up by crowd- ing. . , jammer (jam'er), n. an improved &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (512) JAMB 513 JEHOVAH apparatus for loading logs on sleds and cars by horse power. jamb (jam), n. one of the upright sides of a doorway, window-opening, or fireplace. janapa (jan'a-pa), n. an East Indian hemp, from which gunny bags, &c, are made. jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- tion; chatter. janissary (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. janis- saries (-riz) ], formerly the foot- guapd of the Turkish sultans. Also janizary. janitor ('i-ter), n. a door-keeper. January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month in the year, from the Latin god, Janus. Japan (ja-Dan'), n. an empire com- prising several large islands off the coast of China, part of Manchuria, Korea, and the island of Formosa. Japan is the name given by the Chinese, Nippon being the Japanese word. japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished and lacquered after the Japanese style of ornamentation; a kind of varnish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. japanned, p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, or lacquer, with japan; make black: and glossy. Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- ing to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. Japanesque (-nesk'), adj. resembling the Japanese style of art. japonica (-pon'i-ka), n. the name of various species of Japanese plants. jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or vessel; a shake produced by a sud- den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- flict of opinion or interest: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a harsh sound. jardiniere (zhar-din-yar') , n. an or- namental flower-stand of porcelain or metal jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- telligible talk; a mixture of two or more languages; the peculiar phrase- ology of a party, sect, &c. jashawk (jas'hawk), n. a young, or eyas, hawk. jasmine ('min), n. a plant of the genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- ers. jasper ('per), n. an opaque, many- shaded variety of quartz : when pol- ished it is made into a variety of ornamental articles. jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- acterized by yellowness of the eye- balls, skin, &c, caused by biliary de- 'rangement: hence a mental condi- tion in which everything appears in a prejudiced form. jaunt (jant; jont), n. a short excursion or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take a short excursion. jauntily ('i-li), adv. in a jaunty manner. jaunty _ ('i), adj. airy; gay; showy. Java (ja'va), n. the largest island of the Dutch East Indies. Javanese ^(jav'a-nez), adj. pertaining to Java, its inhabitants, or language. javelin ('lin), n. a light spear. jaw (jaw), n. the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are placed, mouth jay (ja). n. a crow-like, chattering bird with handsome plumage. jazz (v. or adj.), negro term for speed- ing up, as in music. jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, jealousy; anxiously suspicious or watchful. jealousy ^ (-i), n. suspicious fear or watchfulness, especially the fear of being^ supplanted by a rival. jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- ton cloth. jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridicule: v.i. to speak in a derisive or sarcas- tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pi. tackle by which the lower yards of a vessel are hoisted or lowered. Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord God of the Hebrews. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JEHU 514 JEWEL jehu ('hu), n. one fond of driving, especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 20); coachman. jejune (-jun'), adj. empty; void of interest. jejunum (-ju'num), n. [pi. jejuna ('na) ], that portion of the small in- testines between the duodenum and ileum. jelly ('i), n. [pi. jellies ('iz) ], the stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, meat, &c, after boiling; any semi- transparent soft gluey substance: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. jemmy (T), n. [pi. jemmies ('iz) ], a short crowbar used by burglars. Also jimmy. jennet (jen'et), n. a small Spanish horse. Also genet. jenny ('i), n. a machine for spinning; used in composition for female, as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, &c. jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to loss or injury; hazard. Also jeopar- dize. jeopardy (-i), n. hazard; peril. jerboa (jer-bo'a), n. the leaping mouse of Africa, with long hind legs. jeered (-ed'), n. a javelin, used in Turkey and Persia in mock battles; a game played with jereeds. Also jerid. jeremiad (-e-mi'ad), n. lamentation, especially over modern degeneracy: from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden pull, twist, or push to; throw with a sudden quick movement; cut into long strips and dry in the sun, as beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist or push; spasmodic movement; jerked beef; charqui. jerkin ('in), n. a short coat or jack- et; close waistcoat; gyrfalcon; young salmon. jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, and of bad materials, as a jerry-built house. Jersey (jer-zi), adj. pertaining to the Isle of Jersey, or to its breed of cat- tle: n. a close-fitting thick woolen shirt; fine yarn wool; of or pertain- ing to New Jersey. jess (jes), n. a leathern strap fastened to the leg of a hawk, to which the leash is attached. jesse (jes'e), n. a large branched can- dlestick used in churches; symboliz- ing the genealogical tree of Jesse and of Jesus Christ. jest (jest), n. sl joke; humorous pleas- antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to joke; make merriment; make game of. jester (er), n. sl person given to jest- ing, sportive talk and merry pranks; a joker; a buffoon; a merry-an- drew; a person formerly retained by princes to make sport for them. Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. a member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Eoyola, 1534. Jesuitic (-u-it'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, the Jesuits, their principles and practices. Jesuit's bark (bark), n. cinchona. jet (jet), n. a stream of water sud- denly emitted; a deep black variety of lignite, black amber; a gas branch; tube for running molten metal into a mold: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jetted, p.pr. jetting], to spout out: . v.i. to shoot or jut out. jetsam ('sam), n. that part of a ship's cargo which is thrown into the sea to lighten the vessel in case of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also jetsom, jetson. jettison ('i-sun), n. the act of throw- ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- sel in case of peril: v.t. to throw overboard to lighten a vessel. jetty ('i), n. [pi. jetties ( r iz) ], a structure extending into the water, used as a pier, mole, or wall, to re- strain or direct currents; projection of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, p.pr. jetting], to put out or project. Jew (joo), n. an Israelite; Hebrew. Fern. Jewess. jewel ('el), n. a valuable ornament; gem; precious stone; anything of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JEWELER 515 JOCKEY great value or dear to one: v.t. to adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- nish with jewels. jeweler ('er), n-. one who makes or deals in jewels. jewelry ('ri), n. jewels collectively; the art or trade of a jeweler. Jewish ('ish) adj pertaining to the Jews, + heir language, customs, &c. _ Jewry ('ri), n. Judsea; a district in a city inhabited by Jews,* ghetto. jew's-harp ('harp), n. a small lyre- shaped musical instrument with a thin metal tongue which, when placed between the teeth and vi- brated, emits a twanging sound. jib (jib), n. a large triangular sail projecting beyond the bowsprit; the projecting arm or beam of a crane; a jibbing horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- lessly backwards or sideways: said of a horse. jib-boom ('boom), n. a spar beyond the bowsprit, on which the jib is set. jibe. Another form of gibe. jiffy (jifi)> n. an instant. jig (jig), n. a quick lively dance, or music for such a dance; a particular kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jigged, p.pr. jigging], to dance a jig: v.t. jerk up and down. jigger ('er), n. one who jigs; a name for various mechanical contrivances and appliances; another form of chigoe. jig-jog (jog), n. a jolting motion. jill (jil), n. a young woman; sweet- heart; the female of a ferret. jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t. to encourage (a lover) and then dis- card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- tice deception in 1qvc jimmy (jim'i), n. a burglar's tool. See jemmy. jimson-weed (jim'sun-wed), n. stra- monium. jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling metallic sound; a little bell or rat- tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound with a jingle. jingo ('go), n. [pi. jingoes < ('goz) ], one of a party of Conservatives who at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, wished Great Brit- ain to go to war with Russia: named from a popular song of the day. jingoism (-izm), n. the jingo mili- tary spirit. jinn, n. pi. spirits taking earthly forms. jinnee (jin'e)^ n. [pi. jinn (jin) ], the good and evil spirits of Mohamme- dan mythology which sometimes as- sume human shape. Also genie, jin, jinn, djinnee. jinrikisha (-rik'i-sha), n. a email Japanese two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one or more men. Also jinriksha. jitney n. an Americanism, meaning five cents; a nickel. jitney-bus n. an automobile convey- ing passengers over established routes for which a low fare is charged; gen- erally five cents. jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'soo), n. a system of wrestling among the Japanese; lit- erally, "muscle-breaking." job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- cially of a temporary or chance na- ture; any scheme for making mone3' or securing private advantage at the public expense; any event or circum- stance ; a ( sudder stroke or thrust with a pointed instrument v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let out for hire; buy up (goods) and retail them. jobber (job'er), n. a middleman, es- pecially one who acts as agent be- tween a stock-broker and the public; one who transacts public business for his own private interests. jobbery ('er-i) n [pi. jobberies (-iz) J, low intriguing for private ad- vantage or politica ends. job-lot (job-lot'), n a collection of various articleb thrown together for sale in one lot. jockey (jok'i), n. [pi. jockeys ('iz) ], one who rides a horse in a ^ace; groom a dealer in horses; cheat: v.t. [p.t & p.p jockeyed, p.pr. jock- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit: note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; ^hink, then. JOCOSE 516 JONQUIL eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle more; united in or sharing: v.t. to against by riding unfairly. form with, or unite by, joints; cut jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- or divide into joints, as meat. morous. joint-runner (joint'run'er), ft. a jocosity (-kos'i-ti), n. the quality of piece of rope saturated with wet being jocose. clay wrapped about a joint in an jocular (jok'u-lar), adj. making jokes. iron pipe preparatory to calking. jocularity ('i-ti), n. merriment. joint-stock company (-stokkum 'pa- jocund ('und), adj. jovial; sportive; ni), n. a company the stock or cap- gay, ital of which is divided into trans- jocundity (-un'di-ti), ft. the state or ferable shares. quality of being jocund. jointure ('tur) , ft. landed estate or jodel, v.t. to warble. tenements settled on a woman in jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, p.pr. consideration of her marriage, to be jogging], to push or shake slightly, enjoyed by her after the death of usually with the elbow or hand, by her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to upon. travel along with a slow trotting joist (joist), ft. a horizontal timber to motion. which the boards of a floor or laths John Bull (jon bool'), ft. a popular of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- name for an Englishman. nish with joists. John Chinaman (jon chi'na-man), joke ( j ok), n. something said or done n. name applied by Americans to a to excite mirth; jest; sport: v.i. to Chinese. make jokes: v.t. to cast jokes at; John Doe (jon do'), ft. a term used rally. in law forms prior to the discovery joker ('er), ft. a jester; an extra of the true name; the feminine term card, the highest trump card at corresponding being "Jane Doe." euchre. johnny-cake (-kak), ft. a flat maize jollification _ (jol-i-fi-ka'shun), ft. cake, mixed with milk or water, merry-making, quickly prepared at an ordinary fire, jollity ('i-ti), ft. the state of being join goin), v.t. to unite; connect; jolly. associate; add or annex; to unite in jolly ('i), adj. [comparative jollier, su- marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- perlative jolliest], full of life and tact;, be associated or in unity with: mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- n. a joint or union. lent; most remarkable; companion- joinder ('der), n. inlaw, the coupling • able: adv. exceedingly: v.t. [p.t. & of two or more causes of action into p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke the same declaration. or rally; to treat well for the pur- joiner ('er), n. one who, or that pose of obtaining some advantage, which, joins, especially an artisan jolly-boat (-bot), ft. a ship's small who finishes the woodwork for boat. houses, &c. p jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden joinery ('er-i), ft. joiner's work. jerks: v.i. to Have a jerky motion: joint (joint) n. the place where two n. a sudden jerk. or more things join; articulation of Jonah (jo'na), n. name of a Biblical limbs; node or internode; hinge; a character in proverbial bad luck, fissure dividing rock masses into Hence a person supposed to carry blocks; one of the larger pieces into bad luck with him. which a carcass is cut up; a place of jonquil ('kwil), n. a bulbous plant low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. with fragrant flowers. Also j on- produced by the action of two or quille. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JORUM 517 JUDICIALLY jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinking bowl. joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. jostle ('1), v.t. to push against; elbow. jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr. jotting], to make a memorandum of (with down): n. a tittle. joule (joul), n. the unit of electrical force in the centimeter-eram-second system. journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news or events; diary; a book in which particular transactions are entered from the day-book; a ship's log- book; the bearing part of the shaft of a machine. journalism (-izm), n. newspaper or periodical literature; the influence exercised by such literature; the pro- fession of a journalist. journalist (-ist), n. an editor, or contributor to a journal or newspa- per; one who keeps a journal. journalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to journals, journalists, or jour- nalism. journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one place to another; a day's work or travel: v.i. to travel from one place to another. journeyman (-man), n. [pi. journey- men (-men) ], a mechanic who has served his apprenticeship. joust (joost), n. a mediaeval mock combat with blunted lances between two mounted knights: v.i. to engage in such a combat. jovial (jov'i-al), adj. convivial; merry. joviality ('i-ti), n. conviviality; mirth. jovially (-li), adv. with joviality. jowl (joul), n. the jaw or cheek; head of a fish. joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; gaiety; gladness: v.i. to rejoice or be glad. joyful ('fool), adj. full of joy. joy-ride ('rid), n. term for the reck- less, unauthorized use of an auto- mobile, usually by the chauffeur. jubilant (jo5'bi-lant), adj. express- ing exultation; triumphant. jubilate Cbi-lat), v.i. to express ex- ultation. jubilation (-la/shun), n. a shouting for joy; declaration of triumph. _ jubilee ('bi-le), n. a Jewish festival celebrated every 50th year, to com- memorate the deliverance of the Is- raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 50th anniversary of any event; a year of special indulgence granted by the Pope every 25th year. Judaean (-de'an), adj. pertaining to Judaea, <&c. Judaic (-da/ik) adj. pertaining to the Jews. Also Judaical. Judaize (-iz), v.i. to conform to the rites and doctrines of the Jews: v.t. bring into conformity with Judaism. Judaism (da'izm), n. the religious rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- formity to Jewish rites and doc- trines. judge (juj), n. the presiding official in a court of law, having authority to hear and determine civil and criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- seur; one of the chief rulers of the Israelites from the death of Joshua to the kingship of Saul: v.t. to ex- amine and pass sentence upon; dis- tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a conclusion by comparison and con- sideration; hear and determine a case, and pass sentence. judgment ('ment), n. ^ the act of judging; a judicial decision; mental faculty of deciding correctly by the comparison of facts and ideas; pen- etration; intelligence ;^ criticism; opinion; punishment inflicted by God; the final trial of mankind by God (with the); judgment-day. judicature ('di-ka-tur), n.& court of justice; power of dispensing justice by legal trial and judgment. judicial (-dish'al), adj. pertaining to courts of justice or to the adminis- tration of justice; proceeding from, or inflicted by, a court of justice; impartial. judicially (-li), adv. in a judicial ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JUDICIARY 513 JUNKET judiciary ('i-a-ri), adj. pertaining to courts of justice; passing judgment: n. judges collectively; that branch of a government concerned with the ad- ministration of civil and criminal law. judicious ('us), adj. prudent; discreet. jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook in a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate the cry of a nightingale; to nestle together as birds: n. an earthenware vessel with a handle, used to carry liquids; a jail or prison. Juggernaut (jug'er-nawt), n. aname of Krishna, a god of the Hindus, whose image was borne on a car during certain ceremonial rites, un- derneath whose wheels his devotees threw themselves to be crushed. _ juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- fice: v.i. to conjure: n. a trick by sleight of hand; imposture. jugglery ('ler-i), n. _ [pi. juggleries (-iz) ], legerdemain; imposture. jugular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to the neck or throat or jugular vein: n. a jugular vein. juice (j°°s), n. sap; the fluid parts of animal bodies. juicy (joo'si), adj. full of juice. , jujube Cjoob), n. a kind of lozenge; the edible fruit of a shrub. julep ('lep), n. a drink composed of brandy or whisky sweetened and flavored; a mixture of sugar and water serving as a vehicle for ad- ministering medicine. Julian ('lian), adj. pertaining to Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 46 B.C.: replaced by the Gregorian year (New Style) in England, 1752. julienne (zhoo-li-en'), n. a clear meat soup with chopped carrots, &c. July (joo-H'), n. seventh calendar month, named from Julius Caesar's birth in that month. jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass; a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a confused mass; throw together with- out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- fusedly. jumble-sale (jum'bl-sal), n. a charity sale of second-hand articles; also called a rummage sale. jumbo Cbo), n. a huge person or animal. jumboism (jum'bo-izm), n. admira- tion of things on account of mere bigness. jump (jump), n. a spring or bound; the space jumped; in mining, a fault: v.t. to cause to spring or bound; leap over; to take possession of (a mining claim) during the ab- sence of its owner: v.i. to spring upward or forward. jumper ('er), n. one who, or that which, jumps; a name applied to certain religious sects who practice dancing under^ religious excitement; a hooded Arctic fur jacket. junction (jungk'shun), n. the act of being joined; union; a point or place of union. juncture ('tur), n. the point or line at which two bodies are joined; joint; articulation; particular or critical occasion. June (jun), n. the sixth month of the year, so named from Juno, spouse of Jove. jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense tropical thicket of forest trees, brushwood, tall grasses, &c. jungly ('gli), adj. pertaining to, or covered with, jungle. junior (joon'yer), adj. younger; of lower standing; pertaining to youth: n. the younger of two; one of lower standing. juniority (-yor'i-ti), n. junior state. juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the berries of which are used in flavor- ing gin. junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old cable, rope, &c, used for making mats, oakum, &c; salt ship beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel. junker (jung'ker) n. German military enthusiast. junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation of curds and cream; a variety of sweetmeat; excursion; picnic: v.i. to participate in an excursion or picnic. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. JUNTA 519 JUXTATERRESTRIAL junta (jun'ta), n. a legislative assem- bly or council. junto ('to), n. [pi. juntos ('toz)], a secret council of state; faction; ca- bal. jupon (joo'pon), n. a petticoat. Also jupe. juridical (-rid'i-kal), adj. pertaining to law, judicial proceedings, or juris- prudence. jurisconsult (-ris-kon'sult), n. a jurist. jurisdiction (dik'shun), n. legal au- thority; m extent of power; district over which any authority extends. jurisprudence (-proo'dens), n. legal science; system of laws of a country. jurist ('rist), n. one skilled in legal science. juror ('rer), n. a juryman. jury ('ri), n. a body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or decide on the evidence before them; a commit- tee of experts selected to award prizes, &c, at a public exhibition, &c. jury-mast (-mast), n. a temporary mast. jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- gally enforced. just (just), adj. conformable to di- vine or human laws; upright; im- partial; faithful; exact; regular; fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; almost; perfectly. justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- ing just; < rectitude in dealing with others; impartiality; a judge or magistrate. justiciary (-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. jus- ticiaries (-riz)j, a judge. justifiable ('ti-fi'a-bl), adj. defensible. justifiably (-bli), adv. so as to be justifiable. justification (-ka/shun), n. the act of justifying; vindication or defense; the act of acceptance of a man by God as justified by the merits of Jesus Christ. justify ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. justi- fied, p.pr. justifying], to show or prove to be just or right; vindicate; pardon; accept and treat as just on the ground of faith and repentance: v.i. to conform to each other by proper spacing, as lines of type. jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, p.pr. jutting], project beyond the main body. Jute (joot), n. a member of one of the low Germanic tribes that in- vaded England during the fifth and sixth centuries. jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East Indian plant used for ropes, bag- ging, mats, &c. juvenescence (joo-ve-nes'ens), n. a growing young. juvenescent Cent), adj. becoming young. juvenile ('ve-nil), adj. youthful; characteristic of, or suitable to, youth: n. a young person. juvenility (-nil'i-ti), n. youthfulness. juxta, a prefix meaning near, as juxta- position.. juxtaterrestrial (juks'ta-te-res'tri-al) , a. relating to the ocean bed not far from the land. ate, arm, jt, awl; me, merge?, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. r>ic. 34 K K, the eleventh letter of the English alphabet. Kaaba (ka/ba), n. the shrine at Mec- ca towards which all Mohammedans turn when praying. Kaffir (kaf'er), n. any member of one of the Bantu tribes of South Africa; the Kaffir language; one of a non- Mohammedan race of Northern Af- ghanistan; an infidel. Also Kafir, Kaffre, Caff re. kafir-corn (kaf'ir-korn), n. a form of fodder-grass bearing a general resemblance to maize. kaftan (kaftan), n. a kind of vest worn in Oriental countries. Also caftan. kago (kag'o), n. a Japanese palan- quin. kaiser (ki'zer), n. the title of the em- perors of Germany and Austria. kaki (ka'ke), n. the Japanese date- plum. kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. kaleidoscope (ka-li'do-skop), n. an optical instrument which by an ar- rangement of mirrors causes objects viewed through it to appear in a variety of symmetrical and beautiful patterns. kalendar, kalends. See calendar, &c. kali (kale), n. a species of glass- wort, the ashes of which are used in glass manufacture; caustic potash; a Persian carpet. kal if. Same as caliph. Kalmuck (kal'muk), adj. pertaining to the Western Mongols, or to their language. kalmuck, n. a rough hairy kind of cloth. kamalin (kam'a-lin), n. a medicinal principle found in the rhizome of the fern. kami (ka'mi), n. a Japanese title equivalent to English Lord. kamis (-mes'), n. a long shirt worn by Mohammedans. Kanaka (ka-na'ka), n. a Sandwich Islander. kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- bivorous marsupial mammal peculiar to Australia, having short fore legs and long powerful hind legs, with which it leaps. kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. china or porce- lain clay. karat. Same as carat. karyo, a prefix meaning nucleus, oc- curring in various scientific words. katakana (kat-a-ka/na), n. the square style of writing of the Japanese. katmon (kat-mon'), n. an evergreen tree indigenous to the Philippine Islands. kayak (ka'yak), n. an Eskimo seal- skin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. kea (ke'a), n. a New Zealand parrot, which feeds on carrion and attacks sheep. keckle (kekl), v.t. to preserve (a rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- ing of canvas, &c. kedge (kej), n. a light anchor used in warping: v.t. to warp. keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest timber of a vessel extending from stem to stern and supporting the whole frame: hence a ship; a low, flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest petals of the corolla of a papiliona- ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; give up. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, t/ien. (520) KEEL-BOAT 521 KETTLEDRUM keel-boat Cbot), n. a large covered freight boat. keelhaul ('hawl), v.t. to drag under water beneath the bottom of a ship from one side to the other: formerly a naval punishment; reprimand sternly. keelson ('sun), n. a beam or timber laid on the middle of the floor tim- bers over the keel of a vessel to strengthen it. Kelson. keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- ing; bitter; acute: n. a shrill bitter wail [Irish]. keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, p. pr. keeping], to have the care of; guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- saries of life; detain; confine: v.i. to remain in any state or condition: n. subsistence; the stronghold or donjon of a mediaeval castle. keeping ('ing), n. care; custody; charge; subsistence; harmony; con- gruity. keepsake ('sak), n. something kept as a souvenir of the giver. keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. keg (keg), n. a small barrel. kelep (kel'ep), n. a Guatemalan ant which feeds on insects, and which has been imported into the South- ern United States to prey on the cotton-boll-weevil. kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of sea- weeds, from which iodine is obtained; a large coarse seaweed or wrack. kelpie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent water- sprite, supposed to take the form of a horse. Kelt. Same as Celt. kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair or wool; refuse of fur. ken (ken), n. view; knowledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], to know; descry [Scotch]. kendal ('dal), n. a coarse green cloth. kennebecker (ken-e-bek'er), n. a hand-bag used for carrying clothes by Maine lumbermen. kennebunker (ken-e-bungk'er), n. same as kennebecker. kennel ('el), n. a house for a dog or pack of hounds; lair of a fox: street gutter; vile lodging: v.t. to confine in a kennel: v.i. to five in a kennel. keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance played with numbered balls and cards. kepi (kep'i), n. a military cap with a straight vizor. keratin (ker'a-tin), n. the principal constituent of hair, nails, and horn. keratoscope (ker'a-to-skop), n. an instrument to detect departure from normal form of the cornea of the eye. kerite (ke'rit), n. an insulating ma terial made of vulcanized rubber. kermes (ker'mez), n. the dried bodies of a cochineal insect {Coccus ilicis), furnishing a scarlet dye; an oxysul- phide of antimony of a deep cherry color; a festival or fair. kermess (ker'mes), n. a feast or banquet in the open air. kern (kern), n. the overhanging part of a type. kernel ('el), n. a grain or seed; the edible substance of a nut or fruit stone; essence. kerosene ('o-sen), n. refined petro- leum. kerosene-engine (ker'o-sen-en'jin) , n. a gas engine using kerosene as fuel. Kerry ('i), n. an Irish breed of cattle. kersey ('zi), n. a coarse smooth-faced cloth. kerseymere (-mer), n. cassimere. kestrel (kes'trel), n. a kind of hawk. ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel. ketchup ('up), n. a sauce prepared from tomatoes, mushrooms, &c. Also catsup and catchup. ketch-yacht (kech'yot), n. a small yacht with two masts and three fore-and-aft sails. kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for boiling liquids. kettledrum (-drum), n. a hemi- spherical copper drum; afternoon tea party. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. KEY 522 KINEMATICS key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- ment for operating a lock; an in- strument by which something is turned, secured, or operated upon; clef; solution; literal translation: v.t. fasten or connect with a key. keynote ('not), n. m the fundamental note; ruling principle. keystone ('ston), n. central stone of an arch. khaki (ka'ki), n. a light drab-col- ored cloth. khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, chief, or governor; a caravanserai. khanate Cat), n. the jurisdiction of a khan. kheda (ke'da), n. an enclosure for capturing wild elephants. khedive (ke-deV), n. the official title of the Viceroy of Egypt. khedeviate (-de'vi-at), n. the juris- diction of the khedive. kibosh (ki-bosh', or kl-bosh'), n. a word having several rather vague meanings, applied in particular to the cement used to finish archi- tectural sculptures; and, more gen- erally, in a slang phrase implying to finish off or get the better of a person; also used as a verb. kick (kik), n. a blow with the foot; a recoil :_ v.t. to strike with the foot: v.i. recoil; resist. kick-out (kik'out), n. a kick made by a football player after a safety or touch-back. kickshaw ('shaw), n. something fan= ciful or out of the way; a delicacy. kid (kid), n. the young of the goat, or its soft skin used for gloves, &c. ; a child; a small wooden tub: adj. made of kid: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. kidded, p.pr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: v.t. to furnish or cover with kid; humbug. kid-brush (kid'brush), n. a brush used in finishing the grain of goat skins after tanning. kiddle (kidl), n. a wicker fish-weir. kidnap ('nap), v.t. to gat forcible and illegal possession of (human be- ings, especially children). kidney ('ni), n. [pi. kidneys ('niz], one of two oblong flattened organs which separate the urine from the blood. kilerg (kil'erg), n. a. unit of energy = 1,000 ergs. kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- stroy; slay. killowatt (kil'o-wot), n. unit of elec- tric power; one thousand watts. kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile for burning, drying, or hardening. kilogramme ('o-gram), n. 1,000 grammes =2.2046 bs. kiloliter (-.e'tr), n. 1,CC0 liters = 220 imperial gals, (about). kilometer (-me'tr), n. 1,000 meters =3,280.8 feet. kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or philibeg of the Scottish Highland- ers kimono (ki-m5 7 no), n. the loose outer robe of the Japanese. kin _ (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- ship; kindred; a Chinese lute. kind (kind), # od/. benevolent; indul- gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. genus or species; quality; variety; sort. kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten), n. a school for young children in which they are taught by diverting object lessons, &c. kindle (kindl), v.t. to set fire to; in- flame. kindliness (kindli-nes), n. kindly disposition. kindly (li), adj. [comp. kindlier, superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv. in a kindly manner. kindness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being kind; a kind act. kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- ture or character; cognate: n. rela- tionship by birth or marriage; con- sanguinity. kinemacolor (kin'e-ma-kul'er), n. a moving picture produced in natural colors. kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. the science of pure motion. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, huts think, then. KINETIC 523 KNAPSACK kinetic (kl-net'ik), adj. pertaining to, or imparting, motion; active: n.pl. that branch of dynamics which treats of the action of forces in causing or influencing motion. kinetograph (-ne'to-grM), n. an ap- paratus for taking photographs of moving objects and afterwards re- producing them on a screen, as if in actual motion. kinetophonograph (ki-ne-to-fo'no- graf), n. sl combination of phono- graph and kinetograph to reproduce the voices of the actors along with the moving pictures. kinetoscope (kin-et'o-skop), n. a machine for producing pictures with moving figures. king (king), n. a male sovereign or ruler; a piece or card representing a king in a game; one who is specially distinguished in the same class or kind. kingdom ('dum), n. the territory ruled by a king or queen; royal au- thority; sphere of influence; primary division. kingfisher (-er), n. sl fish-eating bird with bright blue and green or slate- blue and white plumage. kingwood ('wood), n. a hard violet- tinted wood imported from Brazil: used in turnery and cabinet-making. kink (kingk), n. a twist in a rope or thread when doubled; whim: v.t. & v.i. to form kinks. kinkajou (king'ka-joo), n. a South American carnivorous mammal with a long prehensile tail. kinnikinic (kin-i-ki-nik'), n. a kind of tobacco smoked by the American Indians, made of the leaves of the sumac, willow, &c. kino (ki'no), n. an astringent gum, used in medicine, tanning, &c. kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. kiosk (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish open pavilion or summer house. kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a calf or small cattle. kipper ('er), n. a salmon after spawn- ing; a salmon, herring, &c, cut open, salted, and smoke-dried: v.t. to cure, as a salmon. kirk (kerk), n. a church; the Church of Scotland (with the) [Scotch]. kirtle (kor'tl), n. an upper garment; petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. kismet _ (kis'met), n. fate; destiny. kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with the lips; a slight touch: v.t. to sa- lute with the lips; touch slightly: v.i. to caress mutually with the lips. kist (kist), n. a chest or box. kit (kit), n. a small wooden tub; a small violin; traveling necessaries, outfit, &c; set; a large bottle; a family or brood. kitcat (kitlcat), n. a portrait 28 x 36 in. showing half the length. kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj. pertaining to the kitchen. kitchener (-'er), n. a cooking range. kitchenette (kich-en-ef), n. a small kitchen in apartment houses or studios. kite (kit), n. a rapacious bird of prey; a light frame of wood covered with paper or linen for flying in the air; a light lofty sail; an ac- commodation bill. kite-meteorograph (kit'me'te-o-ro- graf), n. an apparatus to be carried on a kite to secure records of meteor- ological conditions in the upper atmosphere. kith (kith), n. acquaintance. kitten (kit'n), n. a young cat. kittiwake ('i-wak), n. a gull. kiwi (ke'wi), n. a New Zealand bird with a long bill. kleptomania (klep-to-ma/ni-a), n. a form of insanity manifesting itself in an irresistible propensity to steaL kleptomaniac ('ni-ak), n. one who s under the influence of klepto- mania. knack (nak), n. adroitness; dexterity. knacker ('er), n. a horse-slaughterer; dealer in worn-out horses. knapsack (nap'sak), n. a leather or cloth traveling case carried on the back. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. KNAPWEED 524 KNOT knapweed ('wed), n. a purple- flowered plant; bachelor's button. knave (nav), n. a dishonest or de- ceitful person; a court-card with the figure of a soldier or servant. knavery ('er-i), n. [pi. knaveries (-iz) ], dishonesty; fraud; deceit. knavish ('ish), adj. dishonest; mis- chievous. knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, as dough; operate upon in massage; mold. knee (ne), n. the articulation of the leg and thigh bones; anything re- sembling a knee: v.t. to connect or strengthen with knees. _ knee-breeches ('brich-ez), n.pl. breeches reaching j ust below the knee. kneecap ('kap), n. a flattened oval bone on the forepart of the knee- joint; patella. # Also kneepan. kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall upon, the knees. knell (nel), n. the sound of a bell when struck, especially a funeral bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound or toll, as a funeral bell. Knickerbocker (nik'er-bok-er), n. a descendant of one of the early Dutch settlers of Manhattan. knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz), n. pi. wide breeches gathered in below the knee. knickknack ('nak), n. a little orna- mental trifle; kickshaw. knife (nif), # n. [pi. knives (-nivz) ], a cutting instrument with a sharp- edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to stab with a knife. knight (nit), n. one who holds non- hereditary rank next below a baro- net, entitling him to the prefix Sir; in mediaeval times, one of gentle birth, who, after serving as an es- quire, was admitted by certain cere- monies to military rank; a cham- pion; lover; one of the pieces in chess: v.t. to confer the honor of knighthood upon. knightage ('aj), n. knights collec- tively. knight-errant (-er'ant), n. [pi. knights-errant], in the Middle Ages, a knight who went in quest of ad- venture, to show his prowess, chivalry, &c. knight-errantry (-tri), n. the prac- tices or customs of knights-errant. knighthood ('hood), n. the charac- ter, rank, or dignity, of a knight. Knight Templar (nit-tem'plar), tt. one of a military order established in the 12th century for the defense of the Temple in Jerusalem. One belonging to a certain rank or degree in Masonry. knit (nit), y.t. [p.t.^ & p.p. knitted, p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw together; weave together by needles; contract. knitting ('ing), n. the work of a knitter; the netted fabric thus woven; union. knob (nob), n. the rounded handle of a door, &c; round protuberance; knoll. knobby ('i), adj. full of knobs. knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke with something hard or heavy; rap: v.t. to give a blow to; drive or strike against: v.i. to strike a blow with something hard or heavy. knock-out ('out), n. a mechanical de- vice for throwing out finished work; a knock-down blow ending a fight. knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; hilltop. knop (nop), n. an architectural orna- ment of clustered leaves and flowers : button, knot (not), n. an interweaving or tying of thread or cord, &c; any- thing resembling a knot; entangle- ment; difficulty; a hard part in a piece of wood; part of a tree where the branches shoot out; a division of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond of union; group; the red-breasted sand- piper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knotted, p.pr. knotting], to tie in a knot; unite firmly or closely: v.i. form knots or joints; make knots for fringe. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. KNOTTING 525 KUMMETER knotting ('ing), n. a kind of lace. kopeck. Same as copeck. work; a paint of red lead, &c, for kopi (ko'pi), n. an African peasant. protecting metal. kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock [South knotty ('i), adj. [comp. knottier, Africa]. superl. knottiest], full of knots; Koran. See Alcoran. rugged; difficult. kosher (ko'sher), adj. applied to knout (nout), n. a leathern whip meat prepared according to the formerly used as a punishment in Hebrew ordinances; meaning pure, Russia: v.t. to punish with the clean, undefiled. knout. koto (ko'to), n. a Japanese musical know (no), v.t. [p.t. knew, p.p. instrument, somewhat resembling known, p.pr. knowing], to perceive the zither. with the mind; understand clearly; koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous have knowledge of; distinguish: v.i. beverage made by the Tartars to be informed. from fermented mare's milk. Also knowing ('ing), p. adj. having knowl- kumiss. edge; intelligent; shrewd; cunning; kowtow (ko-tou'), n. sl Chinese form stylish. of salutation from an inferior to a knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- superior by touching the ground tion of a truth or fact; erudition; with the forehead: v.i. salute by the skill from practice; acquaintance; kowtow. Also kotow. information. kraal (krawl), n. an African village knuckle (nukl), n. the projecting consisting of a group of huts sur- joint of the fingers; the knee-joint rounded by a palisade; a single of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend the hut; a sheepfold, or cattle-pen. fingers; yield or submit. kraken (kra'ken), n. a sea-monster knur (ner), n. a hard. knot or pro- said to have been seen off the Nor- tuberance. Also knurl. wegian coast. koa (ko'a), n. a Hawaiian tree of kremlin (kremlin), n. a Russian the Acacia genus yielding a valuable citadel, especially that of Moscow. timber. kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin copper coin = Y2 of a cent; former- or sprite frequenting houses, mines, ly a German coin = 2 /z of a cent. and caves. kriegspiel (kreg'spel), n. a military kodak ('dak), n. a portable camera game with blocks to represent the for taking instantaneous^ photo- various sections of an army as if in graphs: v.t. to take an instanta- actual warfare. neous picture of. krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner ('ner) ], koff (kof), n. a Dutch fishing-vessel. a coin (crown) current in Teutonic kohl (kol), n. powdered antimony, and Scandinavian countries = 27 used in the East for imparting cents. luster to the eyes. krypton (krip'-ton), n. a gaseous kohlrabi ('ra-bi), n. a variety of chemical element of recent dis- cabbage. covery. kokra-wood (kok'ra-wood), n. the Ku-Klux-Klan (koo-kluks-klan'), n. wood of an Indian tree, used for a secret order established during the making flutes, &c, and in turnery. days of Reconstruction, to safe- koniscope (kon'i-skop), n. an appa- guard person and property. ratus for determining the amount of kummel (kem'el), n. a German and dust contained in the air. Russian liqueur, flavored with cara- koodoo (kod'doo), n. the striped an- way seeds. telope of South Africa. kummeter (ko'me-ter), n. an ap- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. KUNZITE 526 KYRIN paratus for measuring the long» ethereal waves used in wireless teleg- raphy. kunzite (konts'it), n. a semi-precious mineral named after Mr. George F. Kunz. kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vellum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten. kyanize (ki'an-iz), v.t. to impreg- nate (wood) for preservation with a solution of corrosive sublimate. kymograph (-mo'graf), n. an ap- paratus for determining the pressure of blood. kyrin (ki'rin), n. a product of the digestion of the nitrogenous foods known as proteins. ate, araij ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. L L, the twelfth letter in the English alphabet. la (la), n. the sixth note of the scale [mus.]. laager Cger), n. an extemporized camp for defense, formed with wag- ons, &c: v.t. to protect by a laager [South Africa]. label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, &c, attached to anything to indicate its destination, ownership, &c; codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to mark with, or affix, a label; classify. labial (la'bi-ai), adj. formed by the lips: n. a letter representing a sound so formed. labiate ('bi-at), adj. lipped. labile (lab'il), adj. susceptible of being readily changed or modified; also referring to a method of apply- ing electricity by moving the elec- trodes back and forth over the affec- ted part. labiodental (-o-den'tal), adj. formed by | the lips and teeth. labiomental (la/bi-o-men'tal), adj. having reference to the lips and chin. labionasal (-na/zal), adj. formed by the lips and nose. labium ('bi-um), n. [pi. labia (-a) ], a lip or lip-like organ. labor ('ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- ical or mental; effort; difficulty; pain; parturition: v.t. to cause to toil; fabricate: v.%. to exert muscu- lar strength; use mental efforts; be hard pressed; take pains; move slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- fer the pains of childbirth. laboratory (lab'or-a-to-ri), n. [pi. laboratories (-riz) ], a place where scientific experiments and operations are carried on. Labor Day, n. a holiday observed in the United States in recognition of the dignity of labor, falling on the first Monday in September of each year. laborious (la-bo'ri-us), adj. difficult; toilsome. labradorite (iab'ra-dor-it), n. a feldspar displaying an iridescent play of colors. labrum (la'brum), n. [pi. labra ('bra) ], the lip-like shield of an in- sect's mouth. labrus (la'brus), adj. thick lipped. ' laburnum (la-ber'num), n. an orna- mental tree with pendent yellow flowers. labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a series of intricate winding passages: from the. structure made in Crete by Daeda- lus; a maze; inexplicable difficulty;; the winding cavities of the internal ear; a series of troughs through which ore slime is passed and the metallic particles deposited. 1 lac (lak), n. a resinous substance formed on certain trees by an in- sect (Carteria lacca)] the inspis- sated sap of various trees: the sum of 100,000 rupees =-$50,000 (about). lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or silver, &c. r curiously woven; a cord used for binding or fastening: v.t. to fasten with a lace; adorn with lace; beat. lacerate (tos'er-at), v.t to rend; wound. laceration (-a'shun), n. the act of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (527) LACHRYMAL 528 LAG rending; a harrowing of the feel- ings; a rent. lachrymal ('ri-mal), adj. pertaining to tears. lachrymose ('ri-mos), adj. tearful; sad. lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.i. to be in need; to be deficient; come short: n. want; failure. lackadaisical (-a-da/zi-kal), adj. af- fectedly pensive or sentimental. lackey ('i), n. a menial attendant; footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a lackey: v.i. act servilely. laconic ^ (-kon'ik), adj. expressing much in few words. Also laconical. laconically (-al-li), adv. briefly. lacquer (laker), n.a, varnish con- sisting of shellac dissolved in alco- hol and variously colored: v.t. to varnish with lacquer. lacrosse (la-kros')> n. a Canadian game resembling football, but played with a netted bat (crosse). lact, a prefix meaning milk y as Zactic, adj. pertaining to milk. Also lacti, lacto. lactarine (lak'ta-rin), n. a prepara- tion of casein or milk curds: used extensively in calico printing. < lactation (-ta/shun), n. secretion of milk; the act or period of suckling. lacteal ('te-al), adj. _ pertaining to, or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pl. the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the intestines to the tho- racic-duct. lactic. See under lact. lactic acid _ ('tik as'id), n. a bitter acid contained in sour milk. lactification (lak-ti-fi-ka/shun), n. the production of lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria, as in curdling milk. lactiform (lak'ti-form), adj. resem- bling milk. lactigenous (lak-tij'e-nus), adj. hav- ing the property of stimulating the flow of milk. lactochrome (lak'to-krom), n. a substance obtained from milk and believed to be the source of the yellow color of butter. lactoglobulin (lak-t5-glob'u-lin), a. a protein or albumen found in milk. lactometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for ascertaining the spe- cific gravity of milk. lactoprotein (lak-to-pro'te-in), n. one of the several proteins or ni- trogenous compounds that occur in milk. lactoviscometer (lak-to-vis-kom'e- ter), n. an apparatus to test the quality of milk by measuring the rate of its flow through a small tube. lacuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. lacunae ('ne) ], a blank space; hiatus; small pit or hollow. lacustrine (-kus'trin), adj. pertain- ing to a lake. lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; com- rade. ladder ('er), n. a framework con- sisting of two parallel side pieces connected by bars, &c, forming steps at suitable distances; any- thing by which one climbs or as- cends. laddie ('i), n. a lad [Scotch]. lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, p.p. laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- den; heave or throw out. lading ('ing), n. the act of loading; freight. ladle ('1), n. a deep spoon for serving out liquids: v.t. to dip up with a ladle. ladrone (la-dron'), n. a robber; ban- dit; guerrilla. lady (la'di), n. [pi. ladies ('diz) ], a well-bred woman; the title of the wife of a knight or a superior in rank to him; the daughter of a duke, marquis, or earl; mistress of a house. ladybird (-berd), n. a red coleop- terous insect marked with black spots. ladyship (-ship), n. the rank or title of a lady (with her or your). lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr. lagging], to move slowly; loiter; stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- rested or punished: adj. long de- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LAGER BEER 529 LANCET layed; last: n. retardation of me- chanical movement. lager beer (la'ger ber), n. a German beer suitable for storing. laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; loiterer: adj. backward; slow. lagoon (la-goon'), n. a shallow lake formed at the mouth of a river or near the sea; marsh or fen. Lag thing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- gian Upper House of Parliament. laic (la/ik), adj. pertaining to the laity. laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked with fine parallel ribbed lines: said of paper. lain, p.p. of lie. lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. laity (la/i-ti), n. the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy. lake (lak), n. a large body of water surrounded by land; a pigment. lama (la'ma), n. a Tibetan Buddhist priest, monk, or nun. lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; one who is gentle or innocent; an inexperienced speculator: v.i. to bring forth lambs. lambent ('bent), adj. playing about; flickering; touching lightly. lambkin ('kin), n. a little lamb. lambrequin (lam'bre-kin), n. a fes- tooned drapery, hanging from the upper part of a window, doorway, &c. lambskin ('skin), n. the skin of a lamb dressed with the fleece on and frequently colored. Iambs wool ('zwool), n. the wool of lambs; a beverage composed of ale with nutmeg, sugar, and the pulp of roasted apples. lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled in the limbs; not sound or efficient: v.t. to cripple or disable. lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamellae ('e) ], a thin scale or plate. lamellar (lam'e-lar), adj. composed of lamellae. lamelli, a prejix meaning a plate or scale, found in various scientific words, as lamellifoTm: adj. scale- like. lamely (lam'li), adv. in a lame man- ner. lameness ('nes), n. state of being lame. lament (-menf), v.t. to mourn for: v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- sion of sorrow; lamentation. lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl), adj. to be lamented; mournful; pitiable. lamentably (-bli), adv. in a lamen- table manner. lamentation (-ta'shun), n. grief audibly expressed; outcry. lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae (-ne) ], a thin plate or scale; a coat or layer lying over another; blade of a leaf or petal. laminar ('i-nar), adj. composed of thin plates. Also laminary. laminate ('i-nat), adj. composed of, or arranged in, laminae. lamination (-i-na'shun), n. divisi- bility or division into thin plates. lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning oil, &c, with a wick; any device for producing artificial light. lampblack ('blak), n. finely divided charcoal or soot: v.t. to apply lamp- black to. lampistry (lam'pis-tri), n. the work of making and decorating lamps. lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal written satire designed to bring the subject of it into contempt: v.t. to satirize by a lampoon. lamprey ('pri), n. an eel-like fish. lanate (la'nat), adj. woolly. lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood with a spear head; a thrust with a lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; cut open with a lancet. lancelet ('let), n. the amphioxus. lanceolate (lan'se-o-lat), adj. taper- ing to a point at either end, as cer- tain leaves. lancer (lan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier armed with a lance: pi. a kind of quadrille. lancet ('set), n. a surgeon's knife; a lancet-shaped or pointed window. ate, arm, ask, at. awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LANCEWOOD 530 LAPP lancewood ('wood), n. a tough elas- tic wood used in coachbuilding, &c. lanciform ('si-form), adj. lance- shaped. land (land), n. the solid portion of the surface of the globe; the earth; a country or district; real estate: v,t. to set on shore; capture and bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or go on shore; disembark. landau ('do), n. a kind of carriage. landgrabber (land'grab-er), n. one who gets possession of public land by means of fraud; in Ireland, one who buys or occupies land from which another has been evicted. landlord ('lord), n. one who has ten- ants holding under him; the keeper of a hotel or inn. Fern, landlady. landlordism (-izm), n. the action of landlords collectively, especially with respect to their landed interests. landlubber ('lub-er), n. one not a sailor. landrail ('ral), n. the corncrake. landscape ('skap), n. the general aspect of a country, or a picture representing it. Landsmaal ('mal), n. new national language, excluding Danish forms, proposed in Norway in 1913. Landsthing (lans'ting), n. the Up- per House of the Danish Parliament (Rigsdag). landsturm (lant'sturm), n. the last reserve of the German army, only called out in time of war. Landtag ('takh), n. the Parliament of one of the states comprising the German Empire. landwehr (lant'var), n. the reserve or militia of the German army. lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- tween hedges, walls, &c; narrow street. language (lang'gwej), n. human speech; the speech of one nation or race as distinguished from that of another; style or expression peculiar to an individual. languid ('gwid), adj. wanting ener- gy; weak. languish ('gwish), v.i. to become weak or spiritless; pine away; look with tenderness or wistfulness. languor (lang'gwer), n. listlessness; a lack of energy ; a mental condition without ambition or spirit. lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. lanky ('i), adj. tall and thin. lanner (lan'er), n. a species of hawk. lanolin ('o-lin), n. an unctuous sub- stance obtained from the wool of sheep, &c. lantern (ian'tern), n. a transparent case for holding or carrying a light; the light-room of a lighthouse; a small tower on the roof of a building to admit light and air. lanternist (lan'ter-nist), n. one who uses a magic lantern _ to project pictures on a screen, as in lecturing. lantern- jawed (jawd), adj. having a long thin face. lanthanum (lan'tha-num) , n. a rare metallic element. Also lanthanium. lanyard ('yard), n. a piece of rope, cord, &c, for seizing or fastening the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- ment which may be doubled at pleas- ure; part of the body or clothes from the waist to the knees of a person seated; a name for various pieces of mechanism; one length of a course which has to be passed over more than once in a race; the act of lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, p.pr. lapping], to bend and spread over; lick up: v.i. to he partially on something else. lapdog ('dog), n. a small pet dog. lapel (la-pel'), n. part of a coat which laps over. lapid, a prefix meaning stone. lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- daries (-riz) ], an artificer who cuts and sets precious stones; a connois- seur or dealer in gems. lapis lazuli (la/pis laz'u-li), n. a rich blue stone from which ultramarine was originally obtained. Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the lan- guage of the Lapps. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2/&en. LAPPET 531 LAST lappet ('et), n. a little loose flap. laps able (laps'a-bi), adj. capable of lapsing. lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip slowly away; fall by degrees; com- mit a slight fault or fail in duty; pass to another proprietor by negli- gence or death; slide or fall anew into sin: n. sl gliding or passing away slowly; slight fault or mis- take; ©mission to present to a bene- fice within a certain time. lapsus ('sus), n. a slip or mistake. lapwing (lap 'wing), n. a plover-like bird. larboard (larlbord), n. the term used formerly for the port or left-hand side of a ship. larcenous ('se-nus), adj. thievish. larceny ('se-rri), n. theft. larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert strips of bacon in before roasting: hence to mix. lardaceous (lar-da'shus), adj. per- taining to, or resembling, lard. Also lardy. larder ('der), n. a pantry; house- hold provisions. large (Jar j ) , adj. great in size ; _ bulky ; wide; extensive; comprehensive. largely ('li), adv. to a large extent; boastfully; before the wind: said of a vessel. largeness ('nes), n. the state of being large. largess Cjes), n. a gift or bounty. lariat Qar'i-at), n. a rope or lasso, especially of horsehair. lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of the genus Alauda; a frolic. larking ('ing), p.adj. catching larks; indulging in a frolic. larkspur ('sper), n. a plant with showy blue spurred flowers. larmier (lar'mi-er), n. a corona or dripstone. larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or flog. larva m (lar'va), n> [pi. larva? ('ve) ], an insect in the first stage of its metamorphosis after leaving the egg. larval (Val), adj. pertaining to a larva. larviparous (-vip'a-rus), adj. pro- ducing young in the state of larvae. laryngeal (lar-in-je'al), adj. pertain- ing to, or situated near, the larynx. laryngectomy (-jek'to-mij, n. -the operation of cutting away a part of the larynx. laryngismus > (-jis'mus), n. a spas- modic affection of the glottis. laryngitis (-jl'tis), n. inflammation of the larynx. laryngo, a prefix meaning larynx; as laryngoscope, an instrument fur- nished with mirrors for inspecting the larynx. laryngotomy (-got'o-mi), n. the sur- gical operation of cutting into the windpipe. larynx ('ingks), n. the upper part of the trachea or windpipe. lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian sailor employed on a European vessel. lascivious (-siv'i-us), adj. lustful; wanton; exciting lust. lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a sounding blow; whip; scourge with satire; fasten or bind with a cord or rope: v.i. to apply the whip; flog: n. the thong of a whip; a scourge; stroke with anything pliant; sarcasm or satire. lasher ('er), n. one who lashes; a weir. lashing ( r ing), n. a cord, rope, &c, to secure or bind anything; a whip- ping^ lass (las), n. a young woman; girl. lassie ('"i), n. a lass [Scotch]. lassitude ('i-ttid), n. weariness; lan- guor. lasso ('5), n. a rope, usually of hide, with a noose, used for catching wild horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with a lasso. last (last), adj. coming after all others in time, place, or order; lowest; utmost; least likely: adv. on the last time or occasion; finally: v.i. to remain in existence or opera- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LASTING 532 LAUNDRESS tion; endure: n. a wooden implement for shaping boots and shoes. lasting ('ing), adj. durable; perma- nent: n. a twilled fabric used for making women's shoes. lastly ('li), adv. in the last place. latch (>ach), n. a door catch: v.t. to secure or fasten with a latch. latchet ('et), n. a shoe string. late (lat), adj. [comp. later, swperl. latest], coming after the usual time; tardy; long delayed; far in the day or night; recent; recently deceased: adv. after delay; recently. lateen (la-ten') , n. atriangular sail used on boats on the Mediterranean, &c. lately ('li), adv. not long ago. latency (la' ten-si), n. the state of being latent. latent ('tent), n. concealed; invisible. lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, proceeding from, or acting upon, the side. Lateran ('er-an), n. the Papal palace, and the Church of St. John Lateran at Rome, the cathedral of the Pope. latero, a prejix meaning side. lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. lathe (iMh), n. a machine for turn- ing and polishing articles of wood, metal, &c. lather (laiA'er.), n. froth made by moistened soap; profuse sweating; v.t. to cover with lather. Latin (lat 'in), adj. pertaining to, written, or expressed in, Latin; per- taining to Latium, ancient Rome, its inhabitants or language, or the races and languages derived from Rome; Roman; Roman Catholic: n. an ancient Roman; the language of ancient Rome and its literature. Latin cross (kros), n. a cross having the lowest limb longer than the two sides and top. Latinize ('in-iz), v.t. to give Latin terminations, or characteristics, to; translate into Latin. Latinism (-izm), n. a Latin idiom. Latinist (-ist), n. a Latin scholar. Latinity ('i-ti), n. purity of Latin style or idiom. latitude ('i-tud), n. distance on the earth's surface as measured by de- grees north or south from the equa- tor; breadth; extent; freedom from rules; laxity; range or scope. latitudinal ('di-nal), adj. pertain- ing to latitude; in the direction of latitude. latitudinarian (-di-na-ri'an), adj. wide in range or scope; tolerant in speculative religious* opinions: n. one who holds latitudinarian views. latten (lat 'en), n. metal in thin sheets. latter ('er), adj. the second of two things previously mentioned; re- cent ; modern. lattice ('is), n. crossed open work of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or cross with a lattice. laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of praise. laudable ('a-bl), adj. commendable. laudanum _ ('a-num), n. a prepara- tion of opium. laudator ('a-ter), n. one who praises. laudatory ('a-to-ri), adj. expressing praise. laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound caused by merriment: v.i. to ex- press merriment, &c, by a laugh; appear gay, pleasant, &c; jeer (with at): v.t. to express or utter with laughter. laughing-gas ('ing-gas), n. nitrous oxide. laughing-stock (-stok), n. object of laughter. laughter ('ter), n. convulsive merri- ment. launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause to slide into the water, as a vessel; hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put to sea; expatiate in language; plunge; enter on a new career: n. the act of launching a vessel; plunge; the largest boat of a man- of-war; large open pleasure-boat usually propelled by steam, gas, or electricity. laundress (lawn'dres), n. a washer- woman. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LAUNDRY LEAD laundry ('dri), n. [pi. laundries ('driz)], a place where clothes are washed and ironed. laureate (law're-at), adj. decked or invested with laurel: n. one crowned with laurel; poet-laureate. laurel ('rel), ft. an evergreen shrub; crown or wreath of laurel: hence honor; distinction. laureled ('reld), adj. crowned with laurel. lava (la'va), ft. molten volcanic matter. lavatory (lav'a-to-ri), n. [pi. lava- tories (-riz)], a place for washing; retiring-room. lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. lavender (lav'en-der), an aromatic plant. laver (la'ver), n. a large vessel for washing in, especially the brazen laver of the Jewish tabernacle and temple used by the priests; an edible seaweed. lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- agant: v.t. expend or bestow with profusion; squander; waste. law (law), ft. a rule of action estab- lished by authority; edict, statute, or custom; act or enactment of a legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- dicial process; rule^ or axiom of science or art; established principle; the Mosaic code. lawful ('fool), adj. agreeable or com- formable to law; just; legal. lawfully (4i), adv. legally; justly. lawless ('les), adj. not obedient to or controlled by law; not according to law; ungoverned; unruly. lawn (lawn), ft. a plot of grass kept closely mown; fine cambric used for the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence the office of a bishop. lawn-tennis ('ten-is), ft. an outdoor game played with rackets, balls, and a net. lawsuit ('silt), ft. an action at law. lawyer ('yer), ft. one skilled in legal knowledge; one, especially a solic- itor, who practices in the law- courts; a skilled exponent of the Mosaic law. lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; weak. laxative ('a-tiv), adj. loosening; pur- gative. > laxity ('i-ti), ft. the state or quality of being lax. Also laxness. lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, p.pr. laying], to put or place; spread over; cause to He down; settle; calm; bring forward; wager; de* posit; exercise; set or place secretly; impose; impute: v.i. to produce eggs: ft. relative arrangement; particular business; share of profits; a simple song: adj. pertaining to the people, as distinguished from the clergy; non-professional. layer ('er), ft. a stratum, row, or bed; runner of a plant fastened down and covered with earth for propagation. lay-figure ('fig-ur), n. an artist's jointed model for hanging drapery upon; a mere puppet. laying ('ing), ft. a sitting of eggs; the first coat of plaster. layman ('man), n. [pi. laymen ('men)], one of the people, as dis- tinguished from a clergyman; a non- professional man. lazaretto (laz-a-ret'o), n. a hospital for persons suffering with infectious diseases; a ship's store-room. Also lazaret. lazily (la'zi-li), adv. in a lazy man- ner. laziness (-nes), n. indolence; slug- gishness. lazulite (laz'u-lit), n. an azure blue mineral. lazy (la'zi), adj. [comp. lazier, superl. laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne), n. [pi. laz- zaroni ('ni)], a Neapolitan loafer who does casual work. lea (le), n. a meadow. leach (lech) , v.t. to pass water through (ashes), to form lye. lead (led), ft. a soft heavy ductile bluish-grey metal; a plummet for sounding depths at sea; a thin strip of type-metal for separating lines; a stick of graphite ; a sheet of lead : ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LEAD 534 LEAVEN adj. consisting, wholly or partially, of lead: v.i. to furnish with lead. lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr. leading], to conduct with the hand; guide or conduct; precede; allure; induce; spend or use: v.i. to take precedence; act as a leader; play the first card or domino: n. guidance; precedence; the right to play first. leaded (led'ed), p. adj. separated by leads; set in, or covered with, lead. leaden ('en), adj. made of, or colored like, lead; heavy; sluggish. leader (led'er), n. one who leads; the chief editorial article of a news- paper; tendon; the foremost horse in a vehicle. leaderette (-ef), n. a short newspa- per leader. leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one of the thin flat parts of a plant; anything thinly beaten; something resembling a leaf; part of a book containing two pages; a valved part of a table, shutter, &c. leafage ('aj), n. leaves collectively. leaf-blotch (lef'bloch), n. a fungous disease on the leaves of roses and other plants. leaflet ('let), n. a small leaf; a tract or folding circular. leafy ('i), adj. [comp. leafier, superl. leafiest], full of leaves. league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- tual interests; confederacy; 3 geo- graphical miles: v.t. to combine for mutual interests: v.i. to confederate. leak (lek), n. a hole which lets in water: v.i. to let water in or out through a hole, &c. leakage ('aj), n. the state of a vessel that leaks; allowance for loss by leakage. leal (lei), adj. true-hearted [Scotch]. lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, leant, p.pr. meaning], to incline or deviate from an upright position: v.t. to cause to lean; rest: adj. thin; sterile. lean-to ('too), n. a building whose rafters rest on another building; penthouse. leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over by leaping; jump or spring over: v.i. to jump; vault: n. the act of leaping; i jump; spring; the space passed in leaping. leap year (yer), n. a year of 366 days, when Februrary has 29 days; every year divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 but not by 400. learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. learned, learnt, p.pr. learning], to acquire knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. to gain or receive knowledge or skill. learned ('ed), p. adj. erudite; skilled. learning ('ing), n. skill in literature, languages, or science; knowledge ac- quired. lease (les), n. & written contract for the letting of land or tenements for a specified number of years; period: v.t. to let by a written contract; take a lease of. leasehold ('hold), n. property held by lease: adj. held on lease. leash (lesh), n. a thong by which a hawk or hound is held; a brace and a half; three; a band by which anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind by a leash. least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, size, value, importance, &c. : adv. in the lowest or smallest degree. leather (leth'er), n. the tanned and curried skin of an animal; anything made of, or resembling, leather. leatherback ('bak), n. the soft- shelled turtle. leatherette (-ef), n. imitation leather. leathern ('ern), adj. made of, or re- sembling, leather. leave (lev), n. permission granted; departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. &. p.p. left, p.pr. leaving], to depart from; forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist from; refer for decision: v.i. to de- part; go away. leaven (lev'n), v.t. to produce fer- mentation in; taint; imbue: n. fer- ment mixed with a body to render it ate, g.«* £ffc, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LECHER 535 LEGIBILITY light; any influence working silently and strongly that causes changes in things or opinions. lecher (lech'er), n. a lewd man. lechery ('er-i), n. lustfulness; lewd- ness. lecithin (les'i-thin), n. a phosphorus compound contained in the cell material of animals and vegetables, including the yolk of egg. lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading desk of a church. lection ('shun), n. reading; a por- tion of the Scriptures to be read in the church service. lectionary (-a-ri), n. a table of les- sons. lector ('ter), n. one of the minor or- ders of the Roman Catholic Church; a reader. lecture ('tur), n. a formal discourse on any subject; reprimand: v.i. to deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. ledge (lej), n. ashelf ; ridge; layer; edge. ledger ('er), n. the principal account book of a mercantile house. ledger-line (-lln), n. the line either above or below the staff [mus.]. lee (le), n. the side or quarter to- ward which the wind blows; calm or sheltered side. leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- nished with a sucker, used in medi- cine for bleeding: formerly the name for a physician: v.t. to bleed with leeches. leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the onion family with a bulbous root. leer _ (ler), n. a sly, sidelong look indicative of malice, triumph, or lasciviousness: v.i„ to look with a leer. lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. leeward (le'werd), n. in the direction toward which the wind blows: n. lee side. leeway (le'wa) , n. the lateral drift of a vessel to leeward of her course; arrears. left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. the side opposite to right: p.t. & p.p. of leave. left-handed ('hand-ed), adj. using the left hand with greater strength or dexterity ^ than the right; awk- ward; malicious; irregular. leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by which men and animals walk, espe- cially in man between the knee and the ankle; anything resembling a leg, especially if used as a support; a covering for the leg; one of the fielders in cricket. legacy ('a-si), n. [pi. legacies (-siz) J, a gift by will of money or property; bequest. legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; permitted or authorized by law; legitimate. legalize ('Iz), v.t. to make lawful; sanction. legalism (-izm), n. close adherence or conformity to law"; the observ- ance of the strict letter of the law rather than its spirit. legality ('i-ti), n. conformity to law. legally ('li), adv. lawfully. legate (leg'at), n. a Papal ambassa- dor; envoy. legatee (-a-te'), n. a person to whom a legacy is bequeathed. legatine ('a-ten), adj. pertaining to a legate. legation (le-ga'shun), n. an embas- sy; ambassador; the official resi- dence of an ambassador. legato (le-ga/to), adv. a musical term meaning smoothly, glidingly. legend (lej'end), n. a romantic or non-historical story; myth; fable; inscription, as on a coin, coat of arms, &c. legendary ('end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; mythical. legerdemain (-er-de-man'), n. sleight of hand. legged (legd or leg'ed), adj. having legs. leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gaiters. Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or hat made of finely plaited Leghorn straw; a variety of domestic fowl. legibility (lej-i-biTi-ti), n. the state of being legible. Also legibleness. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boOn, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 35 LEGIBLE 536 LEONINE legible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being read; clear; distinct; apparent. legibly ('i-bli), adv. clearly; distinct- ly. legion (le'jun), n. a division of the ancient Roman army; a great num- ber; host; suborder. legionary ('jun-a-ri), adj. # pertain- ing to, or consisting of, legions; in- numerable: n. a soldier of a Roman legion. legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- lation. legislation (-la/shun), n. the act of making a law or laws. legislative ('is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or enacted by, legislation; having the power to legislate: n. the legislature. legislator (4a-ter), n. a lawgiver; a member of a legislative assembly. Legislature (-la-tur), n. that body in a state which is invested with the power of enacting and repealing laws; the legislative body of a state or territory. legitimacy (le-jit'i-ma-si), n. the state of being legitimate; lawfulness of birth. legitimate '('i-mat), adj.^ lawful; born in wedlock; real; logically cor- rect:: v.t. to make, or sanction as, lawful; render legitimate. Also legitimize. legitimately (-li), adv. in a legiti- mate manner. legitimation (-ma/shun), n. the act of making legitimate or lawful. legume (le-gum'), n. a two-valved seed-vessel having its seeds attached to one side only, as a pea-pod. legumin (le-gu'min), n. vegetable casein. leipoa Ql-po'a), n. the native pheas- ant of Australia. leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj. free from business; unoccupied. leisured ('zhurd), adj. having leisure. leisurely (-li), adj. done at leisure; deliberate: adv. at leisure. lemon ('un), n. the acid fruit of Cit- rus Limonum; the color of a lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, a lemon. lemonade (-ad), n. a beverage of sweetened or aerated water flavored with lemon. lemur (le'mer), n. a small nocturnal animal allied to the monkeys. lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, p.pr. lending], to grant to another for temporary use; accommodate: v.i. to make a loan. lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated. length _ (length), n. the measure of anything from end to end; extent; duration; reach; forty-two lines of an actor's part. lengthen ('en), v.t. to make long or longer: v.i. to grow longer. lengthily ('i-li), adv. at great length. lengthwise ('wiz), adv. in the direc- tion of the length. lengthy ('i), adj. long 'and tiresome. leniency (le'ni-en-si), n. clemency. lenient ('ni-ent), adj. mild; merciful. lenitive (len'i-tiv), adj. assuaging; emollient. lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- ity. leno (le'no), n. a kind of cotton gauze. lens (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, glass adapted for changing the di- rection of rays of light and thus magnifying or diminishing the ap- parent size of objects; the crystal- line humor of the eye. Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday to Easter eve. Lenten (lent'en), adj. pertaining to Lent. lenticular (len-tik'u-lar), adj. dou- bly convex. lentil ('til), n. a leguminous plant: pi. its orbicular seeds, used for food. Leonid ('o-nid), n. one of the me- teors that fall in showers during November of certain years, their chief point being in the constellation Leo. leonine ('o-nin), adj. like a lion; powerful; kingly. ;.ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LEOPARD 537 LEUCORRHCEA leopard (lep'&rd), n. a large cat-like beast of prey, with a beautiful spot- ted skin. leper ('er), n. one affected with lep- rosy. leprosy ('ro-si), _ n. < [pi. leprosies (-siz) ], a chronic skin disease char- acterized by ulcers and white scaly leprous ('rus), adj. infected with lep- rosy; covered with white scales; un- clean. lepto, a prefix meaning small, slender, delicate, occurring in various scien- tific words, as leptocephaly, small- ness and narrowness of the skull, as in certain races. Also lept. lese-majesty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. a crime against royalty or the sover- eign power; treason. lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid change in a function or organism. less (les), adj. (used as comparative of little), not so much; smaller: adv. in a smaller or lower degree: n. a smaller quantity: suffix meaning absence of a quality, without, as soulZess, worthZess, &c. lessee (-e'), n. a person to whom a lease is granted. lessen ('en), v.t. to make less; reduce. lesser ('er), adj. a double comparative of less. lesson (les'n), n. that which a pupil learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; instruction or lecture given at one time; exercise; precept; a portion of Scripture read at divine service; ad- monition. lessor ('er), n. the grantor of a lease. lest (lest), conj. that not; for fear that. let (let), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. let, p.pr. let- ting], to permit; grant to a tenant; lease; give out on contract: v.i. to be hired or leased; suffer something to be _ done {let in the imperative mood is used to denote entreaty, per- mission or command) : n. an obstacle. lethal (le'thal), adj. deadly; fatal. lethalize (le'thal-iz), v.t. to execute by placing in a death chamber: lethargic (le-thar'jik), adj. affected by lethargy; sluggish; drowsy; dull. lethargically (-al-li), adv. in a le- thargic manner. lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. morbid drowsiness; unnatural prolonged slumber; apathy. Lethe (le'the), n. in classic mythol' ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of the under world, whose waters, when drunk, produced loss of memory: hence oblivion, forgetfulness. letheomania (le'the-o-ma'ni-a), n. having a drug habit. lethifegral (le-thif'e-ral), adj. lethal or death-dealing. letter ('er), n. a mark or character used to represent a sound; written or printed communication; a print- ing type; literal meamng; a docu- ment certifying certain privileges. lettered ('erd), adj. learned; in- scribed or marked with letters. lettergram (let'ter-gram), n. a night telegram sent at reduced rates. lettering ('ing), n. the act or pro- cess of inscribing with letters. letter-of -delegation (-er-ov-del-e-ga' shun), n. European war substitute for issuing checks in the United States on Germany and Austria; American bank instructs German or Austrian bank to pay desired amount of money to the designated person. letters patent ('erz pat'ent), n. a written document under seal of the Government, authorizing a person to do some act or enjoy some privilege. leuco, a prefix meaning white, as leu- cocyte, a minute mass of protoplasm found in white blood corpuscles which preys upon bacteria in the blood. leucopenia (lu-ko-pe'ni-a), n. defi- ciency of white blood corpuscles in the blood. Seucocy themia (lu-ko-cy-the 'mi-a) , n. an excess of white corpuscles in the blood. leucoma (lu-koma), n. a white opac- ity of the cornea of the eye. leucorrhcea (-re'a), n. vaginal catarrh. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LEVANT 538 LIBERALISM Levant (le-vanf), n. the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean. levator (-va'ter), n. a muscle that serves to raise some part. levee (lev'e), n. a morning reception held by a sovereign or personage of high rank; properly, one attended by gentlemen only; a river embank- ment: v.t. to embank. level ('el), n. a horizontal plane^ or line; surface without inequalities; state of equality; standard; line of direction; an instrument for indi- cating a horizontal line or plane; section of a canal from one lock to another: adj. even; horizontal; smooth; equal to something else in importance: v.t. to make even; free from inequalities; bring to the same level ; point in taking aim. lever (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar of metal, &c, turning on a support (fulcrum) for raising a weight. leverage (-aj), n. the mechanical power gained by using a lever; lever action, leveret (lev'er-et), n. a young hare. leviable ('i-a-bl), adj. that may be levied upon or seized; assessable. leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. a large unidentified aquatic animal (Job xli. 1) ; anything huge, as a whale, &c. levigate _ (lev'i-gat), v.t. to reduce to a fine, impalpable powder. levitation (lev-i-ta'shun), n. light- ness; buoyancy. levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- position, conduct, &c.j inconsisten- cy; trifling gaiety; lightness of weight. levulose (lev'u-l5s), n. fruit-sugar. levy ('1), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr, levying], to raise or collect, as an army or tax; seize in execution, v.i. to make a levy. ii. the act of raising money or men; amount or number raised. lewd (hid), adj. licentious; libidinous. lexicographer (-kog'ra-fei), n. the editor or compiler ot a dictionary or lexicon lexicography ('ra-fi), n the art or occupation of compiling dictionaries or lexicons. lexicology (-kol'o-ji), n. the science of the derivation and correct mean- ing of words and their correct appli- cation. lexicon fleks'i-kon), n% vocabulary; dictionary of words. lexotheism (leks-o'the-izm), n. the doctrine that the universe is gov- erned by natural law instead of by a personal supreme being. Leyden jar (li'dn jar), n. a glass jar, coated outside and inside with tin foil, for accumulating electricity. liability (-a-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. liabilities (-tiz)], the state of being liable: pL debts. liable ('a-bl), adj. exposed tc damage, danger, expense, &c; liaison ( : le-a-z6ng / ) , n. secret intimacy between a man and a woman; union of two or more forces; military or business combination. liar (li'ar), n. one addicted to lying. libation (-ba'shun), n. the act of pouring wine or oil on the ground, as a sacrifice to some deity; the liquid so poured out. libel ('bel), n. defamation of charac- ter or reputation; any writing, print, publication, or picture calculated to injure the reputation or character of anyone and bring him into public contempt: v.t. to publish a libel against; defame the character of , ex- hibit a charge against in a court ot law. libelous (-us), adj. containing, or of the nature of, a libel. liber ('ber), n. the fibrous innermost layer of the bark of exogenous plants. liberal (lib'er-al), adj. generous; mu- nificent; plentiful; free from nar- rowness in ideas or doctrines: n an opponent of conservatism; one who advocates extension of freedom m political institutions. liberalize (-iz),yt to free from nar- rowness or prejudice, liberalism (-izm), n. the principles ot a liberal in politics or ieligion ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit, note, north, not, boon, book; hue. hut, think, then. LIBERALITY 539 LIFE-NET liberality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. liberali- ties (-tiz)], the quality of being lib- eral; generosity; magnanimity; men- tal breadth; catholicity. liberate ('er-at), v.t. to set free. liberator (-a-ter), n. one who liber- ates. libertine ('er-tin), n. a debauchee: adj. unrestrained, morally or social- ly; licentious. _ libertinism (-izm), n. debauchery; extreme freedom in religious opin- ions. liberty ('er-ti), n. [pi. liberties (-tiz)], freedom; special privilege or exemp- tion; immunity; permission; un- granted^ or undue freedom; priv- ileged district. libidinous (li-bid'i-nus), adj. lustful. librarian (-bra'ri-an), n. the custo- dian of a library. library ('bra-ri), n. [pi. libraries (-riz)], an arranged collection of books; the building where such a collection is kept. libration (-bra/shun), n. the act of balancing; equipoise; an apparent irregularity in the moon's motion. libra tory ('bra-to-ri), adj. oscillat- ing. librettist (li-bret'ist), n. the writer of a libretto. libretto ('to), n. a book containing the words of an opera, oratorio, &c; the text itself. lice (lis), pi. of louse. license (li'sens), n. permission; leave; unrestrained liberty; legal permit to do something otherwise unlawful: v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. licentiate (-sen'shi-at), n. one li- censed to preach or practice a pro- fession. licentious ('shus), adj. unrestrained morally or legally; lascivious; dis- solute. lichen (ll'ken or lich'en), n. one of an order of cellular flowerless (cryp- togamic) plants of fungoid nature growing parasitic on stones, algae, &c; a kind of skin eruption. lich-gate (lich'gat), n. the roofed gate of a churchyard, under which a bier may stand. Also lych-gate. licit (lis'it), adj. lawful. lick (lik), v.t. to pass the tongue over; caress with the tongue; lap up; vanquish; chastise: v.i. to make a licking movement: n. the act of licking; quick or careless stroke; superficial saline deposit. lickspittle ('spit-1), n. a servile flat- terer. licorice (lik'o-ris), n. the root or in- spissated juice of the licorice-plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). lictor ('ter), n. a Roman official who attended the chief magistrates and bore the fasces. lid (fid), n. a movable cover closing an aperture; top; eyelid. lie (li), v.i. [p.t. m lay, p.p. lain, p.pr. lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- tion; lean or press; rest or remain; be situated or placed; be maintaina- ble at law. lie (li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- ing], to utter a falsehood; represent falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- statement. lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather. liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- ice or tenure: n. a vassal; liege lord, or sovereign. lien (le'en, li'en or len), n. a legal claim upon property; security for payment. lieu (lu), n. place; stead. lieutenancy (-ten'an-si), n. the rank or authority of a lieutenant. lieutenant ('ant), n. an officer rank- ing next below a captain in the army and a commander in the navy; a deputy. life (llf), n. animate existence; vi- tality; union of soul and body; period between birth and death. lifeguard ('gard), n. a bodyguard. life-kite (llf kit), n. a kite flown from a wrecked ship to carry a life-line to the shore. life-net (M'net), n. a net used by firemen to break the fall of persons jumping from the windows of a burning building. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LIFT 540 LIME lift (lift), v.t to raise from the ground; elevate; support in the air; steal: v.i. to exert strength in rais- ing; dissipate in the air: n. the act of lifting; elevation; promotion; a machine for raising or lifting. ligament (lig'a-ment), n. a strong elastic tissue connecting the extrem- ities of movable bones; bond or tie. ligature (lig'a-tur), n. a narrow bandage or tie; two or more letters cast on one shank (fi, cb) ; a slur, or notes joined by a slur light (lit), n. the imponderable agent by which objects are rendered visible by its action on the retina; day; an illuminating or enlightening agent: aspect; a window; that which emits light: adj. clear; bright; not heavy or burdensome ; unencumbered ; gay ; trifling; unimportant; nimble; short in weight; well leavened and raised; graceful; undignified; dizzy; un- chaste*^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lighted, lit, p.pr. lighting], to set fire to; in- flame; illuminate; furnish with, or guide by, a light: v.i. to receive or reflect; rest or settle; fall upon by chance; happen. lighten ('en), v.t. to make light; il- luminate; flashy out; render less heavy: v.i. to brighten; shine out. lighter ('er), n. a large open barge for loading and unloading vessels. lighterage (-aj), n. the unloading of a cargo by lighters; charge made. lighthouse ('hous), n. a structure furnished with a brilliant light to indicate points of danger to mariners at night. lightning ('ning), n. a sudden flash of electricity, usually accompanied by thunder. light-pressure (lit'presh'ur), n. the pressure of the waves in the ether that constitute light and other man- ifestations of radient energy. light-spot (lit'spot), n. spots on the epidermis of certain plants believed to represent rudimentary sense or- gans comparable to the eyes of ani- mals. ligneous (lig'ne-us), adj. woody. lignin ('nin), n. woody fiber. lignite ('nit), n. wood converted into an imperfect kind of coal. lignum-vitae ('num-vi'te), n. the very heavy hard wood of a South American tree (Guaicum officinale) or of similar West Indian and Aus- tralasian trees. like (Ilk), adj. similar; resembling; equal or nearly equal; disposed: adv. in the same manner as; prob- ably: v.t. have a taste for; enjoy; n. a counterpart. likely ('li), adj. [comp. likelier, su- perl. likeliest], probable; suitable: adv. probably. liken (lik'n), v.t. to compare. likeness ('nes),n. similarity; portrait. liking ('ing), n. preference; fondness. lilac (li'lak) n. a shrub of the genus Syringa, with pale pinkish purple flowers; a color. Lilliputian (lil-i-pii'shun), adj. very diminutive, from Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Also Liliputian. lilt (lilt), n. a song with rhythmic movement; a merry and animated tune. lily (lil'i), n. a plant of the genus Lilium, with bulbous roots and hand- some flowers: adj. unsullied; lily- white. limb (lim), n. a jointed or articulated part of an animal body; branch of a tree; edge or border; roguish child; leg: v.t. to dismember. limber ('ber), n. the detachable fore- part of a gun-carriage: adj. pliant: v.t. to attach a limber to (a gun-car- riage) ; make pliant. limbus ('bus), n. in the Roman Cath- olic Church, the place intermediate between heaven and hell, the abode of departed souls prior to the judg- ment; prison. Also limbo. lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth ob- tained by the action of heat upon limestone; bird-lime; a tree of the orange kind jnelding an edible juicy fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to apply lime to. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LIMELIGHT 541 LINGULATE limelight ('lit), n. a brilliant light produced by the action of lighted hydrogen and oxygen upon lime. limen (li'men), b. a dividing line or threshold, as in experimental psy- chology the threshold of an appre- ciable stimulus; also a structure in the brain. limerick (lim'er-ik), n. a nonsense stanza of four lines, in which the first, second and fourth rhyme, the third line containing a rhyme, within itself, different from the others. limestone ('ston), n. a rock having carbonate of lime as its basis. limit (lim/it), n. a border or bound- ary; utmost extent; v.t. to confine within bounds; restrict. limitation (-i-ta'shun), n. restric- tion. limn _ Oim), v.t. to paint or draw; il- luminate, as books and manuscripts. limnograph (lim'no-graf), n. an in- strument for recording the height of water in a lake or mill pond; the automatic record it produces is called a limnogram. limnology (lim-nol'0-ji), n. the scien- tific study of lakes and ponds, geo- graphical, physical, chemical, and biological. limousine (lim-oo-zen'), n. the body of a closed automobile. limp (limp), adj. flexible; flaccid: n. a halt in walking: v.i. to walk with a halt. * limpet ('et), n. a gastropod of the genus Patella, which adheres firmly to rocks by its foot sucker. limpsy (limp'si), adj. flimsy; weak. limy Oim'i), adj. containing, or like, lime. lin (lin), n. the American linden. Also linn. linchpin (linch'pin), n. the pin which goes through the end of the axle of a wheel, and keeps it in its place. linden (lin'den), n. a tree with heart- shaped leaves, and small clusters of cream-colored flowers. There are several species, European and Amer- ican. line (lin) n. length without breadth; a slender string or cord; fishing- line; extended row; 1-1 2th of an inch; _ short letter; occupation; mark in the hand or face; outline; verse; extent; direction; regular infantry; equator; particular class of goods; descent: v.t. to draw lines upon; place along side by side; cover on the inside; strengthen by inner works. lineage (lin'e-aj), n. ancestral line of descent from a common progenitor; family. lineal ('e-al), adj. composed of lines; in direct line from an ancestor. lineally (-li), adv. by direct descent. lineament ('e-a-ment), n. feature; outline. linear ('e-ar), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, lines ; having a straight direction. lineate ('e-at), adj. marked with lines. linen ('en), n. a cloth made of flax; articles made of linen; undercloth- ing: adj. made of, or resembling, linen. liner (li'ner), n. a line-of-battle ship; a steamship belonging to a packet company; one who makes linings. ling (ling), n. an edible cod-like fish; heather. linger m ('ger),^ v.i. to delay; loiter; remain long in any state. lingerie (lang-zhe-re'), n. undercloth- ing. lingo (ling'go), n. language; dialect. lingual Cgwal), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, "-he tongue : n, a letter or sound, so articulated, as s, th, &c. linguist ('gwist), n. one skilled in languages. linguistic ('tik), adj. pertaining to linguistics. linguistics ('tiks), n.pl. comparative philology. lingula ('gu-la), n. a genus of bra- chipodus mollusks with a tongue- like valve. Ungulate ('gu-lat), adj. tongue- shaped. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LINIMENT 542 LIT liniment (lin'i-ment), n. a medicated liquid for rubbing into the skin. ^ lining (lining), n. an inside covering; contents. link (lingk), n. a single ring or di- vision of a chain; anything doubled like a link; single part of a con- nected series; a land measure 7.92 inches; connection; torch made of pitch and tow: pi. flat sandy soil; golfing grounds: v.t. to connect %y, or as by, a link: v.i. to be connected. linnet (lin'et), n. a British finch. linoleum (li-no'le-um), n. a floor cloth composed of ground cork, lin- seed oil, and chloride of sulphur. linotype (lin'o-tip), n. a machine for composing and casting stereotyped words or lines for printing. linseed (lin'sed), n. the seed of flax, from which linseed oil is expressed. linsey-woolsey # ('zi-wool'zi), n. a cloth of mixed linen and wool. lint (lint), n. scraped linen used for dressing wounds. lintel (iin'tel), n. the horizontal top piece of a door or window. lion (li'un), n. a large powerful car- nivorous mammal of the genus Felis, found in Africa and Southern Asia: pi. noted persons or places: adj. (in composition) noble, majestic; cour- ageous. Feminine lioness. lionize (-iz), v.t. to treat as an ob- ject of peculiar interest. lion's-share ('unz-shar), n. the ma- jor part. lip (Up), n. one of the two borders of the mouth; edge of anything; mouth; lip-like organ; speech: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lipped, p.pr. lipping], to touch with the lips; kiss; utter. lipped (lipf), adj. m having lips or rounded edges; labiate. liquation (li-kwa'shun), n. the act or process of melting. liquef acient (lik-we-fa'shi-ent), adj. serving to liquefy. liquefaction (-f ak'shun) , n. the process of liquefying; state of being melted. liquefy ('we-fl), v.t. to melt or make liquid: v.i. to become liquid. liquescent (-kwes'ent), adj. becoming liquid. liqueur (li-ker'), n. an alcoholic aro- matic cordial. liquid (lik'wid), adj. clear; tearful; not solid; readily flowing: n. liquid substance; one of the consonants l } m, n, r. liquidate ('wi-dat), v.t. to pay off, as a debt; arrange, as the affairs of a bankrupt. liquidation (-da'shun), n. the act of liquidating or paying off; the settle- ment of the affairs of a bankrupt's estate. liquidator ('wi-da-ter), n. an official who winds up a bankrupt's estate. liquor (lik'er), n. an alcoholic bever- age; a liquid: v.t. to treat with a solution: v.i. to take intoxicating drinks [slang]. liquorice. Same as licorice. lira (le'ra), # n. [pi. lire (le're) ], an Italian coin, the unit of monetary value = 19 cents; the Turkish lira = $4.40. lisle (111), n. a fine thread or lace. lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z nearly like th; speak: v.t. to utter imperfectly or affectedly: n. the im- perfect utterance of s and z. lissom (lis'um), n. supple; lithesome. list (list), n. a catalogue, roll, or reg- ister; the edge or selvage of cloth; strip of cloth; inclination to one side; small square molding: pi. an enclosing for a tournament: v.t. to catalogue, register, or enrol; cover with strips of cloth; sew together; cause to tilt over to one side; listen to: v.i. to enlist; choose; careen; hearken. listen (lis'n), v.i. to attend to closely, so as to hear; hearken; obey. Listerism (list'er-izm), n. the anti- septic method of operating and dress- ing, introduced by Sir J. Lister. listing ('ing), n. the act of making a schedule. listless ('les), adj. indifferent; lan- guid. lit, p.t. & p.p. of light. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LITANY 543 LITURGIC litany (lit'a-ni), n. a solemn respon- lithographically ('ik-al-li), adv. by sive form of supplication. lithography. litchi (le'che), n. a tree producing a lithography (og'ra-fi), n. the art of fruit (lichi) much esteemed in China. making a design on stone so that liter (le'ter), in the metric system, a ink-impressions can be taken from it. measure of capacity, = 61.026 cubic lithoid ('oid), adj. stone-like; of inches, or a little more than 1 quart. stone structure. literacy (lit-er-a-si), n. the state of lithotint ('o-tint), n. a lithograph being able to read and write. from a drawing executed with a literal ('er-al), adj. consisting of, or camel's-hair pencil, expressed by, letters; following the lithotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the opera- exact words; exact; plain, tion of cutting into the bladder to literally (4i), adv. in a literal sense. remove stone. literary ('er-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, lithotrity (-ot'tri-ti), n. the surgical or appropriate to, literature or men operation of crushing stone in the of letters; versed in, or engaged in, bladder. literature. litigant (lit'i-gant), n. one who con- literate ('er-at), adj. instructed; tends in law: adj. engaged in, or in- learned: n. a literary man; a candi- clined to, litigation, date for holy orders who has not litigate ('i-gat), v.t. to contest in a taken a university degree. court of law: v.i. to engage in a la w- literatesque (-a-tesk'), adj. fit for suit, literature. litigation (-ga'shun), n. the act or literati (-a'tl), _n.pZ. the learned. process of carrying on a lawsuit; literatim (-er-a/tim), adv. literally. judicial contest. literature ('er-a-tur), n. the written litigious (li-tij'us), adj. given to or printed literary productions of a carrying on lawsuits; quarrelsome, country or period; literary work; litmus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye, ob- learning. tained from certain lichens. litharge (lith'arj), n. oxide of lead. litter (lifer), n. straw, hay, &c, used lithe (\ith) t adj. supple; pliant. for horses' bedding: a frame-work lithesome ('sum), adj. nimble; lis- with a bed, for carrying a person in som. _ _ a recumbent position; state of con- lithia (lith'i-a), n. oxide of lithium. fusion or untidiness; number of lithic (lith'ik), adj. pertaining to young produced at one birth, as pigs, stone. &c: v.t. supply with litter; cover lithium ('i-um), n. a metallic ele- with straw; scatter about careless- ment. ly: v.i. bring forth a litter of young. litho, a prefix meaning stone, also litterateur (-a-ter'),rc. a literary man. lith, as Zitfioglyph, a carving on a little (litl), adj. [comparative less, gem or stone; toftanthrax, stone- superlative least], small in size, coal, &c. quantity, duration, or importance; lithochromatics Oit&'o-kro-mat'iks), insignificant; young; mean: adv. n.pl. the art or process of painting in a small degree; not much: n. in oil upon stone and then transfer- small in size 2 quantity, &c. ring it upon canvas. littoral ('oral j , adj. pertaining to, lithograph (lith'o-grM) , n. a print near, or living on the shore. reproduced from a drawing on stone: Little Entente (-an-tant), n. union of v.t. to draw, or engrave on stone, Czecho-Slovasia, Rumania and Jugo- and transfer to paper. Slavia in 1920. lithographic ('ik), adj. pertaining liturgic Oi-ter'jik), a dj. pertaining to lithography. Also lithographical. to a liturgy. Also liturgical. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. LITURGICALLY 544 LOBBY iiturgically (-al-li), adv. by a lit- urgy. liturgies Cjiks), n.pl. the science of liturgies. liturgy (lit'er-ji), _ n. [pi. liturgies (-jiz) ], the prescribed forms or rit- ual for public worship. live (liv), v.i. to exist or have life; pass or enjoy life; reside; endure; subsist: adj. (liv) ^ having life; quick; effective; ignited; kept for use; energetic. livelihood (llv'li-hood), n. means of living. liveliness (-nes), n. briskness. lively ('li), adj. active; brisk; ani- mated; sprightly; vivid; forcible. live-oak ('ok), n. an American oak valuable for shipbuilding. liver (liv'er), n. one who lives; a glandular organ secreting bile. liveried (-id), adj. clothed in livery. liverwort (Vert), n. a name for any cryptogamous plant of the class' Hepaticae. s livery ('er-i), n. [pi. liveries (-iz) ], a particular costume worn by serv- ants; the state of being kept and fed at a stipulated rate, as horses. liveryman (-man), n. [pi. liverymen (-men) ], the keeper of a livery- stable. livery-stable (-sta/bl), n. a stable where horses are kept and let out for hire. livid ('id), adj. black and blue; dis- colored as by a blow; ashy pale. living ('ing), p. adj. having life; flowing; vigorous; active; quicken- ing: n. livelihood; a church bene- fice; mode of life. livre (le'ver), n. an old French money of account, value 19^ cents. lixiviate (liks-iv'i-at), v.t. to dis- solve out the saline matter from (wood-ashes) ; form into lye. lizard (liz'ard), n. a lacertihan reptile having a scaly body, and four well- developed limbs, each with five toes. llama (la'ma), n. a South American quadruped, somewhat resembling a camel. llama. Same as lama. Hanaro (lya-na'ro), n. a herdsman of the South American llanos. llanos ('noz or la'noz), n.pl. the ex- tensive level grassy plains, or steppes of South America. lo (16), interj. behold! see! loach (loch), n. a small edible fresh- water fish; a simpleton. load (lod), v.t. to put on as much as can be carried; burden; weigh down; embarrass; freight; charge, as a gun: n. a burden; weight; freight; encumbrance; pressure; a weight of hay, straw, or ore. loaded ('ed), p.adj. laden; drunk. leadline ('lin), n. the line to which a vessel sinks when loaded with her full cargo. loadstar ('star), n. the pole-star. loadstone ('ston), n. magnetic oxide of iron; magnet. Also lodestone. loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: n. [pi. loaves (lovz) ], a large cake of bread. loafer C_er), n. an idler; cadger. loam (lorn), n. rich vegetable mold, with clay and sand: v.t, to cover with loam. loan (Ion), n. a sum of money lent for a period, repayable with inter- est; something granted for tempo- rary use: v.i. to lend money. loath (loth), adj. unwilling; reluc- tant. loathe (loth), v.t. to regard with ab- horrence or disgust; detest: v.i. to feel nausea. loathing ('ing), n. disgust; nausea. loathsome ('sum), adj. exciting loathing. lob (lob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lobbed, p.pr. lobbing], to toss gently: v.i. to bowl lobs: n. a large worm, used for fish- ing, the lugworm; a slow ball bowled underhand. lobate (Id 'bat) j adj. lobe-like. lobby (lob'i), n. [pi. lobbies ('iz) J, a small hall or waiting room; pas- sage opening before an apartment; that part of the hall of a legislative chamber to which the public have ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^, book; hue, hut; think, then. LOBBYIST 545 LODESTAR, LODESTONE access: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lobbied, p.pr. lobbying], to solicit the votes of members of a legislature to carry a particular measure. lobbyist (-ist), n. a person, not a member, who tries to influence the votes of members of a legislative body. lobe (lob), n. any rounded and pro- jecting part; a subdivision of an organ. lobelet ('let), n. a small lobe. Lobelia (lo-be'lia), n. an extensive genus of plants with handsome flowers, including the Indian to- bacco plant, &c. lobster ('ster), n. an edible marine decapod crustacean. lobule ('til), n. a small lobe. lobworm. Same as lugworm. local (lo'kal), adj. pertaining to place; restricted to a particular place: n. a newspaper paragraph of local interest; a suburban train. locale (-kal'), n. place; locality [French]. localism ('kal-izm), n. a word, idiom, or custom restricted to a particular locality. locality (kal'i-ti), n. [pi. localities (-tiz) ], existence in or limitation to a place; position. localize ('kal-iz), v.t. to limit to a particular place. locally (-li), adv. with respect to place. local option (op'shun), n. the re- striction of the sale of intoxicating liquors by the majority of the voters of a district. locate (lo'kat), v.t. to place; estab- lish; mark out and determine the position of: v.i. to settle. location (-ka'shun), n. place; plot of ground marked out by boundaries. locative (lok'a-tiv), adj. noting place. loch (lokh), n. a lake [Scotch]. lock (lok), n. a mechanical device furnished with a spring and bolt for fastening a door, &c, by means of a key; anything that fastens; enclos- ure between lock-gates for raising and lowering the water within them; mechanism for firing a gun; hug in wrestling; a tuft of hair or wool; ringlet; tress: v.t. to fa ten or secure with a lock; shut up; con- fine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; entwine. lockage ('aj), n. difference of level of the water between canal locks; dues; paid for passage through a lock. locker ('er), n. a receptacle secured by a lock. locket ('et), n. a small gold or silver case attached to a necklace or chain- lockjaw ('jaw), n. a spasmodic dis- ease by which the lower jaw is; drawn up and becomes fixed; tetanus. lockman ('man), n. an under-sheriff in the Isle of Man. lockout ('out), n. the exclusion of workmen from a factory by an em- ployer to compel them to accept his terms: v.t. to close a factory against. lockup ('up), n. a temporary prison; calaboose; jail. loco (lo'ko), n. a name for various poisonous American plants, causing disease to animals eating them; also the disease so caused. locomotion (-mo'shun), n. the act or power of moving from place to place. locomotive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to locomotion; not stationary: n. a steam engine for drawing railway cars. locomotor ('ter), adj. pertaining to locomotion: n. a motor. locomotor ataxy (a-tak'si), n. want of co-ordination of the movements of the legs. locust ('kust), n. a migratory and destructive winged insect resem- bling the grasshopper; a tree of the bean family. locution (-ku'shun), n. speech; phrase.' lode (lod), n L a vein containing metallic ore. "" lodestar, lodestone. See loadstar, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LODGE 546 LONELY lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a temporary dwelling: v.i. to reside for a time; be deposited or fixed: n. a small house in a park; gate-keep- er's cottage; wild beast's den; hut of an American Indian; place where members of an association meet, especially Freemasons; the mem- bers themselves. lodger ('er), n. one who resides in lodgings. lodging ('ing), n. a place of temporary residence: pi. a room or rooms hired in the house of another. lodgment ('ment), n. the act of lodging; the state of being lodged; accumulation of something depos- ited; occupation of a military posi- tion. loft (loft), n. a room directly beneath a roof. loftily ('i-li), adv. in a lofty manner. loftiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being lofty. lofty ('i), adj. [comp. loftier, superl. loftiest], very high; proud; stately; sublime. log (log), n. an undressed piece of timber; a log-book; a heavy dull fellow; an instrument for ascertain- ing the rate of progress of a ship: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. logged, p.pr. log- ging], to enter in a log-book: v.i. to hew down and get out trees. logarithm ('a-rithm), n. the expo- nent of the power to which a fixed number (the base) must be raised in order to produce a given number. logarithmic (-rith'mik), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, loga- rithms. Also logarithmical. log-book ('book), n. a snip's diary, or journal, recording the progress of a vessel, daily occurrences, &c. loge (loj), n. box at a show. loggan Can), n. a rocking-stone. loggerhead ('er-hed), n. a blockhead. loggia (loj 'a), n. a covered gallery or portico; an open balcony in a theater. logging (log'ing), n. the business of cutting down timber. logic (loj'ik), n. the science of correct reasoning, especially of inference. logical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or used in, logic; according to the rules of logic. logically (-li), adv. by the rules of logic. logician (16-jish'un), n. one skilled in logic. logistics (-jis'tiks), n.pl. sexagesimal arithmetic; the science of moving and supplying armies. logo, a prefix meaning speech, word, ratio, as logotype, a type containing two or more letters, as ff. logogram (log'6-gram), n. a letter or sign standing for a word, as d for pence, &c; a word-puzzle in verse. logograph (log'6-graf), n. a written word. logography (l6-gog'ra-fi),n.a method of printing in which a type repre- sents a word instead of a letter. logomachy (log-om'aki), n. a battle of words; furious argument or debate. logotype. See under logo. logroll (log'rol), v.i. to engage in log-rolling. logrolling (-ing), n. the act of rolling logs; united action in carrying legislative schemes for mutual bene- fit; mutual praise by authors of each other's books. logwood ('wood), n.' a wood of a deep-red color, used in dyeing. loin (loin), n. the lower part of the back of a quadruped or man: pi. the reins. loiter (loi'ter), v.t. to idle (with away): v.i. to spend time idly; delay; linger. loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; hang out the tongue. lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired; by one's self; unmarried or in widow- hood. loneliness ('li-nes), n. the state of being lonely. lonely ('li), adj. [comp. lonelier, superl. loneliest], deserted; solitary; unfrequented. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LONESOME 547 LORD lonesome ('sum), adj. secluded from society depressed; unfrequented; drearily solitary. long (long), adj. not short; extended in time, or length; drawn out; slow; tedious; tall; lingering; far-seeing: adv. to a great length or period; far distant; for a length of time: n. any- thing that is long: v.i. to desire eagerly (with for or after), longboat, ('bot),'n. the largest and strongest boat of a ship. longbow ('bo), n. a long powerful bow formerly used by English arch- ers. longcloth Ckloth), n. a superior cot- ton fabric. long-dozen (-duz'n), n. thirteen. longevity (lon-jev'i-ti), n. extended age. longhand ('hand), n. ordinary hand- writing, as distinguished from short- hand. longi, a prefix meaning long, as longi- corn : adj. long-horned. longing (long'ing), n. earnest desire. longitude (lonj'i-tud), n. distance east and west on the earth's surface measured from a meridian or place, estimated in degrees; on the ecliptic, distance in degrees from the vernal equinox. longitudinal (-tud'i-nal), adj. per- taining to longitude, or length. longitudinally (-li), adv. length- wise. long-primer ('prim-er), n. a size of type between small pica and bour- geois (see type). longshoreman (long'shor-man), n. a wharf laborer. loo (loo) , n. a card game. looby ('bi), n. an awkward fellow. loof (loof), n. the fullest part of a ship's bow. look (look), v.i. to direct the eye to anything, in order to view it; direct the mind or attention to; examine; front or face; expect; watch; ap- pear: v.t. to search or seek for; turn the eyes upon: n. the act of looking; mien; aspect: inter j. see! lool (lool), n. a vessel for receiving the washings of ore. loom (loom), n. a frame or machine for weaving cloth; an oar handle: v.i. to rise gradually and appear larger than in reality. loon (loon), n. the great northern diver. loony ('i), adj. crazed. loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling of string, rope, &c; noose through which a cord may be run: anything resembling a loop: v.t. to form into, furnish with, or secure with, loops. loophole ('hoi), n. a narrow aper- ture for observation or defense; means of evasion. loopline ('lin), n. a railway line run- ning out of and rejoining: the main line. loose (loos), adj. not fast; unbound; not fixed; not tight; not crowded together; vague; unconnected; lax in principles or morals: n. the state of being loose: v.t. to set free; un- bind; disengage; relax. loosen (loos'n), v.t. to free from tightness, restraint, or tension; free from costiveness. loot (loot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, especially a captured city: n. booty thus taken. lop (lop),_ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, p. pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of anything), especially branches of a tree; cut off partially; trim; let fall: v.i. to hang down: n. a hang- ing down; that which is lopped, as branches. lopsided ('sl-ded), n. heavier on one side. loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), adj. talk- ative. loquacity (-kwas'i-ti), n. talkative- ness. lord (lord), n. sl ruler or governor; master; one possessed of supreme power; the owner of a manor; a baron in the British peerage; the son of a duke or marquis; eldest son of an earl: title of honor given to certain officials: v.t. to invest with ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LORDLINESS 548 LOUNGER authority; preside over: v.i. to dom- ineer. lordliness (Ti-nes), n. lordly degree or rank; pride; haughtiness. lordling (ling), n. a little or would- be lord. lordly (-li), adj. like a lord; noble, aristocratic; haughty, imperious: adv. proudly, despotically. lordosis (lor-do'sis), n. in pathology, an irregular curvature of the bones; curvature of the spine forward. lords-and-iadies, n. In botany, the ■ European wake-robin {Arum Ma- culatum). lordship ('ship), n. the state, quali- ty, or jurisdiction of a lord; title of address (with his or your) given to noblemen and judges. Lord's Supper ('z sup'er), n. the Holy Communion _ or Eucharist. lore (lor), n. learning; instruction; space between the eye and bill of a bird. lorette (lo-ret') n. a woman of. the demi-monde [French]. Lorettine (lo-ret-tin), n. A nine- teenth century order of nuns found- ed in Kentucky, devoted to the edu- cation o f girls and destitute orphans. Also called Sisters of Loreto and Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross. lorgnette (lor-nyef), n. a long-han- dled opera glass; a pair of eye- glasses fixed to a long handle into which they shut. lorikeet (lor-i-kef), n. a straight- billed parrot. lor is (lo'ris) n. a nocturnal lemur. lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. lorry (l° r 'i)> n - [pi- lorries ('iz) j, a long four-wheeled wagon without sides; a miner's hand-cart. lory (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories ('riz) ], a species of parrot with brilliant plumage. lose (looz), v.t. [pi. & p.p. lost, p.pr. losing], to be deprived of; cease to have in possession; mislay; forfeit; waste; squander: v.i. to fail of suc- cess; yield; be defeated. loss Qos), n. detriment; injury; pri- vation; failure; defeat; that which is lost. lost (lost) p. adj. missing; forfeited; destroyed; perplexed. lot Got), 7i. fortune; destiny; por- tion or parcel; anything used to determine chances; great quantity; v.t. to separate into lots; assign; catalogue. Lothario (lo-tha/ri-o) , n. a gay de- ceiver or libertine, from Rowe's "The Fair Penitent." lotion ('shun), n. a medicated fluid for outward application. lottery (lot'er-i), n. [pi. lotteries (-iz) ], a distribution of prizes by chance; drawing of lots. lotto ('o), n. a parlor game played with 24 cards and wooden discs numbered 1 to 100. Lotus (lo'tus)^ n. a genus of the water-lily family, especially the sa- cred lotus of the ancient Nile; a name for various trees or shrubs, the fruit of which was fabled to cause forgetfulmess of care and in- duce a state of dreamy indolence. Lotus-Eater, n. one of the Lotophagi of mythology; an indolent dreamer; noted in Homer's "Odyssey." louchettes (loo-shets'), n.pl. colored spectacles for direct vision in stra- bismus. loud (loud), adj. high- or full- sound- ing; noisy; ostentatious in dress or manner; showy; having an unpleas- ant odor: adv. loudly. loudly ('li), adv. in a loud manner; ostentatiously. loud-mouthed, adj. having a noisy, offensive manner of speaking. lough (lokh), n. a lake [Irish]. louis d'or (loo'i dor'), n. an old French coin, of varying value (about $4.). § lounge (lounj), v.i. to saunter about in a lazy manner; loll; live indo- lently: n. the act of lounging; a low-backed couch. lounger, n. an idler; one who loiters away his time. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LOUP 549 LUBBER !oup Goop), n. a mask or half -mask worn by masqueraders. lourd (lurd), adj. dull, stupid, fool- ish: n. a stupid, worthless fellow. louse (lous), n. [pi. lice (lis) ], a parasitic insect of various species, especially those of the genus Pedicu- lus, parasitic on man. lousy (lou'zi), adj. infested with lice. lout (lout), n. an awkward fellow. louver (loo'ver), n. an open turret or lantern on the roof of a building. lovable (luv'a-bl), adj. worthy of love. lovability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality that attracts love. love (luv), n. a strong feeling of af- fection, especially to one of the op- posite sex; courtship; devoted af- fection for or attachment to; pa- rental care; a sweetheart: v.t. to regard with strong affection; feel devotion toward; delight in: v.i. to be in love; have strong affection. love-apple ('ap-1), n. the tomato. love-bird ('berd), n. a small bird of the parrot family. love-feast ('fest), n. a religious feast of commemoration. love-lies-bleeding (-llz-bled'ing), n. a species of amaranth. loveliness ('li-nes), n. the quality of being lovely. lovely ('li), adj. [comp. lovelier, su- perl. loveliest], exciting love or ad- miration; amiable; beautiful; pretty; inviting; delightful: adv. so as to inspire love or admiration. lover ('er), n. one who loves; one in love: said of a man; one deeply at- tached. loving ('ing), p. adj. devoted; affec- tionate. loving-cup (-kup), n. a wine-cup, usually with several handles, passed round from guest to guest. low (lo), adj. not high; depressed; shallow; not noisy; subdued; near the horizon; cheap; moderate; fee- ble or weak; of less than the normal height; below the recognized stand- ard; vulgar; abject: n. the bellow of cattle: adv. not on high; deeply; softly; quietly; meaningly; at a low price; in humble rank: v.i. to bellow like cattle. lowbell ('bel), n. a sheep- or cattle- bell. Low Church (cherch), adj. pertain- ing to the Evangelical section of the English Church, or to its doctrines. Low Countries (lo'kun-triz), n. term for Netherlands and Belgium. lower ('er), v.t. to lessen or bring down; reduce in price or value; weaken; humble; change to a lower pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, or threatening. lower case (kas), n. that part of a compositor's case which contains the small printing types. lowering . (lou'er-ing), p. adj. over- cast with clouds; threatening a storm; gloomy. lowermost (lo'er-most), adj. lowest. lowing ('ing), n. the bellow of cattle lowland ('land), adj. pertaining t a low or level country: n.pl. a levbi country. Low Latin (lat'in), n. mediaeval Latin. lowliness ('li-nes), n. the state of being lowly. lowly ('li), adj. [comp. lowlier, superl. lowliest], low in rank or size; humble; modest: adv. modestly. low mass (mas), n. mass said with- out musical accompaniment and by one priest. loxia (loks'i-a), n. wryneck. loxo, a prefix meaning slanting. loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in allegi- ance to one's sovereign or country; true to plighted faith or duty. loyalist (-ist), n. one who adheres to and supports the authority of his sovereign or country. loyally (-li), adv. in a loyal manner. lozenge (loz'enj), n. an oblique-an- gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- mond-shaped figure used in heraldry; a sweetmeat. lubber (lub'er), n an awkward, clumsy fellow ; a raw sailor. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LUBRICANT 550 LUMINOUS lubricant (lu/bri-kant), n. a substance for lubricating. lubricate (-kat), v.t. to make smooth or slippery. lubricator (-er), n. one who, or that which, lubricates, especially a de- vice for oiling machinery. lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti), n. lewdness; sensuality. lucernal (-ser'nal), adj. pertaining to a lamp, or to artificial light. lucerne (-sern'), n. a clover-like plant cultivated for fodder; alfalfa. lucid ('sid), adj. clear; readily under- stood; shining; transparent. lucidity ('i-ti), n. the state of being lucid. Lucifer ('si-fer), n. Venus, as the morning star; Satan. lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- tion. luck (luk), n. casual event or acci- dent; fortune, either good or bad; success. luckily ([i-li), adv. in a lucky manner. lucky ('i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- perl. luckiest], having good luck or fortune; successful; auspicious. lucrative (lu-kra-tiv), adj. profita- ble. lucratively (-li), adv. profitably. lucubration (-ku-bra/shun), n. a literary composition produced as the result of protracted study. luculi ('ku-ll), n.pl. bright spots on the sun's surface. luculite (-ku'lit), n. a variety of black marble, cut and polished for ornamental purposes. ludicrous ('di-krus), adj. exciting mirth; comical; droll. luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or that part of a ship toward the wind; the act of sailing close to the wind; luff -tackle: v.i. to steer nearer to the wind. luff-tackle (-tak'l), n. a large tackle consisting of a double and a single block. lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw along: v.i. to drag; move heavily; pull laboriously: n. the act or effort of lugging; something difficult to move; a projecting part; the ear; a lug-sail; handle of a vessel : pi. conceited airs. luggage ('aj), n. effects of a traveler; baggage. lugger ('er), n. a small vessel with 2 or 3 masts with a running sprit and lug-sails. lug-sail ('sal), n. a square sail, with- out boom or lower yard, bent to a yard that hangs nearly at right an- gles to the mast. lugubrious (-gti'bri-us), adj. mourn- ful. lugworm ('werm), n. a sand worm. lukewarm ('warm), adj. moderate- ly warm. lull (lul), v.i. to soothe to sleep; quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. abatement; temporary calm. lullaby ('a-bi), n. [pi. lullabies (-biz)], a cradle-song. ' lulu fado (lu'lu fa/do), n. a dance of rather intricate steps introduced in the summer of 1914. lumbago (-ba'go), n. rheumatism of the muscles of the loins. lumber ('ber)^ n. rubbish; forest timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill with lumber or rubbish; heap to- gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down timber and prepare it for market. lumberer ('ber-er), n. one who cuts forest timber and shapes it for mar- ket. lumberman ('ber-man), n. one who is engaged in the lumber trade; a foreman of lumberers. luminary ('mi-na-ri), n. [pi. lumi- naries (-riz)], a body emitting light, especially a heavenly body; one who enlightens or instructs. luminescence - (lu-mi-nes'ens), n. a power of emitting fight possessed by certain bodies that have been exposed to light or radiant energy. luminiferous (-nif'er-us), adj. emit- ting, or transmitting, fight. luminous ('mi-nus), adj. emitting or radiating light; bright; clear; per- spicuous. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. LUMP 551 LUTE lump (lump), n. a small shapeless mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling; v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; heap indiscriminately; put up with. lumper ('er), n. a docker; militiaman. lumpfish ('fish), ft. a thick marine fish with horny spines. lumpy ('i), adj. full of lumps. lunacy (lu'na-si), n. [pi. lunacies (-siz)J, mental unsoundness: adj. pertaining to lunacy, or to lunatics. lunar ('nar), adj. pertaining to, measured by, or influenced by, the moon: n. lunar distance. lunar month > (munth), n. a month measured by the complete revolution of the moon = 293^ days. lunar year ■ (yer), ft. sl year of twelve lunar months = 354 1-3 days. lunate ('nat), adj. crescent-shaped. lunatic (,'na-tik), adj. affected with, or characteristic of, lunacy: ft. one who is insane. lunation (-na'shun), ft. a complete revolution of the moon. lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be- tween breakfast and dinner. Also luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. lunette (lii-net'), ft. anything shaped like a half-moon, as in fortification, &c; a flattened watch-glass. lung m (lung), n. one of two organs of respiration in air-breathing verte- brates. lunge (lunj), ft. a sudden thrust or pass with the sword; sudden lurch: v.i. to make a lunge. lungwort (lung'wert), ft. a plant with dark-colored leaves spotted with white; a lichen growing on trees. luni, a prefix meaning moon, as luni- solar: adj. produced by the united attraction of the moon and the sun. lunula (lu'nu-la), n. [pi. lunulse (-le) ], the white crescent-shaped part of the nail near the root. lupine (lu'pin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling a wolf; wolfish. lupinin (lu'pi-nin), ft. a bitter extract from < buds of the yellow lupine, used in medicine. lupus ([pus), ft. a chronic tubercu- lous disease which eats into the skin, especially of the face. lurch (lerch), ft. a sudden roll to one side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- ficult or forlorn position; a losing position in cribbage: v.i. to roll suddenly to one side. lure (lur), v.t. to allure: ft. any- thing used as an enticement; bait; a long carved trumpet used in Scan- dinavia. lurid ('id), adj. greyish-orange; wan; ghastly; pale; gloomy. lurk (lerk), v.i. to He in wait; be con- cealed. luscious (lush 'us), adj. sweet to ex- cess; delightful to the taste or sense; fulsome. lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: ft. intoxicating drink. lust (lust), ft. strong desire to pos- sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. to desire strongly; have inordinate desires (with after). lustful ('fool), adj. sensual; robust. lustfully (-li), adv. in a lustful man- ner. lustily ('i-li), adv. in a lusty man- ner. lustiness ('i-nes), ft. the state of be- ing lusty. lustral (lus'tral), adj. pertaining to, or used in, purification. lustration (-tra'shun), ft. purifica- tion. luster ('ter), n. brightness; splen- dor; brilliancy of reflected light; re- nown; a chandelier ornamented with cut glass pendants; a lustrous dress-cloth; the quality and intensi- ty of light reflected from the surface of minerals. lustrous ('trus), .adj. having a lus- ter. lustwort ('wert), n. the plant sun- dew. lusty ('i), adj. [comp. lustier, superl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; healthy. lute (ltit), ft. a stringed musical in- strument of the guitar family; a composition of clay, &c, used for ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then, Die. 38 LUTHERAN 552 LYRIST making the joints of vessels air- tight, or protecting them from the action of fire. Lutheran ('ther-an), adj. pertain- ing to Luther, the German reformer, or to the Lutheran Church and its doctrines: n. a member of the Lu- theran Church. Lutheranism (-izm), n. the doctrines of Luther and the Lutheran Church. lux (luks), n. [pi. luces (lu'sez) ], the unit of intensity of electrical illumi- nation. luxuriance (lug-zu'ri-ans), n. exu- berant in growth. Also luxurianey. luxuriant ('ri-ant), adj. character- ized by luxuriance; superabundant; superfluous. ^ luxuriate ('ri-at), v.i. to grow ex- uberantly; live luxuriously; indulge unrestrainedly. luxurious ('ri-us), adj. pertaining to luxury; indulging in, or administer- ing to, luxury. luxury (luk'shu-ri) , n. [pi. luxuries (-viz) J, extravagant indulgence in the pleasures of the senses, dress, &c; a dainty; anything productive of enjoyment. ly, a suffix meaning like, or pertain- ing to, as womanly, &c. Lyceum (ll-se'um), n. [pi. Lyceums, Lycea ('umz, 'a) ], originally the grove at Athens where Aristotle taught. lyceum (-se'um), n. a literary semi- nary; an academy; a literary asso- ciation; an intermediate classical school. Lycurgan (-ker'gan), adj. pertaining to Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, noted for the severity of his code of laws: hence relentlessly severe. lyddite (lid'it), n. a powerful explo- sive, consisting chiefly of picric acid. Lydian (lid'i-an), adj. pertaining to ancient Lydia in Asia Minor, noted for its luxury, music, and purple dyes; effeminate; voluptuous. lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. lying ('ing), p. adj. addicted to false- hood; the state or act of being re- cumbent: n. untruthfulness. lying-in (-in), adj. < pertaining to childbirth: n. parturition. lymph (limf), n. a colorless alkaline nutritive fluid in animal bodies. lymphatic (lim-fat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, conveying, or containing lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute ducts which convey lymph. lynch (linch), v.t. to judge and punish by lynch-law. lynch-law (law), n. summary pun- ishment by private individuals with- out the usual legal formalities. lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like animal, proverbial for its keenness of sight. lyrate (ll'rat), adj. lyre-shaped. lyre (lir), n.& musical instrument of the harp kind: used by the ancients to accompany the voice. lyre-bird ('berd), n. an Australian bird having a tail shaped like a lyre. lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or adapted to singing to, a lyre: n. a lyric composition. lyric poetry (po'et-ri), n. poetry expressive of the emotion of the poet. lyrist (lir'ist), n. a lyric poet. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, 2&en. M M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet. ma (ma), n. contraction of mamma; a Hindu form of respectful address to a woman. macaco (ma-ka'ko), n. a name for the ruffled lemur, and the ring-tailed lemur. macacus (-ka/kus),rc. the ape-baboon. Macadamize (mak-ad'am-iz), v.t. to cover (a road) with small broken stone, so as to form a smooth hard rounded surface, macaroni (-a-ro'ni), n. a paste com- posed chiefly of fine flour and made into long thin tubes; a dandy of the 18th century. macaronic (-ron'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, macaroni, or to a burlesque composition consisting of a jumble of incongruous words: n. macaronic verse. macaroon (-roon'), n. a small cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, and sugar. macaw (ma-kaw'), n. a large and handsome species of parrot with strong hooked bill. mace (mas), n. a massive staff usually surmounted with a crown; a heavy billiard cue; the second covering of the nutmeg. macerate (mas'er-at), v.t. to soften or separate the parts of by steeping in a fluid; mortify or harass. machan (ma-chan'), n. an elevated platform to protect a hunter in the jungle. machete (ma-cha/ta), n. a large heavy knife used by the inhabitants of South America for cutting through forests, &c. Machiavellian (mak-i-a-vel'i-an), adj. pertaining to Machiavelli, the Flor- entine statesman, or to his prin- ciples of political duplicity: hence crafty; double-dealing: n. a cunning, unprincipled politician. Machiavellianism ^ (-izrrO, n. the principles of Machiavelli. machination (-i-na'shun), n. a plot; artifice. machine (ma-shen'), n. any contri- vance to increase and regulate motive power; an engine; a light carriage or vehicle; one who acts mechanically or at the bidding of another. machinery ('er-i), n. machines col- lectively^ parts of a machine; any combination by which something is kept in action or the result desired is obtained. m machinist ('ist), n. a constructor of machines; one skilled in the princi- ples of machinery; one who works, or attends to, a machine. mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible marine fish, mottled with green and blue. mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an india-rubber water-proof overcoat. mackle ('1), v.t. to blot or blur, so as to produce the impression of double printing. made ('1), n. a twin-crystal. macled ('Id), adj. spotted. macro, a prejix meaning large, long, as ??iacrocephalous, adj. large-headed. macrocosm (mak-ro'kozm), n. the universe. macrometer (ma-krom'e-ter), n. an optical instrument for determining the distance or size of inaccessible objects. ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (.553) MACRON 554 MAGIC SQUARE macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) over a vowel to indicate that it is long, as came. macroplasia (mak-ro-pla/si-a), n. ab- normal growth of a tissue or organ of the body. macropsia (mak-rop'si-a), n. a defect of vision through which objects appear of exaggerated size. macrosceles (mak-ros'e-les), n. one who has unusually long legs. macrosmatism (mak-ros'ma-tizm) , n. having the organs of smell well developed, as is usual with lower animals. macro tia (mak-ro'ti-a), n. having unusually large ears. mad (mad), cdj. [comp. madder, su- perl. maddest], mentally ^ disordered or distracted; insane; infatuated; furious with rage or terror; in- flamed with anger. madam ('am), n. [pi. mesdames (ma-dam 7 ) ], a complimentary title or form of courteous address to a lady. madarosis (-a-ro'sis), n. loss of the hair, especially that of the eye- lashes. madcap Ckap), n. a wild, thought- less, eccentric person. madden ('n), v.t. to make mad or furious: yi. to become mad or furious. madder ('er), n. a plant of the ge- nus Rubia, from the root of which a red dye and pigment is extracted. madding ('ing), adj. raging; furious. made (mad), adj. artificially pro- duced or formed: p.t. &p.p.oi make. madeira (ma-de'ri), n. a rich wine made in the island of Madeira. mademoiselle (mad-mwa-zel''), in France, a title of courtesy given to a young lady. Madonna (ma-don 'na), n. [pi. ma- donnas ('naz) ], a picture of the Virgin Mary, usually with the in- fant Christ. madras (ma-dras'), n. a cotton print of which shirting is made. madreperl (mad 're-perl), n. mother- of-pearl. madrepore (mad're-por), n. coral. madrigal ('ri-gal), n. a light amor- ous song; a pastoral poem; a part song unaccompanied by music. maelstrom (mal 'strum), n. a cele- brated whirlpool on the Norwegian coast. Mafia (ma fi-a), n. a secret order in Sicily, now used in carrying out criminal purposes. Supposed to be allied with the Black Hand, or Mano Nera, sl similar organization. magazine (mag-a-zen'), n. a ware- house; receptacle for military stores, as ammunition, &c; chamber in a gun; a periodical literary or scien- tific publication. magdalen ('da-len), n. sl reformed prostitute, from Mary Magdalene (Luke vii. 36-50). magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. a red ani- line dye. maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- va of a fly; grub; whim. maggoty ('ot-i), adj. full of mag- gots; whimsical. Magi (ma'ji), n.pl. among the Akka- dians and ancient Persians, the sacerdotal and learned class; the wise men of the East. Magian ('ji-an), adj. pertaining to the Magi: n. one of the Magi; an adherent of the Zoroastrian re- ligion. magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art of working by the power or assist- ance of supernatural beings; sor- cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. pertaining to, produced by, or ex- ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- mantic. Also magical. magically (-al-li), adv. as by magic. magician (ma-jish'an), n. one skilled in magic. magic lantern (maj'ik lan'tern), n. an optical instrument for producing magnified objects on a screen. magic square (skwar), n. a series of numbers in parallel or equal rows, so arranged that the perpendicular, horizontal, and diagonal columns! shall give the same sum. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. MAGILP 555 MAHARAJAH magilp (ma-gilp'), n. a mixture of liDseed-oil and mastic varnish. magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or suitable to, a master or magistrate; authoritative. magistracy ('is-tra-si), n. [pi. mag- istracies (-siz) ], the office or dignity of a magistrate; magistrates collec- tively magistrate ('is-trat), n. a civil of- ficer invested with certain judicial and executive powers. Magna Charta ('na kar'ta), n. the Great Charter, forming the basis of civil liberty, granted by King John of England to the Barons, 1215. Also the Great Charter granted by Henry III. and confirmed by Ed- ward I. magnanimity (-na-nim'i-ti), n. great- ness of mind; elevation of soul; nobility. magnanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj. great of mind; elevated in soul or sentiment; generous; courageous; heroic. magnate ('nat), n. a person of rank or distinction ; nobleman. magnesia (-ne'shi-a), n. a white tasteless earthy powder, the oxide of magnesium. magnesium (-urn), n. a metallic ele- ment, the base of magnesia. magnesium light (lit), n. a power- ful and brilliant light produced by the conbustion of metallic magne- sium. magnet .('net), n. the loadstone; a magnetized steel bar. magnetic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, exhibiting, or produced by, the mag- net or magnetism. magnetic poles (polz), n.pl. the two points in the north and south polar regions where the magnetic needle is vertical. magnetics (-net'iks), n. the science of magnetism. magnetism (-izm), n. that property possessed by various bodies, as iron or steel, of attracting or repelling each other according to certain phys- ical laws; the science that treats of such magnetic phenomena and laws. magnetite (mag'net-ite), n. mag- netic iron ore; lodestone. magnetize ('net-iz), v.t. to communi- cate magnetic properties to. magneto, a prejix meaning pertain- ing to, or caused by, magnetism, as magmefo-electricity, electric pheno- mena produced by magnetism. magnetograph ('o-graf), n. an in- strument for registering automatic- ally terrestrial magnetism. magnetometer (-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the intensity of magnetic force. magnificable (-nif'i-ka-bl), adj. ca- pable of being magnified or extolled. magnificence ('i-sens), n. grandeur of appearance; splendor; pomp. magnificent ('i-sent), adj. grand in appearance; splendid; pompous; sub- lime. magnifico ('i-ko), n. formerly a cour- tesy title of the noblemen of Venice; the rector of a German university. magnifier ('ni-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, magnifies. magnify ('ni-fi), v.t. [pi. & p.p. mag- nified, p.pr. magnifying], to make great or greater; increase the ap- parent dimensions of; glorify or extol. magniloquent (-nil'o-kwent), adj. pompous in style or speech; bom- bastic. magnitude ('ni-tud), n. comparative size or bulk; extent of dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness); importance. magnolia (-noli-a), n. a handsome sweet-scented flowering shrub. magnum ('num), n. a large wine bottle. magpie ('pi), n. a chattering bird of the crow genus. maguey ('wa or ma-ga'e), n. the century plant, a species of agave or American aloe. Magyar Cyar), adj. pertaining to the Hungarian race or language. Maharajah (ma-ha-ra'ja), n. the title 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. MAHARMAH 556 MAINTAIN Of certain Hindu princes; literally, "great prinr ma'ma), n. a family name for mother. mammae (mam'e), n.pl. the breasts. mammal ('al), n. one of the Mam- malia. Mammalia (-a'li-a), n.pl. the highest class of the Vertebrata, containing those animals which suckle their young. mammalian ('li-an), adj. pertaining to the Mammalia. mammary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to the breasts. mammillary ('il-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or resembling, the breast or nipples. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MAMMODIS 559 MANGE mammodis ('mo-dis), n. coarse plain Indian muslins, mammon ('un), n. wealth; worldly- gain : from Mammon, the Syrian god of riches, mammoth ('moth), n. an extinct species of huge fossil elephants: adj. gigantic. man (man), n. [pi. men (men) ], a human being.; an adult male of the human species; mankind; male serv- ant; vassal; one possessed of man- ly attributes; a husband; one of the pieces in chess or draughts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. manned, p.pr. manning], to furnish with men; guard. manacle ('a-kl), n. a handcuff: v.t. to place handcuffs upon; shackle. manage ('aj), v.t. to conduct or car- ry on; govern; render docile or trac- table; use cautiously; wield: v.i. to conduct affairs. _ manageable ('aj-a-bl), adj. easy to be managed; docile. management ('aj-ment), n. the act or art of managing; control; skill in direction; administration. manager ('a-jer), n. one who directs or conducts anything; a skilful econ- omist. managerial (-je'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a manager or to management. manakin ('a-kin), n. a dwarf. manatee (-a-te'), n. the sea-cow. Also manati. manbote ('bot), n. among the Anglo- Saxons, the fine paid for killing a man. mandamus (-da'mus) (Latin : we com- mand), n. a writ issued by a superior court directing the person or in- ferior court to whom it is issued to perform some specified act. mandarin (-da-ren'), n. in China, an official or magistrate, of whom there are nine classes, each being distin- guished by a particular kind of but- ton worn on the cap; a variety of orange: v.t. to dye (silk, &c.) an orange color produced by the action of dilute nitric acid on the fiber. mandarinate ('at), n. mandarins collectively. mandarin duck (duk), n. an Asiat- ic duck with handsome plumage. mandatary ('da-ta-ri), n. a person to whom a mandate is given; one to whom the Pope has, by his preroga- tive, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Also mandatory. mandate ('dat), n. an order; com- mand; Papal rescript. mandatory ('da-to-ri), adj. contain- ing a mandate; directory. mandible ('di-bl), n. the jaw; in vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, both jaws: in insects and crusta- ceans, the anterior pair. mandolin ('do-lin), n. a musical in- strument of the guitar kind. mandrake ('drak), n. a plant of the nightshade family, with narcotic properties. mandrel ('drel), n. the shank of a lathe on which the work to be turned is placed; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. _ Also mandril. mandrill ('dril), n. the blue-faced baboon of Africa. mane (man), n. the long hair on the neck of certain quadrupeds, as the horse. manege (ma-nazh'), n. the art of horsemanship; the training of horses; a school for horsemanship. manes (ma/nez), n.pl. the shades of the departed; the deities of the in- fernal regions. maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-noo'- ver), n. adroit management or opera- tion in military or naval affairs; skilful or dexterous management; stratagem: v.i. to perform maneu- vers with troops _ or war vessels; manage with adroitness or address. manful (man 'fool), adj. courageous; resolute. manfully (-li), adv. bravely; reso- lutely. manganate (mang'ga-nat), n. a salt of manganic acid. manganese (-nez), n. a grey-colored, hard and brittle metallic element. mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- ease of dogs, cattle, &c. ate arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; -think, then. MANGER 560 MANLY manger (man'jer), n. a feeding trough for horses or cattle. mangily ('ji-li), adv. in a mangy- manner. manginess ('ji-nes), n. the state of being mangy. mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; mutilate; hack; to smooth with a mangle: n. a machine for smoothing linen. mangier (mang'gl er), n. a meat- chopping machine; one who man- gles. mango ('go), n. [pi. mangoes ('goz) ], the fruit of the mango tree. mango-fish (-fish)^ n. a handsome yellow-colored edible fish of the Ganges. mangosteen (-sten), n. & delicious fruit of the size of an orange grow- ing in Java and the Moluccas. Also mangostan. mangrove (mang'grov), n. an East and West Indian tree yielding an edible fruit: its bark is used in tanning. mangy (man'ji), adj. affected with the mange: unkept. manhood ('hood), n. human nature; manliness. mania (ma'ni-a), n. violent insanity; intense excitement; excessive or un- reasonable desire. maniac ('ni-ak), adj. affected with mania: n. a madman. manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of the hands, nails, &c. manifest ('i-fest), adj. clear; plain; apparent: v.t. to make manifest; place beyond doubt: n. the invoice of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- tom-house officials. manifesto (-fes'to), n. {pi. manifes- toes ('toz) ], a public declaration concerning political measures or in- tentions. manifold ('i-fold), adj. various in kind or quality; numerous; multi- plied; complicated: adv. many times: v.t. to reduplicate by means of a manifold-writer. manif older (man'i-fol-der), n. an apparatus for duplicating docu- ments in fac-simile; also the person who uses the apparatus. manigraphy (ma-nig'ra-fi), n. a dis- cription of the various forms of mania or insanity. manifold-writer (ri'ter), n. an ap- paratus for reduplicating a writing by means of thin tracing paper. manikin ('i-kin). n. a dwarf; a model of the human body for anatomical study. manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind of cheroot manufactured at Manila in the Philippine Islands; a hemp used for ropes, matting, &c., made from the fibers of Musa tex- tilis, allied to the banana. manioc (man'i-ok), n. a tropical plant from the roots of which tapioca and cassava are prepared. maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf worn on the left arm by a priest at mass; a company in an ancient Roman legion. manipulate (ma-nip 'u-lat), v.t. to operate or work by means of the hands; treat; control the action of, by management; falsify: v.i. to use the hands, especially in scientific operations, or mechanical processes. manipulation (-la/shun), n. the act or process of manipulating; manual dexterity; falsification. manipulative ('u-la-tiv), adj. per- taining to, or performed by, manip- ulation. manipulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who manipulates. manis (ma'nis), n. the scaly ant- eater. manism (ma'nizm), n. worship of the manes or shades of the departed. Manitou (man'i-too), n. the Great Spirit of the North American In- dians. manliness (li-nes), n. the state or quality of being manly. manly ('li), adj. having the charac- teristics of a man; courageous; noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like a man. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MANNA 561 MANX manna ('a), n. a name given by the Israelites to the food miraculously supplied in the wilderness (Ex. xvi. 15); the sweet laxative juice exuded from certain species of ash of South- ern Europe. manner ('er), n. method; mode of action; habit; custom; sort; mien; aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- ment; morals; behavior. mannerism (-izm), n. a peculiarity of style, action, or bearing, especial- ly if constrained or affected. mannerist (-ist), n. one who carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. mannerly (-li), adj. polite; com- plaisant; respectful: adv. politely; respectfully. mannish ('ish), adj. masculine. manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver). See maneu- ver. man-of-war (man-of-wawr), n. [pi. men-of-war], a large ship of war. manometer (ma-nom'e-ter), n. an instrument for determining the den- sity of the air or other gas from its elastic force. manor (man'er), n. the district over which a feudal lord held authority, and subject to the jurisdiction of his court-baron ; the land belonging to a lord, or so much as he formerly re- served for his own use; a tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a fee-farm rent to the owner. manorial (ma-no 'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a manor. mansard roof (man 'sard roof), n. a roof which has on all sides two slopes, the lower being steeper than the upper. manse (mans), n. the residence of a Presbyterian parochial minister [Scotch]. mansion (man'shun), n. a large dwelling house. manslaughter ('slaw-ter), n. the un- lawful killing of a human being, but without malice or premeditation. mantel ('tel), n. a narrow ornamental slab above a fireplace. Also mantel- piece. mantelet (-et), n. a kind of movable parapet for the protection of the besiegers; a small mantel; a besieging party. Also mantlet. mantilla (-til'a), n. a lady's light cloak or hood. mantle (man'tl), n. a loose cloak or cape; the external fold of the skin of the body of mollusks; a conical net-work that becomes incandescent when heated: used over a gas jet, &c, to increase the brilliancy of the light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or spread out. mantua-maker ('tu-a-ma/ker), n. a dress-maker. manual ('u-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, the hands: n. a handy compendium; the service book of the Roman Catholic Church; the keyboard of an organ or harmonium. manufactory (-fak'to-ri), n. [pi. manufactories (-riz) ], the place where goods are manufactured. manufacture ('tur), v.t. to make or fabricate from raw materials; pro- duce artificially: v.i. to be occupied in manufactures: n. the conversion of raw materials into articles for use; the thing manufactured. manufacturing (-ing), adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, manufacture. manumission (-u-mish'un), n. the act of liberating from slavery; emancipation. manumit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. manumitted, p.pr. manumitting], to set free from slavery. manure (ma-nur'), n. any fertilizing substance used _ for enriching the soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing substances. manus (ma'nus), n. the hand. manuscript (man'u-skript), adj. written: n. a book or paper written by hand. manutype (man'u-tfp), n. hand- printed matter in which the letters are separately impressed: v.t. to print by hand. Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining to ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MANY 562 MARINE the Isle of Man, to its inhabitants, or to the old language of the island. many (men'i), adj. [comp. more, superl. most], numerous; consisting of a great number: n. a great num- ber; multitude; people. Maori (ma/o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. per- taining to the Maoris, or aborigines of New Zealand, or to their lan- guage. map (map), n. a representation of the earth or some portion of it on a plane surface; a representation of the heavens: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. map- ped, p.pr. mapping], to delineate or lay down in a map; describe clearly; sketch or plan. maple (ma/pl), n. a tree of several species of the genus Acer, from one of which the rock-maple sugar is extracted. mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, p.pr. marring], to disfigure; injure; damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- ment; injury. marabou (mar'a-bo5), n. a large Af- rican stork, with handsome feath- ers. marabout (mar'a-boot), n. a Mo- hammedan saint, who professes to cure diseases by supernatural power. marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. Marathon (mar'a-thon), n. in ath- letics, a long distance race. maraud (-rawd'), v.i. to rove in search of plunder. marble (mar'bl), n. a hard lime- stone of various colors capable of taking a fine polish; anything re- sembling marble; a small ball of marble or stone: adj. made of, or like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: v.t. to stain or vein like marble. March (march), n. the third month of the year. march (march), n.a regular, meas- ured walk, especially of soldiers; steady onward movement; a musical composition for the accompaniment of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. to cause to move in a regular meas- ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move with regular steps, or in military form. marchioness (mar'shun-es), n. the wife or widow of a marquis. marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram), n. a message sent by Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy. Mardi Gras (mar'de gra), n. Shrove Tuesday, the last day of Carnival. mare (mar), n. the female of the horse. mare's-nest (marz'nest), n. some fancied discovery which proves to be a hoax. mare 's-t ail ('tal), n. an aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris; a cir- rus cloud. margarine (mar'ga-rin), n. artificial butter. margin ('jin), n. border; the part of a page at the edge, not printed upon; reserved amount; latitude: v.t. to iurnish with a margin; enter on the margin of a page._ marginal (-al), adj. pertaining to, or placed on, a margin. marginalia (-ji-na/li-a), n.pl. mar- ginal notes. marginate ('jin-at), adj. having a margin. Also marginated. margosa (-go'sa), n. an East Indian tree yielding a valuable oil and tonic bark. margot ('got), n. a variety of perch. margravate ('gra-vat), n. the do- main or jurisdiction of a margrave. margrave ('grav), n. a German title of nobility. Fern, margravine. mariculture (ma'ri-kul-tur), n. de- velopment of the resources of the sea, particularly with reference to food supplies. marigold (mar'i-gold), n. a plant with showy yellow flowers of various genera. marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, living in, or formed by, the sea; naval; near to the sea; used at sea: n. a soldier who serves on a war- ship; the navy of a nation; naval affairs; collective shipping of a country. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not: boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MARINER 563 MARRY mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. marionette (mar-i-o-nef), n. a pup- pet moved by strings. marital ('i-tal), adj pertaining to marriage. maritime ('i-tlm), adj. pertaining to, connected with, or bordering upon, the sea; naval. marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus of aromatic plants, containing the sweet marjoram. mark (mark), n. a visible sign by a which anything is known; impres- sion; evidence; target; a character made as a substitute for writing; an old Scotch coin = 27^ cents; a current German coin and monetary unit = 2434 cents; a former Euro- pean unit of weight = about 8 ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- guish; take notice of; single out: v.i. to observe critically; take note. markedly ('ed-li), adv. distinctly; publicly. marker ('er), n. one who, or that which, marks; a counter in card- playing; one who registers the score at billiards. market (mar'ket), n. a public place for the sale or purchase of commodi- ties; market place; rate or price; v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. marking ('ing), adj. having the qual- ity to produce a mark: n. the mark made; arrangement of marks or col- oring. marksman (marks'man), n. [pi. marksmen ('men) ], one skilful in shooting. marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- gled with clay and carbonate of lime; used as a manure: v.t. to ma- nure with marl; to wind with mar- lines. marline (mar'lin), n. a two-stranded cord used for winding round ropes, splicing, &c. marline-spike (-splk), n. a pointed piece of iron used_ for opening the strands of a rope in splicing. Also marling-spike. marling ('ling), n. the act of winding with marlines. marly ('li), adj. containing, or like, marl. marmalade ('ma-lad), n. a confec- tion made of oranges or other fruit. marmose ('mos), n. a species of small opossum. marmoset ('m5-zet), n. a species of small American monkey. marmot ('mot), n. the Alpine rat; prairie dog. maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- gitive slave in the West Indies; one who is marooned: v.t. to place and abandon on a desert island: adj. of a brownish-crimson color. marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- trates some plan by his officious in- terference. marque (mark), n. a license granted by a state to a private vessel to make reprisals at sea on the ships of another nation. marquetry ('ket-ri), n. inlaid work. marquis ('kwis), n. a nobleman rank- ing next below a duke. Also mar- quess. Feminine marchioness. marquisate (-at)^ n. the seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis. marriage _ (mar'aj), n. the act of le- gally uniting a man and woman in wedlock; marriage ceremony. marriageability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being marriageable. marriageable ('aj-a-bl), adj. fit, or of an age, to be married. married ('id), p. adj. united in wed- lock; conjugal. marrow ('0), n. the medulla or oily tissue which fills the cavities of bones; the essence of anything; a vegetable marrow. marrow-bone (-bon), n. a bone con- taining marrow: pi. the knees. marrow-fat (-fat), n. a late variety of pea. marry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. married, p.pr. marrying], to unite as husband and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the state of wedlock: inter j. By Mary I forsooth! ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MARS 564 MASON Mars (marz), n. one of the planets: from the Roman god of war. Marseillaise (mar-se-lya/), adj. per- taining to Marseilles or to its in- habitants: n. national anthem of the first French Revolution: com- posed by Rouget de 1'Isle, 1792. marseilles (-salz'), n. a double cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of land. marshal (marshal), n. an official of high rank who superintends and regulates state ceremonies; a pur- suivant; in the French army, the highest military officer; a sheriff: v.t. to arrrange or dispose in order. marshiness ('shi-nes), n. the state of being marshy. marshy ('shi), adj. swampy; grow- ing in marshes. marsupial (-sti'pi-al), adj. pertain- ing to the Marsupialia: n. one of the Marsupialia. Marsupialia (-pi-a Ti-a) , n.pl. a sub- class of mammals that carry their young in a marsupium or external pouch, as the opossum and kangaroo. mart (mart), n. a market; purchase and sale. martagon ('ta-gon), n. a variety of lily with purple-red flowers; the Turk's cap. marten ('ten), n. a, small carnivorous animal of the weasel kind. martial ('shal), adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, war; military. martial law (law), n. a code of reg- ulations enforced by the military power and applicable to civilians in time of war, insurrection, &c. martially (51i), adv. in a martial manner. martian (mar'shan), n. a supposi- tious inhabitant of the planet Mars. martin ('tin), n. one of several spe- cies of birds allied to the swallow. martinet (-et), n. a strict disciplin- arian: pi. small lines fastened to the leech of a sail. martingale (-gal), n. a broad strap passing from the nose-band to the girth of a horse, between its fore legs, to keep its head down; a lower stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- boom. martyr ('ter), n. one who testifies by his death to his faith or principles; one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put to death for adherence to some be- lief, especially Christianity; perse- cute; torture; destroy - martyrdom (-dum), n. the death or sufferings of a martyr. martyrqlogist (-ol'o-jist), n. sl writ- er of martyrology. * martyrology (-ol'o-ji), n. a register or history of martyrs. marvel ('vel), n. something extraor- dinary and astonishing; a prodigy: v.i. to be struck with astonishment; wonder. marvelous (-us), adj. exciting wonder; incredible. mascle (masTd), n. a lozenge-shaped scale of a coat of armor; in her- aldry, a lozenge perforated. mascot ('kot), n. sl person or thing that brings good fortune. Feminine mascotte [French]. masculine ('ku-lin)^ adj. pertaining to, having the qualities of, or suita- ble for, a man; manly; powerful; robust; coarse; noting the male gen- der in grammar. mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; a mixture of bran and water for horses; bruised malt, &c, steeped in hot water for making wort: v.t. to mix with hot water (,as malt) in brewing; convert into a mash or soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. masher ('er), n. one who imperti- nently ^ endeavors to make himself attractive to, or engage the attention of, women. mask (mask), n. sl cover or partial cover to conceal the face ; pretext or subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to conceal with, or as with, a mask; cover or hold in check: v.i. to take part in a masquerade; be disguised. mason (ma'sn), n. a builder in stone; a Freemason. ilte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then* MASONIC 565 MATCH Masonic (-s6n/ik), adj. pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft. masonry ('sn-ri), n. the art or occu- Eation of a mason; materials used y masons; Freemasonry. masque (mask), n. a masquerade, masquerade (mas-ker'ad), n. a ball or festive gathering where masks are worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part in a masquerade. mass (mas), n. a large quantity; lump; booty of things collectively; the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church; a mu- sical setting for certain parts of such a celebration: pi. common people (with the): v.t. & v.i. to collect into a mass or body. massacre ('a-ker), n. indiscriminate slaughter with unnecessary cruelty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately with unnecessary cruelty. massage ('aj or ma-sazh'), n. a method of medical treatment by rubbing or kneading the body. rmasseter ('e-ter), n. the short thick rmpscle that raises the lower jaw. .•masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- forms the operation of massage. jFemtinine masseuse [French]. :massicoJ; (mas'i-kot), n. yellow oxide of lead. rmassive £('iv), adj. weighty; heavy; bulky; imperfectly and irregularly crystallizeit . massively (fii), adv. in a mass. . massiveness r(-nes), n. the state or quality of being; massive. •massy ('i) , adj. massive, mast (mast), n. a long round piece of timber or iron, tube, either entire, or formed of parts, ; raised vertically on the keel of a vessel to support the sails; the fruit, of .the oak and the 7 beech, i masted ('ed), adj. furnished with a mast. masthead ('hed), n. the top part of a mast: v.t. to send to the masthead as a nautical punishment. master ('er), n. one who rules or commands others; director" J em* ployer; owner; head of a household, college, school, &c; an expert; com- mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- versity degree; appellation given to boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or overcome: v.i. excel. mastery (-i), n. dominion; preemi- nence; eminent skill. mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained from the mastic tree: used as a varnish. masticable ('ti-ka-bl) , adj. capable of being masticated. masticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to grind with the teeth; chew. mastication (-ka'shun), n. the act of masticating; chewing. masticator ('ter), n. one who, or that which, masticates; a machine for mincing meat or cutting leather, &c, into small pieces. masticatory ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. adapt- ed for chewing. mastiff (mas'tif), n. a large variety of dog. mastodon (mas'to-don) , n. an extinct genus of mammals, allied to the ele- phant. mastoid ('toid), adj. breast-like. mast-step (mast 'step), n. in the building of ships or yachts, the step or support on which the mast rests. masturbation (-ter-ba'shun), n. self- pollution. mat (mat), n. a texture of various fibrous materials, used for cleansing the feet, &c; a web of rope-yard; an ornamental article on which to place things at table: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to cover with mats; entangle or interweave. matador (ma-ta-dor'), n. the man who kills the bull in a bull-fight; one of the three principal cards at omber and quadrille. Also madadore. match (mach), n. anything that read- ily ignites; a lucifer; anything which agrees with or suits another thing; an equal; game or contest; mar- riage; one to be gained in marriage :- ate, araij ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MATCHBOARD 566 MATRON v.t. to be equal to; set against or oppose as an equal: v.i. to agree with. matchboard ('bord), n. a thin plank used for wainscoting, &c. matchlock (lok), n. an old kind of musket. matchmaker ('mak-er), n. one who seeks to arrange marriages. mate (mat), n. a companion or asso- ciate; an equal; the male and female of animals associated for propaga- tion; an officer in the merchant serv- ice ranking below the captain ; check- mate: v.t. to match; be equal to; marry. mate (ma/ta), n. a tea made of the dried leaves of Braxilian holly: used largely in South America. matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- posed of various kinds of fish. mater (ma'ter), n. (Latin a mother) one of the two membranes (dura mater, pia mater) covering the brain. materfamilias (-fa-mil'i-as), n. the mistress of a family or household. material ('ri-al), adj. consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; essential: n. the substance of which anything is made. materialism (-izm), n. the doctrine that all spiritual phenomena are the result of organized matter. materialize (-Iz), v.t. to invest with material characteristics. materialist (-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of materialism. materialistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to materialism. materiality (-al'i-ti), n. material ex- istence. materially ('i-al-li), adv. essentially. materia medica (ma-te'ri-a med'i- ka), n. the science which treats of the substances used in medicine. materiel (-ta-re-al'), n. the baggage, munitions, provisions of an army, &c. maternal (-ter'nal), adj. motherly. maternally (-li), adv. like a mother. maternity ('ni-ti), n. the character or relationship of a mother. math (math), n. a mowing. mathematical (-e-mat'ik-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, mathematics; theoretically precise. Also mathematics. mathematically (-li), adv. by math- ematics. mathematician (-ma-tish'an), n. one who is skilled in mathematics. mathematics (-mat'iks), n. the sci- ence of number and space. matico (ma-te'ko), n. a Peruvian plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful styptic. matin (mat 'in), adj. pertaining to the morning or to matins: n.pl. morning prayer; in the Roman Catholic Church the first canonical hour. matinee (-i-na/ or ma-te-na'), n. a reception or musical or dramatic per- formance held in the daytime. matricidal (mat'ri-si-dal), adj. per- taining to matricide. matricide ('ri-sid), n. the murder of a mother by a son or daughter; one who murders one's mother. matriculate (ma-trik'ti-lat), v.t. to admit to the membership of a college or university by entering one's name in a register: v.i. to be admitted as a member or student of a college, &c. matriculation (-la/shun), n. the act of registering and admitting as a matriculated student. matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to marriage; nuptial; connubial. matrimonially (-li), adv. in a mat- rimonial relation. matrimony ('ri-mo-ni), n. marriage. matrix (ma/triks), n. [pi. matrices (mat'ri-sez) ], the womb; the cavity in which anything is formed or cast; a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or mineral is embedded; the five col- ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) from which all others are formed in dyeing. matron (ma'tron), n. a married woman, especially one who has borne children; the lady superin- tendent of a hospital or institution. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MATRONAGE 567 MAZURKA matronage (-aj), n. matrons collec- tively. matronal ('tron-al), adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, a matron. matronly (-li), adv. matron-like; el- derly; sedately. matronymic (mat-ro-nim'ik), n. a man's or woman's name derived from that of a mother. matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly reduced. matted ('ed), adj. covered with a mat; closely tangled together. matter ('er), n. that which occupies space, and is perceptible by the senses; body; substance; thing of importance; business; event; in- definite amount; pus; set-up type: v.i. to signify; be of importance. matties ('iz), n.pl. Scotch herrings of moderate size with small milts and roes. matting ('ing), n. mats collectively; material for mats; ornamental mat- work. mattock ('ok), n. a pickaxe having one of its ends flat. mattress ('res), n. a quilted hair- or straw- stuffed bed; a spring mat- tress; a mat made of trees or shrubs. maturation (-ti-ra/shun) , n. the process of ripening or coming to maturity. mature (ma-tur), adj. [comparative maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; full-grown; ready for application or use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- turity: v.i. to become ripe. maturely (-li), adv. in a mature manner. maturity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being mature; ripeness; full development. matutinal (ma-tu'ti-nal). adj. per- taining to the morning; early. matzoth (mat'zo), n., an unleavened bread eaten by the Jews on the feast of the Passover. maud (mawd), n. a grey-striped Scotch plaid. maudlin ('lin), adj. easily moved to tears; weakly and foolishly senti- mental. maugre (maw'ger), prep, in spite of. maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a rough manner. maul-stick. Same as mahl-stick. mauser-rifle (mou'zer-rl'fl), n. a military rifle of German make. mausoleum (maw-so-le'um), n. a stately tomb or monument, especial- ly that of Mausolus, King of Caria, erected by his widow Artemisia. mauve (mov), n. a soft lilac or pur- ple color. mavis (ma'vis), n.. the song-thrush. maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- mals; the craw of a bird. mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loath- some; affectedly sentimental. maxilla (maks'il-a), n. [pi. maxilla? -e) ], the upper jawbone. maxillary ('il-a-ri), adj. pertaining to the jaw or jawbone. maxilliform ('i-form), adj. shaped like the cheek or jawbone. maxim ('im), n. an established prin- ciple or truth; proverb; aphorism. maximite (maks'im-it), n. an explo- sive invented by Hiram Maxim. maximum ('i-mum), n. the greatest number, quantity, or degree, attain- able. maxixe (maks-isch'), n. an elaborate dance of recent introduction. May (ma), n. the fifth month of the year. may, n. the English hawthorn. may, v. aux. [pt. might (-mlt) ], to be able; be allowed. mayhem (ma'hem), n. an unlawful attack on a person which results in mutilation or maiming. mayor (ma/er), n. the chief magis- trate of a city or borough. Feminine mayoress. mayoralty (-al-ti), n. the office, or term of office, of a mayor. Maypole ('pol), n. a pole around which May festivities are held. maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- rinth: v.t. to bewilder. mazily ('i-li), adv. in a mazy manner. mazurka (ma-zer'ka), n. a lively ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 37 MAZY 568 MEDALLIST Polish dance; music set to such a dance. Also mazourka. mazy (maz'i), adj. intricate; bewil- dering; winding. mead (med), n. a fermented liquor of honey, water, and spices; a meadow [poet.]. meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich pasture land; land yielding hay; low grass land by the banks of rivers. meadowy (-i), adj. containing mead- ows. meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; poor; barren; lean; weak. meagerly (-li), adv. thinly; poorly. meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a repast. mealy ('i), adj. consisting of, sprin- kled with, or having the qualities of, meal. mealy-mouthed (-moui/id), adj. us- ing soft words; unwilling to tell the truth in plain words. mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- er, superlative meanest], wanting in dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; insignificant; humble; sordid; stingy; middle; not excessive: n. the middle point, quantity, value, or degree; average: pi. resources; property; y.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. meaning], to have in the mind or intention; signify: v.i. to have an intention. meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or flow round: v.i. to have a winding course; be intricate. meaning (men'ing), n. intention; sense. meant, p.t. & p.p. of mean. meantime ('tim), adv. in the inter- vening time. Also meanwhile. measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious disease characterized by fever and small red spots on the skin; a dis- ease of swine and of trees. measurable (mezh'er-a-bl), adj. ca- pable of being measured. measurably (-a-bli), adv. in. a meas- urable manner; in a limited degree. measure ('er), n. the standard by which the volume or extent of any- thing is compared; extent or dimen- sions of a thing; proportion; a di- visor leaving no remainder; an in- strument for measuring; musical time; meter; law or statute: pi. strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the extent, size, or volume of; mark out; estimate; allot; determine by rule or standard: v.i. to take measure- ments; be equal or uniform. measured ('erd), adj. determined by a standard; uniform; steady; mod- erated. measurement ('er-ment), n. the act of measuring; quantity ascertained by measuring; size; area; capacity. meat (met), n. animal food. mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled workman: pi. the science of the laws of matter and motion, especially the science of machinery. mechanical (-al), adj. pertaining to the principles of mechanics; pertain- ing to, or produced by, machines or machinery; done automatically, as from force of habit. mechanically (-li), adv. in a me- chanical manner. mechanical powers (pow'erz), n.pl. powers obtained by the application of a small force, viz., the lever, in- clined plane, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, and wedge. mechanician (mek-a-nish'an) , n. one skilled in mechanics or machinery. mechanism ('a-nizm), n. parts of a machine; mechanical construction. mechanotherapy (mek'a-no-ther'a- pi), n. the treatment of disease by mechanical means. medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece of metal impressed with a, de- vice or inscription to commemorate some event, distinguished person, &c. medallic (me-dal'ik), adj. pertaining to medals. medallion ('yun), n. a large antique medal; a round or oval tablet with figures in bas-relief. medallist (med'al-ist), n. an engraver of medals; one who has gained a medal as a reward or prize. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEDAL-PLAY MEER medal-play (med'al-pla), n. in golf a play in which the score takes ac- count of the total number of strokes, and not of the winning of individual holes. meddle (medl), v.i. to interpose or interfere officiously. meddler (ler), n. an officious per- son* busybody. meddlesome (1-sum), adj. officiously intrusive. mediaeval. Same as medieval. median (me'di-an), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the middle of anything. mediate (-at), v.i. to interpose as a mutual friend between parties to effect a reconciliation. mediation (-a/shun), n. the act of mediating; reconciliation. mediator ('di-a-ter), n. one who mediates; an intercessor. mediatorial (-a-to'ri-al), adj.^ per- taining to a mediator or mediation; intercessory. Also mediatory. mediator ially (-li), adj. by mediation. medical (med'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, medicine. medically (-li), adv. according to medical rules. medicament ('i-ka-ment), n. a medi- cine or healing application. medicate ( r i-kat), v.t. to impregnate or tincture with anything medicinal. medicinal (me-dis'i-nal), adj. having the properties of, or used in, medi- cine. medicinally (-al-li), adv. medically. medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science which relates to the treatment and alleviation of disease; a specific for the cure of disease. medicine-man (-man), n. among certain tribes, as the North Ameri- can Indians, a conjurer who^ pro- fesses to drive away evil spirits or disease by magical arts. medieval (me-di-e'v&l), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, the Mid- dle Ages (8th-15th centuries A.D.), Also mediaeval. medievalism (-izm), n. the spirit, especially in religion and art, char- acteristic of the Middle Ages. mediocre (me'di-o-ker), adj. of me- dium excellence; ordinary. mediocrity (-ok'ri-ti), n. of moder- ate > degree; a person of ordinary abilities. meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to think upon; design; purpose. meditation (-ta'shun), n. the act of meditating; deep thought. meditative _ ('i-ta-tiv), adj. disposed to meditation. meditatively (-li), adv. with medi- tation. meditativeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being meditative. medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. media, mediums (-a, -umz) ], a mean; any- thing intervening; agency; space or substance in which bodies exist or move; a size of paper 24 x 19 inches: middle term of a syllogism^ a per" son through whom communications from the spirit world are conveyed; the liquid vehicle with which dry pig- ments are ground. medley ('li), n. mixture or confused mass of different ingredients. medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of bones; pith of plants. medullary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, marrow or medulla. medullin (-dul'in), n. a variety of cellulose found in the pith of certain plants. Medusa _ (me-dii'sa), n. [pi. medusae ('se) ], in classical mythology, one of the three Gorgons whose fine hair was changed into snakes, and whose glance changed into stone all who looked on her. medusa, n. the sea-nettle or jelly-fish. meed (med), n. recompense; reward. meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- er, superlative meekest], gentle; sub- missive; yielding; mild of temper; humble; patient. meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- sion. Also mere. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEERSCHAUM 570 MEMBRANE meerschaum ('shum), n. a, claylike silicate of magnesia from which pipebowls are made; a pipe of this material. meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, p.pr. meeting], to come up to from a dif- ferent direction; confront; encoun- ter; fall in with; receive; satisfy; come upon ^answer: v.i. to assem- ble; be united: n. a meeting of huntsmen; ^ the place of _ meeting: adj. fit; suitable; appropriate. meeting ('ing), n. an assembling or coming together; junction; a con- gregation. meg, a prefix meaning great, power- ful. Also mega, megalo, as mega- cephalous: adj. having a large head. megohm Com), n. 1,000,000 ohms: a measure of electrical resistance. megrim (me'grim), n. a sick or neu- ralgic headache, usually on one side of the head: pi. vertigo in a horse. melancholia (mel-an-ko'li-a), n. a form of insanity characterized by great depression of spirits. melancholic (-kol'ik), adj. affected with melancholy; depressed in spir- its; dejected. melancholy ('an-kol-i), n. great de- pression of spirits; melancholia: adj. depressed in spirits; hypochondriac. melange (ma-langzh'), n. a confused mixture; medley [French]. melanin (mel'a-nin), n. the black pigment cells of the eye and skin. melanite ('an-It), n. a black variety of garnet. melanism ('an-izm), n. excess of the coloring pigment in the skin. melanotrichous (mel-a-not'ri-kus) , adj. having black hair. meld (meld), n. in the card game of penuchle, the announcement of a counting combination, or in card games in general, a declaration: v.t. to announce or declare in pe- nuchle or other card games. melee _ (ma-la'), n. a hand-to-hand conflict; scuffle; affray. melinite (mel'm-It), n. a powerful explosive. melilot ('i-lot), n. a species of sweet- scented trefoil or clover. meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- prove or make better. melioration (-ra'shun), n. improve- ment. mellifluent (mel-if'flu-ent), adj. smooth; sweetly flowing. Also mel- lifluous. melligenous (-ij'e-nus), adj. having the qualities of, or producing, honey. mellow ('o), adj. fully ripe; not hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. mellowy (-i), adj. soft; unctuous; loamy. melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small reed organ; a music hall. melodious ('di-us), adj. full of, or produced by, melody; musical. melodist ('dist), n. a composer of melodies. melodize ('dlz), v.t. to make melo- dious: v.i. compose melodies. melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma), n. a play characterized by highly sensational or romantic incidents. melodramatic (-dra-mat'ik), _ adj. pertaining to melodrama; highly sensational. melody ('o-di), n. [pi. melodies (-diz) ], the arrangements of different musical sounds for a single voice or instrument; tune. melon ('un), n. a plant of the cucum- ber family with its edible fruit. melotype ('6-tip), n. a method of producing photographs so that their development may be deferred. Melpomene (mel-pom'e-na), n. the Muse who presided over tragedy in the verse and drama of the Greeks. melt (melt), v.t.& v.i. to change from a solid to a liquid state; dissolve; soften to love and tenderness. melten ('un) , n. a kind of thick broad- cloth with an unfinished surface. member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- gan; essential part of anything; one of an association or community. membrane ('bran), n. a thin fold or layer of tissue forming the covering of some part or organ. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MEMBRANOUS 571 MENISCUS membranous Cbra-nus), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, or like, membranes. memento (me-men'to), n. [vl. me- mentos ('toz)], a souvenir; memorial. memoir (mem'war), n, a history written from personal experience and knowledge; a biography: pi. a record of investigations on a sub- ject; transactions or journal of a learned or scientific society. memorabilia (-o-ra-bil'i-a), n.pl. things worthy of remembrance or record. memorable ('or-a-bl), adj. worthy of remembrance; remarkable; notable. memorably (-a-bli), adj. so as to be remembered. memorandum (-o-ran'dum), n. [pi. memoranda ('da)], a note to assist the memory; brief record of some- thing to be remembered; summary or outline. memorial (me-mo'ri-al), adj. com- memorative; preservative of, or con- tained in, the memory: n. an in- formal diplomatic paper; a written representation of facts addressed to the government, a public body, &c. memorialize (-Iz), v.t. to petition by means of a memorial. memorialist (-ist), n. one who pre- pares, signs, or presents, a memorial. memoriter (-mor'i-ter), adv. from memory. memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memories (-riz)], that faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowlegde of pre- vious occurrences, facts, thoughts, &c, and recalls them. menace (men'as), n. a threat: v.t. to threaten. menacingly ('a-sing-li), adv. in a threatening manner. menagerie (-azh'er-i or -aj'e-ri), n. a place where wild animals are kept; a collection of wild animals for exhibition. mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that which is broken or worn); make good or better; reform; increase: v.i. to grow better; improve. mendacious (men-da'shus), adj. giv- en to falsehood; lying; false. mendacity (-das'i-ti), n. [pi. men- dacities (-tiz)], falsehood; habitual lying. Mendelian (men-deli-an), adj. per- taining to the now famous theory of heredity advanced by the Austro- Silesian monk, Gregor Johann Men- del. mendelism (men'del-izm), n. the theory of Mendel, according to which ancestral characteristics are trans- mitted independently to the offspring, certain characteristics being domi- nated or overcome by antagonistic characteristics in the first generation, but both dominant and recessive characteristics appearing in the sec- ond generation in a fixed proportion. mendelize (men'del-iz), v.i. to con- form to Mendel's so-called law; that is to say, to maniiest the phenomena of dominance and recessiveness in the first generation and of segrega- tion in the second, as when the chil- dren of a black-eyed and a blue-eyed parent all have black eyes, but one in four of the grandchildren have blue eyes. mendicancy ('di-kan-si), n. the state of being a beggar; begging. Also mendicity. mendicant (-kant), adj. practicing begging; reduced to beggary: n. a beggar; a begging friar. menhaden (-ha/dn), n. an American fish allied to the herring, yielding a valuable oil. menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a retinue of servants; pertaining to, or suitable for, servants; mean; servile: n. a domestic servant; one who performs servile work. menilite (men'i-llt), n. a variety of opal. meninges (me-nin'jez), n.pl. the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. meningitis (men-in-ji'tis), n. inflam- mation of the meninges. meniscus (me-nis'kus), n. [pi. men- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MENSES 572 MERIDIAN isci ('si), meniscuses ('kus-ez)j, a crescent; a lens convex on one side and concave on the other, menses (men'sez), n.pl. the catame- nial discharge. Also menstruation. menstrual ('stroo-al), adj. occurring monthly, menstruum (-urn), n. a solvent. mensurable ('shu-ra-bl), adj. meas- urable. mensuration (-ra'shun), n. the act or process of taking the measure or dimensions of anything; measure- ment. mental ('tal), adj. pertaining to the mind; intellectual. mentally (-li), adv. in the mind; in thought or idea; intellectually. menthol ('thol), n. a crystalline sub- stance resembling camphor: used as a counter-irritant. menthyl ('thil), n. the base of men- thol. mention ('shun), n. a brief notice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to speak briefly of; notice casually; name. mentor ('ter), n. a wise and faithful counselor: from Mentor, the friend and tutor of Ulysses. menu (-00'), n. a bill of fare. Mephistophelean (mef-is-to-f e'li-an) , adj. pertaining to, or like, Mephis- topheles: hence scoffing, relentless, and cynical, mephitic (me-flt'ik), adj. poisonous; noxious; offensive to the smell. Also mephitical. mercantile (mer'kan-til), adj. com- mercial. mercenarily ('se-na-ri-li), adv. in a mercenary manner. mercenary ('se-na-ri), n. [pi. mer- cenaries (-riz)], a soldier hired into foreign service; one who serves for pay: adj. serving for pay or re- ward; venal; sordid. mercer ('ser), n. a dealer in textile fabrics. mercerize (mer'ser-iz), v.t. to give to cotton cloth a silk lustre. mercery (-i), n. the commodities in which a mercer deals. merchandise ('chan-diz), n. goods, wares, or commodities, bought and sold. merchant ('chant), n. one who traf- fics or carries on trade on a large scale, especially with foreign coun- tries; a shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or employed in, trade; mercan- tile. merchantman (-man), n. [pi. mer- chantmen (-men)], a trading vessel. merciful ('si-fool), adj. full of, or exercising, mercy; tender-hearted; compassionate. mercifully (-li), adv. with mercy or compassion. merciless (-les), adj. destitute of mercy; unfeeling; cruel. mercurial (-ku'ri-al), adj. active; volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made of, or caused by, mercury. Mercury ('ku-ri), n. one of the plan- ets; from Mercury, the messenger of the gods. mercury, n. quicksilver. mercy _ ('si), ( n. [pi. mercies ('siz)j, the disposition to forgive, spare, or pity; clemency; forbearance; com- passion; beneficence. mere. Same as meer. mere (mer), adj. [superlative mer- est], such and no more; simple; en- tire; absolute. merely ('li), adv. simply; purely; only. meretricious (mer-e-trish'us), adj. pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; alluring by false show; tawdry. merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or lost. merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- idation of two estates, conforming them into one estate; the placing of the operations of two or more com- peting interests under the control of a single body.^ mericarp (mer'i-karp), n. one of the carpels of an umbelliferous fruit. meridian (me-rid'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to mid-day: n. mid-day; noon; highest point of culmination; an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MERIDIONAL 573 MESSIEURS imaginary great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith and nadir of any given place, and cutting the equator at right angles. meridional ('i-o-nal), adj. pertain- ing to the meridian; southern. meridionally ('li), adj. in the direc- tion of the meridian. meringue (me-rangg'), n. a light con- fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos ('noz)], a breed of sheep with a fine wool; the wool of such sheep: adj. pertaining to, or made of, the wool of the merino sheep. merit (mer'it), n. excellence; worth; deserved reward: pi. essential cir- cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled to; be deserving of. meritorious (-i-to'ri-us), adj. having merit; deserving of reward or praise. merle (merl), n. the blackbird [poet.] merlin (mer'lin), n. a small falcon. merling (merl'ing), n. the whiting. merlon ('od), n. that part of a parapet included between two embrasures. mermaid (mer'mad), n. a fabled ma- rine creature having the upper part like a woman and the lower part like a fish. merman ('man), n. the male of the mermaid. merrily (mer'i-li), adv. in a merry manner. merriment ('i-ment), n. mirth; fun; frolic; gaiety. Also merriness. merry ('i), adj. [comparative merri- er, superlative merriest], full of mirth and good humor; gay; sport- ive; jovial; pleasant. merry-andrew (-an'droo), n. a buf- foon. merry-dancers _ (-dan'serz), n.pl. the Aurora Borealis. merry-go-round (mer-i-go-round), n. a circular frame fitted with wooden horses or seats, on which persons ride at fairs, &c. merry- thought (-thawt), n. the forked bone (furcula) of a fowl's breast. mesa (ma'sa), n. elevated table-land. mesalliance (-za-le-angs'), n. mar- riage with one of lower social posi- tion. mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- stice of a net; brewer's grains. mesial (mez'i-al), adj. middle. mesjid (mez'jid), n. a mosque. mesmeric (-mer'ik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, mesmerism. Mesmerism ('mer-izm), n. the act of inducing an abnormal state of the nervous system in which the thoughts and actions of the patient are controlled by the will of the operator; animal magnetism. mesmerist (-ist), n. one who prac- tises the art of mesmerism. Also mesmerizer. mesmerize (-iz), v.t. to induce the mesmeric state. mesne (men), adj. middle; interven- ing. meso, a prefix meaning middle, inter- mediate, as mesoblast, the inter- mediate layer of the blastoderm of an ovum; raesocarp, the middle layer of a pericarp. mesosperm (mes'o-sperm), n. the second membrane of a seed. Mesozoic (-zo'ik), adj. pertaining to the Secondary Age or era of reptiles. mess (mes), n. a number of persons who sit down to table together, es- pecially soldiers or sailors; a state of dirt or confusion: v.i. to eat to- gether: v.t. to furnish with food; dirty. message ('aj), n. a communication, written or verbal, sent from one per- son to another; an official commu- nication. messenger ('en-jer), n. one who con- veys a message; an office servant who carries messages; a herald or harbinger; an official of the bank- ruptcy court. Messiah (-I'a), n. Christ the Anoint- ed One. Also Messias. Messianic (-i-an'ik), adj. pertaining to the Messiah. messieurs ('yers), n.pl. sirs; messrs. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MESSUAGE 574 METATHESIS messuage ('waj), n. a dwelling house with its adjacent buildings and land for the use of the household. mestee (-te'), n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon. Also mustee. mestizo (-te'zo), n. [pi. mestizos ('zoz) ], the offspring of a Spaniard or Creole and an Indian. Also mes- tino. met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. meta, a prefix meaning between, over, after, duplicate, resembling, change from one state to another. metabasis (me-tab'a-sis), n. ' transi- tion. metabolian (met-a-bo'li-an), n. an insect of the sub-class Metabola which undergoes complete metamor- phosis. metabolic (-bol'lk), adj. pertaining to, or undergoing, change or meta- morphosis. metabolism (-tab'o-lizm), n. the con- tinuous process by which living cells or tissues undergo chemical change. metacarpal (met-a-kar'pal), adj pertaining to the metacarpus. metacarpus ('pus), n. that part of the hand which is between the wrist and the fingers. metacenter (-sen'ter), m. that point in a floating body on the position of which its equilibrium or stability depend. metagenesis (-a-jen'e-sis), n. alter- nation of generation. metal ('al), n. an elementary sub- stance having pertain physical char- acteristics, as luster, ductility, mal- leability, insolubility, is fusible by heat, and a conductor of elec- tricity; molten glass; small stone cubes; effective power or caliber of the guns of a warship: pi. the rails of a railroad: v.t. to cover with metal. metallic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, metal. metallic oxide (oks'id), n. a com- pound of metal with oxygen. metallic salt (sawlt), n. a salt which has a metallic oxide as its base. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me,,, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. metalliferous (-lif'er-us), adj. yield- ing metal or metallic ores. metallography (-og'ra-fi), n. the science of metals; a treatise on metals. ~ -* metalloid (-oid), n. a non-metallic elementary body: adj. resembling a metal ; non-metallic. metallurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertain- ing to metallurgy. Also metallur- gical, i metallurgist ^ ('al-er-jist), n. one who is skilled in metallurgy. metallurgy (-ji), n. the art or proc- ess of working metals and of sep- arating them from their ores. metamorphic (-a-mor'fik), adj. per- taining to, or produced by, meta- morphism. metamorphism ('fizm), n. the proc- ess by which stratified rocks under pressure, heat, chemical action, &c, have changed, from their original structure, as limestone to marble. metamorphose ('foz), v.t. to change into a different form. metamorphosis ('fo-sis), n. change of form, shape, or structure; trans- formation, as of a chrysalis into a butterfly. metaphor ('a-fer), n. a figure of speech by which one word is em- ployed for another of which it is the image; a compressed simile. metaphoric (-for'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or comprising, a metaphor; not literal; figurative. Also meta- phorical. metaphorically (-al-li), adv. in met- aphors. metaphrastic (-fras'tik), adj. close or literal in translation. metaphysical (-fiz'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or according to, the rules of, metaphysics; ontological. metaphysically (-H), adv. by the rules of metaphysical science. metaphysician (-fi-zish'un), n. one who is skilled in metaphysics. metaphysics (fiz'iks), n. mental philosophy. metathesis (-ath'e-sis), n. trans- METEMPIRICAL 575 METROPOLITAN position of the letters of a word or syllable. metempirical (-em-pir'i-kal), adj. exceeding the limits of experience. metempsychosis (-si-Ko'sis), n. trans- migration of the soul after death into i the body of another man or lower animal. meteor > (me'te-er), n. a transient lu- minous body in the sky; falling or shooting star; anything that daz- zles or excites wonder for the mo- ment. meteoric (-or'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed of, or like, a meteor. meteorite ('te-er-it), n. a stone or metallic body which, in its passage through space, has fallen upon the earth. meteorography (-er-og'ra-fi), n. the registration of meteorological phe- nomena. meteorologic (-loj'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the atmosphere, or its phe- nomena, or to meteorology. Also meteorological. meteorologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in meteorology. meteorology (-ji), n.^ the science of the atmosphere and its various phe- nomena. meter , (me'ter), n. an instrument for registering automatically the amount measured, by it. meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhythmic arrangement of syllables in verse; unit of length in the decimal system = 39.37 inches. meterage (-aj), n. measurement; cost of measuring. methinks (me-thinks'), v.i. [p.t. methought], it appears or seems to me. method (meth'od), n. regular ar- rangement of things; system; or- der; classification. methodical ('i-kal), adj. character- ized by, or arranged with regard to, method; systematic. Also method- ic. methodically (-li), adv. in a meth- odical manner. methodize ('o-diz), v.i. to reduce to method; systematize. Methodism ('o-dizm), n. the doc- trines and worship of the Metho- dists. Methodist ('o-dist), n. one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wes- ley: adj. pertaining to the Metho- dists. methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- bon radical of methyl alcohol, or wood spirit. methylated (-i-la'ted), adj. mixed with or containing methyl. methylene (-len), n. an inflammable liquid obtained from the distillation of wood. Also methene. me thy lie _ (-il'ik), adj. derived from, or containing, methyl. meticulous (me-tik'u-lus), adj. un- duly cautious; excessively timid. metonymy (me-ton'i-mi), n. a
n - the act of grind- ing in, or passing through, a dress- ing mill; ihe process of making a serrated edge on a coin, &c. million ('yun), n. the number of ten hundred thousand; an indefinitely large number. millionaire (-ar'), n. a person who is worth a million; one very rich. millionth ('yunth), adj. being one of a million: n. one of 1,000,000 parts. millpond ('pond), n. a reservoir of water for driving a mill. millrace _ ('ras), n. a current of water that drives a mill. millstone ('ston), n. one of two flat cylindrical stones for grinding grain. milt (milt), ft. the spleen; the sper- matic organ of a male fish: v.t. to im- pregnate the ova of (a female fish). mime (mlm), n. a kind of drama among the Greeks and Romans in which real persons and events were represented in a ludicrous manner; an actor in a mime. mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf), ft. a machine for making a number of copies of letters, circulars, drawings, etc. mimetic (mi-met'ik), adj. imitative. Also mimetical. mimetism (mirn'e-tizm), ft. mimicry. mimic ('ik), adj. inclined to imi- tate; imitative: n. one who mimics or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- cule by imitation. mimicker (-er), ft. a mimic. mimicry (-ri), ft. ludicrous imitation for sport or ridicule; close external likeness. minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- der turret attached to a mosque surrounded with several balconies from which the muezzin calls the people to prayers. minatory ('a-to-ri), adj. threatening. mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop into minute pieces; extenuate or suppress: v.i. to talk with affected elegance; walk with short steps or in a prim manner. mince-meat ('met), ft. meat chopped very fine, especially with suet, rai- sins, lemon peel, &c. mincing ('ing), adj. affectedly ele- gant. mind (mind), ft. the intellectual or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, nit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, nut; think, then. MINDED 579 MINOTAUR rational faculty in? man,; the under- standing or intellect; soul; mem- ory; intention opinion: v.t. to at- tend to; heed, obe\. minded ('ed), p.adj having a mind; disposed or inclined mindful ('fool), adj bearing in mind; observant, attentive. mine (min), pron. belonging to me: n. an excavation in the earth from which minerals, precious stones, &c, are extracted; crude ironstone; a tunnel under an enemy's works to blow them up; a rich source of wealth: v.i. to carry on mining operations; practice secret methods: v.t. to undermine or sap. mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- ganic body found on the surface or in the earth: adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or impregnated with, a mineral. mineralize (-iz), v.t. to convert into a mineral; impregnate with mineral matter: v.i. to make excursions to collect minerals. mineralogist (-al'o-jist), n. one skilled in the knowledge of minerals. mineralogy (-al'o-ji), n. the science of minerals. mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to intermix; join or combine; blend; compound: v.i. to be mixed or united with. miniature (min'i-a-tur), n. a very small painting, especially a portrait on ivory, &c: adj. done on a very small scale; diminutive; minute. minim ('im), n. the smallest liquid measure; a single drop; a musical note = 2 crotchets; one of an order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of Paola, 15th century; a small fish. minimize (-iz), v.t. to reduce to a minimum. minimum ('i mum), n. [pi. minima -ma) ], the least quantity; trifle. mining (min'ing), p.adj. pertaining to mines; burrowing in the earth: n. the act of making mines or work- ing them. minion (min'yun), n. a size of type intermediate between nonpareil and brevier (see type); a servile flat- terer or dependent. minister ('is-ter), n. a servant; one subordinate to another; agent; one intrusted with the direction of af- fairs of state; ambassador; a cler- gyman or pastor of a church author- ized to preach and administer the sacraments: v.t. to supply; admin- ister: v.i. to serve in some office, clerical or lay; supply things neces- sary. ministerial (-te'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to ministry or service, official or clerical; pertaining to a minis- ter of the state or of religion. ministerialist (-te'ri-al-ist), n. a supporter of the ministry in office. ministerially (-li), adv. in a minis- terial manner. ministrant ('is-trant), adj. serving as a minister. ministration (-tra'shun), n. the act of ministering; administration; service. ministry ('is-tri), n. [pi. ministries (-triz) ], the agency or service of a minister of religion; the office, du- ties, or functions of a minister of state; ministers of state collective- ly; term of ministerial office. minium ('i-um), n. red oxide of lead. miniver ('i-ver), n. the Siberian squirrel or its fur. Also minever. mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- mal allied to the weasel, yielding a valuable fur. minnow (min'o), n. & fresh-water fish of small size. minor (ml'ner), adj. smaller; less; inconsiderable; less by a semitone [music]: n. one of either sex who is under the age of 21 ; in logic, the term or premise containing the sub- ject of the conclusion. minority (mi-nor'i-ti), n. [pi. mi- norities (-tiz) ], the smallest num- ber: opposed to majority; the state of being a minor. minotaur (min'o-tawr), n. in classic mythology, a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MINSTER 580 MISCELLANEA minster ('ster), n. the church of a monastery; a cathedral church. minstrel ('strel), n. in medieval times, one of an order of men who traveled from place to place singing their musical compositions to the accompaniment of a harp; a poet or musician. minstrelsy (-si), n. the art or occu- pation of minstrels; _ minstrels col- lectively; a collection of ballad poetry. mint (mint), n. the place where money is coined by government au- thority; source of unlimited supply; place of invention or fabrication; an odoriferous plant yielding a pungent essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp (money) ; invent. mintage ('aj), n. com &c, produced in a mint; duty paid to the mint for coining gold or silver. mint julep (ju'lep), n. a drink com- pounded of brandy, sugar and pounded ice, flavored with mint. minuend (min'u-end), n. that num- ber from which another number is to be subtracted. minuet ('u-et), n. a slow graceful dance; music for such a dance. minus (ml'nus), n. the sign ( — ) of subtraction. minute (-nut'), adj. very small; pre- cise: n. (mm/it) l-60th part of an hour or of a degree; an official note; memorandum. minutely (mi-nut/li), adv. in a mi- nute manner; exactly. minuteness ('nes), n. the quality of being minute; exactness. minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e), n.pl. smaller or minor details or particulars. minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton girl. Miocene (mi'o-sen), adj. pertaining to the middle division of the Ter- tiary formation. miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural occurrence or act; wonder or marvel. miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- formed supernaturally; wonderful. mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- mospheric illusion by which the im- age of a distant object is seen as if inverted. mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge and fix in mud: v.i. to sink in mud. miriness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing miry. mirror (inir'er), n. a looking-glass; speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as in a mirror. mirrorscope (mi'rer-skop), n. a re-« fleeting apparatus principally for automobiles, giving a complete view of objects in the rear. mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. mirthful ('fool), adj. merry; festive. mirthfully (-li), adv. in a mirthful manner. miry ('ri), adj. abounding in, or cov- ered with, mire. mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title equivalent to 'prince. mis, prejix meaning wrong, wrongly, ill, error, divergence. misadventure (mis-ad-ven'tur), n. an unlucky accident; misfortune. misalliance (-a-ll'ans), n. an im- proper alliance by marriage, espe- cially with one of lower social status. See also mesalliance. misanthrope ('an-thr5p), n. a hater of mankind. misanthropic (-throp'ik), adj. hat- ing mankind. Also misanthropical. misanthropy ('thro-pi), n. hatred of mankind. misapprehend (-ap-re-hend'), v.t. to misunderstand; misconceive. misappropriate (-pro'pri-at), v.t. to apply to a wrong use or purpose, as trust-money, &c. miscarriage (-kar'aj), n. failjjre; misbehavior; premature parturition. miscarry^ (-kar'i), v.i. [p.t. _ & p.p. miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go wrong; be unsuccessful; bring forth young prematurely. miscellanea (-e-la'ne-a), n.pl. a col- lection of miscellaneous matters, or things. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MISCELLANEOUS 581 MIST miscellaneous ('ne-us), adj. con- sisting of several kinds mixed to- gether; promiscuous. miscellany ('e-la-ni), n. [pi. miscel- lanies (-niz) ], a mixture of various kinds; a book containing a variety of literary compositions. mischance (-chans'), n. misfortune; mishap. mischief ('chif), n. harm; injury; hurt; damage; misfortune. mischievous ('chi-vus), adj. produc- ing injury or damage; hurtful; in- clined to mischief. miscible (1-bl), adj. capable of being mixed. misconceive (-kon-sev'), v.t. to con- ceive wrongly; misjudge; misappre- hend. misconception (-sep'shun), n. false opinion; misapprehension. miscreant ('kre-ant), n. an unscru- pulous villain; vile wretch: adj. un- scrupulous. misdemean (-de-men'), v.t. to be- have (one's self) ill. misdemeanant (-de-men'ant), ft. one guilty of a misdemeanor. misdemeanor ('er), ft. evil conduct; a crime less than a felony. miser (ml'zer), ft. a covetous man who denies himself the comforts of life to hoard up money. miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- picable; very mean or poor. miserably (-bli), adv. in a miserable manner. misery ('er-i), ft. extreme pain, dis- tress or misfortune; great unhappi- ness. misfeasance (-fe'zans), ft. legal tres- pass; wrong performance. mislay (mis-la'), v.t. to lose. misle, another form of mizzle. misly (miz'li), adj. raining in minute drops. misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), ft. a woman-hater. misogyny ('i-ni), ft. hatred of women. misplace (-plas'), v.t. to put in a wrong place; place on an impropei or undeserving object. misprision (-prizh'un), ft. in law, a high offense under the degree of a capital one, bub bordering upon it. misprision of felony (fel'o-ni), ft. concealment of a felony by one who is cognizant thereof, but without consenting to it. misrepresent (-rep-re-zent'), v.t. to represent falsely or incorrectly, wil- fully, or through carelessness. Miss (mis), n. [pi. misses ('ez) ], a title of address prefixed to the name of an unmarried lady. miss, n. a young unmarried girl or woman; failure to hit, reach, per- ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to hit, &c; omit or pass by; do without; feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; fly wide of the mark. missal ('al), ft. the book containing the order of service for the Roman Catholic Mass. missel (miz'l), ft. the mistle thrush. missile (mis'il), ft. a weapon or thing thrown, or designed to be thrown, to injure another. missing ('ing), p. adj. lost; wanting. mission (mish'un), n. the act of sending, or state of being sent with certain powers, especially to propa- gate religion; embassy; delegation; commission; a series of special re- ligious services. missionary (-a-ri), n. [pi. mission- aries (-riz) ], a person who is sent to propagate religion, especially in foreign parts: adj. pertaining to missions or missionaries. missioner (-er), n. a missionary; one who has charge of, or conducts, a mission. missive ('iv), n. a letter or message: adj. sent specially. mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor in the atmosphere, at or near the earth's surface; fog; anything that dims or obscures the vision: v.t. to cover with, or as with, mist: v.i. to rain in minute drops. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. MISTAKABLE 582 MOB mistakable (mis-tak'a-bl), adj. liable mitigation (-ga'shun). n. the act Of to be mistaken. mitigating: alleviation. mistake (-tak'), v.t. [p.t. mistook, mitigative (mio'i-ga-tiv). adj. alle- p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to viating. misunderstand; misconceive; mis- mitigator (-ter), n. one who, or that judge: v.i. to err in judgment or which, mitigates, opinion: n. an error in judgment; mitigatory (mit'i-ga-to-ri), adj. tend- misconception; fault. ing to mitigate Mister ('ter), n. a title of address mitrailleuse (me-tra-lyez'), n. a prefixed to a man's name: abbre- breech-loading gun formed of many viated in writing Mr. barrels fitted together, and capable mistily ('ti-li), adv. obscurely; darkly. of being fired simultaneously. mistiness (-nes), n. the state of being mitral (mi'tral), adj. pertaining to t misty; obscurity; dimness. or shaped like, a miter. mistletoe (miz'l-to), n. an evergreen mitriform ('tri-form), adj. shaped plant parasitic on apple trees, &c, like a miter; conical, and less commonly on the oak. mitten ('n), n. a fingerless winter mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who glove; a fingerless cover foi the exercises authority or governs; the hand or wrist, female head of a family, school, &c.; mittimus (mit'i-mus), (Latin we a woman well skilled in anything; send), n. a warrant of commitment a woman courted and beloved; to prison; a writ transferring a sweetheart; a kept woman. record out of one court to another. Mistress (mis'tres), n. a title of ad- mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend dress prefixed to the name of a into one mass or compound; join: married woman; abbreviated Mrs. v.i. to become united in a com- (mis'is). pound; associate; mingle. misty ('ti), adj. [comp. mistier mixture ('tur), n. the state of being superl. mistiest], characterized by, mixed; a compound or mass formed or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- by mixing, especially one in which scure; clouded. the particles of 3ach ingredient re- misunderstand (-un-der-stand'), v.t. tain their property, to take in a wrong sense; miscon- mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of ceive. the fore- and aft- sails of a vessel. misunderstanding ('ing), n. mis- mizzle ('1), v.i. to rain in very mi- conception; disagreement. nute drops; to take one's self off: n. mite (mit), n. a minute insect of fine rain. the division Acarida; a small coin mizzly ('li), adj. drizzling; misty, formerly current; a very small ob- mnemonic (ne-mon'ik), adj. assist- ject or quantity. ing the memory. miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- mnemonics ('iks), n.pl. the art or dress of the high priest of the Jews; science of assisting the memory, a kind of crown cleft in the middle, moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low worn by archbishops, bishops, and sound from, or as from, pain or sometimes by abbots on special oc- sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- casions; the dignity of a bishop; the sion of sorrow or pain, junction of moldings at an angle of moat (mot), n. a ditch round a fortress, 45°: v.t. to adorn with a miter; &c. : v.t. to surround with a moat, join at 45°. > mob (mob), n. the populace; a rude mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; less severe or rigorous or painful; rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly soften; alleviate. crowd; crowd about and annoy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOBCAP 583 MOGUL mobcap ('kap), n. a woman's plain headdress or cap. mobile (mo'bil), adj. easily moved. mobility (-biTi-ti), n. susceptibility of motion. mobilization (-i-za'shun), n. the act of mobilizing. mobilize _ (-Iz), v.t. to call (troops) into active service. mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si), n. the rule, or ascendency, of the mob. moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a deerskin sandal or shoe worn by the North American Indians; a poisonous American snake. mocha (mo'idi), n. a kind of coffee from Mocha, a seaport of Arabia. mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic .in sp'ort, contempt, or derision; de- ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- talize: n. derision; ridicule: adj. false; counterfeit. mockery ('er-i), n. derision; ridi- cule; delusion; imitation. mocking ('ing), p.adj. derisive; mim- icking. mocking bird (berd), n. an Ameri- can thrush noted for mimicry of the notes of other birds. modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to mode or form; indicating some mode of expression. modality (-dal'i-ti), n. the fact of being a mode; in law, the quality of being suspended by a condition. mode (mod),n. form* custom; fashion; manner; variety of a syllogism. model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- thing to be made, or reproduced; example for imitation; standard copy; a person who poses as a sub- ject for a painter or sculptor: adj. serving as a pattern or model: v.t. to form after a model, especially in some plastic material: v.i. to practice modeling. modeler (-er), n. one who models. modeling (-ing), n. the act or art of making a model, especially of a work of art in some plastic material. moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. to become less violent or intense; preside as a moderator: adj. kept within bounds; not extreme or ex- cessive; restrained; frugal; calm; reasonable; mild. moderately (-li), adv. in a moderate manner. moderation (-a/shun), n. the act of moderating; the state of being mod- erate; freedom from excess; equa- nimity. moderator (mod'er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, moderates or restrains; the presiding officer in a church meeting. modern Cern), adj. pertaining to the present time; recent: n.pl. people of modern times. modernize .(-Iz), v.t. to render mod- ern in usage or taste. modest ('est), adj. restrained by a due sense of propriety; diffident; decent; chaste. modesty ('es-ti), n. the quality or state of being modest; propriety of behavior or manner; chastity; dif- fidence; moderation. modicum ('i-kum), n. a little. modification (-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of modifying; the state of being modified; slight change in form. modify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. modi- fied, p.pr. modifying], to change slightly in form; vary; qualify; reduce. modiste (mo-dest'), n. a fashionable dressmaker. modulate (mod'u-lat), v.t. to vary the sound of; change the key or mode of: v.i. to pass from one musical key to another. modulation m (-la/shun), n. the act of modulating; the state of being modulated. modulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, modulates; in the tonic sol-fa system, a chart to in- dicate its modulations. Mogul (mo-gul'), adj. pertaining to the Mongolians: n. a person of the Mongolian race. The Emperor of Delhi was called the Great Mogul. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 38 MOHAIR 584 MOMENTARILY mohair ('har), n. a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat; an imitation of such a fabric. Mohammedan (-ham'e-dan), adj. pertaining to Mohammed, or to Mohammedanism: n. an adherent of Mohammedanism. Also Ma- hometan, Mahomedan, Mussul- man, Moslem. Mohammedanism (-izm), n. the religion, doctrines, or institutions founded by Mohammed. moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal parts or shares; half. moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge. moire (mwar), n. watered silk. moire-antique (an-tek'), n. a supe- rior variety of watered silk. moist (moist), adj. containing water or other liquid; humid; damp. moisten (mois'n), v.t. to make moist. moisture (moist'tir), n. a moderate degree of dampness; slight wetness. moke (mok), n. a donkey. molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or grinder: adj. used for, and capable of, grinding. molasses (-las'ez), n. treacle. mold, mould (mold), n. a fine soft soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- stance of which anything is com- posed; a minute fungoid growth of decaying animal or vegetable mat- ter; the matrix in which anything is cast or shaped; character: v.t. cover with mole?; cause to become moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: v.i. to become moldy. molder, moulder ('er), v.t. to turn into dust by natural decay: v.i. to crumble to mold; waste away by degrees: n. one who molds. moldiness, mouldiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being moldy. molding, moulding ('ing), n. the act of molding; anything made in or by a mold; ornamental strip: used on a wall, picture frame, &c. moldy, mouldy ('i), adj. covered with or having mold. mole (m6l), n. a dark-colored mark or small protuberance on the skin; a small soft-furred burrowing ani- mal with small eyes of the genus Talpa, a pier or breakwater. molecular (mo-lek'u-lar), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, produced by, or existing between, molecules. molecularity (-lek-u-lar'i-ti) , n. molecular state. molecule (mol'e-kul), n. the smallest quantity of an element or compound which can exist separately. moleskin (mol'skin), n. a twilled fustian cloth with a soft surface resembling a mole's fur. molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or interfere with; trouble; vex. molestation (mol-es-ta'shun), n. the act of molesting; interference; an- noyance. mollifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who molli- fies. mollify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. molli- fied, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; soften; assuage. mollusk ('usk), n. one of the Mol- lusca. Mollusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divis- ion of the Invertebrata comprising animals with a soft fleshy body, and covered more or less with a calca- reous shell, as the snail, &c. molluscan ('kan), adj. pertaining to the Mollusca. Also molluscous. mollycoddle (mol'i-kod'l), n. an effeminate person. Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- nites to whom human sacrifices were offered. Also Molech. molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the feathers, hair, skin, &c. molten (molt'en), adj. melted; made of melted metal. molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num) , n. a rare metallic element. moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest possible portion of time; an instant; importance; value; the product of a force and the perpendicular of its line of action from the point on which it acts. momentarily (-ta-ri-li), adv. for a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOMENTARY 585 MONITORY moment; from moment to moment. momentary ('men-ta-ri), adj. last- ing only for, or done in, a moment. momentous (-men'tus), adj. very important. momentum (-men'tum), n. impetus; the product of the mass by the ve- locity of a moving body. monachism (mon'a-kizm), n. mo- nastic life or system. Also monas- ticism. monad ('ad), n. an ultimate atom; a simple primary constituent of mat- ter; one of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; an elementary organism or cell; a univalent atom or radical. monarch ('ark), n. a supreme ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class or kind: adj. supreme. monarchic (-ar'kik), adj. pertain- ing to a monarch or to monarchy; vested in a monarch. Also monar- chical. monarchism ('ar-kizrn), n. the prin- ciples of monarchy; preference for monarchy. monarchist (-ist), n. an advocate for, or supporter of, monarchy. monarchy ('ark-i), n. [pi. monarch- ies (-iz) ], government in which the supreme power, either absolute or limited, is vested in a monarch, kingdom, or empire. monasterial (-as-te'ri-al), adj. per- taining to a monastery, or to mo- nastic life. monastery ('as-ter-i), n. [pi. mon- asteries (-iz) ], a home for religious retirement for men. monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- ing to monasteries, monks, their rules, &c. Also monastical. monastically (-ai-li), adv. in a monastic manner. monasticism ('ti-sizm), n. mona- chism. mondaine (mon-dan'), n. a woman of fashion. Monday (mun'da), n. the second day of the week. monetary (mun'e-ta-ri), adj. per- taining to money. monetary unit (u'nit), n. the stand* ard of the currency of a nation, as the pound in England, or the dol- lar in the United States. monetization (-e-ti-za/shun), n. the act of monetizing. monetize ('e-tiz), v.t. to convert in- to money; give a standard or cur- rent value to. money ('i), n. [pi. moneys ('iz) ], coin; specie; gold, silver, or other metal stamped by legal authority and used as currency; any currency used as money; wealth. moneyed ('id), adj. possessed of money; wealthy. monger (mung'ger), n. a dealer. Mongol (mong'gol), adj. pertaining to Mongolia, or to its inhabitants, or to one of the great divisions of mankind, of which the Mongols and Chinese are the type: n. a member of the Mongol race. Also Mongo- lian. mongoos. n. Another form of mun- goose. mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed breed or kind: n. anything of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, &c. monism (mon'izm), n. the doctrine of the unity of substance; the identity of matter and mind. monist ('ist), n. a supporter or ad- vocate of monism. monistic (mo-nis'tik), adj. pertain- ing to monism. # monition (mo-nish'un), n. admoni- tion; warning ; notice. monitive (mon'i-tiv), adj. admoni- tory. monitor ( ; i-ter), n. one who warns or admonishes; a senior pupil se- lected to instruct the younger schol- ars; heavily-armed turrefeed iron- clad; a genus of large lizards. monitorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or performed by, a monitor. monitorially (-li), adv. in a monito- rial manner. monitory ('i-to-ri), adj. giving moni- tion. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MONITRESS 586 MONSIGNORE monitress ('i-tres), n. a female mon- taining to, or affected with, mono- itor. mania: n. one affected with mono- monk (mungk), n. a man who de- mania. votes himself exclusively to a reli- monometallism (-met'al-izm), n. gious life and lives in community the legalized use of one metal only with others similarly bound by vows as currency, to chastity, obedience, and poverty, monoplane (mon'-6-plan), n. an monkey ('i), n. [pi. monkeys ('iz) ], aeroplane supported by a single a quadrumanous mammal, of the plane or sustaining surface, as con- species Simiidae; a name for va- trasted with the biplane, q. v. rious mechanical contrivances; a monopolist (mo-nop'o-list), n. one name of contempt, especially for who has a monopoly, or monopolizes, one of mischievous propensities. monopolize ('o-liz), v.t. to acquire monkey-boat (-bot), n. a small the possession of so as to be the only dock-boat. seller; to engross the whole of. monkey-jacket (-jak'et), n. a short monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a single rail closely fitting thick jacket. serving as a track for a wheeled monkhood ('hood), n. the character carriage. or condition of a monk; monks col- monotheism (mon'o-the-izm), n. the lectively. doctrine of, or belief in, the ex- monkshood ('s-hood), n. aconite. istence of one God. mono, a prefix meaning one, single, monotone (mon'o-ton), n. recitation alone. Also mon, as monobasic: on a single note or key: v.t. to re- ad/, having only a single atom or cite (as prayers) on a single note, equivalent of base, monocle, an eye- monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), adj. glass for one eye. continued in the same unvarying monocular (mo-nok'ii-lar), adj. tone; wearisome. adapted for use for one eye; with monotony ('o-ni), n. dull uniform- one eye only. ity of tone; unvarying or irksome monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive sameness. poem or song for one voice. monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a machine monogamy (mo-nog'a-mi), n. mar- that sets type by casting single let- riage of one wife only; marrying ters instead of lines of words, only once; pairing with a single monoxide (-noks'Id), n. an oxide mate, as the dove. having one atom of oxygen in each monogenesis (mon-o-gen'e-sis), n. sl molecule. sexual reproduction from a single cell, monseigneur (mong-sa-nyer'), n. monogram ('o-gram), n. a cipher or [pi. messeigneurs (ma-sa-nyer') j, character formed by the interweav- formerly a title in France given to ing of two or more letters. persons of high birth or rank, espe- monograph ('6-graf), n. a paper or daily to the dauphin; a title of treatise written on one particular French bishops, subject or some branch of it. monsieur (mo-sye'), n. [pi. mes- monolith ('o-lith), n. a pillar or' col- sieurs (me-sye') ], a French title of iimn formed of a single stone. courtesy, equivalent to Sir or Mr.; monologue ('6-log), n. a dramatic formerly the title of the eldest scene m which one person only brother of the King of France, speaks; soliloquy. > ^ monsignore (mon-se-nyo'ra), n. [pi. monomania (-ma'ni-a), n. mental monsignori ('re) ], an ecclesiastical derangement in regard to one sub- title conferred by the Pope, on prel- ject only. ates of the Papal household, equiva- monomaniac (-ma'ni-ak), adj. per- lent to Lord. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MONSOON 6S7 MOOT monsoon (-soon'), n. a periodical wind in the Indian Ocean blowing from the southwest from April to October, and from the northeast during the other part of the year. monster ('ster), n. anything out of the usual course of nature; prodigy; something greatly deformed; a per- son remarkable for extreme wicked- ness, cruelty, &c: adj. of unusual size. monstrosity (-stros'i-ti), n. [pi. monstrosities (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being monstrous; an un- natural production. monstrous ('strus), adj. out of the common course of nature; wonder- ful; huge; horrible; enormous. monte (mon'ta), n. a gambling game played with dice or cards by the Spaniards. month (munth), n. one of the twelve divisions of the year, either calen- dar or lunar. monthly ('li), adj. continued, per- formed, or happening in a month: adv. once each month: n. a maga- zine or periodical published each month. monument (mon'u-ment), n. any- thing that perpetuates the memory of a person or event. monumental ('al), adj. pertaining to, or serving as, a monument; last- ing. monumentally (-li), adv. by way of a monument or memorial. moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. mood (mood), n. style; manner; temper of mind; variation in the form of a verb to express the manner of action or being; in logic, the form of a syllogism with regard to the quantity and quality of the three propositions by which it is formed; in music, the same as mode. moodily ('i-li), adv. in a moody manner. moodiness (-nes), n. moody disposi- tion. moody ('i), adj. [comp. moodier, superl. moodiest], abstracted an pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. moon (moon), n. the satellite that revolves round the earth ; satellite of a planet; a month; a crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to wander and look about in an abstracted and listless manner. moonsail ('sal), n. a sail carried above a skysail. Also moonraker. moonshine ('shin), n. moonlight; show without reality; smuggled spirits. moonshiner (-er), n. a distiller of illicit whisky; a smuggler of whisky. moonstone ('ston), n. a translucent stone of yellowish or yellow-white color exhibiting beautiful pearly reflections. moonstruck ('struk), adj. lunatic. moonwort ('wert), n. a fern with crescent-shaped fronds. moony ('i), _ adj. crescent-shaped; weakly sentimental; intoxicated. Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race dwelling in Barbary in Northern Africa. moor (moor), n. an extensive tract of waste land covered with heather, &c, sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. to secure (a ship) by a cable and anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable and anchor. moorage ('aj), n. a mooring place. moor-cock ('kok), n. the male of the red grouse. Also moor-fowl. mooring ('ing), n. the act of secur- ing a vessel to a particular place; the cables, anchors, &c, laid at the bottom of a harbor, &c, to which a vessel is moored: pi. the place where a vessel is moored. moorstone ('ston), n. a variety of Cornish granite, used^for building. moose m (moos), n. a large North American deer resembling the Euro- pean elk. moot < (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on a supposed case: n. a discussion on a supposed case : adj. subject or open for discussion or debate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOOT-COURT 588 MORGUE moot-court (moot'cort), n. a mock court in which law students try- imaginary cases for practice. mop (mop), n. an instrument for wasning floors, decks, &c, consist-- ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c, fastened to the end of a long handle; a fair at which servants are hired: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr. mop- ping], to rub or dry with a mop. mope (mop), v.i. to be silent, dull or dispirited. moquette (mo-kef), n. a Brussels or tapestry carpet with a short velvety pile. mora (mo'ra), n. a South. American tree the wood of which is used for shipbuilding and furniture, and its bark ^or tanning; an Italian game of guess played with the fingers. moraine ^mo-ran'), n. a line of rocks and gravel at the edges and base of glaciers. moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to morality or morals; conformed to right; subject to, or influenced by, the moral law; virtuous; practically sufficient; serving to teach a moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral phil- osophy or ethics; conduct of life; behavior. morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; that mental state which renders a man capable of endurance and of exhibiting courage in the presence of danger. moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or explain in a moral sense; render moral: v.i. to make reflections on good or evil. moralist (mor'a-list), n. one who moralizes; one who teaches or prac- tices the duties of life. morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. [pi. morali- ties (-tiz) ], the doctrine or prac- tice of the duties of life; ethics; vir- tue ; formerly a kind of allegorical play. morally (mor' §d-i), adv. according to the rules of morality; ethically; vir- tuously; practically. moral philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. ethics. morass (mo-ras'), n. a swamp; fen. moratorium (mor-a-to'ri-um), n. legalized right to postpone payment of a debt after it otherwise would fall due: as in England at the out- break of the Great War in 1914. Moravian (-ra'vi-an), adj. pertaining to Moravia, or to a Protestant sect, the Moravians or United Brethren. morbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to disease; sickly; unhealthy. morbidity (-bid'i-ti), n. a morbid state. morbific (-bif'ik), adj. producing disease. morceau (-s5')) n. a small piece [French]. mordant ('dant), adj. biting into or fixing colors; sarcastic; caustic: n. a substance that has a chemical af- finity for coloring matter, and serves to fix certain colors in dyeing; a suostance to make gold-leaf adhere. more (mor), adj. [comp. of many and much, superl. most], greater in num- ber, quality, extent, number, &c; additional; longer: adv. to a greater degree, &c; again; besides: n. a greater quantity, number, &c; something further or additional. moreen (mo-ren'), n. a stout woolen embossed or figured fabric. morel (mor'el), n. & small fungus used for food and flavoring. Also moril. morello (mo-rel'o), n. a dark-red cherry: used for making cherry- brandy. moreover (mor-6'ver), adv. besides; further. Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish or Arabesque: n. such decoration or architecture. morganatic (m6r-ga-nat'ik), adj. noting the marriage of a man of royal rank with a woman of inferior degree, whose children are legiti- mate but cannot inherit their father's rank or possessions. morgue (morg), n. a place where the bodies of persons unknown found dead are exposed for identification. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. MORIBUND MORTIFY moribund (mor'i-bund), adj. dying. moringa (mo-ring'ga), n. a highly scented East Indian tree, yielding the ben-nut and ben-oil. morion (mo'ri-un), n. an open hel- met without beaver or vizor. Morisco (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; the Moorish language. Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, who professed to have found the Book of Mormon. The sect, called also Latter Day Saints, formerly practiced polygamy, and has its headquarters in Utah, U.S.A. Mormonism (-izm), n. the doctrines and practices of the Mormons. morning (mom'ing), n. the early- part of the day: poet, morn: adj. pertaining to, occurring, or per- formed, in the morning. morning watch (woch), n. watch on shipboard from 4 a. m. to 8 a. m. moro (mor'o), n. a form of tumor; a kind of bird; a warlike native of the Philippine Islands. morocco (mo-rok'o), n. a fine kind of grained leather of goatskin or sheepskin. moron (md-ron'), n. a defective per- son. morone (-ron'), n. a dark crimson color. morose (-ros'), adj. sullen; austere; gloomy. morosely (li), adv. in a morose manner. moroseness _ ('nes), the quality or state of being morose. morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic principle of opium. Also morphine. morphinism ('fin-izm), n. a morbid state occasioned by the excessive use of morphia. morphological (-fo-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining _ to morphology. Also morphologic. morphology (-fol'o-ji), n. the science of the forms i n the organisms of animals and plants. morris (mor'is), n. a Moorish dance with tambourines, bells, castanets, &c, common in Old English pa- geants and revels; an old game played with men and counters on squares. Also morrice. morris-chair (mor'is-char), n. an easy chair, with back that can be inclined at any angle. morrow Co), n. the next day. morse (mors), n. the walrus; a clasp for fastening a cope. morsel (mor'sel), n. a small piece. mort (mort), n. a salmon in its third year; a note or notes sounded on a hunting horn to notify the death of game. mortal (m6r'tal), adj. subject to death; causing death; fatal; pun- ishable with death; violent; ex- treme; tedious; pertaining to human beings: n. a human being; man, as subject to death. mortality (tal'i-ti), n. the condition of being mortal; mankind; frequency or number of deaths in ratio to population. mortally ('tal-li), adv. so as to cause death; fatally; extremely. mortar ('ter), n. a vessel in which substances are pounded with a pestle; a short piece of ordnance used for throwing shells at high angles of elevation; a building cement of lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster or secure with mortar. mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- veying property to a creditor as se- curity for the payment of a debt; the deed by which such conveyance is made: v.t. to convey or make over to a creditor as security; pledge. mortgagee (-ga-je'), n. the person to whom a mortgage is made or given. mortgager ('ga-jer), n. the person who grants a mortgage. Also mortgagor. mortification _ (-ti-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of mortifying; gangrene; sub- jugation of the passions and appe- tites by abstinence; humiliation; vexation; chagrin. mortify ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mor- tified, p.pr. mortifying], to destroy the vital functions of; produce gan- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then* MORTIFYING 590 MOTOR grene in; subdue by penance or aus- terities; humble; depress; chagrin: v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- ties; become gangrenous. mortifying (-ing), adj. tending to mortify; humiliating; vexatious. mortise ('tis), n. a hole made in wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut or make a mortise in. mortmain ('man), n. alienation of lands or tenements to any corporate body. mortuary ('u-a-ri), n. [pi. mortu- aries (-riz) ], a building for the dead pending burial: adj. pertaining to the burial of the dead. Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c, given through him, or to his writings. mosaic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining to or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a design, or form of artistic work formed by the union of very minute pieces of glass, stcne, &c, of various colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco or metal. Moselle (mo-zel') , n. a lipht white wine. Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to Mohammedans: n. a Moham- medan or Mussulman. mosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan temple. mcsquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect of the gerus Culex, the females of which puncture the skin of men and animals, causing great cutaneous irritation and pain. moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; a natural orc'er of cryptogamous bog plants, the mu~ci, with simple narrow leaves and of cellular struc- ture; a lichen. moss-rose ('rcz), n. a fragrant va- riety of rose w;th a moss-like calyx. most (most), adj. [si perl, of more], greatest in number, quantity, or de- gree: n. the greatest number, part, quantity, or value. mot (mo), n. a witty saying [French]. mete (mot), n. a popular assembly for the discussion and management of affairs; a very small particle. motet (mo-tef), n. a short voca! composition of a sacred character; anthem. moth (moth), n. a lepidopterous in- sect or its larvae, which feed upon cloth, fur, &c; anything that grad- ually gnaws away. mother (mutfi'er), n. female parent,, especially one of the human race; one who has given birth to a child; origin or source; the female superior of a religious house ; a thick slimy substance or film concreted in liq- uids: adj. native; producing others: v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter. mother-in-law (-in-law), n. the mother of one's husband or wife. mother-of-pearl (-perl), n. the hard, silvery internal layer of various kinds of shells. mothers'-day (mui.Vers-da), n. the second Sunday in May, when mothers are to be honored in various ways. motion (mo'shun), n. the act, pro- cess, or state of moving; passage of a body from one place to another; animal life and action; impulse, de- sire, or passion; internal activity; a proposition made in a deliberative as- sembly; evacuation of the bowels: v.i. to make significant movement or gesture. motion-picture (mo'shun-pik'tur), n» [See moving-picture.] motive ('tiv), adj. causing motion; able or tending to n.ove: n. that which moves or excites to action; inducement^ reason; stimulus; in art, leading idea, or conception. motive power (pou'er), n. any nat- ural agent, as wind, water, steam, electricity, &c, employed to produce motion in a machine. motley (mot'li), adj. covered with parts of various colors; heteroge- neous. motmot ('mot), n. any one of various species of beautiful jay-like South American birds: so named from the note. motor (mo'ter), n. that which pro- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. MOTOR BOAT 591 MOUTH duces motion, or power, especially a machine which performs mechanical work; a machine for transmuting energy into mechanical motion. motor boat (bot), n. a boat pro- pelled by a gasoline or other marine motor. motor car (kar), n. a vehicle pro- pelled by means of petroleum, elec- tricity, &c. motorcycle (-si-kl), n. a bicycle pro- pelled by a motor. motordrome (drom), n. a field for automobile and motorcycle races. mo tor man (mo'ter-man), n. the operator of an electric car. mottle (mot'l), v.t. to mark with spots of various colors; variegate. motto ('o), n. [pi. mottoes ('oz)], a concise sentence added to a device, or prefixed to anything, suggesting some guiding principle, &c. mouflon (moof'lon), n. the wild large- horned sheep of Corsica and Sar- dinia. Also moufflon. moujik (moo-zhek% n. a Russian peasant. mould. See mold. moulin (moo-lang'), n. a deep crack intersecting a glacial rivulet [French]. moulinage ('lin-aj), n. the process of reeling off silk in its raw state and dressing it prior to dyeing. moulinet ('li-net), n. a kind of turn- stile; the drum or capstan of a ma- chine for hoisting. moult. See molt. mound (mound), n. an artificial bank of earth or stone, originally for de- fensive purposes; hillock; a small globe surmounted by a cross, sym- bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or fortify, with a mound. Mound Builders (bil'derz), n.pl. a prehistoric race formerly dwelling in the valley of the Mississippi, who erected large earthen mounds, &c. mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- ing above the level of the surround- ing land; a mound lor defense or at- tack; rampart; cardboard on which a drawing is fixed: v.t. to raise on high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- nish with horses; prepare for use by fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. to rise up; project; tower; get on horseback. mountain (In), n. a large mass of rock or earth rising above the level of the adjacent country; usually over 2,000 feet; anything very large. mountaineer (-er'), n. one who dwells among or climbs, moun- tains: v.i. to climb mountains. mountainous (.-us), adj. full of, or resembling, mountains. mountebank ('e-bank), n. a quack- doctor; boastful pretender. mounted ('ed), p. adj. seated or serv- ing on horseback; placed on a suit- able support. mounting ('ing), n. the act of mount- ing, embelhshmg, or equipping. mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- ment; be sorrowful; wear mourn- ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. mourner ('er), n. one who mourns; one who attends a funeral. mournful ('fool), adj. causing, or expressing, sorrow; doleful; sad. mournfully ('li), adv. in a mournful manner. mourning ('ing), n. expression of grief; lamenting; the dress of a mourner. mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis)], a small rodent of the genus Mus, that infests houses, granaries, &c: v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, mice; watch for something in a sly manner; pry curiously: v.t. to tear, as a cat tears a mouse. mousseline-de-laine (moo-se-len- de-lan'), n. a very light textured woolen dress material. moustache. See mustache. mouth (mouth), n. the opening in the head of an animal by which it receives food and utters sounds; en- trance or opening; exit; instrument of speaking; grimace: v.t. {mouth) to utter with an affected swelling or pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. MOUTHFUL 592 MUFFIN mouthful ('fool), n. [pi. mouthfuls (-foolz)], as much as can be put into the mouth at one time; small quan- tity. mouthpiece ('pes), n. that part of an instrument which is held in or applied to the mouth ; a spokesman. movability (modv-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being movable. movable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing moved or conveyed; changing from one time to another: n.pl. goods, wares or furniture. movable feasts (fests), n.pl. certain Church festivals, the date of which is determined by Easter. movably (-b\i), adv. so as to be moved. move (moov), v.t. to cause to change place or position; impel; set in mo- tion; rouse to action; influence; propose formally: v.i. to change place or position; go from place to place; stir; take action; change res- idence: n. the act of moving; right to move; movement; artifice or scheme. movement ('ment), n. the act or manner of moving; change of place or position; motion; excitement; emotion; agitation; the going mech- anism of a watch or clock; _ any single part in a musical composition. moving ('ing), p. adj. causing motion, or change of position; stirring the passions or affections; pathetic: n. the act of changing one's residence. moving-picture ('ttir), n. popular term covering every form of ani- mated pictures (see biograph). moving platform (moov'ing plat'- form), n. device for a series of connected platforms, with and with- out seats, mechanically moved at different speeds. mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut down with, or as with, a scythe: v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. mow (mou), n. a heap of hay, &c, stowed in a barn; the compartment in a barn where hay,' etc., are stored: v.t. to stow in a mow. mown, p.p. of mow. much (much), adj. [comparative more, superlative most], great in quantity or amount; long in duration; many in number: adv. to a great degree or extent; often or long; nearly: n. a great quantity; something con- siderable or unusual. mucilage (mii'si-laj), n. a gummy or gelatinous substance; gum of plants. mucilaginous (-laj'i-nus), adj. per- taining to, resembling, or secreting, mucilage or gum. muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure with dung. muckiness ('i-nes), n. the quality or state of being mucky. muckraker (muk'ra-ker), n. one who rakes muck; a censorious and abusive writer or speaker. muckworm ('werm), n. a grub or larva bred in manure; a miser. mucky ('i), adj. consisting of muck; miry; nasty; filthy. mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or secreting, mucus; vis- cous or slimy. mucous membrane (mem 'bran), n. the moist, glandular lining of the cavities and canals of the human body. mucus ('kus), n. the viscid fluid se- creted by the mucous membrane; a gummy or slimy substance found in certain plants. mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. muddle ('1), v.t. to make a mess of or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make partially drunk; squander: n. a con- fused state; intellectual dulness or bewilderment. muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylindri- cal cover of fur, &c, to keep the hands warm in cold weather; a stupid, spiritless fellow; failure to hold a ball when catching it: v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball) when catching it. muffetee (-e-te'), n. a fur or worsted wristband. muffin ('in), n. a soft light spongy round cake. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MUFFLE MULTITUDINOUS muffle (1), v.t. to wrap up closely and warmly; cover or conceal the face of; cover up so as to deaden sound; v.i. to speak indistinctly: n. a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven used in assaying metals. muffler ('ler), n. a wrapper. mufti ('ti), n. [pi. muftis ('tiz), n. a doctor or official expounder of Mo- hammedan law; civilian dress worn by a naval or military officer when off duty. mug (mug), n. an earthenware or metallic drinking vessel; the face. mugginess ('i-nes), n. the state of being muggy. muggy ('i), adj. warm, damp, and close; moldy. mugwump ('wump), n. an independ- ent member of the Republican party. Muhammedan. Same as Mohamme- dan. mulatto (mQ-lat'o), n. [pi. mulattoes ('oz) ], the offspring of negro and white parents. Feminine mulattress. mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. [pi. mul- berries (-iz) ], the tree or fruit of the genus Moms; dark purple. mulch (mulch), n. half rotten straw, litter, &c, used to protect the roots of trees, plants, &c. : v.t. to cover, or protect, with mulch. mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish with a fine: n. a fine, especially for some misdemeanor. mule (mul), n. the offspring of a male ass and a mare; a stubborn obstinate person; a machine for spinning cotton, &c. muleteer (-e-ter'), n. a mule driver. mulish (mulish), adj. like a mule; stubborn. mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a snuff-box made of the end of a horn; a very thin soft kind of muslin; an inferior kind of madder; dust or rubbish; failure: v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, &c). mullein (muTin), n. a coarse her- baceous plant. muller ('er), n. a flat-bottomed pestle used for grinding pigments or drugs. mullet ('et), an edible marine fish, much esteemed for the table. mullion Cyim)) n. an upright bar or division between the lights of win- dows, screens, &c, in a Gothic arch: v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, mullions. mulse (muls), n. wine boiled and mixed with honey. mult, multi, prefixes meaning many: as, mwftangular, having many an- gles, multiflorous, having many flowers. multigraph (mul'ti-graf), n. a ma- chine for reproducing copies of typewritten matter. multi-millionaire (mul'ti-mil'yun- ar), n. one having two or more mil- lion dollars. multiple (mul'ti-pl), adj. consisting of many parts; repeated many times : n. a number or quantity which con- tains another an exact number of times without a remainder. multiplex ('ti-pleks), adj. manifold. multiplicand (-pli-kand' ), n. the number or quantity to be multiplied. multiplicate ('ti-pli-kat), adj. con- sisting of many. multiplication (-ka'shun), n. the act or process of multiplying; rule or operation by which any given number or quantity is multiplied. multiplicity (-plis'i-ti), n. the state of being manifold; a great number. multiplier ('ti-pli-er), n. one who, or that which multiplies or increases; the number or quantity by which an- other is multiplied. multiply ('ti-pll), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], to cause to increase in number; make more by natural generation, produc- tion or addition; repeat (any given number *or quantity) as often as there are units in another number or quantity: v.i. to increase in num- ber or extent. multitude ('ti-tud), n. a great num- ber; crowd; assembly; populace (with the). multitudinous (-tu'di-nus), adj. pei- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MULTUM 594 MURREY taining to, or consisting of, a multi- tude; numerous. multum ('turn), n. a mixture of the extracts of quassia and liquorice used for adulterating beer. mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; a kind of strong ale: inter j. be silent! mumble ('bl), v.t. & v.i. to mutter or speak indistinctly; chew gently with closed lips. mumbo-jumbo ('bo-jum'bo), n. a West African idol or object of su- perstitious reverence or dread; vul- gar bugbear. mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- guise one's self for sport. mummer ('er), n. one who makes sport in disguise; a masker; actor. mummery ('er-i), n. masquerading; buffoonery; hypocritical parade or disguise. mummiform ('i-form), adj. like a mummy. mummy ('i), n. [pi. mummies ('iz) ], a dead body embalmed after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; a kind of wax used in grafting trees; a rich brown color from bitumen. mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the lips with the mouth nearly closed; nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play the beggar; to mutter; impose upon. mumper ('er), n. a begging impostor. mumps ('s), n. a contagious febrile disease characterized by the swelling of the glands of the neck: pi. the sulks. mumpish ('ish), adj. sulky. munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew with an audible crunching noise. mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining to the world. mundil ('dil), n. a richly embroid- ered turban. mungoos (mung'goSs), n. an ichneu- mon that preys on snakes. Also mongoos. municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), adj. per- taining to a city, corporation, state, or local self-government. municipal law (law), n. the com- mon law of a city or country. municipality ('i-ti), n. [pi. munici- palities (-tiz) ], a corporate town or city; a division of the country [France]. municipally ('i-pal-li), adv. in a mu- nicipal manner. munificence (nif'i-sens), n. the qual- ity or state of being munificent; lib- erality. munificent ('i-sent), adj. character- ized by great liberality in giving; bountiful. muniment (mu'ni-ment), n. a strong- hold or fortification; a legal record defending a title; title-deed or char- ter. munitions (-nish'unz), n.pl. military stores or material. mural ('ral), adj. pertaining to, growing on, or resembling, a wall. murder (mer'der), n. homicide with malice aforethought: v.t. to kill with premeditated malice; mangle; mar or ruin. murderer (-er), n. one who is guilty of murder. Feminine murderess. murderous (-us), adj. pertaining to, guilty of, or attended with, murder. muriate (mu'ri-at), n. a salt of muri- atic acid. muriatic (-at'ik), adj. derived from sea salt. murine ('rin), adj. pertaining to a mouse or mice. murk (merk), n. darkness. murkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being murky. murkily ('i-li), adv. darkly. murky ('i), adj. dark; gloomy; ob- scure. murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- tinct sound, as of a running stream; a complaint in a low muttering tone: v.i. to make a low continued noise like the hum of bees; mutter in discontent; grumble. murra ('a), n. a delicate kind of handsome ancient ware made of fluor-spar. murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious and fatal disease among cattle. murrey ('i), n. dark red. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MUSCARDINE 595 MUSTARD muscardine (mus'kar-din), n. a fungus which causes fatal disease in silk-worms. muscatel ('ka-tel), n. a variety of rich wine; the grapes which produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. Musca- del, muscadine. muscle (1), n. a highly contractile organ of fibrous tissue by which movement in an animal body is ef- fected; muscular strength. muscled (Id), adj. having muscles. Muscovite ('ko-vit), n. a Russian. muscovy duck (-vi duk), n. a large duck of tropical America. muscular ('ku-lar), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or performed by, muscles; strong; vigorous; brawny. muscularity (4ar'i-ti), w. the qual- ity or state of being muscular. Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine classical goddesses who presided each over one of the nine liberal arts. muse (muz), v.i. to study in silence; meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to meditate on. musette (mu-zef), n. a small bag- pipe; a soft melodious air. museum (-ze'um), n. a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curi- osities, or of works of art; the building containing such a collection. mush (mush), n. boiled Indian maize meal. mushroom ('room), n. an edible fun- gus Agaricus campestris, or similar edible fungi; an upstart: adj. made from, or resembling mushrooms; up- start; ephemeral. music (mu'zik), n. the art or science of harmonic sounds; harmony or melody; musical score or composi- tion. musical ('zi-kal), adj. pertaining to, producing, or consisting of, music; harmonious; melodious! musicale (-zi-kal'), n. a social mu- sical party. musically (-li), adv. in a musical manner. musicalness (-nes), n. musical qual- ity. musician (-zish'an), n. one skilled in the science of music; one who sing$ f or plays on a musical instrument. musing (muz'ing), n. meditation: adj. meditative. musk (musk), n. a strong-scented substance obtained from the male musk-deer; a small plant with a musk-scented perfume. musk-deer ('der), n. a small horn- less deer which yields musk. musk-duck ('duk), n. the Muscovy duck; an Australian duck. musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- merly used by infantry. musketeer (-er'), n. a soldier armed with a musket. musketoon (-oon'), n. a short mus- ket. musketry (-ri), n. firearm practice. musk-ox (musk'oks), n. an Arctic bovine animal. muskrat (musk'rat), n. an aquatic rodent of North America which emits a musky secretion. Also musk- beaver, musquash. muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of muslin. muslinet (-ef), n. a coarse muslizL musquash. Same as muskrat. musquito. Same as mosquito. muss (mus), n. a confused struggle; disorder: v.t. to disorder, as clothing- mussel ('el), n. a marine edible bi- valve. Mussulman ('ul-man), n. [pi. Mus- sulmans (-manz) ], a Mohammedan^ or Moslem. mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered. must (must), n. unfermented ex- pressed grape juice: v.t. to make moldy and sour: v.i. to be obliged morally or physically. mustache (mus-tash'), n. hair worn on a man's upper lip. Also mous- tache. mustang ('tang), n. the small, hardy* semi-wild horse of the prairies. mustard ('terd), n. a plant and itfi seed of the genus Sinapis; a condi- ment made from the ground ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boos, book; hue, hut; think, then. MUSTEE MYRIAD mustee (-te), n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon. Also mestee. muster ('ter), n. an assembly of troops for review or active service; register of troops mustered; assem- blage; collection: v .t. to assemble, as troops for review or active service: v.i. to meet in one place. mustily ('ti-li), adv. in a musty con- dition. mustiness (-nes), n. the state of be- ing musty. musty ('ti), adj. [comp. mustier, su- perl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. mutability (mu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being subject to change; instability. mutable ('ta-bl), adj. susceptible of change. mutableness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being mutable. mutably (-bli), adv. in a mutable manner. mutation (mu-ta'shun), n. altera- tion; change. mute (mut), adj. silent; dumb; not pronounced or sounded: n. one who is dumb or remains silent; an under- taker's assistant who stands before the door of a house at a funeral; a consonant which is not pronounced, or intercepts the sound; a contriv- ance to deaden or soften the sound of a musical instrument. mutely ('li), adv. silently. muteness ('nes), n. the quality or state of being mute. mutilate (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut off a limb or essential part of; render im- perfect; maim. mutilation (-la/shun), n. the act of mutilating. mutilator ('ti-la-ter), n. one who mutilates. mutineer (-ti-ner'), n. one who is guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mutiny. mutinous ('ti-nus), adj. disposed to, or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. mutiny ('ti-ni), n. insurrection against, or forcible resistance to, constituted authority, especially of soldiers or sailors against their offi- cers: v.i. [p.t. &p.p. mutinied, p.pr. mutinying], to rise against consti- tuted authority. mutism ('tizm), n. the state or habit of being mute. mutoscope (mu'to-skop), n. a form of kinetoscope, worked by hand. mutter (mut'er), v.i. to utter words in a low voice with compressed lips; murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: n. indistinct utterance; murmur. mutton ('n), n. the flesh of sheep. mutual (mu'tu-al), adj. reciprocal. mutually (-li), adv. reciprocally. mutuality (-al'i-ti), n. reciprocation. mutualism (-izm), n. the ethical doc- trine of mutual dependence in social development. muzzle (muzl), n. the projecting mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; snout; the mouth of a gun, &c; a fastening or cover for the mouth of a dog, &c. to prevent biting: v.t. to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. muzzy ('i), adj. absent-minded; mud- dled. my (mi), poss. pron. belonging to me. myalgia . (-al'ji-a), n. stiffness or cramp in the voluntary muscles. mycoderm ('ko-derm), n. a crypto- gamic plant which forms on the sur- face of fermenting liquids. mycology (-kol'o-ji), n. the branch of botany that treats of fungi or mushrooms. myelitis (-el-I'tis), n, inflammation of the spinal cord. mylodon (mild-don), n. a huge ex- tinct fossil edentate animal. mynheer (min-har')i n. sir [Dutch]; a Dutchman. myo, a prefix meaning muscle, as myo- dynamics, the science of muscular action. myology (ml-ol'o-ji), n. a description of the muscles. myopia (-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- myriad (mir'i-ad), n. the number of 10,000; a very large number: adj. innumerable. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. MYRIAGRAM 597 MYXOMYCETES myriagram, myriagramme ('i-a- gram), n. in the metric system, 10,000 grams. myrialiter, myrialitre (-le-ter), n. in the metric system, 10,000 liters. myriameter, myriametre (-me- ter), n. in the metric system 10,000 meters. myriare ('i-ar), n. in the metric sys- tem, 10,000 ares. Myrmidon ('mi-don), n. one of a tribe of Thracian warriors who accom- panied Achilles to the Trojan war. myrmidon* n. a brutal or unprinci- pled follower or subordinate. myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy resin of Balsamodendron myrrha, growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. myrtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- green shrub of the genus Myrtus. myself (mi-self'), pron. [pi. ourselves (our-selvz')l, m I or me in person: used emphatically or reflexively. mystagogue (mis'ta-gog), n. an ini- tiator into, or interpreter of, mys- teries; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who keeps and exhibits relics. mysterious (-te'ri-us), adj. not clear to the understanding; obscure; in- comprehensible. mystery ('ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries (-iz)], something secret, obscure, or unexplained ; that which is beyond human comprehension; formerly a trade or handicraft: pi. among the ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies to which the initiated only were ad- mitted; religious dramas or miracle plays. mystic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, mystery or mysticism; allegorical; emblematical; obscure; occult. m Also mystical: n. a believer in mysticism. mystically (-al-li), adv. in a mystic manner. mysticism ('ti-sizm), n. the doc- trines of the Mystics, who professed a pure, sublime, and disinterested devotion, and who aspired to a more direct intercourse with God, through the inward perception of the mind, than is afforded by revelation; ob- scurity of thought or teaching. mystification (-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of mystifying; the state of be- ing mystified. mystify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mys- tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve in mystery; obscure; bewilder; puz- zle. myth (mith), n. a legend) poetic fic- tion; a fabulous narrative founded on some event, especially in the early existence of a people, and em- bodying their ideas as to their own origin, their gods, natural phenom- ena, &c. mythic ('ik), adj. pertaining to myths. Also mythical. mythically (-al-li), adv. in a mythical manner. mythological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to mythology; mythical. mythologically (-li), adv. accord- ing to mythology. mythologist (-ol'o-jist), n. a student of, or one- skilled in, mythology. mythology ('o-ji), n. [pi. mytholo- gies (-jiz)], the collected body or system of the traditions or legends of a people in which are embodied their beliefs concerning their origin, gods, heroes, &c; the science of myths; a treatise on myths. myxomycetes (miks-o-mi-se'tez), n. pi. organisms forming a net work of creamy filaments on decaying wood, leaves, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. N M, the fourteenth letter of the English alphabet. nab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed, p.jw. nabbing], to catch or seize unexpectedly. nabee (na-be'), n. a powerful poison prepared in the East Indies from the root of Aconitum ferox. nabob (na'bob), n. in India, a deputy or administrator under the Mogul Empire^ one who has amassed wealth in India; a very wealthy man. nacarat (nak'a-rat), n. a pale red color; fine linen or crape dyed such color. nacelle (na-sel), n. the rod placed for protection of the sides of a dirigible balloon. nacre (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. nacreous ('kre-us), adj. having an iridescent luster; resembling moth- er-of-pearl. nacrite ('krlt), n. a mineral with a pearly luster. nadir (na/der), n. that part of the heavens directly under our feet, or directly opposite to the zenith. naevose ('vos), adj. freckled. nsevus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. nag (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- ging], to scold or find fault with continually: v.i. to find fault con- stantly* nagana (na-ga'na), n. an infectious animal disease in Africa caused by a protozoal germ, transmitted by the tsetse-fly. naggy (nag'i), adj. disposed to nag. nahoor (na-ho5r'), n. a species of wild Nepaul sheep. Naiad (na'yad), n. a water-nymph. naif (na-ef), adj. noting an uncut jewel with a natural luster, as a naif gem. nail (nal), n. the horny substance at the ends of the human fingers and toes; the claws of a bird or other animal; 2 % inches; a pointed piece of metal usually furnished with a head for fastening woodwork, &c: v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure or make certain; to hold down tight- ly, as to an argument; to expose, as to nail a he. nail-gun (nal'gun), n. a tubular ap- paratus for driving nails in floor- planks with the workmen in a stand- ing position. nainsook (nan's5ok), n. a thick kind of muslin. naive (na-ev'), adj. artless; ingenu- ous ; unaffectedly simple. naivete (na-ev-ta'), n. natural, un- affected simplicity or ingenuousness. naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; unarmed; defenseless; exposed to view; plain; without addition or ornament; without glasses. namaycush (nam'a-kush), n. the great American trout. namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi), adj. weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty or fine. name (nam), n. that by which a person or thing is called; designa- tion; character; reputation; fame; authority: v.t. to give an appella- tion or designation to; nominate; specify; mention by name. nameless ('les), adj. without a name unknown: not fit to be mentioned. namely ('li), adv. that is to say. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (598) NAMESAKE 599 NATATORIAL namesake ('sak), n. one having the same name. nankeen (nan-ken'), n. a buff-col- ored cotton cloth, originally from China. nannocephaly (nan-o-sef'a-li), w.dis- proportionate smallness of the head. nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; a game at cards; the woolly sub- stance on the surface of cloth; pile; downy covering of plants; top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. napped, p.p r . napping], to doze. nape (nap), n. the back of the neck. napery (nap'er-i), n. table-linen; linen underclothing. naphtha ('tha), n. a clear, volatile, inflammable, bituminous, liquid hydrocarbon exuding from the earth, or distilled from coal-tar, &c. ; rock-oil. naphthalic (-thal'ik), adj. produced from naphtha. napkin (nap'kin), n. a small cloth, specifically one used at table for wiping the hands, &c. Napoleon (na-po'le-on), n. a gold coin formerly current in France, value 20 francs. nappy (nap'i), adj. covered with nap or pile; drowsy. narceine (nar'se-in), n. an alkaloid obtained from opium. Narcissus (-sis'us), n. a genus of ornamental bulbous plants with handsome fragrant flowers, includ- ing the daffodils. narcissus, n. a plant of the genus Narcissus. narcomania (nar-ko-ma/ni-a), n. an acquired craving for narcotic drugs. narcosis (-ko'sis), n. stupefaction from the effects of a narcotic. narcotic (-kot'ik), adj. producing coma or torpor: n. a medicine to alleviate pain and produce sleep, and in excessive doses causing death. narcotine ('ko-tin), n. the active narcotic principle of opium. narcotism. Same as narcosis. nard (nard), n. spikenard: an aro- matic unguent prepared from it. nardtne ('in), adj. pertaining to, or like, nard. narrate (nar-raf), v.L to tell; recite; give an account of; write, as a story. narration (-ra'shun), n. the act of narrating; statement, written or verbal. narrative ('ra-tiv), adj. pertaining to narration: n. recital of a story or event; tale. narrator (-ra'ter), n. one who nar- rates. narrow (nar'o), adj. of little breadth or extent; limited; straightened; contracted in mind; bigoted; un- generous; within a little distance: v.i. to lessen the breadth or extent of; confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to become narrow; not to take ground enough: said of a horse: n.pl. a strait or narrow passage between two seas. narwhal (nar'hwal), n. a cetaceous mammal allied to the whale, with a large projecting tusk; the sea uni- corn. Also narwal, narwhale, narval. nasal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, affected by, or pronounced through the nose: n. a letter pronounced through the nose. nascent (nas'ent) adj. beginning to grow or exist. nastily Cti-li), adv. in a nasty manner; filthily; disagreeably. nastiness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being nasty. Nasturtium (-ter'shi-um), n. a genus of plants,including the watercresses. nasturtium, n. a plant of the ger- anium family, having aromatic flower-buds. nasty ('ti), adj. [comp. nastier, superl. nastiest], dirty, nauseous; filthy; obscene; foul; serious. natal (na'tal), adj. pertaining to one's birth or birthday; indigenous. natant ('tant), adj. swimming in heraldry, floating on the surface: said of fish. natation (-ta'shun), n. the act or art of swimming. natatorial (na-ta-to'ri-al), adj., ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boOn, book; hue, hut; think, then. NATION 600 NAUSEA swimming, or adapted for swim- ming. Also natatory. nation (na/shun), n. the inhabitants of one country or united under the . same government; people ethnolog- ically or linguistically allied. national (nash'un-al), adj. pertain- ing to a nation; public; general; attached to one's country. nationalism (-al-izm), n. the state of being national; national idiom, characteristic, or independence. nationality ('i-ti), n. national char- acter; patriotism; nation. nationalize (-al-iz), v.t. to render national. nationally (-li), adv. as a nation. native (na'tiv), adj. pertaining to the time and place of birth; pro- duced by nature; not acquired; in- nate: n. one who is born in a cer- tain country or place; an oyster cultivated artificially. nativism (-izm), n. in philosophy, the doctrine of innate ideas; the ad- vocacy of the claim of natives, as opposed to that of naturalized citizens. nativity (-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, and manner of birth; astrological representation of the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth. Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with the). natrolite (na'tro-llt), n. a hydrated silicate of aluminum and soda. natron ('tron), n. native carbonate of soda. natterjack (nat'er-jak), n. the yel- low-backed rush toad, remarkable for its deep voice. nattily ('i-li), adv. tidily; neatly. nattiness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being natty. natty ('i), adj. tidy: neat; smart. natural (nat'ii-ral), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or in the course of, nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- curring in the ordinary course of things; treating of mind and matter; not revealed, as religion; true to life; unassumed; affectionate by nature; illegitimate; unconverted; according to the usual diatonic scale of C [music]: n. an idiot; a sign ( # ) used to correct the pre- vious power of a sharp or flat [music], natural history (his'to-ri), n. the scientific description of the earth and its various productions, es- pecially the animal kingdom. naturalize (-Tz), v.t. to make natural; acclimate; invest (a foreigner) with the privileges oi a natural-born citizen or subject. naturalism (-izm), n. mere state of nature; natural religion; the denial of supernatural interference with natural laws. naturalist _ (-ist), n. one skilled in natural history; one who believes in naturalism. naturalistic (-is'tik), adj. realistic. naturalization (-i-za/shun), n. the act of investing a foreigner with the rights and privileges of a natural- born citizen. # naturally (-li), adv. according to nature; spontaneously. naturalness (-nes), n. the state of being natural; conformity to truth or reality. nature (na'cher or nat'ur), n. the universe; essential qualities; species; natural order of things; constitu- tion; personal character or natural disposition ; natural affection ; nudity. nature-faker (na'tur-fak'er), n. a pseudo naturalist; a false authority on animal life and habits and other natural phenomena. naught (nawt), n. nothing: adj. worthless: adv. in no degree. naughtily ('i-li), adv. in a naughty manner. naughtiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being naughty; misbehavior. naughty ('i), adj. bad; perverse or mischievous. nausea ('shi-a), n. a strong sensation of sickness; sea-sickness; loathing or disgust. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NAUSEATE 601 NEBULIUM nauseate ('shi-at), v.t. to affect with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel disgust; be inclined to vomit. nauseation (-a/shun), n. the act of nauseating,; the state of being nau- seated. nauseous ('shus), adj. loathsome; abhorrent. nautch (nawch), n. in India, a dance performed by girls; dancing exhibi- tion. nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; maritime. Also nautic. nautically (4i), adv. in a nautical manner. nautilus ('ti-lus), n. [pi. nautili], any member of a genus of cephalo- pods, including those furnished with a chambered spinal univalve shell; a kind of diving-bell. naval (na'val), adj. pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; maritime. navalism (na/val-izm), n. exploiting the interests of the navy, or increas- ing the naval strength. nave (nav), n. the middle or body of a church, extending from the chan- cel to the principal entrance; the center of a wheel in which the spokes are inserted. ^ „ [navel ('el), n. the depression in the center of the lower part of the ab- domen, indicating where the umbili- cal cord was joined to the foetus. navigability (nav-i-g&-bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of being navigable. navigable ('i-ga-bl), adj. capable of being navigated. navigably (-bli), adv. in a navigable manner. navigate ('i-gat), v.i. to pass on the water by a ship or vessel; sail: v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; steer or manage in sailing. navigation (-ga'shun), n. the act of navigating; the science of navigating ships. navigator ('i-ga-ter), n. one who navigates; one skilled in the science of navigation. navvy (nav , i) i n. a laborer employed in constructing railways, canals, &c. navy (na'vi), n. the ships of war belonging to a nation, or their offi- cers and men. nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: n. a refusal or denial. Nazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. a native of Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, His followers, and the early Chris- tians as a term of contempt; in the Early Church, one of a sect of Judaizing Jews. Nazarite ('a-rit), n. a Jew devoted by vow to God to a life of purity (Num. vi.). neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the tides which occur in the beginning of the second and fourth quarters of the moon. neaped ('t), adj. left aground by the tide: said of a ship. Neapolitan (ne-a-pol'i-tan), adj. per- taining to Naples or its inhabitants. near (ner), adj. [comp. nearer, su- per!, nearest], not far distant in time, place, or degree; close; inti- mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- row; parsimonious; on the left side: adv. at a little distance; almost: prep, close to: v.t. to approach; come near to. neat (net), n. cattle of the bovine genus: adj. pertaining to bovine ani- mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple and elegant; chaste; unadulterated. neatsfoot ('z-foot), n. the foot of an ox or cow. neb (neb), n. a bird's beak; mouth; nose or snout. nebula ('ii-la), n. [pi. nebulse (-Ie) ], a faint misty patch of light in the heavens produced by groups of stars too remote to be seen singly, or by masses of diffused gaseous matter; a slight white spot on the cornea. nebular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to nebulse. nebulium (ne-bu'li-um), n. name given the substance, hitherto un- known on the earth, that exists in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NEBULOSITY 602 NEGLECT the nebulae and causes bright green lines in the spectrum. nebulosity (-los'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being nebulous.^ nebulous ('u-lus), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; hazy; perplexed. necessarily (nes-e-sa/ri-li), adv. by necessity. necessariness ('e-sa-ri-nes), n. the state of being necessary. necessary ([e-sa-ri), adj. that cannot be otherwise; essential; indispensa- ble: n. [pi. necessaries (-riz) ], things requisite. necessitate (ne-sesl-tat), v.t. to make necessary; compel; render unavoid- able; constrain. necessitous ('i-tus), adj. very poor; destitute; needy. necessity ('i-ti), n. the state of being necessary; that which is unavoid- able; compulsion; extreme poverty: pi. things necessary for human life. neck (nek), n. that part of the body between the head and trunk; a long narrow part, as of land or a vessel. necklace (las), n. a string of beads or ornaments, as pearls, &c, worn round the neck. necrological (-ro-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to a register of deaths. necrology (-rol'o-ji), n. a register, or account, of the dead. necromancer ('rd-man-ser), n. one who practices necromancy; a con- jurer. necromancy _ (-si), n. the pretended art of predicting future events by communication with the dead. necromantic (-man'tik), adj. per- taining to, or done by, necromancy. necropolis (-rop'o-lis), n. a cemetery. necrosis (-ro'sis), n. mortification and death of a bone; a disease in plants, characterized by small blacky spots. nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- thology, the wine of the gods; the honey of plants; any delicious bev- erage. nectarial _ (-ta'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to, containing, or like, nectar. nectareous ('re-us), adj. producing or sweet like, nectar. nectarine ('ta-rin), n. a variety of peach. nectary ('ta-ri), n. that part of a flower which secretes a saccharine fluid. Nectarium.^ nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed before the maiden name of a mar- ried woman. need (ned), n. necessity; urgent want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. needful ('fool), adj. necessary; needy. needfully (-li), adv. necessarily. needle (1), n. a, small sharp-pointed steel instrument furnished with an eye to hold thread; anything resem- bling a needle; the polarized steel of a mariner's compass. needle-gun (-gun), n. a breech- loading gun, the cartridge of which is exploded by a needle. needle-valve (nedl-valv), n. a very fine valve, especially one having a conical or needle-like point operated by a fine screw. needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; in- dispensably. needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- sitous. ne'er (nar), adv. contraction or never. nefarious (ne-far'i-us), adj. extremely wicked; vile; infamous. negation (ne-ga/shun), n. denial; absence of certain qualities. negative (neg'a-tiv), adj. implying negation; denying; refusing; having the power of veto; noting a quantity to be subtracted: n. a proposition by which something is denied; a word expressing denial; right of veto; a photograph in which the lights and shades of the object are the opposite of those in nature: v.t. to prove the contrary of; dismiss or reject by vote. negatively (-li), adv. in a negative manner. neglect (-lekt'), n. omission; habitual negligence; disregard; carelessness: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NEGLECTFUL 603 NEOLOGISM v.t. to omit by carelessness or design; slight; disregard. neglectful ('fool), adj. indicating, or accustomed to, neglect; careless. neglectfully (-li), adv. with neglect. negligee (-li-zha/), n. a loosely fitting dress or gown; easy and uncere- monious dress in general: adj. care- lessly arranged or attired. negligence ('li-jens), n. carelessness. negligent (Ti-jent), adj. careless. negligible ('li-ji-bl), adj. that may be neglected; of little account or value. negotiate (ne-go'shi-at), v.i. to treat with others in business or private affairs; hold intercourse respecting a treaty, &c: v.t. to conclude by treaty, bargain, or agreement; sell. negotiability (-go-shi-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being negotiable. negotiable ('shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being negotiated, transferred, or exchanged. negotiation (-a'shun), n. the act of negotiating or transacting business; treaty. negotiator ('shi-a-ter), n. one who negotiates. negotiators (-to-ri), adj. pertaining to negotiation. negrillo (ne-gril'5), n. a young negro. Negrito (-gre'to), n. one of a diminu- tive negro-like race of the Malay Archipelago. negro Cgro), n. [pi. negroes ('groz) ], an ^ African black. Fern, negress: adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, negroes. negroid ('groid), adj. of the negro type. negrophobia (ne-gro-fo'bi-a), n. ex- treme fear of, or antipathy to, the negro. negus ('gus), n. a beverage of hot water and wine, sweetened and spiced. Negus, n. the title of the ruler of Abyssinia. neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of a horse. neighbor (na/ber), n. one who dwells near to another; an intimate: adj. near to another; adjacent: v.t. to adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or friendly. neighborhood (-hood), n. adjacent district; vicinity; the state of being neighbors. neighboring (-ing), adj. living or being near. neighborliness ('ber-li-nes), ft. the state of being neighborly. neighborly (-li), adj. like, or be- coming, a neighbor; social J civil; friendly: adv. in the manner of a neighbor. neighing ('ing), n. the cry of a horse. neither (ne' or ni'^er), pron. & conj. not either. Nemsean (nem-e'an), adj. pertaining to Nemaea, or to the ancient games held by the Greeks at Nemsea. nematoid (nem-a-toid'), adj. thread- like. nemesis ('e-sis), n. retributive ven- geance: from Nemesis, the avenging deity of the Greeks. neoy a prefix meaning new, young, re- cent, as neoplastic, recently formed. neo-Darwinism (ne-6-dar'win-izm), n. a recent modification of the Dar- winian theory which gives added emphasis to the doctrine of the survival of the fittest in accounting for the origin of species. neodymium (ne-o-dim'i-um)^ n. a metallic element found in cerite. neo genesis (ne-6-jen'e-sis), n. a new genesis of production. neo-Lamarckism (ne'o-la-maVkizm) n. a recent modification of the evo- lutionary theory of Lamarck, who laid great stress on the modification of characters by use or disuse and the hereditary transmission of such modifications. Neolithic (-6-lith'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the later or polished Stone Age. neologian. Same as neologist. neologism (-oro-jizm), n. a new word or phrase introduced into a language; new religious doctrines. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. NEOLOGIST 604 NET neologist ('o-jist), n. an innovator in language or religion, especially- one who holds doctrinal views op- posed to the orthodox interpreta- tion of revealed religion. neologize (-jlz), v.i. to introduce new words, phrases, or religious doc- trines. neology (-ol'a-ji), n. neologism; doc- trines or rationalistic theological interpretation at variance with orthodox belief. neon (ne'on), n. a recently discovered element existing in atmospheric air. neontology (-tol'6-ji), n. the scien- tific study of existing species. neophyte ('o-fit), n. a novice; one recently baptized; a convert: adj. recently entered. neoplasm ('6-plazm),n. tissue growth more or less distinct from that in which it occurs. neoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. newly formed. neoplastic ('6-plas-tik), n. the restor- ation of tissue by granulation, or autoplasty. neo-Salvarsan (ne'-o-sal-var'san), n. a modified form of salvarsan, the specific for syphilis discovered by Ehrlich. neoteric (-6-ter'ik), adj. recent in origin. neotype (ne'o-tlp), n. a specimen of animal or plant selected as the type of a species where the original type specimen is not available. neo vitalism (ne-o-vi'tal-izm), n. the doctrine that the activities of living beings are not governed by purely mechanical laws. nep (nep), n. catmint. nepenthe (ne-pen'the), n. a drug supposed by the ancient Greeks to have the power of causing forget- fulness of sorrow. nephew (nev'u), n. the son of a brother or sister. nephritis (ne-f ri'tis) , n. inflamma- tion of the kidneys. nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. a prefer- ence shown in bestowing patronage to one's relatives in the church or public service. Neptunian (nep-tun'i-an), adj. per- taining to the classic deity Neptune, or to the sea; deposited by the agency of the sea. Nereid (ne're-id), n. a sea nymph. Nernst lamp (nernst lamp), n. an incandescent electric lamp with metal filaments, invented by Prof. W. Nernst. neroli (ner'o-le), n. the essential oil of orange flowers. nervation (-va'shun), n. arrange- ment of nerves. nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibres which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain and originate motion; tendon; sinew; strength; manliness; the strong vein of a leaf: v.t. to invigorate or strengthen. nervine (ner'vin), n. a tonic for the nerves. nervous ('vus), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, nerves; having weak nerves; easily agitated; vig- orous in style. nest (nest), n. the bed or dwelling chosen by a bird for incubation, and the rearing of its young; the place where eggs are laid and hatched; a cozy residence; a number of boxes one fitting inside another: v.i. to build and occupy a nest. nest-egg ('eg), n. an egg left in a nest to keep the hen from forsaking it; money forming a nucleus. nestle (nes'l), v.i. to lie close and snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish. nestling ('ling), n. a young bird in the nest or just taken from it: adj. recently hatched. net (net), n. an instrument of twine knotte into meshes for catching birds, fish, &c. ; anything resembling or made like a net; a snare : adj. clear of all charges or deductions: opposed to gross: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. netted, p.pr. netting], to make into a net or network; take with a net; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. NETHER 605 NEW THOUGHT snare; produce as clear profit: v.i. to form network. nether (neth'er), adj. lying beneath; lower; belonging to the regions below. nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of the genus Urtica: v.t. to provoke or irritate. nettlerash (-rash), n. a cutaneous eruption resembling the effects of a nettle sting. neural (nu'ral), adj. pertaining to the nerves. neuralgia (-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain in a nerve. neuralgic ('jik), adj. pertaining to neuralgia. neurasthenia (-ras-the'ni-a), n. brain and nerve exhaustion, as from influenza, &c. neuration (-ra/shun), n. the vena- tion of the wings of an insect; nerve distribution. neurilemma (-ri-lem'a), n. the fibrous sheath of a nerve. neurine ('rin), n. nerve matter. Also neurin. neuritis (-ri'tis), n. inflammation of a nerve. neuro, a prefix meaning nerve, as neurography, a treatise on the nerves. neuroderm (nu'ro-derm), n. the embryonic membrane that gives rise to the nervous system. neuroglia (-rog'li-a), n. the delicate connective tissue between the nerve- fibers of the brain and spinal cord. neurology (-rol'o-ji), n. a scientific description of the nerves. neuroma (-ro'ma), n. a fibrous tu- mor occurring in a nerve trunk. m neuropathic (-path'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or suffering from, nervous disease; affecting the nerves. neurosis (-ro'sis), n. nervous dis- ease. neurotic (-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; characterized by a morbid hysteri- cal style: n. a nerve tonic. neurotomy ('o-mi), n. dissection of the nerves. neuter ('ter), adj. of neither sex; in- transitive: n. a flower having nei- ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile sexless insect, especially the work- ing bee. neutral ('tral), adj. unbiased; in- different; taking no part on either side in a contest; neither very good nor very bad; neither acid nor al- kaline: said of chemical salts. neutrality ('i-ti), n. the state of being neutral. neutralize ('tral-iz), v.t. to make neutral; render inactive. neutrally ('tral-i), adv. in a neutral manner. neutral tint (tint), n. a dull grey. neve (na-va'), n. the granular com- pressed snow which forms glacier ice. never (nev'er), adv. not at any time; in no degree. nevertheless (-the-les'), adv. not- withstanding; in spite of that. new (nu), adj. recent in origin; mod- ern; novel; lately made, produced, invented, or discovered; recently entered upon or commenced; not previously used; fresh. _ newel ('el), n. in a winding stair- case, the central upright pillar around which the steps turn. new-fangled (-fang'gld), adj. new- fashioned. Newfoundland (-foundland), n. a large variety of dog, originally from Newfoundland. news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; tidings. newspaper ('pa-per), n. & paper published periodically, usually daily or weekly, containing the most re- cent intelligence. new style (stil), n. the Gregorian or present style of computing the cal- endar: opposed to the former or Julian method. newt (nut), n. an eft; salamander. new thought (nu-thot), n. advanced views or progressiveness in all de- partments of human knowledge, in contradistinction to effete ideals and retroaction. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then- NEWTONIAN 606 NIHILISM Newtonian (nu-to'ni-an), adj. per- taining to, discovered by, or invented by, Sir Isaac Newton, the philoso- pher, or to his system. next (nekst), ^ adj. [superl. of nigh], nearest in time, place, degree, or rank: adv. immediately succeeding. nexus (neks'us), n. a connection or tie. nib (nib), n. a bird's beak; the point of anything, especially a pen. nibbed ('d), adj. furnished with a nib. nibble (1), v.t. & v.i. to bite by little at a time; continue to bite at gently and quickly, as a fish: n. a small bite; a seizing to bite. niblick (nib'lik), n. a heavy iron round-headed golf club. nicolite (nik'o-llt), n. arsenical nickel ore. nice (nis), adj. fastidious; precise; squeamish; minutely discriminative; delicate; refined; socially agreeable; pleasing to the palate; scrupulously exact. nicely (Ti), adv. in a nice manner. niceness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being nice; delicacy of per- ception or touch. nicety ('e-ti), n. delicate manage- ment; fastidious delicacy ; precision; minute accuracy: pi. table delica- cies. niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall for a statue. Nick (nik), n. an evil water spirit; the Devil (with old). nick (nik), n. exact or critical point of time; winning throw at dice: v.t. to cut in nicks or notches; touch at the lucky moment; cheat; steal. nickel ('el), n. a greyish-white duc- tile metal ; a five-cent coin, made of nickel and copper alloy. nickel-green (-gren), n. the apple- green colored arseniate of nickel. nickelodeon (nik-el-od'e-on), n. a biograph or moving picture place where admission is five cents. nickel-silver (-sil'ver), n. an alloy of nickel, copDer, and zinc. nickname ('nam), n. a name given in derision or familiarity: v.t. to give a nickname to; call by an op- probrious name. nicotine ('i-tin), n. an acrid, poi- sonous alkaloid extracted from to- bacco. Also nicotin. nidge (nij), v.t. to dress (stones) with a pick. nidi ficat ion (nid-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of building a nest, rearing young, &c. nidus (nl'dus), n. a nest or hatching place. niece (nes), _ n. the daughter of a brother or sister. niello (ni-ero), n. a kind of orna- mental engraving on brass, &c. niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also niggardly: n. one who is meanly covetous; a miser. niggardliness (-li-nes), n. the state of being niggardly; stinginess. niggardly (-li), adv. like a niggard. nigh (ni), adj. near in time or place; adjacent; closely allied by blood or friendship: adv. near; almost: prep. near to. nighness ('nes), n. nearness; prox- imity. night (nit), n. the time from sunset to sunrise; period of darkness; death; intellectual or moral darkness. nightingale ('in-gal), n. a small bird which sings with a sweet note at night; philomel. nightmare ('mar), n. a dreadful dream accompanied with oppres- sion on the chest and a feeling of helplessness ; an incubus. night-stick (nit'stik), n. a club, usu- ally of extra length, carried by a po- liceman at night. Nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepticism which denies that anything, even ex- istence, can be known; an extreme socialist movement in Russia to destroy existing institutions and found a new order of things, with communistio rights of land and property. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NIHILIST 607 NITROGEN nihilist (-ist), w. a supporter of ni- hilism. nihilistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to nihilism. nil (nil), n. nothing [Latin]. nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- tive; alert; lively; brisk. nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the halo or cloud of light surrounding the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns; a rain-cloud. nine (nin), adj. containing one more than eight : n. the sum of 1 and 8. ninefold ('fold), adj. nine times re- peated. ninepins ('pinz), n.pl. a game in which nine pins or pegs of wood are set up to be bowled at with Wooden bowls or balls. nineteen ('ten), adj. consisting of 9 and 10: ■.;. the sum of 9 and 10. nineteenth ('tenth), adj. being one of 19 equal parts: n. a nineteenth part. ninetieth ('ti-eth), adj. next after 89th: n. a ninetieth part._ ninety ('ti), adj. containing 9 ten times: n. the number containing 9 times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex- pressing such a number. ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. ninth (nin'th), adj. the ordinal of 9: n. one of 9 equal parts. niobite (nl'o-blt), n. a black min- eral. niobium Cbi-um), n. a metallic ele- ment present in niobite. nip _ (nip), n. a pinch, as with the nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; a small drink of spirits: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nipped, p.pr. nipping], to pinch; cut off the end of; check the growth or vigor of, especially by frost; blast or destroy nipper ('er), n. one who, or that which, nips; one of the four fore- teeth of a horse; a small boy: pi. small pincers. nippingly ('ing-li), adv. keenly. nipple (nip'l), n. that part of the breast of a woman from which milk is drawn by a child; a teat. Nirvana (ner-va'na), n. in Bud- dhism, the highest religious state, when all desire of existence and worldly good is extinguished, and the soul is absorbed into the Deity. nit (nit), n. the egg of any small in- sect. niter, nitre (ni'ter), n. nitrate of potash or saltpeter. nitrate (ni'trat), n. a salt of nitric acid. nitrate of silver (sil'ver), n. silver dissolved in nitric acid. nitrated ('tra-ted), adj. combined with nitric acid. nitre. See niter. nitric ('trik), adj. contained in nitro- gen. nitric acid (as'id), n. a powerful acid, used in chemistry, the arts, and medicine, composed of nitro- gen and oxygen, obtained by the ac- tion of sulphuric acid upon nitrate of potash; aquafortis. nitride ('trld), n. a compound of nitrogen with a metal, also with phosphorus, silicon, or boron. nitriferous (-trif' er-us), adj. pro- ducing niter. nitrification (-tri-fi-ka/shun), n. the process of converting into niter. nitrifier (nl'tri-fl-er), n. anything which tends to bring the nitrogen of the air into combination; in par- ticular, certain types of bacteria that colonize on the roots of legum- inous plants, enabling the plants to take nitrogen from the air in the soil. nitrify ('tri-fl), v.t. to form into niter. nitrite ('trit), n. a salt of nitrous acid. nitro, a prefix meaning containing nitrogen, as mfro-hydrochloric acid or aqua regia. nitro-glycerine (-glis'er-in), n. a highly explosive, oily liquid, pre- pared by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. nitrogen (nl'tr5-jen), n. a gas which* ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book- hue, hut; think, then. NITROGEN-FIXING 608 NOISE with argon, constitutes 4-5ths by- volume of the atmosphere, and con- stitutes the basis of nitric acid. nitrogen-fixing _ (ni'tro-jen-fik'sing), a. said of certain microbes that grow on the roots of leguminous plants, and make atmospheric nitrogen available. nitrogenize (-troj'en-iz), v.t. to im- pregnate with nitrogen. nitrogenous ('en-us), adj. pertaining to or containing nitrogen. nitrous ('trus), adj. resembling, ob- tained from or impregnated with, niter. nitrous acid (as'id), n. a compound of four volumes of nitrogen and one of oxygen. nitrous oxide (oks'id), n. a com- pound of one volume of oxygen and two voulmes of nitrogen; laughing- gas. nitrosulphuric (ni'tro-sul-fu'rik), adj. consisting of sulphuric acid and an oxide of nitrogen. niveous (niv'e-us), adj. snow-like. nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, a water-sprite; a kelpie [Scotch]. no (no), adv. a, word of denial or refusal: opposed to yes: adj. none. nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a fop. nobby ('i), adj. capital; spruce; stylish. Nobel prize , (no-bel'prlz), n. one of the annual prizes, amounting to nearly $40,000.00, given by the Nobel Foundation for distinction in various departments of science, in literature, or in the promotion of peace. Nobel was a Swede, and the inventor of dynamite and smokeless powder. nobility (no-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being noble; noble birth; grandeur; dignity; nobles collec- tively. noble (nS^l), adj. high in excellence or worth; illustrious; magnani- mous; generous; exalted in rank; of ancient lineage: n. peer or noble- man. nobleman (-man), n. a peer. Fern. noblewoman. nobleness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being noble. nobly ('bli), adv. in a noble manner; of noble rank. nobody ('bod-i), n. no one; a person of no importance or influence. nocent ('sent), adj. harmful. nocturnal (nok-ter'nal), adj. pertain- ing to, done, or happening at, night. nocturnally (-li), adv. by or in the night. nocturne ('tern), n. a picture of a night scene; a musical composition appropriate to the night; a lullaby. nod (nod), n. a quick inclination of the head; a command: v .t. [p.t. & p.p. nodded, p.pr. nodding], to sig- nify by a nod; incline or bend: v.i. to give a quick forward motion of the head; bend the head in token of assent, or as a salute; be drowsy. nodal (no'dal), adj. pertaining to nodes. nodated ('da-ted), adj. knotted. nodder (nod'er), n. one who nods; a drowsy person. noddle ('1), n. the head. noddy ('i), n. a simpleton; a sea-fowl. node (nod), n. a knot; knob; one of the two points at which the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic; the points of the stem of a plant from which a leaf springs; the plot of a poem or play; a tumor of the perios- teum, the bones, or tendons. nodose (no'dos), adj. having knots or nodes. nodular (nod'u-ler), adj. pertaining to, or like, a nodule. nodule ('ul), n. a little knot or ir- regular rounded lump. noggin (nog'in), n. a small cup or mug; a liquid measure =1 gill. nogging ('ing), n. a partition formed of timber scantlings filled up with bricks. noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; out- cry; frequent or public conversa- tion: v.t. to spread abroad by rumor: v.i. to sound loud. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NOISEFUL NOONDAY noiseful ('fool), adj. clamorous; loud. noisily ('i-li), adv. with noise. noisiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being noisy. noisome (noi'sum), adj. injurious to health; noxious; disgusting. noisy (noiz'i)- adj. full of noise; tur- bulent. nomad (nom'ad), n. one of a tribe that wanders about in search of game, pasture, &c: adj. nomadic. nomadic (no-mad'ik), adj. wander- ing; pastoral. nomenclature (no'men-kla-tur), n. the words, terms, or language used in any art or science. nomial ('mi-al), n. in algebra, a sin- gle term. nominal (nom'i-nal), adj. pertaining to, or containing, names; exist- ing only in name. nominally (-li), adv. in name only. nominate ('i-nat), v.t. to propose for an office; appoint. nomination (-na'shun), n. the act of nominating; the state of being nominated. nominative ('i-na-tiv), adj. noting in grammar the case of the subject: n. the case of the subject. nominator ('i-na-ter), n. one who nominates. nominee (-i-ne'), w. one who is pro- posed for an office. non, prefix meaning not. nonage (non'aj), n. minority. nonagenarian (-a-jen-a'ri-an), n. a person 90 years old. nonages imal (-jes'i-mal), adj. per- taining to 90, or to a nonagesimal: n. that point of the ecliptic which is highest above the horizon. nonagon ('a-gon), n. a plane figure with 9 sides and 9 angles. nonchalance _ (nong-sha-langs'), n. coolness; indifference [French]. nonchalant (-lang'), adj. cool; in- different. nondescript (non'de-skript), n. a person or thing that cannot be easily described or classed: adj. abnor- mal; novel; odd. none (nun), adj. not any; not one; n. & pron. no one ■ nothing. nonentity (non-en'ti-ti), n. [pi. non- entities (-tiz)l, a thing not exist- ing; a person of no importance or influence. nones (nonz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman calendar the ninth day be- fore ides, reckoned inclusively; in the Roman Catholic Breviary, the devotional office for the ninth hour or 3 p.m. nonillion (non-il'yun), n. in the English system of numeration, the number denoted by 1 followed by 54 ciphers; in the French system, in use in this country, the number de- noted by 1 followed by 30 ciphers. nonpareil (-pa-rel'), adj. without an equal: n. unequaled excellence; a kind of printing-type (see type); a variety of apple. nonplus ('plus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. non- plussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to throw into complete perplexity; puzzle: n. an insuperable difficulty; puzzle. nonsense ('sens), n - language with- out meaning; anything absurd: in- ter j. absurd! nonsensical ('i-kal), adj. absurd; un- meaning. nonsensically (-li), adv. absurdly. _ non sequitur (sek'wi-ter), n. in logic, a conclusion or inference which does not follow from the premises. nonsuit ('sut), n. the withdrawal of a suit during trial either voluntarily or by judgment of the court on the discovery of error or defect in the pleadings: v.t. to subject to a non- suit. non-valent (non-va'lent), a. without chemical affinity or valency. noodle (nood'l), n. a simpleton; a strip of dried dough, served in soup or as a baked dish. nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- cluded retreat; a corner. noon (noon), n. the middle of the day, 12 o'clock; height: adj. per- taining to noon. noonday ('da), adj. pertaining to lite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, theik NOOSE 610 NOTIFICATION noon, or midday. noose (noos), a running knot which binds the closer the more tightly it is drawn. nor (nor), conj. a negative particle correlative to neither or not. normal ('mal), adj. according to rule; regular; perpendicular. normalcy (n6r-mal-), n. state of being normal. normal school (skool), n. a school for the training of teachers for ele- mentary schools. Norman ('man), adj. pertaining to the Normans, Normandy, or to a style of architecture introduced into England by the Normans, charac- terized by the rounded arch and massive square towers. Norse (nors), adj. pertaining to an- cient Scandinavia, its language, and its people. north (n6rth), n. one of the four cardinal points; the point opposite to the south: adj. pertaining to, situated in, or coming from, the north: adv. to the north. norther (ndr'^er), n. a strong gale which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico from September to March. northern ('them), adj. in, from, or toward, the north. Also northerly. northern lights (lits), n.pl. the Aurora Borealis. northing (n6rth'ing), n. distance northward. Norwegian (n6r-we'jian), adj. per- taining to Norway, its language, or inhabitants. nose (noz), n. the organ of smell; scent; a snout; nozzle; anything re- sembling a noseiv.t.to smell or scent. nosegay ('ga), n. a bouquet. nosology (-sol'o-ji), n. the systematic classification of the diseases of animals and plants. nostalgia (nos-tal'ji-a), n. home- sickness. nostril ('tril), n. one of the two openings in the nose. nostrum ('trum), n. a quack medi- cine. not (not), adv. a word expressive of denial or refusal. notabilia (no-ta-bil'i-a), n.pl. things worthy of note. notability (-ta-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. nota- bilities (-tiz) ], a person of note; the quality of being notable. notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of notice; memorable; notorious; re- markable; industrious; thrifty: n. a person or thing of distinction. notably (-bli), adv. in a notable manner. notarial (no-ta'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or done by, a notary. notary ('ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries (-riz) ], an official authorized to attest deeds, protest bills of exchange, &c. notation (-ta/shun), n. the act or practice of recording by marks or symbols; a system of signs or sym- bols. notch (noch), n. a small hollow cut; indentation: v.t. to cut into small hollows. note (not), n. a memorandum; repu- tation; brief explanation; short let- ter; a diplomatic communication; a mark or sign representing a sound; the sound itself [music]; a paper acknowledging a debt and promis- ing payment: pi. a summary of a speech: v.t. to make a note of; mark; show respect or attention to. noted ('ed), p. adj. well-known; cele- brated; remarkable. nothing (nuth'ing), n. not anything; a thing of no value, use, or impor- tance; a cipher: adv. in no degree. nothingness (-nes), n. non-existence; worthlessness. notice (no'tis), n. mental or visual observation; attention; remark; ad- vice; information; warning; pub- lic intimation; press criticism: v.t. to see or observe; regard; attend to; make remarks upon. noticeable (-a-bl), adj. worthy of observation; remarkable. notification (-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of giving notice; notice given; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; mS, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NOTIFY 611 NUGATORY document by which information is communicated. notify ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. notified, p.pr. notifying], to give notice to; make known. notion ('shun), n. an idea of concep- tion; opinion; belief; inclination; a clever contrivance. notional (-al), adj. pertaining to or conveying, a notion; ideal; im- aginary. notoriety (-to-rl'i-ti), n. the state of being notorious. Also notorious- j notorious (-t5'ri-us), adj. publicly known; usually in a bad sense. notornis (-tor'nis), n. the gigantic short-winged coot of New Zealand. Notus (no'tus), n. the south wind. notwithstanding (-wi/ft-stand'ing) , prep, in spite of: conj. although: adv. however; yet. nougat (noo-ga'), n. a confection of almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and paste. nought. Same as naught. noumenon (no-oo'me-non), n. [pi. noumena (-na) ], essence; the sub- stance or reality existing under the phenomenal. noun (noun), n. the name of anything; a substantive. nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or bring up; support; maintain; educate: v.i. to promote growth. nourishment (-ment), n. that which nourishes. nous (nous), n. intellect; clever com- mon-sense. novel (nov'el), adj. of recent origin or introduction; new; strange or unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- mance. novelette (-ef), n. a short novel. novelist ('el-ist), n. a writer of novels. novelty ('el-ti), n. newness; some- thing new. novice ('is), n. a beginner; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who has entered a religious house but has not yet taken the vow. novitiate (no-vish'i-at), n. the state of a novice; time of probation as a novice; a house or retreat for novices. now (nou), adv. at the present time; quite recently. nowel ('el), n. the inner part of a large loam foundry mold. nowise (no'wiz), adv. not in any manner or degree. noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; pernicious; deadly. nozzle (noz'l), n. a projecting mouth- piece. N-rays (n'-raz), n. rays to which the olfactory nerves are sensitive, pro- duced by electric waves similar to those of light. nubbin (nub 'in), n. a small or im- perfect ear of maize. nubilous (nu'bi-lus), adj. cloudy. nuclear ('kle-ar), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, a nucleus. nucleate ('kle-at), adj. having a nu- cleus. nucleolus ('o-lus), n. a minute body inside a nucleus. nucleoprotein (nu'kle-o-dro'te-in), n. a specific form of protein found in the nucleus of the living cell. nucleus ('kle-us), n. the central mass around which matter accretes or grows; the head of a comet. nuculiform (nu'ku-li-form), adj. simi- lar in shape to the mollusk called nucula. nudation (-da/shun), n. a making bare. nude (nud), adj. bare; naked; in law, made without consideration; void; in art, the undraped body (with the). nudely ('li), adv. nakedly. nudeness _ ('nes), n. nakedness. Also nudity. nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as with the elbow : n. a gentle touch, as with the elbow. nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. naked parts. nugatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. trifling; useless. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. NUGGET 612 NUTRITION nugget (mig'et), n. a lump or mass vow of chastity; a variety of pig- of metal, especially of gold in aurif- eon; the blue titmouse, erous soil. nuncio ('shi-o), n. a papal ambassa- nuisance (nu'sans), n. anything of- dor. fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- nuncupative (nung'ku-pa-tiv), adj. noying. verbal; nominal. Also nuncupatory. null (nul), adj. of no legal force; void, nunnery (nun'er-i), n. [pi. nunneries nullification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the (-iz) ], a religious house for nuns. act of nullifying. nuptial (nup'shal), adj. pertaining milliner ('i-fl-er), n. one who nullifies. to, or constituting, marriage: n.pl. nullify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nullified, a marriage; marriage ceremony. p.pr. nullifying], to annul or render nurse (ners), n. a womaD who has void. the care of infants, or of the child nullity ('i-ti), n. want of existence, of another person; one who tends force, or validity. the sick or infirm; one who, or that numb (num), adj. deprived of sensa- which, protects or fosters: v .t. to tend tion or motion; torpid: v.t. to be- or suckle, as an infant; bring up; tend numb. in sickness; promote; economize, number ('ber), n. a unit; one, or nursery ('er-i), n. [pi. nurseries more than one; multitude; one of a (-iz) ], an apartment for young chil- series; a collection of things; sounds dren; a place or garden for rearing distributed into harmonies; poetry; young plants; a race for two-year- meter, or verse (usually pi.): v.t. old horses. to count; mark with a number. # nursling ('ling), n. an infant. numeral (nu'mer-al), adj. pertaining nurture (ner'tur), n. that which to, consisting of, or denoting, num- nourishes; diet; food; education: ber: n. a symbol or word expressing v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. a number. ^ nut (nut), n. the fruit of certain trees, numerary ('mer-a-ri), adj. belonging containing a kernel inclosed in a to a certain number. hard shell; a piece of metal grooved numerate (-at), v.t. to reckon or for screwing on to the end of a bolt: enumerate; point or read, as figures. v.i. [p.t. & p.p. nutted, p.pr. nutting], , numeration (-a/shun), n. the act or to gather nuts. art of numbering, or of reading and nutant (nu'tant), adj. having the top writing numbers. bent downward. numerator ('mer-a-ter), n. one who nutation (-ta'shun), n. the periodic- numbers; the figure or figures above al vibratory movement of the axis the line in fractions which # indi- of the earth. cate how many parts of a unit are nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic taken. kernel of the fruit of an East In- numerous ('mer-us), adj. consisting dian tree. of a great number. nutria (nu-tn-a), n. the commercial numismatic (-mis-mat 'ik), adj. per- name for the fur or skin of the taining to coins or medals: n.pl. the coypou. science and study of coins and med- nutrient ('tri-ent), adj. promoting als. Also numismatology. growth. numismatist ('ma-tist), n. one nutriment ('tri-ment), n. nourish- skilled in numismatics. Also numis- ment. matologist. nutrition (-trish'un), n. that which numskull ('skul), n. a blockhead. nourishes; food; the action of pro- nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a moting growth or repairing waste in religious life and seclusion under a organic bodies. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ^s NUTRITIOUS 613 NYSSA nutritious ('us), adj. affording nu- trition. nutritive ('tri-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or having the quality of, nutrition. nutritively (-li), adv. by nutrition. nutty (nut'i), adj. abounding in, or tasting like, nuts. nux vomica (nuks vom'i-ka), n. the fruit of an East Indian plant (Strychnos Nux vomica) which yields the deadly poison strychnine. nuzzle (1) 9m v.t. to root up with the nose, as swine: v.i. to nestle. nye (nl), n. a brood of pheasants. nylghau (nil'gaw), n. a large In- dian antelope. Also nylgau. nymph (nimf), n. in classic myth- ology, t, goddess of nature inhabit- ing the mountains, woods, streams, &c; a light, handsome, graceful young woman. nympha (nim'fa), n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect. nymphomania (-fo-ma/ni-a), n. erot- ic insanity in females. nyssa (nis'a), n. a species of dog- wood, rare, with flowers of a greenish tint. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then* o O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet. O (o), inter j. an exclamation of won- der, pain, &c. : n. [pi. o's (-oz) ], a ring, cipher, or naught. oadal (d'a-dal), n. a tree of the cola- nut family. oaf (of), n. a changeling; dolt. oafish ('ish), adj. simple; silly; dolt- ish. oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, especially the common oak (Quercus robur), valued for its timber. oak-apple ('ap-1), n. a spongy ex- crescence growing on the leaves or young branches of the oak. oaken ('en), adj. made of, or con- sisting of, oak. oakum ('um), n. old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose hemp. oar (or), n. a light pole with a broad blade, for rowing a boat: v.t. & v.i. to row. oasis (o-a'sis), n. [pi. oases ('sez) ], a fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. oast (ost), n. a kiln for drying hops or barley. oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the genus Avena, the grain of which is used as food [usually in pi.]. oaten ('en), adj. made of oats. oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration of truth-telling with an appeal to God as witness. ob, a prefix meaning before, against, toward, in front of, reversed. obhligato (ob-li-ga'to), n. an indis- pensable instrumental part or ac- companiment written especially for the instrument named [music]. obduracy ('du-ra-si), n. obdurate conduct or quality. obdurate ('du-rat), adj. hardened in heart or feelings, especially against moral influence. obdurately (-li), adv. stubbornly. obdurateness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being obdurate. obedience (6-be'di-ens), n. submis- sion to authority; dutifulness. obedient ('di-ent), adj. submissive to authority; dutiful. obeisance (-ba'sans), n. a bow or curtsey; act of reverence. obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, four- sided stone pillar gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating in a pyramidal top; a reference mark obelus ('e-lus), n. a mark ( — or -j- or f ) used in old MSS. to indicate a doubtful or spurious reading; in modern writing, a break ( — ). obese (6-bes'), adj. corpulent. obesity (-bes'i-ti), n. excessive corpu- lence, especially of an unhealthy kind. Also obeseness. obey (-ba'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. obeyed, p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule or authority of; comply with the orders or instructions of: v.i. to yield; do as bidden. obfuscate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to be- wilder. obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian natives and negroes of Africa a sys- tem of secret sorcery or magical rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn by Japanese women. obituary (5-bit 'u-a-ri), n. [pi. obit- uaries (-riz) ], a register of deaths; an account of a deceased person: adj. pertaining to, or recording, deaths. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (614) OBJECT 615 OBSCENE object (ob-jekt'), v.t. to urge against; oppose: v.i. to make objections: n. (ob'jekt), anything placed before the mind or senses ; motive ; end ; aim. object-glass ('ject-glas), n. the lens of a microscope or telescope nearest to the object to be observed and forming the image. objection (-jek'shun), n. the act of i objecting; adverse reason; diffi- j culty raised. objectionable (-a-bl), adj. liable or open to objection; reprehensible. objective ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, an object; external to the mind; in grammar, noting the case which fo- lows a transitive verb or a preposi- tion and is governed by it: n. the accusative case; an objective point. objectively (-li), adv. in an objec- tive manner. objectivism ('tiv-izm), n. the philo- sophical doctrine that the knowledge of the non-ego is anterior to that of the ego; in art and literature, the representation of persons and in- cidents as they^ really appear. objectivity ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being objective. Also ob- jectiveness. objurgate (-jer'gat), v.t. to chide or reprove. objurgation (-ga'shun), n. reproof. objurgatory ('ga-to-ri), adj. con- taining reproof or censure. oblate (-laf), adj. depressed or flat- tened at the poles; orange-shaped; in the Roman Catholic Church, not- ing a secular priest who has devoted himself and his property to the mon- astery he has entered. oblation (-la'shun), n. an offering or sacrifice; anything presented in re- ligious worship. obligation (-li-ga/shun), n. the bind- ing power of a vow, promise, or contract; the state of being indebted for a favor; in law, a bond to which a penalty is annexed on failure of due performance. obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri), adj. mor- ally or legally binding. oblige (o-bllj'), v.t. to constrain by force, morally, legally, or physically; bind by some favor or kindness rendered; render a favor to; gratify. obligee (ob-li-je'), n. one to whom a bond is given. obliging (o-blij'ing), p. adj. complai- sant; civil or courteous. obliger ('er), n. one who obliges. obligor (ob'li-gor), n. one who is bound by a bond. oblique (-lek'), adj. deviating from a right line; not parallel; not di- rect or straightforward. oblique angle (ang'gl), n. an angle greater or less than a right angle. oblique case (kas), n. in grammar any case except the nominative. obliquely ('li), adv. in an oblique manner or direction. obliqueness ('nes), n. the stateor quality of being oblique; slanting direction; moral error. Also obliq- uity. obliterate (-lit'er-at), v.t. to efface or wear out; destroy by the effects of time or other means. obliteration (-a'shun), n. the act of obliterating; effacement. oblivion (-liv'i-un), n. the state of being blotted out from memory; for- getfulness. oblivious ('i-us), adj. forgetful. oblong ('long), adj. longer than broad: n. a geometrical figure of such shape. obloquy ('lo-kwi), n. reproachful language; calumny; slander; re- proach. obnoxious (-nok'shus), adj. deserv- ing of censure or disapproval; hate- ful; offensive; unpopular. oboe (o'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- strument of the reed class; hautboy; an organ stop. obolus (ob'o-lus), n. an ancient Greek coin, value l}i farthings; an Attic weight = l-6th of a drachma. obovate (-5' vat), adj. inversely ovate. obscene (-sen'), adj. offensive to chastity; impure in language or ac- tion; indecent; filthy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 40 OBSCENELY 616 OBTUSENESS obscenely (li), adv. in an obscene manner. obsceneness ('nes), n. impurity in language or action; indecency. Also obscenity. obscure (-skur'), adj. without light or distinctness; dark; not easily understood; illegible; secluded; hum- ble: v.t. to darken or dim;^ dis- guise; render less visible or intel- ligible; tarnish; make mean. obscurely ('li), adv. in an obscure manner. obscureness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being obscure. Also obscurity. obsecrate ('se-krat), v.t. to implore. obsecration (-kra'shun), n. entreaty. obsequies ('se-kwiz), n.pl. funeral rites. obsequious (-se^kwi-us), adj. servile; compliant to excess. observable (-zer'va-bl), adj. capable of being observed; worthy of observa- tion; remarkable. observably (-bli), adv. remarkably. observance ('vans), n. the act of ob- serving; performance of rites; rule of practice. observant ('vant), adj. taking notice; attentive; mindful. observation (-va/shun), n. the act of observing; attention; that which is observed; remark; note. observational ('shun-al), adj. consis- ting of, or containing, observations. observatory ('va-to-ri), n. [pi. ob- servatories (-riz)], a building fitted up for astronomical research. observe (-zerv'), v.t to keep in view; take notice of; celebrate; practice ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make observations. observing ('ing), p. adj. giving par- ticular attention to. Also observant. obsession (ob-sesh'un), n. the state of being possessed by one idea to the exclusion of others. obsidian (-sid'i-an), n. volcanic larva of glassy appearance. obsolescence (-so-les'ens), n. the state of becoming obsolete. obsolescent ('ent), adj. becoming ob- solete. obsolete ('so-let), adj. gone out of date; disused; imperfectly developed. obsoleteness (-nes), n. the state of being obsolete; indistinctness. obstetric (-stet'rik), adj. pertaining to midwifery: n.pl. the science of midwifery. obstetrician (-ste-trish'an), ». an accoucheur. obstinacy "sti-na-si), n. the state or quality of being obstinate; stub- bornness. Also obstinateness. obstinate ('sti-nat), adj. pertina- ciously adhering to one's opinion or purpose; stubborn. obstinately (-li), adv. in an obstinate manner. obstreperous (-strep 'er-us), adj. clamorously noisy; turbulent. obstruct (-strukf), v.t. to block up or impede; hinder from passing; in- terrupt. obstruction (-struk'shun), n. an im- pediment. obstructionist (-ist), n. a member of a legislative assembly who makes use of its rules to deliberately hinder the progress of public business. obstructive ('tiv), adj. causing ob- struction. obtain (-tan 7 ), v.t. to get possession of; gain; acquire; win; procure: v.i. to be established in practice or use. obtainment ('ment), n. the act of obtaining. obtrude (-trood'), v.t. to thrust in or upon; urge or offer with unreasonable importunity: v.i. to enter uninvited. obtrusion (-troo'zhun), n. the act of obtruding. obtrusive ('siv), adj. inclined or apt to intrude. obtrusively (-li), adv. by way of obtrusion. obtuse (-tus'), adj. not pointed or acute: greater than a right angle; dull. obtusely (-li), adv. in an obtuse manner. obtuseness ('nes), n. the state or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OBVERSE 617 OCTANT quality of being obtuse; bluntness; mental dulness. obverse (-vers'), adj. bearing the head; said of a coin or medal; nar- rower at the base than the top: said of a leaf or radicle: n. (Vers) the side of a coin or medal having the face or head upon it: opposed to reverse. obversely ('li), adv. in an obverse form. obvert (-vert), v.t. to turn toward; face. obviate ('vi-at), v.t. to remove, as difficulties or objections. obvious ('vi-us), adj. evident. obvolute ('vo-hlt), adj. arranged so as to overlap, as the margins of an organ or part of a plant. oca (6'ka), n. South American plant with a tuberous root resembling the potato. occasion (ok-ka'zhun), n. occurrence; state or position of affairs; opportu- nity; incidental cause or need; exigence: v.t. to cause or influence directly or indirectly; give rise to. occasional (-al), adj. incidental or casual. occasionally (-li), adv. incidentally or casually. Occident (ok'si-dent), n. the West; the countries west of Asia and the Turkish dominions. Occidental (-si-den'tal) , adj. of or belonging to the Occident: n. a native of the Occident. occipital (-sip'i-tal), adj. pertaining to the occiput. occiput ('si-put), n. the hinder part of the skull or head. occult (-kulf), adj. hidden; secret; invisible. occultation (-kul-ta'shun) , n. tem- porary disappearance or obscura- tion: said of one heavenly body when another conceals it from sight. occulted (-kult'ed), adj. hidden from the vision, as a star, &c. occultism ('izm), n. Eastern theos- ophy. occultly ( f \i), adv. in an occult manner. occult sciences (si'en-sez), n.pl. magic, alchemy, and astrology. occupancy ('u-pan-si), n. the act of taking and holding in possession. occupant ('u-pant), n. one who has possession. occupation (-pa'shun), n. the act or state of occupying; business, em- ployment, or calling. occupier ('u-pl-er), n. one who oc- cupies. occupy ('u-pi), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. occu- pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- session of; hold or keep in posses- sion, as for use; fill or cover; employ: v.i. to traffic. occur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. occurred, p.pr. occurring], to happen or take place; come to mind; be found or met with. occurrence (-kur'ens), n. an accident, event, or incident. ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse of salt water covering more than 3-5ths of the globe; any one of its chief divisions; an immense ex- panse: adj. pertaining to the great expanse of salt water. oceanic (-she-an'ik) , adj. pertaining to, occurring in, or produced by, the ocean. ocelot ('se-lot), n. the Mexican cat. ochre ('ker),w.a fine yellow- or brown- colored clay: used as a pigment. octa, a prefix meaning eight. Also octo, as octachord, an instrument of 8 strings; a system of 8 sounds; octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to the sheet (18 mo.). octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure of 8 sides and 8 angles. octagonal (-tag'o-nal), adj. having 8 sides and 8 angles. octahedral (-ta-he'dral), adj. having 8 equal sides. octahedron ('drun), n. a solid figure contained by 8 equal equilateral triangles. octangular (-tang'gu-lar), adj. hav- ing 8 angles. octant ('tant), n. the 8th part of a circle. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OCTARTICULATE 618 OFFER octarticulate (ok-tar-tik'u-lat), adj. having 8 articulations or joints. octave Ctav), n. an eighth, or an interval of 12 semitones^ the 8th day after a church festival, the festival itself being included; a small cask of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. consisting of 8. octavo (-ta'vo), n. a sheet of printing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 pages (8 vo): adj. having 8 leaves or 16 pages to the sheet. octennial (-ten'i-al), adj. recurring every 8th year; continuing 8 years. octennially (-li), adv. every 8 years. octillion (ok-tiTyun), n. in French and American numeration the num- ber represented by 1 followed by 27 ciphers; in English numeration 1 followed by 48 ciphers. octodecimo (-to-des'i-mo), adj. con- sisting of 18 leaves or 36 pages to a sheet: n. a book of such size (18mo). octogenarian (-to-je-na'ri-an), n. one who is 80 years old: adj. 80 years old. octopod (to-pod), n. an animal with 8 feet. octopus ('to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses (-ez) ], a genus of Cephalopods hav- ing 8 arms, containing the cuttlefish. octoroon (-to-roon), n. the offspring of a white person and a quadroon. octuple Ctu-pl), adj. eight-fold. ocular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, depending on, or formed by, the eye; known from actual sight. oculiform ('u-li-f 6rm) , adj. eye- shaped. oculist ('ti-list), n. one who is skilled in the treatment of eye diseases. odd (od), adj. not paired or matched with another; not even; not exactly divisible by 2; unusual; peculiar; eccentric. Odd Fellow ('fel-o), n. a member of the order of the benevolent society of Odd Fellows. oddity ('i-ti), n. a person or thing that is peculiar ; eccentricity ; strangeness. odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; van- tage; superiority; excess of either compared with the other. ode (6d), n. a short song; lyric poem. odic force, n. assumed to account for mesmerism. odious (6'di-us), adj. offensive; un- popular. odium ('di-um), n. hatred; dislike. odometer (6-dom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for registering the number of revolutions of a carriage-wheel, to which it is attached. odontoid (-don'toid), adj. tooth-like. odontology (-tol'o-ji), n. dental science; a treatise on the teeth. odoriferous (-der-if er-us) , adj. dif- fusing fragrance. odorous ('der-us), adj. emitting an odor or scent; fragrant. odor ('der), n. a scent; estimation. o'er. Same as over. oesophagus. See esophagus. of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- ing to; according to; proceeding from. off (6f), adj. most distant; noting the right-hand side in driving, or the left-hand side of the bowler at. cricket: adv. away from: prep, not on; distant from: inter j. begone! offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. offend (-fend'), v.t. to displease or make angry; molest or annoy; pain or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- thing displeasing. offense (-fens'), n. any cause of anger or displeasure; insult; injury; assault. offensive (-fen'siv), adj. causing dis- pleasure; annoying; disagreeable; disgusting; used in attack: n. the act of attacking (with the). offensively (-li), adv. in an offensive manner. offensiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being offensive. offer ('er), v.t. to present for accept- ance or refusal; proffer; present in worship or sacrifice; bid as a price or reward: v.i. to be ready; express a willingness; attempt or make an attempt: n. a proposal made; price offered; first advance. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OFFERING 619 OLEANDER offering (-ing), n. that which is of- fered; a sacrifice; oblation. office (of 'is), n. public or private business ; employment ; function ; ac t of worship; formulary of devotion; act of kindness; service; apartment for the transaction of business^ pi. the outlying buildings of a mansion; apartments of a house in which do- mestics discharge their duties. officer ('is-er), n. a person commis- sioned to perform a certain public duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. official (-fish'al), adj. pertaining to an office or public duty; from the proper authority: n. one who holds a civil office. _ officialism (-izm), n. government by officials; official routine. officially (-li), adv. by the proper of- ficer; in an official manner. officiate ('i-at), v.i. to perform the duties of an office. officinal (-fis'i-nal), adj. noting drugs, officially recognized by the pharma- copoeia. officious m (fish'us), adj. too forward in offering services; meddling. offing (of ing), n. that part of the sea with deep water off the shore. off scouring ('skour-ing), n. refuse. offscum ('skum), n. dregs; filth. offset ('set), n. a young shoot or bud; a sum or account placed as an equivalent for another; in survey- ing, a perpendicular let fall from the main line to an outlying point. m offside ('sid), n. the side to the right hand of the driver. offspring ('spring), n. children; de- scendants. often ('en), adv. many times; fre- quently. ogee (o-je'), n. a wave-like molding, one side convex, the other concave; a cyma. ogle # ('gl), v.t. to look fondly at with a side glance: n. a side glance. ogre (o'ger), n. an imaginary man- eating monster or giant. Feminine ogress. ogreish (-ish), adj. like an ogre. oh (o), interj. an exclamation of won- der, pain, or anixety. ohm (om), n. the unit of electrical resistance. oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable fatty liquid obtained from various animal and vegetable substances: v.t. to lubricate with oil. oilcake ('kak) n. the substance that remains after the oil has been ex- pressed, as from flaxseed. oilcloth ('kloth), n. painted canvas for floor covering. oil-color Ckul-er), n. & pigment made by grinding a coloring sub- stance in oil; a painting executed in oil-colors. oil-engine (oil'en'gin), n. an internal combustion engine using oil in a spray, of which the Diesel engine is the best recent example. oil-feed (oil 'fed), n. a cup or device for the automatic oiling of ma- chinery. oiliness ('i-nes), n. oily quality; greasiness. oil-tanned (oil'tand), p.adj. tanned by a process involving the use of oil to give softness to the leather. oily ('i), adj. containing, or like, oil; greasy; unctuous; flattering. ointment (oint'ment), n. an unctu- ous substance applied to a wound or injured part. okapi (ok-ap'e), n. recently found African animal resembling a giraffe. okra (ok'ra), n. a West Indian plant, the pods of which are used in soups, &c. Okro, ochra. old (old), adj. [comp. older, superl. oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- cient; out of date; long practiced. olden (ol'den), adj. ancient; bygone. oldish (old 'ish), adj. somewhat old. old style (stil), n. the old mode of reckoning time according to the Julian year of 365^ days. oleaginous (6-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; unctuous. oleander " (-an'der), n. an evergreen shrub with handsome fragrant flow- Ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, i/&en= OLEASTER 620 OMNIBUS oleaster (-as'fcer), n. the wild olive. oleate (1e-at). n. a salt of oleic acid. defiant ('e-fi ant), adj. noting a gas formed by heating 2 volumes of sul- phuric acid with 1 volume of alcohol. olefiant gas (gas), n. heavy car- buretted hydrogen. define (o'le-fin), n. a hydrocarbon containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of carbon. oleic ('le-ik) adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, oil. oleic acid (as'id), n. an oily acid ob- tained from the saponification of lin- seed and other oils, or in the making of soap. oleiferous (-le-if'er-us), adj. produc- ing oil. oleine (le-in), n. the pure liquid part of oil or fat. Also olein. oleo, a prefix meaning oily, 'pertaining to oil, or oily. oleograph ('le-o-graf), n. a lithograph in oil-colors. oleomargarine (-o-mar-gar-in), n. imitation butter made from milk and animal fat, &c. oleometer (-om'e-ter), n. an instru- ment for testing and determining the relative density of oils. oleo-oil (-oil), n. oil obtained from animal fat. olfactory (ol-fak'to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, smelling: n. or- gan of smell (usually pi.). olibanum (o-lib'a-num), n. a gum resin; the frankincense of the an- cients. Also oliban. oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. one of an oli- garchy. oligarch al (-al), adj. pertaining to an oligarchy. oligarchy # ('i-gar-ki), n. [pi. oligar- chies (-kiz) ], government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a few; a state so governed. olive ('iv), n. & plant of the genus Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- low color: adj. pertaining to, or re- sembling, the olive. olive-branch (-branch), n. the branch of the olive: the emblem of peace. olivet ('i-vet), n. an imitation pearl made for traffic with savage races. olivil ('i-vil), n. a crystalline sub- stance obtained from the gum of the olive tree. olivine ('i-vin), n. a variety of chrys- olite. olla podrida (ol'ya po-dre-da), n. a Spanish dish made of a mixture of meats, vegetables, peppers, and other ingredients, stewed together. Olympiad (o-hm 'pi-ad), n. in an- cient Greece, the interval (4 years) between the celebration of the Olym- pic games: a system of chronology reckoning from the first Olympiad, 776 B.C. Olympic ('pik), adj. pertaining to Olympia in Elis, where the Olympic games were celebrated. Also Olym- pian: n.-pl. the Olympic games of ancient Greece, celebrated every 4 years in honor of Zeus of Mt. Olym- pus. om (om), n. a word, sacred to the Brahmins, not to be spoken aloud, except on solemn occasions. omber, ombre (om'ber), n. a card game. ombrometer (-brom'e-ter), n. a rain- gage. omega (o-me'^a), n. the last letter of the Greek alphabet: hence the last: end. omelet (om'e-let), n. a kind of pan- cake of eggs, &c. omen (6'men), n. a sign of some fu- ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- nosticate. ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding evil; inauspicious. omission (6-mish'un), n. neglect or failure to do something required; something omitted. omit ( r -nut') t y.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, p.pr. emitting], to leave out; neg- lect; fail to mention. omni, a prefix meaning all t entirely, as omnipresent. omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public four-wheeled carriage for passenger traffic. &te, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,.' book; hue, hut; think, then. OMNIGERENT 621 OPALESCENT omnigerent (om-nij'e-rent), adj. ca- pable of performing any kind of work. omnilingual (om-ni-ling'gwal), adj. versed in all languages. omnilucent (om-ni-ld'sent), adj. giv- ing light in every direction. omnipotence (-nip'o-tens), n. unlim- ited power. omnipotent Co-tent), adj. having unlimited power. Omnipotent, n. God (with the). omnipresence (-ni-prez'ens), n. uni- versal presence. omniscient (-nish/ent), adj. knowing all things; infinitely wise. omniscope (om'ni-skop), n. an im- proved periscope for use in a sub- marine boat, giving a wide range of vision. omnivorous (-niv'er-us), adj. feed- ing upon animal and vegetable food; all-devouring. on (on), prep, upon; in contact with the upper part; at; near: adv. for- ward; onward: adj. noting the side to the right of the batsman in crick- et: inter j. go on! onager (on'a-jcr), n. the wild ass. onanism (o'nan-izm), n. masturba- tion. once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- merly; one time. one (wun), adj. single in number; some way; individual: n. [pi. ones (wunz) ], the number one or its symbol; an individual. onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; weighty; oppressive. one-step (wun '-step), n. a very simple and popular modern dance. onion (un'yun), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the genus Allium: used in cookery. only (on'li), adj. single; one and no more: adv. singly; merely. onomatopoeia (on-6-mat-o-pe'ya), n. the formation, of words to resemble the sounds made by the thing sig- nified, as whiz; the use of words so formed, or the word itself. Onomatopoetic (-po-et'ik), adj. formed by onomatopoeia. Also ono- matopoeic. onset ('set), n. an assault; attack. onslaught ('slawt), n. a furious at- tack. ontogenesis (-to-jen'e-sis), n. the history of the evolution of individual organisms. Also ontogeny. ontological (-to-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to ontology; metaphysical. ontologist (-tol'o-jist), n. a meta- physician. ontology ('o-ji), n. the logic of pure being; metaphysics. onus (p'nus), n. a burden; duty; ob- ligation. onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; progressing: adv. in advance. Also , onwards: inter j. forward! onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. oolitic (o'ollt), n. a limestone com- posed of grains like the roe of a fish. oolitic (-lit'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or like, oolite. oology (-ol'o-ji), n. a treatise on birds' eggs; the scientific study of birds' eggs. oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black tea, the flavor of which resembles green tea. Also oulong. oomiak ('mi-ak) , n. an Eskimo fishing and transport boat. Also oomiac, umiak. oosperm (o'o-spermj, n. a fertilized ovum. ootheca (-the'ka), n. the egg-case of certain mollusks and insects contain- ing the eggs. ooze Cooz). n. soft mud or slime; gen- tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to flow gently; percolate. opacity (o-pas'i-ti),n. opaqueness. opah ('pa), n. the king-fish. opal ('pal), n. a precious stone of milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- ous colors. opalesce (-es'), v.i. to exhibit a play of various colors like the opal. opalescence ('ens), n. the quality of being opalescent. opalescent Cent), adj. resembling opal in its reflection of light. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. OPALINE 622 OPIUM opaline ('pa-lin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, the opal. opaque C-pak'), adj. not transparent. opaqueness (-nes), n. the quality or state of being opaque. ope (op), v.i. & adj. same as open [poet.]. open f'n), adj. not shut; unfastened; clear of trees; expanded; uncovered; unsealed; not frozen nor frosty; clear; unreserved; public; generous; frank; sincere; enunciated without closing the mouth: v.t. to make open; explain; begin; expand; break the seal of: v.i. to unclose itself; commence; begin to appear; bark in view of the scent cr game: said of a dog. opening (-ing), n. an aperture; be- ginning; opportunity: adj. first in order. opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. opera-bouffe (-boof), n. a comic opera. opera-cloak (-klok), n. s lady's evening dress cloak worn at an 1 opera, theater, &c. opera-glass (-glas), n. a small bi- nocular glass used in operas, thea- ters, &c. operameter (-er-am'e-ter) , n. an instrument for recording the num- ber of revolutions made by the shaft or wheel of a machine. operate ('er-at), v.i. to work; pro- duce a certain effect; perform a sur- gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- form certain work: as, to operate a machine. operatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to the opera. operation (-a/shun), n. the act of operating; agency; effect; manipu- lation; surgical performance with instruments; a series of movements of an army or fleet. operative ('er-a-tiv). adj. having the power of acting; efficacious; vigor- ous: n. an artisan or skilled work- man. operator ('er-a-ter), n. one who, or that which, operates. operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- sical drama. ophicleide (of'i-klld), n. a large brass keyed musical instrument of the horn class. Ophidia (6-fid'i-a), n.pl. an order of reptiles, including the serpents. ophidian ('i-an), adj. pertaining to the Ophidia; snake-like: n. one of the Ophidia. ophiological (of-i-6-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to ophiology. ophiology (-oro-ji) n. that branch of natural history which treats of serpents. ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a), n. in- flammation of the eye or eyeball. Also ophthalmitis. ophthalmic ('mil*;)* adj. pertaining to the eye. ophthalmologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in diseases of the eye. ophthalmology ('o-ji), n. the science that treats of the eye and its diseases. ophthalmoscope ('mo-skop), n. an instrument for examining the inte- rior of the eye. ophthalmoscopy (-mos'ko-pi), n. ex- amination of the eye. ophthalmoscopy ('mo-sko-pi), n. ex- section or extraction of the eye. ophthalmotrope (of-thal'mo-trop) , n. a mechanical model of the two eyes regulated by pulleys and used to demonstrate the action of the various eye muscles. opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- pounded with opium to induce sleep or rest; narcotic; anything that soothes: adj. narcotic; sooth- ing; inducing sleep or quiet. opine (6-pin'), v.i. to think; be of opinion. opinion (-pin'yun), n. belief or judg* ment; estimation; persuasion. opinionated (-a-ted), adj. firm or obstinate in one's opinions. opinionative (-a-tiv), adj. fond of preconceived ideas; self-conceited. opinionatively (-li), adv. obstinately. opium (6'pi-um), n. the dried juice of the capsules of the white poppy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not: boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. OPOBALSAM 623 OPTIMISM opobalsam (op-o-bawl'sam), n. balm of Gilead opodeldoc (-del'dok), n. a soap lini- ment usee? for sprains, &c. opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American and Australian marsupial carnivo- rous mammal. opotherapy (op-o-ther'a-pi), n. treat- ment of disease with animal ex- tracts, chiefly of the glands of internal secretion, as the thyroid, adrenals, and pituatary body: more commonly called organotherapy. opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; adverse; antagonistic: n. one who opposes, especially in argument or debate; adversary. opportune (-per-tun'), adj. well- timed; seasonable. opportunely (li) adv. seasonably. opportuneness ('nes), n. seasonable- opportunism ('izm), n. sacrifice of principle to circumstances, especial- ly in politics. opportunist ('ist), n. one who takes advantage of circumstances to pro- mote the political interests of his party. opportunity (-tu'ni-ti), n. convenient time or occasion. opposable (-poz'a-bl), adj. that may be opposed. oppose (-poz')» v.t. to act against; contend with; resist; place as an obstacle; check. opposite ('po-zit), adj. placed or standing in front; contrary; ad- vene; antagonistic. oppositely (-li), adv. in front; ad- versely oppositeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being opposite. opposition (-zish'un), n. the act or state of opposing; hostile resistance; contrariety; obstacle;^ the situation of two heavenly bodies when their longitudes differ by 180°; the col- lective body of opponents to the existing administration or govern- ment. oppositionist (-ist), n. one of the party that opposes an administra- tion or government. oppress (-pres'), v.t. to burden; crush by hardship or severity; he heavily upon. oppression (-presh'un), n. the act of oppressing; state of being oppressed; hardship; calamity; injustice; lassi- tude; dulness. oppressive (-pres'iv), adj. unreason- ably burdensome; unjustly severe; tyrannical; overpowering; heavy. oppressively (-li), adv. in an oppres- sive manner. oppressiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being oppressive. oppressor ('er), n. one who oppresses. opprobrious (-pro'bri-us), adj. ex- pressive of opprobrium; reproachful and contemptuous; disgraceful. opprobrium ^ ('bri-um), n. reproach with disdain or contempt; igno- miny. opsiometer (-si-om'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the limits of distinct vision. opsonic (op-son 'ik), adj. related to opsonin. The opsonic index, deter- mined by observation of the white blood corpuscles in engulfing bac- teria, reveals the relative quantity of opsonin inthe blood. opsonin (op'so-nin), n. name given by Sir Ahnroth Wright to the hypothetical antibody in the blood that enables the leucocytes to ingest hostile bacteria. optative ('ta-tiv), adj. expressing de- sire or wish. optic ('tik), adj. pertaining to vision. Also optical: n.pl. the science of the properties of light and vision. optically (-al-li), adv. by optics or vision. optician (-tish'un), n. one skilled in optics; one who makes or sells opti- cal instruments. optigraph ('ti-graf), n. a kind of camera for copying landscapes. optimism ('ti-mizm), n. the doctrine that everything in the present state of existence is for the best. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. OPTIMIST 624 ORCHARD optimist ('ti-mist), n. one who holds Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- the doctrine of optimism. ored and juicy fruit; the color of optimistic (-mis'tik), adj. character- such fruit: adj. pertaining to an ized by optimism; sanguine. orange; orange-colored. optimistically (-al-li), adv. hope- orangeade (-ad), n. a beverage made fully. from orange-juice. option ('shun), n. power or right of orange-book, n. official name of a choice; wish; selection; on the collection of diplomatic messages Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell issued by Russia just before the or buy stock in a time bargain at a European war of 1914. stated price. orangeman (-man), n. [pi. orange- optional (-&1), adj. left to one's wish men (-men) ], a member of a polit- or choice. ical society of Irish Protestants: optionally (-li), adv. at one's own named from William III., Prince of option. Orange. optometer. Same as opsiometer. orangery (-ri), n. a place for the optophone (op'to-fon), n. an instru- cultivation of oranges. ment which by utilizing the varying orange-rust (or 'an j -rust), n. a fun- electrical conductivity _ of selenium gus that infests the stems of black- under changing conditions of light, berry and raspberry plants, enables a blind man to detect the orang-outang (o-rang'oo-tang), n. presence of opaque objects by the the great anthropoid ape of the East- sense of hearing. ern Archipelago. optotechnics (op'to-tek'niks), n. oration (-ra/shun), n. a formal pub- the science that deals with optical lie speech delivered on an occasion instruments, including microscope, of special importance; harangue, telescope, and camera. orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes opulence ('u-lens), n. wealth. Also an oration; an eloquent speaker, opulency. oratorical (-tor'i-kal), adj. pertain- opulent ('u-lent'), adj. wealthy; rich. ing to an orator or to oratory; rhe- opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera (op'er-a) ], torical. a work; musical composition. oratorically (-li), adv. in a rhetori- opuscule ('kul), n. a little work; cal manner. brochure. ^ oratorio (-to'ri-o), n. a musical com- or (or), conj. the correlative of either. position having a sacred theme as oracle (or'a-kl), n. among the an- its subject. cients, the response of a deity or in- oratory ('&-to-ri), n. the art of an spired priest to some inquiry; the orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a deity who gave the answer; the place small chapel, especially one for pri- where a deity might be consulted; vate devotion. the Jewish temple; a prophetic orb (orb), n. a circular body; sphere; declaration; a prophet or person of the eye; circuit. reputed wisdom. orbed ('d), adj. spherical. Orbiculate. oracular (o-rak'u-lar), adj. of the orbicular (-bik'u-lar), adj. orb-shaped, nature of an oracle; uttering ora- orbit ('bit), n. the bony cavity of the cles; dogmatically magisterial; am- eye; the path described by a heav- biguous; venerable. enly body during its periodical rev- oral ('ral), adj. verbal. olution. oralism (o'ral-izm), n. teaching deaf- orbital (-al), adj. pertaining to an mutes by the lip-language. orbit. orally (-li), adv. verbally. orchard ('cherd), n. an inclosure orange (or'enj), n. a tree (Citrus of fruit trees. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. ORCHESTRA 625 ORGANIST orchestra ('kes-tra), n. in the an- cient Greek theater the place where the chorus danced; in a modern theater, &c, the place occupied by the musicians; the parquet; the body of musicians. orchestral (-tral), adj. pertaining to, suited to, or performed by, an orchestra. orchestration (-tra'shun), n. musi- cal arrangement or instrumentation for an orchestra. orchid ('kid), n. a handsome flower, often of fantastic shape, of the genus Orchis. Orchis ('kis), n. a genus of plants with curiously-shaped roots and flowers. orcin > ('sin), n. a coloring substance obtained from lichens. ordain (-dan'), v.t. to appoint; in- stitute; invest with ministerial or priestly functions. ordeal ('de-al), n. an ancient method of trial by fire, water, combat, &c, to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person: hence a severe trial or test. order ('der), n. method or regular ar- rangement; settled mode of proced- ure; rule; regulation; command; class; rank; degree; a religious fra- ternity; an association of persons possessing a common honorary dis- tinction; a division intermediate be- tween a class or sub-class and a family; in architecture, a system of constructing and ornamenting col- umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and* Composite; pi. the three orders (bishop, # priest, deacon) of the Christian ministry in an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- ders): v.t. to regulate or manage; command; conduct; direct: v.i. to give a command or order. ordering ('der-ing), n. arrangement; distribution. orderly ('der-li), adj. well regulated; methodical; performed in good or- der; peaceable; on military duty: n. a soldier who attends upon an officer to carry his orders: adv. method* ically. ordinal ('din-al), adj. noting order: n. a number noting order; a book containing the form of service for ordination. ordinance ('di-nans), n. an estab- lished rule, rite, or law. ordinarily ('di-na-ri-li), adj. accord- ing to established rule or method; usually. ordinary ('di-na-ri), adj. according to established order; usual ;^ cus- tomary; commonplace; mediocre; plain; a meal for all comers at fixed charges; an ecclesiastical judge; a prison chaplain; in heraldry, that part of the escutcheon contained be- tween straight and other lines. ordinate ('di-nat), n. a straight line in a curve terminated on both sides by the curve and bisected by the diameter. ordination (-na/shun), n. the act of conferring holy orders; the state of being ordained or appointed. ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. ore (or), n. metal as extracted from the earth in its natural state or com- bined with some other substance. oread (5 're-ad), n. a mountain nymph. orexigenic (o-rek-si-jen'ik)^ a. tend- ing to stimulate the appetite. organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; means of communication or convey- ance; that part of living structure by means of which some function is discharged or work performed; a wind instrument. m . organic (-gan'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, containing, or produced by, organs; instrumental. Also or- ganical. organically (-al-li), adv. in an organ- ic manner; with, or by means of, organs. organicalness (-nes), n. organic quality. . organism ('gan-izm), n. organical organist (*'ist), n. a performer on the organ. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue s hut think, then. ORGANIZATION 626 ORNAMENTALLY organization (-i-za'shun), n. organic structure; the act of organizing. organize ('gan-Iz), v.t. to form or furnish with organs; to arrange or distribute into parts with the proper officials so as to work or carry out a scheme efficiently. organogeny ('oj-e-ni), n. organic de- velopment. organography (-og'ra-fi), n. a scien- tific description of the organs of animals or plants. organology (-ol'o-ji), n. that branch of physiology which treats of anima? organs. organon ('ga-non), n. a body of rule? for regulating scientific or philo- sophical investigation. organoplasty (-o-plas'tik), adj. pro- ducing, or evolving, organic tissue. organotherapy (6r'gan-6-ther'a-pi) , n. the treatment of disease by animal extracts, an important department of recent medicine; also called opo- therapy. organzine ('gan-zin), n. thrown silk of very fine texture; a fabric made from it. orgasm ('gazm), n. immoderate ex- citement or action. orgues (orgz), n.pl. pieces of timber pointed and shod with iron; an ar- rangement of gun-barrels in parallel order for firing simultaneously. orgy ('ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- cially at night: pi. secret rites in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) dis- tinguished by wild revelry. oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large Day window. Orient ('ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the East. orient ('ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- sition of with reference to the East. Oriental (-en'tal), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the East; proceeding from Asia or the East: n. an inhabi- tant of Asia or the East. oriental (-en'tal), adj. precious; pure; valuable: said of gems. Orientalism (-izm), ~n. an idiom or custom characteristic of the East. Orientalist (-ist), n. one who is skilled in Oriental languages, sub- jects, &c. orientate (-tat), v.t. & v.i. to turn toward the East. orientation (-ta'shun), n. the deter- mination of the position of the east; eastward position; the faculty pos- sessed by certain birds of finding their way home from long distances. orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- ture. oriflamme ('i-flam), n. the ancient royal standard of France, a red flag split at one end and forming flame- shaped streamers. origin ('i-jin), n. beginning; first ex- istence; source; cause; derivation. original (o-rij'i-nal), adj. first in or- der; having power to originate; not copied: n. that from which anything is copied, &c; the language in which a work is written; archetype; an eccentric person. originality ('i-ti), n. original state or quality. originally (-li), adv. at first. original sin (sin), n. the inherent tendency of mankind to sin, derived from Adam and imputed to his de- scendants. originate (-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring into existence: v.i. to rise; com- mence. origination (-na'shun), n. first pro- duction; source; method of produc- tion. originator ('i-na-ter), n. one who originates. or ill on (o-ril'yun), n. a mound of earth faced with a wall to protect a cannon. oriole (o'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. orlop (orlop), n. the lowest deck of a ship. ormolu ('mo-loo), n. bronze or eop- per gilt in imitation of gold. ornament ('na-ment), n. anything that adorns or beautifies; embellish- ment: v.t. to adorn, beautify, or dec- orate. ornamentally ('al-li), adv. so as to adorn. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORNAMENTATION 627 ORTHOGRAPHY ornamentation (-ta'shun), ft. deco- ration. ornate (-naf), adj. ornamented. ornately ('li), adv. in an ornate manner. ornery (6r'ne-ri), adj. very ordinary or insignificant: colloquial term of depreciation or contempt. ornith, a prefix meaning bird. Also ornitho, as ornitholite, the remains of a bird in a fossil state. ornithological (-ni-tho-loj'i-kal),ad!/. pertaining to ornithology. ornithologist (-thoro-jist), ft. one who is skilled in ornithology. ornithology ('o-ji), ft. the scientific study of the structure, habits, &c, of birds. orographic (or-6-graf'ik), adj. per- taining to orography. Also oro- graphical. orography (6-rog'ra-fi), ft. the science that treats of mountains, mountain systems, their height, &c. Also orology. oroide (6'ro-id), ft. an alloy of tin and copper resembling gold. orotund (6'ro-tund), adj. character- ized by- fullness, clearness, strength, and smoothness: said of the voice or manner of utterance: ft. a quality of voice thus characterized. orphan (or'fan), ft. a child bereft of one or both parents: adj. bereft of parents. orphanage (-aj), ft. the state of an orphan; an institution for orphans. orphaned ('fand), adj. bereft of parents. Orphean ('fe-an), adj. pertaining o3 Orpheus, the celebrated bard of classic mythology: hence melodious, enchanting. Also Orphic. orphrey Cfri), ft. an embroidered band or bands of gold or silver on the front of an ecclesiastical vest- ment from the neck downward, especially on a cope. orpiment ('pi-ment), ft. yellow sul- phuret of arsenic; king's yellow. orpin Cpin), ft. a yellow color of various shades of intensity. orpine Cpin), ft. a succulent plant with fleshy leaves: so named fro::i its yellow color. orrery (or'e-ri), ft. an apparatus to illustrate by balls mounted on rods the motions, nagnitudes, and posi- tions of the planets of the solar system. orris ('is), ft. gold or silver lace; the iris. orris-root (-root), ft. the dried roots of the Florentine orris: used as a perfume. orthite (or'thit), ft. a variety of alla- nite. ortho, a prefix meaning straight, right, true. orthoclase (6r'th6-klaz), w. potash feldspar. orthodiograph (6r-tho'di-6-graf), ft. a device for taking X-ray pictures of the internal organs of the body. orthodontist (6r-tho-dont'ist), ft. one who makes a business of straight- ening teeth, widening mouth arches, and restoring jaws to proper shape. orthodox ('tho-doks), adj. holding, or in accordance with, the received or established belief or doctrine. orthodoxy (-dok-si), ft. conformity to orthodox belief or opinion. orthoepy (-tho'e-pi), ft. correct pro- nunciation. orthogenesis (6r-tho-jen'e-sis) r ft. the theoretical origin of species through the inheritance of charac- ters acquired or modified by func- tional activity. ortnogonal (thog'o-nal), adj. rec- tangular. orthograde (or'tho-grad) , adj. walk- ing with upright body, after the man- ner of man and the anthropoid apes. orthographer ('ra-fer), ft. one skilled in orthography. Also ortho- graphist. orthographic (-tho-graf ik) , adj. per- taining to orthography; correctly spelt. Also orthographical. orthographically (-al-li), adv. ac- cording to the rules of orthography. orthography (-thog'ra-fl), ft. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ORTHOPiEDIA 628 OSTEOLOGY art of spelling and writing words correctly. orthopaedia (-tho-pe'di-a), n. the prevention and cure of deformities, especially in children. ortolan ('to-lan), n. a small bird, allied to the bunting: much es- teemed for its flesh. os (os), n. (Latin) [pi. ossa ('&) ], a bone; the mouth (pi. ora). oscillate ('i-lat), v.i. & v.t. to swing backwards and forwards; vibrate. oscillation (-la/shun), n. a swinging backwards and forwards; vibration. oscillator (os'i-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, oscillates; a device for producing electric currents of a constant period, independently of variations in its driving force. oscillatory (os'-i-la-to-ri), adj. swing- ing; vibrating. oscillograph (os'i-lo-graf), n. an in- strument for studying the oscilla- tions of the electric current. osculate ('ku-lat), v.t. & v.i. to kiss; touch. osculation (-la/shun), n. kissing; touching. osculatory ('ku-la-to-ri), adj. per- taining to kissing: n. a tablet or board on which the picture of Christ or the Virgin Mary is painted for worshipers to kiss. osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs of which are used in basket-making; matter in muscular fiber containing those constituents to which its taste when cooked is due. Osiris (os-I'ris), n. the favorite god of the Egyptians; the husband of Iris and the father of Horus, two other Egyptian deities. Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to take the life of persons who are presumed to have reached an age at which their usefulness is ended. osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic element in platinum ore. osmose ('mos), n. the process of at- traction by which gases and fluids pass through a separating mem- brane. osmund ('mund), n. the flowering fern of the genus Osmunda. osnaburg ('na-berg), n. a coarse linen. osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. Also ossifrage. ossein ('e-in), n. gelatinous tissue in bone. osseous ('e-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, bone. osseter ('e-ter), n. a species of stur- geon, yielding a fine kind of isin- glass. ossicle ('i-kl), n. a little bone: pi. a hard structure of small size, as the calcareous plates of the starfish. ossiferous (-if er-us), adj. producing, or containing, bone. ossification (-fi-ka/shun), n. conver- sion of soft animal tissue into bone. ossify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, p.pr. ossifying], to convert into bone or into a bone-like substance; harden: v.i. to become bone. ostensibility (-ten-si-bil'i-ti), n: the state or quality of being ostensible. ostensible ('si-bl), adj. apparent; held forth to view; plausible. ostensibly ( r si-bli), adv. in appear- ance. ostensive ('ten-si v), adj. showing; exhibiting. ostentation (-ta'shun), n. outward show or appearance; ambitious or vain display. ostentatious ('shus), adj. fond of show; intended for vain display; gaudy. osteodentine (-te-o-den'tin), n. a substance forming the teeth of verte- brate animals and structurally in- termediate between bone and den- tine. osteoderm (os'te-o-derm), n. a bone developed in the skin of an animal, as in the case of amphibia and rep- tiles and in the armadillo. osteogenesis (-jen'e-sis), n. bone formation. osteologist (-ol'o-jist), n, one who is skilled in osteology. osteology ('o-ji), n. that part of an- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OSTEOPATHIC OUTLINE atomy treating of bones, their struc- ture, &c. osteopathic (-o-path'ik), adj. per- taining to osteopathy. osteopathist (-op'a-thist), n. one skilled in, or who practices, osteop- athy. osteopathy (-op'a-thi), n. a system of therapeutics in which the treat- ment is by manipulation of the bones, muscles, and nerve centers. osteosarcoma (-o-sar-ko'ma), n. sof- tening of the bones. ostitis (-tl'tis), n. inflammation of the bones. ostler (os'ler) n. a man who attends to horses at an inn. ostracism ('tra-sizm), n. banishment by ostracizing. ostracize ('tra-siz), v.t. to banish by popular vote: from the ancient cus- tom in Athens of banishing a citizen by throwing a shell, inscribed with the name of the person to be ban- ished, into an urn; exclude from public or private favor. ostracoderm (os-trak'o-derm), n. a group of marine crustaceans, fossil forms of which are believed by Prof. Patten to represent direct ancestors of the vertebrates. ostrich • ('trich), n. a swift running African bird, valued for its feathers. Ostrogoth ('tro-goth), n. an Eastern Goth. other (uth'er), adj. noting something besides; different; contrary. otherwise (-wlz), adv. in another manner; in other respects: conj. else. otoscope (o'to-skop), n. an instru- ment for examining the interior of the ear. otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- mal of the weasel family, which feeds on fish. otto. Another form of attar. Ottoman (ot'o-man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Turks or their government: n. a Turk. ottoman ('o-man), n. a cushioned seat; a movable cushioned foot-rest. ought (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. anything. ounce (ouns), n. a weight l-16th of a pound avoirdupois; l-12th of a pound troy; a carnivorous animal resembling the leopard. our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- longing to, us. ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. we or us, not others. ousel, ouzel (oo'zel), n. the Euro- pean blackbird. oust (oust), v.t. to eject. out (out), adv. without; not within or at home; abroad; gone forth; not in office or employment; in a state of extinction; to the end; at a loss; without restraint^ not actively engaged in a game; in an error; loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who is not in office. out-and-out, adj. thorough: adv. completely; thoroughly. outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking out; an eruption. outcast ('kast), adj. cast out; re- jected: n. one who is cast or driven out; an exile. outcrop ('krop), n. the exposure of strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to crop out at the surface. outcry ('kri), n. clamor; tumult. outfall ('fawl), n. the lower end of a water-course; point of discharge. outgo (-go'), v.t. [p.L outwent, p.p. outgone, p.pr. outgoinig], to go be- yond; surpass. outgoings ('ings), n.pl. expenses. out-herod (-her'od), v.t. to exceed the cruelty or violent character of (Herod the Great): hence to exceed in any evil. outlander (out'lan-der), n. a for- eigner. outlandish (-land'ish), adj. foreign; extraordinary; vulgar. outlaw ('law), n. one who is deprived of legal benefits and protection: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits and pro- tection. outline (Tin), n. a line bounding or Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. OUTPORT 630 OVERTAKE defining a figure; first sketch: v.t. to sketch out. outport ('port), n. a port or harbor at some distance from the chief port. output (out 'put), n. the total quanti- ty of any oroduct manufactured or produced. outrage ('raj), n. open and excessive violence; wanton abuse or mis- chief: v.t. to commit an outrage upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act in an outrageous manner. outrageous ('us), adj. violent; ex- cessive; exceeding all bounds. outre (oo-tra,'), adj. overstrained; exaggerated. outrider (out'ri-der), n. a servant on horseback who rides in advance of a carriage. outrigger ('rig-er), n. a projecting spar or beam for extending sails or ropes; a boat with projecting row- locks. outright ('rit), adv. completely; at once. outside ('sid), n. the external part of anything; superficies; utmost; a passenger on the top of a bus, &c: pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of paper: adj. pertaining to, or situ- ated upon, the outside; exterior. outspan (out-span'), v.i. to unyoke the oxen and prepare for resting or camping out. outspoken ('spo-kn), adj. candid. outstanding (-stand'ing), adj. pro- jecting; unpaid. outward ('werd), adj. external; to or from the exterior; visible; extrinsic. outward-bound (-bound), adj. sail- ing to foreign parts. outwards ('werdz), adv. toward the outside; to foreign parts. Also out- ward. outwent, p.t of outgo. outwit (-wit'), v.t. to overreach, or defeat, by superior skill or cunning. outwork ('werk), n. a defense con- structed beyond the main body of a fort, &c. ouzel. See ousel. ova, pi. of ovum. oval (o'val), adj. shaped like an egg; elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. ovarian (-va'ri-an), adj. pertaining to the ovary. ovaritis (-rl'tis), n. inflammation of the ovaries. ovary ('va-ri)_, n. [pi. ovaries (-riz) ], the organ in a female animal in which the ova or first germs of fu- ture fife are formed; the hollow seed-case of a plant. ovate ('vat), adj. egg-shaped. ovate-oblong (ob'long), adj. longer than oval. ovation (-va'shun), n. among the ancient Romans, a minor triumph of a general for an inferior victory at which sheep were sacrificed; an enthusiastic demonstration of pub- He esteem. oven (uv'n), n. a place or apparatus for baking or heating. over (o'ver), prep, superior in posi- tion, authority, dignity, excellence, or value; above; upon; across; cov- ering; more than: adv. from begin- ning to end; from one to another; from side to side; in excess; on the surface; throughout: adj. beyond; superior: n. in cricket, the number of balls delivered by one bowler. overhaul ('hawl), v.t. to _ examine thoroughly; overtake; gain upon: said of a ship. overplus (Ver-plus), n. excess. overpower (-pou'er), v.t. to bear down or crush by superior force; vanquish. over-production (-pro-duk'shun), n. supply in excess of the demand. overseer (-ser'), n. the superintendent of some department of a business; a parochial official who superintends the poor. overshot wheel ('ver-shot hwel), n. a water wheel which is driven by water flowing over its top. overt ('vert), adj. open; public. overtake (o-ver-tak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch by pursuit; come upon as a punish- ment; take by surprise. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. OVERTHROW 631 OYES overthrow (-thro'), v.t. to turn up- side down; demolish; vanquish; de- stroy: n. ('ver-thro) ruin; defeat; in cricket, a ball missed by the wicket-keeper when returned to him. overtones ('ver-tonz), n.pl. har- monics. overture ('ver-tur), n. an offer or proposal; opening; an introductory symphony before the commencement of an opera, &c. overweening (-wen'ing), adj. con- ceited. overwhelm (-hwelm'), v.t. to crush or destroy utterly. overwise (-wlz'), adj. affectedly wise. ovicular (-vik'u-lar), adj. pertaining to an egg; oviform. oviparous (-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- ing young by eggs. ovoid (Void), adj. egg-shaped. Also ovoidal. ovolo ('vo-lo), n. a round or convex egg-shaped molding. ovoplasm ('vo-plazm), n. the proto- plasmic substance or yolk of an egg. ovo viviparous (-vl-vip'a-rus), adj. producing eggs containing the young in a living state, as certain animals. ovule ('vul), n. the germ borne by the placenta of a plant, and subse- quently developing into a seed. ovum ('vum), n ; [pi. ova (Va) ], the germ or body in the ovary which, when impregnated, develops in the foetus; an egg-shaped ornament. owe (o), v.t. to be indebted, or under obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.i. to be in debt. owing ('ing), p. adj. due as a debt; ascribable to; imputable to. owl (oul), n. a raptorial nocturnal bird characterized by its hoot: v.i. to smuggle. owlet ('et), n. a young owl. own (on), adj. belonging to; peculiar or proper to: v.t. to possess or hold by right; concede or acknowledge. owner ('er), n. lawful proprietor. ownership ('er-ship), n. rightful possession. ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen ('n) }, an ani mal of the bovine genus, especially a castrated bull. oxalate ('a-lat), n. a salt of oxalic acid. oxalic (-al'ik), adj. pertaining to, 01 derived from, oxalis, a genus of plants with a bitter taste, contain- ing the wood-sorrel. oxalic acid (as'id), n. a poisonous acid obtained from sawdust. oxidability (-id-a-bil'i-ti), n. capa- bility of being converted into an oxide. oxidahle ('i-da-bl), adj. capable of being converted into an oxide. oxidate. Same as oxidize. oxidation (-da'shun), n. the opera- tion of converting into an oxide. oxide ('Id), n. a compound of oxygen and a base. oxidize ('i-dlz), v.t. to convert into an oxide: v.i. to be converted into an oxide. Also oxidate. oxlip ('lip), n. a variety of primula. oxy, a prefix occurring in various sci- entific words, meaning the presence of oxygen. oxygen ('i-jen), n. a colorless in- odorous gas, which with nitrogen and argon constitutes l-5th by vol- ume of the atmosphere, and in com- bination with hydrogen forms water. oxygenate ('i-jen-at), v.t. to com- bine with oxygen. Also oxygenize. oxygenation. Same as oxidation. oxyhydrogen (-hi'dro-jen), adj. con- sisting of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, as in the oxyhydrogen- blowpipe by which an intense heat is produced by the combination of the two gases. oxytone ('i-ton), adj. having an acute sound; having the last sylla- ble accented; n. an acute sound. oyer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial of legal causes. oyer and terminer (ter'min-er), n. a court constituted by commission to hear and determine specified causes. oyes (''yes), inter j. the introductory ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boons book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 41 OYSTER 632 OZOTYPE cry of an official or public crier de- manding silence. Also oyez. oyster (ois'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed as a delicacy. oyster-plant (-plant), n. a plant whose root, when cooked, has the flavor of oysters; salsify. ozocerite (o-zS-se'rite), n. a wax made of paraffin. ozone ('zon), n. an allotropic form of oxygen present in the atmosphere, especially after electrical disturb- ance, with a characteristic odor. ozonium (o-zon'i-um), n. a fungus growth in cotton producing root-rot. ozonize ('zo-niz), v.t. to charge with ozone. ozonometer (-nom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for determining the pres- ence and amount of ozone in the atmosphere. ozostomia (o-zo-sto'mi-a), n. fetid breath caused by stomach trouble. ozotype (o-zo-tip), n. a method of photographic printing depending up- on the action of light on chromium trioxite. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. p P, the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet; the chemical symbol for phosphorus. pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. food; nour- ishment. paca (pak'a), n. a small South Ameri- can rodent of a dark-brown color spotted with white. pace (pas), n. a step; manner of walking; length of one's movement of the foot in walking; a linear measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to measure by steps or paces: v.i. to walk slowly or deliberately; amble. paced (past), p. adj. having a par- ticular manner of walking. pacha. Same as pasha. pachycarpous (pak-i-kar'pus), adj. having a very thick pericarp. pachydactyl (-dak'til), n. an animal with thick toes. pachydermatous (-der'ma-tus), adj. thick-skinned. pachyotous (pak-i-o'tus), adj. having abnormally thick ears. pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-making; conciliatory; mild; peaceful. pacification (-i-ka'shun), n. the act of peace-making; conciliation. pacificator (-sif'i-ka-ter), n. a peace- maker. pacifier (pas'i-fl-er), n. one who pacifies. pacifist (pas'si-fist), n. one who op- poses war. pacify ('i-fl), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. pacified, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or apoease. pack (pak), n. a large bundle tied up for carriage; load; burden; set of playing-cards; great number or quantity; gang; weight of wool = 240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for hunting: v.t. o * ind and press to- gether, as goods for carriage; load; dismiss summarily or unceremoni- ously; select nd put together for an unjust object: v.t. to become firm- ly pressed; depart or remove in haste. package ('aj), n. a bundle or bale of goods. packet ('et), n. a small pack, or par- cel; a vessel sailing between two or more ports for the conveyance of passengers, mails, and merchan- dise at regular intervals. paco (pa'ko), n. the alpaca; an earthy brown oxide of iron containing small quantities of native silver. pact (pakt), n. an agreement. pad (pad), n. a scft cushion; a thick mass of sheets of blotting paper for writing upon; a slow-paced horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.pr. pad- ding], to travel slowly: v.t. stuff with padding. padding ('ing), n. material used for stuffing} the act of impregnating cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- ter for filling out a newspaper or magazine article, &c. paddle ('1), v.i. to row slowly; play in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- dle or oar; to spank: n. a short broad oar; an oar blade; one of the floats for propelling a steamship. paddle-wheel (-hwel), n. a wheel with floats for propelling a steam- ship. paddock ('uk), n. a small field or enclosure adjacent to a stable for horses, &c. ; a large toad or frog. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (633) PADLOCK 634 PALANQUIN padlock (padlok), n. a lock with a link to pass through a staple or eye' v.t. to fasten with a padlock. padrone (pa-dro'na), n. a person, usually an Italian, who owns barrel organs and lets them out on hire; in Italy, a contractor for labor. paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal song. paedobaptism (-do-bap 'tizm), n. in- fant baptism. Also pedobaptism. paeony. Same as peony. pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen; idolater: adj. heathen ; idolatrous. paganish (-ish), adj. heathenish. paganism (-izm), n. heathenism: idolatry. page (paj), n. a boy attending on a person of distinction; a boy in liv- ery; a male attendant on a legisla- tive body; one side of the leaf of a book; a book or writing; episode: v.t . to mark or number in pages. pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical show or spectacle; anything merely showy. pageantry (-ri), n. ostentatious dis- play. paginal ('i-nal), adj. consisting of pages. pagination (-na'shun), n. the mark- ing, numbering, or making, into pages. Also paging. pagoda (pa-go'da), _ n. a Buddhist temple; a Hindu idol temple; an idol; a gold or silver coin current in India. paid, p.t. & p.p. of pay. paidology (pa-dol'o-ji), n. scientific child study. pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood or metal furnished with a handle for carrying water, &c. pailful ('fool), n. the quantity that a pail will hold. pain (pan), n. physical or mental suffering; penalty: pi. diligent ef- fort; throes of parturition: v.t. to cause physical or mental suffering; render uneasy. painful ('fool), adj. full of, or caus- ing, pain. painfully (-li), adv. so as to cause pain. painfulness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being painful. paint (pant), v.t. to represent by delineation and colors; depict; be- smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. to practice painting; rouge: n. a coloring substance or pigment; rouge. painter ( er), n. one whose occupa- tion is to paint; an artist who is skilled in depicting subjects in col- ors; a rope for fastening a boat. painter's-colic ('erz-kol'ik), n. lead- poisoning. painting ('ing), n. the act, art, or occupation of laying on colors; the representation of objects by delinea- tion and colors; a picture; vivid verbal description. pair (par), n. two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and used together; couple; married couple: v.t. to join in couples: v.i. to be joined jn couples; suit or be adapted to each other; in a legisla- tive body, to offset votes, or agree to a pair-off. pair-off ('of), n. an agreement by two members on opposing sides of a measure to abstain from voting when the votes if cast would neu- tralize each other. pajamas (pa-jil'maz), n.pl. loose trousers of silk, &c; a kind of sleeping costume. pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- complice. palace (pal'as), n. the residence of a sovereign or bishop; a magnificent house or building. paladin ('a-din), n. a knight-errant, especially one of the knights of Charlemagne or Arthur. palaeo, a prejix meaning ancient, as pateolithic, adj. noting the earliest division of the Stone Age. palaeontology. Same as paleontology. palaeozoic. Same as paleozoic. palaestra. Same as palestra. palanquin (pal-an-ken'), n. in India and China, a covered conveyance for one passenger borne on the shoulders of men. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PALATABLE 635 PALLID palatable ('a-ta-bl), adj. agreeable to the taste; savory. palatal ('a-tal), adj. pertaining to, or uttered by means of, the palate: n. a letter pronounced by means of the palate. palate ('at), n. the roof of the mouth; taste or relish. palatial (pa-la'shal), adj. pertaining to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. palatinate (-lat'i-nat) , n. the province or dignity of a palatine. palatine ('&-tin), adj. invested with royal privileges and rights, as cer- tain counties: n. one who is thus invested. palaver (pa-la Ver), n. a public con- ference [African] ; superfluous or idle talk; chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in color; of a faint luster: n, a narrow board used in fencing; a pointed stake; space inclosed by rails; limit; dis- trict or territory: v.i. to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or as with, pales. paleobiologist (pa'le-6~bi-ol'6-jist), n. one who studies fossil organisms with reference to the life-histories of the animals they represent. paleolatry (pa-le-ol'a-tri), n. great regard for the antique, particularly in art and letters. paleomachic (pa/Ie-o-mak'ik), adj. having reference to ancient warfare. paleontologist (pa-le-on-tol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in paleontology. paleontology ('o-ji), n. that branch of geology which treats of fossil re- mains. palmoscopy (pal-mos'ko-pi), n. ob- servation and study of the pulse as a guide to the interpretation of bodily conditions. Paleozoic (-6-zo'ik), adj. noting the fossiliferous strata in which the earliest forms of life appear. palestra (pa-les'tra), n. a place for wrestling or gymnastic exercises. palette (pal'et), n. a thin oval wood or porcelain plate for mixing and holding colors. palfrey (pawl'fri), n. a small saddle- horse for a lady's use. Pali (pa/le), n. the sacred language of the Buddhists, allied to Sanskrit. palimpsest (pal'imp-sest), n. a parch- ment manuscript which after the writing upon it has been partially erased, is used again, the former writing being more or less discernible. palindrome ('in-drom), n. a word, verse, or sentence which reads the same backward or forward, as "Able was I ere I saw Elba." paling ('ing), n. a fence constructed of pales; materials for a fence of pales. palingenesis (pal-in-jen'i-sis), n. new birth or regeneration; inherited evolution. palisade (-i-sad'), n. a fence or forti- fication formed of stakes driven into the ground and pointed at the top; v.t. to inclose or fortify with stakes. palish (pal'ish), adj. somewhat pale. pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by the Pope to an archbishop on his consecration (also pallium); a cof- fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; lose strength: v.t to make insipid. palladium (pal-a-di'um), n. any safe- guard of a liberty, or privilege: from the statue of Pallas at Troy, said to have fallen from heaven, and on the preservation of which de- pended the safety of the city; a rare greyish metal found with plat- inum. pallet ('et), n. a pallette; a name for various tools used in gilding, pottery, horology, &c. : a small piece of the mechanism of a watch; a small rough bed. palliate ('i-at), v.t. to excuse or cover over; extenuate; lessen or abate. palliation (-a'shun), n. the act of palliating; extenuation; mitigation. palliative ('i-a-tiv), adj. tending to lessen or mitigate. pallid ('id), adj. pale; wan. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. Jl PALLIUM 636 PANDEAN pallium. See under pall. pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. a game for- merly played with a ball which was driven through an iron ring by a mallet. pallor (pal'er), n. paleness. palm (pam), n. the inner part of the hand; a linear measure of varying length (from 3 to 4 in.); a tree of various species of the order Palmae; a palm branch symbolical of victory or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the palm of the hand; impose upon by fraud (with off). palmate (pal'mat), adj. resembling a hand with the fingers outstretched; web-footed. palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the Holy Land who carried a palm branch as a token of his pilgrimage. palmetto (pal-met'o), n. a species of palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. palmist (pal'mist), adj. pertaining to palmistry. palmister (-er), n. one who professes palmistry. palmistry ('mis-tri), n. the pretend- ed art of foretelling the future by examination of the lines and marks of a person's hand. palmitin ('mi-tin), n. a solid fatty substance obtained from vegetable oils, &c. Palm Sunday (pam sun'da), n. the Sunday next before Easter, held in commemoration of Christ's trium- phal entry into Jerusalem. palmwise (pam'wiz), adv. having the palm of the hand uppermost. palmy (pam'i), adj. abounding in palms; flourishing; prosperous. palpability (pal-pa-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being palpable. Also palpableness. palpable ('pa-bl), adj. easily per- ceived; obvious. palpably ('pa-bli), adv. obviously. palpitate ('pi-tat), v.i. to beat or throb. palpitation (-ta'shun), n. abnormal beating or throbbing of the heart. palsied (pawl'zid), p.adj. affected with palsy. palsy ('zi), n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to paralyze. palter ('ter), v.i. to trifle; act insin- cerely. paltry ('tri), adj. worthless; con- temptible. pampas (pam'paz), n.pl. in South America, vast treeless plains cov- ered with luxuriant pasture. pamper ('per), v.t. to feed luxurious- ly; satiate. pampero (-pa'ro), n. a strong south- west wind that blows across the pampas of South America. pamphlet ('flet), n. a small unbound book, usually on some current topic, of one or more sheets stitched to- gether. pamphleteer (-eV), n. a writer of pamphlets: v.i. to write pamphlets. pan, a prefix meaning all, universal, as pan- Anglican: n. a broad shallow vessel; that part of an old flint- lock which held the priming. # panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. a universal remedy or medicine. panada (pa-na'da), n. a bread pulp; bread soaked in sweetened boiled water and flavored with nutmeg. Pan-America (pan-a-mer'i-ka),_ n. a political term for all the American republics. pancake Ckak), n. a thin cake of batter fried. pancratic (-krat'ik), adj. excelling in gymnastic exercises: from an athletic contest (pancratium) of the ancient Greeks. pancreas ('kre-as), n. a large fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situated under and behind the stomach se- creting a fluid that assists in the process of digestion. pancreatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or secreted by, the pancreas. . pancreatin ('kre-a-tin), n. an albu- minoid principle in the fluid of the pancreas. panda ('da), n. the Himalayan bearcat. Pandean (-de'an), aij. pertaining to the god Pan, the tutelary deity of shepherds. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tfien. PANDEAN-PIPES 637 PANTOLOGY Pandean-pipes (-pips), n.pl. a mu- sical wind instrument consisting of short reeds of varying length blown by the breath. Also Pan's-pipes. Pandect ('dekt), n. the digest of the Roman or civil law. pandemonium (-de-mo'ni-um), n. a place or abode of general disorder. pander ('der), v.i. to act as an agent for the gratification of the passions. pandit, another form of pundit. pane (pan), n. a square of glass; a piece in variegated work. panegyric (-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation or eulogy in praise of some person or event; encomium. panegyrize ('e-jir-Iz), v.t. to praise or commend highly: v.i. to bestow praise. panel ('el), n. a piece of board, the edges of which are inserted in a frame; a thin board on which a pic- ture is painted; a schedule contain- ing the names of persons summoned to serve as jurors; the jury; in Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: v.t. to form with panels. pang (pang), n. a violent sudden pain; agony, mental or physical. panic ('ik), n. a sudden fright; a kind of millet: adj. suddenly and violently alarming: said of fear. pannier ('ni-er), n. one of two bas- kets suspended across the back of a horse, for carrying market produce. panoplied ('6-plid), adj. furnished with a complete suit of armor. panoply ('o-pli), n. a complete suit of armor. panopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a prison so arranged that the warder on duty can see all the prisoners with- out himself being visible; a kind of polytechnic; a room for the exhibi- tion of novelties. panotype (pan'o-tip), n. a photo- graph produced by the collodion process. panpathy (pan'pa-thi) , n. a feeling or sentiment shared by all people. paraplasm (pan'plazm), n. the theory that all portions of the living cell and all tissues of an animal have a share in the specific bodily func- tions, and not merely the cell nuc- leus or any other isolated structure. panorama (-6-ram'a), n. a picture, viewed from a central standpoint, of several scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator. panoramic (-ram'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, a panorama. Panslavic (-slav'ik), adj. pertaining to all the Slavic races or Panslavism. Panslavism ('izm), n. a Russian movement for the political union of all the Slavic races. pansy ('zi), n. the heart's-ease. pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly; desire ardently (with for or after) : n. rapid breathing: pi. abbreviation for pantaloons. pantagraph. Same as pantograph. pantalettes (pan-ta-lets'), n.pl. loose drawers for women or children. pantaloon ('a-loon), n. a buffoon in a pantomime: pi. a pair of tight trousers. pantamorphic (-mdr'fik), adj. tak- ing all shapes. pantheism ('the-izm) ? n. the doc- trine that the universe in its totality is God. pantheist (-ist), n. a believer in pantheism. pantheistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to pantheism. Pantheon ('the-on), n. a temple dedicated to all the Gods, especially that of ancient Rome dedicated to Mars and Jupiter. panther ('ther), n. a fierce feline carnivorous animal. Fem.pantheress. pantile ('til), n. sl curved tile. pantochronometer (-to-kro-nom'e- ter), n. an instrument which com- bines the sun-dial, compass, and a time-dial. pantograph ('to-graf), n. an instru- ment for copying drawings, designs, &c, on an enlarged or reduced scale. Also pantagraph. pantology (-tol'6-ji), n. universal knowledge. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PANTOMETER 638 PARADOXICALLY pantometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring angles, elevations, distances, &c. pantomime ('to-mim), n. a repre- sentation in dumb show; a popular Christmastime theatrical entertain- ment with music, dancing, &c. pantomimic (-mim'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a pantomime. Also panto- mimical. pantomimist ('to-mim-ist), n. one who acts in pantomime. pantry ('tri), n. a provision closet. pap (pap), n. soft food for infants; a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of fruit. papa (pa-pa' or pa'pa), n. a word of endearment for father. Papacy (pa'pa-si), n. the office, dig- nity, or authority, of the Pope; popes collectively; Roman Catholic religion. Papal ('pal), adj. pertaining to the Pope, or the Church of Rome. papaw (-paw'), n. an East Indian fruit tree. [See pawpaw.] paper (pa/per), n. a thin flexible substance made of various mater- ials, as linen, straw, &c, used for writing or printing upon; a piece of paper; newspaper; an essay or liter- ary contribution; written instru- ment; bank-notes or bills of ex- change: adj. made of paper; thin: v.t. to cover with, or wrap in, paper. papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- taining paper and writing materials. papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha), n. paper pulp molded and made into trays, &c, and japanned. papilla (-pil'a), n. [pi. papillae ('§) j, a small nipple: pi. minute elevations on the tongue, &c. papillary (pap'il-er-i), adj. pertaining to a nipple or the papillae; covered with papillae. papoose (-poos'), n. a young child [North American Indian]. pappus (pap'us), n. the feathery sub- stance on the seed of certain plants; the calyx of a composite flower. pappy ('i), adj. resembling pap. paprika (pa-preka), n. a pepper resembling cayenne, but less fiery; introduced by the Hungarians, who are exceedingly fond of it. papyrus (pa-pl'rus), n. [pi. papyri ('rl),] a species of Egyptian reed, from which the ancients made paper; a manuscript on papyrus. par (par), n. state of equality; nomi- nal and market value. para, a prefix meaning beyond, beside, divergence, as paracentric. parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical method of conveying instruction by means of a fable or short fictitious narrative ;a comparison orsimilitude. parabola (-ab'6-la), n. one of the conic sections formed by the inter- section of the cone by a plane par- allel to one of its sides. parabolic (-a-bol'ik), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, a parabola; allegorical. Also parabolical. paraboloid (pa-rab'o-loid) , n. a solid generated by the revolution of a parabola on its axis. parachute ('a-shoot), n. an umbrella- shaped apparatus for descending from a balloon. Paraclete ('a-klet), n. a title of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, and Advocate. parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- play; show; military display; place of assembly for exercising troops: v.t. to marshal in military order; make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, or walk about ostentatiously. paradigm (par'a-dim), n. an exam- ple or model; example of the gram- matical inflection of a word. paradise ('a-dis), n. the garden of Eden; any place of happiness; heaven. paradox ('a-doks), n. something ap- parently absurd or incredible, yet true; a tenet contrary to received opinions. paradoxical ('i-kal), adj. of the na- ture of a paradox. paradoxically (-li), adv. in a para- doxical manner. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARAFFIN PARASITISM paraffin ('a-fin), n. a white crystal- line substance obtained by distilla- tion from wood, shale, &c. paragoge (-go'je), n. the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word. paragon ('a-gon), n. something of extraordinary excellence; model or pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal or compare. paragraph ('a-graf), n. a small sub- division of a connected discourse; a short passage; a reference _ mark (If); an item of newspaper intelli- gence. paragraphic ('ik), adj. consisting of paragraphs. Also paragraphical. paragraphist ('a-graf -ist), n. a writer of newspaper paragraphs. parallax ('al-laks), n. the apparent angular shifting of an object caused by change in the position of the ob- server, especially^ the difference in the apparent position of a heavenly body and its true place. m parallel ('al-lel), adj. lying side by side; extended in the same direction and equi-distant at all points; hav- ing the same direction or tendency; corresponding: n. a line equidistant at all points from another line; re- semblance or likeness: pi. trenches in front of a fortified place parallel to the defenses: v.t. to place so as to be parallel; correspond to; equal. parallelism (-izm), n. the state or quality of being parallel; corre- spondence. parallelogram ('o-gram), n. a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. parallelepiped (-e-pip'ed), n. a reg- ular solid figure bounded by 6 paral- lelograms, of which the opposite pairs are equal and parallel. paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis), n. loss of the power of sensation of one or more parts of the body; palsy. paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), adj. per- taining to % affected by, or inclined to, paralysis : n. one who is affected with paralysis. paralyze ('a-liz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing}, to af- fect with paralysis; unnerve. paramount (par'a-mount), adj. su- perior to all others; eminent or chief. paramour (par'a-mor), n. an illicit lover. paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a kind of monomania. paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. one who has paranoia; a monomaniac. parapet ('a-pet), n. a wall breast- high; a rampart to protect troops from the fire of an enemy. paraph (par'af ) , n. a flourish ; addition to the signature made by a flourish of the pen ; which, during the Middle Ages provided against forgery. paraphernalia (-fer-na/li-a), n.pl. the apparel, Jewels, &c, of a wife which she possesses over and above her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- erally; quipment; trappings. paraphrase ('a-fraz), n. a free transla- tion or explanation; a hymn based on some Scriptural passage: v.t. make a free translation of; ex- plain in many words: v.i. to make a paraphrase. paraphrastic (-fras'tik), adj. free or clear in explanation; of the na- ture of a paraphrase. Also para- phrastical. paraphrastically (-al-li), adv. in a paraphrase. paraplegia (-ple'ji-a), n. paralysis of the lower half of the body. parasite ('a-sit), n. one who fre- quents the able of a rich man and gains his favor by flattery; a hanger- on; an animal or plant nourished by another to which it attaches itself. parasitic (-sit'ik), adj. of the nature of a parasite; meanly servile or fawning; living at the expense of another animal or plant. Also para- sitical. parasitically (-al-li), adv. like a parasite. parasitism ('a-sit-izm), n. the state or behavior of a parasite. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut, think, then. PARASOL 640 PARIAN parasol ('a-sol), n. a lady's sunshade. paras tatic (par-a-stat'ik), adj. con- cerning the seeming minicry of one species of animal or plant by another. parasyphilis (par-a-sif'i-lis), n. a diseased condition believed to be due to the germ of syphilis but dif- fering from typical cases of the dis- ease. parataxis (-a-taks'is), n. a loose ar- rangement of sentences: opposed to syntax. parathesis (pa-rath'e-sis) , n. in print- ing or writing bracketed matter. parathyroids (par-a-thl'roids), n. small glands on sides of the thyroid. paratyphoid (par'-a-ti'foid), n. near typhoid fever. pari mutuel (pa-re' mu-tu-el'), n. a French system of betting in which the winners divide the stakes. parboil (par'boil), v.t. to boil par- tially. parbuckle Cbuk-1), n. a lope formed into a double sling for hoisting casks, &c: v.t. to hoist by means of a parbuckle. Parcae ('se), n.pl. in classic mythol- ogy, the three Fates, Clotho, Lache- sis, and Atropos, who controlled the destiny of every mortal. parcel ('sel), n. a small bundle or package; little part: v.t. [pt. & p.p. parceled, p.pr. parceling], to divide into parts. parceling (-ing), n. long narrow strips of tarred canvas to prevent friction. parcels-post (par'sels-post), n. a government mailing system for bul- ky parcels in which the postal charge is regulated according to distance as well as weight. parcenary ('sen-a-ri), n. co-heirship. parcener ('sen-er), n. a co-heir. parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; burn slightly; dry to excess. parchesi (par-che'si), n. an Asiatic game played by two or four persons with colored disks on a board. parchment ('ment), n. the skin of a sheep, goat, &c, dressed and pre- pared for writing upon; a deed: adj. made of, or like, parchment. pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spot- ted beast. pardon (par'dn), v.t. to forgive; ab- solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; official remission of a penalty. pardoner (-er), n. one who pardons; formerly, a cleric who was licensed to sell Papal indulgences. pare (par), v.t. to cut away little by little; reduce or diminish. paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. sl tinc- ture of opium to assuage pain: adj. mitigating pain. pareira (pa-ra/ra), n. the root of a Brazilian plant, used in medicine. parenchyma (-reng'ki-ma), n. the soft cellular tissue or pith of plants; the soft tissue of the glandular or- gans of the body. parenchymous (Id-mus), adj. per- taining to, or like, parenchyma: soft;- spongy. Also parenchymatous. parent (pa/rent), n. a father or mother; origin. parentage (-aj), n. extraction; birth. parental (-ren'tal), adj. pertaining to, or becoming, parents; fond. parentally (-li), adv. like a parent. parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. parentheses (-sez) ], an explanatory word or clause inserted in a sen- tence, which is grammatically com-' plete without it: indicated by the marks ( ). parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal) , adj. expressed in a parenthesis; us- ing parentheses. parenthetically (-li), adv. in a par- enthetical manner. paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with general motor paralysis; softening of the brain. parhelion (par-neTi-on), n, a mock sun; a bright light seen near the sun. pariah (pa/ri-a), n. one of the low- est class of Hindus without caste: hence an outcast. Parian (pa'ri-an), adj. pertaining to v or found in, the Isle of Paros, famed ite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bdon, book: hue. hut: think, then. PARIETAL 641 PARSE for its marble: n. a fine porcelain used for statuettes, &c. parietal (pa-ri'e-tal), adj. pertain- ing to a wall or side; forming the wall or side: said of the large lat- eral bones of the head; growing from the wall or side of another organ. parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical district under the particular charge of priest, clergyman, or minister; a district having its own officers for the care of the poor of such a dis- trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- ing to, or maintained by, a parish. parishioner ('on-er), n. one who belongs to a parish. Parisian # (pa-riz'i-an), n. a native or inhabitant of Paris. pari, a prefix meaning equal. parisyllabic (par-i-sil-ab'ik), adj. having an equal number of syllables. parity ('i-ti), n. equality; likeness. park (park), n. a large inclosed piece of ground surrounding a man- sion, or used as a public place for recreation; the train of artillery be- longing to an army division ; an artil- lery encampment: v.t. to inclose, or collect, in a park; compact. parlance (par'lans), n. conversation; idiom of conversation. parley (li), n. a conference, especial- ly with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. parleyed, p.pr. i parleying], to hold a conference, especially with an enemy with a view to peace. Parliament ('li-ment), n. the su- preme legislative assembly of Great Britain and > Ireland, consisting of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. parliamentarian (-men-ta/ri-an), n. one who is versed in parliamentary law and usages. parliamentary ('ta-ri), adj. pertaining to, enacted by, or in accordance with the usages of, Parliament.^ parlor ('ler), n. reception room; drawing room. Parnassian (-nas'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to Mt. Parnassus in Greece, the abode of the Muses; of, or pertain- ing to poetry. parochial (pa-ro'ki-al), adj. pertain- ing to a parish; narrow-minded. parodist (par'o-dist), n. one who parodies. parody ('o-di), n. [pL parodies (-diz) ], a burlesque imitation of a serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- odied, p.pr. parodying], to convert into a parody. parole (pa-rol'), n. a word of honor, especially one given by a prisoner of war that in return for conditional freedom he will return to custody on a specified day; the daily pass- word in a camp or garrison. paronym (par'o-nim), n. a parony- mous word. paronymous (-on'i-mus), adj. of the same derivation, but different in spelling and meaning. paroquet. Same as parrakeet. paroxysm ('oks-izm), n. a sudden spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden action or convulsion. paroxysmal (-iz'mal), adj. pertain- ing to, or occurring in, paroxysms. parquet, parquette (par-kef), n. the floor space of a theater between the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. parquetry ('ket-ri), n. mosaic wood- work for floors. parr (par), n. a young salmon. parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, paroquet. parricidal ('i-sid-al), adj. pertaining to parricide. parricide ('i-sid), n. the murderer of a father or mother; murder of a parent. parrot ('ot), n. a tropical bird with a hooked bill, characterized by its brilliant plumage and its power of imitating the human voice. parrot-fish (-fish), n. a billliant hued fish of the tropical seas. parry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parried, p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a blow. parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PARSEE 642 PARTITIVE matical rules a sentence into its component parts, and show the re- lation of the various parts of speech. Parsee (par'se), n. a descendant of the old Persians, holding the Zoroas- trian faith, and now living in India. Also Parsi. Parseeism (-izm), n. the religion of the Parsees. Also Parsiism. Parsi. Same as Parsee. parsimonious (-si-mo 'ni-us), adj. frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. parsimony ('si-mon-i), n. closeness in expenditure; niggardliness. parsley (pars'li), n. a culinary herb. parsnip ('nip), n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of a parish; a clergyman. parsonage (-aj), n. an ecclesiastical benefice; the residence of an incum- * bent. part (part), n.^ something less than the whole; piece; portion; propor- tional quantity; ingredient; share; member or organ; side or party; concern; business; portion of a work issued in numbers at stated inter- vals; any one of the characters of a play; one of the melodies in a har- mony: pi. faculties, qualities, or ac- complishments; ^ regions; quarters: v.t. to divide into two or more pieces; distribute; separate: v.i. to be separated or divided; take leave. partake (par-tak') v.i. [p.t. par- took, p.p. partaken, p. pr. partaking], to take a part or share in common with others. parterre (-tar'), n. a series of flower beds arranged ornamentally, with in- tervening spaces of gravel or turf. parthenogenesis (-then-o-j en'e-sis ) , reproduction of animals or plants by means of unimpregnated germs or ova. Parthenon ('the-non), n. the temple of Athene (Minerva) at Athens. partial ('shal), adj. inclined to favor one side or party; biased. partially (-li), adv. in a partial partiality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being partial. participant (-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- ing: n. one who shares or partakes. participate ('i-pat), v.i. to partake: v.t. to have part of; share. participation (-pa/shun),^, the act of sharing something with others; division into shares; companionship. participator ('i-pa-ter), n. one who partakes with another. participial (-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having the nature of a participle. participle ('ti-si-pl), n. a word which partakes of the nature of a verb and of an adjective. particle ('i-kl), n. an atom; the smallest part into which a body can be divided; a word non-inflected, or not used alone; a crumb of conse- crated bread. parti-colored (par'ti-kul-erd), adj. having various colors. particular (-tik'u-lar), adj. distinct from others; individual; peculiar or special; characteristic; exclusive; exact; minute. particularity (-lar'i-ti), n. circum- stantiality. particularize ('u-lar-iz), v.t. to give the particulars of: v.i. be attentive to single things or details. particularly ('u-lar-li), adv. espe- cially. parting ('ing), p.adj. separating; given when separating: n. division; separating; a taking leave; a divi- sion in strata. partisan (par'ti-zan), n. an adher- ent of a party or faction; a kind of halberd: adj. pertaining to, or biased in favor of, a party, &c. partisanship (-ship), n. the state of being a partisan. partite ('tit), adj. divided almost to the base. partition (-tish'un), n. the act or state of being divided; separation; distribution; a dividing wall; part where separation is made: v.t. di- vide into shares; divide by walls. partitive ('ti-tiv), adj. noting a ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. PARTLY 643 PASSOVER part: n. a word that denotes a part or expresses partition. partly (part'li), adv. in part.^ partner ('ner), n. one who is asso- ciated with another, especially in a business, &c; an associate; one who dances with another; a husband or wife. partnership (-ship), n. the state of being a partner; union of two or more persons in the same business or profession. partook, p.t. of partake. partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known gallinaceous bird of the genus Perdix, preserved as game. parturition (-tu-rish'un), n. the act of bringing forth young. party ('ti), n. [pi. parties ('tiz) ], a number of persons united together for a particular purpose; faction; one concerned in an affair; cause or side; a select company; single indi- vidual spoken of. party-wall (-wawl), n. a common wall separating two tenements. parvenu (par've-nu), n. 8b person who just attained riches; an upstart. paschal (pas'kal), adj. pertaining to the feast of the Passover or Easter. pasha (pash'aw), n. sl Turkish title given to high officials.^ Also pacha. pashalic (-lik), n. the jurisdiction of a pasha. Also pachalic. pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad'), n. a lam- poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon or satirize. pass (pas), v.i. to move from one place or state to another; be pro- gressive; change by degrees; disap- pear; be enacted; be current: v.t. to go beyond, or through, or by; cause to move onward; omit; dis- regard; give authority to; transfer; void; utter or pronounce: n. a nar- row passage, avenue, or entrance; defile; license or permission, state of extremity; a thrust. passable ('a-bl), adj. that may be passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- pable of bearing inspection; toler- able. passage ('aj), n. the act of passing; course or journey; entrance or exit; right of passing; legal enactment; single clause or portion of a book; migratory habits. pass-book (''book), n. a book which passes between a merchant and his customer and contains the entries of goods sold on credit; a bank-book held by the depositor. passenger ('en-jer), n. one who trav- els in or on a conveyance; one who passe (-a/), adj. past; worn out or faded [French]. passerine ('er-in), adj. pertaining to the Passeres, the order of birds which includes the swallows and sparrows. passing (pas'ing), p. adj. departing: adv. exceedingly: n. the act of going by; transit. passing-bell (-bel), n. a bell tolled immediately after the death of a person. passion (pash'un), n. violent agita- tion of mind in anger; strong deep feeling or excitement; love; ardor; intense desire. Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ • in his last agonies. passionate (-at), adj. moved by pas- sion; angry; excitable. passionately (-li), adv. with passion. passion-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower of the genus Passiflora. Passion play (pla), n. a dramatic representation of the Passion of the Saviour. Passion Sunday (sun'da), n. the 5th Sunday in Lent. Passion week (wek), n. the week following Passion Sunday. passive ('iv), adj. suffering without resisting; not acting; submissive. passivist, n. a non-resistant. passive verb (verb), n. that form of a verb in which the object of the active verb becomes the subject. Passover (pas'5-ver), n. a Jewish feast commemorative of the passing of the destroying angel over the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PASSPORT 644 PATERNAL houses of the Israelites when he pasture ('tur), n. land under grass slew the first-born of the Egyptians. for grazing cattle; grass for graz- passport ('port), n. a license to ing: v.t. to supply with grass or travel in a foreign country. pasture: v.i. to graze. password ('werd), n. a word by pasty (past'i), adj. like paste; a small means of which friends are distin- pie of crust raised without a dish. guished from strangers or enemies, pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with past (past), p.adj. having formerly the hand; a small lump of butter been: gone by; completed: n. the m ade up: adj. apt; exact-: adv. fitly: time gone by: adv. along: prep. v.t. [p.t & pp. patted, ppr. pat- beyond. tm §]> to strike gently and quickly paste (past), n. a mixture of flour, with the fingers or hand. &c, with water, used as a cement; P atc » (pach), n. a piece applied .to dough prepared for pies, &c; a com- cover a hole or rent; a piece m- position for making artificial gems: serted m variegated work; a plot of v.t. to fasten with paste. ground : v.t. to put a patch on; pasteboard Chord), n. thick stiff pa^houliTpa^hooai), n. an Indian paper; a board on which dough is * plaQt> froin P the drie d roots of ^hich r0 x i / ri. i\ i j a strong odoriferous perfume is pastel (pas'tel), n. a colored crayon. ma rL paster (pas'ter), n strip of gummed (pEt) n# ^ head crown of the paper with printed matter on it . * neac i Pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to sterilize pa te-de-fois-gras (pa'ta-de-fwa-gra'), milk by heating it to a temperature n . pastry made of goose-livers, of 145 degrees Fahrenheit and hold- which have been enlarged in the ing it so for half an hour. geese by excessive feeding. Some- pastil, ('til), n. a small cone of aro- times this dish is called Strassburg matic paste used for fumigating a pie. room; a medicated lozenge. Also paten (pat'en), n. the plate used for pastille (pas-tel'). the bread at the Eucharist. pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion; patent (pat'ent, or pa/tent), adj. ap- sport. parent; open to the perusal of all; pastor ('ter), n. a clergyman or min- secured by letters patent; spreading ister having spiritual charge of a widely : n. a privilege granted . by church and congregation. letters patent, as a, title of nobility, pastoral (-al), adj. pertaining to or the sole right in an invention: shepherds, or to the care of a v.t. to grant or secure by letters church; rural; addressed to the patent. clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n. patentee (-e'), n. one who has se- a kind of dramatic poem, delineating cured a patent, incidents in rural life; a bishop's patent-leather (-leift-er), n. a var- pastoral letter. nished or japanned leather. pastorate, ('ter-at), n. the office or patent-yellow (-yel-o), n. a pig- jurisdiction of a pastor. Also pas- ment or paint composed of oxide and torship. chloride of lead. pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as patera (pat'er-a), n. a shallow cir- pies, &c, made of light puffy dough. cular dish; a flat ornament on a pasturable (pas'tur-a-bl), adj. suited frieze, for pasturing. paterfamilias (pa-ter-fa-m/i'i-as), n. pasturage ('tur-aj), n. the business the father of a family. of grazing cattle; pasture. paternal ('ter-n&I), adj. pertaining ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PATERNALLY 645 PATTER to, or exhibiting the characteristics of, a father; hereditary. paternally- (-li), adv. in a paternal manner. paternity (-ter-ni-ti), n. paternal relation; authorship. paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), ft. the Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every 11th bead in a rosary. path (path), n. a road; footway; track; course of conduct or action. pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. affecting the emotions or passions; touching. Also pathetical. pathetically (-al-li), adv. in a pa- thetical manner. pathogenetic (path-o-jen-et'ik), adj. producing disease. pathogeny (pa-thoj'e-ni), ft. the science of the origin of diseases. pathological (path-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to pathology. pathologist (pa-tbol'o-jist), ft. one skilled in pathology. pathology ('o-ji), ft. the science of pathos (pa/thos), ft. expression of deep feeling; that which excites the mental emotions. pathosocial (path-o-so'shal), adj. pertaining to abnormal conditions in society. patience ('shens), ft. the quality of being patient or calmly enduring. patient ('shent), adj. suffering pain, hardship, affliction, insult, &c, with calmness and equanimity; continu- ance of labor; persevering; waiting with calmness: ft. a person under medical treatment. patina (pat'i-na), ft. the fine green rust with which coins, ancient bronzes, &c, become covered by age, &c. patness ('nes), ft. appropriateness. patois (pa-twa/), ft. provincial dialect. patriarch (pa'tri-ark), ft. the founder or head of a family; an aged man; in the Greek Churchy a metro- politan dignitary of the highest rank. patriarchate _ (-at), ft. the office, rank, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of the senators of ancient Rome; a nobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. inherited from ancestors. patrimonially (-li), adv. by inheri- tance. patrimony ('ri-mo-ni), ft. an estate or right inherited from a father or one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical endowment or estate. patriot (pat'ri-, or pa'tri-ot), ft. one who loves, and is devoted to, his native country and its welfare. patriotic (-ri-ot'ik), adj. character- ized by patriotism. patriotically (-al-li), adv. like a patriot. patriotism ('ri-ot-izm), ft. love of one's country. patristic (pa-tris tik), adj. pertain- ing to the theology and writings of the fathers of the Christian Church. Also patristical. patrol (pa-trol'), ft. a corporal's guard that marches round at night to preserve order; a mounted police- man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], to go round as a patrol. patron (pa'tron), ft. a guardian or protector; one who has the gift of a benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- ing aid or exercising guardianship; tutelary. patronage (-aj), ft. special support; guardianship or protection; right of conferring a benefice. patronal ('tro-nal), adj. performing the office of a patron. patronize (-niz), v.t. to act as a patron toward; support or protect; frequent as a customer. patronymic (prvt-rc-nimik), adj. de- rived from the name of an ancestor: ft. a name derived from an ancestor. patroon (pa-troon'), ft. a landed pro- prietor with manorial rights. patten (pat'en), ft. a wooden shoe with an iron ring worn under the soles by women as a protection against damp; the base of a column. patter ('er), v.i. to strike with a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PATTERING 646 PEACE TRIBUNAL quick succession of light sounds, as hail: n. the dialect of a class. _ pattering (-ing), p. adj. • making a quick succession of light blows. pattern ('ern), n. a model, sample, or specimen; anything cut out or formed into shape to be copied. patty ('i), n. a small pie. paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of number or quantity. paunch (panch, or pawnch), n. the belly; the first and largest stomach of a ruminant. pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; one who is supported by the poor rates. pauperism (-izm), n. the state of being a pauper. pauperize (-Iz), v.t. to reduce to pauperism. pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- rary stop; a break in writing indi- cated by the mark [ — ]; a mark of cessation in speaking; a mark [T ] in music, indicating the continuance of a note or rest: v.i. to make a short stop; wait; hestitate. pave (pav), v.t. to cover or lay with stones, bricks, &c: as, to pave a street. pavement (pav'ment), n. a paved roadway or floor. payer (pa/ver), n. one whose occupa- tion is to lay pavements. pavilion (pa-vh"yun), n. an orna- mental dome-shaped, building; a large tent; a temporary movable habitation; summer-house. paving (pa'ving), n. pavement. pavonated (pav'6-na-ted), adj. of a brilliant bluish green color, like the neck of a peacock. pavonine (pav'o-nin), adj. resem- bling the tail of a peacock; irides- cent: said of certain ores. paw (paw), n. the foot of an animal with claws; the hand: v.t. to scrape with the forefoot; handle, as with paws; caress, as a dog. pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to pre- vent the recoil of a windlass. pawn (pawn), n. something given as security for the redemption of a pledge; a common piece at chess: v.t. to give in pledge. pawnbroker ('bro-ker), n. one who lends money on the security of goods pawned with him. pawpaw (paw'paw) n. a tree of the custard-apple family, common in the southwestern United States. pax (paks), n. a small crucifix, or a crucifix engraved on a small metal plate kissed by worshippers. paxwax ('waks), n. the strong ten- don in the neck of animals. _ pay (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. paying], to discharge a debt to; give an equivalent for; compensate; reward; fulfil; smear with tar, pitch, &c: n. money given for serv- ice rendered. payee (-e'), n. one to whom money is paid. pay-envelop (pa/en-vel'up), n. a small envelop designed to hold the wages of an employee. paymaster ('mas-ter), n. one who pays or from whom wages are re- ceived, especially an officer in the army or navy whose duty is to pay the officers and men. pea (pe), n. [pi. peas, or pease (pez) ], a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum and its edible seed. peace (pes), n. a state of rest or tranquillity; calm; freedom from war or disturbance. peaceable ('a-bl), adj. disposed to peace; calm; quiet. peaceableness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being peaceable. Also peacefulness. peaceably (-bli), adv. without agita- tion or tumult. peaceful ('fool), adj. full of peace; pacific; quiet. peacefully (-h), adv. in a peaceful manner. peace-officer (-of'i-ser), n. & justice of the peace or a police-officer. Peace Tribunal (tri-bu'nal), n. a name applied to the International Court at The Hague in Holland, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PEACH 647 PECULIAR which determines questions at issue between nations. peach (pech), n. a tree with its downy edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- complices. peacock (peTcok), n. a gallinaceous bird with handsome plumage: adj. iridescent like the feathers of the peacock. peahen Chen), n. a female peafowl, homologous to the peacock. pea-jacket ('jak-et), n. a seaman's heavy jacket. peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- mit or jutting part of a mountain or hill; pointed end; the leather pro- jection in front of a cap; the upper outer corner of an extended sail: v.i. to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise (a sail) obliquely to the mast. peakish ('ish), adj. having pale thin features. peaky ('i), adj. having, or resembling, a peak. peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of thunder, bells, &c; a set of musical bells, or the changes rung by them: v.i. to give forth loud or solemn sounds. pean. Same as paean. peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut. pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- ish-white iridescent gem found in the mother-of-pearl oyster; anything resembling a pearl or very precious; a white speck in the eye; a small size of type (see type) : adj. pertain- ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. to set or adorn with pearls. pearlash ('ash), n. an impure car- bonate of potash. pearliness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being pearly. pearlite (perl'it), n. a form of steel containing less than one per cent of carbon. < pearly ('i), adj. resembling or con- taining, pearls; clear; transparent. peasant (pez'ant), n. a countryman; rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. peasantry (-ri), n. peasants collec- tively. pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. peastone (pe'ston), n. pisolite. peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable mat- ter resembling turf cut out of bogs: used as fuel. pebble (peb'l), n. a roundish stone; transparent rocli crystal used for spectacles, &c. pebbly ('li), adj. full of pebbles. pecan (pe-kan'), n. a species of North American hickory and its fruit. peccability (pek-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being subject to sin. peccable ('a-bl), adj. liable to sin. peccadillo (-dil'o), n. a trifling fault. peccancy ('an-si), n. sinfulness. peccary Ca-ri), n. a South American mammal alhed to the hog. peccavi (a'vi), (Latin, I have sinned), a word in colloquial use, expressive of contrition for the com- mission of a fault. peck (pek), n. l-4th of a bushel; quick sharp stroke with the beak: v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up with the beak; eat. pecker ('er), n. one who pecks; a woodpecker. pectic acid ('tik as'id), n. an acid found in various fruits. ^ pectin ('tin), n. the gelatinizing prin- ciple of certain ripe fruits. pectinate ('tin-at), adj. shaped like the teeth of a comb. Also pectinated. pectoral ('to-ral), adj. pertaining to, good for, or worn on, the chest: n. the _ breastplate of the Jewish high-priest; a medicine for chest complaints; a pectoral fin. peculate ('ii-lat), v.i. to appropriate public money to one's own use; em- bezzle. peculation _ (-la'shun), n. the act of appropriating public money to one's own use. peculator ('u-la-ter), n. one who peculates. peculiar (pe-ku'lyar), adj. one's own; appropriate; individual; strange: n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 42 PECULIARITY 648 PEER a church or parish exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocese to which it belongs. peculiarity (-li-ar'i-ti) , n. [pi. pecu- liarities (-tiz) ], something peculiar or characteristic. peculiarly ('lyar-li), adv. in a pecu- liar manner. pecuniarily ('ni-ar-i-li), adv. as re- gards money. pecuniary ('ni-ar-i), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, money; monetary. pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a pedagogue or to the science of teaching. g Also pedagogical. pedagogics ('iks), n. the science of teaching. pedagogism ('a-gog-izm), n. the oc- cupation or manners of a pedagogue. pedagogist (-ist), n. one who treats of pedagogics. pedagogue ('a-gog), n. a schoolmas- ter; pedant. pedagogy ('a-go-ji), n. pedagogics. pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a foot: n. a key or lever attached to a musical instrument and moved by the foot, to modify the swell or tone. pedant ('ant), n. one who makes an ostentatious display of his learning. pedantic (pe-dan'tik), adj. pertain-' ing to, or characterized by, ped- antry. Pedantical. pedantically (-al-li), adv. like a pedant. pedantry ('an-tri), n. ostentatious display of learning. pedate ('at), adj. palmate, with the two lateral sections lengthened and lobed. peddle ('1), v.i. to travel about selling small wares; be busy about trifles: v.t. to retail in small quantities. peddler, pedler, pedlar ('ler), n. one who peddles. peddling (ling), adj. trifling. pedestal ('es-tal), n. the base of a column, statue, &c. pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an), adj. going on foot; walking: n. one who jour- neys on foot ; professional walker. pedestrianism (-izm), n. the art or practice of walking; racing on foot- pediatric (pe'di-at-rik), n. pertain- ing to medical treatment of children. pedicel (ped'i-sel), n. a small short foot-stalk. pedicure ('i-kur), n. the care of the feet; a chiropodist. pediform ('i-form), adj. foot-shaped. pedigree ('i-gre), n. lineage; gen- ealogy. pediment ('i-ment), n. the triangu- lar or circular ornament over the entablature, &c, of a building. pedler. See peddler. pedofoaptism. Same as paedobaptism. pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter) , n. instru- ment for recording paces and dis- tances in walking. pedotrophy (pe-dot'ro-fe), n. branch of hygiene concerning the nourish- ment of infants and children. pedrail (ped'ral), n. a traction engine the wheels of which rest on the links of a jointed chain, giving support to the vehicle on soft or uneven ground. peduncle (-dung'kl), n. a flower- stalk. peduncular Cku-lar), adj. of or per- taining to a peduncle. pedunculate ('ku-lat), adj. having, or growing upon, a peduncle. peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. skin or rind; a baker's long flat wooden shovel; a contrivance for hanging up printed sheets to dry. peeler O'er), n. one who peels; a pillager; a policeman: from Sir Robert _Peel. peen (pen), n. the point of a ma- son's hammer. peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry, as young birds; to look through a crevice or hiding place; look slyly; begin to appear: n. the cry of a chicken; a sly look; a beginning to appear. peer (per), n. one of the same rank; an equal; associate; a nobleman; a member of the House of Lords: v.i. to appear; look narrowly. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. PEERAGE 649 PENCIL peerage ('aj), n. the rank or dignity of a peer; peers collectively ; a book giving information respecting the nobility. peeress ~('es), n. a peer's wife; a lady of noble rank. peerless ('les), adj. without an equal. peevish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; diffi- cult to please. peewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden pin; a piece of wood serving as a nail: v.t. & p.p. pegged, p.pr. pegging], to fasten or mark out with pegs. Pegasus (peg'a-sus), n. a winged horse, according to Greek legend, sprung from Medusa at her death. The same legend attributes to a stamp of his hoof the fountain of the Muses, Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon. pelage # (pel'aj), n. the hair or similar covering of a mammal. pelagic (-laj'ik), adj. pertaining to the ocean. pelerine (pel'er-in), n. a lady's long cape with tapering ends. pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth: used in a bad sense. pelican (pel'i-kan), n. a large aquatic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill; a dentist's instrument. pelisse (pe-les'), w. a lady's silk habit. pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a roll of parchment. pellagra (pel-a'gra), n. a recent dis- ease of as yet unknown origin, but believed by some experts to result from eating corn products from im- pure grain; is characterized by gastro-intestinal, cerebro-spinal and cutaneous symptoms. pellet Cet), n. a little ball. pellicle ('i-kl), n. a thin skin or film. pellitory ('i-to-ri), n. a perennial plant of the nettle family, grow- ing on old walls. pell-mell ('mel), adv. with confused violence. pellucid (-u'sid), adj. perfectly clear; transparent. pelota (pa-lo'ta), n. a game popular in Cuba and other Spanish countries played in a court with a ball hurled from a grooved stick attached to the player's arm. pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from something thrown: v.t. to strike by throwing something: v.i. to fall heavily, as rain. peltry (pel'tri)^ n. skins of furred animals collectively. pelt-wool (pelt 'wool), n. wool from dead sheep. $ pelvic (pel'vik), adj. pertaining to the pelvis. pelvis ('vis), n. the bony cavity in the lower part of the abdomen. pemmican (pem'i-kan), n. lean meat, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes. pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; coop; an instrument for writing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. penned, p.pr. pen- ning], to shut up or confine in a small inclosure; write. penal (pe'nal), adj. enacting, inflict- ing, or incurring punishment for crime; punitive. penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to render subject to penalty or punishment. penally (-li), adv. by Way of pun- ishment. penalty _(pen'al-ti), n. legal punish- ment either on the person or by a fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight carried by a racehorse. penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed suffering, as an expression of con- trition for sin; repentance; in the Roman Catholic Church one of the sacraments by which sins are par- doned after confession and satisfac- tion. penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- hold gods of the ancient Romans. pence, pi. of penny. penchant (pang-shangO, n. a strong inclination or taste [French]. pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush used by artists.; a pointed instru- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PENCILED 650 PENOLOGIST ment of black lead, colored chalk, &c; a collection of rays of light converging to a point: v.t. to write, sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. penciled ('sild), p. adj. written, drawn, or painted, with a pencil; radiat- ing. penciling (-ing), n. the art of writ- ing, sketching, or painting with a pencil. pendant ('dant), n. anything hang- ing for ornamentation; an ear-ring or locket; a pennant. pendency ('den-si), n. suspense; in- decision. Also pendence. pendent ('dent), adj. hanging; pro- jecting; swinging. pending _ ('ding), adj. undecided; hanging in suspense. pendulous ('du-lus), adj. hanging; oscillating. pendulum ('du-lum), n. a heavy body suspended so that it may vi- brate backwards and forwards about a fixed point by the force of gravity, as in a clock. penetrability (-e-tra-bil'i-ti), n. the susceptibility of being entered or passed through by another body. penetrable ('e-tra-bl), adj. that may be penetrated; susceptive of im- pression. penetralia (-tra'li-a), n.pl. the in- ner part of a temple, house, &c; mysteries. penetrant _ ('e-trant), adj. penetrat- ing; subtile; acute. penetrate ('e-trat), v.t. to pierce in- to; enter; bore or perforate; reach the mind; affect deeply; reach the interior. penetrating (-ing), p. adj. piercing; sharp; discerning. Also penetra- tive. penetration (-tra'shun), n. the act of penetrating; mental acuteness. penetrativeness (-tiv-nes), n. the quality of being penetrative. pen-fish ('fish), n. a kind of eel pout. penguin ('gwin), n. a large sea-fowl with rudimentary wings. peninsula (pe-nin'su-la) , n. a por- tion of jutting land nearly sur- rounded by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. peninsular ('su-lar), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a peninsula. penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for sin; state of being penitent. penitent ('i-tent), adj. repentant: n. one who is penitent; one under ec- clesiastical censure, out admitted to penance; one who is under the di- rection of a confessor. penitential (-ten'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or expressing, penitence; of the nature of penance: n. in the Roman Catholic Church a book treating of the rules and degrees of penance. penitentiary (-ten'sha-ri), adj. per- taining to penance : n. a penitent; a house of correction: a state prison; a home for fallen women; an office at the Papal court, that grants dis- pensations, absolutions, &c; the of- ficial who presides over such a court. penknife ('nlf), n. a small pocket- knife. penman _ ('man), n. an author; one who writes a good hand. penmanship (-ship), n. the art, or style, of writing. pennant ('ant), n. a long narrow strip of bunting at the mast-heads of men-of-war. pennate. Same as pinnate. penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without - money; destitute. pennon ('on), n. &, small swallow- tailed flag or streamer. penny (-i), n. [pi. pennies ('iz) (de- noting number), pence (pens), (de- noting amount or value)], a bronze coin = 1-12 of a shilling, or 2 cents (English). pennyroyal (-roi'ai), n. an aromatic herb of the mint family. pennyweight (-wat), n. a weight = 24 grains troy. penological (pe-no-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to penology. penologist (-nol'o-jist), n. a student of penology. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PENOLOGY 651 PER penology (-nol'o-ji), n. the scientific pentecostal (-al), adj. pertaining to study of punishments, prison man- Pentecost. agement, &c. penthouse ('hous), n. a shed with a pensile ('sil), adj. hanging. slanting roof projecting from a main pension ('shun), n. a stated allow- wall or building. ance paid for past services, as to the penult (pe-nult'J, n. the last syllable state, &c; money paid instead of of a Word but one. Also penultima. tithes; a continental boarding house penultimate ('i-mat), adj. last but or school (pang-si-ang) : v.t. to one. grant a pension to. ^ penumbra (-num'bra), n. a partial pensionary ('shun-a-ri), adj. consis- shadow on the exterior of the perfect ting of, or maintained by, a pension: shadow of an eclipse; the boundary n. a person in receipt of a pension. of light and shade in a picture. pensioner ('shun-er), n. one who re- penurious (-nti'ri-us), adj. miserly; ceives a pension, especially a dis- sordid. charged soldier: penury (pen'u-ri), n. want of the ne- pensive ('siv), adj. thoughtful; sad. cessities of life; poverty. pensively (-li), adv. in a pensive peon (pe'on), n. a Mexican laborer; manner. an Indian native soldier or consta- pensiveness (-nes), n. thoughtful- ble; a pawn at chess. ness; melancholy. peony ('o-ni), n. el perennial plant pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut up). with handsome flowers of the genus- penta, a prefix meaning five, as penta- Paeonia. Also pseony. chord, an instrument with 5 strings; people ('pi), n. [pi. people, peoples musical scale of 5 sounds. Also (-plz)L persons generally; commu- pente. &ity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or pentad (pen'tad), n. an element family; the commonalty: v.t. to which combines with or replaces a stock with people or inhabitants. monad. pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungent pentagon (pen'ta-gon), n. a figure spice made of the ground seeds of of 5 sides and 5 angles. Piper nigrum. pentahedral (-he'dral), adj. having peppercorn (-korn), n. the small 5 sides. berry of the pepper-plant: hence* pentahedron ('dron), n. a solid fig- anything insignificant. ure having 5 sides. peppermint (-mint), n. an aromatic pentahexahedral (-heks-a-he'dral), herb; the cordial prepared from it. adj. exhibiting 5 ranges of faces, one pepperwort (-wert), n. a cress. above another, each range contain- peppery (-i), adj. like pepper; fiery; ing 6 faces. pungent. _ pentamerous (-tam'e-rus), adj. con- pepsin ('sin), n. el nitrogenous fer- sisting of 5 parts. ment contained in gastric juice; a pentameter ('e-ter), n. el verse con- preparation from the stomach of a sisting of 5 feet. pig used in medicine to aid digestion. pentastyle ('ta-stll), n. el building Also pepsine. with 5 columns in front. peptic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, or Pentateuch ('t&-tuk), n. the first 5 promoting, digestion: n. el medicine books of the Old Testament. to aid digestion: pi. the science of Pentecost ('te-kost), n. el Jewish fes- digestion. tival kept the 50th day after the sec- peptones ('tonz), n.pl. the products ond day of the Passover; Whitsun- of the action of pepsin. tide, commemorative of the descent per, a prefix meaning through, over of the Holy Ghost. the whole extent, by, very, as per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERADVENTURE 652 PERFECT ambulate, to walk over; per diem, per chloride ('rid), n. a compound of by the day, &c. an excess of chlorine with a base. peradventure (per-ad-ven'tur), adv. percipience (-sip'i-ens), n. the act by chance. of perceiving. perambulation (-am-bu-la'shun),ady. percipient ('i-ent), adj. perceiving: the act of passing through; a survey n. one who perceives. made by traveling; the annual sur- percolate Cko-lat), v.i. to pass vey of a parish boundary. through small spaces. perambulator ('bu-la-ter), n. one percolation (-la/shun), n. filtration. who perambulates; a baby carriage ; percolator ( / ko-la-ter), n. a filtering an instrument for measuring road machine or vessel; a coffee-pot fitted distances. with a filter. percale (-kal'), n. cotton fabrics with percussion (-kush'un), n. violent col- a linen finish. lision; shock produced by the colli- perceivable (-se'va-bl), adj. discern- sion of bodies; impression of sound ible by the mind. on the ear; the medical examination perceivably (-bli), adv. perceptibly. of a part of the body by tapping it perceive (-sev'), v.i. to obtain knowl- gently so as to determine its condi- edge by the senses; understand; tion by the sound produced. discern. percussion-cap (kap), n. a small per cent, (-sent'), by the hundred. copper cap containing fulminating percentage (-sent'aj), n. proportion- powder, which, placed on the nipple al allowance per cent. of a gun, explodes the powder when percept (per'sept), n. a knowledge of struck by the lock. things derived through the senses, percussive (-kus'iv), adj. striking perceptibility (-sep-ti-biri-ti), n. the against. quality of being perceptible. perdition (-dish'un), n. total de- perceptible ('ti-bl), adj. that may be struction; ruin; utter loss of the perceived. > soul or of happiness in a future perceptibly (-bli), adv. so as to be state. perceived. perdu (-du'), adj. forlorn; hidden: perception (-sep'shun), n. the act, n. one lying in ambush: adv. in am- state, or faculty of receiving knowl- bush or a post of danger. edge of external things by the me- peregrination (-e-grin-a/shunj, n. dium of the senses; idea, notion, or the act of traveling about. conception. peregrinator ('e-grin-a-ter), n. a perceptive ('tiv), adj. having the traveler. faculty of perceiving. peremptorily ('emp-tor-i-li), adv. in perceptivity ('i-ti), n. the power of a peremptory manner. perception or thinking. peremptoriness (-nes), n. the state perch (perch), n. a fresh-water fish; or quality of being peremptory. a measure of length = 53^ yards, peremptory ('emp-tor-i), adj. posi- l-40th of a rood; anything on which tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- buds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or roost: cussion or hesitation. v.t. to place on a perch. perennial (-en'i-al), adj. lasting perchance (per-chans'), adv. per- through the year; perpetual; noting plants that continue more than 2 perchlorate (-klo'rat), n. a com- years. pound of perchloric acid and a base, perennially (-H), adv. so as to be perchloric ('rik), adj. noting an acid perennial; perpetually. having 7 equivalents of oxygen to 2 perfect ('fekt), adj. complete; with- of chlorine. out defect or blemish; blameless; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERFECTIBILITY 653 PERIOSTEUM pure; possessing every moral excel- pericardiac (-kar'di-ak), adj. per= lence; fully skilled or accomplished; taining to the pericardium. Also in grammar, the tense that expresses pericardial. completed action: v.t. to make per- pericarditis (-di'tis), n. inflamma- fect; complete or finish. tion of the pericardium. perfectibility (-fek-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the pericardium (-kar'di-um), n. the capacity for becoming perfect. membrane that surrounds the heart. perfectible (-fek'ti-bl), adj. capable pericarp ('i-karp), n. the seed-vesseL of being made perfect. of a plant. perfection ('shun), n. the state of pericarpial (-kar'pi-al), adj. per- being perfect; supreme excellence. taining to a pericarp. perfidious (-fid'i-us), adj. false to periclase ('i-klaz), n. a magnesian trust; treacherous; faithless. mineral. perfidy ('fi-di), n. violation of a trust periclinal (-kll'nal), adj. clipping on reposed; breach of faith. all sides from a central axis. perforate ('fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or pericranium (-kra'ni-um), n. the bore through; make a hole through. membrane that surrounds the era- perforation (-ra'shun), n. the act of nium. piercing or boring through; a hole perigee (-fe), n. that point in the bored through. orbit of the moon, or of a planet, perforator ('fo-ra-ter), n. one who, nearest the earth. or that which, perforates. perihelion (-he'li-on), n. [pi. peri- perforce (-fors'), adv. by force; vio- helia (-a) ], that point in the orbit of lently. a planet, or a comet, nearest the sun. perform (-form'), v.t. to do or carry peril ('il), n. exposure to injury; out; execute; achieve; fulfil: v.i. to danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- act a part. pose to danger or risk. performance ('ansj, n. the act of perilous (-us), adj. full of peril; performing; execution; completion; hazardous; dangerous. deed or feat; an entertainment. perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the outer perfume (-fum'), v.t. to impregnate boundary of a plane surface. with a pleasant odor; scent: n. a period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or sweet-smelling scent. cycle; interval of time; the time perfumery ('er-i), n. perfumes in taken by a planet to revolve round general. the sun; length of duration; conclu- perfunctorily (-fungk'to-ri-1 ), adv. sion; a dot [.] to mark the end of a carelessly. sentence; in rhetoric, a complete perfunctoriness (-nes), n. careless- sentence. ness. periodical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining perfunctory ( r to-ri), adj. done care- to a period, or to periodicals; occur- lessly or negligently. ring at regular intervals. Also peri- pergola (per-go'la), n. an arbor pas- odic: n. a publication issued at sageway. stated intervals, as a magazine. perhaps (-haps'), adv. possibly. periodically (-li), adv. at stated in- peri (pe'ri), n. in Persian mythology tervals. a descendant of a fallen spirit ex, periodicity (-o-dis'i-ti), n. the state eluded from paradise; a fairy: or quality of being periodical. (per'i), a prefix, meaning around, periosteal (per-i-Gs'te-al), adj. per- as pmbolos, a wall or court sur- taining to the periosteum. rounding a temple. periosteum ('te-um), n. the vascular perianth (per'i-anth), n. a floral en- nervous membrane which covers the velope. bones. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. PERIOSTITIS 654 PERMITTER periostitis (-ti'tis), of the periosteum. Peripatetic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. per- taining to the philosophy of Aristotle who instructed his disciples while he walked about the Lyceum: n. a disciple of Aristotle. peripatetic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. walking about: n. one who is accustomed or compelled to walk. peripheral (pe-rif'er-al), adj. per- taining to a periphery. periphery ('er-i), n. [pi. peripheries (-iz) ], the circumference of a circle, ellipse, or similar figure. periphrasis (-rif'ra-sis), n. circum- locution. periphrastic (per-i-fras'tik), adj. circumlocutory. Also periphrastical. periphrastically (-al-li), adv. by periphrasis. perique (pa-rek'), n. a strong, black tobacco, of peculiar flavor, grown in St« James Parish, Louisiana. periscope (per'i-skop), n. an instru- ment for seeing over intervening ob- jects; used in guiding submarine boats. periscopic (per-i-skop'ik), adj. view- ing all round, and so constructed as to increase the distinctness of ob- jects when viewed at an oblique an- gle. Also periscopical. perish ('ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- tality; decay or die; be destroyed or come to nothing. perishability (-a-bil 'i-ti) , n . the state of being perishable. Also perish- ableness. perishable (per'ish-a-bl), adj. liable to perish; mortal. perisperm ('i-sperm), n. albumen of a seed. peristaltic (-stal'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the peculiar worm-like move- ment of the intestines by which their contents are forced onward. peristyle ('i-stll), n. an open court in the interior of a house surrounded by a row of columns. perisystole (-sis't5-le), n. the inter- val that ensues on the contraction of the heart before the dilation (dias- tole) which follows. peritoneal (-to-ne'al), adj. pertain- ing to the peritoneum. peritoneum ('urn), n. a tnin serous membrane which covers the abdom- inal viscera. peritonitis (-nltis), n. inflammation of the peritoneum. periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. periwinkle (-wing'kl), n. a peren- nial creeping plant; a small uni- valve mollusk. perjure (per'jur), v.i. to swear false- r- perjury (-i), n. the act of swearing falsely when on oath. perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or smart: v.i. to nold up the head in a smart or saucy manner; peer. perky ('i), adj. jaunty; smart. permanence ('ma-nens), n. the state or quality of being permanent; dura- tion. Also permanency. permanent (-nent), adj. lasting; durable; continuing in the same state. permeability (-me-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being permeable. permeable ('me-a-bl), adj. that may be passed through. permeate ('me-at), v.t. to penetrate and pass through the pores or in- terstices of. permeation (-a'shun), n. the act of permeating. permissible (-mis'i-bl), adj. that may be permitted. permission (-mish'un), n. the act of permitting; leave; license. permissive (-mis'iv), adj. granting permission or license; not forbid- ding. permissively (-li), adv. by permis- sion. permit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. per- mitted, p.pr. permitting], to alow without command consent to; toler- ate*, n. (per'mit) a written license from an office of customs to remove dutiable goods, permission. permitter ('er), n. one who permits. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not} boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERMUTABLE 655 PERSONAL EQUATION permu table (-mut'a-bl) , adj. inter- changeable. permutation (-mu-ta'shun), n. the exchange of one thing for another; the arrangement of any determinate number of things or letters, in all possible orders, one after the other. pernicious (-nish'us), adj. highly in- jurious or hurtful; destructive. pernickety (nik'i-ti), adj. trim; at- tentive to trifles; overnice; fussily particular. peroration (-6-ra/shun), n. the con- cluding part of an oration. peroxide (-oks'Id), n. the oxide of a base which contains the largest proportion of oxygen. peroxidize ('i-diz), v.t. to oxidize to the greatest degree. perpendicular (-dik'u-lar) , adj. standing at right angles to a given line or surface; perfectly upright: n. a perpendicular line. perpetrate ('pe-trat), v.t. to commit; perform (in a bad sense). perpetration (-tra/shun), n. the act of perpetrating. perpetrator (pe-tra-ter) , n. one who perpetrates. perpetual (-pet'u-al), adj. never ceasing; not temporary. perpetually (-li), adv. continually. perpetuate ('u-at), v.t. to make per- petual; preserve from extinction or oblivion. perpetuation (-a/shun), n. the act of perpetuating. perpetuity (-pe-tu'i-ti) , n. the state of being perpetual; endless duration. perplex (-pleks'), v.t. to make diffi- cult to be understood; make anx- ious; puzzle; embarass or confuse. perplexity ('i-ti), n. embarrassment; doubt; intricacy.^ perquisite ('kwi-zit), n. a gift or al- lowance in addition to regular wages or salary; that which is gained, as distinct from that which is inherited. perron ('on), n. a staircase outside a building leading to the first floor. perry ('i), n. the fermented juice of pears. persecute ('se-kut), v.t. to harass or ill-treat, especially for religious opinions, annoy with importunity. persecution (-ku'shun), n. the act of persecuting; the state of being per- secuted. persecutor (-ter), n. one who perse- cutes. perseverance (-ve'rans), n. the act or state of persevering; continuance in grace. persevere (-se-ver'), v.i. to persist in any enterprise or business under- taken; continue steadfastly. Persian ('shan), adj. pertaining to Persia, its inhabitants, or to its language: n.pl. sculptured draped male figures used as columns. persimmon (-sim'un), n. an Ameri- can plum-like fruit; the tree yield- ing it. persist (-sisf), v.i. to continue stead- ily in any course commenced; persevere. persistence (-sis'tens), n. the state or quality of being persistent; ob- stinacy. Also persistency. persistent ('tent), adj. continuing; constant; persevering; not falling off. person ('sn), n. a human being or individual; consisting of body and soul; one's self; one of the three states of a subject or object of a verb, as speaking, spoken to, or spoken of. personage (-aj), n. a man or woman, especially one of distinction. personal (-al), adj. pertaining to men or women; relating, or peculiar, to a person and his private affairs; per- taining to the external appearance; done in person; denoting the per- son; movable: opposed to real: n. movable property or goods: opposed to lands and tenements (real estate) . personal equation (per'son-al-e-kwa/ \ shun), n. the reaction time of an in- dividual which causes him to record observation of a phenomenon, such as the transit of a star, a fraction of a second later than it really occurs. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERSONALITY 656 PERVADE personality (-al'i-ti), n. that which constitutes distinction of person; application of remarks (usually of- fensive) to some individual. personally (-li), adv. in person; par- ticularly; individually. personalty (-al-ti), n. personal es- tate, or all kinds of movable prop- erty. personate (-at), v.t. to represent by an assumed character; counterfeit; assume the character of for fraudu- lent purposes, as in voting. personation (-a/shun), n. the coun- terfeiting of the person and charac- ter of another. personator (-ter), n. one who as- - sumes the character of another. personification (-son-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of personifying. personify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. personified, p.pr. personifying], to represent as endowed with personal qualities. personnel (per-son-el'), ft. the per- sons employed in any public service, especially the army and navy, as dis- tinguished from the materiel, arms, stores, &c. perspective (per-spek'tiv), adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, the art of perspective: n. a vista or view; the art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye. perspectively (-li), adv. according to the rules of perspective. perspectograph ('to-graf), n. an op- tical instrument for drawing me- chanically the points and outlines of objects. perspicacious (-spi-ka/shus), adj. mentally acute; quick-sighted. perspicacity (-kas'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being perspicacious; acute- ness of sight or discernment. perspicuity (-ku'i-ti), n. freedom from_ obscurity; mental clearness; lucidity. perspicuous (-spik'u-us), adj. men- tally clear; easily understood; evi- dent; clear. perspirable (-spir-a-bl), adj. that may be perspired. perspiration (-spi-ra/shun), n. excre- tion by the pores of the skin; sweat. perspire (-spir'), v.i. to excrete by the pores of the skin; sweat. persuade (-swad'), v.t. to influence by argument, advice, entreaty, &c; draw or incline the will of; exhort, induce; prevail upon. persuasibility (swa-si-bil'i-ti), n. the capability of being persuaded. Also persuasibleness. persuasion ('zhun), n. the act or art of persuading; the state of being persuadedo persuasive ('siv), adj. having the power to persuade; influencing the will or passions: n. an incitement. persuasively (-li), adv. so as to per- suade. persuasiveness (-nes), n. the qual- ity of being persuasive. pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or have relation. pertinacious (-ti-na'shus), adj. un- yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- cious. pertinacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the quality of being pertinacious. pertinence ('ti-nens), n. suitable- ness; fitness. Also pertinency. pertinent ('ti-nent), adj. fitting or appropriate ; relevant . perturb (-terb'), v.t. to agitate; dis- turb; disquiet. perturbation (-ter-ba'shun), n. men- tal agitation or disquietude; an ir- regularity or deviation in the move- ment of a heavenly body in its orbit. peruke (per-ook'), n. a wig. perusal (pe-roo'zal), n. the act of perusing; study or examination. peruse (-rooz'), v.t. to read with care and attention; examine. Peruvian (-roov'i-an), adj. pertain- ing to Peru. Peruvian bark (bark), n. cinchona. pervade (per-vad')> v.t. to penetrate; extend or be diffused all over; per- meate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PERVASION 657 PETRIFY pervasion (-va'zhun), n. the act of pervading. perverse (-vers'), adj. obstinate; un- traceable; petulant. perversely ('li), adv in a perverse manner. perverseness ('nes), n. the quality or state of being perverse; disposition to thwart or annoy. Also perversity. perversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of perverting; the state of being per- verted; a turning from truth or pro- priety; misapplication. perversity. Same as perverseness. perversive (-ver'siv), adj. tending to pervert. pervert (-vert'), v.t. to turn from the true end or proper purpose; misap- ply: n. (per' vert) one who has been perverted, especially from truth to error. pervious ('vi-us), adj. admitting pas- sage; permeable. pesade (pe-sad'),. n. the motion of a horse when he raises or lifts up his fore quarters without advancing. pesky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; an- noying. peso (pa'so), n. a dollar [Spanish]. pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- trine that the present state of exist- ence is essentially evil ; the tendency to exaggerate in thought the evils of life: opposed to optimism. pessimist (-mist), n. one who holds the doctrine of pessimism; one who looks on the worst side of every- thing. pessimistic (-mis'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, pessi- mism; gloomy. pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- ease; plague; anything very mis- chievous, annoying, or injurious. pester (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy. pestiferous (-tif'er-us), adj. convey- ing pestilence; physically or morally noxious. pestilence ('ti-lens), n. an infectious or contagious disease. pestilent ('ti-lent), adj. noxious to health, morals, or society. pestilential (-len'sh&l), adj. pertain- ing to, or producing, a pestilence; pernicious; destructive. pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for pounding substances in a mortar. pet (pet), n. any person or animal that is fondled; a sudden fit of pee- vishness or slight passion: adj. fa- vorite: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], to fondle or indulge. petal ('al), n. one of the separate parts of the corolla of a flower; a flower-leaf. petaled ('aid), adj. having petals. Also petalous. petard (pe-tard'), n. a bell-shaped explosive machine used for bursting open gates, &c. petersham ('ter-sham), n. a thick shaggy cloth: used for overcoats, &c. petiole (pet'i-ol), n. the footstalk of a leaf connecting the blade with the stem. petit ('i), adj. small; inconsiderable [French]. Feminine petite (pe-tef). petition (pe-tish'un) , n. an earnest supplication or prayer; a formal supplication from an inferior to a superior; a paper or document con- taining a written request: v.t. to solicit earnestly; present a petition to. petitionary (-a-ri), adj. containing a petition. petit jury (pet'i 5oo-ri), n. a trial jury as distinguished from a grand jury. Also petty jury. petit-maitre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. a fop who affects women's society. petrel ('rel), n. a web-footed, strong- winged, oceanic bird, that appears in its flight to walk upon the water. petrescence (-tres'ens), n. the act of becoming converted into stone. petrifaction (-ri-fak'shun), n. the process of changing animal or vege- table substance into stone ; _ a fossil. petrif active ('tiv), adj. having pow- er to petrify. petrify ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- rified, p.pr. petrifying], to change into stone; fix in silent amazement ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. i PETROGRAD 658 PHENIX or fear; render callous, obdurate, or hard. Petrograd (pe'tr5-grad), n. new name of St. Petersburg, Russia (1914). petroleum (-tro'le-um), n. an inflam- mable dark yellowish-brown bitu- minous liquid issuing from certain rocks; mineral oil. petrology (pe-trol'o-ji), n. the sci- entific study of rocks. petromortis (pe'tro-mor'tis), n. death poisoning by gasoline fumes. petticoat ('i-kot), n. a woman's loose underskirt. , pettifogger ('i-fog-er), n. a lawyer who practices in petty cases. pettily ('i-li), adv. in a petty manner. pettiness ('i-nes), n. smallness; un- importance. pettish ('ish), adj. fretful; petulant. petty ('i), adj. trifling; small; incon siderable; unimportant; contempti- ble. petty jury. Same as petit jury. petulance ('u-lans), n. peevishness; caprice. Also petulancy. petulant ('u-lant), adj. peevish; ca- pricious. Petunia (pe-tu'ni-a), n. a South American genus of ornamental plants with handsome flowers. petunia, n. a plant of the genus Pe- tunia, or its flower. pew (pu), n. an inclosed seat in a church: v.t. to furnish with pews. pewit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. Also peewit. pewter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of tin, lead, antimony, &c. ; adj. made of pewter pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper coin of Germany=34 cent. phaeton (fa'e-ton), n. an open four- wheeled carriage. phagocyte (fag'o-sit), n. a leucocyte which devours hurtful bacteria in the human body. phalanges, pi. of phalanx. phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. pha- langes (-lan'jez) ], among the an- cient Greeks, & square battalion of heavy-armed infantry drawn up in close rank : hence any close compact body: pi. the small bones of the fin gers and toes. phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or specter. phantasmagoria (-taz-ma-go'ri-a) , n. a magic lantern. phantasy (fan'ta-si), n. insane fancy. phantom ('tom)^ n. an apparition; spirit; fancied vision. pharisaic (far-i-sa/ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, the Pharisees; formally religious; hypo- critical. Also pharisaical. Pharisaism ('i-sa-izm), n. the doc- trines and practices of the Pharisees. Pharisee ('i-se), n. one of a religious sect among the Jews characterized by their strict observance of the let- ter of the law, and rites and cere- monies; one who observes the letter rather than the spirit of the law. pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik), adj. pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also- pharmaceutical: n.pl. pharmacy. pharmaceutist ('tist),w. one who pre- pares medicines. Also pharmacist. pharmacopoeia (-ko-pe'ya), n. an official publication containing the list of drugs of the Materia Medica, and directions for the preparation of medicines, &c. pharmacy ('ma-si), n. the art of pre- paring and compounding medicines; a drug-store. pharos (fa/ros), n. a lighthouse. pharyngeal (fa-rin'je-al), adj. per- taining to the pharynx. pharynx (far'ingks), n. the muscu- lar or membranous sac at the upper part of the esophagus. phase (faz), n. [pi. phases (fa/sez) }, the illuminated surface shown by a planet, or the moon; aspect; ap- pearance; transparent green quartz. Also phasis. pheasant (fez'ant), n. a gallinaceous bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- served for sport. pheasantry (-ri), n. a place where pheasants are bred and preserved. phenix (fe'niks), n. a fabulous bird, Nate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHENOL 659 PHLOX said to live 500 years in the Arabian desert, and to rise rejuvenescent from its ashes after immolating itself on a funeral pyre: hence the emblem of immortality. Also phoenix. phenol (fe'nol), n. carbolic acid. phenomenal (-nom'en-al), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, phenom- ena. phenomenalism (-izm), n. the meta- physical doctrine that visible things are really phenomena. phenomenist ('e-nist), n. a believer in phenomenalism. phenomenon ('e-non), n. [pi. phe- nomena ('e-na) ], an appearance, es- pecially one of unusual occurrence; something as it is perceived by ex- periment or observation. phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon radical of phenol. phial (fi'al), n. a small glass bottle or vessel: v.t.to put or keep in a phial. Also vial. philander (fil-an'der), v.i. to make silly love; to be foolishly sentimen- tal. philanthropic (fii-an-throp'ik>, adj. loving mankind; benevolent. Also philanthropical . philanthropically (-al-li), adv. be- nevolently. philanthropist ('an-thro-pist), n. one who loves and seeks to benefit mankind. philanthropy (-pi), n. love of man- kind ; benevolence. # philatelist (fi-lat'e-list), n. a collec- tor of postage stamps: adj. pertain- ing to philately. philately ('e-li), n. the systematic collection of postage stamps. philharmonic (-har-mon'ik), adj. loving harmony; noting a musical society. philippic (fi-lip'ik), n. a speech of vehement invective: from one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. Philistine (fil'is-tin or -is'tin), n. an ancient inhabitant of the southwest- ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, a non-academical person; an uncul- tured person or one of narrow views: adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Philistines; uncultured; nar- row-minded; prosaic. Philistinism (-izm), n. the manners or modes of thought of a modern Philistine. philological (-o-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to philology. philologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one skilled in philology. Also philologer. _ philology (-ol'o-ji), n. the scientific study of languages and their struc- ture and mutual relation. philomel ('o-mel), n. the nightingale. philoprogeni t iy eness (-6-pro- j en'i- tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of offspring. philosopher (-os'o-fer), n. a student of philosophy; one noted for calm judgment and practical wisdom. philosophic ^ (-o-sof'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or in accordance with, phi- losophy: rational; wise; calm. Also philosophical. philosophically (-al-li), adv. in a philosophic manner. philosophize (-os'o-fiz), v.i. to rea- son like a philosopher. philosophy ('o-fi), n. the knowledge of the causes of all phenomena both of mind and matter; a particular philosophic system; calmness of temper. philter, philtre ('ter), n. a love charm or potion. phiz, abbreviation of physiognomy. phlebotomy . (fie-bot'6-mi), n. the act or practice of opening a vein to let blood. phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in the air passages of the throat; cold- ness; sluggishness. phlegmatic (fieg-mat'ik), adj. abounding in phlegm; sluggish; dull. Phlegmatical. phlegmatically (-al-li), adv. in a phlegmatic manner. Phlox (floks), n. a genus of North American bright-colored flowering plants. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHLOX 660 PHOTOGRAPHY phlox n. any plant of the genus Phlox. Phoebus (fe'bus), n. Apollo; the sun. Phoenician (fe-nish'an), adj. per- taining to ancient Phoenicia, or to its inhabitants. phoenix. Same as phenix. phonendoscope (fo-nen'do-skop), n. an improved stethescope in which the sounds are intensified by disks of vulcanite or other vibrating material. phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining to the voice or sounds; representing the simple elementary sounds. Also phonetical: n.pl. the science of sounds, especially of the human voice. phonetically (-al-li), adv. by sounds. phonics (fon'iks), n.yl. the science of sounds; acoustics. phonogram (fo'no-gram), n. articu- late sound as recorded by the phono- graph; a written character repre- senting a particular sound. phonograph ('no-graf), n. a letter or character indicating a distinct spoken sound; an instrument to re- cord or reproduce articulate speech or sounds. phonographic ('ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or representing, articulate sounds, or to phonography. phonography (-nog'ra-fi), n. a de- scription of sounds uttered by the human voice; a system of shorthand, by which every sound is represented by a separate character or mark. phonology (-nol'o-ji), n. the science of articulate sounds. phonoscope ('no-skop), n. an instru- ment whichby means of electricity translates vibrations of sounds into visible figures. phonotype ('no-tip), n. a phonetic type. phonotypy ('no-ti-pi), n. a method of printing each vocal sound by a distinct type. phormium (for'mi-um), n. New Zea- land flax. phosphate (fos'fat), n. a salt of phosphoric acid. phosphide. Same as phosphuret. phosphite ('fit), n. a salt of phos- phorous acid. phosphorate ('fo-rat), v.t. to com- bine with phosphorous. phosphoresce (-fo-res'), v.i. to emit light like phosphorus. phosphorescence ('ens), n. emission of light under certain conditions by substances at common temperatures; faint light. phosphorescent Cent), adj. luminous. phosphoric (-for'ik), adj. pertaining to, like, or obtained from, phos- phorus. Phosphorous. phosphorous acid ('for-us as'id), n. an acid formed by the union of 1 atom of phosphorus and 3 atoms of oxygen. phosphorus ('for-us), n. a yellowish, wax-like, inflammable, non-metallic element, luminous in the dark. _ phosphuret ('fu-ret), n. a combina- tion of phosphorus with a metallic base. phosphuretted ('ed), adj. combined with phosphorus. photo, a prefix meaning light. photo (fo'to), n. a photograph. photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), n. the art or process of photographing in colors. photoengraving (f 5 'to-en-gray 'ing), n. a process for producing printing blocks or plates by photography. photogen ('to-jen), n. an inflamma- ble hydro-carbon; paraffin. photoglyphy (-togli-fi), n. a process of engraving by which photographs are etched into metal plates by the action of light and chemicals. photograph ('to-graf), n. a photo- graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- ture of by means of photography. photographic (-graf'ik), adj. per- taining to, or produced by, photogra- phy. photography (-tog ; ra-fl), n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of light on certain sub- stances sensitized by various chem- ical processes. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PHOTOGRAVURE 661 PHYSIOGNOMY photogravure (-to-gra-vtir'), n. the process of producing by photography on a sensitized surface an incised engraved metal plate from which im- pressions may be printed: v.t. to produce by such a process. photoheliograph (-he'li-o-graf), n. a photographic telescope or camera moved by clockwork, for depicting solar spots, transits, &c. photophone ('to-fon), n. an instru- ment for communicating sounds by the agency of light. photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. a moving- picture play. photopsia (top'si-a), n. a morbid af- fection of the eyes in which corrus- cations of light appear to play be- fore them. Also photopsy. photosphere ('to-sfer), n. the lumi- nous envelope of the sun. phototherapy (fo-to-ther'a-pi), n. a method of curing disease by means of light-rays, electric or solar, fo- cussed on the affected parts. phototype ('to-tlp), n. a block pro- duced by photography from which engravings, &c, can be printed; the process itself. photozincography (-zing-kog'ra-fi) , n. a process by which zinc blocks are prepared for printing from. phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- press in peculiar words. phraseology (-e-ol'o-ji), n. style, manner, or peculiarity of expres- sion; a collection of phrases. < phrenic (fren'ik), adj. pertaining to the diaphragm. phrenitis (fre-ni'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the brain. phrenological (fren-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to phrenology. phrenologically (-li), adv. accord- ing to phrenology. phrenologist (fre-nol'o-jist), n. one who believes in, or is skilled in, phre- nology. phrenology ('o-ji), n. the science ot the human mind or brain, as con- nected with the moral, intellectual, and sensual dispositions of the indi- vidual, which are supposed to be in- dicated by the undulations, or ''bumps," on the cranium. phthisic (tiz'ik), n. asthma; phthisis. phthisical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or caused by, phthisic or phthisis. phthisis (thi'sis), n. pulmonary con* sumption. phycology (fl-kol'o-ji), n. the study of the algae or seaweeds. phylactery (fi-lak'ter-i), n. [pi. phy- lacteries (-iz) ], a small square box containing a thin strip of parchment upon which certain texts from the law are inscribed, worn by pious Jews upon the forehead and left wrist. phylloxera (-loks-e'ra), n. an insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) which punc- tures the roots and leaves of vines and causes their destruction. physeter (fi-se'ter), n. the sperm whale. physic (fiz'ik), n. the science of med- icine, or the art of healing; medi- cine; a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. physicked, p.pr. physicking], to ad- minister medicine to; cure. _ physical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to nature, or to material things; per- ceptible to the senses; pertaining to physics; medicinal. physician (fi-zish'an), n. one legally qualified to prescribe remedies for diseases. physicism (fiz'i-sizm), n. material- ism. physicist ('i-sist), n. a student of natural science. physico a prefix, meaning of, or per- taining to, nature, as physico-theol- ogy, theology illustrated by natural philosophy. physics ('iks), n.pl. physical science or natural philosophy. physiognomist _ (-i-og'no-mist), n. one who is skilled in physiognomy. physiognomy (-mi), n. the science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the coun- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. A PHYSIOLOGICAL 662 PICROMEL tenance; the face; outward appear- ance. physiological (-i-o-loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to physiology. physiologist (-i-ol'o-jist), n. one who is skilled in physiology. physiology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science that treats of the vital functions performed by the organs of animals and plants. physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- ization. pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw into disorder, as printing type. piacular (pl-ak'u-lar), adj. expia- tory; requiring sacrifice; atrocious. pia mater (pi'a ma'ter), n. a deli- cate vascular membrane which in- vests the brain and spinal cord. pianist (pi-an'ist), n. a performer on the piano. piano (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte. pianoforte (-for-te), n. a stringed musical instrument, the notes of which are produced by hammers acted upon by keys. piano-playeF (-pla'er), n. an^ at- tachment to a piano causing it to play automatically. piazza (-az'a), n. an open square sur- rounded by buildings or colonnades; a walk under a roof supported by pillars. pibcorn (pib'korn), n. a Welsh mu- sical pipe. pibroch (pe'brokh), n. the wild mar- tial music of the Scottish bagpipe; a bagpipe. pica (pl'ka), n. a size of type, used as a standard of measurement in printing (see type) ; a vitiated ap- petite for unnatural kinds of sub- stances, as coal, sand, chalk, &c. picador (pik-a-dor'), n. the horse- man who incites the bull in a Span- ish bull fight by attacking it with a lance. picaroon (-roon'), n. a robber, pi- rate, or marauder. picayune (-yoon'), n. a small silver coin = 634 cents. piccalilli ('a-lil-i), n. a kind of pickle. piccaninny ('a-nin-i), n. [pi. picca- ninnies (-iz) ], a negro baby or child. piccolo ('o-lo), n. a small flute hav- ing its notes an octave higher than the ordinary flute. pick (pik), n. a sharp pointed iron tool; choice or selection: v.t. to strike with a sharp instrument, or' with the beak; pierce; open by an instrument; pluck or gather; sep- arate with the fingers; choose or select; clean; rob: v.i. to eat, or do anything, leisurely and fastidiously; pilfer. pick-a-back ('a-bak), adv. on the shoulders like a pack. pickax, pickaxe ('aks), n. an ex- cavating tool, pointed at one end and broad at the other. pickerel ('er-el), n. a small pike. picket ('et), n. a pointed stake used in fortification; pale of a fence; a stake to which a horse is fastened; a military guard to give notice of the approach of an enemy, or to bring in deserters; one or more appointed by a trades-union to watch a fac- tory, &c, where non-unionist men are employed during a strike: v.t. to place as a picket; fasten to a picket. pickle ('!), n. a mixture of brine and water, &c, for preserving food; vegetables, &c, preserved in pickle; embarrassment or difficulty^ a mis- chievous or troublesome child: v.t. to preserve in, or as in, pickle. picklock ('lok), n. an instrument for picking locks; a thief. picnic ('nik), n. a short excursion into the country, &c, by a pleasure party carrying their own provisions; a kind of biscuit. picric acid ('rik as'id), n. an in- tensely bitter acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo; car- bazotic acid. picromel ('ro-mel), n. a greenish- yellow sweet-bitter substance found in bile. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PICROTOXIN 663 PILE picrotoxin (-toks'in), n. the poison- pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the gr>- ous bitter principle found in the nusColumba; a simpleton; one who berries of Cocculus indicus. is easily imposed upon or swindled. pictorial (pik-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- pigeon-breasted (-bres'ted), adj. ing to, or illustrated by, pictures. having a narrow breast like a pig- picture ('tur), n. a painting or draw- eon. ing representing a person or thing; pigeon English (ing'glish), n. a jar- vivid representation or description. gon of English used in commercial picturesque (-esk'), adj. giving vivid dealings with the Chinese. Also impression of nature or reality; pidgin English, graphic; wild and beautiful; roman- pigeon-hole (-hoi), n. a compart- tic: n. that which is picturesque. ment for papers, &c. pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer's type pigeon-toed (-tod), adj. having the confusedly mixed ; meat or fruit cov- toes turned inwards, ered with crust and baked. piggery (pig'er-i), n. a place for piebald ('bawld), adj. having patches pigs. of different) colors. piggin ('hi), n. a small drinking ves- piece (pes), n. a part of anything; sel. certain quantity; literary or artistic pigheaded ('hed-ed), adj. stupidly composition; separate performance; obstinate. coin; gun; person (used contemptu- pigmean (-me'an), adj. dwarfish. _ ously): v.t. to enlarge by adding a pigment ('ment), n. paint; coloring piece; patch: v.i. to join; unite by matter. coalescence of parts. pigmy. Same as pygmy. piecemeal ('mel), adj. made of pieces pignons (pm'yunz), n.pl. the edible or parts; single: adv. in pieces or seeds of various pine cones, parts. pig-nut (pig'nut), w. # the sweetish- pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. bitter nut of a species of hickory; pier (per), n. a mass of masonry the ground chestnut. supporting an arch, bridge, &c.;tim- pigsty ('sti), n. a pen for pigs, bers of a bridge or other building; pigtail ('tal), n. the tail of a pig; mole or jetty; wharf; a landing hair twisted into; the form of a long place projecting into the sea. queue and hanging down the oack pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- of the head; tobacco in long twists. cially with a pointed instrument; pigwidgeon (-wij'un), n. a fairy; affect deeply; explore; dive into: anything very diminutive. v.i. to nter. pike (pik), n. a weapon with a shaft pierceable ('a-bl), adj. that may be and spearhead; a voracious fresh- pierced, water fish with a narrow, elongated, piercing ('ing), adj. penetrating; pointed head, keen. pike (pik), n. a road; a turnpike. pier glass (per glas), n. an orna- piker (pi'ker), n. a person whose mental mirror, especially one be- ventures are made on a small scale tween windows. and in a timid way. piety (pi-e-ti), n. the quality of be- pilaster (pi-las'ter), w. a square pol- ing pious; reverence for, and duty umn or pillar, inserted partly in a toward God; reverence to parents. wall. pig (pig), n. the young of swine; a pilchard (piTchard), n. a marine swine* pork; an oblong mass of un- edible fish, resembling the herring. forged metal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pigged, found chiefly on the coasts of Devon p.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; and Cornwall. be huddled together. pile (pil), n. a large beam driven ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n,, book; hue, hut; think, then. PILFER 664 PINE into the ground to make a firm foundation; mass or heap; accumu- lation; large building; a series of plates arranged to produce an elec- tric current; nap of cloth; a for- tune: pi. hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect in a mass; accumulate; lay on; drive piles into. pilfer (pil'fer), v.t. to steal in small quantities. pilgarlick (-gar'lik), n. one who has lost his hair by disease; a wretched sneaking fellow. -pilgrim ('grim), n. a traveler; one who travels from a distance to visit some sacred place or shrine. pilgrimage (-aj), n. a journey, espe- cially to some sacred place. pill (pil), n. a small ball of some medicinal substance to be swallowed entire; something disagreeable that must be accepted: v.t. to reject by black balls in a club ballot. pillage ('aj), n. the act of plunder- ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; lay waste. pillar ('ar), n. a column to support a structure; monument; something resembling a pillar, or affording sup- f)ort. lion ('yun), n. a cushion for a woman to ride on horseback behind a horseman; a soft low saddle. ^ pillory ('or-il, n. [pi. pillories (-iz) ], a wooden frame supoorted by an up- right post, having holes through which the head and hands of a per- son exposed to disgrace were passed and secured: v.t. to place in a pil- lory; expose to public disgrace or abuse. pillow ('o), n. a case filled with feathers, &c, to support the head of a person reposing; the block on which the inner end of a bowsprit is supported: adj. noting a kind of lace: v.t. to place on a pillow. pilose (pi'los), adj. hairy. Also pi- lous. pilot ('lot), n. one who conducts a vessel in or out of a harbor or where navigation is difficult or dangerous; a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a pilot. pilotage (-aj), n. the act of piloting; skill of a pilot ; pilot's dues. pilot-cloth (-kloth), n. a stout thick cloth. pilot-engine (-en'jin), n. a locomo- tive sent on in front to clear the line. pimento (pi-men'to), n. allspice. pimp (pimp), n. a procurer: v.i. to procure immoral women for others. pimpernel (pim'per-nel), n. a name for various plants of the genus Ana- gallis. pimple ('pi), n. a small pustule. pimpled Cpld), adj. having, or full of, pimples. Also pimply. pin (pin), n. a short piece of wire sharpened at one end and having a head at the other, used for fasten- ing articles together; anything driven to hold parts together; bolt or peg; linchpin; cylindrical wood- en roller; anything of small value: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pinned, p.pr. pin- ning], to fasten with, or as with, a pin; inclose. pinachromy (pin-ak'ro-mi), n. a method of photographing in colors. pina-cloth (pe'nya-kloth), n. a fine cloth made in Manila from the fibers of the pineapple leaf. pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron or covering to protect children's dresses. pinaster (pi-nas'ter), n. the clu pine of Southern Europe. pincers. Same as pinchers. pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip; oppress or distress: v.i. to bear hard; be straitened; be mean or niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as with the fingers and thumb; dis- tress, or difficulty. pinchbeck ('bek), n. a yellow alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of zinc; adj. noting jewelry of inferior make. pinchers (pinch' erz), n. an instru- ment for drawing out nails, &c; nippers. Also pincers. pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PINEAL 665 PIRACY the genus Pinus; timber of the pine: v.i. to waste away from dis- tress, anxiety, &c. pineal (pin'e-al), adj. shaped like a pine-cone. pineal body (pin'e-al), n. a small gland in the brain, believed to be the vestige of an ancestral eye, and pro- ducing a secretion that # appears to have great importance in stimulat- ing mental development. pineapple (pln'ap-1), n. a tropical plant and its cone-shaped fruit. pin-footed (pin'foot-ed), adj. hav- ing the toes or feet bordered by a membrane. pinion ('yun), n. the last joint of a bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or secure, as by binding the arms; confine or fetter. pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red color; a flower with sharp-pointed leaves of the genus Dianthus; a narrow-sterned vessel; anything of supreme excellence: adj. of the color of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or punch with small round holes or small scallops; work in eyelet holes. pinking ('ing), n. a method of orna- menting dress materials or leather by scalloping the edges. pin-money (pin-mun'i), n. money allowed to a wife by her husband for her private expenses: originally for buying pins. pinnace (pin'as), n. a small light schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an eight-oared man-of-war's boat. pinnacle ('a-kl), n. a small polyg- onal turret or elevation above the rest of the building; a high point like a spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. pinnate ('at), adj. shaped like a feather; divided into leaflets. Also pinnated. pinochle (pe'nuk-1), n. a German game at cards, somewhat like the French game of bezique. pint (pint), n. l-8th of a gallon. pintail (pin'tal), n. a duck with a pointed tail. pintle ('tl), n. a bolt; the hook which attaches the rudder to the stern of a vessel. pioneer (pi-o-neV), n. a soldier or person whose business it is to clear and repair roads, &c, before an army, sink mines, and throw up for- tifications; one who goes before to prepare the way for another: v.i. act as a pioneer. pious ('us), adj. dutiful to God, or to parents; religious; devout; proceed- ing from, or actuated by, religious feeling. pip (pip), n. the seed of certain iruit; a disease in fowls; a spot on a play- ing card: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken or small bird. pipe (pip), n. any long hollow tube; a tube of clay, wood, &c, with a bowl at one end for smoking tobac- co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, or 105 imperial gallons, or 126 wine- gallons: v.t. to play on, or call by, a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shrill sound. pipe-dream (pip'-drem), n. a foolish vision; an improbable fancy. piperine (pi'per-in), n. the active principle of black pepper. piping ('ing), adj. feeble; weak; shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like boiling water: n. corded trimming for dresses. pipkin (pip Ton), n. an earthen pot glazed on the inside. pippin ('in), n. a variety of apple. piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or quality of being piquant. piquant ('kant), adj. pungent; se- vere. pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- sentment; wounded pride; punc- tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; irritate; displease; pride or value (one's self). pique (pe-kaO, n. a French cotton material, usually with some geomet- rical pattern. piquet (pe-kef), n. a card game. _ piracy (pl'ra-si), n. the act or crime ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PIRATE 666 PITEOUS of a pirate; infringement of copy- right. pirate ('rat), n. a robber on the high seas; one who infringes the law of literary or artistic copyright: v.t. to take without permission or com- pensation^ v.i. to practice piracy. pirogue (pi-rog'), n. a canoe consist- ing of the hollowed trunk of a single tree; a North American narrow ferry-boat. pirouette (pir-oo-ef), n. a whirling or turning about on one toe; turn- ing of a horse on the same ground: v.i. to execute a pirouette. piscary (pis'ka-ri), n. right or liber- ty of fishing. piscatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to fishing. Also piscatory. piscicultural (-i-kul'tu-ral), adj. per- taining to pisciculture. pisciculture ('i-kul-tur), n. the arti- ficial breeding and rearing of fishes. pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous ex- clamation: v.i. to express contempt. pistachio-nut (pista'shi-o), n. a nut flavored like an almond. pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. pistil ('til), n. the seed-bearing or- gan in the center of a flower. pistillate (-at), adj. having a pistil. pistol ('tol), n. a small hand-gun: v .t. to shoot with a pistol. pistole (-tol'), n. a Spanish gold coin of varying value: usually about $3.60. piston ('tun), n. a small solid cylin- der of metal or wood, fitting exactly and moving up and down the barrel of a pump, or the cylinder of a steam-engine. piston-rod (-rod), n. the rod moving the piston and connecting it with the external machinery. pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole used for trapping wild animals; area for cock-fighting; ground floor of a theater; a hollow part of the body, as the stomach; indentation left by small-pox; Hades (with the)', v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitted, p.pr. pitting], to mark with small hollows or depressions; set in competition; place in a pit. pita (pe'ta), n. a fibre of the agave plant from which rope and paper are made. pitacal ('a-kal), n. a substance ob- tained from wood-tar. pit-a-pat (-a-paf), adv.^ with quick beating: n. a palpitation; a light quick step. pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- inous substance obtained from boiled tar; a casting forward or down; degree or rate; slope; the degree of acuteness or graveness of a musical note; distance between the center of two gearing teeth; at cricket, the distance between the wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; throw; cast headlong; set to a key-note; order regularly; fix in, or on, the ground: v.i. to settle; fall headlong; en- camp; rise and fall; fix the choice (with upon). pitchblende ('blend), n. a black ox- ide of uranium: used in coloring glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief source of radium. pitched battle ('t bat'l), n. a bat- tle in which the opposing forces have taken up a regular position. pitcher ('er), n. one who pitches; an earthen vessel for holding water; an instrument for piercing the ground. pitcher-plant (-plant), n. an East- ern plant, the vase-like leaves of which, furnished with lids, hold water. pitchfork ('fork), n. sl pronged fork for pitching hay, straw, &c: v.t. to lift or throw with, or as with, a pitchfork. pitchiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being pitchy. pitch-wheel (-hwel), n. a toothed wheel that works in another. pitchy ('i), adj. like, or smeared with, pitch. piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; sorrowful; sad. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PITFALL 667 PLAIN pitfall ('fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- v.t. (pla-kard'), to advertise by a ered so that wild beasts may fall placard, into it; a trap. place (plas), n. a special spot or pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- locality; broad way or square; sit- stance in the center of plants; mar- uation; site^ residence; office; city row; quintessence; energy or force. or town; room; existence; duty; pithily (pith'i-li), adv. in a pithy passage in writing or a book; for- manner. tified post; precedence: v.t. to put pithiness ('i-nes), n. concentrated in any place, office, &c; ascribe; . force. settle; establish; invest; put out at pithy ('i), adj. of the nature of, or interest. full of, pith; forcible. placeman ('man), n. a government pitiable (pit'i-a-bl), adj. deserving official. pity. placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. the vascu- pitiably ('i-a-bli), adv. in a pitiable lar organ that connects the fetus manner. in the womb with the mother, the pitiful ('i-fool), adj. moving com- after-birth; that part of the carpel passion; insignificant. of a plant to which the ovules or pitifully (-li), adv. in a pitiful man- seeds are attached. ner. placental ('tal), adj. pertaining to, pitiless ('i-les), adj. without pity or or having, a placenta: n. a mam- compassion; merciless. mal with a placenta. pitsaw ('saw), n. a two-handled saw. placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit pittance ('ans), n. a small allow- which is not a vein. ance, especially of money. placid (plas 'id), adj. calm; peaceful; pitted ('ed), p. adj. marked with in- mild. dentations or small hollows. placidity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- pituitary body (pi-tu'i-ta-ri bod'i), n. ity of being placid. a small gland situated at the base of placket (plak'et), n. a petticoat; a the brain and producing a very im- slit in a skirt or petticoat; a wom- portant internal secretion. an's pocket. pity ('i), n. sympathy with distress; plagiarism (pla'ji-a-rism), n. the compassion; a subject of pity or act of plagiarizing, griei: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitied, p.pr. plagiarist (-rist), n. one who steals pitying], to sympathize with: v.i. from the writings of another and to be compassionate, or affected passes them off as his own produc- with pity. tion; literary theft. Also plagiary. pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on plagiarize (-iz), v.t. to steal from which anything turns; the soldier the writings of another, who is stationary at the flank while plague (plag), n. a malignant epi- the company drilling wheels round: demic; anything very troublesome or v.t. to place on a pivot. annoying: v.t. to infest with dis- pix. Another form of pyx. ease; trouble or annoy greatly. pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies ('iz) ], plaguily ('i-H)^ adv. so as to plague. a fairy. Also pixie. plaguy ('i), adj. vexatious. placability (pla-k&-bil'i-ti), n. the plaice (plas), n. an edible flat-fish, quality of being placable. Also plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen placableness. cloth, originally worn as a garment placable ('ka-bl), adj. that may be by the Highlanders of Scotland, appeased or pacified; forgiving. plain (plan), adj. level; flat; even; placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed smooth; clear; evident; easily un- on a wall, &c, as an advertisement: derstood; not luxurious; devoid of fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. 1 PLAINT PLASTER beauty, or ornament; homely: n. level ground; any flat expanse. plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a mournful song ; the exhibiting of an action in writing by a plaintiff. plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- mences a suit in a court of law. plaintive ('tiv), adj. expressing grief or sorrow; sad. plaintively (-li), adv. in a plaintive manner. plaintiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of Deing plaintive. plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. to fold or braid; interweave. Also pleat. plan (plan), n. a drawing on a flat surface, as of a building, &c; scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. planned, p.pr. planning], to make a plan or sketch of, on a flat surface; form in design; outline. planarian (pla-na/ri-an) n. a flat aquatic worm having extraordinary power to reproduce lost parts, in- cluding the head. planchet ('chet), n. a flat piece of metal prepared for coining. planchette (plang-shef), n. a heart- shaped board fitted with wheels and a pencil which traces marks as it moves the hand by some supposed mysterious agency. plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even; without elevations or depressions: n. a flat or even surface; in geom- etry, an even superficies; a level sur- face parallel to the horizon; a car- penter's tool for smoothing wood: v.t. to make level; make smooth with a plane. plane-tree ('tre), n. a large tree with broad-spreading leaves. planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body revolving round the sun. planetarium (-a'ri-um), n. a ma- chine to exhibit the planets, their motions round the sun, and their relative distances and magnitudes. planetary ('et-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or produced by, planets; erratic. planetoid ('et-oid), n. any one of the small planets revolving in the space between Mars and Venus; minor planet. planish (plan'ish), v.t. to polish or smooth by hammering. planisphere ('is-fer), n. a sphere or globe projected on a plane surface. plank (plangk), n. a long broad piece of sawn timber thicker than a board; an item in a political pro- gramme or policy: v.t. to cover with planks; pay (with down). planner (plan'er), n. one who plans; a projector. piano, a prefix meaning flat, as plano- concave: adj. flat or plane on one side, concave on the other. plant (plant), n. any vegetable organism; sprout or sapling; the tools, machinery, or fixtures of any trade or business; a swindle: v.t. to put into the ground for growth, as seed; fix in the mind; establish. plantain ('tan), n. a tropical broad- leaved tree yielding an edible fruit similar to the banana. plantation (-ta/shun), n. a place planted with trees; a large culti- vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c; a new settlement or colony. planter ('er), n. one who plants; the owner of a plantation. plantigrade ('i-grad), n. walking on the sole of the foot; a carnivorous animal, as the bear, of the section plantigrada. plantule ('ul), n. an embryo of a plant. plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- ures, &c, are enameled or painted. plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: v.t. to splash or dash with water; interweave the branches or twigs of: as, to plash a hedge. plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless fluid of the blood in which the red corpuscles float; protoplasm; a grass-green variety of chalcedony. plaster (ter), n. calcined gypsum ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLASTIC 669 PLEAD used for castings, &c. (plaster of paris); a composition of lime, sand, and water, for coating walls; a me- dicinal application for external use: adj. made of plaster: v.t. to over- lay or cover with, or as with, plaster. plastic ('tik), adj. capable of being formed or molded; giving form. plasticity (-tis'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being plastic. plat. Same as plait. plate (plat), n. a thin piece of metal; a small shallow vessel used at table for eating from; an engraved piece of metal; household articles of gold or silver; a prize given at a race: v.t. to coat with a more valuable metal; to beat into laminae or thin plates. plateau (pla-to'), n. L pl. plateaux (-toz') ], elevated broad flat land; table-land; a large ornamental cen- ter-dish. plate-glass (plat'gl&s), n. a fine kind of glass cast in thick plates: used for mirrors, &c. plate-mark. Same as hall-mark. . platen (plat'en), n. the flat part of a printing-press by which the impres- sion is made. platform ('form), n. a flat floor of wood, stone, &c, raised above the level of the ground; the place where guns are mounted on a fortress or battery ^political program or policy, of which each item is called a plank. platina. Another form of platinum. plating (pla'ting), n. the art of over- laying or covering anything with a metallic plate. platinize ('i-nlz), v.t. to coat with platinum. platinoids ('in-oidz), n.pl. metals found associated with platinum. platinous (-us), adj. containing plat- inum. platinum (-in-um), n. a greyish- white metal very hard and ductile, the heaviest of the known metals. Also platina. platitude ('i-tud), n. insipidity; dullness; a weak, empty, trite re- mark. Platonic (pla-ton'ik), adj. pertaining to Plato, the ancient Greek philoso- pher, or to his philosophy, &c, or school; pure and untainted with car- nal desires. platoon (-toon'), n. two files of sol- diers forming a subdivision. platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. platy, a prefix meaning broad or flat, as platypus, the ornithorhyncus, from its flat, duck-like bill. platyrhine ('i-rin), adj. broad-nosed; noting American monkeys, thus characterized. plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. plauditory ('di-to-ri), adj. applaud- ing. plausibility (-zi-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being plausible; spe- ciousness. Also plausibleness. plausible ('zi-bl), adj. specious; su- perficially pleasing. plausibly (-bli), adv. in a plausible manner. play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- tion for amusement; exertion of powers; diversion; pastime; drama, tragedy, or comedy; gaming; scope; practice; manner of dealing; style: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. played, p.pr. play- ing], to engage in some exercise for amusement; sport or frolic; per- form upon, as a musical instrument; personate a character; gamble. playful (pla'f ool) , adj. sportive ; lively. playfully (-li), adv. in a playful man- ner. playfulness (-nes), n. playful state or disposition. plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or market place. plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; the defendant's answer to the plain- tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- gent entreaty. plead _ (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- son in support of a cause against another; argue before a court of law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLEADINGS 670 \ PLIABLE cuss or defend by arguments; offer as an excuse. pleadings ('ingz), n.pl. the written statements of the two parties in a lawsuit. pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to the mind or senses; delightful; agree- able; cheerful; facetious. pleasantry (-ri), n. merriment; lively talk; gaiety; a laughable trick or joke. please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give pleasure to; gain approbation from: v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- tion; like or choose. pleased ('d), p. adj. gratified. pleasing ('ing), p. adj. affording pleas- ure; agreeable. pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl), adj. grat- ifying; delightful pleasurably (-bli), adv. in a pleas- urable manner. pleasure ('ur), n. gratification; agree- able emotions, mental or physical; transient enjoyment; sensual grati- fication. pleat. Another form of plait. plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining to the Plebs or Roman commonalty ; pertaining to the common people; hence common or vulgar: n. one of the common people. plebeianism (-izm), n. vulgarity. plebiscite (pleb'i-slt), n. a vote taken of the entire male community by universal suffrage on some special matter submitted ; the decree found- ed on such a vote. pledge (plej), n. anything placed as a security or guarantee; pawn; hos- tage; a health in drinking: v.t. to give as security or guarantee; de- posit in pawn; drink to the health of. pledget ('et), n. a flat piece of lint placed over a wound. Pleiades (pli'a-dez), n.pl. the cluster of 7 stars in the constellation Tau- rus; from the 7 daughters of Atlas and Pleione, changed after death into stars. plenary (ple'na-ri), adj. full; com- plete. plenipotentiary (plen-i-p5-ten'shi-a- ri), adj. having full power: n. an am- bassador to a foreign court invested with full powers. plenist (ple'nist), n. one who holds the theory that all space is filled with matter. plenitude (plen'i-tiid), n. fulness. plenteous ('te-us), adj. abundant; amply sufficient. plentiful ('ti-fool), adj. yielding abundance; copious. plentifully (-li), adv. abundantly. plenty ('ti), n. abundance. pleonasm (ple'o-nazm), n. use of more words than necessary in speak- ing or writing. pleonastic (-nas'tik), adj. redun- dant. pleonastically (-al-li), adv. redun- dantly. plet (plet), n. a kind of birch-rod, used in Russian prisons. plethora (pleth'o-ra), n. excessive fulness of blood; overabundance. t plethoric (ple-thor'ik), adj. having excess of blood. pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae ('re) ], a delicate serous membrane cover- ing the interior of the thorax and each lung. pleural ('ral), adj. pertaining to the pleura. pleurisy ('ri-si), n. inflammation of the pleura. _ _ • pleuritic (-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affected with, pleurisy. Also pleuritical. pleuro, a prefix meaning rib or side, as pleurodynia,, rheumatism of the chest walls. pleuro-pneumonia (ploo-ro-nu-mo'- ni-a), n. inflammation of the pleura and lungs. plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of veins, nerves, &c. pliability (pll-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being pliable. Also pliableness. pliable ('a-bl), adj. easily bent; flex- ible; easy to be persuaded. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLIABLY 671 PLUNGE pliably ('a-bli), adv. in a pliable manner. pliancy ('an-si), n. pliant quality. pliant ('ant), adj. flexible; easily bent; yielding to moral suasion. plicate ('kat), adj. plaited; folded in the form of a fan. Also plicated. pliers ('erz), n. a kind of small pinchers for seizing and bending, especially small articles. plight (plit), n. a dangerous or dis- tressed condition; predicament; pledge; promise: v.t. to pledge, as one's faith. plinth (plinth), n. the lowest square- shaped part of the base of a column, pedestal, &c. ; the projecting face at the bottom of a wall. plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- ly; drudge or toil; study closely. . plot (plot), n. a complicated scheme, conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain of incidents in a play, novel, &c, gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plotted, p.pr. plotting], to devise; make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; form a plan against another. plover (pluv'er), n. a, wading bird of various species. plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- tural implement for turning up the soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to turn up with a plow; furrow. plowshare, ploughshare ('shar), n. the iron part of a plow that cuts the soil. pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or up; snatch; pick or gather; reject as a candidate in an examination: n. a pull; the heart, liver and lungs of an animal ; courage. pluck sly ('i-li), adv. courageously. plucky ('i), adj. [comp. pluckier, superl. pluckiest], having courage or pluck. plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c, used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to stop with a plug. plum (plum), n. a tree, Prunus do- mestica, or its well-known fruit; a raisin; ^100,000: hence a large for- tune. plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- ers. plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- ally of lead, suspended at the ex- tremity of a line to indicate the per- pendicularity of work done, as a wail, &c: adj. perpendicular: adv. perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line; make perpendicular; sound (the depth of water) by a plummet. plumbago (-ba/go), n. a mineral of carbon and iron, used for lead pen- cils; a form of carbon. plumber ('er), n. one who is engaged in the business of plumbing. plumbing ('ing), n. the art or occu- pation of putting into buildings the pipes, traps, &c, for the conveyance of water, gas, and sewage. plumb-line (Tin), n. a line attached to a mass of lead to indicate the per- pendicular; perpendicular line. plumcot (plum'kot), ft. a new species of fruit produced by Luther Bur- bank by crossing the plum and the apricot. plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- er worn as an ornament; crest: v.t. to pick and adjust the feathers of; adorn with plumes; boast; pride (used reflexively). plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden weight attached to a string used for sounding depths, &c. plump (plump), adj. round and sleek with fulness of flesh; in good condi- tion; downright; unqualified: adv. with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to grow plump; fall or sink down; to vote for a single candidate when one has the right to vote for two or more: v.t. to make plump; fatten. plumy (ploo'mi), adj. feathered. plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- lage: v.t. to take by open force; spoil; rob. plunderage (-aj), n. the embezzle- ment of goods on board ship. plunge (plunj), v.t. to put suddenly ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PLUNGER 672 PODIUM into water or any other liquid; im- plying], to work on closely; practice merse; baptize by immersion: v.i. to diligently or earnestly; urge or sink, fall, or rush, as into water; solicit: v.i. to run regularly between dive; throw the body forward and two ports; work against the wind, the legs up, as a horse; bet heavily pneumatic (nu-mat'ik), adj. pertain- and thoughtlessly: n. the act of ing to, consisting of , containing, like, plunging; sudden fall. or moved by, air. Also pneumatical. plunger ('er), n. one who plunges; a pneumatically (-al-li), adv. by air. diver; the long solid cylinder or pis- pneumatics ('iks), n.pl. the science ton of a pump; one who bets heavily that treats of the mechanical proper- and thoughtlessly. ties of air and similar elastic fluids. pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- pneumatic tire (nu-mat'ik tir'), n. a ing an event or action occurring tire made of rubber and inflated prior to some other event or action. with air, used for automobile and plural ('ral), adj. consisting of more bicycle wheels. than one: n. that form of a word pneumatology (-ma-toro-ji), n. pneu- that expresses more than one. matics; the science of mind or plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the ma- spiritual existencies or essences and jority; the greatest of three or more their operation, numbers; the excess of votes cast pneumo, a prefix meaning lung. for any one candidate over the can- pneumonia (-mo'ni-a), n. acute in- didate who receives the next largest flammation of the lungs, number of votes at an election where pneumonic (-mon'ik), adj. pertain- there are three or more candidates ing to the lungs, for the same office. pneumothorax (nu'mo-tho'raks), n. pluralize (-i_z), v.i. to make plural. recently developed method of treat- plurism (plu'rizm), n. a recent move- ing tuberculosis, by injecting nitro- ment among certain Paris artists gen gas into the pleural cavity. to combine in one work an expres- poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon sion of all arts instead of one. preserves to shoot or steal game: plus (plus), n. the sign ( + ) used to v.t. to steal game from; plunder by denote addition: adj. more (by a stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking certain amount); increased (by a them into boiling water, specified addition); above zero. poachy ('i), adj. swampy; marshy. plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy pochard ('ard),w. the sea-duck. cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. pock (pok), n. a pustule on the skin plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. rule containing eruptive matter. or government by the rich. pocket ('et), n. a small bag inserted plutocrat (ploo'to-krat), n. one who in a garment for carrying small ar- exercises political power or influence tides; a small netted bag in a bil- by virtue of his wealth. liard table for the reception of the Plutonian (-to'ni-an), adj. pertain- balls; a small quantity. ing to Pluto, the god of the lower pod (pod), n. the pericarp or the cov- world, or to the lower regions of ering of the seed of certain plants, fire; igneous. Also Plutonic. as the pea, &c: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. Plutonic rocks (roks), n.pl. igneous podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or rocks. ...... fill, as a pod; produce pods. Pluviose (ploo'vi-os), n. fifth month podge (poj), n. a puddle, in the m calendar of the French podgy ('i), adj. short and fat. Revolution. podium (po'di-um), n. a low wall, pluvial ('vi-al), adj. ramy. usually with a plinth and cornice, in ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, p.pr. the front of an edifice to support ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PODOCARP 673 POLARITY pillara; that part of an amphithea- ter which projects over the arena; a balcony. podocarp (pod'o-karp), n. the stem which supports the fruit of a plant. podophyllin (-o-fiTin), n. a purga- tive resin obtained from the root of the May-apple. poe (po'e), n. a food made from the roots of the taro plant by the natives of Hawaii. poe bird (berd), n. the parson bird of New Zealand, with a plumage of a dark metallic hue. poem ('em), n. a metrical or poetical composition; a poetic conception. poesy ('e-si), n. the art of composing poems. poet ('et), n. the author of a poem; one gifted in writing poetry; one who is strongly imaginative. Fern- inine poetress. poet laureate (law're-at), n. a court poet. poetic (-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; sublime. Also, poetical. poetically (-al-li), adv. in a poetic manner. poetry "('et-ri), n. a metrical compo- sition produced or embellished by creative imagination. ^ pogrom (po'grom), n. in Russia an outburst of violence, largely re- taliatory. poi. Same as poe. poignant ('nant), adj. stimulating to the palate; irritating; very painful. poilu (poi'loo), n. a French veteran. poilu, modern meaning — a good sol- dier. poinsettia (-set'i-a;, n. a Mexican plant with handsome flowers. point (point), n. the sharp end of any instrument; mark or dot; indi- visible part; mark in punctuation; that which has position but no mag- nitude; a spot; exact place; critical moment; expression or force; sting of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; small cape or promontory; lace wrought with the needle; railway switch; unit of measurement for type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; give a point to; direct or aim; mark with points; fill the joints of (ma- sonry), with mortar and smooth them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; show clearly. point-blank ('blangk), adj. horizon- tal; straight forward to the mark; direct. pointed ( ; ed), p. adj. sharpened; hav- ing a sharp point; direct; telling; personal; epigrammatic; Gothic. pointer ('er), n. one who, or that which, points; a variety of dog trained to point game. pointing ('ing), n. punctuation; the act or operation of filling in the crevices of masonry with mortar. poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equilibrium: v.t. to balance; weigh; ascertain or examine: v.i. to be in a state of equilibrium. poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious or destructive to life, health, or mo- rality; venom: v.t. to infect with or kill by, poison; administer poison to; corrupt. poisonous (-us), adj. having the qual- ities of poison; deadly; injurious to health. poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push against, especially with something pointed; thrust at with the horns: v.i. to grope or feel about in the dark; search. poker ('er), n. a metal bar for stir- ring fires; a card game. poking ('ing), adj. servile; drudging. poky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit or interest; slow; stupid. polar ('lar), adj. pertaining to, or sit- uated near, either of the poles, espe- cially the North Pole; pertaining to the magnetic poles. polariscope (-lar'i-skop), n. an in- strument for exhibiting polarized light. polarity ('i-ti), n. the property pos- sessed by certain bodies, as in elec- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POLARIZATION 674 POLL trified or magnetized bodies, by which they arrange themselves in certain directions or tend to given poles. polarization (-i-za/shun), n. the act of polarizing; the state of being po- larized. polarize (-Iz), v.t. to communicate polarity to. pole (pol), n. a long staff; a measure = 53^ yards; a square measure = 303^ yards; a measuring instru- ment; one of the extremities of the imaginary axis of the earth; one of the two points in a magnet in which the attractive or repellent^ force is concentrated; that on which any- thing revolves; the extreme opposite. polecat ('kat), n. a small carnivo- rous animal which emits a strong of- fensive odor. polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- sialist: pi. the art of controversy; controversial _ writings, especially those on religious subjects. polemical ('i-kal), adj. controversial. polemically (-li), adv. controversially. pole-star (pol'star), n. the north star (Polaris) situated in Ursa Mi- nor, within V/2 degrees of the true pole; a guide. police (po-les'), n. in a city, town, or district, an organized force of civil officers for preserving order. policeman ('man), n. a member of a police force. policy (poFi-si), n. [pi. policies (-siz) ], the art or method of government; management of public affairs; sys- tem of regulative measures; sagacity in management; course of conduct; prudence; cunning; a document given to insurers containing a contract of insurance; a warrant for money in the public funds; a gam- bling game. poliomyelitis (pol-i-5-mI-e-lit'is), n. the medical name of infantile spinal paralysis. polish ('ish), v.t. to make smooth or glossy by friction; make polite or refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a smooth, glossy surface; a prepara« tion for imparting a polish; refine- ment or elegance of manners. Polish (po'lish), adj. pertaining to Poland, its language, or to its in- habitants. polite (-lit'), adj. well-bred; refined in manner; courteous or obliging. politeness ('nes), n. good-breeding; courtesy. politely ('li), adv. in a polite manner. politesse (pol-i-tes'), n. over-acted politeness. politic ('i-tik), adj. shrewd; specious; sagacious: especially in policy; adapted to promote the welfare of the state: n.pl. the art of government or the administration of public affairs; political opinions; party management or control. political (po-lit 'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to pohtics, or to a nation or state ; derived from government. politically (-li), adv. in a political manner. political economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. the science that treats of wealth, its nature, production, distribution, and consumption, and the laws which regulate and govern these. politician ('i-tish-un), n. one who- is skilled in politics; a statesman. politics. See under politic. polity ('i-ti), n. the form or constitu- tion of the civil government of a state; constitution. polka (pol'ka), n. a dance of Bohe- mian origin, performed by two per- sons; music suitable for such a dance. ' poll (pol), n. the head, especially the back part of it; a register of per- sons, especially those entitled to vote at elections; an election; number of votes recorded at an election; place where votes are cast: v.t. to lop; clip or shear; enroll in a register; bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast or deposit in a ballet box; to poll a jury is to examine each member in- dividually as to his concurrence in the verdict. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north* not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POLLACK 675 POMMEL pollack (pol'ak), n. a species of cod- fish. pollard ('ard), n. a tree lopped or polled; a stag that has cast its horns; a mixture of bran and meal; the chub-fish. pollen ('en), n. the fertilizing pow- der in the cells of the anthers of flowers. pollination (-i-na/shun) , n. the con- veyance of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. pollock. Same as pollack. poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capitation tax. pollute (pol-luf), v.t. to defile; ren- der unclean; taint with guilt; cor- rupt; violate. pollution (-lu'shun), . n. the act of polluting; the state of being pol- luted; defilement; legal or ceremo- nial uncleanness. polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to hockey; played on horseback. polonaise (po-lo-naV), n. a dress, body and skirt made in one; a Polish air or dance. polonium (po-lo'ni-um), a radio- active element. poltroon (pol-troon'), n. a coward. poly, a prefix meaning many, much. polyandry (pol-i-an'dri), n. the prac- tice of a woman having more than one husband at the same time: opposed to polygamy. polyanthus (-an'thus), n. a hand- some flower; a cultivated variety of the oxlip primrose. polychromatic (-kro-mat'ik), adj. exhibiting a play of colors. polychrome ('i-krom), adj. having many colors: n. a work executed in many colors. polygamist (po-lig'a-mist), n. one who practices or upholds polyg- amy. polygamous ('a-mus), adj. pertain- ing to, or practicing, polygamy. polygamy ('a-mi), n. the practice of having more than one wife at the same time. polyglot (pol'i-glot), adj. containing many languages: n. a book, espe- cially an edition of the Bible, in several languages. polygon ('i-gon), n. a figure having many angles. polygraph ('i-grai), n. a manifold writer. polyhedral (-he'dral), adj. having many sides or faces. Also polyhe- drous, polyhedric. polyhedron ('dron), n. a solid having many sides or faces; a polyscope. polyp ('ip), n. an extensive group of radiated animals including the hy- dra, sea-anemone, &c. Also polype polypus. polypus ('pus), n. [pi. polypi (-pi) ], a fleshy tumor in the nose or uterus; a polype. polyscope ( / skop),n.amultiplyinglens. polystyle ('stil), n. a building with many columns. polysyllabic (-sil-ab'ik), adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, three or more syllables. Also polysyllabical. polysyllable ('a-bl), n. a word con- sisting of three or more syllables. polytechnic (-tek'nik), adj. noting, including, or giving instruction in, the arts said sciences: n. a school for imparting instruction in the arts and sciences. polytheism ('i-the-izm), n. the doc- trine of a plurality of gods, each taking a part in the government of the world. polytheist ('ist), n. sl believer in polytheism. poly type (-tip), n. a. facsimile in metal of an engraving on wood. polyvalent (-va'lan),w.anti-toxin dis- covered by French bacteriologist and applied with successtc prevent infec- tion of wounds in the European war. pomade (po-mad'), n. a perfumed ointment for dressing the hair. pomegranate (pom'gran-at), n. a tree (Punica Granatum) yielding an orange-like, edible fruit with a thick rind and numerous seeds. pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a sword-hilt; the high part of a saddle- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POMMELING 676 POP-CORN bow: v.t. to beat with anything thick or bulky; bruise. pommeling (-ing), n. a beating. pomology (po-mol'o-ji), n. the sci- ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- trees, especially apples; a treatise on fruits. Pomona (po-mo'na), n. the Roman goddess presiding over the orchard and vineyard. pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- play; grandeur; parade. pompom (pom'pom), n. a rapid fire gun invented by Sir Hiram Maxim. pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. pomposity (-pos'i-ti), n. the state of being pompous. Also pompousness. pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately; grand; self-important; ostentatious. poncho (pon'cho), n. a sort of cloak or loose woolen garment worn in Spanish America. pond (pond), n. a pool of standing water. ponder (pon-der), v.t. to weigh men- tally: v.i. to deliberate. ponderability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being ponderable. Also ponderableness. ponderable ('der-a-bl), adj. capable of being weighed. ponderosity (-os'i-ti), n. weight. ponderous ('der-us), adj. very heavy; weighty; important; dull. pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- meal, milk, &c. pongee (pon-je'), n. an inferior kind of silk. poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. Pontiff ('tif), n. a high priest; the Pope. pontifical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to a pontiff, high priest, or pope; pa- pal: n. a book containing ecclesiasti- cal rites and ceremonies: pi. the full dress worn by an officiating priest or bishop. pontifically (-li), adv. in a pontifical manner. pontificate ('i-kat), n. the office or dignity of a high priest or pope; the reign of a pope. pontoon (pon-toon'), n. a buoyant, flat-bottomed structure supporting a floating military bridge; a bridge of boats; a lighter. pony (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies ('niz) 1, a small horse; a very small glass of beer or liquor; student's key to translation of Latin or Greek les- sons; often used adjectively to de- note something small of its kind, as a pony engine. pool (pool), n. a small body of water; a variety of play at billiards; the stakes in certain games or the re- ceptacle for them: v.t % to unite or aggregate together, as in mercantile risks, railway traffic, &c. poop* (poop), n. the stern of a ship; the raised deck in the stern of a ves- sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break heavily over the stern of: said of waves. pooped (poopt), p. adj. having a poop; struck on the poop by a heavy sea. pooping (poop'ing), n. a breaking of a heavy sea over the taffrail of the poop; the action of a vessel running her stern against the stern of an- other. poor (poor), adj. necessitous; having little or no means; destitute of rich- es; without strength, beauty, or dig- nity; dejected; spiritless; insignifi- cant; humble; lean; without fer- tilty; an expression of tenderness, compassion, or disdain. poorly ('li), adv. without adequate means; with scant success: adj. somewhat ill; delicate in health. pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: v.i. to make a short, smart, quick sound; move quickly; dart; come suddenly into view: adv. suddenly. pop-corn ('korn), n. any variety of Indian corn or maize having small ears and small, hard grains. The grains "pop" and expand when ex- posed to heat of a fire. ate, arm, ask, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut: think, then. POPE 677 PORTABLE Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church; a title of priests of the Greek Church; a variety of perch. popedom ('dum), n. the office, dig- nity, or jurisdiction of the Pope. popinjay ('in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. poplar (pop'lar), n. a tree of rapid growth, with a white soft wood. poplin ('lin), n. a fabric of silk and worsted. poppet ('et), n. one of the timbers that support a ship in launching; a term of endearment. poppy ('i), n. any plant of the genus Papaver, with bright showy flowers; from one species (Papaver somnif- erum) opium is obtained. populace ('u-las), n. the common people. popular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the com- mon people; easily understood; ple- beian. popularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being popular; general esteem. popularize (-iz), v.t. to render pop- ular. populate ('u-lat), v.t. to furnish with inhabitants. population (la/shun), n. the inhab- itants of a country, place, town, &c, collectively. Populist (-list), n. a member of a political party in the United States known as the Populist or People's party. populous ('u-lus), adj. thickly peo- pled. porcelain (pors'lan or pors'lan), n. a fine, white, thin, semi-transparent kind of earthenware: adj. pertaining to, or made of, porcelain. porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- ported by pillars; portico. porcine (por'sin), adj. pertaining to swine. porcupine ('ku-pin), n. a rodent cov- ered with spines, of the genus Hys- trix. pore (por), n. a minute hole in the skin through which perspiration passes to the surface; an opening between the molecules of a body: v.i. to look with close and steady atten- tion, as on a book. porgee (por'je), n. a coarse kind of silk. porgy ('ji), n. a marine fish much esteemed for food. pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine either fresh or salted. pork-barrel (pork'bar'el), n. term applied in the United States to Congressional appropriation bills for rivers, harbors, and public buildings. porker ('er), n. a pig. porkling ('ling), n. a young pig. porosity (por-os'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being porous. Also por- ousness. porous ('us), adj. having pores. porphyritic (por-fi-rit'ik), adj. hav- ing the appearance, or texture of, porphyry. porphyry ('fi-ri), n. originally a red- dish igneous rock found in Egypt, with enclosed crystals of feldspar; now applied to any rock having a feldspathic base with feldspar crys- tals. porphyry-shell (-shel), n. a uni- valve shell of the genus Murex, yielding a purple dye. porpoise (por'pus), n. a cetaceous mammal of the genus Phocaena; the sea-hog. porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled slowly in water until it thickens. porringer ('in-jer), n. a small dish for porridge, &c. port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- portment or carriage; the left side of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark colored Portuguese wine: v.t. to turn to the port or left side of a ship: as, to port the helm. portability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being portable. Also portableness. portable ('a-bl), adj. that may be easily carried by hand or about the person. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PORTAGE 678 POSITIVISM portage ('aj), n. carriage; cost of carriage; a break in a chain of water communication over which goods, boats, &c. have to be carried. portal ('al), n. a gate or entrance; an arch over a gateway or door. portcullis (-kul'is), n. a strong nar- row-shaped grating hung over the doorway of a fortified place and capable of being let down to defend the gate. Porte (port), n. the Turkish govern- ment and court: so called from the gate of the Sultan's palace where justice was administered. portemonnaie ('mon-a), n. a purse [French]. portend (por-tend'), v.t. to indicate in advance; presage; forebode. portent ('tent), n. an omen, especial- ly of ill. portentous ('us), adj. ominous; fore- shadowing evil; wondrous. porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; one who carries parcels, &c, for hire. Feminine porteress. porterage (-aj), n. money charged for carriage by a porter. portfire (port'fir), n. a paper tube filled with powder, &c, formerly used for firing guns. portfolio (-fo'li-o), n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c; the office and functions of a minister of state. porthole ('hoi), n. a window-shaped hole in the side of a ship, especially of a man-of war. portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos (-koz) ], a walk covered by a roof supported on columns; a columned porch. portiere (-tiar'), n. a door-curtain [French]. portion ('shun), n. 2l piece or part; allotment; dividend; final state; dowry; part of an estate descending to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; endow with a fortune. portliness ('li-nes), n. the state of being portly. portly ('li), adj. stately of mien; corpulent. portmanteau (-man'to), n. {pi. port- manteaux ('toz) ], a bag or trunk for carrying clothes or traveling necessities. portoise (por'tiz), n. a ship's gun- wale. portrait ('trat), n. a picture or rep- resentation of an individual or face drawn from life; a vivid graphic description in words. portraiture ('tra-tur), n. the art or practice of drawing or painting por- traits; vivid delineation in words. portray (-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- trayed, p. pr. portraying], to paint or draw the likeness of; describe in words. portrayal ('al), n. description.^ Portuguese (por-tu-gez'), adj. per- taining to Portugal, its inhabitants, or language. pose (poz), n. attitude or position: v.i. to assume an attitude: v.t. to puzzle or perplex; cause to be at a loss. poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- tion; one who, or that which, poses or puzzles. position (po-zish'un), n. the state of being set or placed; situation; attitude; principle laid down; office; social status.^ positive (poz'i-fov), adj. clearly ex- pressed; actual; direct; explicit; overconfident; dogmatical; settled by arbitrary appointment; having power to act directly; noting the simple form of an adjective (posi- tive degree) ; affected by the sign — (positive quantity): n. that which may be affirmed; reality; a word which affirms or asserts existence; a photograph with the natural lights and shades restored. positively (-li), adv. absolutely; ex- pressly. positiveness (-nes), n % the state or quality of being positive. positivism ('i-tiv-izm) , n. a French philosophical and religious system ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POSITIVIST 679 POSY originated by Auguste Comte (1798- 1857), called also Comtism, and the Religion of Humanity. posit ivist (-ist), n. an adherent of positivism. posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force , of men. posse comitatus (kom-i-ta/tus), the force of citizens which the sheriff of a county is empowered to raise to quell a riot, &c. possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an owner; be master of; occupy; seize. possessed (-zest'), p.adj. owned; mad. possession (-zesh'un), n.' the having, holding, or detention of property; the thing possessed; property or es- tate. possessive (-zes'iv), adj. noting pos- session. possessor ('er), n. owner; one who possessory ('o-ri), adj. pertaining to posset (pos'et), n. milk curdled with wine, &c. possibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being possible; contingency. possible ('i-bl), adj. that may hap- pen or exist. possibly ('i-bli), adv. by possibility; perhaps. possum. Same as opossum. post (post), n. a piece of timber, &c, set erect, usually to support some- thing else; a messenger or postman; established system of conveying and delivering letters; the mail; a post- office; a relay of horses; situation or office; a size of paper double that of common note-paper; military sta- tion. post, a prefix meaning after, as post- date. postage ('aj), the fee for the convey- ance of letters by post. postal ( 1), adj. pertaining to the postoffice or mail service. postal-zone (post'al-zon'), n. one of a series of concentric zones to facili- tate the operation of the parcels- post. postdiluvial (-di-lii'vi-al), adj. taking place after the deluge. poster ('er), n. a large advertising bill. posterior (pos-te'ri-er), adj. subse- quent in time or place; hinder: n.pl. the hinder parts of an animal. posterity (-ter'i-ti), n. [pi. posteri- ties (-tiz)], succeeding generations; descendants. postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate or door; private entrance; vaulted passage beneath the parapet # and through the rampart of a fortifica- tion: adj. behind; private. post facto (post fak'to), done after the act; retrospective. postfix ('fiks), v.t. to affix. posthumous (post'ii-mus), adj. born after the death of the father; pub- lished after the death of an author. postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider on the near leader in a carriage. postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. the su- perintendent of a postoffice; one who supplies post-horses. postmaster-general (jen'er-al), n. the chief officer of the postoffice de- partment. post-meridian (-me-rid'i-an), adj. after noon. post office, the governmental de- partment for forwarding mail. An office where mail is received and distributed. postpone (pon'), v.t. to delay; defer. postponement ('ment), n. the act of deferring to a future time; tempo- rary delay. postscript ('skript), n. a paragraph added to a letter after the writer's signature; appendix to a book. postulate (pos'tii-lat) , v.t. to assume without proof; solicit: n. a self-evi- dent problem; a position assumed as self-evident. posture ('tur), n. attitude; placing or position of parts of the body; state: v.i. to place the body in par- ticular postures. posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, originally a motto or verse sent with a bouquet. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut: think, then. Die. 44 POT 680 POUT pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for holding pottery ('er-i), n. [pi. potteries (-iz)J, or boiling liquids, &c; a mug for earthenware of all kinds; the place liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- where it is manufactured, ware, &c, for holding plants; a size pottle (pot'l), n. a liquid measure = of paper 123^ X 15 inches; a large 4 pints; a small conical basket for amount: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. potted, p.pr. holding fruit._ potting], to preserve, put into, or pottoroo (-o-roo'), n. the kangaroo plant in pots; shoot. rat of Australia. Also potoroo. potable (po'ta-bl), adj. drinkable. pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; potance (po'tans), n. the stud in pocket; bag or sack of an animal; which the lower pivot of the verge of cartridge-box; protuberant stomach . a watch is placed. poulp (poolp), n. the octopus. Also potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- poulpe. li obtained from the ashes of certain poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young plants. Also potass, potassa. chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monaa poulterer (pol-ter-er), n. a dealer in element, the metallic base of potash. poultry. potation (po-ta'shun), n. drinking poultice ('tis), n. a soft preparation bout; a draught or drink. of bread, meal, &c, applied to a sore potato (-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes or inflamed part of the body; a cata- (-toz)], the edible tuber of a South plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. American plant, widely cultivated; poultry ('tri), n. domestic fowls. the plant itself. pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- potency ('ten-si), n. power, physical merly used for drying ink on paper, or mental. now chiefly used for sprinkling into potent ('tent), adj. powerful; having holes in paper in pattern-making; great authority or influence. the talon or claw of a bird of prey; potentate ('ten-tat), n. one who pos- v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to sesses great power; sovereign or fall upon and seize with, or as with, monarch. the claws. potential (-ten'shal), adj. existing in pound (pound), n. a standard weight possibility, not in reality; latent; in = 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 grammar, expressing power, possi- ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 bility, liberty, or obligation. shillings or about $4.86; an inclos- potentiality (-shi-ari-ti), n. possi- ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to bility without reality. shut in or confine in a pound; beat; potentially ('shal-li), adv. in a po- pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod, tential manner. poundage ('aj), n. an allowance of pother (po^'er), n. confusion; bus- so much in the pound, tie: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to con- pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a liquid, fuse; tease. out of a vessel; discharge in a con- pothouse (pot'hous), n. a low public- tinuous stream; send forth; give house. vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. tumultuously. pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), n. a medley, pourparler (poor-par'la), n. [pi. pour- especially of musical airs; a dish parlers ('laz) ], a diplomatic con- composed of various kinds of meats sultation preliminary to a treaty, and vegetables. pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a of a broken pot. kind of codfish : v.i. to thrust out the pottage ('a j ), n. a kind of soup. lips in sullenness, contempt, or dis- potter ('er), n. a maker of pottery. pleasure; look sulky. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, c mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. POUTER 681 PRANCE pouter ('er), n. one who pouts; a pigeon. poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of being poor; indigence; necessity; penury; deficiency or defect, as of words, &c. powan (pou'an), n. a fish similar to the herring, found in Loch Lomond. powder ('der), n. any dry substance in fine particles; gunpowder; face- powder; a medicinal preparation: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, powder; salt. power (pou'er), n. the faculty of do- ing or performing something; abil- ity; energy; force; strength; rule or authority; dominion; government; influence; mental capacity; legal authority; ruler or sovereign; state or nation; supernatural being or agent; force tending to produce mo- tion; magnifying power of a lens; the product arising from the multi- plication of a number or quantity into itself. powerful (-fool), adj. having great power; mighty; forcible; strong; efficacious. powerfully (-li), adv. in a powerful manner. pow-wow (pou'wou), n. sl North American Indian priest or conjurer; an incantation accompanied with noise and dancing for the cure of disease; a noisy political meeting: v.i. to conjure; frolic noisily. pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease characterized by pustules; syphilis. pozzuolana (potz-oo-o-la'na), n. vol- canic ashes used in hydraulic or Ro- man cement. praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed boat or lighter used in Holland and the Baltic. practicability (prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being practicable. practicable ('ti-ka-bl), adj. that may be done, used, or passed over; feasible; possible. practicably (ti'-ka-bli), adv. so as to be practicable. practical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to action or use; useful; capable of ap- plying knowledge or theory to prac- tice; derived from, or reduced to, practice. practically (-li), adv. in a practical manner. practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or customary action; dexterity acquired by habit; use; exercise of any pro- fession; systematic exercise; a rule in arithmetic: v.t. to do habitually or repeatedly; perform; exercise, as a profession: v.i % to form a habit; exercise a profession. practitioner (-tish'un-er), n. one who is engaged in the exercise of any profession, especially medicine or law. prae, see pre. praecipe (pres'i-pe), n. a writ requir- ing something to be done, or the rea- son why it is not performed. praenomen (pre-no'men), ft. a name prefixed to the family name. praetor ('ter), n. a Roman magistrate ranking next to consul. pragmatic (prag-mat'ik), adj. med- dling; officious; assuming business airs. Also pragmatical. pragmatism (prag'ma-tizm), n. a modern school of philosophy, which offers new theories of meaning, truth, and knowledge, and seeks to work out a new theory of reality; technically "anew name for some old ways of thinking." prairie (pra/ri), n. an extensive treeless tract of level or slightly undulating land covered with tall coarse grass. prairie-dog (-dog), n. a small bur- rowing rodent that lives in commu- nities on the prairies. praise (praz), n. approbation; com- mendation; tribute of gratitude for benefits; renown; applause; object or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow commendation upon; honor; wor- ship; glorify. prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- tatiously; strut about in a showy or bellicose manner. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth; not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRANK 682 PRECIPICE prank (prangk), n. a freak or frolic; mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in a showy style; decorate. prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk idly; be loquacious: v.t, to utter without sense or meaning: n. tri- fling talk. Also prating. pratique (pra-tek'), n. a license to a ship to trade after quarantine, or after a certificate has been given that the vessel has not come from an infected port. prattle (prat'l), n. childish or empty talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; chatter. " prawn (prawn), n. a small marine crustacean, allied to the shrimp. praxis (prak'sis), n. an example or series of examples for exercise. pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. prayed, p.pr. praying], to ask earn- estly; address or petition; ask with humility and reverence; supplicate. prayer (prar). n. a solemn address to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a formula of worship; that part of a petition which specifies the request or desire. prayerful ('fool), adj. using prayer; devotional. prayerfully (-li), adv. in a prayerful manner; devoutly. prayer-book (-book), n. a manual of public or private devotion, con- taining forms of prayer. pre, a prefix, meaning before, prior in time, space, or degree. preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on a sacred subject, especially from a text of Scripture; give advice in an offensive or obtru- sive manner on religious or moral grounds: v.t. to teach publicly. preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- duction or preface; the opening clauses of a statute setting forth the reasons and object of the act: com- mencing with the word whereas. preaudience (-aw'di-ens), n. the right of previous audience; preced- ence at the bar. prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend granted to a canon out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate church. precarious (pre-ka/ri-us), adj. de- pending upon the will or pleasure of another; uncertain; held by a doubtful tenure. precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- tion taken beforehand; preventive measure. precautionary (-a-ri), adj. contain- ing, or proceeding from, precaution. precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before in time, place, rank, or importance. precedence (-se'dens), n. the act of going before in time, rank, &c. ; pri- ority; relative rank in social eti- quette. Also precedency. precedent ('dent), adj. going before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) something previously said or done, serving as an example to be followed; a paial- lel case in the past. preceding (pre-sed'ing), p. adj. going before; antecedent; former. precentor (-sen'ter), n. the leader of a cathedral choir, &c; the leader of the psalmody in a Presbyterian church. precept (pre'sept),n. an authoritative command; rule of action or moral conduct; maxim; written mandate. preceptor ('ter), n. an instructor or teacher. Fern, preceptress. preceptory (-sep'to-ri) , adj. giving or containing, precepts: n. a college or religious house of the Knights Templars. precession (-sesh'un), n. a going for- ward, especially the slow but con- tinual shifting of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic from east to west (precession of the equi- noxes) . precinct (pre'singkt), n. an outward limit or boundary; minor territorial district. precious (presh'us), adj. of great price or value; costly; highly es- teemed; worthless {in irony). precipice (pres'i-pis), n. a steep descent, especially one nearly or quite perpendicular. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRECIPITANCE PREDIGESTION precipitance (pre-sip'i-tans), n. haste in resolving or carrying out a purpose. Also precipitancy. precipitant ('i-tant), adj. falling head- long; hasty: n. any chemical sub- stance that causes something held in solution by a liquid to fall down in a solid state. precipitate (-sip'i-tat), v.t. to throw headlong; urge on violently; hurry on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- pectedly; throw to the bottom of a vessel: v.i. to fall to the bottom of a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; rash; falling, flowing, or rushing headlong: n. a substance precipi- tated. precipitately (-li), adv. in a precipi- tate manner. precipitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of precipitating; rash haste; that which is precipitated. precipitous ('i-tus), adj. very steep; headlong; rash; hasty. precise (pre-sis'), adj. exact; strict; accurate; definite; adhering rigidly to rule; punctilious. precisely ('li), adv. in a precise man- ner. preciseness ('nes), n. the quality of being precise. precisian (-sizh'an), n. sl punctilious or over-precise person. preclude (-klood'), v.t. to shut out; hinder from access; obviate; pre- vent. preclusion (-kloo'zhun), n. the act of precluding; the state of being precluded. preclusive ('siv), adj. precluding or tending to preclude. preclusively (-li), adv. in a preclu- sive manner. precocious (-ko'shus), adj. prema- turely ripe or developed; pertly for- ward. precocity (-kos'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being precocious; prema- ture development. Also precocious- ness. precognition (-kog-nish'un), n. pre- vious knowledge or thought. precursor (-ker'ser), n. one who, or that which, precedes; forerunner; omen. precursory ('so-ri), adj. indicating something that is to happen or fol- low. predacious (da/shus), adj. living by prey. predatory (pred'a-to-ri), adj. rapa- cious; plundering; pillaging. predecessor (pre-de-ses'er), n. one who has preceded another in the same office, business, position, &c; an ancestor. predestinarian (-des-ti-na'ri-an), adj. pertaining to predestination: n. one who believes in the doctrine of predestination. predestinate ('ti-nat), v.t. to ordain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose. predestination (-na'shun), n. the act of foreordaining; the doctrine that God has from all eternity de- creed whatever comes to pass, espe- cially, by an unchangeable purpose, the eternal life or death of man. predicability (pred-i-ka-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being predica- ble. predicable ('i-ka-bl), adj. capable of being predicated: n. in logic, a term that can be predicated of others, and noting genus, species, difference, property, or accident. predicament (pre-dik'a-ment), n. in logic, a category; a peculiar situa- tion; critical condition or state. predicate ('i-kat), v.t. to affirm one thing of another; found: n. in logic, that which is affirmed or denied of the subject. predication (-ka/shun), n. affirma- tion. predicative (-tiv), adj. affirmative. prediction (pre-dik'shun), n. the declaration of a future event; prophecy. predictor ('ter), n. one who predicts or foretells. predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the peptonizing of food by artificial ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue. hut; think, then. PREDILECTION 684 PREMATURE means before eating, thereby avoid- ing irritation of the stomach. predilection (pre-di-lek'shun), n. pre- ference beforehand; prepossession; partiality. predispose (-dis-poz'), v.t. to incline beforehand; adapt previously. predisposition (-po-zish'un), n. pre- vious inclination or propensity; prejudice. predominancy (-dom'i-nan-si), n. prevalence over others; superiority in strength, _ power, authority, &c. Also predominance. predominant ('i-nant), adj. having superior influence, &c; superior; controlling. predominate ('i-nat), v.i. to be su- perior in strength, power, authority, &c; prevail; be ascendant. predomination (-na'shun), n. the act or state of predominating. preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure or occupy by preemption; establish a right or claim to before others. preemption (-emp'shun), n. the act or right of purchasing before others. preen (pren), n. a forked instrument used in doth dressing: v.t. to cleanse, trim, and compose with the beak, as birds. preface (pref'as), n. the introduction to a book, &c; preamble: v.t. to in- troduce by prehminary remarks : v.i. to say or do something introductory. prefatory ('a-to-ri), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a preface; introductory. prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- trate or governor; commander; monitor; the civil governor of a de- partment in France. prefecture (-ttir), n. the office, jurisdic- tion, or official residence of a prefect. prefer (-feV), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pre- ferred, p.pr. preferring], to regard or esteem more than something else; present; place in advance. preference _ (pref'er-ens), n. the act of preferring; the thing preferred; choice of one thing more than anoth- er; predilection. preferential (-en'shal), adj. having a preference. preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. pro- motion, especially in the church. preferrer ('er), n. one who prefers. prefix (pre'fiks), n. a letter, word, or syllable placed at the beginning of a word: v.t. (pre-fiks') to place before or at the beginning of. pregnancy (preg'nan-si), n. the state of being pregnant; inventive power. pregnant ('nant), adj. < being with young :j fruitful; teeming; fertile; full of importance or significance. prehensihle (pre-hen'si-bl), adj. that may be seized. prehensile ('sil), adj. adapted for holding or seizing. prehension ('shun), n. a taking hold. prejudice (prej'u-dis), n. previous and unfavorable bias; prejudgment without # due examination; detri- ment; injury: v.t. to prepossess against; bias the mind of^ create a prejudice against; hurt, impair or damage in any way. prejudicial (-dish'al), adj. disadvan- tageous; injurious. prejudicially (-li), adv. injuriously. prelacy (prel'li-si), n. the office or status of a prelate; episcopacy: bishops collectively. prelate ('at), n. an ecclesiastical dig- nitary having episcopal authority. prelatic (pre-lat'ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, prelates or prelacy. Also prelatical. prelection (-lek'shun), n. a lecture, &c, read before students or others. prelector ('ter), n. a lecturer. preliminary (-lim'i-na-ri), adj. pre- ceding the main discourse or busi- ness; introductory: n. an introduc- tion; something preceding. prelude (prel'ud, or pre'lud), n. a short piece of music played as an introduction to a larger piece; pref- ace: v.t. to serve as a prelude to; precede. prelusory (pre-lu'so-ri), adj. intro- ductory. premature (pre-ma-tur'), adj. ripe Stc, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PREMEDITATE 685 PRESBYTERIANISM before the proper time; arriving, occurring, or done, before the proper time. premeditate (-med'i-tat), v.t. to design, conceive, or deliberate, beforehand. premeditation (-ta/shun), n. the act of premeditating. premier (prem'i-er), or pre'mi-er), adj. first; chief :n.the prime minister. premiership (-ship), n. the office or dignity of prime ninister. premise (pre-mlz'), v.t. to explain previously; lay down as proposi- tions to reason from: v.i. to state antecedent propositions: n. (prem'- is) a proposition antecedently as- sumed and laid down: pi. the two propositions of a syllogism in logic, the major and minor, from which the conclusion is drawn. (Also premises); a building and its ad- juncts; foregoing statements of facts of a deed of conveyance. premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- pense or reward; prize or bounty; bonus; payment for insurance value above the original price or par of stock, &c. premonitory (-mon'i-to-ri), adj. giv- ing warning beforehand. preoccupy (pre-ok'ti-pi), v.t. to take prior possession of; to occupy to the exclusion of another; to occupy beforehand. preparation (prep-a-ra'shun), n. the act of preparing or fitting for a par- ticular purpose; state of being pre- pared; readiness; a part of an ani- mal body prepared for anatomical use; that which is prepared or made ready, as a medicine, &c. preparative (pre-par'a-tiv) ,ad!/. tend- ing to prepare or make ready. Also preparatory :n.that which prepares. preparatively (-li), adv. by prepa- ration. preparatory (~par'a-to-ri), adj. pre- viously necessary; introductory. prepare (pre-par'), v.t. to make ready for; to make adaptable; to arrange: v.i. to get things ready. prepared (pre'pard), p. adj. in readi- ness. prepense (-pens'), adj. premeditated. preponderance (-pon'der-ans), n. superiority of weight, power, force, or influence. preponderant (-ant), adj. outweigh- ing. preponderate ('der-at), v.t. to out- weigh; exceed in power or influence: v.i. to incline to one side. preposition (prep-6-zizh'un) , n. a word placed before a noun or pro- noun to indicate its relation to some other word in the sentence. prepositional (-al), adj. pertaining to a preposition. prepositionally (-li), adv. like a preposition. prepositive (pre-pos'i-tiv) , adj. placed before: n. a word or particle placed before another word. prepossess (-poz-es'), v.t. to occupy beforehand; bias. prepossessing ('ing), p. adj. tending to win or secure favor, attractive. prepossession (-zesh'un), n. prior possession; preconceived opinion or judgment. preposterous (-pos'ter-us), adj. con- trary to nature or reason; ridicu- lous; absurd. prerogative (-rog'a-tiv), n. an ex- clusive or peculiar privilege, espe- cially of a sovereign. presage (pres'aj), n. a foreboding or presentiment: v.t. (pre-saj'), to forebode; predict. presbyopia (-bi-6'pi-a), ft. long-sight- edness while near objects are indis- tinctly seen, caused by a change in the refractive power of the eye, due to the flattening of the lens. presbyter (pres'bi-ter) , ft. an elder, minister, or priest; an elder with authority to rule in the early Chris- tian church. Presbyterian (-bi-te'ri-an), ft. one of a religious body governed by pres- byters: adj. pertaining to a presby- ter, or to the Presbyterian Church. Presbyterianism (-izm), ft. the sys- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRESBYTERY 686 PRESS tern of church government by pres- byters, all of whom are regarded as having equal rank and function. presbytery ('bi-ter-i), n. in the early Christian church, a body of elders; in the Presbyterian Church, a court composed of the pastors and ruling elders of the churches in a given district; such district so represented. prescience (pre'shiens), n. fore- knowledge. prescient ('shient), adj. foreknowing. prescribe (-skrib'), v.t. to set down authoritatively; direct medically; appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- tions; give law; claim by prescrip- tion. prescript ('skript), adj. prescribed; directed: n. a direction; prescrip- tion. prescription (-skrip'shun), n. the act of prescribing; the thing pre- scribed; a written direction for the preparation of a medicine; recipe; custom or title continued until it has acquired the force of law. presence (prez'ens), n. the state or quality of being present; quickness at expedients^ approach face to face; society; mien. present Cent), adj. being in a cer- tain place; at hand or in sight; at this time; not past or future; in- stant or immediate: n. the present time; a gift or donation: pi. what is written in a document or con- veyance now present or referred to: v.t. (pre-zenf), to introduce to a superior; exhibit _ to view; offer; give formally; point or aim, as a gun; appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice; lay before for considera- tion. presentation (prez-en-ta/shun), n. the act of presenting; representa- tion; the right or act of present- ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- sition of a child at parturition. presentative ('ta-tiv), adj. having the right of presentation; directly apprehending or apprehended by the mind. presentee (-en-te'), n. one who is presented to an ecclesiastical bene- fice. presentient (-sen 'shient), adj. hav- ing previous perception. presentiment _ ('ti-ment), n. previ- ous apprehension of something about to come or happen (usually of im- pending evil). presently (prez'ent-li), adv. ere long. presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. the act of presenting; the thing pre- sented; representation; notice taken of an offense by a grand jury from their personal knowledge; formal information to the lord of a manor by his tenants. preservable (-zer'va-bl), adj. that may be preserved. preservation (prez-er-va'shun), n. the act of preserving; the state of being preserved from injury or de- cay. preservative (pre-z er Va-tiv) , adj. having the power of preserving: n. that which preserves. Also preser- vatory. preserve (-zerv')> v.t. to keep from injury; defend; uphold; save; keep in a sound state; season with sugar for preservation: n. fruit, &c, sea- soned and kept in sugar; a place set apart for preserving game. preside (pre-zld'), v.i. to direct or control, especially at a public meet- ing; superintend. presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or residence of a president; one of the three principal divisions of British India. president ('i-dent), n. one who pre- sides over a corporation or assem- bly; the highest officer of a repub- lic; the chief officer of a college, university, or society. presidential (-den'shal), adj. per- taining to a president. press (pres), v.t. to urge; squeeze or crush strongly; hug or embrace; compel; crowd upon; distress; hur- ry; make smooth, as cloth, &c; ate, &rm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRESS-GANG 687 PREVALENT formerly, to force for service into of; simulate; counterfeit; assert; the navy: v.i. to exert pressure; v.i. to put forward a claim, true or move forward forcibly; crowd: n. false. an instrument or machine for com- pretended (-ten'ded), p.adj. ostensi- pressing anything; a printing ma- ble; feigned. chine; newspaper and periodical pretender ('er), n. one who lays literature; literature generally; a claim to anything under the guise crowd; act of urging forward; pres- of a right; one who makes a show sure; urgency; a closet with shelves; of anything not real. wine vat. pretense (-tens'), n. false or hypo- press-gang ('gang), n. a detachment critical profession; unfounded claim; from a ship's crew to force men into pretext. the navy. pretension (-ten'shun), n. a claim, pressing ('ing), p.adj. urgent; im- true or false; assumed right. portunate. pretentious ('shus), adj. assuming pressman ('man), n. sl printer who an air of superiority. works at the press and impresses preter, a prefix meaning beyond, the sheets; a journalist. more, besides, as preternatural, &c. prestidigitation (-ti-dij'i-ta'shun), n. preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- sleight of hand; legerdemain. Also ing the tense which expresses past prestigiation. or completed time or action. Also prestige ('tij, or -tezhO, n. moral preterite: n. the past tense. influence due to past reputation, pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or achievements &c. excuse; ostensible motive put for- presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for ward to conceal the real one. granted on probable grounds; sup- pretor. Same as praetor. pose: v.i. to venture without actual prettily (prit'i-H), adv. in a pretty leave; form confident or arrogant manner; pleasingly and elegantly. opinions; behave with overconfi- prettiness (-nes), n. the quality of dence or presumption. being pretty; attractiveness without presumption (-zump'shun), n. the dignity; neatness with taste; agree- act of presuming; the thing pre- able manner. sumed; strong probability; arro- pretty ('i), adj. [comp. prettier, su- gance or overconfidence; the as- perl, prettiest], pleasing without be- sumption of the credibility of cer- ing absolutely beautiful; pleasing; tain facts from circumstantial evi- neatly arranged or ornamented; dence. trim ; moderately large or excellent; presumptive ('tiv), adj. taken by fine: adv. fairly; moderately; tol- previous supposition; proving cir- erably. cumstantially; arrogant. pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheaten presumptively (-li), adv. in a pre- biscuit, made in the form of a knot sumptive manner. and salted on the surface. presumptuous ('tti-us), adj. bold prevail (pre-val'), v.i. to overcome; and confident to excess; arrogant; gain the advantage; operate effec- wilful; rash. tually; obtain influence or superiori- presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take ty; persuade (with on). for granted; imply as antecedent. prevalence (prev-a'lens), adj. supe- presupposition (-o-zish'un), n. a rior strength, influence, or efficacy; supposition previously formed. Also preponderance; general diffusion. presupposal. Also prevalency. pretend (-tend'), v.t. to allege or prevalent ('lent), adj. powerful; pre- put forward falsely; make a show dominant; victorious; most general. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon., book; hue, hut; think, then. PREVARICATE PRIME prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat), v.i. to evade the truth; quibble. prevarication (-ka'shun) n. a quib- bling to evade the truth; deviation from truth or fair dealing. prevaricator (-var'i-ka-ter), n. one who prevaricates. prevent (-vent') v.t. to hinder, ob- struct, or impede; obviate; precede (as in prayer-book, "prevent us O Lord"). prevention (-ven'shun), n. the act of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- tion. preventive ('tiv), adj. tending to prevent : n. that which prevents. preventorium (-to'ri-um), n. an in- stitution for treatment to ward off the development of various diseases in persons who have tendencies to those diseases. previous fvi-us), adj. going before; anterior. prevision (-vizh'un), n. foreknowledge. prey (pra), n. plunder; booty; that which may be, or is, seized by a wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty or plunder; seize and devour 3n animal as prey; weigh heavily (with on or upon). g»rice (prls), n. th3 current value of a commodit}'; cost; value; recom- pense. priceless (les), adj. invaluable. prick (prik), n. a puncture; dot or point; slender pointed instrument; a sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; remorse; mall roll; footprint of a hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or as with, a prick; puncture. pricking ('ing), n. the act of piercing with a sharp point; sensation of a sharp, tingling pain. prickle ('I), n. a sharp point grow- ing from the bark of a plant. prickliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being prickly. prickly (1i), adv. full of prickles. prier (pri'er), n. one who pries. priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in full orders, below a bishop and above a deacon; one who officiates in sacred offices, especially by of- fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. priestcraft ('kraft), n. the policy pursued by priests for the aggran- dizement of their order and material interests. priesthood (-hood), n. the priestly order; office or character of a priest. priestly ('li), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a priest; sacerdotal. priestliness ('li-nes), n. the appear- ance or manner of a priest. prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow who who gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], to dress up; primp; prink. priggish ('ish), adj. conceited. priggism ('izm), n. the manners of a prig. prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck with affected nicety; make prim. prima (pre'mft), adj. first (Fem.) [Italian]. primacy (pri'ma-si), n. the office or dignity of a primate. prima donna (pre'ma don'a), n. the principal female singer in an opera. primage (prim'aj), n a small allow- ance paid to the captain and crew of a vessel for loading or unloading a cargo, &c. primal ('al), adj. first. primarily (prl'ma-ri-li), adv. in the first place; originally. _ primary ('ma-ri), adj. in the first or- der of time, place, or rank; chief; original; principal; preparatory: n. that which is first in rank, place, or importance: pi. large quill feathers on the last joint of a bird's wing. primary colors (kuTerz), n.pl. red, yellow, blue. primary rocks (roks), n.pl. rocks in which no organic remains occur. primate ('mat), n. the highest dig- nitary in a national church; arch- bishop. prime (prim), adj. first in order of rank, time, or importance; original; early; excellent: n. the spring of ate, arm, ask. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRIMELY 689 PRIORATE life; first or best part; beginning or dawn; height of perfection; the first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare for firing, as a gun; lay the first coat of paint on: v.i to serve for the charge of a gun; convey water with the steam to the cylinder of an en- gine from the boiler. _ primely ('li), adv. originally; excel- lently. primeness ('nes), n. supreme excel- lence. prime number (num'ber), n. a num- ber not divisible without remainder by any number except itself and unity. primer (prim'er), n. a manual of elementary instructiou; a small prayer book; one of two sizes of type, long primer and great 'primer (see type). primeval (pri-me-val), adj. of the earliest age or time; original. primevally (-li), adv. in primeval times. priming (prim'ing), n. the first coat of paint; powder in the nipple of a firearm. primitive (prim'i-tiv), appertain- ing to the beginning; original; not derivative; old-fashioned: n. a word in its simplest form and not derived from another. primitively (-li), adv. originally. primitiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being primitive. primogeniture (prl-mo-jen'i-tur), n. seniority of birth; right of the eld- est son to succeed to real estate. primordial (-mor'di-al), adj. exist- ing from the beginning; first in or- der; original: n. first principle or element. primp i (primp), v.t. to deck (one's self) in a prim or affected manner; prink. primrose (prim'roz), n. an early spring flower of a pale yellow color, of several species: adj. pale yellow. prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- eign, the son of a king or sovereign; the chief of a body of men. prince consort (kon'sort), n. the husband of a female sovereign. princely ('li), adj. resembling, or be- fitting, a prince; royal; high-born; dignified; magnificent. princess (prin'ses), n. the daughter of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. princess royal (roi'al), n. the eldest daughter of a sovereign. principal (prin'si-pal), adj. occupy- ing the first place or rank; chief in character, degree, or importance; essential: n. a principal person or thing; one who takes the lead; the chief in authority; head of a firm; a capital sum lent at interest. principality (-si-pal'i-ti), n. the ter- ritory of a prince; the country from which he derives his title; royal state; supreme power. principally ('si-pal-li), adv. chiefly. principia (-sip'i-a), n.pl. first prin- ciples [Latin]. principle ('si-pl), n. source of ori- gin; element; fundamental truth or doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- tion or conduct; reason; foundation of morality or religion; uprightness: v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, or deck out, in a showy or ostentatious fashion; arrange with nicety. print (print), n. a mark or character made by impression; impression of type; anything that being impressed leaves its form on any substance; anything produced by printing, as a newspaper, engraving, &c: pi. en- gravings; printed cotton cloth: v.t. to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v.i. to practice the art of printing; pub- lish books. printing ('ing), n. the art or act of impressing figures or characters on paper, &c; typography; the busi- ness of a printer. prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in time; former: adv. previously: n. the head of a priory or monastery, next in rank below an abbot. Fern, prioress. priorate (-at), n. the office, dignity, or government of a prior. &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue y hut; think, then. PRIORITY 690 PROBLEM priority (-or'i-ti), n. the state, of be- ing first in rank, time, or place; first claim.. priory ('er-i), n. [pi. priories (-iz)], a religious house, in dignity below an abbey. prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases are similar, equal, and parallel, and whose sides are parallelograms; an instrument of solid glass with tri- angular ends. prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, like, formed by, or separated by, a prism. Also pris- matical. prismatic colors (kul'erz), n.pl. the seven ^ colors into which a ray of light is decomposed when refracted from a prism. prison (priz'n), n. & public building for the confinement of criminals, &c; jail; any placeof confinement or detention: v.t. to imprison. pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to an early period; first; original; primitive. prithee (prith'e), corruption of "I pray thee." prittle-prattle (prit'l-prat'l), n. tri- fling talk; loquacity. privacy (priv'a-si, or priv'a-si), n. a state of retirement; place of seclu- sion; secrecy. private (pri'vat), adj. peculiar to one's self; personal; alone; secret; not public; secluded; unofficial: n. a common soldier. privately (-li), adv. in a private manner. privateness (-nes), n. the state of being private; privacy; seclusion. privateer (-va-ter'), n. a private ves- sel licensed by the government to seize and plunder the ships of an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a privateer. privation (-va/shun), n. the state of being deprived of something, espe- cially of the necessaries of life; des- titution; hardship; absence. privative (priv'a-tiv), adj. causing privation^ taking away; negative: n. that which depends on the absence o£ something; else; a prefix or suffix, noting absence or negation. privatively (-li), adv. in a privative manner. privet (priv'et), n. an evergreen shrub. privilege ('i-lej), n. a law, or exemp- tion from the common provisions of a law, in favor of an individual or a body; peculiar advantage, right, or immunity; prerogative: v.t. to in- vest with a privilege; exempt. privity ('i-ti), n. joint knowledge; secrecy. privy _('i), adj. private; secret; clan- destine; admitted to the knowledge of something secret (with to) : n. a person having an interest in a legal action; a necessary house. prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a competition, lottery, &c. ; that which is taken from an enemy in war, es- pecially a captured vessel; a lever used for forcing or raising heavy bodies, &c: v.t. to value; esteem; to force with a lever. prize-fight ('fit), n. a boxing match for stakes. pro, a prefix meaning before, in the place of, forth, forward, as pro and con, for and against, or both sides of an argument, &c. probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. ap- pearance of truth; likelihood. probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof of wills; the official copy of a will with the certificate of its having been proved. probation (-ba'shun), n. the act of proving; evidence; proof; moral trial; novitiate; trial of abilities prior to election, &c, to office or employment. probationary (-a-ri), adj. serving for probation or trial. Also proba- tional. probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- ment for examining a wound: v.t. to examine with a probe; scrutinize. probity (prob 'i-ti), n. integrity; sin- cerity. problem (lem), n. a question for so. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,; book; hue, hut; think, then. PROBLEMATICAL 691 PRODIGAL hition; a proposition requiring some- thing to be demonstrated. problematical (-at'i-kal), adj. ques- tionable; doubtful. problematically (-li), adv. doubt- fully. proboscis /pro-bos'is), n. the trunk of an elephant; the elongated snout of certain animals and insects. procedure (-sed'ur), n. manner of proceeding; conduct; process. proceed (-sed')> v.i. to pass from one step or place to another; advance; issue; make progress; be produced; carry on a legal process: n.pl. money resulting from a commercial trans- action. proceeding ('ing), n. advancement; course of conduct; transaction; op- eration: pi. legal process; transac- tions of a learned or scientific society. process (pros'es), n. progressive course; series of measures or changes; operation; projection on a bone; pro- ceedings in a legal action. procession (pro-sesh'un), n. a train of persons in a formal march. processional _ (-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, a procession: n. a book relating to the ritual to be observed in the processions of the Roman Catholic church. proclaim (-klam'), v.t. to announce officially; publish; outlaw by public proclamation. proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun), n. an official announcement to the pub- lic; edict. proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- clination; tendency. proclivous (-kll'vus), adj. inclined; slanting forward and upward or downward: as, proclivous teeth. proconsul (-kon'sul), n. a Roman official who governed a province; a magistrate invested with consular authority without the office. proconsular (-ar), adj. pertaining to, or governed by, a proconsul. proconsulate (-at), n. the jurisdic- tion, office, or term of office, of a proconsul. procrastinate (-kras'ti-nat), v.t. to put off to a future time; defer: v.i. to be dilatory. procrastination (-na/shun), n. delay. procrastinator ('ti-na-ter), n. one who delays. procreate ('kre-at), v.t. to generate and produce; beget. procreation (-a/shun), n. the beget- ting and production of young. procreative ('kre-a-tiv), adj. genera- tive. procreativeness (-nes), n. the power of generating. procreator (-ter), n. one who begets. Procrustean (-krus'te-an), adj. per- taining to Procrustes, a fabled rob- ber of ancient Greece, who tortured his victims by stretching them on an iron bed to which their limbs were made to fit by mutilation: hence strict conformity to a meas- ure or standard by violent means. proctor (prok'ter), n. one employed to manage the affairs of another; an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- miralty, or probate court; a univer- sity official charged with the main- tenance of university regulations. proctorial (-to-ri'al), adj. pertaining to a proctor. procumbent (-kum'bent), adj. lying down, prostrate; trailing. procurable (-ku'ra-bl) ,-adj. obtainable. procuration (prok-u-ra'shun), n. the act of obtaining young women for immoral purposes. procurator ('u-ra-ter), n. one who manages another's affairs, especially legal interests. procure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get or ob- tain; cause. procurer ('er), n. one who procures; one who^ engages in the business of procuration. Fern, procuress. prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], to goad. prodigal ('i-gal), adj. extravagant In expenditure; lavish; wasteful: n. a spendthrift; one who is lavish or wasteful. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite ? mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think * 'then. PRODIGALITY 692 PROFLIGACY prodigality ('i-tl), n. the state or quality of being prodigal; extrava- gance; lavishness. prodigious (-dij'us), adj. enormous; adapted to excite wonder. prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- derful or extraordinary; a miracle; portent. produce (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or bring to view; yield or bring forth; manufacture; extend: n. (prod'us) that which is yielded or brought forth; result. producible (pr5-dus'i-bl), adj. capa- ble of being produced. product (prod'ukt), n. that which is produced by nature, or made by art; work; result; the result of multiply- ing two or more numbers together. production (pro-duk'shun), n. that which is produced; act of produc- ting; fruit; result. productive ('tiv), adj. having the power of producing; generative; fer- tile. productively (-li), adv. in a produc- tive manner. productiveness (-nes), n. quality of being productive. proem ('em), n. a preface or intro- duction. profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. the act of treating sacred things with disrespect or irreverence; desecra- tion. profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- reverent; irreligious; blasphemous: v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- crate; violate (holy things); put to an improper use. profanely ('li), adv. in a profane manner. profaneness (-nes), n. irreverence toward holy things; blasphemy. Also profanity. profess (-fes'), v.t. to make open declaration of; acknowledge or avow; declare publicly. professed (-fesf), p. adj. openly de- clared. profession (-fesh'un), n. the act of professing; open declaration or avowal; calling or vocation, espe- cially one that requires a learned education; collective body of per- sons in a profession^ the formal^ en- trance of a novice into a religious order under a sacred vow. professional (-al), adj. pertaining to a profession: n. one who makes his living by his art, as distinguished from an amateur. professionalism (-izm), n. the cul- tivation of athletic sports for pe- cuniary considerations. professionally (-li), adv. in a pro- fessional manner. professor ('er), n. one who makes an outward profession of religion; one who publicly teaches any branch of knowledge. professorate (pro-fes'er-at), n. pro- fessional staff. professorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to orofessors. professorship (pro-fes'er-ship), n. the office or position of a professor. proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. proficiency (pro-fish'en-si), n. de- gree of advancement in any branch of knowledge, science, or art. proficient Cent), adj. thoroughly qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, or adept. profile ('fil), n. a head or portrait in a side view, outline or contour, especially of a building in vertical section: v.t. draw in profile. profilist ('fil-ist), n. an artist who draws profiles. profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; benefit or advantage; emolument: v.t. to benefit; improve; v.i. to be of advantage; make improvement. profitable (-a-bl), adj. yielding or bringing profit; lucrative. profitableness (-nes), ». the quality of being profitable. profitably (-bli), adv. with profit. profiteer, n. a mercenary speculator, especially in public necessities. profligacy ('li-ga-si), n. a profligate course of life. Also profiigateness. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROFLIGATE 693 PROLIX profligate ('li-gat), adj. abandoned to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. profligately (-li), adv. in a profligate manner. profound (pro-found'), adj. deep in skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; intense. profundity (fun'di-ti), n. depth of place, knowledge, skill, &c. profuse (-fus'), adj. liberal to ex- cess; exuberant. profusely (li), adv. in a profuse manner. profusion (-fu'zhun), n. lavishness; excess; abundance. Also profuse- ness. progenitor (-gen'i-ter), n. an an- cestor; forefather. progeniture ('i-tur), n. a birth or begetting. progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; descendants; lineage. prognathous (-na/thus), adj. having projecting jaws, as certain races. Also prognathic. prognosis (-no'sis), n. knowledge of the probable result of a disease from its symptoms; opinion so formed. prognostic (-nos'cik), adj. foreshad- owing;^ foretelling: n. an omen or prediction. prognosticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to fore- tell: v.i. indicate the future by pres- ent signs. prognostication (-ka'shun), n. the act of prognosticating; a foretoken. prognosticator ('ti-ka-ter), n. one who foretells. program, programme ('gram), n. an outline of a public entertain- ment, ceremony, &c; a course of ac- tion prepared or announced before- hand. progress (prog'res), n. a moving or going forward; advancement; pro- ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- gress, to move forward; advance; increase in proficiency. progression (pro-gresh'un), n. mo- tion onwards; intellectual advance; regular and gradual advance; prog- ress; a series of numbers increasing or decreasing by proportional dif- ferences. progressive ('iv), adj. moving for- ward; making progress; improving. progressively (-li), adv. in a pro- gressive manner. progressiveness (-nes"), n. the state or quality of being progressive. prohibit (-hib'it), v.t. to forbid; in- terdict by authority; hinder. prohibition (-hi-bish'un), n. the act of prohibiting; interdict. prohibitionist (-ist), n. one who de- sires to prohibit the sale of intoxi- cating liquors. prohibitive (-hib'i-tiv), adj. tending to prohibit. project (proj'ekt), n. a design or scheme: v.t. (pro-jekt'), to throw or cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i. to jut out. projectile (pro-jek'til), n. sl body thrown forward, especially through the air; a bullet, shot, &c; adj. im- pelled or impelling forward. projecting (-jekt'ing), p.adj. jutting out. projection (-jek'shun), n. the act or state of projecting; that which juts out; a plan or delineation repre- sented on a plane. projector ('ter), n. one who projects. projecture ('tur), n. a jutting out. prolapse (laps'), n. a falling down or out of some part of the body: v.i. to fall down or out; project too much. Also prolapsus. prolate (Tat), adj. elongated at the poles. proletarian (-le-ta'ri-an), adj. per- taining to the common people; low; vulgar ; n. one of the lowest class of society; a workman; in ancient Rome, tne lowest class of citizens. proletariat ('ri-at), n. proletarians collectively. proliferous (-lif'e-rus), adj. produc- ing another by budding. proline (-lif 'ik), adj. productive; fertile. proliflcally (-al-ll), adv. abundantly. prolix (pro'liks' or pro'liks), adj. tedious and verbose; not concise. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROLIXITY 694 PRONOUNCED prolixity ('i-ti), n. verbosity; minute detail. prolocutor (-lok'u-ter), n. the speak- er or chairman of a convocation. prologue ('log), n. an introduction or preface, especially verses spoken before a dramatic performance by way of introduction: v.t. to introduce by a preface. prolong (long'), v.t. to lengthen; ex- tend. prolongation (long-ga'shun) , n. ex- tension in time or space; delay or postponement. promenade (prom-e-nad'), n. a walk for pleasure, show or exercise; a public place for walking: v.i. walk for pleasure, &c. Promethean (pro-me'the-an), adj. pertaining to Prometheus of classic mythology, who was fabled to have stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon men: hence life-giving or instinct with quickening fire. prominence (prom'i-nens), n. the state or quality of being prominent; a projection. Also prominency. prominent ('i-nent), adj. projecting; conspicuous; chief; protuberant. promiscuous # (pro-mis'ku-us), adj. confused; mingled; indiscriminate; not restricted to any particular per- son. promise (prom 'is), n. an engagement to do or not to do something; basis for expectation; the thing promised: v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. to make a promise of; afford reason to expect. promiser (-er), n. one who promises. promisor (-er), n. one who makes a legal promise or covenant. promissory ('is-o-ri), adj. contain- ing a promise or covenant to do, or not to do, something. promissory-note (-not), n. a writ- ten promise to pay a certain sum at a pecified date in consideration of value received. promontory ('on-to-ri), n. a high cape a point of land jutting into the sea. promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, forward, or elevate; excite or stir up; raise to higher rank. promoter ('er), n. one who promotes, especially one who makes it his business to float new companies, &c. promotion (-mo'shun), n. the act of promoting; state of being promoted; advancement ; preferment. promotive ('tiv), adj. tending to promote. prompt (prompt), adj. ready and quick to act as occasion demands; immediate; done without delay: v.t. incite to action; assist (a speaker) when at a loss for words. promptitude (promp'ti-tud), n. quickness of decision and action; readiness; alacrity. promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. to publish. promulgation (-ga'shun), n. publi- cation. promulgator ('mul-ga-ter), n. one who promulgates. prone (pron), adj. lying with the face downwards; not erect; inclined; disposed. proneness ('nes), n. the state of be- ing prone; propensity. prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- strument; the spike of a fork. pronominal (-nom'i-nal), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a pronoun. pronominally (-li), adv. as a pro- noun. prononce (-nang-sa'), adj. pro- nounced; strongly marked; em- phatic. pronoun ('noun), n. a word which refers to, or is used in the place of, a noun. pronounce (-nouns'), v.t. to speak or utter distinctly; articulate; utter formally, authoritively, or rhetoric- ally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- fidence or authority. pronounceable ('a-bl), adj. that may be pronounced. pronounced (-nounst'), p. adj. strong- ly marked or decided. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRONOUNCEMENT 695 PROPITIOUS pronouncement (-nouns'ment), n. an emphatic declaration. pronunciamento (-nun-si-a-men'to) , n. a proclamation. _ pronunciation (-si-a/shun), n. the act or manner of articulating words or syllables; graceful and proper public speaking. pronunciative ('si-a-tiv), adj, per- taining to pronunciation. proof t (proof), n. testimony or con- vincing evidence; test or experi- ment; reason; argument; demon- stration; impenetrability; capabil- ity of resistance; a standard strength of spirit; an impression taken from type for correction; an early impression of an engraving: adj. strong to resist impression or penetration; capable of moral or physical resistance. prop (prop), n. a support or stay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- ping], to support by something under or against; sustain. propagable (prop'a-ga-bl), adj. that may be propagated. Propaganda (-gan'da), n.pl. a socie- ty at Rome charged with the man- agement of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. propaganda (-gan'da), n.pl. any methods for the propagation of doc- trines, principles, &c, religious or secular. propagandism ('dizm), n. the act or practice of zealously propagating doctrines, &c. propagandist ('dist), n. one who devotes himself to the propagation of any system of principles, &c. # propagate ('a-gat), v.t. to continue or spread by generation or succes- sive production; extend; impel for- ward in space: v.i. to be produced by generation, or by new shoots or plants. propagation (-ga/shun), n. the act of propagating; spreading or ex- tension. propagator ('a-ga-ter), n. one who propagates. propel (pro-pel'), v.t. fp.t. & p.p. propelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive forward; urge onward by force. propellent Cent), adj. that propels. propeller ('er), n. one who, or that which, propels; a screw-propeller;. vessel so propelled. propensity (-pen'si-ti), n. natural tendency. proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- ticular person or thing; peculiar; fit or suitable; correct; appropriate, property ('er-ti), n. [pi. properties (-tiz) ], a peculiar attribute, quality, or disposition; exclusive right of possession; the thing owned; estate; goods; attribute common to a class: pl.^ articles, including dresses, re- quired by actors on the stage. prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction of something to take place in the future, especially a prediction by Divine inspiration. prophesier ('e-sl-er), n. one who prophesies. prophesy ('e-si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to foretell future events, especially by Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter prophecies; preach. prophet ('et), n. one who foretells future events, especially one inspired by God. Feminine prophetess. prophetic (pro-fet'ik), adj. pertaining to prophecy ; predictive. Prophetical . prophetically (-al-li), adv. in a prophetic manner. prophylactic (prof-i-lak'tik), adj. guarding, or preserving, against dis- ease: n. a preventive of disease. propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti), n. near- ness of place,, time, or relationship. propitiate (-pish'i-at), v.t. to concil- iate; make propitious: v.i. to atone. propitiation (-a/shun), n. the act of propitiating; atonement. propitiator ('i-a-ter), n. one who propitiates. propitiatory (-to-ri), adj. capable of propitiating. propitious (-pish'us),, adj. favorable; disposed to be merciful. .ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, init; note^ ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die 45 PROPORTION 696 PROSINESS proportion (pro-por'shun), n. com- parative relation of one thing to an- other; ratio; rate; symmetrical rela- tion; rule of three; equal or just share : v.t. to form symmetrically; apportion. proportional (-al), adj. having due proportion; having the same ratio: n. a quantity or number in propor- tion. proportionality (-al'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being proportional. Pro- portionateness. proportionally ('li), adv. in pro- portion. proportionate ('shun-at), adj. ad- justed to something else according to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust according to a settled rate. proportionately (-li), adv. in a pro- portionate degree. proposal (-poz'al), n. that which is offered for consideration or ac- ceptance; offer of marriage; terms or conditions proposed. propose (-poz'), v.t. to bring forward or offer for consideration; nominate for election: v.i. to make an offer of marriage. proposition (prop-o-zish'un), n. an offer of terms; proposal; a complete sentence, or one that affirms or de- nies something; a theorem or prob- lem for solution. propositional (-al), adj. pertaining to, or considered as, a proposition. propound (-pound'), v.t. to offer for consideration; put or set as a ques- tion. proprietary (-pri'e-ta-ri), adj. be- longing to a proprietor or proprie- tary: n. a possessor in his own right; proprietors collectively. proprietor ('e-ter), n. one who has a legal right to anything; owner. Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. propriety ('e-ti), n. conformity to established rules or custom; deco- rum; fitness. propulsion (-pul'shun), n. the act of propelling. propulsive ('siv), adj. having power to propel. Also propulsory. prorogation (-r5-ga'shun), n. the act of proroguing. prorogue (-rog'), v.t. to terminate a session of ; to postpone. prosaic (-za/ik), adj. like prose; com- monplace; uninteresting. Also prosaical. prosaically (-al-li), adv. in a prosaic manner. prosaism ('za-izm), n. prosaic style. proscenium (-se'ni-um), n. that part of the stage from the curtain to the orchestra. proscribe (-skrib), v.t. to punish with civil death; outlaw, interdict. proscription (-skrip'shun), n._ the act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- diction. proscriptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, proscription. prose (pr5z), n. ordinary spoken or written language; unmetrical com- position: v.i & v.t. to write or speak tediously: adj. dull; tedious; commonplace. prosecute (pros'e-kut), v.t. to fol- low or pursue with the view to reach or accomplish; accuse of a crime be- fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution. prosecution (-ku'shun), n. the act of prosecuting; pursuit; the institu- tion and carrying on of a legal suit; prosecutor or prosecutors collective- ly- prosecutor ('e-kfi-ter), n. one who carries on a legal suit with another; one who pursues any purpose, &c. Fern, prosecutrix. proselyte ('e-llt), n. a convert to some religion or belief, or party; a Gentile convert to the Jewish law and belief : v.t. to proselytize. proselytism ('e-li-tizm), n. the act of proselytizing; conversion to a creed or system. proselytize (-tiz), v.t. to make a con- vert of. prosily (proz'i-li), adv. in a prosy manner. prosiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being prosy. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PROSING 697 PROTEOMORPHIC THEORY Posing ('ing), n. tedious minuteness; dull talk. prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of grammar that treats of quantity, ac- cent, and the laws of versification. prospect ('pekt), n. a view of some- thing distant; scene; object of view; expectation: v.t. (pro-spekt') to search or explore, especially for gold or valuable minerals. prospective (-spek'tiv), adj. looking forward; acting with, or character- ized by, foresight; in prospect. prospectively (-li), adv. with regard to the future. prospectiveness (-nes), n. regard for the future. prospector (pror'pek-ter), n. one who searches for valuable minerals. prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an oat- line of a proposed undertaking; sketch, or plan. prosper (pros'per), v.t. to render successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; succeed. prosperity ('i-ti), n. successful prog- ress in any business or enterprise; good fortune. prosperous ('us), adj. successful; thriving. prostitute ('ti-tut), v.t. to offer or expose to hire for lewd use; devote to infamous or improper purposes: adj. prostituted: n. a woman who indulges in lewdness, especially for hire; a base mercenary or hireling. prostitution (-tti'shun), n. the act or practice of prostituting the per- son to lewd purposes for hire; the being devoted to infamous or base purposes. prostitutor ('ti-tu-ter), n. one who prostitutes himself for any base ends. prostrate ('trat), adj. lying at full length; extended on the ground: ly- ing at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. to lay flat; throw down; bow in hum- ble reverence. prostration (-tra'shun), n. the act of prostrating; great depression; ex- haustion of the vital powers under disease. prostyle (pro'stil), n. a portico or range of columns in front of a build- ing ; a temple with a portico in front. prosy (proz'i), adv. tedious; dull. protean (pro'te-an), adj. readily as- suming different shapes: from Pro- teus, the sea deity of classic mythol- ogy- protect (-tekt'), v.t. to cover over; defend; shield; shelter; support. protection ('shun), n. the act of protecting; the state of being pro- tected; defense; shelter; security; passport; encouragement of home industry by duties on imports, boun- ties, &c. protectionism (-izm), n. the doc- trine that certain home industries and produce should be encouraged by the imposition of duties on for- eign imports. protectionist (-ist), n. one who ad- vocates or supports protectionism; one who opposes free trade unless it be reciprocal. _ protective ('tiy), adj. serving to protect; defensive. protector ('ter), n. one who pro- tects, especially from injury or op- pression; guardian. Fern, protec- tress. protectorate (-at), n. government or defense by a protector. protege (-ta-zha'), n. one who is under the protection, guardianship, or care of another. Fern, protegee [French]. proteids ('te-idz), n.pl. a class of nitrogenous compounds, as albumen, fibrin, casein, &c, which form ani- mal tissue. protein ('te-in), n. the gelatinous, semi-transparent substance obtained from albumen, fibrin or casein, the essential principle of food. proteomorphic (pro'te-o-mor'fic), adj. having to do with the chemical changes in proteins in the process of digestion and assimilation. proteomorphic theory (pro'te-o- mor'fic the'o-ri), n. a very recent theory which ascribes immunity to ate, arm, ask^ at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PROTEST 698 PROVENSAL bacterial diseases to the activities of the white and red blood corpuscles in connection with the breaking down of proteins. protest t (-test'), v.i. to affirm with solemnity; make a solemn declara- tion against some public act or meas- ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to declare formally to be insufficient- ly provided for by deposit or pay- ment: said of a note or bill of exchange: n. (pro'test) a solemn declaration of opinion against some- thing; a document containing rea- sons for dissent; a formal declara- tion by the holder of a bill of exchange of its non-payment or non-acceptance by the drawer. Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- ber of any of those bodies of Chris- tians that protest against the spirit- ual supremacy of the Church of Rome, originally one of the party who adhered to Luther after the sec- ond diet of Spires, 1529: adj. per- taining to Protestants or Protestant- ism. Protestantism (-izm), n. the doc- trines or religion of Protestants. protestation (-ta'shun), n. a formal declaration of dissent; solemn affir- mation. prothonotary (-thon'o-ta-ri), n. a chie,f clerk or notary; the principal clerk or registrar in certain courts; one of the chief secretaries of the Papal Chancery. proto, a prefix meaning first, as proto- martyr, <&c. protocol ('to-kol), n. the rough draft of a treaty, diplomatic despatch, &c. protoplasm _ ('to-plazm), n. a semi- fluid albuminous substance, regarded as the ultimate basis of physical life, from which all living organisms are formed and developed. protoplasmic (-plaz'mik), adj. per- taining to, or formed of, protoplasm. protoplast ('to-plast), n. the original. protoplastic (-plas'tik), adj. first formed. prototype ('to-tip), n. the original from which others are copied. protoxide (-toks'Id), n. a compound of one equivalent of oxygen with one of another element. Protozoa (-zo'a), n.pl. the first ox lowest division of the animal king- dom containing animals oi the? sim- plest type of organization. protract (-trakf), ••*. to draw out or lengthen in tiffieg prolong; defer. protracter ('ter)^ O* one who pro- tracts. protraction f'sfran), n. the act of protracting! delay; the act of lay- ing down on paper the dimensions of a plot of land, &c. protractor ('ter), n. a mathematical instrument for laying down angles on paper: used in surveying, &c; a surgical instrument for drawing out extraneous bodies; a muscle that draws forward any part. protrude (-trtid'), v.t. to thrust out or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- ward; project. protrusion (-tru'zhun), n. the act of protruding; the state of being protruded. protrusive ('siv), adj. thrusting or impelling forward. protrusively (-li), adv. in a protru- sive manner. protuberance (-tu'ber-ans), n. a swelling; a prominence; tumor. _ protuberant (-ant), adj. swelling; prominent. proud (proud), adj. having exces- sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty mien; pleased; grand; gratified. provable (proov'a-bl), adj. capable of being proved. prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try by an experiment or test; estab- lish or ascertain by argument or other evidence; ascertain the genu- ineness of; experience; endure; try by suffering; show or demonstrate the accuracy of (a calculation). proven ('en), adj. proved. Provensal (pro-vang'sal), adj. per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, .merge, met; mjte, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, jiut; think* then. PROVENDER 699 PRUDERY taining to, or from, Provence, France, its language or its inhabit- ants. provender (prov'en-der), n. dry food for beasts, as hay, &c. proverb ('erb), n. a short familiar pithy saying, expressing some well- known truth or common fact of ex- perience; adage. proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), adj. per- taining to proverbs; mentioned in, or like, a proverb; widely spoken of or well known. provide (pro-vid'), v.t. to make ready beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- cure supplies; make preparations (with for or against). provided ('ed), conj. on condition. providence (proy'i-dens), n. timely care or preparation; economy; pru- dence; foresight and care of God for his creatures; an event directly caused by the power of God. Providence (prov'i-dens), n. God as exercising his providence. provident ('i-dent), adj. careful for the future; prudent; economical. providential, (-den'shal), adj. ef- fected by, or proceeding from, Divine providence. providentially (-li), adv. in a prov- idential manner. province ('ins), n. a division of an empire or state; a dependent coun- try; region; jurisdiction of an arch- bishop; proper office or business; department of knowledge: pi. the country districts. provincial (pro-vin'shal),^ adj. per- taining to, or # characteristic of, a province; rustic: n. one who be- longs to a province; countryman. provincialism (-izm), n. an idiom or dialect peculiar to a province. provision (-viz]p/un), n. the act of providing; the things provided; measures taken beforehand; accu- mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to supply with food. provisional (-al), adj. provided for present use; temporary. provisionally (-li), adv. in a pro* visional manner. proviso (-vi'zo), n. a conditional clause or stipulation in a deed. provisory ('zo-ri), adj. conditional. provocation (prov'o-ka'shun), n. that which excites to anger or resent- ment; act of provoking. provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv), adj. tending to provoke; inciting: n. anything that tends to provoke; in- citement. provoke (-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- provost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. the head of a college ; superintendent or president; chief dignitary of a cathedral; chief magistrate of a city or town [Scotch]. prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. prowess ('es), n. bravery; valor. prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- ily as for prey or plunder : n. a roving for prey or plunder. proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. im- mediate. proximately (-li), adv. immediately. proximity ^ (-im'i-ti), n. immediate nearness in place, blood, or affiance. proximo ('i-mo), adv. in or of the next or coming month. proxy ('i), n. [pi. proxies ('iz)J, the agency of a substitute; the docu- ment by which one person is author- ized to act or vote for another. prude (prodd), n. a woman who af- fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- cessive virtue. prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality of being prudent; wisdom applied to practice. prudent ('dent), adj. practically wise; careful of the consequences of measures or actions; judicious; cautious; circumspect. prudential (-den'shal), adj. proceed- ing from, or influenced by, prudence. prudery (pr5o'der-i), n. affected nice- ness or scrupulousness in conduct; manners of a prude. Also prud- ishness. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PRUD'HOMME 700 PUBERAL pyud'homme (proo-dom'), n. in France, one of a board of concilia- tion of masters and workmen to settle trade disputes. prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; affectedly precise, nice, or scrupulous. prune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. to cut superfluous twigs or branches from (a vine, bush or tree) ; trim. prunella (proo-nd'a), n. a smooth woolen stuff used for shoes and gaiters; a kind of dried plum. Also prunello. prurience ('ri-ens), n. the state or quality of being prurient. Also pruriency. prurient ('i-ent), adj. having an eager desire for, or characterized by, lewdness; itching. Prussian-blue (prush'an-bloo), n. a rich blue color obtained from fer- rocyanide of iron. prussiate (prus'i-at), n. a salt of prussic acid. prussic acid ('ik as'id), n. hydro- cyanic acid, a deadly poison. pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.pr. prying], to inspect closely or with keen scrutiny: n. close inspection; impertinent peeping. psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. psalmist ('ist), n. a composer of psalms, especially of any of the Scriptural psalms. psalmodist ('o-dist), n. one who composes or sings psalms. psalmody ('o-di), n. the art or prac- tice of singing psalms. psalter (sawl'ter), n. the Book of Psalms; the Prayer Book version of the Psalms. psaltery (-i), n. a stringed musical instrument, used by the ancient Hebrews. pseudo, a prefix meaning false, spu- rious, as pseudoblepsis, false or de- ceptive vision. ^pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- tious name. pseudoscope ('do-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument which exhibits bodies in reversed relief. pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression of contempt, &c. psoriasis (so-ri'a-sis), n. itch. psychiatry (si-kl'a-tri), n. curing of diseases of the mind. psychical (sl'ki-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the human soul, spirit, or mind; spiritualistic; psychological. Also psychic. psycho-analysis, n. study of the sub- conscious, especially through dreams. psychogenesis (-ko-jen'e-sis), n. the development of mind as given in consciousness; biogenesis regarded as resulting from the operation of higher agency than natural selection. psychology (-kol'b-ji), n. the science that treats of mental phenomena, and their classification and analysis; mental philosophy; metaphysics. psychological (-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to psychology. psychologist ('o-jist), n. one skilled in psychology. psychometry (si-kom'e-tri), n. the science of divining mental processes. psychophysics (-fiz'iks), n. the sci- ence which treats of the correlation of mind and matter. psychotherapy (sl-ko-ther-a-pi), n. a system for treating functional ner- vous disorders by mental suggestion. pteropod (ter'o-pod), n. an individual of the Pteropoda, a class of marine cephaiopods haying the foot extended into a pair of wing-like lobes adapted for swimming or sailing. Ptolemaic (tol-e-ma'ik), adj. per- taining to Ptolemy, the Greek geographer and astronomer, or to his system of astronomy which sup- posed the earth to be the center or fixed point of the universe, and that the heavenly bodies moved around it. ptomaines (t5'ma-inz), n.pl. a class of alkaloids of a highly poisonous nature, originating in decaying or dead matter. puberal (pu'ber-al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, puberty. ate, arm, ack, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PUBERTY 701 PUGILISM puberty ('ber-ti), n. the age at which the generative powers begin to be developed. pubescence (-bes'ens), n. the state or age of puberty; soft, short, downy hair. pubescent ('ent), adj. arriving at the age of puberty; covered with soft, downy hairs. public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a nation, state, or community; belong- ing to the people; circulating among all classes; open; generally known; common to all; open to general use: n. the people in general. publican ('li-kan), n. one who keeps a public-house; among the ancient Romans, a farmer of the public revenues; a collector of tolls, trib- ute, or customs. publication (-li-ka'shun), n. the act of publishing or making public; the act of publishing a book, &c. public-house ('lik-hous), n. an inn; tavern; hotel. publicist ('li-sist), n. a writer on in- ternational law, or on current events of political or social interest. publicity ('lis-i-ti), n. the state of being public; notoriety .^ publicly ('lik-li), adv. in a public manner. publish ('lish), v.t. to make known; announce or proclaim ; divulge ; print and offer for sale; put into circu- lation. puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish purple. Puck, n. a mischievous sprite or elf. pucker ('er), v.t. & v.i. to gather into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small fold or wrinkle. pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of food made of flour and various in- gredients; an intestine stuffed with meat, &c; quantity of yarns, mat- ting, or oakum. puddle (pud'l), n. a small pool of dirty water; clay worked together with sand: v.t. to make muddy; ren- der watertight with puddle; convert (pig-iron) into wrought-iron. pueblo (pweb'lo), n. [pi. pueblos ('loz) ], a building constructed of adobe or sun-dried brick by the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. puerile (pu/er-il), adj. pertaining to children; juvenile; boyish; trifling. puerility (-il'i-ti), n. the quality of being puerile; childishness. puerperal ('per-al), adj. pertaining to, or following, childbirth. puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; sudden forcible breath; a fungous ball filled with dust; anything fight and porous or swollen; a light kind of tart, exaggerated praise or adver- tisement: v.i. to expel air from the mouth with a sudden forcible blast; breathe quick and hard; swell with air; blow in contempt; move with hurry: v.t. to drive with a puff; swell, as with wind; praise in exag- gerated terms. puffer ('er), n. one who puffs; one who praises in exaggerated terms; one who is hired to force up bids at puffin ('in), n. a diving bird with a short thick projecting beak, allied to the auk. puffing ('ing), n. exaggerated praise, especially with the view to advertise- ment; quick and hard breathing: p.adj. praising in exaggerated terms. puffiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being puffy. puffy (T), adj. distended with air or other light matter; windy; bombas- tic; tumid. pug (pug), n. a monkey; a small dog with the face and nose like a bull- dog; imp or elf; plastic clay: v.t. [pt. & p.p. pugged, p.pr. pugging], to line or fill up with plastic clay or any other material. pugging ('ing), n. the act or opera- tion of working up clay for bricks; any substance to deaden sound be- tween spaces. pugh (poo), inter j. an exclamation of contempt or disdaio. pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. ;ne art or practice of boxing or fighting with the fists; prize-fighting. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PUGILIST 702 PUNCTUATE pugilist (-ist), n. a prize-fighter; boxer. pugilistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to pugilism. pugnacious (pug-na/shus), adj. dis- posed to fight; quarrelsome. pugnacity (-nas'i-ti), n. inclination to fight; quarrelsomeness. puisne (pii'ne), adj. younger or in- ferior in rank: said of judges. puissance ('is-ans), n. power; strength. puissant (-ant), adj. powerful; strong. puke (puk), v.i. & v.t. to vomit. pule (pul), v.t. to whine. puling (puTing), adj. whining. pull (pool), v.t. to -(draw toward one. pullet ('et), n. a young hen. pulley (li), n. a small wheel turning about an axis, and having a groove in which a rope works. pulmonary (pul'mon-er-i), adj. per- taining to, or affecting, the lungs. pulp (pulp), n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, as of fruit; any soft uniform mass. pulmotor (pul-moter), n. an auto- matic resuscitation apparatus for use in cases of poisoning by gases, fumes, lysol, etc., drowning, electric shock, attempted suicide, collapse in nar- cosis, suspended _ animation, etc.; case and mechanism weighs 46-lb.; operation consists in forcing oxygen from an accompanying cylinder into the lungs. pulpit (poorpit), n. an elevated or inclosed desk in a church from which the sermon is delivered; preachers or preaching. pulpy (pul'pi), adj. consisting of, or like pulp; soft; succulent. pulque (pool'ka), n. a favorite Mexi- can beverage made from the juice of the agave. pulsate (pul'sat), v.i. to throb or beat. pulsation (-sa/shun), n. a throb or beat, especially of the heart. pulsative ('sa-tiv), adj. beating or throbbing. Also pulsatory. pulse (puis), n. the rhythmic beating of the heart or arteries; vibration; leguminous plants or their seeds, as peas, beans, &c: v.i. to beat or throb, as the pulse. pulsi meter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. an in- strument to ascertain the force or movement of the pulse; a sphyg- mometer. pulsometer (-som'e-ter), n. a kind of steam-condensing vacuum pump. pulu (pu'loo), n. a kind of vegetable silk obtained from the fibers of a fern-tree of Hawaii. pulverization (pul-ver-i-za'shun), n. the act of pulverizing. pulverize ('ver-iz), v.t. to reduce to powder. puma (pii'ma), n. a large cat-like carnivorous animal of America; mountain lion. pumice (pum'is), n. a hard, light, spongy, volcanic lava or rock. Also pumice-stone. pump (pump), n. a machine for rais- ing water or other liquid; a light low shoe or slipper: v.t. to raise (water or a liquid) by means of a pump; free from water by a pump; extract (information) by artful ques- tions. pumpkin ('kin), n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit. pun (pun), n. a play upon words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. punning], to play upon words similar in sound but having a different meaning. punch (punch), n. a tool for stamp- ing or perforating; a beverage of rum, whisky, &c, water, lemon-juice, and sugar; a blow or thrust; the harlequin or_ buffoon of a puppet- show; punchinello; a short fat per- son; thick-set cart-horse: v.t. to perforate with a punch; to strike with the fist. puncheon (pun'chun), n. a liquid measure of 84 wine-gallons. punchinello (punch-i-nero), n. the thick-set, hump-backed figure in a puppet-show. punctate (pungk'tat), adj. dotted with small spots; pointed. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon- book; hue, hut; think, then. PUNCTIFORM 703 PURGATORY punctiform ('ti-form), adj. point- shaped. punctilio (-til'i-o), n. a nice point in conduct or ceremony; formal exactness. punctilious ('i-us), adj. very nice or precise in conduct or ceremony; exact to excess. punctual ('tu-al), adj. observing, or done at, the exact time. punctuality (-ari-ti), n. the quality of being punctual; the characteristic of keeping the exact time of an ap- pointment or engagement. punctually ('tu-al-i), adv. in a punctual manner. punctuate ('tu-at), v.t. to mark with points; divide into sentences • by points. punctuation (-a/shun), n. the act or art of dividing sentences by points or stops. puncture ('tur), n. a small hole or wound made by a pointed instru- ment: v.t. to make a hole in, or pierce, with a pointed instrument. pundit (pun'dit), n. a learned Brah- man; one versed in the Sanskrit lan- guage, laws, and Hindu religion, &c. ; a solemn pretender to learning. Also pandit. pung (pung), n. a rough sleigh. pungent •■ (pun'jent), adj. stinging or pricking; piercing; keen; biting; sarcastic; caustic. Punic (pu'nik), adj. pertaining to the Carthaginians, or to their language; treacherous; perfidious. punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause loss or pain to as a penalty for a crime or fault; chastise; correct. punishment (-ment), n. pain, loss, or penalty, inflicted for a crime or fault. punitive (pun'i-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or inflicting, punishment. punk (pungk), n. decayed and rotten wood; a foolish argument; a stick covered with a certain paste, which burns very slowly when ignited. punster (pun'ster), n. one addicted to, or skilled in, punning. punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed boat for fishing: v.i. to play basset, om- ber, or faro against the banker or dealer. puny (pu'ni), adj. [comp. punier, su- perl.^ puniest], inferior in strength or size; weak; feeble; petty. pupa (pu'pa), n. [pi. pupae ('pe) ], a chrysalis. pupil ('pil), n. a young person who is under the care of a tutor; scholar; ward; in law, a boy or girl under the age of puberty (14 and 12 years respectively); the opening in the iris through which rays of light pass to the retina. puppet (pup'et), n. a small doll or image, especially one moved by wires in amock drama; one who is under the influence and control of another. puppy ('i), n. a whelp; young dog; a conceited young man. purblind (per'blind), adj. seeing ob- scurely. purchase (per'chas), v.t. to obtain by paying an equivalent; acquire; buy; expiate or recompense by a fine or forfeit; obtain at the expense of some sacrifice, labor, &c; move or raise by the application of some me- chanical power: n. the act of pur- chasing; thing purchased or bought; mechanical advantage. pure (pur), adj. [comp. purer, superl. purest], free from moral or physical defilement; chaste; unpolluted; un- adulterated; clean; holy; real; mere; absolute. purely ('li), adv. in a pure manner; absolutely. pureness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being pure. purgation (-ga'shun), n. the act of purging; the act of clearing from imputed guilt. purgative ('ga-tiv), adj. serving to purge. purgatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to purgatory. purgatory (per'ga-to-ri), n. in the Roman Catholic Church, the state after death in which the souls of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PURGE 704 PURSUANT faithful departed are purified from venial sins by suffering: adj. cleans- ing; expiatory. purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or free from impurities or guilt; make clear or pure; clear from accusation; de- fecate: v.i. to have frequent evacua- tions: n. a cathartic medicine. purging ('ing), n. diarrhea or dysen- tery; looseness of the bowels. purification (pu-ri-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of purifying; stateof being puri- fied; ceremonial cleansing from guilt or uncleanness. purificative m (pu-ri-fi-ka-tiv) , adj. able or tending to purify. Also puri- ficatory. purifier ('ri-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, purifies. puriform ('ri-form), adj. like pus. purify ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. puri- fied, p.pr. purifying], to render pure; free from guilt or ceremonial un- cleanness; free from impurities, cor- ruptions, or barbarisms. Purim ('rim), n. a Jewish feast (Feast of Lots) observed annually to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews (Esther ix.). purin (pu'rin), n. a substance found in certain proteid foods from which uric-acid is derived in the body. purism ('rizm), n. affectation in the precise use of words in literary style. purist (pur'ist), n % one who is scru- pulously precise in matters of lit- erary style or the choice of correct words. puristic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to purism. Puritan ('i-tan), n. one who pro- fesses great purity in religious doc- trine and practice, especially one of a body of Nonconformists in the 16th and 17th centuries who insisted on rigid adherence to the letter of Scripture in points of doctrine and practice: adj. pertaining to the Puri- tans or their doctrine or practice. Also puritanic, puritanical. puritanically (-tan'i-kal-i), adv. af- ter the manner of the Puritans. puritanism ('i-tan-izm), n. the doc* trines and practices of the Puritans. purity ^ ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being pure; chastity; cleanness; freedom from adulteration; freedom from sinister motives, foreign idioms, or barbarisms. purl (perl), n. a warm spiced ale, or gin; an embroidered or puckered border; a stitch in knitting; the con- tinued murmuring sound of a shal- low stream: -v.t. to fringe or embroi- der with a, waved edging; invert (stitches) in knitting: v.i. to ripple or flow with a gentle murmur. purlieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent dis- tricts. purlin (lin), n. a piece of timber ly- ing horizontally to support rafters.' Also purline. purloin (-loin'), v.t. to steal. purple ('pi), adj. of the color of blended blue and red; regal; livid; dyed with blood: n. purple color; purple robe, originally worn only by royalty; imperial government; car- dinalate: v.t. to render, or dye, pur- ple. purport ('port), n. meaning; design; signification : v.t. to mean or signify. purpose ('pus), n. design; end or aim desired: v.t. to intend or re- solve; design: v.i. to have an inten- tion. purposeful (-fool), adj. expressly in- tended. purposely (-li), adv. intentionally. purr (per), n. the low murmuring of a cat when pleased: v.t. to signify by purring: v.i. utter a low murmur- ing sound. purse (pers), n. a small bag or recep- tacle for money; sum of money; treasury: v.t. to pucker or wrinkle. purser ('er), n. a commissioned^ offi- cer having charge of the provisions, clothing, and money of a ship; pay- master. purslane (Ian), n. an annual with succulent fleshy leaves. pursuant (per-sii'ant), adj. done in consequence or in prosecution of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PURSUE 705 PYGMY anything; agreeable: adv. in conse- quence of. pursue (-sti'), v.t. to follow for some end; take and proceed in; prose- cute; chase; seek; v.i. to go on or continue. pursuer ('er), n. one who pursues. pursuit (-suf), n. the act of pursu- ing; prosecution; chase; occupa- tion; attainment. pursuivant ('swi-vant), n. an at- tendant or follower; state messen- ger. pursy ('si), adj. fat, thick, and short- winded; asthmatical. purulence (pu'roo-lens), n. genera- tion of pus. purulent (-lent), adj. consisting of, or containing pus. purvey (per-va/), V.t. to provide; procure: v.i. to purchase provisions. purveyance ('ans), n. the procuring of provisions; provisions provided; the right formerly accorded to roy- alty of buying up provisions without the owner's consent. purveyor ('er), n. one who provides provisions. purview ('vu), n. extent; proviso; body of a statute. pus (pus), n. the white or yellowish- white matter secreted in sores, &c. push (poosh), v.t. to press against with force; urge forward; drive by pressure: v.i. to make a thrust or effort; press hard: n. a thrust; force applied: effort; assault; exigence; extremity ; persistent endeavor; pustule or pimple. pushing ('ing), adj. enterprising; en- ergetic. pusillanimity (pu-sil-a-nim'i-ti), n. cowardice. pusillanimous (-an'i-mus), adj. cow- ardly; mean-spirited; faint-hearted. puss (poos), n. a cat: hare. Diminu- tive pussy. pussy-foot (pus'i), v.i. to sneak; to creep about noiselessly; to move about furtively: n. a sneak; an underhand worker; a mean fellow. pustular (pus'tti-lar), adj. covered with glandular pustule-like excres- cence. Pustulate. pustule ('tul), n. a small elevation of the skin, or pimple containing pus. put (poot), v.t. to place in, or bring into, any state or condition; cause; drive into action; incite; propose; apply; lay or deposit; throw in; state in language; shoot out or send forth; in golf, to drive into a hole with a short, careful stroke (put). putative (pu'ta-tiv), adj. reputed. putlog (poot'log), n. a, short piece of timber used for a bricklayer's plat- form or in scaffolding. putrefaction (pu-tre-fak'shun), n. the act or process of putrefying; decomposition ; _ rottenness. putrefactive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to, or tending to, putrefaction. putrefy ('tre-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], to cause to rot or decay by the decomposition of organic bodies ; rot; corrupt: v.i. to become putrid. putrescence (-tres'ens), n. a putrid state. putrescent ('ent), adj. pertaining to putrefaction; becoming rotten. putrescible ('i-bl), adj. liable, or tending to become putrid. putridity (-trid'i-ti), n. putrid state. Also putridness. puttee (put-e'), n. a strip of cloth wound spirally around the leg from ankle to knee for protection and sup- port; also leather leggings. putter (put'er), n. in golf, a club used for playing a short, careful stroke. puttock ('ok), a hawk or kite. putty ('i), n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used for polishing; a compound of whiting and linseed- oil used in glazing. puzzle (puz'l), n. something that tries the ingenuity, perplexes, or causes embarrassment: v.i. to be puzzled. pyemia, pyaemia (pl-e'mi-a), n. blood-poisoning. pygmean (pig-me'an), adj. dwarfish. Pygmy ('mi), n. one of the fabled ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. PYJAMAS 706 PYX * dwarfish races; one of a small race mentioned by Herodotus. Also Pigmy. pyjamas. Same as pajamas. pylon (pe-16ng), n. one of a series of towers erected on the field of an aerodrome to mark the course and guide the aviators; buildings at the entrance of Egyptian temples. pyloric (pi-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to the pylorus. pylorus (-lo'rus), n. the lower and right opening of the stomach leading to the small intestines. pyorrhea (pi-5-re'a), n. a disease of the gums causing the teeth to loosen and fall out, known in dentistry as Rigg's Disease. pyr, a prefix, meaning fire. Also pyro, as pyr&c&nth, a plant with flame-colored flowers; pyroscope, an instrument for measuring the inten- sity of radiating heat. pyramid (pir'a-mid), n. a solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, having its triangu- lar sides terminating in a point at the apex: pi. sepulchral monuments of such shape, as in Egypt. pyramidal (-am'i-dal), adj. shaped like a pyramid. Also pyramidic, pyramidical. pyre (pir), n. a funeral pile. pyrites (pi-ri'tez) , n. a native compound of sulphur with iron, copper, &c. pyro. See pyr. pyrocollodion (pi-ro-kol-lo'di-unj, n. a smokeless powder, used by Russia. pyro-electric (-ro-e-lek'trik), adj. becoming electric by the action of heat. pyro-electroly te (pi-ro-e-lek'tro-lit) , n. # a substance that conducts elec- tricity badly at low temperatures, but much better when heated. pyromania (pl-ro-ma'ni-a) , n. an in- sane impulse to destroy by fire. pyrometer (pl-rom'e-ter), n. an .in- strument for measuring the temper- ature or expansion of bodies under the influence of heat. pyro-ray (pl'ro-ra), n. a ray given off by incandescent metal and said to resemble the radiations of radioac- tive substances. pyroscope. See under pyr. pyrotechnic (pl-ro-tek'nik), adj. per- taining to fireworks or the art of making them. pyrotechnics ('niks), n. fireworks or the art of making them. Also pyrotechny. pyrotechnist ('nist), n. one skilled in the manufacture of fireworks. pyroxyline (-roks'i-lin), n. any ex- plosive substance made by steeping a vegetable fiber in nitric or nitro- sulphuric acid and drying it after washing it with water. Pyroxyle. pyrrhic (pir'ik), n. a metrical foot of two syllables; an ancient Greek mil- itary dance: adj. pertaining to such a dance. Pythian (pith'i-an), adj. pertaining to_ Delphi, or to Apollo, or to the priestess (pythoness) at Delphi. Pythian games (gamz), n.pl. one of the four great national games of an- cient Greece, celebrated every 5th year near Delphi, in honor of Apollo. pythogenic (pl-tho-jen'ik), adj. pro- duced by filth or putrid matter, as typhoid fever, &c. Python ('thon), n. a genus of large serpents; the serpent or dragon slain by Apollo. python ('thon), n. a large non-ven- omous serpent nearly allied to the boa. pythoness ('thon-es), n. the priestess of Apollo, who gave oracular answers at the temple of Delphi; a witch. pythonic (-thon'ik), adj. pertaining to prophecy; oracular. pythonism (pith'o-nizm), n. the art of predicting future events by divina- tion, after the manner of the ancient oracle at Delphi. pyuria (pi-yu'ri-a), n. a discharging of pus with the urine. pyx (piks), n. in the Roman Catholic Church, the box or receptacle in which the consecrated wafer or host is placed ; the boxin which selected coins are placed at the mint to be tested prior to their issue as currency. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Q Q (ku), the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet. quack (kwak), n. the cry of the duck; a pretender to medical skill; charlatan: v.i. to cry like a duck; to act or practice like a quack: adj. pertaining to quacks or quackery. Quackery ('er-i), n. boastful pretension to skill in medicine; false pretensions to any art£ imposture; empiricism. quackish ('ish), adj. like a quack. quad (kwod), n. the court of a col- lege, prison, &c; a quadrat. quadra ('ra), n. a square border or fillet of an Ionian column. Prefix meaning four. Also quadr, quadri, quadru. Quadragesima (-ra-jes'i-ma), n. Lent. Quadragesima Sunday (sun'da), n. the first Sunday in Lent. quadragesimal ('i-mal), adj. per- taining to, or used in, Lent. quadrangle ('rang-gl), n. _ an open square surrounded by buildings; a plane figure with 4 angles and 4 quadrangular ( r gu-lar), adj. having the form of a quadrangle. quadrant ('rant), n. the 4th part of a circle, an arc of 90°; an instru- ment for taking elevations; an in- strument for elevating cannon. quadrat ('rat), n. a piece of type metal lower than the type, used to fill void spaces in a line, pages, &c. quadrate ('rat), adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 right angles; raised to the second power; noting an aspect of the heavenly bodies in which they are distant 90° from each other: v.U & v.i. to square; fit or correspond. quadratic (-rat'ik), adj. pertaining to, or involving, a square. quadrature ('ra-ttir), n. the act of squaring; the reduction of a figure to a square, exactly or approximate- ly; the position of a heavenly body when distant 90° from another: said especially of the position of the moon from the sun. quadrennial (-ren'i-al), adj. com- prising, or occurring, every 4_ years. quadrennially (-li), adv. once in four years. quadrilateral (-ri-lat'er-al), n. a plane figure with 4 sides and 4 angles; the area inclosed and defended by four fortresses. quadrille (ka- or kwa-dril'), n. a dance by four sets of couples; a game at cards played by four persons. quadrillion (kwod-ril'yun), n. in the French system of numeration, fol- lowed in the United States, a thou- sand trillions; in the English sys- tem, the fourth power of a million, or 1 followed by 24 ciphers. quadroon (roon'), n. the offspring of a mulatto and a white. Quadrumana (-roo'ma-na), n.yl. an order of mammalia, including the monkey, &c. quadrumanous ('ma-nus), adj. hav- ing 4 hands. quadruped ('roo-ped), n. a four- footed animal: adj. four-footed. quadruple (roo-pl), adj. four-fold: n. a sum or quantity four times as great as that taken as the standard : v.t. to multiply by four: v.i. to in- crease four-fold. quaestor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient Rome, the public treasurer; in cer- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (707) QUAFF ■708 QUARRYMAN tain legislative assemblies, an officer in charge. Also questor. quaff (kwaf), v.t. to drink or swal- low in large quantities: v.i. to drink luxuriously. quagga (kwag'a), n. a South Afri- can quadruped allied to the ass and zebra. quagmire (kwag'mir), n. wet, boggy ground yielding under the feet. quahog (kwa-hog' or -hag'), n. a species of clam much prized by epicures: v.i. to go in search of this species of clam. quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in spirit or by dejection; lose heart; cower: n. a gallinaceous bird, allied to the par- tridge. quaint (kwant), adj. singular and antique; not expressed or shown in the usual way; odd; neat. quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble or shake; be agitated : n. a tremble or shudder. Quaker ('er), n. one of a religious sect, the Society of Friends, founded by Geo. Fox. Feminine Quakeress. Quaker-gun (-gun), n. a wooden gun mounted to deceive an enemy. quaking ('ing), adj. trembling; shak- ing: n. a shaking or tremor. quakiness ('i-nes), n. shakiness. quaky ('i), adj. shaky. qualifiable (kwal'i-fl-a-bl), adj. that may be qualified. qualification (-fi-ka'shun), n. any quality, endowment, or acquirement which fits a person for any office or occupation; legal power or ability; limitation; restriction. qualificative ('i-fi-ka-tiv), adj. serv- ing to qualify. qualifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, qualifies. qualify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. qual- ified, p.pr. qualifying], to render fit or capable for any office, occupation, &c; render legally capable; make fit; moderate; limit: v.i. to become qualified. qualitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to quality; determining the na- ture of component parts. quality ('i-ti), n. [pi. qualities (-tiz) ], peculiar power or property ; attribute; disposition; rank; superior birth. qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit of sickness; nausea; scruple. quamash (kwa-mash'), n. an escu- lent bulb eaten by the North Amer- ican Indians. Alsocamass. quandary (kwon'da-ri), n. a state of difficulty or perplexity; fix. quantitative ('ti-ta-tiv), adj. per- taining to quantity. Also quantitive. quantify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quantified, p.pr. quantifying], to in- dicate the quantity or extent of. quantity ('ti-ti), n. that property of anything that may be increased or diminished; any indeterminate bulk, weight, or number; large portion, sum, or mass; the measure of time in pronouncing a syllable; anything that can be increased, divided, or measured; in logic, a general con- ception. quanti valence (-tiv'a-lens), n. the combining power of an atom as com- pared with hydrogen. quantum ('turn), n. amount (Latin). quarantine (kwor'an-ten), n. the time (usually 40 days) during which a vessel from f oriegn parts suspected of infectious disease is prohibited from intercourse with the shore: v.t. to place under quarantine. quarrel ('el), n. an angry dispute; petty fight; altercation; ground of dispute; a square-headed arrow: v.i. to dispute violently; be at variance; disagree. quarrelsome (-sum), adj. inclined to quarrel; contentious; easily pro- voked; irascible. quarried ('id), p. adj. dug from the quarry. quarrier ('i-er), n. one who works in a quarry. quarry ('i), n. a place where stone is dug out for building purposes, &c; game pursued by hawks or hounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quarried, p.pr. quar- rying], to dig or take from a quarry. quarryman. Same as quarrier. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. QUART 709 QUEEN-POST quart (kw6rt), n. 2 pints, or l-4th 4 leaves. Abbreviated &to: adj. having of a gallon; a sequence of 4 cards 4 leaves in a sheet. in the game of piquet. quartz (kworts), n. a mineral com- quartan (kwor'tan), adj. occurring pound of pure silica. every fourth day, as ague, &c. t quartzite ('it), n. quartz rock. quarte (kart), n. a guard in fencing, quash (kwosh), v.t. to crush; subdue quarter (kwor'ter), n. the 4th part; suddenly or completely; annul. 28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bushels; the quashy (kwosh'i), n. a West Indian 4th part of the moon's monthly name for the negro, revolution; part of the globe; par- quasi, a prefix meaning as it were, ticular county, region, or district; apparently, nearly. life granted to a captive or enemy; quassia (kwosh'i-a), n. a South mercy; after-part of a ship's side; American tree_ yielding bark and one of the 4 points of the compass; wood of excessive bitterness. in heraldry, one of the divisions of quatern (kwa'tern), adj. fourfold; a shield when divided crosswise: pi. growing in fours, lodgings, especially for soldiers: v.t. quaternion (-ter'ni-on), n. the num- to divide into four equal parts; fur- ber 4; set of 4; a file of 4 soldiers: nish with lodgings, as soldiers; sta- pi. a calculus or method of mathe- tion; bear as an appendage to he- matical investigation, reditary arms. quatrefoil (ka'tr-foil), n. in herald- quarter day (da), n. the day begin- ry, four-leaved grass; an ornamental ning or ending each quarter of the figure in architectural tracery di- year, viz. : March 25, June 24, Sept. vided by cusps into 4 leaves. 29, Dec. 25, when payments of rent, quaver (kwa/ver), v.t. to shake or &c, are made. tremble; vibrate; sing or play with quarter-deck (-dek), n. that part of tremulous modulations: n. a vibra- a ship which is abaft the mainmast. tion of the voice; a musical note, quartered ('terd), p.adj. divided into one-half a crotchet. quarters; the division of a shield quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading or containing many coats. unloading vessels. quarterly (li), adj. consisting of, or quean (kwen),n. a worthless woman, containing, a quarter: adv. once queasy (kwe'zi), adj. affected with, each quarter of the year: n. a pub- or causing, nausea, lication issued every quarter. queen (kwen), n. a female sovereign; quartermaster ('ter-mas-ter), n. an consort of a king; sovereign of a officer whose duty it is to assign swarm of bees (queen-bee) ; a court quarters and provide food, clothing, card with the figure of a queen; a forage, ammunition, &c, for a regi- piece in chess; the best or chief of ment; in the navy, a petty officer her kind: v.i. to play the queen: v.t. who attends to the steerage, signals, in chess, to make a queen of. stowage, (fee, of ships. queen consort (kon'sort), n. the quartern ('tern), n. l-4th of a pint, wife of a reigning king. or of a bushel; gill. queen dowager (dou'a-jer), n. the quarter-staff (-staf), n. a staff 63^ widow of a king, feet long and shod with iron, for- queenliness (li-nes), n. queenly merly used as a weapon of defense. character or attributes. quartet (-tef), n. anything in fours; queenly (li), adj. like, or befitting, musical composition in 4 parts for 4 a queen, voices or instruments. Also quartette, queen-post ('post), n. one of two quarto ('to), n. [pi. quartos ('toz) ], vertical timbers in a roof rising a book having the sheet folded into from the tie-beam. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book* hue. hut; think, then. QUEEN REGNANT 710 QUILL queen regnant (reg'nant), ft. a queen in her own nght. queen's counsel (-z-koun'sel), ft. a barrister holding a patent of preced- ence from the queen. queen's metal (-met'al), ft. an alloy of tin, antimony, lead, and bismuth. queen's ware ('war), ft. cream-col- ored earthenware. queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; droll; strange; out of health. quell (kwel), v.t. to crush or subdue; put an end to; calm; allay. quench (kwench), v.t. to put out or extinguish; check; allay. querimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us),ad/f. complaining; querulous. querist (kwe'rist), ft. one who asks questions. querl (kwerl), v.t. to coil. querulous (kwer'66-lus) , adj. com- plaining; discontented. query (kwe'ri), ft. a question; an inquiry to be resolved; a mark of interrogation: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. queried, p.pr. querying], to examine by questions; doubt; mark with a query: v.i. to ask questions. quest (kwest),ft. search; inquiry; jury of inquest: v.t. to search or seek for. question (kwes'chun), ft. an inquiry; act of asking; interrogation; doubt; subject of discussion; examination by torture: v.t. to ask or interro- gate; treat as doubtful. questionability (-a-bil'i-ti) , ft. the state or q uality of being questionable. questionable (-a-bl), adj. that may be questioned; doubtful; suspicious. questionably (-a-bli), adv. in a ques- tionable manner. questionnaire (-ar'), ft. series of questions for information on a given subject. questor. Same as quaestor. quetzal (kwet'zal), ft. an American bird of paradise. queue (ku), ft. the tail of a wig. quibble (kwib'l), ft. a petty evasion or cavil; play on words: v.i. to evade the truth by artifice or eva- sion; play on words. quibbling ('ling), ft. evasion. quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; active; nimble; ready; sharp in discernment; sprightly; precipitate; living; pregnant: adv. quickly: n. the living flesh; sensitive parts; a hedge of growing shrubs. quicken ('en), v.i. to impart life; vivify; show signs of life in the womb: v.t. increase the speed of; to resuscitate; stimulate; cheer. quickening ('ning), adj. vivifying. quicklime ('llm), ft. lime burnt and unslaked. quickly ('li), adv. soon; swiftly. quickness ('nes), ft. speed; activity; activeness of perception. quicksand ('sand), ft. sand easily moved or readily yielding to pres- sure; anything unreliable or treach- erous. quickset ('set), ft. a living shrub, especially the hawthorn, set to grow, as for a hedge. quicksilver ('sil-ver), ft. fluid mer- cury: v.t. to overlay with an amal- gam of mercury and tin-foil. quid (kwid), ft. a plug of tobacco for chewing; a sovereign. quiddity ('i-ti), ft. [pi. quiddities (-tiz) ], the essence of anything; a trifling nicety; captious question. quidnunc ('nungk), ft. one who is curious to know everything that passes; one who pretends to a knowledge of current events. quiesce (kwi-es'), v.i. to be silent. quiescence ('ens), ft. repose or rest; mental quietude. Also quiescency. quiescent Cent), adj. reposing or resting; calm; silent. quiet (kwl'et), adj. free from mo- tion, disturbance, or alarm; still; calm; peaceable; gentle; secluded; subdued and modest; not showy: v.t. to calm or pacify; reduce to a state of rest: v.i. to become quiet. quietude ('et-tld), ft. repose; tran- quillity. quietus (-e'tus), ft. rest; death; final settlement or discharge ; heavy blow. quill (kwil), ft. the large strong ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. QUILT 711 QUOIT feather of a bird's wing; such feather used as a pen; a porcupine's spine; a weaver's spindle: v.t. to plait or form with small quill-like ridges. quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of coverlet or counterpane: v.t. to stitch to- gether, as two pieces of cloth, &c, with a soft material between. quilting ('ing), n. the act or process oi making a quilt; material for quilting; quilted work. quinary (kwi'na-ri), adj. consisting of or arranged in, fives. quinine (kwin'en or kwl'nin), n. an alkaline substance obtained from the bark of the Chinchona tree: used as a febrifuge and tonic. quinquagesima (-kwa-jes'i-ma), adj. fiftieth. Quinquagesima Sunday (sun'da), n. the Sunday next before Lent. quinque, a prefix meaning five, as quinquereme, a galley with five banks of oars. quinquennial (-kwen'i-al), adj. re- curring once in, or lasting, five years. quinsy ('zi), n. inflammation of the tonsils of the throat. quint (kwint), n. a set or sequence of five. quintal ('tal), n. a weight of 100 or 112 lbs. quintan ('tan), adj. recurring every fifth day: n. an intermittent fever which recurs thus. quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. the pure concentrated essence of any- thing; vital or essential part. quintet m (-tef), n. a musical compo- sition in five obligato parts. Also quintette, quintette. quintillion (-tiryun), n. in the French system, of enumeration, fol- lowed in the United States, a thou- sand quadrillions; in the English system, a million raised to the fifth power, expressed by a unit followed by thirty ciphers. quintuple ("tu-pl), v.t. to make five- fold: adj. fivefold. quip (kwip), n. a short sarcastic turn or retort; jeer: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. quipped, p.pr. quipping], to scoff; jeer. quire (kwir), n. 24 sheets; an obso- lete form of choir. Quirinal (kwi-rl'nal), n. at Rome, the royal palace. Quirites (-ri'tez), n.pl. the ancient Romans in their civil capacity. _ quirk (kwerk), n. an artful evasion; subterfuge; quibble; smart retort; a fight irregular air or melody. quit (kwit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. quit or quitted, p.pr. quitting], to depart from: discharge (an obligation); give up; forsake: adj. set free. quitch (kwich), n. couch-grass. quittance (kwit'ans), n discharge from a debt, service, or obligation. quite (kwit), adj. wholly; completely. quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for ar- rows; a trembling or shivering: v.i. to tremble, shake, or shiver. quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik), adj. chival- rous or romantic to extravagance, from Don Quixote, the hero of Cer- vantes' romance.^ quixotically (-al-li), adv. in a quix- otic manner. quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or obscure question designed to puzzle anyone; one who quizzes others: v.t. p.t. & p.p. quizzed, p.pr. quizzing], to puz- zle; make fun of; banter; hoax; examine narrowly with an air of mockery; peer at. quizzical ( ; i-kal), adj. given to, or of the nature of, quizzing; comical. quod (kwod), n. a quadrangle; prison. quodlibet ('li-bet), n. a nice point or subtlety. quoif. Same as coif. quoiffure. _ Same as coiffure. quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to sup- port and steady a stone; external angle of a building; a wedge of wood or metal to elevate a gun; wedge- shaped wooden block to tighten the pages of type within the chase. quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring of iron to be pitched at a fixed object: pi. the game thus played. ate, arm, Die. 46 i, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. QUONDAM 712 QURAN quondam (kwon'dam), adj. former [Latin], quorum (kwo'rum), n. the number of members of a body or corporation competent to transact business by law or constitution. quota (kwo'ta), n. the part or share assigned to each. quotation (-ta'shun), n. the act of quoting; that which is quoted; cur- rent price. quotative (kwo'ta-tiv), a. of the nature of or pertaining to quotation. quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a pas- sage) from some author or speaker, for authority or illustration; give the current price of. quoth (kwoth), v.t. said. quotha ('a), inter j. indeed! quotidian (kwo-tid'i-an), adj. recur- ring daily. quotient ('shent), n. the number re- sulting from the division of one number by another. quotum ('turn), ?2. share; proportion. Quran. Another form of Koran. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. R R, the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet. raad (rad), n. a legislative assembly [South Africa]. rabbet (rab'et), n. a groove cut longi- tudinally in the edge of a plank, &c, so that another may fit into it: v.t. to groove and unite by a rabbet. rabbi ('i or r i), n. [pi. rabbis ('iz) ], a Jewish doctor or interpreter of the law. Also rabbin. rabbinic (-in'ik), adj. pertaining to the rabbis, their doctrines, learning, and language. Also rabbinical, n. later Hebrew. rabbin ism ('in-izm), n. rabbinic phraseology. rabbinist ('in-ist), n. one who ad- heres to the Talmud and the rab- binic traditions. Also rabbinite. rabbit ('it), n. a burrowing rodent animal, esteemed for food and its fur. rabbit-warren (-wor'en), n. a place where rabbits burrow and breed. rabble ('1), n. a noisy crowd or mob, especially of the lower orders. rabid ('id), adj. mad; enthusiastic to excess. rabboni (ra-bo'ni), n. my master: the highest title of distinction among the ancient Jews. rabies (ra'bi-ez), n. canine madness; madness caused by the bite of a dog; hydrophobia. raca (ra'ka), adj. worthless: a term of great contempt among the ancient Jews. raccoon (rak-oon'), n. a badger-like animal of North America with a valuable fur. Also racoon. race (ras), n. a rapid course, as of an animal or river; contest of speed; career; descent or lineage; breed or variety; peculiar strength or flavor; root: pi. horseraces: v.i. to run swiftly; contend in running: v.t. to cause to contend in a race. raceme (ra-sem'), n. a flower cluster. racemose (ras'e-mos), adj. growing in racemes. racial (ra'sial), adj. pertaining to race or lineage. racily ('si-li), adv. in a racy manner. raciness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being racy. rack (rak), n. an instrument for stretching or straining; an engine for stretching the limbs to extort a confession; a frame in which arti- cles are arranged; a grating above a manger for holding hay; a straight toothed bar working in the pinions of a wheel* an inclined plane on which ore is washed and separated; thin, broken, vapory clouds; entire ruin: v.t. to stretch or strain forcibly on, or as on, the rack; torture; wrest; perplex; exhaust; decant or strain off. rackarock (rak'a-rok), n. an explo- sive powder of high power. racket ('et), n. a clattering noise; a network bat used in tennis; a snow-shoe: pi. tennis: v.i. to make a clattering noise; frolic; play tennis: v.t. to strike, as with a racket. racketing (-ing), n. noisy, confused mirth. racking-bit (rak'ing-bit), n. a bit having an extra pair of very long cheek-pieces, racking-pace ('ing-pas), n. the pace ate, ftrm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (713) RACK-RENT 714 RADIUM of a horse somewhat quicker and shorter than an amble. rack-rent ('rent), n. rent raised to its utmost value. raconteur (ra~kon-ter'), n. an expert teller of anecdotes. racoon. Same ' as raccoon. racquet, another form of racket. racy (ra/si), adj. having a strong flavor; mentally exciting; piquant. raddle (rad'l), n. a hedge of branches interwoven: v.t. to interweave. raddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. radial (ra/di-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, or using as, a ray; pertain- ing to the radius of the forearm. radiance ('di-ans), n._ brightness shooting in rays; brilliant bright- ness; splendor. Also radiancy. radiant ('di-ant), adj. emitting rays of light or heat; shining; brilliant: n. the point from which a shower of meteors proceeds; a straight line proceeding from a given point about which it revolves; the luminous point from which light emanates. radiate ('di-at), v.t. to send out as rays: v.i. to emit, or issue forth in, rays: adj. having rays. radiation (-a/shun), n. the emission or diffusion of rays of light or heat from one luminous or heated body to another. radiator ('di-a-ter), n. the body from which rays radiate; a chamber, coil, drum, &c, in an apartment, heated by steam,_ hot air, or hot water, &c, for radiating warmth into the apart- ment; a water-cooling device used with gasoline motors. radical (rad'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the root or origin; fundamental; original; underived; extreme: n. a simple, underived word; letter be- longing to the root; one of the ultra- liberal party; the base of a chemical compound (also radicle). radically ('i-kal-i), adv. essentially; entirely. radicate ('i-kat), v.t. to plant deeply and firmly: v.i. to take root: adj. deeply planted or rooted. radicel ('i-sel), n. a rootlet. radicle ('i-kl), n. that part in the embryo in the seed of a plant which becomes the root; in chemistry, the same as radical. radio-active (ra'di-o-ak'tiv), adj. emitting Becquerel rays; exhibiting the properties possessed by radium. radiobe (ra/di-ob), n. a minute struc- ture produced in gelatine by the action of radium and thought by Burke to represent a link between the inorganic and the organic worlds. radiochemistry (ra/di-o-kem'is-tri), n. the study of the peculiar group of chemicals that manifest the phenomena of radioactivity. radiochroism (ra'di-ok'ro-izm), n. varying opacity to different types of X-rays. r adioconductor (ra'di - o - kon - duk' - tor, n. an instrument to detect electric waves in the atmosphere, including the receivers in wireless- telegraphy. radiodermatitis (ra'di-o-der'ma-tl'- tis), n. an obstinate inflammation of the skin caused by prolonged ex- . posure to X-rays or allied radiations. radiofy {-il),v.t. [p.t.&p.p. radiofied, p.pr. radiofying], to cause to become radio-active by exposing to the influence of radium. radiograph (-graf), n. a picture ob- tained by means of radiography: v.t. to produce a likeness of by means of radiography. radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi) , n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of Roentgen rays upon certain sensitive salts. radiometer (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. an instrument revolving in a vacuum, which under the influence of light exhibits the energy of the solar rays. radiotherapy (ra/di-o-ther'a-pi), n. treatment of disease with the X-ray or with one of the radioactive ele- ments, as radium or thorium.^ radish (rad'ish), n. a plant with an edible root, used as a salad. radium (ra'di-um), n. a radio-active ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north', not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RADIUS 715 RAISE element recently discovered in pitch- blende, possessing the property of giving off luminous and actinic rays, accompanied by heat, without ap- parent loss of energy or diminution in bulk or weight. radius (ra/di-us), n. [pi. radii (rl) ], a straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle; ex- terior bone of the forearm; ray of a flower; anything resembling a radius, as the spoke of a wheel. radix ('diks), n. a root; a primitive word; base of a system of loga- rithms. raff (raf), n. a jumble; refuse; the rabble. raffle ('1), n. a kind of lottery in which each participant deposits a part of the value of a thing in con- sideration of the chance of gaining it: v.t. to dispose of by raffle: v.i. to take part in a raffle. raft (raft), n. pieces of timber fas- tened together for transport by floating; a floating wooden frame- work: v.t. to carry on a raft. rafter ('er), n. an inclined beam supporting the roof of a house: v.t. to form into, or furnish with, raf- ters. rafting ('ing), n. the business of floating rafts. raftsman ('man), n. a man who manages a raft upon a river. rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; a low-class newspaper: pi. worn-out or tattered garments; mean dress. ragamuffin ('a-muf-in), n. a low, disreputable fellow. _ rage (raj), n. excessive and uncon- trolled anger; vehemence; extreme violence; enthusiasm; extreme de- sire or eagerness : < v.i. to be furious with anger; prevail fatally, as a dis- ease; be violently agitated, as the eea; ravage. rageful ('fool), adj. full of rage. ragg. Same as ragstone. ragged (rag'ed), adj : rent or worn into rags; clothed in tattered gar- ments; destitute; rough; jagged. raging (raj'ing), p.adj. acting with fury; violent; vehement; frantic: n. fury; violence. ragout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of stewed and highly seasoned meat. ragstone (rag'ston), n. any hard, coarse-textured rock. rag-time ('tim), n. syncopated time, characteristic of negro melodies. ragwort (rag'wert), n. a common plant with jagged leaves. raid (rad), n. a hostile or predatory incursion: v.t. to make a raid upon. rail (nil), n. a, bar of timber or metal extending from one support to another; wooden or iron fence; a railway; a wading bird with a harsh cry: v.i. to brawl; use opprobrious language; scoff: v.t. to inclose with rails; despatch by rail. railing ('ing), n. material for rails; fence made of posts and rails: adj. insulting or reproaching. raillery ('er-i), n. good-humored irony or satire; banter. railleur (-yer'), n. a banterer [French]. railway ('wa), n. away or road laid with two parallel iron or steel rails along which cars are drawn by steam power, electricity, &c. Also railroad. raiment (ra'ment), n. clothing. rain (ran), n. water in drops dis- charged from the clouds: v.i. to fall in drops from the clouds; drop like rain : v.t. to pour down like rain. rainbow ('bo), n. the bright-colored arc formed in the heavens by the refraction or reflection of the sun's rays falling upon watery particles in that part of the heavens opposite to the sun. rainfall ('fawl), n. the amount of rain that falls on any given area. raininess _ ('i-nes), n. the state of being rainy. rainy ('i), adj. abounding with rain. raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; lift up; elevate; originate or produce; promote; rouse; increase; construct; levy; collect; cause to appear; cause to swell. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RAISIN 716 RANDOM raisin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. rajah (ra'ja), n. a Hindu king, prince, or chief. rajput (raj-poof), n. a Hindu of royal descent or of the higher mili- tary caste. Also rajpoot. rake (rak), n. a toothed implement for smoothing the soil; a rascal; in- clination or slope; that part of the bow or stern of a ship that projects beyond the keel: v.t. to gather or smooth with a rake; collect to- gether; scour; fire upon, so as to sweep the deck of a vessel in a longitudinal direction: v.i. to slope from the perpendicular.^ rakish (rak'ish), adj. dissolute; de- bauched. rally ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rallied, p.pr. rallying], to collect and ar- range, as troops in confusion; re- unite; attack with raillery; banter or satirize humorously : v.i. to return to order; recover strength; exercise raillery: n. the act of recovering order, or of regaining strength; good-humored satire; horseplay, as in a pantomime. ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep; one of the m signs (Aries) of the zodiac; a military engine for batter- ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- clad with a steel beak: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rammed, p.pr. ramming], to push or press with force. ramble ('bl), v.i. to wander or rove about; visit many places; be desul- tory: n. a roving or wandering from place to place. ramee (ra-me'). Same as ramie. ramenta (-men'ta), n.pl. the thin brown scales which cover the stems of ferns. ramie (ram'e), n. grass-cloth plant, or its fiber. ramification (ram-i-fi-ka'shun), n. a division or separation into branches; sub-division; manner of producing branches. ramify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rami- fied, p.pr. ramifying], to divide into branches or divisions: v.i. to shoot into branches; become divided or sub-divided. rammer ('er), n. one who, or that which, rams; an instrument for for- cibly driving anything; a rod for forcing down the charge of a gun. ramose # (ra'mos), adj. branched; producing branches. Also ramous. ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a plant; spring; leap violently: n. a leap or bound. rampage (ram'paj), v.i. to prance about with unrestrained spirits; be furious: n. a state of excitement. rampant ('pant), adj. overleaping re- straint or natural bounds; in herald- ry, standing upright on the hindlegs. rampart ('part), n. a mound or wall surrounding a fortified place; pro- tection from assault or danger: v.L to fortify with a rampart. ramrod ('rod), n. a rod used for ramming down the charge of a gun. ramshackle # ('shak-1), adj. loose; out of repair. ramus (ra'mus), n. a branch. ran, p.t. of run. ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. Also ranche, rancho [Mexican]. ranchero (ran-cha'ro), n. a herds- man [Mexican]. rancho (ran'cho), n. a cabin or group of cabins where ranchmen or trav- elers are sheltered. rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, unpleasant smell; sour or musty. rancidity ('i-ti), n. rancid condi- tion. Also rancidness. rancor (rang'ker), n. implacable en- mity: deep spite or malice. rancorous (-us), adj. malignant; spiteful. rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or border. randan (ran'dan), n. a boat pro- pelled by three rowers, one in the center using two oars and the oth- ers one oar each. random ('dum), n. want of direction or method chance: adj. done hap- hazard; left to chance, or without method. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RANEE 71T RAREFY ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen or princess; rajah's wife. Also rani, rannee. rang p.t. of ring. range (ranj), v.t. to set or arrange in a row; place in proper order; rove over; sail along in a parallel direction: n. a rank or row; order or class; space or room for excur- sion; extent of discourse or roam- ing; power; an extended kitchen grate; distance to which a shot, &c, can be projected. range-finder (ranj'fm-der), n. a con- trivance to enable the marksman in a fort or ship to ascertain the exact range of the target. ranger ('er), n. a rover; the chief official or keeper of a park or for- est; a variety of dog. rank (rangk), n. a row or line, espe- cially of soldiers placed abreast; sta- tion or position; grade; dignity; eminence: v.t. to draw up in line; include in a particular class, or order, or division: v.i. to hold a certain position: adj. luxuriant in growth; excessive; coarse; rancid. rankle ('1), v.i. to grow more rank or strong; fester; become mentally disquieted or irritated. ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search mi- nutely; rummage; plunder. ransom ('sum), v.t. to free from captivity, slavery, or punishment, by a payment; atone for; redeem from the bondage of sin: n. price paid for release from captivity, &c, or for goods captured by an enemy; price paid for procuring the pardon of sin and the redemption of the sin- ner. rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be noisily wor*y: rave in extravagant or violent language: n. noisy; empty declamation. ranter ('er), n. one who rants; a boisterous preacher. rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply: n. a quick, sharp blow; something of no value. rapacious (ra-pa'shus), adj. given to plunder; seizing forcibly; subsisting on prey; greedy; avaricious. rapacity (-pas'i-ti), n. the quality of being rapacious. Also rapacious- ness. rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying away by force; the seizure and car- nal knowledge of a woman against her will; a plant of the cabbage family, from the seeds of which an oil (colza oil) is expressed. rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- rent in a river where the channel is descending. rapier (ra'pi-er), n. a long thin sword used for thrusting. rapine (rap 'in, or 'In), n. the act of plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- lage; violence. rapport (-por'), n. harmonious rela- tion; affinity. rapprochement (ra-prosh'mang), n. the act of coming together; an understanding. rapscallion (rap-scal'yun), n. a ras- cal. rapt (rapt), p.adj. transported; rav- ished. Raptores (rap-to'rez), n.pl. an order of birds characterized by the strength of their claws and bills, in- cluding the eagles, owls, &c. raptorial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to the Raptores. Also raptorious. rapture ('tur), n. extreme pleasure or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. raptured. Same as rapt. rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- ture; almost raw. rare-bit ('bit), n. a dainty morsel. rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun), n. the act of rarefying or rendering less dense. rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make rare, thin, or less dense; expand: v.i. to become less dense. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. RARELY 718 RATIONALISTIC rarely ('li), adv. seldom. rareness ('nes), ft. the state or qual- ity of being rare. rare-ripe (rar'rip), adj. ripe before the usual season: ft. an early fruit. rarity ('i-ti), ft. a rare article; ex- ceptional excellence; rareness. rascal ('kal), n. a mean fellow; a scoundrel; one who is guilty of mean offenses. rascaldom (-dum), n. rascals col- lectively. rascality ('i-ti), ft. the state of be- ing a rascal; petty villainy or dis- honesty. rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; precipitate; acting without caution or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous eruption. rasher ('er), ft. a thin slice of bacon. Rasores (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an order of birds, including the barn fowls, pheasants, partridges, &c, who scratch the ground in search of food. rasorial ('ri-al), adj. pertaining to the Rasores. rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as with, a rough instrument; file with a rasp : ft. a kind of rough file. raspberry _ (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- berries (-iz) ], a shrub and its well- known fruit. rasure (ra/zur), n. erasure. rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse family but larger and more vora- cious; one who deserts his party; a workman who works during a strike, or for less than the usual wages: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. ratted, p.pr. ratting], to desert one's party; to act the rat, said of a workman; to catch rats. ratable (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed at a certain value; liable to be assessed. ratably ('a-bli), adv. proportionally. ratan. Same as rattan. ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar into which a click drops; the wheel of a clock which causes it to strike. ratchet ('et), n. the detent which stops a ratchet-wheel. ratchet-wheel (hwel), n. a circular ratch. rate (rat), ft. ratio or proportion; price fixed or stated; comparative value; degree; a tax or assessment; speed at which anything is done or performed; class of warship: v.t. to estimate; settle or fix the value, rank, or degree of; scold vehemently and hastily: v.i. to make an esti- mate; be placed in a certain class or rank. rather (ra^'er), adv. sooner; more willingly; on the contrary; prefer- ably to the other. rathskeller (raths'kel-er), ft. an un- derground place of refreshment. ratification (rat-i-fi-ka/shun), n. the act of ratifying; confirmation. ratifier ('i-fi-er), ft. one who ratifies. ratify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ratified, p.pr. ratifying], to approve and sanc- tion; settle or confirm; establish. ratio (ra/shi-5), n. [pi. ratios (-oz) ], the relation or proportion of one thing or quantity to another. ratiocinate (rash-i-os'i-nat), v.i. to reason deductively; argue. ratiocination (-i-na'shun), ft. the act or process of reasoning; deduc- ing conclusions^ from premises. ratiocinative ('i-na-tiv), adj. argu- mentative. ration (ra'shun), ft. an allowance: pi. allowance of provisions given per man for daily subsistence: v.t. to furnish with rations. rational (rash'un-al), adj. agreeable to, or consistent with, reason; nei- ther extravagant or foolish; wise; judicious. rationale (rash-o-na/le), ft. a series of reasons assigned for any opinion, action, &c. rationalism ('un-al-izm), ft. a sys- tem or doctrine which, rejecting rev- elation, makes reason the sole guide in the interpretation of Scripture and dogma. rationalist (-ist), ft. one who up- holds or supports rationalism. rationalistic (-is'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, characteristic of, or like, ra- tionalism. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon' book; hue, hut; think, then. RATIONALITY 719 RAYOMETER rationality (-al'i-ti), n. the quality ravel (rav'l), v.t. to unweave or un- of being rational; power of reason- twist; involve or entangle: v.i. to be ing; reasonableness; mental sanity. unwoven or untwisted; busy one's rationalize ('al-Iz), v.t. to interpret self with perplexities. as a rationalist; convert to ration- ravelin ('lin), n. a detached work alism: v.i. to rely solely on reason or with two embankments making a as a rationalist. salient angle. rationally ('al-li), adv. in a rational ravelings ('el-ingz), n.pl. threads de- manner; in accordance with reason. tached by untwisting. ratlins (rat'linz), n.pl. small horizon- raven (ra/vn), n. a large bird of the tal ropes, extending over the shrouds crow family noted for its deep black forming ladder-like steps. Also rat- color: adj. raven-colored, lines. raven (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or seize, ratsbane (ratslban), n. poison for by violence; devour with greediness rats; arsenious acid. or voracity: n. violence; plunder; rattan (rat-an'), n. one of the long, prey, smooth, reed-like stems of several ravening ('n-ing), n. eagerness for species of palms; a rattan walking plunder, stick. ravenous ('n-us), adj. devouring with ratteen (-teen'), n. a thick woolen rapacity; eagerly voracious; eager quilted or twilled stuff. _ for gratification. rattinet (-in-ef), n. an inferior kind ravine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep hol- of ratteen. low, worn by the action of a stream ratting ('ing), n. the act of deserting or torrent; mountain gorge. one's party; the act of catching ravish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize and to rats; working for less than current carry away by force; have sexual in- prices. tercourse with (a woman) by force rattle (rati), v.i. to produce rapidly and without her consent; transport sharp noises; speak rapidly or nois- with delight or rapture, ily; ride rapidly: v.t. to cause to ravishment ('ish-ment), n. forcible make a rapid, sharp noise; stun violation of chastity; rape; abduc- with noise; drive rapidly; scold: n. tion; transport; rapture. a succession of rapid, sharp noises; raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; noisy, rapid, empty talk; a child's without skin; sore; not spun or toy for rattling. twisted; in the natural state; un- rattler (rat'ler), n. one who, or that tanned; undiluted; unripe; inexperi- which, rattles; a rattlesnake. enced; cold and damp: n. a sore. rattlesnake (-snak), n. a venomous rawboned ('bond), adj. with little snake with hard bony rings on the flesh on the bones, tail producing a rattling sound when rawhide ('hid), n. a cowhide whip. in motion. rawish ('ish), adj. somewhat raw. rattling ('ling), adj. making a rapid ray (ra), n. a line or pencil of light succession of sharp, noisy sounds; proceeding from a radiant point; quick: adv. very: n. noise produced light; beam of intellectual light; by a rattle. perception or apprehension ; the out- raucous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse. er whorl of a. floret; a radius; a ravage (rav'aj), v.t. to lay waste; cartilaginous fish of the genus Raia, pillage; plunder or sack: n. destruc- as the skate, #c: v.t. to shoot forth, tion by violence or decay; devasta- as a ray: v.i. shine forth. tion; ruin. _ rayah (fa'ya), n. in Turkey, a non- rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the mind Mohammedan. or be delirious ; rage as a madman. rayometer (ra-om'e-ter), n. an ap- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. RAZE 720 REAP paratus to test sensitiveness to the X-ray. raze (raz), v.t. to level to the ground; blot out; efface; graze or shave. razee (ra-ze'), n. a large warship cut down to a smaller size and inferior class. razor ('zer), n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used for shaving. razor-bill (-bil), n. the auk. razure. Same as rasure. razzle-dazzle (raz'1-dazl), n. a state of confusion or dizziness, as from ef- fects of alcohol; a revolving platform having irregular motion, used for amusement: v.t. to confuse, bewilder, or daze. re, prefix noting repetition or retro- grade action. reach (rech), v.t. to touch with the extended hand; stretch forth; arrive at; gain; penetrate to; include: v.i. to be extended so as to touch; en- deavor to obtain something; the power of reaching or attaining; dis- tance that can be reached; limit of power or ability; stretch of water or stream. reactance (re-ak'tans), b. the seem- ing resistance of an alternating-cur- rent electric circuit due to self-in- duction. read (red), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. read (red), p.pr. reading], to observe and apprehend the meaning of (some- thing written, printed or inscribed) ; peruse; discover by observation; study: v.i. to perform the act of reading; peruse written or printed matter. read (red), adj. well-informed or ac- quainted with books. readable (red'a-bl), adj. fit to be read; worth reading; legible. reader ('er), n. one who reads; one who reads prayers in church; a cor- rector of the press; a university lec- turer; a reading-book. readily (red'i-li), adv. in a ready manner; quickly; easily; willingly. readiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing ready; promptness; cheerfulness. reading (red'ing), adj. addicted to reading: n. perusal of books; lec- ture; public recital; variation; ver- sion or interpretation of a particu- lar passage in a book or MS.; ob- servation made by examining a scientific instrument; formal recital of a bill by the proper officer before a legislative assembly. readjust (re-ad-just'), v.t. to place in order again; to rearrange. ready (red'i), adj. [comp. readier, superl. readiest], prepared at the moment; quick; prompt; fit for a purpose; willing; near; about to do or be; dexterous. real (re'al), adj. actually existing; not fictitious; genuine; true; per- taining to things fixed, as lands or tenements; not personal: n. (ra'al) a Spanish coin = 5 cents (about). real estate (es-taf), n. lands and all appertaining to them. realism ('al-izm), n. the representa- tion of nature or social hfe as it actually appears; the doctrine that the objects immediately known are real existences. realist (-ist), n. one who holds the doctrine of, or practices, realism. realistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to realism and realists. reality ('i-ti), n. [pi. realities (-tiz) ], actual existence; tact; truth. realization (-i-za/shun), n. the act of realizing, or of making and be- lieving real; conversion of money into real property, or the contrary. realize ('al-Iz), v.t. to bring into act or being; make real; convert into real property or money; bring home to one's self; achieve; complete. really f'al-li), adv. with actual exist- ence; in truth. realm (relm), n. royal jurisdiction or territory; kingdom; empire; state. realty ('al-ti), n. real estate. ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 sheets of paper; 516 sheets (printer's ream). reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a scythe, sickle, or corn-cutting machine; per- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon book; hue, hut; think, then. REAR 721 RECEDE form the operation of reaping; fid or constituted authority ; revolt, gather in; receive as a reward. rebellious Cyus), adj. opposing law- rear (rer), n. the part behind the ful or constituted authority. rest; last in order; background; rebound (re-bound'), v.i. to start or that part of a fleet or army behind leap back; re-echo; to reverberate: the other: v.t. raise or lift up; ex- n. the act of rebounding; a leaping alt; build; educate; bring to matur- or flying back, ity: v.i. to assume an erect posture: rebuff (-buf'), n. a beating back; adj. pertaining to the rear. sudden check or resistance; defeat; rear-admiral (-ad-mir-al), n. in the refusal: v.t. to beat back; repel; United States navy, an officer rank- check: refuse, ing next below the admiral; in other rebuke (-buk'), n. reprimand or re- navies an officer ranking next below proof; chiding; chastisement v.t. to a vice-admiral. reprimand or chide; chastise. reason (re'zn), n. that mental faculty rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses (-ez) ], in man which enables him to deduce an enigmatical representation of a inferences from facts, and to distin- word or phrase by pictures or figures guish between right and wrong; instead of words; in heraldry, a right judgment; efficient or final coat of arms bearing an allusion to cause; cause for opinion or act; the name of the wearer, premise of an argument, especially rebut (re-buf), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- the minor: v.i. to exercise the faculty butted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat of reason; argue; infer conclusions back; oppose by argument or proof ; from premises: v.t. to persuade by repel: v.i. in law, to put in or re- reasoning; examine by the reason; turn an answer. plead for. rebuttal ('al), n. the act of rebut- reasonable (-a-bl), adj. endowed ting. with reason; rational; equitable; rebutter ('er), n. one who rebuts; moderate; fair. the answer of a plaintiff to the re- reasonableness (-nes), n. the qual- joinder of a defendant, ity or state of being reasonable; recalcitrant (-kal'si-trant), adj. re- moderation, fractory. reasonably (-a-bli), adv. in a rea- recall (-kawl'), v.t. to call back; re- sonable manner. member; revoke; withdraw: n.revo- reasoning (-ing), n. the exercise of cation. the faculty of reason; argumenta- recant (-kanf), v.t. to withdraw or tion; reasons adduced or employed. retract; abjure. Reaumur (ra-o'mer), n. a thermo- recantation (-kan-ta'shun), n. the metric scale devised by Reaumur, a act of recanting; a declaration re- French scientist, in 1737. calling and contradicting a former rebate (-bat'), v.t. to make blunt; one. make obtuse; abate or diminish. recapitulate (-ka-pit'u-lat), v.t. to go rebel (reb'el), n. one who revolts over, or summarize (the chief points from his allegiance or defies consti- of a discourse, argument, &c). tuted authority: adj. rebellious: v.i. recapitulation (-la'shun), n. the act (re-bel') [p.t. & p.p. rebelled, p.pr. of recapitulating, rebelling], to take up arms and re- recapitulatory m ('u-la-t5-ri), adj. re- sist lawful or constituted authority; peating again in brief, revolt; rise against authority. recaption (-kap'shun), n. reprisal. rebeller ('er), n. one who rebels. recede (-sed/), v.i. to fall back or re- rebellion Cyun), n. insurrection trograde; retreat: v.t. to cede back against, or open resistance to, law- to a former possessor. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RECEIPT 722 RECITE receipt (-setO, n. the act of receiv- ing; reception; a recipe; written acknowledgment of anything re- ceived: v.t. to give a receipt for; sign in acknowledgment of. receivable (-sev'a-bl), adj. capable of being received. receive (-seV), v.t. to take or obtain from another in any manner; ac- cept; obtain; ertertain; gain knowl- edge of; suffer; take in, as stolen goods. receiver (,'er), n. one who, or that which, receives; one who buys stolen goods ; a person appointed by a court to manage property in con- troversy. recency (re'sen-si), n. lateness of time; newness. Also recentness. recension (re-sen'shun), n. review or revision, especially critical revision of the text of an author; the text thus revised and established. < recent ('sent), adj. of late origin or occurrence; new; modern; fresh; newly arrived; subsequent to man's existence. receptacle (-sep'ta-kl), n. a vessel or place into which anything is re- ceived; basis of a flower. receptibility (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being receivable. reception ('shun), n. the act of re- ceiving; the state of being received; welcome; entertainment; admis- sion; formal or official receiving of a person. receptive ('tiv), adj. having the quality of receiving or containing; capable of receiving mental impres- sions. receptor (re-sep'tor), n. a hypotech- nical constituent of a living cell which can combine with foreign cell products, toxic or otherwise. recess (-ses'), n. withdrawal; state of being in retirement; seclusion; remission of business; cavity in a room or alcove; niche. recession (-sesn'un), n. the act of receding or withdrawal; cession back. recessional (re-sesh'un-al), n. the hymn or chant sung in church at the end of the services as the clergy are departing. recessive character (re-ses'iv kar'ak- ter), n. a heritable character that is dominated by an opposite character and does not manifest itself in the first filial generation, but reappears in some of the offspring of the fol- lowing generation. See Mendelism. recherche (re-sher-sha/), adj. un- common; rare; exquisite; choice. recipe (res'i-pe), n. a medical pre- scription; formula for compounding anything. recipient (re-sip 'i-ent), n. one who receives: adj. receiving. reciprocal ('ro-kal), adj. mutual; alternating; mutually interchange- able. reciprocally (-li), adv. mutually. reciprocate ('ro-kat), v.t. to give and receive mutually: v.i. to alter- nate; interchange. reciprocating ('ro-ka-ting), adj. moving backwards and forwards. reciprocation (-ka'shun), n. inter- change of acts; reciprocal motion. reciprocity (res-i-pros'i-ti), n. recip- rocal obligation or right; equal mu- tual rights or benefits to be yielded or enjoyed. recision (re-sizh'un), n. the act of cutting off. recital (-si'tal), n. the act of recit- ing; rehearsal; narrative; a musical entertainment by one performer. recitation (res-i-ta'shun), n. a public reading; delivery of a composition committed to memory; the composi- tion so delivered. recitative (-ta-teV), adj. pertaining to recitation; words spoken in the sounds of the musical scale; chant. Also recitativo [Italian]: adj. ut- tered musically; chanted. recitatively ('h), adv. in a recita- tive manner. recite (re-sit'), v.t. to repeat aloud from memory; enumerate; rehearse; recapitulate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ■Hk RECK 723 RECONNOITER reck (rek), v.t. & v.i, to care for; heed. reckless ('les), adj. heedless of con- sequences; careless; thoughtless. recklessness (-nes), n. carelessness; thoughtlessness; heedlessness. reckon ('n), v.t. to count or com- pute; number; estimate by rank: v.i. to calculate; charge to account; make up accounts; pay a penalty; reason with one's self and conclude from argument; think or suppose. reckoning (-ing), n. computation; calculation; statement of accounts between debtor and creditor; money charged by a host;^ estimated posi- tion of a ship by its progress and course. reclaim (re-klam'), v.t. to call back; demand the return of; reform; bring under cultivation. reclinate (rek'li-nat), adj. reclined, as a leaf. reclination (-na/shun), n. the act of reclining. recline (-kiln'), v.t. to cause to lean or lie back; lean to one side: v.i. to rest or repose. recluse (re-kloos'), n. one who lives in retirement; hermit; anchorite: adj. retired from the world; soli- tary; secluded. reclusely ('li), adv. in a recluse manner. recluseness ('nes), n. retirement from society. Also reclusion. reclusive ('siv), adj. affording re- tirement from the world or society. recognizable (rek'og-niz-a-bl), adj. capable of being recognized. recognizance (re-kon'i-zans), n. avowal; acknowledgment; badge or token; a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate or court to do, or abstain from doing, some par- ticular act. recognize (rek'og-niz), v.t. to know again; acknowledge; avow; admit with a formal acknowledgment: v.i. to enter into recognizance. recognizer (-er), n. one who recog- nizes. recognizor (re-kon'i-zer), m. m law, one who enters into a recognizance. recognition (rek-og-nish'un), n. the act of recognizing; the state of be- ing recognized; remembrance; recol- lection; formal avowal. recollect (-ol-ekf), v.t. to call to memory; (re-kol-ekf), to gather to- gether again. recollection (rek-ol-ek'shun), n. memory; that which is remembered. recollective ('tiv), adj. having the faculty of recollecting or remember- ing. recommend (-om-end'), v.t. to com- mend to another; introduce favor- ably; advise. recommendation (-en-da'shun), tl. the act of recommending; favorable introduction. recommendatory ('da-to-ri), adj. that recommends. recommit (re-kom-it'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recommit- ting], to commit anew; refer back to a" committee. recommitment ('ment), n. the act of recommitting; state of being re- committed. Also recommittal. recompense (rek'om-pens), n. an equivalent given in return; reward; compensation: v.t. to give back as an equivalent; make amends for; repay or requite. reconcilable (-on-sll'a-bl), adj. ca- pable of being reconciled. reconcile ('on-sll), v.t. to restore to f riendship_ or favor after estrange- ment; adjust; harmonize. reconciliation (-sil-i-a'shun), n. the act of reconciling; the state of being reconciled; renewal of friendship; expiation or atonement. Also recon- cilement. reconciliatory ('i-a-to-ri), adj. tend- ing to reconcile. recondite ('on-dft), adj. deep; ab- struse; hidden from view; secret. reconnaissance (re-kon'a-sans), n. the act of reconnoitering. reconnoiter, reconnoitre (rek-o- noi'ter), v.t. to make a survey of, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RECONSTRUCTION 724 RECTORATE especially for military purposes; ex- amine for scientific purposes. reconstruction (re-kon-struk'shun), n. the period after the close of the Civil War in the United States during which the southern states were adjusting themselves to the new conditions. record (re-kord'), v.t. to remember, or cause to be remembered; register or enroll; celebrate: n. (rek'erd), an authentic memorial; register; for- mal writing ^ 01 copy of an official document; in sports, the best per- formance: pi. public documents. recorder _ (-kord'er), n. one who, or that which, records; one whose offi- cial duty is to register writings or transactions. recount (re-kount'), v.t. to go over or narrate in detail. recoup (re-koop'), v.t. to indemnify or make good; diminish by keeping back a part. recourse (re-k5rs'), n. a going to for aid or protection; application of ef- fort for a particular purpose or end. recover (-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; re- trieve; cure; obtain as compensa- tion; obtain by judgment in a court of law; cover again: v.i. to regain health, strength, or any former state; be successful in a lawsuit. recovery ('er-i),n. the act of recov- ering; restoration to health; legal right to something after judgment of a court. recreant 'rek're-ant), adj. cowardly; mean-spirited; apostate; false: n. a mean-spirited creature; a coward; an apostate. recreate /re-at), v. t. to reanimate, especially after toil; gratify: v.i. to take recreation: v.i. (re-kre-at'), to create anew. recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n. re- freshment after toil, &c; amuse- ment: n. (re-kre-a'shun), the act of creating anew; a new creation. recreative (rek're-a-tiv), adj. rein- igorating. recriminate (re-krim'in-at), v.i. to return one accusation with another: v.t. to accuse in return. recrimination (-a/shun), n. the act of recriminating. recriminatory ('in-a-to-ri), adj. re- torting an accusation or charge. recrudescence (-kroo-des'ens), n. the state of becoming sore again; a sharp relapse. recrudescent Cent), adj. becoming sore or raw again. recruit (-kroot'), v.t. to supply with new soldiers; restore to health; re- pair by fresh supplies: v.i. to obtain fresh supplies; recover health: n. a soldier newly enlisted; supply of any want. recruiting ('ing), n. the enlisting of recruits for the army. rectangle (rek'tang-gl), n. a 4-sided figure with 4 right angles, or angles of 90°. rectangled (-gld), adj. having one or more right angles. rectangular ('gu-lar), adj. right- angled. rectifiable ('ti-fl-a-bl), adj. capable of being rectified. rectification (-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of setting right; repeated distilla- tion of a spirit to concentrate it or render it purer; reduction of a curve to a right fine. rectify ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. recti- fied, p.pr. rectifying], to set right; adjust; refine by distillation. rectilineal (-ti-lin'e-al), adj. bounded by straight lines; right- or straight- lined; straight. Also rectilinear. rectilineally (-i), adv. in a straight line. rectitude ('ti-tud), n. Tightness of principles and practice; honesty; moral integrity. rector ('ter), n. a clergyman who has the great and small tithes of a liv- ing; the headmaster of a public school, or head of a university [Scotch]; the superior of a convent or religious house. rectorate ('ter-at), n. the office of a rector. Also rectorship. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RECTORIAL 725 REDSHANK rectorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a rector. rectory ('ter-i), n. the house of a rec- tor; the benefice of a rector, with the rights appertaining to it. rectum ('turn), n. the lowest part of the great intestine. recumbency (re-kum'ben-si), n. the state of leaning or reclining. Also recumbence. recumbent Cbent), adj. reclining; idle. recuperate (-ku'per-at), v.t. & v.i. to recover. recuperation (-a/shun), n. recovery. recuperative ('per-a-tiv), adj. per- taining to, or tending to, recovery. Also recuperatory. recur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re- curred, p.pr. recurring], return to the mind; return; happen at a stated interval; have recourse. recurrence (-kur'ens), n. return; re- sort. recurrent Cent), adj. returning re- peatedly. recurvate (Vat), adj. bent back. recusancy (rek'ti-zan-si), n. noncon- formity. recusant ('u-zant), adj. refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy in religion; nonconforming: n. a non- conformist. red (red), n. one of the primary col- ors varying from scarlet to pink: adj. red-colored. redan (re-dan'), n. a V-shaped field- work or rampart with the apex to- ward the enemy; a projection in a wall. red-blind (red'blmd), a. a form of color blindness in which there is incapacity to distinguish the color red. redbreast (red'brest), n. the robin. redcap ('kap), n. a kind ol goldfinch. redden ('n), v.t. to make red: v.i. to become red; blush. reddish ('ish), adj. somewhat red. redeem (re-dem'), v.t. to ransom from bondage; rescue; make atone- ment for; perform; recover; make good use of; ransom from sin and its consequences. redeemer ('er), n. one who redeems. Redeemer, u. Jesus Christ, the Saviour. redemption (-demp'shun), n. repur- chase; release; ransom; freeing of an estate from a mortgage; salva- tion of mankind by Jesus Christ. redemptioner (-er), n. an emigrant to the United States who sells his services for a certain term, as pay- ment for his passage out from Europe. redemptive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to redemption, or serving to redeem. redemptory ('to-ri), adj. paid for ransom. redgum (red'gum), n. strophulus; a lofty Australian gum-tree, yielding a gum resin used in medicine. redingote (-ing-got'), n. a long double-breasted coat. redivivus (-i-vi'vus), adj. come to life again. red-letter day (let-er da), n. a lucky day; from the Saints' days printed in red-letter in the church calendars. redolence ('o-lens), n. perfume; fra^ grance. redolent ('o-lent), adj. emitting a sweet smell; fragrant. redoubt (re-douf), n. a field-work for^ strengthening or fortifying a military position without flanks. redoubtable ('a-bl), adj. formida- ble; valiant; terrible to enemies. redound (-dound'), v.i. to tend or contribute; be in excess. redowa (red'o-wa), n. a Bohemian dance; music "or such a dance. redress (-dres'), v.t. to amend or set right; compensate; relieve from; to dress again: n. the reparation of wrong; relief . # redressible ('i-bl), adj. capable of b'eing redressed. redsear (red'ser), v.t. to break or crack under the hammer, as iron when hot. redshank ('shangk), n. the red-legged sandpiper; a Highlander. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RED-SNOW 726 REFINE red-snow ('sno), n. an Arctic lichen or fungus. redstart ('start), n. a small red- tailed migratory song-bird. red-tape ('tap), n. red-colored tape used for tying official documents: hence excessive official formality. red-tapism ('izm), n. government by strict official routine. reduce (re-dus'), v.t. to bring into a lower state: degrade: diminish; con- quer; shorten; reclaim to order; bring or change (numbers or quan- tities) from one denomination into another; bring into classes. reducible ('si-bl), adj. capable of being reduced. reduction (-duk'shun), n. the act of reducing; the state of being re- duced; diminution; conquest or sub- jugation; the changing of quantities from one denomination to another; the process of converting a metallic oxide into metal by the expulsion of the oxygen contained in it. redundance (-dun'dans), n. super- fluity; excess. Also redundancy. redundant ('dant), adj. superfluous. reduplicate (-dup'ii-kat)^ v.t. to double again; repeat; multiply. reduplication (-ka-shun), n. the act of reduplicating. red-wing (red'wing), 11. a kind of thrush. ree^ (re), n. a Portuguese and Bra- zilian money of account, the 1,000th part of a milree. Also rea, rei. reed (red), n. a large, coarse grass, of the genus Arundo, with jointed hollow stems; a pastoral _ pipe; mouth tube of a musical instru- ment; the comb-shaped part of a loom which beats the weft up to the web; an arrow. reef (ref), n. that part of a sail which can be reduced by being drawn in by small ropes running in eyelet holes; a chain of rock lying at or near the surface of the water: v.t. to reduce the size of (a sail) by means of reefs. reefer ('er), n. one who, for the pur- pose of plunder, entices vessels in distress by false signals to come among rocks; a midshipman; a rough kind of jacket. reek (rek), n. smoke; steam: v.i. to emit smoke or steam. reeky ('i), adj. smoky; made foul by smoke or steam. reel (rel), n. a thousand feet of picture film; bobbin; an angler's implement for winding his line upon; a stagger; a lively Scotch dance: v.t. to wind on a reel: v.i. to stagger; perform a reel. reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or steward; the female of the ruff: v.t. to pass the end of (a rope) through any hole. refection (re-fek'shun), n. a light repast. refectory ('to-ri), n. an eating room or hall. refer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. referred, p.pr. referring], to submit to an- other person or authority for infor- mation, corroboration, or decision: v.i. to allude; have relation; appeal; hint. referable (ref'er-a-bl), adj. that may be referred; ascribable. referee (ref-ei-e'), n. one to whom anything is referred for decision; an umpire. reference ('er-ens), n. the act of re- ferring; allusion; one who, or that which, is referred to; trial or deci- sion by referees. referendary (ref-e-ren'da-ri), adj. re- ferring to or having the character of a referendum. referendum (ref'er-en-dum), n. the referring of a bill or act of the legis- lature to the people for decision by vote. referential (-en'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or referring to, something else. referrible (re-fer'i-bl), same as re- ferable. refine (-fin'), v.t. to separate from impurities; clear from dross; pol- ish; educate or improve: v.i. to be- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. REFINEMENT 727 REFRACTED come fine or pure; improve in accuracy or delicacy. refinement ('ment), n. the act of refining; state of being refined; ele- gance; polish; purity of taste, mind, morals, &c; affectation of elegant or subtle improvements. refiner/ ('er-i), n. [pi. refineries (-iz) J, a place where anything is refined or purified. refit (-fit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. refitted, ■p.pr. refitting], to make fit for use again; prepare or fit afresh: v.i. to repair damages, especially dam- ages of ships: n. the renewal of that which is damaged or worn, especially of parts of a ship. reflect , (-flekt')i v.t to throw back, especially rays of light or heat after striking on any substance: v.i. to be thrown back, as rays of light, &c; consider in the mind; cast re- proach or censure (with upon). refiectible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflecting ('ing), p. adj. making re- flection; thoughtful; casting reproach or censure. reflection (-flek'shun) , n. the act of reflecting; state of being reflected; that which is reflected ; the turning of thought back upon past experiences or ideas; attentive consideration; reproach or censure. Also reflexion. reflective ('tiv), adj. throwing back images or rays; considering the operations of the mind or things of the past; reflexive. reflectively (-li), adv. in a reflective manner. reflectiveness (-nes), n. the power or habit of reflection. reflector ('tor), n. one who, or that which, reflects; a polished surface reflecting rays of light or heat. reflex ('fleks), adj. bent or turned back; directed backwards; illumi- nated by light reflected from another part of the same picture; noting the action of the motor nerves acting independently of the will under stimulus from impressions made on the sensory nerves: n. reflected light, &c. refiexibility (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the qual- ity of being reflexible. reflexible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being reflected. reflexive ('iv), adj. reflective; having respect to something past; referring back to the grammatical subject. reflux ('fluks), n. a flowing back. reform (-form'), v.t. to make better; change or return to a former good state; introduce improvement in or change for the better; amend; cor- rect; form again or anew: # v.i. to abandon evil for that which is good; become better, or amended: n. amendment; change for the better, especially political change; correc- tion. reformation (ref-6r-ma'shun), n. the act of reforming; state of being reformed; amendment; political re- dress; the act of forming again or anew. Reformation, n. the great religious movement (16th century) under Martin Luther (with the). reformative ('a-tiv), adj. forming again. reformatory ('a-to-ri), adj. tending to reform: n. an institution for the detention and reformation of juve- nile offenders. reformed (-formd'), p. adj. restored to a previous good state; amended, as noting the Protestant churches. Reformed Church (cherch), n. that section of the Protestant Church which on the Continent separated from Luther, and adopted the the- ology and ecclesiastical polity of Calvin. reformer ('er), n. one who effects a reformation, religious, moral, or political. refract (-frakf), v.t. to break the natural course of, or bend from a straight line. refracted (fed), p. adj. bent back at an acute angle; bent from a direct course. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 47 REFRACTING 728 REGELATION refracting ('ing), p.adj. having the power to turn rays from a direct course. refraction (-frak'shun), n. the change from a straight line which a ray of light or heat assumes when passing through a smooth surface into a medium of greater density at any angle other than 90°. refractive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to refraction. refractorily ('to-ri-li), adv. in a refractory manner. refractoriness (-nes), n. perverse obstinacy; difficulty of fusion or malleability. refractory ('to-ri), adj. sullenly or perversely obstinate; difficult of fusion, &c. refrain (-fran'), v.t. to restrain: v.i. to forbear; abstain from action: n. burden of a song repeated at the end of each stanza. refrangibility (-fran-ji-biTi-ti), n. the quality of being refrangible. Also refrangibleness. refrangible ('ji-bl), adj. capable of being refracted. refresh (-fresh'), v.t. to revive after fatigue or exhaustion; reinvigorate; restore. refreshing ('ing), adj. reanimating; reinvigorating; cooling. refreshment ('ment), n. the act of refreshing; state of being refreshed; that which refreshes, as food or rest. refrigerant (-frij'er-ant), adj. cool- ing; refreshing: n. a substance that cools; a cooling medicine. Also re- frigerative. refrigerate ('er-at), v.i. to cool, or keep cool, as by a refrigerator. refrigeration (-a/shun), n. act of cool- ing. refrigerator ('er-a-ter), n. an ap- paratus or vessel for preserving or cooling things by means of ice, &c. refrigeratory ('er-a-to-ri), adj. cool- ing. refuge (ref'uj), n. protection from danger or distress; shelter or asylum; stronghold; expedient or resource. refugee (-e'), n. one who flees for protection, especially from political or religious persecution. refulgence (re-ful'jens), n. bright- ness; flood of light; splendor. Also refulgency. refulgent Cjent), adj. casting a bright light; brilliant; splendid. refund (-fund'), v.t. to pay back again. ref usable (-fuz'a-bl), adj. capable of being refused. refusal (al), n. the act of refusing; rejection; right to take the prefer- ence; option. refuse (-fuz'), v.t. to deny or reject, as a demand or request: v.i. to de- cline to accept; not to comply: n. (ref 'tis), waste or worthless matter; rubbish: adj. rejected; worthless. refutable (re-ffit'a-bl), adj. capable of being refuted. refutation (ref-u-ta'shun), n. the act of refuting; that which is refuted. refute (re-fuf), v.t. to prove to be false or erroneous; repel; disprove. regain (-gan'), v.t. to recover pos- session of; get back; reach again. regal (re'gal), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a king; kingly; royal. regale (-gal'), v.t. to entertain with something to delight the senses; feast sumptuously: v.i. to feast. regalia (-ga/lia), n.pl. the ensigns of sovereignty, as the crown, &c; royal rights or prerogatives; decora- tions of an order or office. regard (re-gard'), v.t. to observe particularly; heed; esteem; con- sider; respect; value: n. attention; respect; consideration; reference: pi. good wishes. regardant ('ant), adj. in heraldry, looking backwards or behind. regardful ('fool), adj. taking notice. regarding ('ing), prep, concerning. regatta (-gat'a), n. a sailing or row- ing match for prizes. regelation (-jel-a'shun), n. the act of freezing two pieces of ice with moist surfaces together at 32° F. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REGENCY 729 REGULATOR regency (re'jen-si), n. the office or jurisdiction of a regent; a body in- structed with the duties of a re- gent. regeneracy (re-jen'er-a-si), n. the state of being regenerated. regenerate ('er-at), v.t. to renew the heart of and cause to turn to the love of God; produce anew: adj. renewed; reformed. regeneration (-a'shun), n. the act of regenerating; the state of being regenerated; formation of new tis- sue to supply that which has been lost. regenerative ('er-a-tiv), adj. renew- ing. regeneratory ('er-a-to-ri), adj. hav- ing the power to regenerate. ^ regent (re'jent), adj. exercising vi- carious authority: n. one who gov- erns in the interim during the mi- nority, absence, or disability of the sovereign; a university teacher; a member of a board of superintend- ence of colleges and schools in the state of New York. regent-bird (-berd), n. an Austral- ian honey-eater with handsome plumage. regicidal (rej'i-si-dal), adj. pertain- ing to a regicide or to regicide. regicide ('i-sid), n. the murder, or murderer, of a king. regime (ra-zhem'), n. mode; system or rule of government, social or political. regimen (rej'i-men), n. systematic regulation of diet or habit; rule; the grammatical regulation of one word by another. regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a number of companies of soldiers united into one body under the command of a colonel. regimental ('al), adj. pertaining to a regiment: n.pl. the uniforms worn by the troops of a regiment. regimentation p (-men-ta/shun), n. enforced socialism. region (re'jun), n. a tract of land; country. register (rej'is-ter), . n. an official written record; the book containing such record; that which registers, records, or regulates; a list of per- sons entitled to vote; an organ stop musical compass or range. registrar (-trar), n. an official who keeps a register or record. registration (-tra/shun), n. the act of inserting in a register. registry ('is-tri), n. the place where a register is kept. reglet # (reg'let^ n. a flat, narrow molding; a slip of wood used for separating lines or fining blank spaces in printing. regnal ('nal), adj. pertaining to a reign. regnant ('nant), adj. reigning; ex- ercising royal authority; prevalent. regression (re-gresh'un), n. retro- gression. regret (-gref), n. mental sorrow or concern for anything, as for past conduct or negligence; remorse: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. regretted, p.pr. regret- ting], to remember with sorrow; bewail the loss or want of. regretful ('fool), adj. full of regret. regretfully (-li), adv. with regret. regrettable . ('a-bl), adj. admitting of, or causing, regret. regular (reg'u-lar), adj. according to rule, order, or established usage; consistent; governed by rule; uni- form; methodical; exact; fully qualified; having sides or surfaces composed of equal figures or lines: n. a soldier belonging to a standing arm> ; one who is under monastic rule. regularity (-lar'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being regular; con- formity to rule; uniformity; method or certain order. regulate ('u-lat), v.t. to make regu- lar; put in good order; adjust by rule. regulation (-la/shun), n. the act of regulating; order; method; rule. regulator ('u-la-ter), n. one who, or that which, regulates; a lever for ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REGULUS 730 RELATIVE regulating motion; lever of a watch; an accurate timepiece. regulus ('u-lus), n.a metal contain- ing more or less impurities of the ' ore. regurgitate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. to be thrown or poured back. rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), v.t. to restore to former condition or status. rehearsal (-her'sal), n. a recital in private prior to a public perform- ance. rehearse (-hers'), v.t. to repeat, as what has already been said or writ- ten; tell or narrate; recite before public performance. Reichsrath (rikhs'rat), n. the par- liament of the Austrian empire. Reichstag ('takh), n. the German parliament. reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sovereign authority; rule; be predominant : n. supreme power or influence; time during which a sovereign rules. reimburse (re-im-bers'), v.t. to re- fund. reimbursement ('ment), n. refund- ing. rein (ran), n. the strap of a bridle; an instrument for curbing, restrain- ing, or governing; power: pi. the kidneys, or parts about them; loins; the heart [Old Testament]: v.t. to govern with a bridle; restrain; con- trol: v.i. to check a horse with the reins. reincarnation (re-in-kar-na'shun), n. a return after death to life in this world in another body. reindeer ('der), n. a large Arctic deer. reinforce (re-in-fors'), v.t. to sup- ply with new strength, support, or assistance. reinforcement ('ment), n. addi- tional support. reinstate (-in-stat'), v.t. to restore to a former state. reiteration (-it-er-a'shun), n. repe- tition. reiterative (-it'er-a-tiv), n. a word or part of a word reduplicated; a verb noting reproduction or inten- sive action. reject (re-jekf), v.t. to throw away as useless or vile; refuse; renounce; discard. rejective (-jek'tiv), adj. tending to reject. rejection ('shun), n. the act of re- jecting. rejoice (-jois'), v.i. to feel or express joy or gladness; exult: v.t. to make joyful. rejoicing ('ing), n. expression, sub- ject, or experience, of joy or glad- ness. rejoin (-join'), v.t. to unite again after separation: v.i. to answer a reply; answer as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication. rejoinder ('der), n. an answer to a reply; in law, the defendant's an- swer to the plaintiff's replication. rejuvenate (re-jti'ven-at), v.t. to make youthful again. relais (-la'), n. a narrow walk with- out the rampart of a fortification. relapse (-laps'), v.i. to fall back from a state of convalescence; return to a former bad state or habit: n. a falling into a former bad state; re- turn of a disease after convalescence or partial recovery. relapsing ('ing), p.adj. subject to relapse. relate (-laf), v.t. to tell; describe; recite; narrate: v.i. to refer. related (-la/ted), p.adj. told or de- scribed; allied by kindred or blood relationship. relation (-la/shun), n. the act of re- lating; the thing related; mutual connection between two or more things; proportion or ratio; connec- tion by birth or marriage; kinsman or kinswoman. relationship (-ship), n. the state of being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. relative (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, or expressing, relation; pertinent; be- longing to or connected with; re- lating to a word, sentence, or clause: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RELATIVELY 731 RELISH n. that which has relation to some- thing else; a person connected by kinship or consanguinity; a word which relates to its antecedent. relatively (-li), adv. comparatively. relativeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being relative. Also rela- tivity. relator (re-la'ter), n. one who re- lates; a prosecutor. relax (-laks'), v.t. to slacken; make less close; render less tense, rigor- ous, or severe; divert, as the mind; loosen, as the bowels ; make lan- guid: v.i. to take relaxation; become less severe or close. relaxation (-a/shun), ft. the act of relaxing; state of being relaxed; diminution of tension; diversion or recreation. relay {-la,'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. relaid, p.pr. relaying], to lay a second time: ft. fresh post-horses or hunting dogs to relieve others; new supply; a subsidiary electric circuit. release (-les'), v.t. to set free; dis- charge; free from obligation or pen- alty: ft. liberation from restraint, penalty, pain, &c; discharge from an obligation. relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to banish; consign. relegation (-ga'shun), n. the act of relegating. relent (-lent'), v.i. to grow less hard or severe; become more tender; yield. relenting ('ing), n. the act of becom- ing less hard or more tender or com- passionate. relessee (-les-e'), n. the person to whom a deed of release is granted. Also releasee. relessor ('er), n. the person who grants a deed of release. relevancy (rel'e-van-si), n. applica- bility; pertinence. Also relevance. relevant ('e-vant), adj. applicable; related; pertinent. reliability (re-li-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being reliable. Also relia- bleness. reliable ('a-bl), adj. trustworthy. reliably ('a-bli), adv. so as to be re- lied on. reliance ('ans), ft. confidence; trust. reliant ('ant), adj. having reliance. relic (relik), n. that which is left after the loss or decay of the rest; memorial or souvenir; remains of a person deceased; body or other me- morial of a saint held in religious reverence. relict ('ikt), ft. a widow. relief (re-lef), n. that which miti- gates pain, grief, &c; release from some post or duty; assistance given to the poor; aid; redress; the pro- jection of a sculptured design from the plane surface. relier (-li'er), n. one who relies. relievable (-lev'a-bl), adj. capable of being relieved. relieve _ (-lev'), v.t. to free from pain, suffering, grief, &c; mitigate; alle- viate; help; release from a post of duty. religion (re-lij'un), ft. any system of faith or worship ; love and obedience toward God; piety; monastic vow or state. religious ('us), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or set apart for, religion; godly; pious; devotional; conscientiously exact or strict; bound by monastic vows: ft. one who is bound by monastic vows. religious-house (-hous), n. a mon- astery or nunnery. relinquish (-ling'kwish), v.t. to for- sake or abandon; quit; leave with reluctance; desist from; renounce a claim to. relinquishment (-ment), n. the act of relinquishing; abandonment. reliquary (rel'i-kwa-ri), n. [pi. reli- quaries (-riz) ], a depository for relics; a casket or small chest for holding relics. relique (-ek'), ft. a relic [French]. relish (relish), v.t. to like the taste of; use with pleasure; enjoy: v.i. to have a pleasing taste: n. sensa- tion of flavor; taste; savor; zest; Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book hue, hut: think, then. RELOADER 732 REMONSTRANT enjoyment given by anything; pleas- ure; inclination. reloader (re-lo'der), n. a self-loading apparatus for transporting coal in a storage yard and delivering it to cars or vessels. relocator (re-lo'ka-ter), n. a device by which the direction and distance of an object as determined by a range finder in some safe locality may be converted into corresponding data for the position of the gun that is to be aimed at the object. reluctance (re-luk'tans) , n. unwill- ingness. Also reluctancy. reluctant ('tant), adj. unwilling; disinclined. rely (-11'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, p.pr. relying], to lean upon with confi- dence; trust or have confidence in. remain (-man'), v.i. to continue; stay; last; endure; be left in a par- ticular state or place; be left after or out of a greater number: n.pl. a dead body; the literary works of an author published after his death; ruins. remand (-mand'), v.t. to recommit or send back; remit in custody to a future time: n. the act of remand- ing; state of being remanded. remark (-mark'), v.t. to note or ob- serve; express; say: n. notice or ob- servation; comment. remarkable ('a-bl), adj. worthy of notice or remark; extraordinary; strange; famous; uncommon. remarkably (-li), adv. in a remarka- ble manner. remediable (re-me'di-a-bl), adj. ad- mitting remedy. remediably (-a-bli), adv. in a way that may be remedied. remedial ('di-al), adj. affording, or intended for, a remedy. remedially (-li), adv. by way of remedy. remedy ('e-di), . n. [pi. remedies (-diz) J, that which cures a disease, or counteracts an evil; a restora- tive; an efficacious medicine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remedied, p.pr. remedy- ing], to repair or remove something evil from. remember (re-mem'ber), v.t. to re- call to mind; attend to; keep in mind with gratitude, regard, or rev- erence. remembrance Cbr.ans), n. power of remembering; memory; length of time during which anything can be remembered; recollection. remembrancer (-er), n. one who, or that which, reminds; recorder. remind (-mind'), v.t. to bring to the remembrance of; put in mind. reminiscence # (rem-i-nis'ens), n. re- covery _ of ideas; memory; that which is remembered. reminiscent ('ent), adj. having rec- ollection. remise (re-miz'), v.t. to resign or surrender by deed: n. the surrender of a claim by deed. remiss (-mis'), adj. careless in the performance of duty or. business; heedless; dilatory. remission (-mish'un), n. the act of remitting; pardon; abatement; re- laxation. _ remit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. remit- ted, p.pr. remitting], to pardon; transmit, as money, bills, &c; send back: v.i. moderate or abate in vio- lence or force. remittal ('al), n. surrender; trans- mission. remittance ('ans), n. that which is remitted; the sending of money, bills, &c, in payment; the sum so transmitted. remittent ('ent), adj. increasing and abating alternately. remnant (rem'nant), n. that which is left after a part has been re- moved; remainder. remonetize (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. to re- store to circulation in the shape of money. remonstrance (-mon'strans), n. strong representation against some- thing complained of; expostulation. remonstrant ('strant), adj. expos- tulatory. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book;* hue, hut; think, ^en. REMONSTRATE 733 RENOUNCEMENT remonstrate ('strat), v.i. to urge or put forward strong reasons against some act or course complained of; expostulate. remorse (re-m6rs r ), n. anguish of mind caused by the sense of guilt; sympathetic sorrow; compunction. remorseful ('fool), adj. full of re- morse. remorsefully (-li), adv. with remorse. remorseless ('les), adj. cruel; mer- ciless. remote (-mot'), adj. distant in time or space; far; primary; alien; for- eign; inconsiderable. remotely ('li), adv. at a distance. remoteness ('nes), n. distance. removability (-moov-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being removable. removable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being removed. removal ('al), n. the act of removing or displacing; change of place; dis- missal; act of putting an end to. remove (-moov') v.t. to put from its place; withdraw; cut off, or kill: v.i. to change place; change resi- dence: n. change of place; removal; promotion; class. removed (-moovd'), p.adj. remote; displaced. remunerable (-nm'ner-a-bl), adj. that may be remunerated. remunerate (-mtj'ner-at), v.t. to re- ward as an equivalent for service; recompense. remuneration (-a'shun), n. payment for service; recompense; reward. remunerative ('ner-a-tiv), adj. yield- ing an equivalent return for outlay, lucrative; profitable. remuneratory ('ner-a-to-ri) , adj. yielding remuneration; profitable. Renaissance (-na-sangs') n. revival of letters and arts in the 15th cen- tury; he style of architecture that succeeded the Gothic; the dassic decorative style revived by the artist Raphael. Also Renascence. renal (re'nal), adj. pertaining to the kidneys. renard. Another form of reynard. renascent (re-nas'ent), adj. coming again into being. rencontre (rang-kong'tr), n. a casual meeting in opposition or contest; collision: v.i. to meet an enemy un- expectedly; to come in collision. Also recounter. rend (rend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rent, p.pr. rending], to tear apart with violence; split; lacerate: v.i. to be- come rent. render (ren'der), v.t. to return; pay back; make up; deliver; afford; yield; furnish; reproduce; trans- late; cause to be boiled down; ex- hibit: n. payment of rent. rendering (-ing), n. a translation; version; execution; first coat of plaster. rendezvous (ran'da-voo or ren'de- voo), n. appointed place of meeting, especially for warships or troops: v.i. to assemble. . rendition (ren-dish'un), n. surren- der; translation. renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one who re- nounces his faith; apostate; traitor; deserter. renege (re-neg'), v.i. to break one of the rules in games of cards by failing to follow suit when one has the cards to do so; to fail to comply with one's promise or obligations. renew (re-nu'), v.t. to make new again; restore; renovate; reinvig- orate: v.i. to be made new; begin afresh; grow again. renewal ('al), n. the act of renew- ing; state of being renewed; reno- vation; revival. reniform (ren'i-form), adj. kidney- shaped. rennet (ren'et), n. the inner mem- brane of a calf's stomach: used for coagulating milk renounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to disown; reject publicly and finally; repudi- ate; reject: v.i. in card playing, not to follow suit: n. failure to follow suit. renouncement. Same as renuncia- tion. Ate, firm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RENOVATE 734 REPLICA renovate (ren'o-vat), v.t. to make new again; restore to a previous condition, or to a good state; re- pair. renovation (-va'shun), n. renewal; state of being renovated. renovator ('o-va-ter), n. one who, or that which, renovates; restorer. renown (-noun'), n. celebrity; fame; distinction: v.t. to make famous. renowned (-nound'), p. adj. cele- brated; famous; illustrious; dis- tinguished. rent # (rent),w. a tear; fissure; schism; periodical payment for the use of property: pM & p.p. of rend. rental ('al). n. amount of rent; schedule of rents of an estate; rent- roll. renter (rent'er), n. one who holds an estate or tenements by payment of rent. rent-roll (rent'rol), n. a schedule of income derived from rents. renunciation (re-nun-si-a'shun), n. disavowal; rejection. rep (rep), adj. having a fine corded surface: n. a dress fabric with a fine corded surface. repair (re-par'), v.i. to go to a (speci- fied) place; betake one's self: v.t. to restore after injury; mend; reno- vate; make amends: n. restoration after injury; state of a building. reparable (rep'a-ra-bl), adj. capable of being repaired. reparation (-a-ra/shun), n. restora- tion to a good condition; amends or compensation; restitution. reparative (re-par 'a-tiv), adj. amend- ing defects; repairing. repartee (rep-ar-te'), n. a ready, witty reply. repast (re-pasf), n. a meal; victuals. repeal (-pel'), v.t. to revoke or abro- gate; annul: n. revocation; abro- gation. repeat (-pet'), v.t. to do or speak a second time; iterate; recite; quote from memory: n. repetition; a sign in music directing a part to be repeated. repeater ('er), n. one who, or that which, repeats; revolver; a watch that strikes the hours, &c, by press- ing a spring; a decimal in which the same figure or figures are repeated; one who illegally votes more than once at the same election. repel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. repelled, p.pr. repelling], to drive back; re- sist; check the advance of: v.i. to act in opposition to force impressed; check or drive inwards. : repellent ('ent), adj. driving back; tending or able to repel; repulsive. repent (-pent'), v.i. to feel pain or sorrow on account of something done or left undone, especially for sin committed leading to repent- ance; change from past evil: v.t. to regret [Old Testament]. repentance (-pen'tans), n. contri- tion. repentant ('tant), adj. penitent. repertoire (rep-er-twar'), n. a reposi- tory; stock of dramas, songs, &c, ready for use. repertory (-to-ri), n. a storehouse; treasury. repetition (-e-tish'un) , n. the act of repeating; recital from memory. repine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one's self; murmur; complain; feel dis- content. replenish (-plen'ish), v.t. to fiL up again; fill or stock in abundance. replenishment (-ment), n. the act of replenishing; state of being re- plenished. replete (-plef), adj. completely filled; full. repletion (-ple'shun), n. the state of being too full; plethora. replevin (-plev'in), n. an action to recover goods wrongfully seized, on security being given to try the case; writ for replevying. replevy ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. replevied, p.pr. replevying], to recover bywrit goods wrongfully seized, on giving security to try the right to them at law. replica (repli-ka), n. a, copy of an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REPLICATE 735 REPROOF original picture or statue executed by the same artist or sculptor. replicate ('li-kat), adj. folded back. replication (-ka/shun), n. a reply; echo; repetition; the plaintiff's an- swer to the plea of the defendant. replier (re-pli'er), n. one who replies. reply (-pll'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. replied, p.pr. replying], to answer; respond: n. an answer; response; rejoiner. report (-port'), v.t. to give an account of; relate; tell from one to another; circulate publicly; take down (spok- en words): v.i. to make a statement: n. an official statement of facts; description, an account of a meeting, &c; rumor; hearsay; noise. reportorial (-por-to'ri-&l), adj. per- taining to, or constituted by, re- porters. reposal (-poz'al), n. state of repose. repose (-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; re- fresh by rest; compose; lay, place, or rest, as confidence or trust (with in or on): v.i. to sleep; recline: n. sleepy quiet; mental rest; certain parts in a picture which tranquilize its aspect. repository (-poz'i-to-ri), n. [pi. re- positories (-riz) ], a warehouse for the storing and safe keeping of goods; shop or warehouse. repousse (re-poos'a), n. ornamental metal work formed in relief and chased. reprehend (rep-re-hend'), v.t. to censure. reprehensible (-hen'si-bl), adj. de- serving censure; culpable. reprehensibly (-bli), adv. in a rep- rehensible manner. reprehension ('shun), n. censure; reproof. reprehensive ('siv), adj. given to, of containing, reproof. Also repre- hensory. represent (rep-re-zenf), v.t. to ex- hibit the image of; show; describe; give an account of; personate or act the part of; reproduce; to pre- sent again (re-pre-zenf). representation (-zen-ta'shun) , n. the act of representing; that which represents; portrayal; description; likeness; image or picture; dramatic performance; body of representa- tives; statement of arguments or reasons. representative ('ta-tiv), adj. having the power or character of another; exhibiting a, similitude; typical: n. one who is authorized to act for another or others; deputy or dele- gate, especially one chosen by a body of electors; a member of the popular branch of Congress or of a State Legislature; he who, or that which, represents or exhibits a likeness; an heir. repress (-pres'), v.t. to check or re- strain; crush; quell. repression (-presh'un), n. the act of repressing. repressive (-pres'iv), adj. serving to repress. repressively (4i), adv. so as to re- press. reprieve (-preV), v.t. to grant a respite to; delay the execution of: n. temporary suspension of a crimi- nal sentence. reprimand (rep'ri-mand), v.t. to re- prove severely ; reprove publicly and officially: n. a severe reproof. reprisal (re-priz'al), n. something done or seized by way of retaliation for an injury or wrong suffered. reproach (-proch'), v.t. to censure severely; upbraid: n. severe blame mingled with contempt; object of scorn; shame or disgrace. reproachful ('fool), adj. containing, or expressing reproach. reproachfully (-li), adv. in a re- proachful manner. reprobate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to* con- demn strongly or with detestation; disown: adj. wholly given up to sin; abandoned; depraved: n. a profligate person. reprobation (-ba'shun), n. the act of reprobating; abandonment to eternal destruction; condemnation. reproof (-pr65f ), n. censure; rebuke. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, northp not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REPROVE 736 RESCRIPT reprove (-proov'), v.t. to censure or blame; reprimand; rebuke. reptile (rep'til), n. an animal of the class Reptilia that creeps or crawls on the ground; a mean, groveling person: adj. creeping; crawling; groveling. reptilian (til'i-an), adj. pertaining to, or like, a reptile. Also reptilious. republic (re-pub 'lik), n. a state or country in which the supreme power is vested in representatives elected by popular vote; commonwealth. republican ('lik-an), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or consisting of, a republic: n. one who favors republican government. Republican ('lik-an), n. a member of the Republican party, one of the two principal political parties in the United States! republicanism (-izm), n. the prin- ciples of a republican government; attachment to such principles. republicanize (-iz), v.t. to form into a republic; convert to republi- can ideas. republication (-li-ka'shun), n. the act of republishing; re-impression of a printed book; second publication. republish ('Hsh), v.t. to publish anew; print a new edition of. repudiate (-Dti'di-at), v.t. to disown or disclaim^ refuse to pay or ack- nowledge; disavow. repudiation (-a/shun), n. the act of repudiating; disavowal; rejection. repudiator ('di-a-ter), n. one who repudiates. repugnance (-pug'nans), n. aver- sion; reluctance; dislike. Also re- pugnancy. repugnant ('nant), adj. highly dis- tasteful or offensive; contrary; hos- tile. repulse (puis'), v.t. to drive back; beat off; repel: n. the state of being driven back or repelled; refusal; denial. repulsion (-puTshun), n. the act of driving back; state of being re- pelled; the power by which certain bodies or their molecules recede from each other; aversion. repulsive ('siv), adj. tending to re- pel; forbidding; disgusting. repulsively (-li), adv. in a repulsive manner. repulsiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being repulsive. reputable (rep'Q-ta-bl), adj. esteemed; honorable; respectable. ^ reputably ('ti-ta-bli), n. in a reputa- ble manner. reputation (-ta'shun), n. good name or character; honor; credit. repute (-put'), v.t. to estimate; deem: n. estimation; character; rep- utation. request (-kwest')i n. desire ex- pressed; petition; prayer; demand; entreaty: v.t. to ask for. requiem (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, or musical setting of a mass, for the repose of the soul of a person de- ceased. require (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask for or claim as by right or authority; de- mand; exact; need. requirement ('ment), n. the act of requiring; that which is required; demand; necessity. requisite (rek'wi-zit), adj. needful; indispensable: n. anything requisite. requisitely (-li), adv. in a requisite manner. requisiteness (^nes), n. necessity. requisition (-wi-zish'un), n. the act of requiring; that which is required; demand, especially a written one: v.t. to demand; make a requisition upon. requital (-kwit'al), n. retaliation. requite (-kwif), v.t. to make return for treatment, good or evil; recom- pense; retaliate; revenge. reremouse (rer'mous), n. the bat. rescind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; re- voke. rescission (-sizh'un), n. the act of annulling. rescript ('skript), n. an edict or de- cree, especially of an emperor or pope in answer to some question of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RESCUE 737 RESOLUTE jurisprudence officially submitted to him, and having the force of a law. rescue (res'ku), v.t. to set free from danger, restraint, or violence; lib- erate; deliver: n. deliverance from danger, restraint, or violence; forci- ble retaking of persons or goods de- tained by legal authority. research i (-serch'), n. laborious, care- ful inquiry or investigation: v.t. to search again; investigate carefully and, diligently. resemblance (-zemTDlans), n. likeness. resemble (-zem'bl), v.t. to have a likeness to; have similarity to. resent (-zent'), v.t. to consider as an injury or affront; take ill; be angry in consequence of. resentful ('fool), adj. easily pro- voked to anger; full of resentment. resentfully (-li), adv. with resent- ment. resentment ('ment), n. strong anger or displeasure; deep sense of injury. reservation (rez-er-va/shun), n. any- thing kept back or reserved; clause, proviso, or limitation, by which something is reserved; public land reserved for some particular use, as schools, &c. reserve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep in store; hold back for future use; re- tain: n. that which is retained for future use; closeness or caution in speaking or acting; taciturnity; modesty: pi. troops kept for the support of an army or to meet any contingency. reservoir (rez'er-vwar), n. a place where anything (usually fluids and liquids) is collected and stored up for use. resetter (re-set'er), n. one who re- sets or places again. reside (re-zid'), v.i. to dwell or in- habit; live. residence (rez'i-dens), n. place of abode; domicile; act of residing. residency (-den-si), n. in India, the official residence of the British Min- ister. residential ('shal), n. pertaining to, containing, or suitable for,. residents. residual (re-zid'u-al) , adj. remain- ing after a part has been taken away. residuary ('u-a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, the residue; re- lating or entitled to the remainder of an estate, &c, after deducting legal expenses. residue (rez'i-du), n. remainder. residuum (re-zid/u-um) , n. that which is left after a chemical proc- ess. resign (-zln'), v.t. to yield to another; surrender formally; withdraw from; submit calmly; sign again (re-sin'). resignation (rez-ig-na/shun), n. the act of resigning; state of being re- signed; calm submission or acqui- escence; patience. resilient (re-zil'i-ent), adj. springing back. resin (rez'in), n. a solid inflammable substance obtained from various trees which exude it in the form of gum. resinous (-us), adj. containing, con- sisting of, or like, resin. resist (re-zist'), v.t. to oppose; with- stand; thwart; strive against: v.i. to make opposition or resistance. resistance (-zis'tans), n. the act of resisting; opposition; power of a body that acts in opposition to an- other; in photography, contrast of light and shade. resistant ('tant), adj. offering re- sistance: n. one who, or that which, resists. resistibility (-zist-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being resistible. resistible ('i-bl), adj. capable of re- sisting. resistibly (-bli), adv. in a resistible manner. \ resistless (les), n. irresistible. resoluble (rez'o-lu-bl), adj. capable of being melted or resolved. resolute ('o-lut), adj. determined; having a fixed purpose; decided; firm; steady. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 47 RESOLUTELY 738 RESPLENDENT resolutely ('li), adv. in a resolute manner. resoluteness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being resolute. resolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of resolving; state of being resolved; analysis; fixed determination; con- stancy of purpose; formal proposal in a legislative assembly or public meeting; solution. resolution of forces (for'sez), the dividing of a force into two or more, which would have the same effect as if it acted alone. > resolutive ('o-lu-tiv), adj. having the power to dissolve. resolvability (re-zol-va-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being resolvable. Re- solvableness. resolvable ('va-bl), adj. capable of being resolved. resolve (-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to constituent parts; analyze; free from doubt or difficulty; clear or separate; solve; settle in an opin- ion; decide; determine by vote; dis- perse, as a tumor, &c; carry a dis- cord into a concord [music]: v.i. to determine; pass a formal resolution. resolved (-zolvd'), p.adj. determined; firm. resolvent (-zol'vent), adj. having the power of resolving; causing solu- tion: n. a medicine to disperse a tumor, &c. resonance (rez'o-nans), n. the qual- ity of being resonant. Also resonancy. resonant ('6-nant), adj. returning sound. resort (-zorf), v.i. to betake one's self; go often; have recourse; ap- ply: n. place much frequented; con- course; resource. resound (-zound'), v.i. & v.t. to re- verberate; be re-echoed; spread the fame or renown of; send back sound; echo; sound again (re-sound'). resource (-sors'), n. source of help or supply; an expedient to which one resorts: pi. money; means of any kind. resp (resp), n. a disease of sheep. respect (re-spekt'), n. regard; ex- pression of esteem; deference; man- ner of treating others; respectful demeanor; point, reference, or par- ticular: pi. expression of good-will or regard: v.t. to honor or esteem; have relation to. respectability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being respectable. respectable ('a-bl), adj. capable or worthy of respect; ^ held in good re- pute; moderate in excellence or number. respectably (-bli), adv. in a respect- able manner. respectful ('fool), adv. characterized by respect. respectfully (-li), adv. with respect. respecting ('ing), prep, concerning. respective ('iv), adj. relating to a particular person or thing: -not ab- solute; relative. respectively (-li), adv. as each be- longs to each; not absolutely. respirability (-spir-a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being respirable. Re- spirableness. respirable ('a-bl), adj. that may be, or is fit to be, breathed. respiration (res-pi-ra'shun), n. the act or process of breathing; relief from toil. respirator ('pi-ra-ter), n. a network contrivance for covering the mouth and protecting the lungs from cold, fog, &c. respiratory ('pi-ra-to-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, or serving for, respiration. respire (-splr'), v.t. to draw air into the lungs and expel it again; breathe; inhale: v.t. to breathe in and out, as air. respite (res'pit), n. pause or tempo- rary cessation of anything; delay; interval of rest; reprieve: v.t. to grant a respite to; suspend the exe- cution of. resplendence (re-splen'dens), n. bril- liant luster; intense light. Also resplendency. resplendent ('dent), adj. shining with brilliant luster; intensely bright. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RESPOND 739 RESURRECTION respond (-spond'), v.i. to answer or reply; be liable for payment: v.t. to pay: n. a short anthem sung be- tween the reading of the lessons. respondent Cent), adj. giving re- sponse: n. one who answers or re- plies; one who maintains a thesis in reply; one whc answers to a suit at law. respondentia (-spon-den'shi-a), > n. a loan on the security of a ship's cargo. response (-spons'), n. the act of answering; reply; in a liturgical service, the answer of the congrega- tion to the priest. responsible ('i-bl), adj. involving responsibility; answerable; liable. responsibly ('i-bli), adv. in a re- sponsible manner. responsive ('siv), adj. answering; correspondent. responsively (-li), adv. in a respon- sive manner. responsiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being responsive. responsory ('o-ri), adj. containing answer: n. the answer of the con- gregation to the priest in a liturgical service. rest (rest), n. cessation from motion or disturbance; quiet; peace; re- pose; sleep; death; place of quiet or repose; trust; interval of silence and its sign [music]; remainder: v.i. to cease from motion or action; repose; be quiet; sleep; die; stand; be satisfied; lean: v.t. to lay to rest; place. restaurant (res'to-rant, or -to-rang), n. a house for refreshment; an eat- ing-house. restaurateur (-ra-ter), n. the keeper of a restaurant. restful ('fool), adj. full of rest; quiet. restfully (-li), adv. in a restful man- ner. restitution (-ti-tii'shun), n. the act of making good any loss, injury, or damage; compensation; amends. restive (res'tiv), adj. unwilling to go forward; stubborn; obstinate) uneasy. restively (-li), adv. in a restive man- ner. restiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being restive. restorable (re-stor'a-bl), adj. capa- ble of being restored. restoration (res-to-ra'shun), n. the act of restoring; renewal; repair. restorative (re-stor'a-tiv), _ adj. ca- pable of restoring: n. a re-invigorat- ing medicine. restoratively (-li), adv. so as to re- store. restore (-stor'), v.t. to bring back to its former strength; repair; rebuild; heal or cure; re-invigorate; renew; amend; reclaim; store again. restrain (-stran'), v.t. to check; re- press. restraint (-stranf), n. the act of restraining; state of being restrained; limitation. restrict (-strikf), v.t. to confine or limit. restriction (-strik'shun), n. the act of restricting; limitation; confine- ment. restrictive ('tiv), adj. imposing re- straint. restrictively (-li), adv. with restric- tion. result (-zult'), v.i. to follow as a consequence; to come to a decision; ensue; decree: n. conclusion or con- sequence. resultant ('ant), adj. following as a result: n. a single force compounded of two or more forces and represent- ing their combined effects. resulting ('ing) p. adj. following as a result or consequence. resume (ra-zu-ma/), n. a summary. resume (-zum'), v.t. to take up again after interruption; begin again; take back. resumption (re-zump'shun), n. the act of resuming. resurrection (rez-er-ek'shun), n. a rising again from the dead; moral revival. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RESURRECTIONIST 740 RETOUCH resurrectionist (-ist), n. formerly a man who disinterred dead bodies for sale for anatomical purposes. resuscitate (fe-sus'i-tat), v.t. to re- vive from apparent death; revivify. resuscitation (-ta'shun), n. the act of resuscitating; state of being re- suscitated. resuscitative ('i-ta-tiv), adj. tend- ing to resuscitate; restorative. resuscitator ('i-ta-ter), n. one who, or that which, resuscitates. ret (ret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. retted, p.pr. retting], to steep in water to sepa- rate the fibers of a substance, as flax, by incipient rotting. retail {re-tal'), v.t. to sell in small quantities; sell second-hand: n. (ren- tal) sale of goods in small quanti- ties: adj. dealing in small quantities or second-hand. retain (-tan'), v.t. to hold or keep in possession; detain; engage by a fee prepaid. retainer ('er), n. one who, or that which, retains; a dependent; at- tendant; preliminary retaining fee paid to counsel. retaliate (-tal'i-at), v.t. to return by giving like for like (usually in an ill sense). retaliation (-a/shun), n. the act of retaliating. retaliative ('i-a-tiv), adj. returning like for like; vindictive. Also re- taliatory. retard (-tard'), v.t. to hinder or ob- struct; delay; keep back. retardation (-tar-da/shun), n. the act of retarding; hindrance; post- ponement. retardative ('da-tiv), adj. tending to retard. retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; strain in vomiting. retention (re-ten'shun), n. the act of holding back; power of retaining, especially ideas. retentive ('tiv), adj. having the power to retain. retentively (-li), adv. with reten- tiveness. retentiveness (-nes), n. the quality of being retentive. reticence (ret'i-sens), n. silence; re- serve. reticent ('i-sent) adj. silent; re- served. reticular (-tik'u-lar), adj. formed with interstices. reticulate ('u-lat), adj. formed of, or resembling, net-work. reticule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady's hand- bag or workbag; a telescopic eye- piece across which is stretched a network of very fine material for dividing the field of view into small equal squares. retiform (re'ti-form), adj. net-shaped. retina (ret'i-na), n. one of the coats of the eye, containing the ends of the sensory nerves which receive the impressions which give rise to vis- ion. retinitis (-i-ni'tis), n. inflammation of the retina. retinue ('i-nii), n. the suite or at- tendants of a prince or person of distinction; train. retiracy (re-tlr'a-si), n. the state of having retired; competency. retire (-tir') ? v.i. to go to a place of privacy; withdraw^ retreat; recede; withdraw from business, official, or active life; to go to bed. retired (-tlrd'), adj. secluded from society; having given up business, &c; private. retirement (-tlr'ment), n. the act of retiring; state of being retired; privacy; solitude. retiring ('ing), adj. reserved, not obtrusive; assigned, as a pension, to an official retiring from the public service, &c. retort (-tort'), v.t. to return, as an argument, incivility, censure, accu- sation, &c: v.i. to make a retort: n. censure; incivihty, &c, returned; sharp reply; a vessel used in distill- ing and decomposing substances^ retouch (-tuch'), v.t. to touch again; improve by going over a work of art to restore faded parts, &c. lite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RETRACT 741 REVEAL retract (-trakf), v.t. to draw, or take back; recall; rescind; recant: v.i. to withdraw something pre- viously said or written : n. the prick of a horse's foot in nailing a horse- shoe. retractible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being retracted. Also retractile, re- tractable. retractation (-trak-ta'shun), n. the act of retracting; recantation; dis- avowal. Also retraction. retractor ('ter), n. one who re- tracts; a muscle or instrument for drawing back. retreat (-tret'), n. the act of with- drawing or retiring; retirement or seclusion; place of privacy; shelter; the retiring of an army or body of troops from the face of an enemy or an advanced position; signal for re- tiring from an engagement, or to quarters: v.i. to withdraw to seclu- sion or place of safety; retire before an enemy. retrench (-trench'), v.t. to furnish with a retrenchment: v.i. cut down expenses. retrenchment ('ment), n. curtail- ment; reduction of expenses; a mil- itary work constructed inside an- other to resist an enemy who has forced the outer one. retribution (ret-ri-bu'shun), n. re- ward of punishment suitable to the action; distribution of rewards or Eunishments in future life at the nal judgment. retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), adj. re- warding for good deeds and punish- ing for offenses. Also retributory. retrievable (-trev'a-bl), adj. capable of being retrieved. retrievableness (-nes), n. the state of being retrievable. retrievably ('a-bli), adv. in a re- trievable manner. retrieve (-treV), v.t. to recover; re- store; regain: v.i. to act as a re- triever. retriever ('er), n. a variety of dog trained to fetch game. retro, a prefix meaning back, bach* wards, as retrospect, a review of the past. retrocede (re-tro-sed'), v.t. to cede or grant back. retrocession (-sesh'un), n. the act of going back. retrograde ('tro-grad), adj. going or moving backwards; apparently mov- ing from east to west as a planet; going from a better to a worse moral condition; becoming less highly or- ganized: v.i. to go backwards. retrogression (-gresh'un), u. the act of going backward. retrogressive. Same as retrograde. retrospect. See under retro. retrospection (-spek'shun), n. the act or faculty of looking back on the past. retrospective ('tiv), adj. looking back on things past; referring to past things. retrospectively (-li), adv. in a re- trospective manner. retroversion (-ver'shun), n. a turn- ing or falling backward. return (re-tern'), v.i. to come back again to the same place or state; revisit; retort: v.t. to repay; re- store; requite; elect; reply or report officially: n. the act of going back 'or returning; retrogression; repay- ment; requital; restitution; remit- tance; advantage; profit; official re- port. returning officer ('ing of'i-ser), n. an official whose duty it is to preside at an election, make returns to writs, juries, &c. ret use (-tus'), adj. very blunt; hav- ing the extremity broad and slight- ly depressed, reunion (re-u'nyun), n. a festive gathering of familiar friends or as- sociates; act of reuniting. reunite (-u-nlt'), v.t. to unite again; reconcile after variance: v.i. become united again. reveal (re-veT), v.t. to make known; disclose: n. the vertical side of a doorway, window, &c. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. REVEILLE 742 REVISE reveille (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), n. reverential (-en'shal), adj. proceed- the beat of a drum, or bugle call at ing from reverence; respectful, daybreak to awaken soldiers. reverentially (-li) , adv. with reverence. revel (rev'el), n. a noisy or riotous reverie ('er-i), n. deep musing; wake- feast: v.i. to feast with joyous or ful dreaminess ; _ irregular < train of clamorous merriment. thoughts or fancies in meditation. revelation (-a/shun), n. the act of reversal (re-ver'sal), n. the act of revealing or making known, espe- reversing; overthrow or annulling; cially Divine truth; that which is repeal. revealed, especially by God to man. reverse (-vers'), adj. turned back- reveler ('el-er), n. one who revels. ward; having an opposite direction; revelry (-ri), n. boisterous festivity. made or declared void: v.t. to turn revenge _ (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict pain upside down; change entirely: n. the or punishment because of; exact re- contrary or opposite; back of a coin tribution for; avenge: n. the act of or medal; change; vicissitude; de- revenging; malicious injuring in re- feat. turn for an injury or offense re- reversible ('i-bl), adj. capable of be- ceived; retaliation; malice^ ing reversed. revengeful ('fool), adj. vindictive, reversion ('shun), n. right to future revengefully (-li), adv. vindictively. possession or enjoyment; tendency revenue (rev'e-nti), n. the general of an animal or plant to revert to its income of a state, derived from the original form, &c. annual taxes, excise, customs, &c. ; reversionary (-a-ri), adj. pertaining annual profits from lands, &c. to, or involving, right of reversion. reverberate (re-ver'ber-at), v.t. to revert (-vert'), v.t. to turn back; send back, as sound; re-echo: v.i. change; reverse: v.i. to return or to be driven back, or reflected, as fall back; return to the original sound or light. owner or his heirs. reverberation (-a/shun), n. the act revertible ('i-bl), adj. capable of of reverberating. being reverted. reverberatory ('ber-a-to-ri), adj. revest (-vest'), v.i. to return to a pertaining to, or characterized by, or former owner. produced by, reverberation: n. a revetment (-vet'ment), n. in fortifi- domed furnace which reflects the cation, a strong wall erected round flame upon a vessel placed within the lower part of the rampart; a re- it, without being in contact with taining wall. the fuel. review (-vu'), v.t. to consider over revere (-ver'), v.t. to regard with again; re-examine; look back; re- fear mingled with respect and affec- vise; examine critically; inspect tion; reverence. (troops, &c); write a critical notice reverence (rev'er-ens), n. venera- of: n. the act of reviewing; re-ex- tion; honor; respect; act of obei- animation; survey of the past; criti- sance; a title given to the clergy cism, especially of a new # publica- (with his, your): v.t. to regard with tion; a periodical with criticisms on reverence. new books, essays, &c; inspection of reverend (-end), adj. worthy of rev- troops, &c. erence. revile (-vlT), v.t. to address with Reverend (-end), n. a title given to opprobrious or contumelious lan- the clergy. guage; reproach. reverent (-ent), adj. showing, or ex- revise (-viz'), v.t. to review and pressive of, reverence; humble; sub- amend; examine for correction: n: missive. a revision; second proof-sheet. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. REVISION 743 RHENISH revision (-vizh'un), n. the act of ex- amining for correction; that which is revised. 'revival (-vi'val), n. the act of re- viving; recovery; renewal of life; renewed performance of; reproduc- tion; spiritual awakening. ^ revivalism (-izm), n. an interest in revivals of religion, or the methods of procedure to promote such. (revivalist (-ist), n. one who pro- motes revivals. revive (-viv/), v.i. to recover life; return to vigor or activity, especially from a state of languor, neglect, &c : v.t. to restore to life again; reno- vate; reproduce. revivify (-viv'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. revivified, p.pr. revivifying], to re- animate; quicken. revocable (rev'6-ka-bl), adj. that may be revoked. revocation (-ka/shun), n. the act of revoking; recall; repeal; reversal. revoke (-vok'), v.t. to recall; re- peal; annul: v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards: n. the act of revoking at cards. revolt m (-volt'), n. rebellion against constituted authority; insurrection; change of sides; desertion: v.i. to turn away in disgust; to rebel: v.t overturn; shock. revolting ('ing), p. adj. disgusting; repellent. revolute (rev'o-hlt), adj. rolled back- wards. revolution (-lu'shun), n. the act of revolving; rotation; change or al- teration of system; motion of a point. or line about a center; recur- rence or succession; fundamental and sudden change in the govern- ment of a country. < revolutionary (-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to, tending to produce, or consti- tuting, a revolution: n. a revolution- ist. revolutionist ('shun-ist), n. one who organizes or takes part in a revolution. revolutionize ('shun-iz), v.t. to cause a revolution or entire change of government or any system. revolve (re- vol v'), v.i. to turn-round, as on an axis; roll in a circle; or tate: v.t. to cause to turn or roll round; meditate or reflect upon. revolver (-vol'ver), n. one who, or that which, revolves; a pistol with revolving barrels, fired successively without reloading. revolving ('ving), adj. turning round. revulsion (-vul'shun), n. sudden and violent change, especially of feeling; diversion of the cause of a disease from one part of the body to an- other. revulsive ('siv), adj. having the power of, or tending to, revulsion. reward (-ward"), n. something given as a return for good or ill received; recompense; retribution; punish- ment; gift in token of approved merit : v.t. to give in return for good or ill received; recompense; punish. reynard (ren'ard), n. the fox. Rhadaman thine (rad-a-man'thin), adj. sternly just and inflexible: from Rhadamanthus, one of the three judges in classic mythology who de- cided the fate of the souls of the de- parted in the lower world. rhapsodic (rap-sod'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or connected with, rhapsody; unconnected; confused. Also rhap- sodical. rhapsodist ('so-dist), n. one who makes or recites verses, especially one whose profession was to recite the Homeric or other epics. rhapsodize ('so-diz), v.i. to write or utter rhapsodies. rhapsody ^ ('so-di), n. [pi. rhapso- dies (-diz) 1, any unconnected or rambling composition, composed under the influence of excitement; part of an epic poem for recitation at one time. rhea (re'a), n. the South American ostrich. Rhenish (ren'ish), adj. pertaining to the river Rhine: n. a Rhine wine. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RHEOCHORD 744 RHUMB-LINE rheochord (re'o-kord), ft. a metallic wire used for measuring the resist- ance or variability of an electric current. rheometer (-om'e-ter), ft. an instru- ment for measuring the intensity of an electric current. rheometry ('e-tri), n. the art of measuring the intensity and velocity of electric and other currents. rheomotor ('o-mo-ter), ft. an appa- ratus by which an electrical current is generated. rheophore ('o-for), ft. the connecting wire of an electric or galvanic ap- paratus. rheoscope ('o-skop), ft. an apparatus for detecting an electric current. rheostat ('o-stat), ft. an apparatus for regulating an electric current. rheotome ('o-tom), ft. an apparatus for interrupting an electric current at stated intervals. rheotrope ('o-trop), ft. an apparatus for periodically reversing the direc- tion of an electric current. rhesus ('sus), n. a monkey, held sa- cred in certain parts of India. rhetoric (ret'o-rik), ft. the art of speaking with elegance and force; declamation; showy oratory. rhetorical (re-tor 'i-kal), adj. per- taining to rhetoric; figurative; de- clamatory. rhetorically (-li), adv. in a rhetor- ical manner. rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an), ft. a teacher of rhetoric, or one skilled in the art; orator. rheum (room), n. the increased ac- tion of the vessels of any organ, es- pecially the lungs or nostrils, pro- ducing an increased discharge of secretions. rheumatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affected by, rheumatism. Also rheumatical. rheumatism ('a-tizm), ft. a painful disease of the muscles and joints ac- companied by swelling and stiffness. rhino (ri'no), ft. money: a "prefix meaning the nose. Also rhin. rhinoceros (-nos'er-os), ft. a large pachydermatous animal allied to the elephant, with one or two horns on the snout. rhinoplasty ('no-plas-ti), ft. a surgi- cal operation by which a new nose is formed or partially restored by in- grafting new flesh. rhinoscope ('no-skop), n. an Instru- ment furnished with a mirror for examining the passages of the nose. rhizome ('zom), n. a thick etem run- ning along or under the ground, pro- ducing roots below and snoots above. Also rhizoma. rhodium (ro'di-um), ft. one of the metallic elements, rare and of ex- treme hardness. rhodo, a prejix meaning a rose. Rhododendron (ro-do-den'dron), ft. a genus of ornamental evergreen shrubs with large handsome rose- like flowers. rhodopsin (ro-dop'sin), ft. the visual purple of the retina. rhomb. Same as rhombus. rhombic (rom'bik), adj. rhombus- shaped. rhombohedral (-bo-he'dral) , adj. pertaining to, or formed like, a rhomb ohedron. rhombohedron ('dron), ft. a solid figure bounded by 6 rhombic planes. rhomboid Cboid), ft. a 4-sided figure having its opposite sides equal, and its angles not right angles : adj. loz- enge-shaped. Also rhomboidal. rhombus ('bus), ft. a 4-sided figure whose sides are equal and the oppo- site sides parallel, but which has two of its angles obtuse and two acute; a genus of flat fishes, containing the turbot, &c. rhubarb (roo'barb), ft. a plant whose leaf -stalks used for culinary pur- poses, and its roots used in medicine as a purgative. rhumb (rum), ft. a circle making any given angle with the meridian; a point of the compass. rhumb-line (Tin), n. the track of a fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue hut; think, then. RHYME 745 RIDGE ship which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence of the sound of the last word or syl- lable of one verse or line to the sound of the last word or syllable of anoth- er; harmonical succession of sounds; poetry: v.i. to accord in sound; make verses or rhymes: v.t. put into rhyme. Rime (more correctly). rhyme (rim), n. the correspondence measure or time in poetry or prose; meter; verse. rhymic ('ik), adj. pertaining to rhyme. rhythmic (rith'mik), ad/, pertaining to rhythm; harmonical; periodical. Also rhythmical. rhythmically (-al-li), adv. in a rhyth- mic manner. rib (rib), n. one of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax; anything resembling a rib: a piece of timber to shape and strengthen the side of a ship; the main vein of a leaf: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ribbed, p.pr. ribbing], to furnish, or inclose,with ribs; form with grooves. ribald ('aid), adj. low; obscure; filthy: n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, licentious fellow. ribaldry (-ri), n. obscenity. ribbon ('on), n. a fillet or strip of silk, &c; narrow strip. rice (ris), n. a valuable food grain produced extensively in hot coun- tries. rice-bird ('berd), n. the bobolink. rice-paper ('pa-per), n. a kind of paper prepared from pith: used in China, &c, for painting upon. rich (rich), adj. abounding in money or possessions; wealthy; opulent; sumptuous; valuable; splendid; fer- tile; fruitful; high-flavored; mel- low; full of beauty; vivid; sweet or harmonious in sound: n. rich people collectively (with the): pi. wealth; affluence. rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as of hay or corn, and usually thatched or sheltered: v.t. to pile or heap in a rick. rickets ('ets), n. a disease affecting children, characterized by softness and curvature of the bones, due to the absence of lime. rickety ('et-i), adj. affected with rick- ets; feeble in the joints; unsteady. ricochet (-o-sha' or -o-shet'), n. the rebounding of a shot or shell, &c, along the ground or from the sur- face of the water: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. ricochetted, p.pr. ricochetting], to bound by touching the earth or the surface of water and glancing off , as a cannon-ball: v.t. to cause to ricochet. rid (rid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rid, p.pr. ridding], to set free; deliver; clear or destroy by violence: adj. clear; free. riddance Cans), n. the act of ridding or clearing away; deliverance. ridden ('n), p.p. of ride. riddle ('1), n. an enigma; puzzling question; something ambiguous; a large sieve: v.t. to solve, as a riddle; to sift by a riddle; perforate with, or as with, shot: v.i. to speak ambig- uously or as in riddles. riddlings ('lingz), n.pl. broken ore of medium size obtained by sifting. ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, p.p. ridden, p.pr. riding], to be borne along, as on horseback or in a vehicle; practice horsemanship; manage a horse well; sit, float or rest on; to sit on so as to be carried; manage insolently at will: n. excur- sion on horseback or in a vehicle; drive; road; district under an officer of the excise. rideau (re-do'), n. a. small mound to cover a camp from the approach of the enemy. rider (rld'er), n. one who rides on, breaks, or manages, a horse; an additional clause to a document; subsidiary problem. ridge (rij), n. anything formed like an animal's back, as a continuous range of hills, &c; crest of a roof; v.t. to form or furnish with a ridge; wrinkle. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. .RIDGY 746 RIGOROUS ridgy (1), adj. rising in ridges. ridicule (rid'i-kul), n. words or ac- tion designed to bring the subject of it into contempt; banter; mockery; satire: v.U to treat or address with ridicule; expose to contemptuous merriment; laugh at. ridiculous (ri-cuk'u-lus), adj. de- serving or exciting ridicule; prepos- terous; absurd; ludicrous; droll. riding (rid'ing), p.adj. employed for traveling: n. a road cut through a wood or ground for riding upon. ridotto (ri-dot'o), n. a public assem- bly; a public entertainment of music and dancing. rifacimento (re-fa-chi-men'to), n. the recasting of a literary work to adapt it to changed circumstances. rife (rif), adj. prevalent, common. riff-raff (rifraf), n. refuse; the rab- ble. rifle (ri'fl), n. a musket with the bar- rel spirally grooved: pi. troops armed with rifles: v.t. to groove spi- rally; pillage. rifle-bird (-berd), n. an Australian bird. rifle-corps (-kor), n. a body armed with rifles. rifler ('ner), n. a plunderer. rift (rift), n. an opening or split in anything; fissure; v.t. to cleave or split. rig (rig), n. a practical joke or frolic; dress ;_ manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull of a vessel: v.U [pt. & p.p. rigged, p.pr. rig- ging], to furnish or fit with rigging; dress (with out). rigadoon (-a-doon'), n. an old-fash- ioned lively dance performed by one couple. rigger ('er), n. one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a vessel; a band-wheel with a flat or slightly curved rim. rigging ('ing), n. the cordage or ropes by which the masts of a ves- sel are supported, and the sails ex- tended or furled. right (rit), adj. according to truth, justice or law; correct; fit; true; exact; most direct; noting the side opposed to the left; most conven- ient; well performed; rising perpen- dicularly: adv. in a right line; just- ly: n. uprightness; truth; justice; rectitude; propriety; virtue; legal claim; the right side: v.t. to set up- right; make right or straight; cor- rect; do justice to: v.i. to recover the vertical position: inter j. well done! right-angle ('ang-gl), n. an angle of 90°, formed by one straight line standing perpendicular to another. righteous Cyus), adj- J us t> equita- ble; honest; holy; deserved. righteousness (-nes), n. the quality of being righteous; holiness; jus- tice; moral integrity. rightful ('fool), adj. having a just claim; accordant with justice. rightfully (-li), adv. in a right man- ner. rightfulness (-nes), n. justice. rigid (rij'id), adj. not pliant; stiff; inflexible; strict; stern; severely just. rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want of plia- bility; stiffness; resistance to change of form. riglet. Same as reglet. rigmarole (rig'ma-rol), n. foolish, disconnected talk; long story. rigol (rig'ol), n. a circle; diadem . rigor ('er), n. stiffness or severity; exactitude; strictness; severity of climate. rigorism (rig'er-izm), n. austerity or severity in principle or practice; obedience to the law; the philosoph- ical doctrine that self-control and disregard of circumstances consti- tute human happiness. # rigorist (-ist), adj.^ pertaining to rig- orism; one who is very austere or severe. rigor mortis (ri'gor mor'tis), n. stiffness of the body caused by death, rigorous (rig'er-us), adj. ^ character- ized by, or exercising, vigor; stern; inflexible; scrupulously accurate. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RIGSDAG 747 RISE Rigsdag (rigz'dag), n. the Danish parliament. rill (ril), n. a small stream or rivu- let: v.i. to run in a small stream. rim (rim), n. a border or margin; raised border; brim: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to furnish with a rim. rime (rim), n. hoar-frost; another form of rhyme: v.t. to congeal into hoar-frost. rimose (ri'mos), adj. full of, or cov- ered with, cracks. Also rimous. rimple (rim'pl), n. a wrinkle or fold: v.t. to become wrinkled. rimy (rlm'i), adv. frosty. rind (rind), n. the outer covering of fruit, &c; bark: v.t. to strip the rind from. rinderpest (rin'der-pest), n. a ma- lignant and contagious disease in cattle; cattle plague. ring (ring), n. a circle; anything cir- cular in form; small hoop worn on the ringer or used as a means of attachment; circular area or course; combination for private ends; pu- gilists or betting-men collectively (with the): v.i. [p.t. rang, p.p. rung, p.pr. ringing], to sound as a bell when struck; practice the art of ringing bells; tingle: v.t. to cause to sound, as metal when struck; sound aloud or abroad. ringdove ('duv), n. the wood-pigeon. ring-off (ring'of ) , n. the signal for the close of a telephonic communication. ringing ('ing), p.adj. sounding like a bell; resonant: n. the act of sound- ing as a bell; sound as of a bell ringing. ringleader ('le-der), n. the head of a riotous body or faction. ringlet ('let), n. a little ring; curl. ring-ousel ('oo-zl), n. a kind of thrush. ringworm ('werm), n. a contagious cutaneous disease, usually on the scalp, characterized by distinct cir- cular patches. rink (ringk), n. a long clear space on the ice used for curling; a ground for skating upon: v.i. to skate on a rink. rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse lightly with clean water; cleanse repeatedly; give a final cleansing to after wash- ing: n. a cleansing with a second application of clean water. riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; noisy revelry; luxurious excess; disturb- ance of the public peace by more than three persons: v.i. to raise an uproar; go to excess in sensual in- dulgence; be highly excited. rioting ('ot-ing), n. reveling; uproar. riotous (-us), adj. indulging in riot or excess; licentious; noisy; turbu- lent; seditious. rip (rip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ripped, p.pr. ripping], to divide by tearing or cut- ting; cut asunder; disclose; undo the seam of: v.i. to swear (with out) : n. a rent or tear; a rogue or cheat; a wicker basket for fish. riparian (rl-pa'ri-an), adj. pertain- ing to the banks of a river. ripe (rip), adj. brought to maturity or perfection; ready for harvest; fit for use; complete; resembling ripe fruit. ripely ('li), adv. in a ripe manner. ripen ('en), v.t. to make ripe; bring to perfection: v.i. to grow ripe. ripeness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being ripe; maturity. ripper ('er), n. one who, or that which, rips; something or somebody super-excellent. ripple (rip'l), n. a small curling wave on the surface of water; the sound made by such waves; large comb for cleansing flax: v.t. to cover with smci! curling waves; cleanse with a ripple. rippling ('ling), n. the breaking of, or sound made by, ripples; the act of cleansing flax by a ripple. riprap ('rap), n. a loose foundation of stones in deep water on a soft bottom. rise (riz), v.i. [p.t. rose, p.p. risen, p.pr. rising], to ascend; get up from the ground or recumbent position; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RISIBILITY 748 ROAN begin to stir; swell in quantity or extent; grow upward; spring; tower up; appear above the horizon; come in view or existence; be promoted; thrive; be hostile; close a session; ascend from the grave: n. the act of rising; ascent; elevated place; ap- pearance above; origin; source; in- crease of price, or value, social ad- vancement or distinction; anger (in "take the rise out of"). risibility (riz-i-bil'i-ti), n. inclina- tion to laughter. Also risibleness. risible ('i-bl), adj. having the faculty or power of laughing; inclined to laugh; causing laughter. risibly ('i-bli), adv. laughably. rising (riz'ing), n. the act of getting up or ascending; insurrection; an ascent; closing of a session: adj. in- creasing, as of wealth or influence; appearing above the horizon; reviv- ing from death. risk (risk), n. possibility of loss or injury; hazard; peril; danger: v.t. to hazard; venture upon. risky ('i), adj. hazardous; danger- ous; approaching indelicacy. risorial (ri-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or exciting, laughter. risotto (re-sot'5), n. an Italian dish of rice with onions, &c, fried in but- ter. rissole (ris'ol), n. a savory mince in- closed in a thin batter paste and fried. rite (rit), n. a solemn religious act; external religious observance. ritornello (re-tor-neYd), n. a short introduction or concluding sympho- ny; repetition or burden of a song. Also ritornelle. ritual (rit'u-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or prescribing, rites: n. manner of performing divine ser- ice; a book of rites, or manner of service; body of rites used in the Church. ritualism (-izm), n. a system of rit- ual or prescribed forms of religion; excessive observance of forms in di- vine worship; Tractarianism; An- glo-Catholicism, especially as empha- sized by the use of Eucharistic vest- ments. ritualist (-ist), n. one who advo- cates, or is skilled in, ritual; an Anglo-Catholic. ritualistic (-al-ist'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characterized by, ritual- ism; pertaining to ritualists. ritually ('u-al-i), adv. by rites. rival (ri'val), n. one who strives to equal or excel another in the same object or pursuit; competitor; an- tagonist: adj. having the _ same claims; emulous: v.t. to strive to equal or excel; emulate. > rivalry (-ri), n. competition; emula- tion. rive (liv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. riven, p.pr. riving], to be split or torn asunder: n. a rent, tear, or split. river ('er), n. a large running stream of water flowing into the sea or an- other river; copious flow. river-horse (hors), n. the hippopota- mus. rivet ('et), n. a short metal bolt clinched by hammering: v.t. to se- cure with, or as with, a rivet; clinch; make firm or secure. rivose (ri'vos), adj. marked with ir- regular grooves or furrows. rivulet (riv'u-let), n. a little stream. rix-dollar (riks'dol-ar), n. a small silver continental coin of varying value. roach (roch), n. a fresh-water fish; a cockroach. road (rod), n. a public way for trav- eling upon; path; way: pi. a place where ships may ride safely at an- chor. Roadstead. road-machine (rod' ma-shen'), n. a mounted scraper for grading a road- bed. roadster ('ster), n. a horse suited for traveling; a bicycle for road-work; a vessel which works by tides. roam (rom), v.i. to wander aboui without any definite object; ramble: v.t. to wander over. roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hit; think, then. ROAN-TREE 749 ROENTGEN RAYS color with a shade of red: n. a roan color; grained sheepskin leather. roan-tree. Same as rowan. roar (ror), n. the deep full cry of a large animal; a cry as in distress; any loud noise; loudly expressed mirth; sound of the wind or sea: v.i. to utter a roar: v.t. to utter in a roar. roaring ('ing), n. the act or sound of roaring; a disease of horses: adj. noisy; brisk. roast (rost), v.t. to cook before a fire; heat too violently or to excess; parch by exposure to heat; burn (broken ore to free it from extrane- ous matter); to banter or ridicule; criticise severely: v.i. to be roasted: adj. roasted : n. that which is roasted. rob (rob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. robbed, p.pr, robbing], to steal; plunder; strip of something by secret theft or violence; deprive. robber ('er), n. a thief. robbery (-i), n. theft; the felonious and torcible taking away the money and goods of another. robe (rob), n. a loose outer garment; dressed skin of a^ buffalo: v.i. to put on robes: v.t. to invest with a robe; dress; array. robin (rob'in), n. American thrush. roburite ('er-It), n. a nameless ex- plosive used extensively in mining operations. robust (ro-busf), adj. hardy; strong; vigorous; muscular. roc (rok), n. a fabulous bird of great size and strength. rochamboite (combination of Roch- ester and Perth Amboy), n. Ameri- can explosive^ for shells and hand grenades; union of salts of metals and non-metallic elements. rochet (roch'et), n. a linen vestment worn by a bishop resembling a sur- plice open at the sides. rock (rok), ». a large mass of stone or stony matter; any mineral de- posit ; natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay; firm or immovable defense; a movement to and fro. rocket ('et), n. a firework made of a case filled with saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal, fastened to a stick, and which, on being ignited, is pro- jected through the air. rockiness ('i-nes), n. the state of be- ing rocky. rocking-valve (rok'ing-valv), n. a valve that operates by rocking back and forth in a cylinder. rock-oil ('oil), n. petroleum. rock-ruby ('roo-bi), n. a fine bluish- red variety of garnet. rock- wood ('wood), n. ligniform as- bestos. rocky ('i), adj. full of, or resembling, rocks; stony; hard; inflexible. rococo (ro-ko'ko), adj. noting a florid, debased style in the ornamentation of buildings, furniture, &c, preva- lent during the reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. of France: hence noting bad taste in ornamentation. rod (rod), n. Sb long twig or shoot of any woody plant; a wand; instru- ment of punishment; cane; a fish- ing-rod; scepter; measure of length, 5% yards. rode, p.t. of ride. rodent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: n. any animal of the Rodentia, an or- der of m Mammalia, containing the rats, mice, squirrels, &c. rodeo (ro-da'o), n. a gathering to- gether of cattle on a ranch. rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad'), n. bluster; brag: from Rodomonte in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso: v.i. to bluster or brag. roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the roe- buck; the female of the hart; the spawn or sperm of fishes. Roentgen rays (rent'gen raz), n. a form of radiant energy emanating from the surface of an electrically excited vacuum tube opposite the cathode electrode, haying power of penetrating objects impervous to light or heat rays, affecting sensi- tive photographic films, and excit- ing fluorescence in certain salts. Also called X-rays. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; b55n, book; hue, hut; think, then ROGATION 750 RONDEAU rogation (-ga'shun), n. a litany; supplication. Rogation Days ^daz), n.pl. the Mon- day, Tuesday, and Wednesday be- fore Ascension Day. rogue (rog), n. a dishonest person; knave; a shy, mischievous person; wag; term of endearment. roguery ('er-i), n. knavish or dis- honest practices; cheating; mis- chievous or waggish conduct. roguish ('ish), adj. fraudulent; dis- honest; somewhat mischievous or sly. roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; vex or irritate. role (rol), n. a part or character in a play, &c; function or part. roll (rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel or on an axis; move in a circular direc- tion; be moved with violence; rock; wallow; make a long deep sound: v.t. to revolve; inwrap; move on wheels; spread flat under a roller: n. the act of rolling; that which rolls; a writing or paper rolled upon it- self; an official document; list or register; kind of fancy bread; con- tinued deep sound, as of a drum beaten, thunder, &c; twist of to- bacco. roller ('er), n . one who, or that which, rolls; a cylinder used for grind- ing, smoothing, flattening, &c; long heavy wave; long broad band- age; a kind of crow. rollick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or act with a careless, swaggering air. rollicking (-ing), adj. jovial; care- less; swaggering. rolling (rol'ing), adj. moving on, or as on, wheels; undulating; used for rolling: n. a circular motion; undu- lation; lateral oscillation of a ship. roly-poly (ro'li-po'li), n. a game in which by rolling a ball into a certain hole it wins; a kind of jam pudding. Romaic (ro-ma/ik), adj. pertaining to the vernacular language of mod- ern Greece. Roman ('man) adj. pertaining to Rome, the Romans, or to the Church of Rome; noting the ordinary type used in printing: opposed to italic; written in letters, not in figures, as VI. Roman candle (-kan'dl), n. a kind of firework. Roman cement (se-ment'), n. a strong cement used in building and hydraulic engineering. Roman Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining to the Church of Rome, of which the Pope is the head: n. a member of the Church of Rome. Roman Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), n. the doctrines and practices of the Roman Church. romance (-mans'), n. a work of fic- tion or adventure ; novel ; fable : v.i. to invent and tell fictitious stories; exaggerate: lie. Romance (-mans'), adj. pertaining to the dialects of Latin and the lan- guages which grew out of classic Latin, spoken in the old Roman provinces. Romanesque _ (man-esk'), n. that style of architecture and ornamen- tation in vogue during the period of the later Roman Empire: n. the dia- lect of Languedoc. Romanic (-man'ik), adj. pertaining to Rome, or the Romanesque dialects. romantic (-man'tik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, romance; extravagant; fanciful; ideal; full of wild and fantastic scenery. romanticism ('ti-sizm), n. the state or quality of being romantic; the reactionary movement in opposition to cold classical literary forms, be- gun in Germany in the 18th century. Romany (rom'a-ni), n. a Gipsy; Gipsy language. romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, boisterous girl; rough play or frolic: v.i. to play in a boisterous, unre- strained manner. ronde (rond), n. a kind of type. rondeau (ron'do), n.; pL rondeaux, ('doz), a little poem of 13 verses or lines; a light air or jig [mus. ]. Also rondo. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RONDEL 751 ROSILY rondel ('del), n. a poem of 14 lines; small round tower. Rontgen rays. See Roentgen rays. rood (rood), n. 40 square poles or perches; a cross or crucifix. rood-loft ('16ft), n. the gallery in a church over the entrance to the choir where the rood was fixed. roof (roof), n. the top covering of a house or other building ; covering or shelter; canopy; palate of the mouth: v.t. to cover with, or as with a roof. roof -tree ('tre), n. a roof -beam; roof; home. rook (rook), n. a bird of the crow family with dark glossy plumage and having the base of the bill des- titute of feathers; a, swindler or sharper; the castle in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle or cheat. rookery ('er-i), 6. a group of nests on trees where rooks resort; colony of rooks; place of low resort; low slum. rookie, a new recruit. room (room), n. unoccupied place or space; apartment of a house; free- dom to act; opportunity; place of another; a deep blue dye: v.i. to lodge. roominess ('i-nes), n. spaciousness. roomy ('i), adj. spacious. roorback (roor'bak), n. a He; ficti- tious report made for the purpose of influencing an election. roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, &c, upon which a bird rests at night; number of fowls resting together: v.i. to sit or sleep upon a perch, &c. ; lodge. rooster ('er), n. the domestic cock. root (root), n. that part of a plant that descends and fixes itself in the earth by which the plant is nour- ished; edible root; anything resem- bling a root; foundation; basis, or origin; fundamental note of any chord [music]; that quantity which multiplied by itself produces a given quantity; the part of a word which expresses its primary or essential meaning, as distinguished from a derivative: v.t. to fix by the root; plant in the earth; implant deeply; to dig or burrow with the snout; eradicate (with out): v.i. to take root. rootlet (let), n. a radicle. rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually over one inch in circumference, of several strands twisted together; small cable; halter; series of things connected: v.t. to fasten or draw with a rope; curb (a harse) so as to prevent him winning a race: v.i, to draw into viscous threads. ropiness ('i-nes), n. tendency to draw out into viscous filaments; partial viscosity. ropy ('i), adj. like a rope; viscous. Roquefort (rok'for), n. a French mold-streaked cheese made from ewe's milk. rorqual (rorliwal), ». a whale with dorsal fins. rosaceous (ro-za'shus), adi. composed of several petals arranged in a cir- cular form; consisting of roses. rosary ('za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries (-riz) ], a garland or chaplet; a string of threaded beads by which prayers are counted; the prayers repeated as thus counted. rose (roz), n. a plant of the genus Rosa or its well-knovvn flower; rose- color; knot of ribbons; rosette; a perforated nozzle: p.t. of rise. roseate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose-colored; rose-like; blooming. rose-diamond _ ('dl-a-mund) , n. a diamond cut into 24 triangular fa- cets. rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a sweet- smelling evergreen shrub from which an aromatic water is distilled. rosette (-et')> n. a cluster of ribbons arranged like a rose. rose-window ('win-do), n. a circu- lar window with compartments branching from the center. rosewood ('wood), n. a Brazilian wood used as a veneer. rosily ('i-li), adv. with a rosy glow. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. ROSIN 752 ROUND rosin (roz'in), n. another form of resin; specifically, inspissated tur- pentine : v.t. to rub with rosin. ross (ros), n. the outer rough bark of trees; tan bark: v.t. to remove the outer bark or rough surface of. roster ('ter), n. list or muster-roll showing how the duties of military officers, regiments, &c, are regu- lated. rostral ('tral), adj. pertaining to, or like, a beak. rostrate ('trat), adj. furnished with a beak or beak-like process. rostrum ('tram), n. [pi. rostrums ('trumz), or rostra < ('tra) ], the beak of a bird; in ancient Rome, a pulpit or elevated platform in the Forum, adorned with the beaks or prows of ships taken from the ene- my, and from which orators, &c, addressed the people: hence a pulpit or platform; prow of an ancient war vessel. rosy (rdz'i), adj. like a rose; red; blooming; charming; very favorable. rot (rot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rotted, p.pr. rotting], to putrefy or become de- composed; decay: v.t. to make pu- trid or corrupt: n. putrefaction; de- composition; nonsense. rotary (ro'ta-ri), adj. turning on an axis; pertaining to rotation. Also rotatory. rotate ('tat), v.t. to revolve on, or as on, an axis; cause to turn: v.i. to turn round like a wheel: adj. wheel- shaped. rotation (-ta/shun), ft. the act of turning round on an axis, like a wheel; regular succession. rotative ('ta-tiv), adj. revolving. rotator ('ter), n. that which imparts a circular motion; a muscle having such power. rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri). Same as rotary. rote (rot), n. mechanical repetition, or learning without understanding. rotisserie (ro'ti-se-re'), n. place where fowl are roasted whole. rotor (r5'ter), ft. the part of a dyna- mo which rotates. rotten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; decom- posed; unsound; untrustworthy. rottenstone (-ston), n. a soft stone used as a polishing powder. rotund (ro-tund'), adj. spherical. rotunda (-tun'da), n. a circular domed building. Also rotundo. rotundity ('di-ti), n. roundness. rouble (roo'bl), adj. a Russian silver coin of varying value, used as a monetary unit (about 77 cents). roue (-a/), n. a fashionable sensual- ist; confirmed rake; debauchee. rouge (roozh), n. a cosmetic of red color used for imparting a tint to the cheeks and lips; a land of lake color: v.i. to color or paint with . rouge. rouge-et-noir (-a-nwar'), 'ft. a gam- bling game played with cards and a table marked with two black and two red diamond-shaped spots. rough (ruf), adj. having inequalities on the suface; rugged; not smooth or plane; uneven; uncut; unpol- ished; harsh to the ear; uncivil; austere; cruel; unfeeling; violent; boisterous; hard-featured; shaggy; vague: adv. rougnly: v.t. to shape out roughly; furnish (a horse) with roughened shoes; break in (a horse). roughen ('en), v.t. to make rough: v.i. to become rough. roulade (roo-lad'), n. a flourish or rapid movement [music]. rouleau (-lo'), n. a little roll, espe- cially of coins made up in paper. roulette (-let'), n. a game of chance played with a ^revolving disc and ball; a wheeled instrument for mak- ing dotted lines. rounce (rouns), ft. the handle of a printing press. round (round), adj. circular; spheri- cal; globular; cylindrical; plump; corpulent; whole; considerable; large: adv. on all sides; circularly; from one side or party to another: n. a, circle, sphere, or globe; circuit or tour; routine; step of a ladder; con- stantly recurring series; cycle; round dance; accustomed walk; volley of 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then;. ROUNDABOUT 753 ROYALIST r firearms; a song in which all the company take part: prep, about; on every side of; around: v .t. to make round; travel or pass round: v.i. to go the rounds, as a patrol, &c; grow or become round. roundabout ('a-bout), adj. indirect; encompassing: n. a merry-go-round; a short coat or jacket. roundel (roun'del), n. a circle; roun- delay; a small circular Norman shield; semi-circular bastion. roundelay ('de-la), Ji. an ancient song or dance in which the passages are repeated. roundhand (round'hand), n. pen- manship in well-rounded letters. Roundhead ('hed), n. a contemptu- ous epithet applied to the Puritans by the Cavaliers, from the close-cut hair of the former. roundhouse ('hous), n. formerly a watch-house; the cabin on the after part of a ship's deck; a building having stalls for the housing of loco- motives. roundly ('li), adv. in a round form straightforwardly. round number (num'ber), n. a num- ber divisible by 10. round-robin ('rob-in), n. a petition having the signatures written in a circle so as not to show who signed it first. roundsman {'z-man) n. a police in- spector who visits the officers on their beats. round- tower ([tow-er), n. an ancient circular tapering tower, as in Ire- land, with a conical top, usually near a church or monastery. rouse (rouz), v.t to awaken; stir to thought or action; drive (game) from a covert. rousing ('ing), p. adj. stirring; ex- citing; startling; exceeding. roust (roust), v.t. to disturb. roustabout » ('a-bout), n. an idler or loafer, a laborer on a steam vessel. rout (rout), n. total defeat and flight of an army, resulting disorder from such defeat, tumultous crowd; up- roar; a large evening party; the at- tempt of three or more persons to avenge some common wrong by an illegal act: v.t. to defeat and put to disorderly flight. route (root), n. way or road trav- eled; course; journey; march. routine (roo-ten'), n. course of busi- ness or official duties regularly pur- sued; regular habit or practice. roux (roo), n. a thickening for soups, &c, of melted butter and flour. rove (rov), v.i. to wander or ramble: v.t draw through an eye. rover ('er) n. a robber; wanderer; fickle person roving ('ing) p. adj. rambling. row (ro) n. line; file, or rank; ex- cursion in a row-boat; noisy dis- turbance (rou): v.i. to labor with an oar; be impelled by oars: v.t. to impel by means of oars: as to row a boat. rowan (rou'an), n. the mountain-ash. Also roan. rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, riotous fellow; adj. rough and riotous. rowdyism (-izm), n. rude, riotous conduct ; blackguardism . rowel ('el), n. the small sharp-point- ed wheel of a spur; flat ring on a horse's bit. rowen ('en), n. aftermath. rowlock m (ro'lok), n. the crutch or hollow in the gunwale of a boat in which the oar rests in rowing. royal (roi'al), adj. pertaining to a king or to the crown; befitting or like a king; majestic; kingly; no- ble; magnificent; specially patron- ized or founded by a king, or in his service: n. a size of paper, 25 x 20 in. , one of the shoots of a stag's head; the highest sail of a ship; a gold coin formerly current in England: pi. the first regiment of foot in the British army (with the). royalism (-izm), n. adherence to the principles or cause of royalty or government by a king. royalist (-ist), n an adherent of a king or government by a king ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then* Die. 48 ^ ROYALLY 754 RUDIMENTARY royally (-li), adv. in a royal man- ner. royalty ('al-ti), n. [pi. royalties (-tiz) ], the character, or status, of a king; person of a king or sover- eign; a certain sum paid to the crown or other proprietor on the produce of a mine, &c; a percent- age for the use of a patent or copy- right; royal manor. Royston-crow (rois'ton-kro), n. the hooded crow. rub (rub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. rubbed, p.pr. rubbing], to apply pressure wich motion to the surface of; clean or scour; wipe; polish: v.i. to make a friction; get through difficulties; fret: n. the act of rubbing; that which is rubbed; friction; obstruc- tion; pinch; jibe. rubber ('er), n. one who, or that which, rubs; india-rubber; coarse file or whetstone; in card-playing, two games out of three, or the win- ning game: v.i. to pry. rubbish ('ish), n. mixed or waste fragments; ruins of buildings; any mingled mass; anything of no value; nonsense. rubble ('\), n. rough undressed stone; builders' rubbish. rubescent (roo-bes'ent), adj. becom- ing red. rubican Cbi-kan), adj. noting a bay, or grey-black color, with white or light-grey on the flanks: said of a horse. rubicon (roo'bi-kon), n. a small stream which served as the bound- ary between Italy and Gaul; when Caesar crossed it with his army and stood on Roman soil, civil war with Pompey became inevitable; hence, any step that once taken cannot be recalled. rubicund ('bi-kund), adj. inclined to red. rubidium (-bid'i-um), n. a metallic element. rubied Cbid), adj. ruby-colored. rubigo ('bi-go), n. rust or mildew on plants. rubric Conk), n. the directions for liturgical use in prayer-books, for- merly printed in red; title or direc- tion printed in red: v.t. to rubri- cate: adj. pertaining to, or marked in, rubrics: red. rubricate ('bri-kat), v.t. to mark, or distinguish, with red. ruby ('bi), n. [pi. rubies (-biz) ], a precious stone, varying in color from carmine-red to crimson; a size of type used in England, sm ler than nonpareil and larger tha 1 pearl. rouche _ (roosh) n. frilled 11 plaited lace, silk, &c, for edging dresses, &c. Also niching: v.t. to make, or ornament with, a ruche. ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or crease: n. a wrinkle or crease; a heap; a fag-end; the crowd of horses that come in at the end of a race. ruction ('shun), n. a row; disturb- ance. rudd (rud), n. a red-eyed fresh-water fish. rudder ('er), n. the frame of wood or metal by which a vessel is steered; anything that directs or governs. ruddiness ('i-nes), n. redness of complexion denoting perfect health; redness. ruddle ('1), n. red ochre. _ ruddock ('ok), n. the robin red-breast. ruddy ('i), adj. approaching to red- ness; florid; fresh-colored; flesh- colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ruddied, p.pr. ruddying], to make ruddy. rude (rood), adj. [comp. ruder, superl. rudest], rough; barbarous; unculti- vated; harsh; ignorant; unpolite; tempestuous; robust; strong; rug- ged; crude. rudely (li), adv. in a rude manner. rudeness ('nes), n. the state of being rude; rude conduct; incivility; un- skilfulness. # rudiment ('i-ment), n. first princi- ple; anything in its first or unde- veloped state: v.t. to instruct in first principles. rudimentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, or containing, first prin- fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RUE 755 RUMOR ciples; in an undeveloped state. also rudimental. rue (roo), v.t. to lament or be sorry for; repent of: n. an herb of bitter taste and strong odor, used as a medicine. rueful ('fool), adj. mournful; sad. ruefully (-li), adv. mournfully; sadly. ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled collar; anything plaited; a small fresh- water fish (also ruffe); a kind of snipe (Fern, reeve) ; a kind of pigeon: v.t. to disorder or ruffle; trump at whist instead of following suit. ruffian ('i-an), n. a brutal, boisterous fellow; any base, low character, as a robber, &c.~ ruffle (1), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, or disarrange; furnish or adorn with ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. to grow rough or turbulent; flutter; be in disorder: n. a plaited article of dress; agitation; discomposure; low roll of a drum. rufous (roo-fus), adj. yellowish-red. rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor cov- ering, usually of a textile heavier than carpeting; a coarse warm nap- py woolen cloth, used as a coverlet or wrap. rugae ('je), n.pl. wrinkles. rugate (roo'gat), ad?. wrinkled ;ridged. Also rugose, rugous. rugged (rug'ed), adj. having an un- even surface; rough; shaggy; bru- tal; uncouth; crabbed. ruin (roo'in), n. overthrow; destruc- tion; downfall; loss of happiness; cause of destruction or decay; ruined building, &c: v.t. to pull down, destroy, subvert, overthrow, or impoverish. ruined ('ind), adj. demolished; de- stroyed; decayed. ruinous ('us), adj. fallen into ruin; decayed; consisting of ruins; de- structive; hurtful. rule (rool), n. standard or guide; maxim or precept; government; law or regulation; canon; an instru- ment for drawing lines; method of performing an operation; order made between parties to a suit on motion, or to regulate the practice of a court: v.t. to govern or control, settle as by a rule; manage or restrain; establish by a decision; mark with lines: v.i. to decide; excercise superior authority. rule-of -reason (rool-ov-re'zn) , n. a decision by Chief Justice White that a court in determining an issue should apply a reasonable, rather than a literal, construction of laws bearing upon it. ruler ('er), n. one who rules or gov- erns; an instrument for ruling lines. ruling ('ing), p. adj. governing or having control; marking with lines; predominant: n. a rule laid down by a judge or court. rum (rum), n. spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar- cane: adj. strange; odd. rumble ('bl), v.i. to make a low, heavy, continued sound: n. a rum- bling sound; seat for servants behind a carriage. rumbling ('bling), adj. making a rumble: n. same as rumble. rumen (roo'men), n. the first stom- ach of a ruminant animal. ruminant ('mi-nant), adj. chewing the cud: n. an animal that chews the cud. ruminate ('mi-nat), v.i. to chew the cud; meditate or muse; ponder: v.t. to chew again. rumination (-na'shun), n. the act of chewing the cud; meditation. ruminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who muses or meditates on any subject. rummage (rum'aj), v.t. to search carefully for; ransack: v.i. to make a careful search: n. careful search- ing. rummage sale (sal), n. a sale of unclaimed goods at the docks or at a warehouse, &c; sale of miscel- laneous articles for a charitable object. rumor (roo'mer), n. popular report; current story: v.t. to circulate by report. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nQrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RUMP 756 RUST rump (rump), n. the end of the back- bone of an animal, with its adja- cent parts; buttocks; fag-end. rumple (rum'pl), n. a fold or plait: v.t. to fold or plait; make uneven. rumpus ('pus), n. great disturbance. run (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. run, p.pr. running], to pass quickly with the legs over the ground; extend; move swiftly; flee for escape; contend in a race; sail; flow; melt; pass; shoot; discharge matter; make sud- den pressing demands; continue in time: v.t. to cause to move swiftly; push; force; fuse or melt; smuggle; start as a candidate; pursue in thought: n. the act of running; course run; flow or discharge; free access; distance sailed; sudden pressing de- mand; pair of millstones; prevalence; large grazing ground; in cricket, dis- tance run between the wickets. runagate ('a-gat), n. a fugitive; runcinate ('si-nat), adj. having the lobes (of a leaf) convex before and straight behind. rundle ('dl), n. the step'of a ladder. runes (roonz), n.pl. runic letters or poetry. rung ixung), p.t. of ring: n. step of a ladder; a floor-timber in a ship; spar. runic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, runes: n. the alphabet of the earliest Teutonic nations, the letters of which consisted principally of straight lines. runlet (run 'let), n. a rivulet; a small barrel containing about 18 gals. runnel ('el), n. a little brook. runner ('er), n. one who runs; racer; messenger; keel to support a sleigh; roller; slender, prostrate, shooting sprig; revolving millstone; rope to increase the mechanical power of a running ('ing), adj. moving swiftly; kept for a race; being in motion; continuous; discharging pus: n. the act of moving swiftly; that which runs or flows; discharge of pus. runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal; stump. rupee (roo-pe'), n. an East Indian coin, worth about 48 cents. rupture (rup'tur), n. the act of burst- ing or breaking; state of being broken or violently burst asunder; breach or interruption of friendly relations; hernia: v.t. to burst or break vio- lently asunder; to affect with hernia: v.i. to suffer a breach or disruption. rural (roo'ral), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country or ag- riculture; rustic. rural dean (den), n. an ecclesiastic having the supervision of the church- es in a rural deanery or district. ruralist ('ral-ist), n. one who leads a rural life. ruralize ('ral-iz), v.t. to render ru- ral: v.i. to become rural. rurally (-li), adv. as in the country. ruse (rooz), n. a trick; stratagem. rush (rush)^ v.i. to move or press forward with impetuosity; enter with undue eagerness: n. a driving forward with eagerness and haste; a plant of many species growing on wet ground; anything worthless or of little value. rush-line (rush'lin), n. the charging or first line of players in football. rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light biscuit. Russ. Same as Russian. russet (rus'et), adj. reddish-brown; homespun; coarse: n. russet color; homespun cloth; a variety of apple. russety ('et-i), adj. russet-colored. Russia leather (rush'a leth'er), n. a strong soft leather prepared from the hides of sheep and cattle steeped in birch-oil. Russianization (rush'an-i-za/shun), n. rendering subordinate to Russia in character or government; Russian- izing. rust (rust), n. the reddish matter formed on iron and steel: red oxide of iron; anything resembling rust; mildew on cereals; loss of power by inactivity: v.i. to contract rust; de- generate in idleness: v.t. to > cause to contract rust; impair by time or inactivity. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. RUSTIC 757 RYOT rustic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the country; ru- ral; artless; unpolished; unadorned: n. a countryman; peasant. rustically (-a-li), adv. in a rural manner. rusticalness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being rustic; rudeness. rusticate ('i-kat), v.i. to reside in the country: v.t. to banish for a time from college. [rustication (-ka'shun), n. residence in the country; temporary banish- ment from a college. rusticity (-tis'i-ti), n. rural manners or simplicity; rudeness. rustily (rust'i-li), adv. in a rusty condition. rustiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being rusty. rustle (rus'l), v.i. to make a soft whispering sound, as the rubbing together of silk or dry leaves; to bestir one's self: n. a rustling. rustler ('ler), n. one who rustles; an enterprising, successful man. rustling ('ling), n. the soft whisper- ing sound made by rubbing silk or dry leaves together; rustle. rusty (rust'i-), adj. covered with rust; impaired by inactivity ;rust-colored. rut (rut) n. the copulation and sex- ual desire of deer and certain other animals; the track of a wheel; groove or hollow: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be moved with sexual desire, as deer, &c: v.t, to cut into ruts. rutabaga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a variety of turnip larger than the common turnip and of a yellowish color. ruth (rooth), n. pity; compasson; tenderness; sorrow. ruthenium (roo-the'ni-um), n. a metallic element extracted from platinum ore. ' ruthless ('les), adj. cruel; pitiless. rutilant ('til-ant), adj. shining. rutile ('til), n. red oxide of titanium. ruttish (rut'ish), adj. lustful; wanton. rye (ri), n. a hardy cereal. ryot (rl'ot), n. an East Indian farmer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. s S, the 19th letter of the English al- phabet; a chemical symbol for sul- phur. sabaoth (sa-ba/oth), n.pl. armies; hosts. Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta/ri-an), adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarianism: n. a rigid observer of the Sabbath; one who keeps the Sabbath on the seventh day. Sabbatarianism (-izm), n. the ten- ets and practices of the Sabbata- rians. Sabbath ('ath), n. the seventh day of the week, observed by the Jews as a day of rest, commencing from sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday; the Christian Sunday; Sabbatical year. Sabbatical (-at'i-kal), adj. pertaining to or resembling the Sabbath. Also Sabbatic. Sabbatical year (yer), n. among the ancient Jews, every seventh year, in which the lands and vine- yards of the Israelites were allowed to remain fallow. saber, sabre (sa'ber), n. a cavalry sword: v.t. to cut, wound, or kill with, or as with, a saber. Sabian (sa/bi-an), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, Sabianism. Sabianism (-izm), n. the worship of the heavenly hosts, as symbolical of the Deity. Sabine "bin), adj. pertaining to an Italian -ace, subsequently merged into the Roman. sable sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel valued for its handsome, dark, glossy fur: in heraldry, black: pi. mourn- ing dress : adj. dark-colored ; black. sabot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe worn by the peasantry of France, &c. sabotage (sa-bo'taj) ; n. a system adopted by certain industrial work- ers to force demands without strik- ing by reducing efficiency. sac (sak), n. a membranous pouch; cyst. sabulite (sab'u-lit), n. a new explos- ive invented in Belgium, said to be a mechanical mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluol, and the new electric furnace product known as calcium silicide; claimed to be from 30 to 50 per cent more powerful than dynamite, and so safe that only a detonating cap explodes _ it. Its fumes are harmless and it can be hammered or bored with red hot iron, or shot into with rifle balls without exploding. ^ It does not freeze or deteriorate if dry. saccade (sak-ad'), ri. a sudden check with the bridle; strong pressure of the bow of a violin against the strings. saccharine ('a-rin), adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar: n. the uncrystallized sugar of maltwort. saccharize ('a-riz), v.t. ^ to convert into sugar. Also saccharify. saccharoid ('a-roid), adj. having a texture resembling loaf-sugar. saccharometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an instrument for determining the quan- tity of sugar in liquids. saccholactic (-o-lak'tik), adj. ob- tained from the sugar of milk; mu- cic acid. saccharolytic (sak'a-ro-lit'ik), adj. having the power to split up the sugar molecule chemically. Ete, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (758) SACCULE 759 SADDLE-BOW saccule ('til), n. a little sac or cyst. sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), adj. per- taining to priests or to the priest- hood; priestly. sacerdotalism (-izm), n. sacerdotal spirit or system; tendency to em- phasize the priestly office or its sa- cred character. sacerdotally (-li), adv. in a sacer- dotal manner. sachem (sa/chem), n. a North Amer- ican Indian chief. sachet (sa-sha/), n. a small bag or cushion filled with a perfume. sack (sak), n. a bag or pouch, espe- cially a large coarse bag for holding grain, &c; quantity contained by a sack;_ loose garment or cloak; a Spanish dry wine; plunder or pil- lage by soldiery of a town taken by storm; dismissal (with the)', v.t. to plunder or pillage; ravage; put into sacks; dismiss from service. sackbut ('but), n. an ancient musi- cal instrument of the lyre kind; a kind of trombone. sackcloth ('kloth), n. coarse mate- rial of which sacks are made; coarse rough cloth worn as a token of mourning. sackful ('fool), n. the quantity a sack will hold. sacking ('ing), n. coarse material used for making sacks. sacrament ('ra-ment), n. a sign or pledge of grace; an outward and visible sign of an inward and spir- itual grace, instituted by Jesus Christ; holy baptism, the Eucharist, Lord's Supper. sacramental (-ment'al), adj. per- taining to, or constituting, a sacra- ment; solemnly pledged. sacramentally (-li), adv. in a sac- ramental manner. sacred (sa'kred), adj. pertaining to religion or to religious uses; con- secrated; inviolable. sacrifice ('ri-fis), n. the act of sac- rificing or offering to a deity, es- pecially a victim on an altar; that which is so offered; destruction or giving up one thing for another; goods sold at a loss: v.t. to offer to God or a deity in worship; destroy or surrender to gain some other object; devote with loss; kill; sell at a loss: v.i. to offer sacrifice. sacrificial (-ri-fish'al), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting in, or offering, sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. sacrificially (-li), adv. by sacrifice. sacrilege ('ri-lej), n. the crime of appropriating to one's self or to sec- ular use what is consecrated to God or religion; breaking into a church and committing felony. sacrilegious (-le'ius), adj. violating sacred things; guilty of sacrilege; profane. sacrilegist ('ri-le-jist), n. one guilty of sacrilege. sacring-bell (sa/kring-bel), n. the sanctus-bell, rung when the Host is elevated at high mass. sacrist (sa'krist), n. cathedral offi- cial who copies the music for the choir; minor canon; sacristan. sacristan (sak'ris-tan), n. one who has the care of church vessels and movables. sacristy ('is-ti), n. an apartment in a church where the sacred vessels, vestments, &c, are kept; vestry. sacrosanct ('ro-sangkt), adj. pre- eminently sacred or inviolable. sacrum (sa/krum), n. a triangular- shaped bone at the base of the ver- tebral column. sad (sad), adj. [comp. sadder, superl. saddest], full of grief; mournful; sorrowful; sober or sedate; dark- colored. sadden ('n), v.t. to make sad or sorrow- ful; tone down: v.i. to become sad. saddle ('1), n. ^ a seat, usually of leather, for riding on horseback; anything resembling a saddle; block of wood nailed to the lower yard arm: v.t. to place a saddle upon, burden or embarrass. saddle-bow (-bo), n. the pieces which form the pommel or arched part of a saddle. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SADDLERY 760 SAINT saddlery ('ler-i), n. the business of a saddler; articles made by a sad- dler. Sadducean (-u-se'lln), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, theSadducees. Sadducee ('u-se), n. one of the an- cient Jewish sect or school that ad- hered to the written law and denied the resurrection of the dead. safari (sa-far'e), n. Arabic term for an expedition of whatever character. _ safe (saf), adj. free from danger, in- jury, or damage, secure; securing from harm; no longer dangerous; sound; sure: n. a fire- or burglar- proof iron chest; cupboard. safe-conduct (-kon'dukt), n. a guard or passport which ensures a safe passage. safeguard ('gard), n. one who, or that which, guards or protects; de- fense; protective warrant granted to a foreigner: v.t. to proteet or guard safely. safely ('li), adv. in a safe manner. safety ('ti), n. freedom from danger, injury, or damage; safe keeping; a bicycle with medium-sized wheels of equal height. safety-lamp (-lamp), n. a wire- gauze covered lamp used in mines. safety-valve (-valv), n. an automatic valve in a boiler which opens when the steam exceeds a certain pressure. saffron (saf 'run), n. a bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, the dried stig- mas of which yield a deep yellow dye; deep yellow: adj. saffron-colored. sag (sag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sagged, p.pr. sagging], to sink down or yield; incline from an upright or horizontal position; incline to lee- ward: v.t. to cause to give way or incline. sagacious (sa-ga/shus), adj. mentally quick and discerning; judicious; wise; acute. sagacity (-gas'i-ti), n. ■ a^ readiness of apprehension; discriminative in- telligence; acute practical judgment. sagamore (sag'a-m5r), n. a North American Indian chief. sagas (sa/gaz), n.pl. a class of prose epics embodying the myths and he- roic tales of the ancient Scandi- navians sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; well-judged; discriminating; charac- terized by wisdom; grave: n. a man of experienced wisdom and of ven~ erable age; an aromatic herb. sagely ('liV, adv. in a sage manner. sageness ('nes), n. wisdom; sagacity. sago (sa/go), n. a kind of granulated food-starch from the pith of certain palms. sagoin. Same as saguin. saguaro (sa-gwar'o), n. the giant cactus of Mexico. saguin (sag'win), n. a South Ameri- can monkey. Also sagoin, sagouin. sagum (sa/gum), n. an ancient Roman military cloak. sahib (sa'ib), n. a term of address used in India and Persia to a Euro- pean gentleman. saic (sa'ik), n. a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. saiga (sl'ga), n. the antelope of the Russian steppes. sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas spread to catch the wind by means of which a vessel is driven forward in the water; ship or vessel; an excursion in some vessel: v.i. to be moved by a sail or sails; commence a voyage; swim; glide through the air; pass smoothly along: v.t. to pass over in a ship; navigate. sailer ('er), n. a vessel that sails, with special reference to its speed, or manner of sailing. sailing ('ing), n. the art of naviga- tion; the act of moving through water, or of setting sail. sailor ('er), n. a mariner; seaman. saint (sant), n. a holy or sanctified person; one eminent i for piety and virtue, especially one canonized by the Church of Rome; one blessed in heaven: pi. a name applied to them- selves by the Mormons: v.t. to can- onize: v.i. to act as a saint. 5te„ &rm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAINTED 761 SALMON-TROUT sainted ('ed), p.p. canonized: adj. pious; holy; departed to heaven. saintliness ('li-nes), n. the quality of being saintly. saintly ('li), adj. like, or befitting, a saint. saiva (si'va), n. a devotee of the deity Siva. sajou (sa'joo), n. a South American monkey. sake (sak), n. end; purpose; cause; account; regard; reason. saki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice-beer; a South American monkey, with a non-prehensile hairy tail. sal, a prefix meaning salt, as sal- volatile, aromatic spirit of ammonia. salaam (sa-lam'), n. an Oriental form of salutation or respect, mean- ing "peace." salable (sal'a-bl), adj. marketable. salacious (sa-la'shus), adj. lustful; impure. salacity (-las'i-ti), n. lustf illness. Also salaciousness. salad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut up and dressed with vinegar, oil, &c. salad-days 'daz), n.pl. years of youthful inexperience. salamander ('a-man-der), n. an am- phibious animal resembling a newt, and fabled by the ancients to live in fire. salamandrine ('drin), adj. resem- bling a salamander; fire-resisting or -enduring. salaried (sal'a-rid), p. adj. having a salary. salary ('a-ri), n. recompense, usually periodically, for services rendered; stipend. sale (sal), n. the act of selling; ex- change of a commodity for an agreed price; market; auction; demand. Salic law (sal'ik law), n. the law of the Salian Franks excluding females from the succession to the French throne. salicin ('i-sin), n. a bitter substance extracted from the willow and pop- lar: the acid (salicylic acid) is used as an antiseptic. salience (sali-ens), n. the state of being salient. salient ('h-enf), adj. leaping; prom- inent; noting any angle less than two right angles; in heraldry, in a leaping position: n. advanced posi- tion in a battle line. saliferous (sa-lif'er-us), adj. yield- ing salt. salina (sa-li'na), n. a salt-marsh; salt-works. salina tion (sal-i-na/shun), n. the act of steeping or washing in salt liquor. saline (sa/lin), adj. consisting of, containing, or like, salt: n. a salt- sprjng. saliva _ (sa-li'va), n.the watery fluid or spittle secreted in the mouth. salival < ('val), adj. pertaining to or secreting saliva. Also salivary. salivant (sal'i-vant), adj. exciting salivation. salivate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to produce an abnormal secretion in the mouth of. salivation (-va/shun), n. producing an abnormal secretion of saliva. sallet (sal'et), n. a light helmet. sallow ('o), adj. of a pale, sickly, yellow color; a small tree of the willow kind. sally (T), n. [pi. sallies ('iz)J, a sud- den rushing forth of troops to attack the besiegers; sudden outburst of wit or fancy; excursion; wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sallied, p.pr. sally- ing], to rush out as troops from a besieged town; issue or rush forth suddenly. sallyport (-port), n. a postern or pass- age for troops to sally out. salmagundi (-ma-gun'di), n. a com- pound of chopped meats with other ingredients, seasoned, &c. ; medley. salmi ('mi), n. a ragout of roasted game and other ingredients stewed in wine. Salmis. salmon (sam'un), n. a marine fish of the genus Salmo, which ascends fresh-water rivers to spawn. salmon-peel (-pel), n. a young sal- mon. salmon-trout (-trout), n. a sea- fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. SALON 762 SAL-VOLATILE trout, resembling the salmon, but of smaller size. salon (sa-16ng'), n. a saloon; fine art gallery: pi. fashionable circles or assemblages [French]. saloon (sa-loon'), n. a hall or state apartment; large reception room; fine art exhibition; bar-room or grogshop. salpicon (sal'pi-kon), n. chopped meat, bread, and vegetables, re- cooked in sauce. salpinx (sal'pingks), n. the eusta- chian tube. salprunella (-proo-nel'a), n. nitrate of potash fused and cast into ball». salsify (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of the aster family, which from the flavor of its edible root is called oyster- plant and vegetable oyster. salt (sawlt), n. t chloride of sodium, used for seasoning and the preserva- tion of meat, &c, obtained from the earth or by the evaporation of sea water; anj^thing like salt; the com- bination of an acid with a base; wit; piquancy; a sailor: v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: adj. flavored, seasoned, or impregnated, with salt. saltant (sal'tant), adj. leaping; danc- ing; in heraldry, same as salient. saltarello (sal-ta-rel'o), n. a viva- cious Spanish and Italian dance; music for such a dance. saltation (-ta'shun), n. a leaping or dancing. saltatory ('ta-to-ri), adj. dancing. saltern (sawl'tern), n. a salt manu- factory. saltier, saltire (sal'ter), n. a St. Andrew's cross. saltish (sawl'tish), adj. somewhat salt. salt less (les), adj. without salt; in- sipid. salubrious (sa-loo'bri-us), adj. healthy. salubrity Cbri-ti), n. healthfulness. Also salubriousness. salutarily (sal'u-ta-ri-li), adj. in a salutary manner. salutariness ('u-ta-ri-nes), n. the state or quality of being salutary. salutary ('u-ta-ri), adj. healthful; wholesome; beneficent. salutation (-u-ta'shun), n. act or manner of saluting; greeting, or act of paying respect. salutatory (sa-lu'ta-to-ri), adj. salut- ing; greeting: n. the opening ora- tion at the commencement in Ameri- can schools and colleges; any ad- dress of welcome. salute (-lut), n. a mark of military respect shown by raising the hand to the helmet, &c; a kiss; greeting; salvo of artillery, lowering of a flag, &c, as a mark of honor: v.t. to ad- dress with kind wishes; welcome; greet with a kiss or bow; honor by a salvo of artillery, lowering a flag, &c: v.i. to make a salute. salvability _ (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being salvable. sal v able ('va-bl), adj. capable of be- ing saved. salvage (-vaj), n. compensation given to those who assist at saving a ves- sel or cargo at sea; the goods or vessel saved. salvarsan (sal'var-san) , n. an arsensic compound invented by Ehrlieh and used as a specific in the treatment of syphilis; the drug is popularly known as "606." salvation (-va/shun), n. the act of saving; preservation from destruc- tion; rescue; spiritual deliverance from sin and death. Salvation Army _ (ar'mi), n. a re- ligious organization formed on a quasi-military model. Salvationist (-ist), n. a member of the Salvation Army. salve (sav), n. a healing ointment; a remedy or soothing application. salver (sal'ver), n. a tray on which anything is presented. salvo (Vo), n. a discharge of a num- ber of pieces of artillery, intended as a salute; general; simultaneous cheering; an exception or reservation. sal-volatile. See under sal. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SALVOR 763 SAND-BLAST salvor (ver), n. one who effects the salvage of goods, &c. Samaritan (sa-mar-i-tan) , n. a na- tive of Samaria; a kind, charitable person (Luke x, 30-37). sambo (sam'bo), n. the offspring of a black and a mulatto; negro. Sam Brown Belt, n. belt worn by commissioned officers in world war and later adopted as part of regular uniform. sambur ('ber), n. the elk of the hill- country of India. same (sam), adj. identical in kind or degree; exactly alike; before-men- tioned. sameness ('nes), n. identity; simi- larity. samover (sam'o-var), n. a Russian tea-urn. samp (samp), n. hulled Indian corn. sampan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese fishing boat, frequently used as a residence. samphire ('fer), n. a marine plant growing usually on cliffs, and used as a pickle. sample Cpl), n. a specimen; model; pattern; part shown as indicative of the quality of the whole: v.t. to show something similar; take a sample of. sampler ('pier), n. a pattern; a piece of ornamental needlework for practice, &c. sample-room (room), n. a dram- shop; room for displaying goods. capability (san-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being sane. Also sanableness. sanable ('a-bl), adj. curable. sanativeness ('a-tiv-nes), n. power of healing. sanatorium (-to'ri-um), n. a health retreat; an institution for the care of invalids or the treatment of par- ticular diseases. sanatory ('a-to-ri), adj. conducive to health. sanctification (sangk-ti-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of sanctifying; state of being sanctified; consecration. sanctifier ('ti-fl-er), n. one who sanctifies. sanctimonious (-ti-mo'ni-us), adj. having the appearance of, or affect- ing, sanctity; hypocritical. sanction ('shun), n. the act of rati- fying, or giving authority to; au- thority; custom: v.t. to give sanc- tion to; countenance. sanctitude ('ti-tiid), n. holiness. sanctity ('ti-ti), n. purity; inviola- bility; sacredness; solemnity; a saint. sanctuary ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. sanctu- aries (-riz) ], the most retired and ^acred part of a temple; conse- crated place; temple; part of a church around the altar; inviolable asylum; shelter; refuge. sanctum ('turn), n. a sacred or private place. sanctum sanctorum (-to'rum), n. a most holy place; in the Jewish Temple, the Holy of Holies; a place of the utmost privacy. sanctus bell ('tus bel), n. a bell rung at the more solemn parts of the mass. sand (sand), n. ■ fine particles of crushed or worn rock: pi. tracts of sand; hours or time one has to live: v.t. to sprinkle with sand. sandal (san'dal), n. a kind of shoe fastened by straps to the foot; a loose slipper; the official shoe of a Roman Catholic prelate or abbot. sandaled ('dald), adj. wearing san- dals. sandalwood (-wood), n. a white- colored, odoriferous wood, used in cabinet-making. sandarac ('da-rak), n. a kind of resin or gum, used in varnishes. Also sandarach. sand-binder (sand'bin'der), n. a plant, usually a grass, growing in such a way that its fruits will tend to bind or fix shifting sands. sand-blast (sand'blast), v.t. to act upon with a current of air or steam carrying sand at high velocity, as in etching glass and in cleaning the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAND-BREAST 764 SAP surfaces of metals, stone buildings, &c: ft. the stream of sand thus operating, or the instrument pro- ducing it. sand-breast (sand'brest), ft. a dam or shield in an air-smelting furnace made of sand and fire clay on an iron foundation. sand-cone (sand'kon), ft. a conical projection of glacial ice partly pro- tected from the sun by a covering of sand. sanderling ('der-ling), ft. a small wading-bird. sanders ('derz), ft. red sandalwood. sandiver ('di-ver), ft. a saline scum which forms on glass when fused; glass-gall. sandix ('diks), ft. a kind of red lead. sandpiper (sand'pi-per), ft. a name for various birds of the snipe and woodcock family. sandspit (sand'spit), ft. a sandy point formed by waves and currents and projecting into a body of water. sandwich ('wich),ft.two thin slices of bread with ham, &c, between; any- thing like a sandwich: v.t. to place betweentwo other persons or things. sandy ('i), adj. composed of, abound- ing in, of the color of, or covered with sand; shifting, unstable. sane (san), adj. mentally sound or healthy. saneness ('nes), ft. the state or qual- ity of being sane. sang, p.t. of sing. sangaree (sang-ga-re'), ft. a beverage of wine or brandy and water spiced with nutmeg. sangfroid (sang-frwa/), ft. cool in- difference or composure [French]. sangu ('goo), ft. the Abyssinian ox. sanguiferous (-gwif'er-us), adj. con- veying blood. sanguify ('gwi-fl), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sanguined, p.pr. sanguifying], to form or produce blood: v.t. to con- vert into blood. sanguinary ('gwi-na-ri), adj. at- tended with much bloodshed ;blood- thirsty; murderous; cruel. sanguine ('gwin), adj. warm and ardent in temper; hopeful; confi- dent: ft. blood color: v.t. to stain with blood. sanguinely (-li), adv. in a sanguine manner. sanguineness (-nes), ft. the quality or state of being sanguine; plethora; heat or ardor of temperament; hope- fulness. sanguineous (-gwin'e-us), adj. per- taining to, abounding with, or con- stituting blood; of a blood color. Sanhedrim (san-he'drim), ft. the great judicial council of the ancient Jews, composed of 71 priests, scribes and elders, presided over by the high priest. Also Sanhedrin. sanies (sa'ni-ez), ft. a thin reddish discharge from a wound or sore. sanitarian (san-i-ta'ri-an), adj. of or pertaining to the laws of health having regard to the public health: ft. one versed in, or devoted to sani- tary studies; an advocate or pro- moter of sanitary measures. sanitarium (-ta/ri-um), ft. a sana- torium, especially one where the treatment is prophylactic instead of therapeutic.UAAuW< \ p^., sanitary (san'i-ta-ri), adj.'' pertaining to, connected with, or tending to promote, health, especially by leg- islative enactment; hygienic. sanitation (-ta'shun), ft. hygiene. sanity ('i-ti), ft. saneness. sank, p.t. of sink. sansculotte (sanz-koo-lof), ft. a fel- low without breeches; a term of contempt applied to the French Revolutionists. sansculotterie (-lot're), ft. the French Revolutionists collectively; extreme republicanism. Sanskrit (san'skrit), ft. the ancient language of the Hindus. Also San- scrit. sap (sap), ft. the watery circulating juice of a plant; alburnum of a tree; vital fluid; an excavated trench for approaching a fort; an ardent student :v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sapped, p.pr. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAPID 765 SARDONIC Bapping], to deprive of vitality; un- dermine: v.i. to study ardently, as for an examination; proceed by se- cretly undermining. sapid ('id), adj. savory. sapience (sa/pi-ens), n. knowledge; wisdom. sapient ('pi-ent), adj. wise; saga- cious. sapling (sap 'ling), n. a young tree. sapodilla (-o-dil'a), n. a tropical tree yielding a large fruit, the seeds of which are used in medicine. saponaceous (-5-na'shus), adj. re- sembling, or having the qualities of, soap; unctuous. saponification _ (sa-pon-i-fi-ka'shun), n. conversion into soap. saponify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sa- ponified, p.pr. saponifying] to con- vert into soap by combination with an alkali. sapor i fie (sap-o-rif'ik), adj. produc- ing taste. saporosity (-ros'i-ti), n. that quality in a substance which excites the sensation of taste. sapor o us < ('o-rus), adj. having, or stimulating, flavor. sappan ('an), n. an Asiatic dyewood. Sapan. sapper ('er), n. one who saps; a sol- dier employed in sapping or digging trenches. sapphire (saf'ir), n. a precious stone of a blue color, a variety of corundum. sappiness (sap'i-nes), n. the quality of being sappy. sappy ('i), adj. full of sap; juicy. saprophile (sap'ro-fil), n. a bacterium which requires partially decomposed organic matter for its food. saraband . (sar'a-band), n. a Spanish dance; music for such a dance. Saracen ('a-sen), n. the mediaeval name for an Arab or Mohammedan. Saracenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Saracens. sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, cut- ting, satirical expression. sarcastic (-kas'tik), adj. bitterly sa- tirical. Also sarcastical. sarcastically (-al-li), adv. in a sar- castic manner. sarcine (sar'sin), n. a nitrogenous substance existing in muscular and glandular tissues. sarcocarcinoma (sar'ko-kar-si-no'na) n. a form of tumor containing can- cerous elements. sarcocarp ('ko-karp), n. the fleshy part of a fruit. sarcocol ('ko-kol), n. an inspissated sap or gum-resin of an African tree. Sarcocollin. sarcode ('kod), n. animal protoplasm. sarcoderm ('ko-derm), n. the fleshy layer between the interior and ex- terior covering of a seed. sarcodic _ (-kod'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, sarcode. sarcogenic (sar-ko-jen'ik), adj. form- ing or building up fleshy tissues. sarcoid ('koid), adj. flesh-like. sarcoline ('ko-lin), adj. flesh-colored. sarcolite ('ko-lit), n. a flesh-colored mineral occurring in the volcanic rocks of Vesuvius. sarcological (-loj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to sarcology. sarcology (-kol'o-ji), n. that part of anatomy that treats of the soft parts of the body. sarcoma (-ko'ma), n. el fleshy tumor. Also sarcosis. sarcophagous (-kof'a-gus), adj. feed- ing on flesh. sarcophagus ('a-gus), n. a lime- stone used by the Greeks for coffins; a stone coffin. sarcotic (-kot'ik), adj. flesh-forming. sard (sard), n. a precious stone, a deep blood-red variety of carnelian. sardine (-den'), n. a species of pil- chard, abundant in the Mediterra- nean, and preserved in oil for ex- portation; ('din), a .precious stone mentioned in Rev. iv., the sardius. sardonic (-don'ik), adj. forced, bit- ter, or heartless: said of a laugh or smile; from a Sardinian herb, re- puted to cause convulsive motions of the cheek and lips when eaten. Also sardonian. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SARDONYX 766 SATURDAY sardonyx ('do-niks), n. a variety of agate. sargasso (-gas '5), n. the floating sea- or gulf- weed of the North At- lantic. Also sargassum. sarsaparilla (-sa-pa-riTa), n. a twin- ing shrub found in Mexico, &c, the root of which is used as a medicine. sarsanet (sars'net), n. a thin fine kind of woven silk, used for ribbons, linings, &c. sartorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a tailor. sartorious ('ri-us), n. the muscle of the thigh by means of which the legs can be crossed; the tailor's muscle. sash (sash), n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn round the waist or over the shoulder; a frame for holding panes of glass: v.t. to furnish with sasin (sas'in) , n. the Indian antelope. sassafras ('a-fras), n. a tree allied to the laurel, with a fragrant root, wood, and flowers. sassoline ('o-lin), n. native boracic acid. Also, sassolin. sat, p.t. of sit. Satan (sa'tan), n. the Devil. satanic (-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Satan; diabolical; infernal; very malicious. satanism ('tan-izm), n. the evil dis- position of Satan; a diabolical spirit. satchel (sach'el), n. a small bag for carrying books, papers, &c; any handbag sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the appe- tites or desires of. sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or cot- ton fabric made in imitation of satin. satellite (sat'el-It), n. a small planet revolving round a larger one; an obsequious attendant. satiable (sa'shi-a-bl), adj. capable of being gratified or satiated. satiate ('shi-at), v.t. to fill, or grat- ify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. glutted. satiety (-ti'e-ti), n. fulness of grati- fication beyond desire; repletion. satin (sat'in), n. a closely woven glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, satin. satinet (-ef), n. a thin kind of satin; a glossy cloth woven with wool and cotton made to resemble satin. satiny ('in-i), adj. like satin. satire (sat'Ir), n. a species of poetry in which contemporary vice and folly are held up to ridicule; sar- casm; ridicule. satiric (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, satire; addicted to satire. Also satirical. satirically (-al-li), adv. in a satiric manner. satirist (sat'i-rist), n. a writer of satire; one who satirizes. satirize ('i-rlz), v.t. to assail or ridi- cule with satire. satisfaction (sat-is-fak'shun), n. the act of satisfying; the state of being satisfied; contentment; gratifica- tion; payment; redress; conviction. satisfactory ('to-ri), adj. giving sat- isfaction or content; making re- dress; relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty. satisfy ('is-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. satis- fied, p.pr. satisfying], to gratify to the fullest degree; free from doubt or uncertainty; pay in full; dis- charge: v.i. to give satisfaction; make atonement or payment. ; satrap (sa/trap), n. a kind of viceroy among the ancient Persians. satrapy (-i), n. the government or jurisdiction of a satrap. saturable • (sat'u-ra-bl), adj. capable of being saturated. saturant ('u-rant), adj. impregnat- ing to the full: n. a substance that neutralizes acid in the stomach. saturate ('ii-rat), v.t. to soak or im- bue. saturation (-ra/shun), n. the act of saturating; the state of being sat- urated; impregnation of one sub- stance by another until the latter can contain no more. Saturday ('er-da), n. the 7th day of the week. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SATURN 767 SAVINGLY Saturn (sat'ern), n. the planet next legged reptiles having the body fur- beyond, and next in magnitude to, nished with scales, as the crocodile Jupiter; the ancient Italian god of and lizard. seed-time and harvest. sauroid ('roid), adj. lizard-like. Saturnalia (-er-na'li-a), n. an an- saury ('ri), n. a kind of pike. cient Roman festival in honor of the sausage (saw'saj), n. the gut of an god Saturn, in which all classes, in- animal stuffed with seasoned minced eluding slaves, took part: hence un- meat; minced meat seasoned with restrained revelry. . sage, salt, pepper, &c. Saturnalian ('li-an), adj. pertaining saute (so-ta/), n. a method of cooking to, or cnaracteristic of, the Satur- by tossing the material in a frying nalia; dissolute; riotously mirthful. pan of particular construction. Saturnian ('ni-an), adj. pertaining sauterne (-tern'), n. a French white to, or characteristic of, the god Sat- wine. urn, or to the golden age of purity savable (sav'a-bl), adj. capable of and happiness. being saved. saturnine ('nm), adj. under the in- savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; wild; fluence of the planet Saturn; dull; cruel; fierce; pitiless; uncultivated; morose; gloomy; phlegmatic. enraged: n. a human being in a satyr ('er), n. a sylvan Greek deity, rude, uncivilized state; barbarian; attendant on Bacchus, represented a fierce, brutal person. with long, pointed ears, short horns, savagely (-li), adv. in a savage man- a man's body, and the legs of a goat. ner. sauce (saws), n. a liquid condiment savageness (-nes), n. the state or or seasoning for food; any mixturs quality of being savage; wildness. used as a relish; pertness: v.t. to savagery ('aj-ri), n. the state of be- put sauce into; render pungent; ing wild or uncivilized; barbarism; treat with pertness. brutal roughness. sauce-box ('boks), n. a pert, impu- savannah (sa-van'a), n. an exten- dent person. sive open plain or meadow. Also saucer ('ser), n. a shallow piece of savanna. china, &c, in which a tea or coffee savant (-vang'), n. a man of learning cup is placed. _ or science [French]. saucily (saw'si-li), adv. in a saucy save (sav), v.t. to bring out of dan- manner, ger or preserve from evil; rescue; sauciness ('si-nes), n. impudent pert- deliver from spiritual death; pre- ness or boldness. vent; lay by; take advantage of: saucy ('si), adj.[comp. saucier, su- v.i. to be economical prep, except; perl, sauciest], pert; impudent. _ not including. sauerkraut (sour'krout), n. a pickle saveloy (sav'e-loi), n. a kind of cooked of chopped cabbage packed in layers sausage. with salt between, which causes fer- savin ('in), n. an evergreen tree or mentation. > shrub with a dark foliage with blu- saul (sawl), n. an Indian timber tree ish-green berries: the young leaves used for building purposes, and and branches yield an active volatile yielding the resin called dammar. oil used in medicine. Also savine. saunter (san'ter or sawn'ter), v.i. to saving (sav'ing), adj. preserving; wander about idly; loiter; linger: n. frugal; parsimonious; reserving: n. a place for sauntering, idle walk or an exception or reservation: pi. ramble. money, &c, saved: prep, with ex- saurian (saw'ri-an), n. any individ- ception in favor of. ual of the Sauria, an order of four- savingly (-li), adv. in a saving manner. ate. arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SAVIOR 768 SCALE savior (sav'yer), n, one who saves. Savior, Saviour, n. Jesus Christ, the Redeemer (with the). savoir-faire (sav-war-far'), n. an intuitive knowledge of what is the right thing. savonette (sav-o-nef), n. a hard ball of toilet soap, composed of various ingredients. savor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; rel- ish; scent; characteristic property: v.i. to have a particular flavor or smell; exhibit tokens of: v.t. to taste or smell with delight. savorily ('ver-i-li), adv. in a savory manner. savor iness (-i-nes), n. the quality of being savory. savory ('ver-i), n. an aromatic plant. savoy (sa-voi'), n. a kind of winter cabbage with crisp curled leaves. saw (saw), n. a cutting steel instru- ment with a toothed edge ; a proverb or wise saying: v.t. to cut with, or as with, a saw: v.i. to be cut with a saw: p.t. of see. sawfish ('fish), n. a fish with a long bony snout furnished with spines or teeth. sawfly ('fll), n. an insect with a saw- like apparatus for depositing its eggs. sawyer ('yer), n. one who saws tim- ber into planks; a tree in a river, whose branches, partly above water, sway up and down by the force of the current. saxhorn (saks'horn), n. _ a musical wind instrument, used in military bands. Saxon ('n), adj. pertaining to the Saxons, a race of people formerly inhabiting North Germany, their country or language; Anglo-Saxon: n. a member of the Saxon race. saxophone ('o-fon), n. a brass mu- sical instrument with a single reed and clarinet mouthpiece. say (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said (sed), p.pr. saying], to utter in words; de- clare; speak; decide; allege; pro- nounce; intone: v.i. to speak; relate; answer: imper. tell me: n. something said; speech; remark. saying ('ing), n. the act of speaking; expression; saw; adage. scab (skab), n. an incrustation formed over a wound; a contagious disease in sheep; a workman who refuses to join a strike, or who takes the place abandoned by a striker. scabbard Card), n. the sheath in which the blade of a sword is kept: v.t. to put into a scabbard. scabbiness ('i-nes), n. scabby state. scabby ('i), adj. covered with, or full or, scabs; affected with scab. scabies (ska'bi-ez), n. the itch. scabrous ('brus), adj. rough to the touch; uneven; dotted: scaly. scad (skad) n. the shad or horse- mackerel. scaffold (skaf'old), n. a temporary timber stage or structure; an ele- vated platform for the execution of a criminal: v.t. to furnish or sup- port with a scaffold. scaffolding (-ing), n. a scaffold; materials for erecting scaffolds; framework. scalable (skal'a-bl), adj. capable of being scaled. scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. a scamp; scapegrace. scald (skawld), v.t. to burn with hot liquid or steam; injure by contact with any hot fluid; expose to violent heat over a fire or hot liquid: n. a burn or injury to the skin or flesh from a hot liquid or steam; scab or scurf on the head; one of the old Scandinavian poets, who recited or sang heroic poems (also skald). scaldic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or composed by, the scalds. Also skaldic. scalding ('ing), p. adj. burning as with a hot liquid or steam. scale (skal), n. the dish of a balance; a balance; an instrument or ma- chine for weighing; the small bony or horny plates covering a fish, cer-» tain reptiles, and insects; any thin plate or layer; the thin oxide which ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. SCALENE 769 SCAPEGOAT forms on the surface of iron forg- ings; incrustation on the interior of a boiler; a series of steps; gradu- ated measure; series of all the tones [music]; relative dimensions; basis for a numerical system; a scale- insect, or bark-louse, very destruc- tive to fruit trees: v.t. to strip or clear of scales; weigh; climb over, as by a ladder; clamber up; ascend by steps or by climbing: v.i. to sep- arate and come off in thin layers. scalene (ska-len'), adj. having the sides and angles unequal; said of a triangle. scallop (skol'op), n. a marine bi- valve fish, having the edge of its shell in the form of a series of curves; the shell was formerly worn by pilgrims who had visited the Holy Land; a curving or recess: v.t. to cut the edge or border of in scallops or curves. scalloped -oysters (-ois'terz), n.pl. oysters baked with bread crumbs, &c. scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the top of the head from which the hair grows; the skin and hair of the head torn off by the North Ameri- can Indians in token of victory: v.t. to deprive of the scalp: v.i. to make a small quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market. scalpel ('el), n. a small keen-edged knife. scalper ('er), n. one who scalps; a person who buys and sells the un- used parts of railway tickets. scaly (skal'i), adj. covered with, or like, scales; mean; caddish. scammony ('o-ni), n. an inspissated sap obtained from the root of a spe- cies of convolvulus, used as a ca- thartic. scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; worth- less fellow; rogue: v.t. to execute or perform in a superficial or careless manner and with bad material. scamper (skam'per) , v.i. to run with speed; hasten away: n. a hasty flight. scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scanned, p.pr. scanning], to examine by count- ing the metrical feet or syllables; scrutinize or examine carefully. scandal ('dal), n. offense occasioned by the faults of another; something uttered that is false and injurious to the reputation; opprobrium; defamation; disgrace. scandalize (-Iz), v.t. to offend by some supposed improper action or conduct. scandalous (-us), adj. giving offense to the conscience or moral sense; exciting condemnation or oppro- brium. scanderoon (skan-de-roon'), n. a va- riety of domesticated pigeons, with long bodies, either plain in color or with white wings. Scandinavian (-di-na/vi-an), adj. pertaining to Scandinavia, its lan- guage, literature, or people. Also Scandian. scant (skant), adj. [comp. scanter, superl. scantest], not full or abun- dant; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to stint; treat illiberally; limit: v.i. to fail or become diminished. scantily ('i-li), adv. in a scanty man- ner. scantiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being scanty. Also scant- ness. scantling ('ling), n. a piece of timber cut or sawn of small size; the size to which a piece of timber is to be cut. scanty ('i), adj. [comp. scantier, su- perl. scantiest], narrow; barely suf- ficient; scant. scape (skap), n. the shaft of a col- umn where it leaves the base; a peduncle rising from the ground or stem underneath the ground: v.t. & v.i. to escape [poet]. scapegoat ('got), n. among the an- cient Jews, one of the two goats determined by lot, over whose head the high priest confessed the sins of the people, after which it was sent away into the wilderness : hence one who bears the blame for others. gte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 49 SCAPEGRACE 770 SCENERY scapegrace Cgras), n. a graceless, unprincipled fellow. scapple (skap'l), v.t. to rough-dress (stone) preparatory to hewing. scapula ('u-la), n. the shoulder- blade. scapular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to the scapula or shoulder: in the Ro- man Catholic Church, part of the habit of certain religious orders; two pieces of cloth worn over the shoulders from motives of devotion. Also scapulary. scar (skar), n. a mark caused by a wound; mark or blemish; a pre- cipitous rock or bank; the parrot- fish: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, p.pr. scarring], to mark with, or as with, a scar: v.i. to form a scar. scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn beetle, scarabaeus; a gem or seal cut in the form of a beetle worn as a charm by the ancient Egyptians. scarce (skars), adj. not common; not plentiful; not equal to the demand. scarcely ('li), adv. seldom; rarely; with difficulty. scarceness ('nes), n. the state of being scarce. Also scarcity. scare (skar), v.t. to strike with sud- den terror; frighten: n. a sudden fright or panic. scarecrow ('kro), n. anything fan- tastic set up to scare away birds; a vain cause of terror; a guy. scarf (skarf), n. a light handkerchief or tie for the neck; sash: v.t. throw on loosely; dress with a scarf; to unite (two pieces of timber) at the ends by a kind of dovetail. scarfing ('ing), n. the formation of a beam out of 4 two pieces of timber. scarf skin ('skin), n. the cuticle. scarification (skar-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of scarifying. scarificator ('i-fi-ka-ter), n. a surgi- cal instrument used in scarifying. scarifier ('i-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, scarifies; a scarificator; an agricultural instrument for stir- ring the soil. scarify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scari- fied, p.pr. scarifying], to scratch or cut; make small incisions in by a lancet or scarificator: as, to scarify the skin; to stir up and prepare for planting: as, to scarify the soil. scarlatina (skar-la-te'na), n. scarlet fever of a mild form. scarlet ('let), n. a bright red color; cloth of such a color: adj. of a scar- let color. scarlet fever (fe'ver), n. contagious febrile disease characterized by a scarlet eruption. scarlet runner (run'er), n. a vari- ety of bean. scarp (skarp), n. slope or declivity, nearly perpendicular; the slope of a ditch at the foot of a parapet: v.t. to cut perpendicularly or nearly so. scary (ska'ri), adj. causing, or sub- ject to, sudden fright. scathe (skath), v.t. to injure or hurt: n. injury or harm. scathing ('ing), adj. injurious; hurt- ful; very severe or bitter. scatter (skat'er), v.t. to strew or throw loosely about; disperse or dissipate: v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated. scatterbrained (-brand), adj. giddy. scaup (skawp), n. a species of duck. scavenge (skav'enj), v.t. to cleanse, as streets, from mud and filth. scavenger (-er), n. a man employed to clean the streets; any animal that devours refuse or any other deleteri- ous matter. scenario (sha-na're-6), n. the sketch of a plot or chief incidents of a libretto or play. scene (sen), n. the time, place, or circumstance, &c, in which any- thing occurs: part of a play; the imaginary place where the action of a play is supposed to take place; spectacle; exhibition; display of feeling or passion between two or more persons. scenery ('er-i), n. the appearance of anything presented to the vision; general aspect; combination of nat- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. k SCENIC 771 SCHOTTISCHE ural views; painted representation, on a stage. scenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to scenery or to the stage; dramatic. Also scenical. scenographic (sen-o-graf'ik), adj. drawn in perspective. scenographic ally (-&l-i), adv. in perspective. scenography (se-nog'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing in perspective. scent (sent), n. odor; sense of smell; chase followed by means of the scent: v.t. to perceive by the olfac- tory nerves: smell; perfume: v.i. to hunt animals by the sense of smell. scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. a staff borne by a sovereign as the emblem of authority; royal mace: v.t. to in- vest with regal authority. sceptered ('terd), p.adj. bearing a scepter; regal; imperial. sceptic. Same as skeptic. schedule (sked'ul), n. a written or printed paper or parchment contain- ing a list, or inventory; list or docu- ment annexed to a larger instru- ment, as a will, &c: v.t. to place in a schedule. scheme (skem), n. a connected com- bination of things for the attain- ment of a certain end; plan; con- trivance; purpose; plot: v.t. to de- sign or plan; plot: v.i. to form a scheme or plan. Schiedam (ske-dam'), n. Holland gin. schiller (shil'er), n. the peculiar bronze-like luster in certain minerals. schism (sizm), n. a split or division, especially permanent division or sep- aration ) in » the Christian Church; sin of causing such a division. schismatic (siz-mat'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, or characteristic of, or im- plying, schism. Also schismatical : n. one who creates or takes part in a schism. schist (shist), n. any rock that splits into slates or slabs. schistose ('os), adj. like schist; fis- sile. schizogamy (skl-zog'a-mi), n. a form of reproduction among lower organ- isms in which a sexual form originates by fission or by budding from a sex- less one. Schizomycetes (skiz-o-ml-se'tez), n. a class of very small organisms, as bacteria, &c. schnapps (shnaps), n. Holland gin. scholar (skol'er), n. a student; dis- ciple; man of letters; an undergrad- uate on the foundation of a college. scholarly (-li), adj. like a scholar: adv. in the manner of a scholar. scholarship _ ('er-ship), n. high at- tainments in literature or science; learning; erudition; maintenance for a scholar, awarded by an educational institution. scholastic (sko-las'tik), adj. pertain- ing to a scholar or to schools ; schol- ar-like; characteristic of the mediae- val schoolmen; formal. scholasticism ('ti-sizm), n. the scho- lastic philosophy of the Mediaeval Age. scholiast (skoli-ast), n. a commen- tator or annotator, especially of the classics. scholium ( li-um), n. [pi. scholia (-a) ], a marginal or explanatory note, especially on the text of a classic author. school (skool), n. a place where in- struction is given; scholars or pu- pils collectively; a mediaeval sem- inary for teaching theology, logic, and metaphysics; disciples of a par- ticular teacher; canon, precepts, or body of opinion; examination hall; any means of knowledge; a shoal or great number, as of fish: v.t. to train or instruct; chide or admon- ish. schooling ('ing), n. education. schoolman ('man), n. [pi. schoolmen ('men) ], one of the divines and phi- losophers in the Middle Ages. schooner (skoon'er), n. a vessel with 2 masts, sometimes 3, rigged fore and aft ; a tall beer-glass. schottische (sho-tesh), n. a kind of polka. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCHWEITZERKASE 772 SCOPOLAMINE schweitzerkase (shvlts'er-ka-ze), n. another name for Gruyere cheese. sciagraph (sl'a-gr&f), n. the vertical section of a building showing its in- terior. sciagraphy (-ag'ra-fi), n. the art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall inliature. sciatic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the hip. sciatica ('i-ka), n. neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. science ('ens), n. systematized knowl- edge of any one department of mind or matter; acknowledged truths and laws, especially as demonstrated by induction, experiment, or observa- tion. scientific (-en-tif'ik), adj. pertaining to, used in, or skilled in, science: skilful. scientifically (-al-i), adv. in a sci- entific manner. scientism ('en-tizm), n. the theories and practices of scientists. scientist ('en-tist), n. one skilled in, or devoted to, science. scilicet (sil'i-set), adv. namely [LatinJ. scimitar (sim'i-ter), n. an Oriental sword with a curved blade having its edge on the convex side. Also scimeter. scintilla (sin-til'a), n. a spark; the least trace. scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to emit sparks, fire, or igneous particles; twinkle. scintillation (-la/shun), n. the act of scintillating; a spark or flash; twinkle. sciolism (sl'o-lizm), n. superficial knowledge. sciolist (-list), n. one who knows many things superficially. scion (sl'on), n. the sprout or shoot of a plant; a descendant; heir. scioptic (-op'tik), adj. pertaining^ to the art of exhibiting luminous im- ages in a darkened room or camera obscura. Also scioptric. sciopticon ('ti-kon), n. magic lan- tern for exhibiting photographs. scire facias (sl-r§ fa'shi-Ss), a writ to enforce the execution of judg- ments, &c, or to annul them. scissors (siz'ers), n.pl. a cutting in- strument resembling shears but smaller. scissors-telescope (siz'orz-tel'e-skop), n. a stereotelescope the relations of the tubes of which may be varied by a scissors-like arrangement. scelrotic (skle-rot'ik), adj. hard; noting the firm white outermost membrane of the eyeball^ sclerotitis (-ro-ti'tis), n. inflamma- tion of the sclerotic coat of the eye. scobs (skobs), n. raspings of ivory, metal, or other hard substances. scoff (skof), n. an expression of scorn or contempt; ridicule; derision: v.i. to exhibit scorn or contempt: v.t. to treat or address with derision. scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply or rudely; rail in a loud or violent manner: v.t. to find fault with: n. one who habitually scolds, especially a rude, clamorous woman. scolex (sko'leks), n. [pi. scoleces (-le'sez) ], the larva of the + ape- worm. scollop. Same as scallop. sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; small fort; protection; a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick; tube in a candlestick for inserting the candle; the head; mulct or fine; a small, thin cake of oatmeal, &c. scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; deep shovel; kind of scuttle: v.t. to take out or up with a scoop; ladle out; make hollow. scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run hastily. scope (skop), n. room or opportunity for free outlook or action; aim or intention; design; suffjx meaning an instrument for viewing, as micro- scope. scopolamine (skop'o-lam-in), n. a vegetable alkaloid, identical with hyoscine, recently used as a nar- cotic to annul the pains of child- birth. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCORBUTIC 773 SCRAP scorbutic (skor-bu'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, scurvy. scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn or roast slightly; parch, shrivel, or affect painfully with heat: v.i. to be scorched. score (skor), n. a notch or incision, especially one made as a reckoning; the number 20; line or groove; bill; account; behalf; sake; reason; copy of a small musical work show- ing the component parts: v.t. to notch or mark furrows in; keep rec- ord or account of; to make a score of, as runs, points, &c, in a game. scoria (sko'ri-a), n. [pi. scoriae (-e)], volcanic cinder; slag formed after the fusion of metallic ores. scoriaceous (-a/shus), adj. pertain- ing to, or resembling, scoria. scorn (skorn), n. extreme and lofty contempt; naughty disdain; object of contempt: v.t. to hold in extreme contempt or disdain. scorner ('er), n. one who scorns, es- pecially one who holds religion in derision. scornful ('fool), adj. full of scorn; contemptous; disdainful. scornfully (-i), adv. with scorn.^ scorpion (skor'pi-un), n. an indi- vidual of the genus Scorpio, fur- nished with lobster-like claws, and armed with a poisonous sting in the tail; a painful scourge. Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. < Scotch (skoch) adj. pertaining to Scotland, its inhabitants, or its dia- lect. scotch, n. a wedge, &c, to prevent slipping or rolling; a slight cut or incision: v.t. to cut or wound super- ficially. scoter (sko'ter), n. a kind of duck. _ scotia ('ti-a), the hollow molding in the base of an Ionic column. scototherapy (skot-o-ther'a-pi), n. the treatment of disease by the ex- clusion of light. Scotticism ('i-sizm), n. a Scottish idiom. scoundrel (skoun'drel), n. a man without honor or virtue; low, worth- less fellow. scour (skour), v.t. to clean by fric- tion; cleanse from grease, dirt, and make bright; pass swiftly along; search thoroughly; purge. scourge (skerj), n. a whip with thongs used as a punishment: v.t. to whip severely; afflict or harass greatly. scout (skout), n. a person sent out to obtain and bring in information, es- pecially of the movements, &c, of an enemy; a college servant; in cricket, a fielder: v.i. to act as a scout: v.t. to treat with scorn. scovel (skuv'l), n. a mop for sweep- ing a baker's oven. scow (skou), n. a large flat-bottomed boat with square ends: v.t. to trans- port n a scow. scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the brows in frowning or displeasure; look sullen or angry: n. the wrin- kling of the brows in displeasure or anger; frown. scrabble (skrabl), v.i. to scrawl or scribble; make irregular, unmeaning marks: v.t. to mark with irregular lines or letters. scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, lean, or rough; something merely skin and bones. ; scraggily ('i-li), adv. in a scraggy manner. scragginess ('i-nes), n. scraggy state or quality. scraggy ('i), adj. lean, thin and rough; rough, with irregular points. scramble (skram'bl), v.i. to clamber with the hands and feet; seize or catch hold of anything with eager- ness and roughness: v.t. to toss to- gether at random; mix and cook in a confused mass: as, to scramble eggs: n. a rude, eager struggle; act of scrambling. scranch (skranch), v.t. to grind with the teeth with a crackling sound; craunch. scrap (skrap), n. a small or detached piece; fragment; a scrimmage: v.i. to engage in a scrimmage. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCRAPBOOK 774 SCRIPTURALISM scrapbook Cbook), n. a blank book for the pasting in of newspaper ex- tracts, &c. scrape (skrap), v.t. to make a harsh or grating noise on; rub with some- thing sharp; clean by rubbing; re- move by scraping; gather laborious- ly by small gains^ or savings: v.i. barely succeed, as in passing an ex- amination; play awkwardly or in- harmoniously on the violin; bow by awkwardly drawing back the foot: n. the act, noise, or effect of scrap- ing; a drawing back of the foot awkwardly; difficulty; perplexity. scraper ('er), n. one^ who, or that which, scrapes; an instrument for scraping; an awkward violinist; miser. scratch (skrach), v.t. to mark or tear the surface of with somethi : g pointed; wound slightly; tear or dig with the claws; erase; remove the name of (especially that of a horse) from a race: v.i. to use the nails or claws in tearing or digging; score by a fluke: n. a mark or tear made by scratching; a superficial wound; a kind of wig; a line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when they commence fighting: adj. taken at haphazard. scratches ('ez), n.pl. dry scabs be- tween the heel and pastern-joint of a horse. scratch race (ras), n. a race in which the competitors are unrestricted by conditions or are chosen by lot. scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to write or draw irregularly or hastily; scrib- ble: n. hasty, irregular, or illegible writing; scribble. scray (skra), n. the sea-swallow. screak (skrek), n. a shriek; screech. scream (skrem), n. a sUarp, shrill cry as of fear or pain: v.i. to utter such a cry. screamer ('er), n. a South American wading bird; an exaggerated state- ment, or excessively funny joke. screech (skrech), n. a harsh, shrill cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill cry. screed (skred), n. wooden rules for running moldings; loud, shrill sound; a fragment or piece; a harangue; a piece of poor prose or verse. screen (skren), n. a light movable partition for protection; coarse sieve; the sheet upon which moving pic- tures are thrown: v.t. to shelter or conceal; protect; pass through a coarse sieve. screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of metal or wood grooved spirally; one of the six mechanical powers; screw-pro- peller: v.t. to press with a screw; apply a screw to; twist; force or squeeze; oppress by exactions. screw-propeller (pro-pel'er), n. a spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of a steam- vessel for propelling it; the vessel thus propelled. scribble (skrib'l), v.t. to write has- tily and carelessly: v.i. write care- lessly and without regard to correct- ness : n. hasty, careless writing. scribbler (ler), n. one who scrib- bles; a literary hack, or petty author. scribe (skrib), n. a writer; clerk; amanuensis; a teacher or copyist of the Jewish law: v.t. to adjust. scrim (skrim), n. a kind of fabric of cotton or linen for making blinds, &c.' scrimmage ('aj), n. a general row or tussle. scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make small, narrow, or short; limit or straiten: v.i. to be parsimonious or miserly: adj. short; narrow; curtailed: n. a niggard or miser. scrimpiness ('nes), n. scantiness. scrip (skrip), n. a satchel; schedule; certificate; writing; certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other company. script (skript), n. a piece of writing; style of writing; type in imitation of writing; original document or in- strument. Scriptural ('iir-al), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or according to, the Scriptures; Biblical. scripturalism (-izm), n. adherence to the letter of the Scriptures. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCRIPTURALLY 775 SCUM scripturally (-li), ado. in a scriptural serotinous ('ti-nus), adj. closely in- manner. specting ch examining; precise; care- scripture ('ur), n. sacred writing; ful; captious. biblical text: pi. the books of the scrutiny Cti-ni), n. close inspection Old and New Testaments: the Bible. or examination; minute inquiry; ex- scrivener (skriv'ner), n. one who animation of votes recorded at an draws up contracts, prepares writ- election. ings, &c.; formerly a broker or scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scudded, financial agent. m p.pr. scudding], to run quickly; run scrofula (skrof'u-la), n. a disease before a gale of wind with little or caused by the formation and deposi- no sail spread: n. the act of scud- tion of tubercle in the organs and ding; loose, vapory clouds driven by tissues of the body; king's evil. the wind. scrofulous (-lus), adj. pertaining to, scuffle (skufl), v.i. to fight or struggle of the nature of, or affected with, confusedly, especially hand to hand: scrofula. n. a struggle for mastery with close scroll-tappet (skrol'tap'et), n. an grappling; confused conflict fight. apparatus for operating the warping scull (skul), n. one of a pair of short threads in a loom. oars; an oar used at the stern of a scroll (skrol), n. a roll of paper or boat to propel it: v.i. to impel a parchment; a convoluted spiral or- boat with a scull or sculls. nament; a nourish to a signature. scullery ('er-i), n. [pi. sculleries scrotum (skro'tum), n. the pouch (-iz) ], a place where culinary uten- which contains the testes. sils, &c, are kept and cleansed. scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or scullion Cyun), n. a servant employed squeeze. in the menial work of a scullery. scrub (skrub), v.t. [pret. & p.p. sculpin ('pin), n. a North American scrubbed, p.pr. scrubbing], to rub fish with a large head furnished hard; wash with rubbing or a wet with sharp spines. brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. one sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who who labors hard and lives meanly; a practices the art of sculpture. Fem- sorry fellow; a worn-out brush: adj. inine sculptress, mean or small; contemptible; dirty, sculptural ('tu-ral), adj. pertaining scrubby ('i), adj. mean and small; to sculpture. stunted in growth; covered with sculpture ('tur), n. the art of carv- brushwood; unshaven. ing, cutting, or hewing stone or oth- scruff (skruf), n. the back of the neck. er material into images of men, ani- scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch. mals, &c; carved work or figure: scruple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a dram, v.t. to represent in, or fashion by, or 20 grains; hesitation, especially sculpture. from conscientious motives: v.i. to sculpturesque (-eskO, adj. resem- hesitate from conscientious motives. bling, or having the character of scrupulosity (-pu-los'i-ti), n. the sculpture. state or quality of being scrupulous; scum (skum), n. extraneous matter nice or conscientious regard to ex- or impurities which rise to the sur- actness or propriety; precision. Also face of liquids when boiled or fer- scrupulousness. mented; scoria of metals in a molten scrupulous ('pu-lus), adj. full of state; anything worthless or vile: scruples; conscientious; exact; care- v.i. [p.t. & p.p. scummed, p.pr. scum- ful; strict. niing], to form a scum: v.t. to clear scrutinize ('ti-mz), v.t. to inspect or impurities from the surface of; examine closely. skim. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SCUPPER 776 SEAL scupper (skup'er), n. a hole or tube scymitar. Same as scimitar. in the side of a ship to carry off deck scythe (sith), n. a curved cutting in- water. strument used for mowing grass, &c. Scurf (skerf), n. minute, white, flaky Scythian (sith'i-an), adj. pertaining scales formed on the skin, especially to Scythia, to its language, or its in- on the scalp; dandruff; loosely ad- habitants. herent matter. 'sdeath (sdeth), inter j. an exclamation sciyff (skerf), n. the bull-trout. expressing impatience or disdain. scurfiness ('i-nes), n. the state or se, a prefix, meaning without, apart, quality of being scurfy. scurfy ('i), adj. [comp. scurfier, su- sea (se), n. an expanse of salt water, perl, scurfiest], pertaining to, pro- less in extent than an ocean, and ducing, covered with, or like, scurf. usually forming a part of, or con- scurrile (skur'il), adj. befitting a necting with, an ocean or larger sea; buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly op- an inland body of water; the ocean; probrious or jocosely indecent. ^ # a billow or large wave; swell of the scurrility ('i-ti), n. [pi. scurrilities ocean in a tempest; a large quan- (-tiz) J, vulgar, vile, or indecent tity; the great brazen laver of the jocularity. Jewish Temple. scurrilous ('il-us), adj. using the sea-bar Char), n. the sea-swallow. low, indecent language of the vul- sea-bat Cbat), n. a kind of flying- gar; mean; foul-mouthed; vile; con- fish, taming low indecency or abuse. sea-bear Cbar), n. the polar bear. scurry (skur'i), v.i.[p.t. & p.p. scur- sea-calf ('kaf), n. the common seal. ried, p.pr. scurrying], to hasten or sea-cow ('kou), n. the manatee; du- move rapidly along : n. hurried move- gong ; walrus. ment. sea-cucumber Cku-kum-ber), n. the scurvily (sker'vi-li), adv. in a scurvy trepang. manner. sea-devil (-dev'il), n. a fish with a scurviness (-nes), n. scurvy state or large head and great mouth, the sea- quality ; meanness. angler. scurvy ('vi), adj. affected by scurvy; sea-dog ('dog), n. the common seal; scabby; vile; contemptible; mean; an old sailor. paltry: n. a condition of anaemia, sea-elephant ('el-e-fant), n. & va- caused by deficiency of vegetable riety of seal with a proboscis some- food or lime juice, causing great what like that of the elephant, weakness, emaciation, &c. _ seafarer ('fa-rer), n. a sailor. scut (skut), n. the short, erect tail of seafaring ('far-ing), adj. following a fox, deer, &c. the occupation of a sailor. scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (flax or sea-fennel (-fen'el), n. samphire, cotton) by beating. sea-fox ('foks), n. a variety of shark. scutcheon ('un), n. an escutcheon; sea-gage ('gaj), n. the draught of a shield for a keyhole. ship; a self -registering apparatus scuttle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or for deep-sea soundings. hurry: v.t. to cut a hole or holes in sea-hog ('hog), n. the porpoise, (a ship) to sink it: n. a quick or sea-horse ('hors), n. the walrus; the short run; a pan for holding coals; hippocampus; the hippopotamus, lid or door closing or covering an seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine opening in a roof, &c; hatchway or mammal, valuable for its skin and small opening in the deck of a ship. oil; a stamp or die engraved with scutum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta some device, motto, or image, used ('ta) ], a shield; a shield-like plate. for making an impression in relief &te, itrm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEA-LEGS 777 SECEDE on wax, &c; wax or other soft sub- stance set to an instrument, and impressed with a seal; any act of confirmation or ratification; that which seals or fastens; drain-trap: v.t. to fasten with a seal; set or af- fix a seal to; ratify or confirm; keep secure or secret; among the Mor- mons, to set apart an additional wife. sea-legs (legz), n.pl. ability to walk on a ship's deck, when the vessel is pitching or rolling. sea-lemon (lem-un), n. a marine gasteropodus mollusk of the genus Doris. sea-leopard ('lep-ard), n. a variety of seal. sea-lion (ll-un), n. a name for sev- eral large species of seals. seam (sem), n. the fine formed by the sewing of two pieces of material to- gether; line of junction or union; narrow vein between two thicker strata; thin layer; piece of needle- work: v.t. to form a seam upon or of; join with a seam; scar; knit with a particular kind of stitch : v.i. to crack open. sea-mew (se'mii), n. a species of gull. Seamstress (sem'stres), n. a needle- woman. seamy ('i), adj. showing, or like, seams. seamy-side (-sid), n. the worst side. seance (sa-angs'), n. a session as of some deliberative body; a meeting of spiritualists for evoking manifesta- tions; a select scientific gathering. sea-pheasant (se'fez-ant), n. the pin-tail duck. sea-purse ('pers), n. the horny en- velope of the skate, and certain sharks, in which they deposit their sear (ser), v.t. to burn to dryness on the surface; cauterize; brand; ren- der callous or insensible. search (serch), v.t. to seek for; go over and examine; explore; inspect: v.i. to make inquiry; seek: n. the act of seeking or looking for something; investigation; examination; pursuit; quest. search-light (Tit), n. an electric light so arranged that by revolving it a tract of land or sea can be seen at night. search-warrant ('wor-ant), n. a warrant issued by a magistrate au- thorizing a police officer to search a house for stolen property. seared _ (serd), adj. hardened; cal- lous; indifferent; cauterized. seascape (se'skap), n. a picture re- presenting a scene at sea.^ season ('zn), n. any particular time as distinguished from others; one of the four divisions of the year: v.t. to mature; prepare by drying and hard- ening, or removing natural juices; render palatable; spice moderately: v.i. to become mature, acclimated, inured, or seasoned. seasonable (-a-bl), adj. occurring or done in good, or proper time; op- portune. seasonableness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being seasonable. seasonably (-bli), adv. opportunely ^ seasoning (-ing), n. that which is added to give relish or piquancy to food: anything added to increase en- joyment. seat (set), n. that on which anyone sits; chair; post or authority; sta- tion; site; residence; mansion; reg- ular or appropriate place of sitting; posture on horseback, &c. ; place in Congress or other legislative body; v.t. to place on a seat; cause to sit down;^ establish; place in any site or position; instal; fix. secant (se'kant), adj. cutting into two parts: n. a right line from the center of a circle through one ex- tremity of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent from the other extremity of the same arc ; the num- ber expressing the ratio of this fine to the radius of the circle. secco (sek'o), n. painting on dry plas- ter: adj. dry [Italian]. secede (se-sed'), v.i. to withdraw ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SECEDER 778 SECRETORY from fellowship, communion, or association. seceder ('er), n. one who secedes. secession (-sesh'un), n. the act _ of seceding; withdrawal or separation from the communion or association of others; withdrawal of a State from the Federal Union. secessionist (-ist), ft. an upholder of secession; one who took part with the Southern States in the Civil War of 1861. seclude (-kl5od'), v.t. to keep apart from the company or society or others; exclude. seclusion (-kloo'zhun), ft. separation or withdrawal from the society of others; privacy. seclusive ('siv), adj. keeping in se- clusion. second (sek'und), adj. immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place, or time; next in value, excellence, merit, dignity, or importance; inferior; subordinate; being of the same kind as another that has preceded; below in pitch [music]: ft. one or that next the first in place, rank, excellence, or power; one who attends on the prin- cipal at a duel; backer; the l-60th part of a minute of time or of a de- gree: pi. coarse flour: v.t. to follow; act as an assistant or supporter of; assist; support, as a motion, &c, by adding one's voice to that of the pro- poser. secondarily ('und-a-ri-li) , adv. in a secondary manner or degree. secondariness (-nes), ft. the state or quality of being secondary. secondary ('und-a-ri), adj. succeed- ing next in order to the first; of sec- ond place, origin, &c; not primary; subordinate; inferior^ deputed; re- volving round a primary planet; noting rocks intermediate between the Primary and Tertiary, the Meso- zoic: n. a delegate or deputy. secondary battery (bat'er-i), n. a storage battery. secondary-color (-kul'er), ft. a color produced by the mixture of two primary colors in equal proportions. secondary- tints (-tintz), n.pl. sub- dued tints, as grey. secrecy (se'kre-si), ft. [pi. secrecies (-siz) ], the state or quality of being hidden; concealment; retirement; solitude; habit of keeping secrets; discretion. secret ('kret), adj. hidden or con- cealed; removed from sight; kept from the knowledge or view of all except those concerned; silent; pri- vate: ft. that which is concealed; something unknown or undisclosed. secretarial (sek-re-ta/ri-al), adj. per- taining to, or befitting, a secretary. secretary ('re-ta-ri), ft. [pi. secre- taries (-riz) ], a confidential person employed to assist another in con- ducting correspondence, &c; one who transacts the business of a Government department, company, &c; an escritoire. secretary-bird (-berd), n. a South African predatory bird having a crest of feathers which _ resemble when depressed pens stuck in the ear. secretaryship (-ship), ft. the office, or term of office, of a secretary. secrete (se-kref), v.t. to hide or con- ceal; separate from the blood, sap, &c. secretin (se-kre'tin), ft. a hormone secreted by the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which stimu- lates secretion of the pancreas and probably also of the cells that pro- duce red blood corpuscles. secretion (-kre'shun), ft. the act of secreting or separating from a circu- lating fluid; any substance or fluid secreted. secretive ('tiv), adj. given to secrecy; causing or promoting secretion. secretiveness (-nes), ft. the quality of being secretive; the phrenological organ which impels to secrecy, re- serve, or concealment. secretory ('to-ri), adj. performing, or connected with, the office of se- cretion. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SECT 779 SEDATE sect (sekt), n. a number of persons who, following a teacher or leader, are united by a common attach- ment to some particular religious or philosophical doctrine. sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a sect: n. a member of a sect; dissen- ter. sectarianism (-an-izm), n. the spirit, tendency, or principles of a sect; adherence to some particular sect. sectarianize ('Iz), v.t. to imbue with a sectarian spirit, &c. sectary ('ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries (-riz) ], a member or adherent of a sect; sectarian. sectile (sek'til), adj. capable of being cut. section ('shun), n. the act of cutting, or separation by cutting; part or division; slice; the line formed by the intersection of two surfaces; division or subdivision of a chapter or statute; distinct part of a coun- try, people, community, or class; one of the squares of 640 acres each into which public lands are divided; l-36th of a township; division of a genus; vertical plan of any struc- ture as it would appear if cut by an intersecting plane; part of a musical period. sectionalism ('shun-al-izm), n. local patriotism. sectionally (-li), adv. in a sectional manner. sector (sek'ter), n. that part of a circle included between two radii and the arc; a mathematical instru- ment for laying down plans, meas- uring zenith distances, &c. sectorial (-to'ri-al), adj. adapted for cutting, noting one molar tooth on each side of both jaws, having the crown adapted for cutting. secular ('u-lar), adj. pertaining to this present world, or to things not sacred; worldly; temporal; extend- ing over, or occurring in, a long period of time; not bound by mo- nastic vows: n. an ecclesiastic not bound by monastic vows; a layman; a church official whose duties are confined to the vocal department of the choir. secularism (-izm), n. the principles or tenets of the secularists. secularist (-ist), n. one who objects to religious teaching in elementary schools; one who, discarding the forms of religion; maintains that the duties and problems of this present life should be the primary objects of man's concern. secularity ('i-ti), n. supreme atten- tion to the things of the present life; worldliness. secularization (-i-za'shun), n. the act of secularizing. secularize ('u-lar-Iz), v.t. to convert from sacred to secular or common use; render worldly or unspiritual: convert from regular or monastic into secular. secund (se'kund), adj. arranged on one side only; unilateral. secure (se-kur'), adj. free from fear or danger; safe; protected; confi- dent; relying upon (with of): v.t. to make safe; protect; guarantee; make fast; confine effectually; gain possession of; put beyond hazard of losing or not receiving (with against or from). securely ('li), adv. in a secure man- ner. security ('i-ti), n. [pi. securities (-tiz) ], the state or quality of being secure; freedom from fear or dan- ger; assurance; certainty; some- thing given to secure the fulfilment of a contract; pledge; evidence of debt or property; one who becomes surety for another; something given or done to secure good behavior. sedan (-dan'), n. a portable covered chair or vehicle for the conveyance of one person, used in the 18th cen- tury, and carried by two men by means of a pole on either side. Also sedan-chair. sedate (se-daf), adj. calm; com- posed; quiet; serious; unruffled. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEDATELY 780 SEEMING sedately ('li), adv. in a sedate man- ner. sedateness ('nes), n. tranquillity; composure. sedative (sed'a-tiv), adj. allaying nervous irritation and irritability; assuaging pain: n. medicine having such an effect. sedentarily ('en-tar-i-li), adj. in a sedentary manner. sedentariness (-i-nes), n. the qual- ity or state of being sedentary. sedentary ('en-tar-i), adj. accus- tomed to pass much time in a sit- ting posture ; characterized by much sitting; remaining in one place; inactive. sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of the genus Carex, growing in swamps. sedgy ('i), adj. overgrown with sedge. sedilia (se-dil'i-a) , n.pl. seats on either side of the altar set apart for the clergy. sediment (sed'i-ment) , n. the matter which subsides or settles at the bot- tom of a liquid; dregs ; lees. sedimentary ('a-ri), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, or consisting of, sediment. sedition fse-dish'un), n. any offense against the state less grave than in- surrection or treason; tumultuous assembly of people in opposition to lawful authority; the stirring up of such opposition. seditious ('us), adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, sedition. seduce (dus'), v.t. to entice from the paths of rectitude, duty, or virtue, by flattery, promises, &c; persuade to a surrender of chastity. seducement ('ment), n. the act of seducing; seduction; means em- ployed to seduce. seducer ('er), n. one who seduces, especially one who persuades a woman to surrender her chastity. Feminine seductress. seducible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being seduced. seduction (-duk'shun), n. the act of seducing; the act or crime of induc- ing a woman to surrender her chas- tity. seductive ('tiv), adj. tending to seduce or lead astray; enticing. seductively (-li), adv. in a seductive manner. seductiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being seductive. sedulity (se-du-li-ti), n. steady dili- gence. sedulous (sed'tl-lus), adj. steadily in- dustrious and persevering in business and endeavor; diligent; untiring. see (se), n. the authority of the Pope or papal court; diocese or jurisdic- tion of an archbishop or bishop; v.t. [p.t. saw, p.p. seen, p.pr. seeing], to perceive by the eye; observe; per- ceive mentally; experience; pay a visit to; meet or associate with; escort or accompany: v.i. to have the faculty of sight or of perceiving; discern; examine; take care or heed; be attentive. seed (sed), n. that part of a plant that contains the embryo of the future plant; semen; first principle or source; offspring; descendants; race or birth: v.i. to sow, or shed the seed: v.t. to sprinkle with seed. seediness ('i-nes)', n. the state or quality of being seedy; shabbiness; exhaustion or wretchedness^ seedy ('i), adj. abounding with, or run to, seeds; having the flavor of weeds; shabby; exhausted and miserable. seeing (se'ing), n. the act or power of sight: conj. inasmuch as; consid- ering; since. seek (sek), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. sought, p.pr. seeking], to go in search of; look for; resort to; inquire for: v.i. to make search or inquiry; try or endeavor. seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; have the resemblance of truth or fact; pretend. seeming ('ing), adj. apparent spe- cious: n. appearance; show, espe- cially false show. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SEEMLINESS 781 SELENATE seemliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being seemly; propriety; decency; comeliness. seemly ('li), adj. fit or becoming; decent; proper; comely; suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character. seen, p.p. of see. seer (ser), n. one who foresees future events; prophet; one who sees. seesaw ('saw), n. a reciprocating motion; a game played with a plank balanced on some support enabling those who sit at each end to move up and down alternately: v.i. to move up and down with a recipro- cating motion. seethe (seth), v.t. to boil; decoct or prepare for food in a hot liquor: v.i. to be hot; be in a condition of boiling. segment ('ment) ; n. a part divided or set off; section; a part cut off from a figure by a line or plane: v.i. to divide into segments. segmental (-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, a segment. segmentation (-men-ta/shun) , n. the act of dividing into segments; state of being divided into segments. segregate (seg're-gat) , v.t. to sepa- rate from others. segregation (-ga'shun), n. the act of segregating; state of being segre- gated. seichometer (sa-shom'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring the changes of level of the water in a lake. Seidlitz (sed'litz), adj. noting effer- vescent powders used as a gentle aperient: n. a sparkling mineral water.; seignior (sen'yer), n. a title of honor in use in Southern Europe; a lord or fee of a manor. seigniorage ('yer-aj), n. something claimed or taken by virtue of sover- eign prerogative; a charge levied on bullion brought by private persons to the mint to be coined. seigniorial (-yor'i-al), adj. pertain- ing to the lord of a manor. seine (san), n. a large fishing-net. seismic (sls'mik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, an earthquake. seismicity (sis-mis'i-ti), n. the rela- tive number of earthquakes that occur in a region of given area. seismograph ('mo-graf), n. an in- strument for recording the undula- tory motions, duration, and direc- tion of an earthquake. Also seis- mometer, seismoscope. seismographic ('ik), adj. indicated by a seismograph. sei sinography (-mog'ra-fi), n. a description of earthquakes. ■ seismologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one skilled in seismology. seismology ('6-ji), n. the scientific study of earthquakes. seizable (sez'a-bl), adj. capable of being seized. seize (sez), v.t. to take possession of forcibly or suddenly; grasp; snatch; take hold of; comprehend. seizin ('in), n. the act of taking pos- session; thing possessed; possession. Also seisin. seizor ('er), n. in law, one who takes possession. seizure ('ur), n. the act of seizing; sudden attack, as of a disease. selah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word used in the Psalms, supposed to indicate a pause. seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely. select (se-lekf), adj. more valuable or excellent than others; chosen or picked out as more valuable than others; nicely chosen; choice; supe- rior: v.t. to take by preference from among others; choose. selection (-lek'shun), n. the act of selecting; the thing selected. selectman (-lekt'man), n. [pi. select- men ('men) ], one of a board of town officials concerned with its management, the enforcement of lo- cal laws, care of the poor, &c, elected annually in New England. selector ('er), n. one who selects. selenate (sel'S-nat), n. a salt of selenic acid. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. SELENIC 782 SEND selenic (se-lenik). adj. pertaining to containing, orderivedfrom, selenium. selenium (-le'ni-um), ft. a non- metallic elementary substance, re- sembling lead. selenocentric (-le-no-sen'trik) , adj. calculatedfromthecenterofthemoon. selenographic (-graf'ik), adj. per- taining to selenography. selenography (sel-e-nog'ra-fi) , n. a description of the moon, its features, and phenomena. self-determination (self-de-ter-mi- na'shun). n. political principle that a people may decide by vote how they shall be governed. self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], one's own person; personal interest; personality; personification; iden- tity; selfishness: adj. very; par- ticular. selfish ('ish) adj. attentive only to one's own interests; influenced in actions from motives of private advantage; egotistical. sell (sel), [p. t. & p. p. sold, p.pr. selling], to transfer to another for an equivalent, as property goods, &c; make a matter of sale or bar- gain of; vend; betray for a pecuni- ary reward: v.i. to practice selling; be sold: ft. a hoax; an imposition. Seltzer water (selt'zer waw'ter), ft. a mineral water, mildly stimulative. selvage (sel'vaj), n. the edge of cloth so closed by complicating the threads as to prevent raveling; woven bor- der. Selvedge. selvagee (-va-je), ft. a kind of skein of rope yarns, used for stoppers, &c. selvedged ('vejd), adj. having a sel- vage. Also selvaged. selves, pi. of self. semaphore (sem'a-fdr), ft. a tele- graphic apparatus for signaling by means of arms, lanterns, flags, &c. semblance ('blans), ft. likeness; re- semblance; exterior; appearance. semen (sg'men), n. sperm; seed of plants. semester (se-mes'ter), ft. a period or term of six months. semi, prefix meaning half, partially, semibreve (sem'i-brev), ft. a note equal to 4 crotchets. semicolon ('kol-on), ft. a mark in punctuation (;). seminal ('i-nal), adj. pertaining to containing, or consisting of seed; primary; radical; original. seminary (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. semi- naries (-riz) ], a place of education; school, academy, or college. semiped ('i-ped), n. a half -foot. semipedal (-al), adj. consisting of a half-foot. semi-Saxon (-sak'sun), adj. noting the language intermediate between Saxon and English 1150-1250. semi-tangent (-tan'jent), ft. the tan- gent of half an arc. Semite (sem'It), ft. one of the Semitic race; a descendant of Shem: adj Semitic. Semitic (se-mit'ik), adj. pertaining to Shem, or to his descendants; not- ing, or belonging to, one of the great divisions of races and languages to which Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, Assyrian, &c, belong. sempstress (semp'stres), ft. a woman who does needlework. sen (sen), ft. a small Japanese coin. Senagalese(sen / a-garez), ft. native of a French colony in West Africa; a French soldier, native of Senegal. senary (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or contain- ing, 6. Senate (sen'at), ft. the upper house of Congress or of a State legisla- ture; the upper house of legislature in various countries; a body of el- ders, elected or appointed in ancient Rome from the nobility and invested with supreme legislative authority. senat (sen'at), ft. an assembly or body of elders; a legislative body generally. senator ('a-ter), ft. a member of a senate. senatorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a senator or a sen- ate; entitled to elect a senator. send (send), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sent, ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. SENDAL 783 SENSUAL p.pr. sending], to throw, cast, or im- pel; cause to go in any manner; dispatch; cause to be or happen; grant; inflict: v.i. to dispatch a messenger; pitch, as a vessel: n. the motion of a wave causing a vessel to be carried forward. sendal (sen'dal), n. a light, thin silk stuff. senile (se'nil). adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or occasioned by, old age. senility ('i-ti), n. the state or quality of being senile; old age. senior (sen'yer), adj. prior in age, dignity, rank or office; elder: n. one older than another; one older in dignity, rank, or office; a student in the fourth or final year of his college. seniority (-yor'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being senior. senna (sen'a), n. the dried leaves of several plants of the genus Cassia, used as a cathartic medicine. sennight ('It), n. the space of 7 nights and days. sennit ('it), n. braided cordage. senor (sa'nyor'), n. a Spanish title of courtesy, equivalent to Mr. or Sir. Feminine sehora. senorita (-nyo-re'ta), n. a Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady, equivalent to Miss; a young lady. sensate (sen'sat), adj. perceived by or through the senses. sensation (-sa'shun), n. perception by the senses; an impression made on the mind or brain by the senses; spiritual or physical affections; state of excited feeling or interest, or its cause. » sensational (al), adj. pertaining to, having, or causing, sensation; fitted to excite great interest; emotional. sensationalism (-izm), n. sensa- tional writing or language; the phil- osophical doctrine that our ideas are the outcome of impressions originating solely in sensation and consist of sensations transformed. sensationalist (-ist), n. an advocate of philosophical sensationalism; a sensational writer or speaker. sense (sens), n. the faculty by which objects are perceived physically,or mentally; discernment; understand- ing; conviction; good mental capac- ity; correct judgment; opinion; meaning; signification; moral per- ception. senseless ('les), adj. incapable if sen- sation; without sensibility or feel- ing; unconscious; foolish; stupid; nonsensical; opposed to reason or sound judgment. sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti) , n. [pi. sensibilities (-tiz) j, the state or quality of being sensible; acuteness of perception or emotion; delicacy . of feeling; capacity of being sensi- tive. Also sensibleness. sensible ('si-bl), adj. capable of be- ing perceived by the senses or the mind; having moral perception; easily affected; delicate; judicious; reasonable; intelligent. sensibly (-bli), adv. in a sensible manner; with intelligence or good sense; appreciably. sensitive ('si-tiv), adj. having keen sense or feeling; quickly and acute- ly alive to impressions from exter- nal objects; easily affected or moved; pertaining to, or depending upon, sensation. sensitively (-li), adv. in a sensitive manner. sensitiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being sensitive. Also sensitivity. sensitize (-tiz), v.t. to render sensi- tive; render capable of being acted upon by the actinic rays of the sun, X-rays, &c. sensorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to the sensorium. Also sensory. sensorium (-urn), n. the central seat of sensation or consciousness; the brain. sensual ('shu-al), adj. pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the senses; not spiritual or intellectual; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SENSUALISM 784 SEPSIS carnal; voluptuous; devoted to the indulgence of the passions 01 appe- tites. sensualism (-izm), n. sensuality; the philosophical doctrine that all ideas or operations of the under- standing have their origin in sensa- tion and are transformed sensations. sensualist (-ist), n. one who is sen- sual; a believer in the doctrine of sensualism. sensuality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being sensual; indulgence of the bodily appetites. sensualize ('shu-al-Iz), v.t. to make sensual; debase by the indulgence of carnal gratifications. sensuous ('shu-us), adj. pertaining to, or addressed to, the senses; con- nected with sensible objects; full of passion. sent, p.t. & p.p. of send. sentence ('tens), n. judgment, opin- ion, or decision; judgment pro- nounced by a court; seres of words so arranged as to convey a complete thought, followed by a dot or full point: v.t. to condemn by judgment of a court. sententious (-ten'shus), adj. short and energetic; terse ;_ comprising sentences; abounding in axioms or maxims. sentience ('shi-ens), n. the state or quality of being sentient. Also sentiency. sentient ('shi-ent), adj. having the faculty or faculties of sensation and perception. sentiment ('ti-ment), n. a thought prompted by passion or feeling; opinion; thought; feeling; sensibil- ity; prevailing feeling; maxim; a toast; thought expressed in striking language; sentence or passage ex- pressive of some wish. sentimental (-men'tal), adj. having, expressing, or given to, sentiment; appealing to sentiment rather than reason; artificially or affectedly ten- der; romantic. sentimentalism (-izm), n. the qual- ity of being sentimental. Also sen- timentality. sentimentalize (-Iz), v.i. to think or act in a sentimental manner; af- fect sentiment. sentimentally (-li), adv. in a senti- mental manner. sentinel ('ti-nel), n. one who watches or guards, especially a soldier on guard: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, a sentinel; watch over or guard. sentry ('tri), n. [pi. sentries ('triz) ], a sentinel, guard or watch. sepal (sep'al or se'pal), n. one of the leaf-like divisions of the calyx en- closing the corolla of a flower. separability (-a-ra-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being separable or divisi- ble. separable ('a-ra-bl), adj. capable of being separated or divided. separate ('a-rat), v.t. to part or di- vide; disunite; disconnect; set apart from a number for a particular pur- pose; withdraw: v.i. to part; be dis- united; withdraw from each other; adj. divided from the rest; discon- nected; not united; distinct. separately (-li), adv. in a separate state or manner. separateness (-nes), n. the quality of being separate. separation (-ra/shun), n. the act of separating; state of being sepa- rated disconnection; legal disunion of married persons • repeal of a union between two or more coun- tries or states. separator ('a-ra-ter), n. one who, or that which, separates. sepia (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias (-az) ], the European cuttle-fish; a dark- brown pigment prepared from the black secretion or ink of the cuttle- fish. sepoy ('poi), n. [pi. sepoys ('poiz) ], an Indian native employed as a sol- dier in the British service in India. sepsin (sep'sin), n. a toxinous pto- main. sepsis ('sis), n. infection by patho- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon# book; hue, hut; think, then. SEPT 785 SERAI genie bacteria; a putrefactive con- Septuagesima (-a-jes'i-ma), n. the dition. 3rd Sunday before Lent. sept (sept), a prefix meaning 7, as septuple ('tu-pl), adj. sevenfold, septangular: adj. having 7 angles, sepulchral (se-pul'kral), adj. per- Sept ember (sep-tem'ber), n. ninth taining to a sepulcher, or to monu- calendar month. In the Roman ments erected to the dead; deep, calendar it was the seventh month, grave, or hollow toned, therefore its name. _ sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker), septemvir ('ver), n. [pi. septemviri n. a grave or tomb; place of burial: ('vi-rl) 1, in ancient Rome, one of 7 v.t. to bury; entomb, men associated together in office. sepulture ( r ul-tur), n. burial. septenary ('te-na-ri), adj. consisting sequel (se'kwel), n. succeeding part or of, containing, or lasting 7 years. result; continuation; consequence. septenate (-nat), n. a period of 7 sequence ('kwens), n. order of suc- years; the period during which the cession; series; result; suit of cards President of the French # Republic in the same order; regular alternate holds office: adj. growing in sevens. succession of similar chords. septennial (-ten'i-al), adj. occurring sequent ('kwent), adj. following; once in, or containing, 7 years. consequent: n. a sequence. septennially (4i), adv. once in 7 sequentially (-kwen'shal-i), adv. by years. succession. septet (sep-tef), n. a musical com- sequester (-kwes'ter), v.t. to sepa- position for 7 voices. Also septette. rate from the owner for a time; septfoil (sept'foil), n. the plant tor- take possession of the property of mentil; in architecture, an orna- another until some claim is paid or mental foliation with 7 lobes; asyin- established; withdraw; seclude: v.i. bolical figure composed of 7 equal to renounce, as a widow any interest segments of a circle typical of the 7 in the estate of a husband. Also sacraments of the Roman Catholic sequestrate. Church. sequestered ('terd), adj. secluded; septi, a prefix meaning 7, as septi- retired. lateral: adj. seven-sided. sequestration (-tra'shun), n. the septic ('tik), adj. having the power act of sequestering, especially the to promote putrefaction: n. a sub- act of seizing property by the State stance having such an effect._ during dispute or for the benefit of septicemia, septicaemia (-ti-se'mi- creditors; the collecting of the fruits a), n. blood-poisoning, caused by the of a benefice during a vacancy for absorption of septic matter into the the use of the next incumbent; re- circulation. Also septemia, septse- tirement; seclusion, mia. sequestrator (sek'wes-tra-ter), n. one septillion (-til'yun), n. in the French who sequesters property or takes system of numeration, followed in possession of it for a time, the (Jnited States, a number ex- Sequoia (se-kwoi'a), n. sl genus of pressed by unity with 24 ciphers an- gigantic trees of the cypress family, nexed; in the English system, a comprising the redwood and "big number expressed by unity with 42 tree" of California, ciphers annexed. seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. the palace of septin. Same as sepsin. the Sultan of Turkey at Constanti- septuagenarian (-tu-a-je-na'ri-an), nople, especially that part where the n. a person 70 years old.^ women are kept; a harem. septuagenary (-a j ' e-na-ri), adj. con- serai (se-ra/i), n. in the East, a palace; sisting of 70: n. the number 70. seraglio; caravansary or inn. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booru, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 60 SERALBUMIN 786 SERPENTINE seralbumin (ser-al-bu'min), n. the albumin of the blood. serape (sa-ra'pa), n. a Mexican blanket or shawl worn by men. seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, sera- phim ('afs, -im) ], an angel of the highest order. seraphic (se-raf'ik), adj. pertaining to, composed of, or like, seraphs; sublime; angelic. seraphically (-al-i), adv. in the manner of a seraph. seraphine (ser'a-fen), n. a kind of small harmonium. seraskier (ser-as-ker'), n. a Turkish general or commander of land forces, especially the commander-in-chief or minister of war. Also serasquier. Serbonian (ser-bo'ni-an), adj. not- ing the lake or bog of Serbonis in ancient Egypt, which appeared like solid land, but engulfed those who ventured upon it: hence pertaining to any difficulty or complication from which there is no way of extrication. sere (ser), adj. dry; wiltered [poet.]. serein (se-rang'), n. fine rain that falls from a clear sky. serenade (ser'e-nad), n. evening mu- sic in the open air; music sung or played by a lover in a spirit of gal- lantry under the window of a lady; piece of music for such an occasion: v.i. to entertain with a serenade. serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and calm; unclouded; placid; unruffled. serenely ('li), adv. in a serene manner; unruffled; calmly. serenity (-ren'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being serene; calmness of mind; equanimity of temper; cool- ness, composure. Also sereneness. serf (serf), n. the lowest class of servants or slaves in the Middle Ages, who were attached to the land and transferred with it; a villein or feudal slave; formerly in Russia, one of the peasant class. serfage ('aj), n. the state or condi- tion of a serf. Also serfdom; serfism. serge (ser j ) , n. a twilled woolen stuff. sergeancy (sar'j en-si), n. the office of a sergeant. Also sergeantcy, ser- geantship. sergeant Cjent), n. a non-commis- sioned officer ranking next above a corporal. sergeant-major (-ma/jer), n. a war- rant officer who is attached to each company or troop and assists the adjutant. serial (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a series; published in successive parts or numbers: n. a periodical; tale issued in parts. serially (-li), adv. in a series. seriatim (-a'tim), adv. in regular order. sericeous (se-rish'us), adj. silky. sericulture (ser'i-kul-tur), n. the culture of silkworms. series (se'rez), n. a number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like rela- tion; sequence; an infinite number of terms in succession, increasing or diminishing in a certain ratio. s^rin (ser'in), n. a kind of finch. serio-comic (se-ri-o-kom'ik), adj. having a mixture of seriousness and comicality. serious ('ri-us), adj. grave in manner or disposition; in earnest; not trifling; religious; solemn. sermon (ser'mun), n. a discourse en a text of Scripture; homily; serious exhortation. sermonize (-iz), v.i. to compose or write a sermon; preach: v.t. to preach a sermon to. serosity (se-ros'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being serous; the thin watery fluid part of the blood exud- ing from serum. serous ('rus), adj. pertaining to serum; thin, watery. serpent (serpent), n. a reptile of the order Ophidia, with a very long body without feet, and moving by contractions and undulations of the body; a bass wind instrument; a kind of firework; a Subtle, treacher- ous, malicious person. serpentine ('pen-tin), adj. pertain &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merp;e, met; mite, Bait; note, north, not; boonj book; hue, hut; think, then. SERRATE 787 SET img to, like, or having the qualities of, a serpent; moving or winding like a serpent; zigzag; subtle: n. a rock composed of a hydrated silicate of magnesia, susceptible of a fine polish. serrate (ser'at), adj. notched on the edge like a saw. Also serrated. serried ('id), adj. crowded; pressed together. serum (se'rum), n. the thin yellowish watery fluid secreted by the serous membranes. serumtherapy (se-rum-ther'a-pi), n. a treatment of contagious diseases by means of inoculation with an attenuated serum from the blood of animals. serval (ser'val), n. the African bush or tiger-cat, having a valuable fur. servant (Vant), n. one who serves, or is in the service of another; a domestic; subordinate; an expres- sion of civility. serve (serv), v.t. to work for; per- form duties for; yield obedience to; worship; supply with, as food, &c; attend or wait on; treat or requite; present (a writ): v.i. to be a serv- ant; be employed in labor; suit or be convenient; be in subjection; discharge the duties of an office or employment. service (ser'vis), n. the condition or occupation of a servant; duty re- quired or performed in any office; naval or military duty; spiritual obedience and reverence; course of dishes at table; waiting at table; labor, assistance, or kindness to another; number of conveyances plying between places; musical com- position for devotional use; profes- sion of respect.^ serviceable ('vis-a-bl), adj. useful; beneficial. serviceableness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being serviceable. serviceably (-bli), adv. in a service- able manner. servile ('vil or 'vil), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or befitting, a slave or servant; meanly submissive or obsequious; cringing; fawning; not belonging to the original root; not sounded: said of a letter. servilely (-li), adv. in a servile manner. servility (-vil'i-ti), n. mean submis- sion m or obsequiousness; baseness. Servileness. servitude ('vi-tud), n. the condition of a servant or slave ; state of slavish dependence; bondage. sesame (ses'a-me), n. a plant yield- ing flat seeds from which an oil is expressed. sesamoid bones ('a-moid bonz), n.pl. small bones formed at the ar- ticulation of the great toes, fingers, &c. sesqui, a prefix meaning a whole and a half, as sesquioxide, an oxide con- taining 3 atoms of oxygen and 2 atoms of a metal. sessile ('il), adj. without a foot-stalk. session (sesh'un), n. the actual sit- ting or assembling of a court, coun- cil, or legislative body; the time between the first meeting and the prorogation, dissolution, or final adjournment of a parliament, con- gress, or legislature. sessional (-al), adj. pertaining to a session, especially of an ecclesiastical court. sesterce (ses'ters), n. an ancient Roman coin, value about 4 cents. sestertium (-ter-shi-um), n. a sum of 1,000 sesterces. sestet ('tet), n. the last 6 lines of the second division of a sonnet. set (set), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. set, p.pr. setting], to place or put in any position; fix; plant; make stable,* render motionless; spread, as sails; replace; make to agree with some standard; start by fixing the key- note; regulate or adjust; value; assign or prescribe; mark (game); compose, as type, &c. : v.i. to sink below the horizon; strike root; be fixed closely or firmly, congeal; apply one's self; flow or tend; start (with out) : adj. fixed or established; ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SETTEE 788 SEWAGE regular? determined; firm; formal; obstinate; immovable: n. the act of setting; direction; number of per- sons associated together; clique; number of things of the same kind intended for use together; a young plant for growth; number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; descent below the horizon; flow; permanent twist; in lawn tennis, a series of as many games as will enable one side to win six. settee (-te'), n. a long seat with a back for several persons; a Medi- terranean single-decked vessel with a very long, sharp prow, and lateen sails. setter ('er), n. one who, or that which sets; a species of hunting-dog. setting ('ing), n. the act of one who, or that which, sets; direction of a current of wind; that which sets or holds, as the mounting of a jewel; hardening. settle (set'l), v.t. to place or set in a fixed state; establish; cause to sink or subdue; free from uncertainty; compose; fix by a legal act; liqui- date; pay; clear of dregs; make pure or clear; colonize: v.i. to become fixed, stationary, or permanent; descend or stop; grow calm or clear; sink to the bottom, or by its own weight; cease from agitation; adjust differences or accounts; marry and establish a home. settlement (-ment), n. the act or state of being settled; establishment in life, business, condition; jointure granted to a wife; liquidation, pay- ment, or adjustment; subsidence; a colony newly settled; legal residence. settler ('ler), n. a colonist; some- thing that finally settles or decides a contest. set-to (too'), n. a contest in boxing; argument. seven (sev'n), n. the sum of six and one; the symbol representing 7 units: adj. consisting of one more than 6. Sevenfold (-fold), adv. 7 times as much. seventeen (-ten), adj. one more than sixteen. seventeenth (-tenth), adj. noting the next after the sixteenth. seventh (sev'nth), adj. next in order after the sixth: n. one next in order after the sixth; one of 7 equal parts; the interval of 5 topes and a semi- tone. seventieth ('n-ti-eth), adj. next in order after the sixty-ninth: n. one of 70 equal parts. seventy (-ti), n. [pi. seventies (-tiz) ], the sum of 10 times 7; the symbol representing 70 units. seven-up (-up'), n. a card game. sever (sev'er), v.t. to divide or sep- arate with violence; cut open or through; keep distinct t or apart: v.i. to make a separation or dis- tinction; be rent asunder; part; distinguish. several (-al), adj. distinct; separate; consisting of a number more than two, but not many; different; vari- ous. severally (-li), adv. separately; in- dividually. severalty (-ti), a state of separation from the rest, or from all others. severance (-ans), n. the act of sever- ing; the state of being severed; separation; partition. severe (se-ver'), adj. strictly adher- ing to rule; strict; austere; rigid; harsh; grave; serious; inclement; inflexible; painful; critical. severely ('li), adv. in a severe man- ner. severity (-ver'i-ti), n. [pi. severities (-tiz) ], the quality of being severe; harshness; rigor \ gravity; exact- ness; strictness; inclemency. Sevres (sa'vr), n. a highly glazed china or porcelain manufactured at Sevres, France. sew (so), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sewed or sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite or fasten together with a needle and thread: v.i. to practice sewing. sewage (su'aj), n. the foul matter carried off by a sewer. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, Men. SEWER 789 SHADE sewer ('er), n. a pipe or channel to carry off the used or surface water and foul matter of a town, &c; (so'er), one who sews. sewerage (-aj), n. drainage by sew- ers; the system of sewers of a town, &c. sex, a prefix meaning six, as sexen- nial, adj. occurring once in, or last- ing, six years. sex (seks), n. the physical distinction between male and female; one of the two divisions of animals and plants, based on such distinction; women in general (with the). sexagenarian (-a-je-na/ri-an), n. one who is sixty years old. sexagenary (-aj'e-na-ri), adj. per- taining to, or noting, the number 60. Sexagesima (-a-jes'i-ma), n. the second Sunday before Lent. sexagesimal (-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based on, the number 60. sexed (sekst), adj. pertaining to, or having, sex. sexenary ('e-na-ri), adj. proceeding by sixes. sex-hygiene (-hl-jen'), n. the conser- vation of functions peculiar to each sex, especially those concerning the birth of children. See eugenics. sexlocular (-lok'u-lar), adj. six- celled. sext (sekst), n. in the Roman Bre- viary, the office for the sixth canon- ical hour. sextain (seks'tan), n. a six-lined stanza. sextant ('tant), n. the sixth part of a circle; an instrument for measur- ing angular distances between ob- jects, used especially at sea for de- termining latitude and longitude. sextile ('til), adj. noting the aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other 60°. sextillion (-til'yun), n. in the French system of enumeration, fol- lowed in the United States, the 7th power of a thousand = 1 with 21 ciphers annexed; in the English system, a million raised to the 6th power = 1 with 36 ciphers annexed. sexto ('to), n. [pi. sextos ('toz) ], a book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. sexton ('tun), n. an inferior official of a church whose duty it is to at- tend to burials, the church, &c. Fern, sextoness. sextuple ('tii-pl), adj. sixfold. sexual ('u-al) 7 adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, based on, or dis- tinguishing, sex; pertaining to the organs of generation. sexuality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being distinguished by sex. sexualize (-iz), v.t. to attribute sex to. sexually ('u-al-li), adv. in a sexual manner; with reference or relation to sex. shabbily (shab'i-li), adv. in a shab- by manner. shabbiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shabby. shabby ('i), adj. [comp. shabbier, superl. shabbiest], threadbare or worn, as clothes; mean in appear- ance or conduct; despicable. shack (shak), n. shabby old house; hut; log cabin. shack (shak), n. liberty of winter pasturage from harvest to seed- time; a tramp. shackle (shakl), n. anything that confines the hands or legs or ob- structs free action, as gyves; fet- ters; handcuffs; the bar of a pad- lock: v.t. to fetter; embarrass or hinder; unite or fasten with a shackle. shad (shad), n. an anadromous fish, valued as food. shade (shad), n. comparative ob- scurity caused by the interception of the rays of light; darkness; a shady place; gradation of light; screen or cover; the soul after death: pi. wine vaults: v.t. to screen from light or heat; darken or ob- scure; shelter; paint in * obscure colors; mark with gradation of light or color. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHADILY 790 SHAM shadily ('i-li), adv. in a shady man- ner. shading ('ing), n. the act of making a shade; representation of light and shade. shadow (shad'o), n. shade within defined limits; shade or deprivation of light representing on a surface the forms of the body which inter- cepts the rays of light; dark part of a picture; obscurity or darkness; protection or security; reflected im- age; faint representation; insepara- ble companion; small degree; a de- tective: v.t. to shade; darken or cloud; conceal or screen; represent typically; attend closely as a shadow; follow and watch closely, as a de- tective. shadowiness (-i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shadowy. shadowing (-ing), n. shading. shadowy ('i), adj. full of, or caus- ing, shade or shadows; sheltered from light or heat; dim; unreal; typical. shady (shad'i), adj. [comp. shadier, superl. shadiest], abounding in, or causing, shade; sheltered from the glare of light or heat; pertaining to darkness; dubious; equivocal. shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; anything resembling an arrow; the long nar- row entrance to a mine; carriage- pole; handle; part of a chimney; body of a column between the base and the capital. shafting ('ing), n. a system of shafts for transmitting power. shag (shag), n. a kind of tobacco; rough, wooly hair; a bushy mass. shagginess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shaggy. shaggy ('i), adj. rough with long hair or wool; rough; rugged. shagreen (sha-gren'), n. the skins of various animals, as horses, don- keys, prepared without tanning, and grained to resemble the skins of sharks; the rough skin of sharks and dogfishes prepared as leather: adj. made of shagreen. shah (sha), n. the sovereign of Per- sia. shake (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, p.p. shaken, p.pr. shaking], to cause to shiver; move with a quick, short motion; agitate; make afraid; give a tremulous note; to vibrate: v.i. to tremble or quake. shakedown ('doun), n. a temporary bed. shaken ('n), p. adj. agitated; cracked or split. Shaker ('er), n. one of a religious communistic sect that practices dancing in worship. Fern. Shakeress. Shakerism ('izm), n. the doctrines or tenets of the Shakers. Shakespearean (shak-sper'e-an), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or char- acteristic of, Shakespeare or his works. Also Shakespearian, 'Shak- spearian. shakiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being shaky. shako (shak'o), n. a kind of military cap. shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. shakier, superl. shakiest], in a shaking con- dition; feeble; full of cracks; un- sound. shale (shal), n. a husk; a laminated argillaceous rock. shall (shal), v.i. & auxil. [p.t. should], to be under obligation: used in the future tense of the verb. shalloon (-oon'), n. a kind of twilled worsted stuff. shallop ('op), n. a schooner-rigged two-masted boat; a small boat or canoe. shallot ('ot), n. the eschalot. shallow ('o), adj. having little depth; not profound; superficial; trifling; a flat place where the water is not deep; shoal: v.i. to become shallow. sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, or make-believe; imposture; counter- feit: adj. feigned; false; unreal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shammed, p.pr. shamming], to make false pretenses: v.t. to make a pretense of in order to deceive. &te> arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book: hue, hut; think, then. SHAMBLE 791 SHEAF shamble (sham'bl), v.i. to walk awkwardly and unsteadily; shuffle: n.pl. a slaughter-house; meat-mar- ket. shambling Cbling), n. an awkward, unsteady pace. shame (sham), n. a painful sensa- tion caused by the sense of guilt, impropriety, or dishonor; that which causes shame; reproach in- curred or suffered; modesty or de- corum: v.t. to make ashamed; cause to blush; cover with disgrace. shamefaced ('fast), adj. bashful. shameful ('fool), adj. causing shame; disgraceful; indecent. m shamefully (-li), adv. in a shameful manner. shammer (sham'er), n. one who shams. shammy ('i), n. chamois. shampoo (-poo'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shampooed, p.pr. shampooing], to rub and press (the limbs and joints) after a hot bath; to cleanse and rub (the head) with soap, &c: n. the act of shampooing. shampooer ('er), n. one who sham- poos. shamrock ('rok), n. a trefoil clover plant: the Irish national emblem. shanghai (shang'hi), n. a breed of poultry: v.t. to drug or stupefy a sailor, shipping him on a voyage without his consent. shank (shangk), n. the leg from the knee to the ankle; long part of any instrument; body of a type. shanty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. shapable (shap'a-bl), adj. that may be shaped; shapely. shape (shap), n. the form or figure of a thing; external appearance; pattern: v.t. to make into a particu- lar form; fashion; regulate; con- ceive. shapeliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being shapely. shapely ('li), adj. well-formed; sym- metrical; cornel}' - . shard (shard), n. a potsherd. share (shar), n. a portion or part; part allotted or belonging to one; dividend; plowshare: v.t. to part among two or more; divide; take or possess in common; partake of or use with others : v.i. to have a share or part. sharebroker ('bro-ker), n. one who deals in railway or other shares. shark (shark), n. a large voracious fish with sharp teeth; a rapacious, artful fellow. sharp (sharp), adj. having a very thin edge or fine point; terminating in an edge or point; very thin; peaked or ridged; keen; severe; acute; subtle: n. a character (%■) in music which raises a note a semi- tone. sharpen ('en), v.t. to make sharp or sharper; give edge or point to; make more acute '.v.i. to become sharp; play tricks in bargaining. sharper ('er), n. a cheat; swindler. shatter (shat'er), v.t. to break into many pieces at once; crack or rend; overthrow; dissipate: n.pl. broken fragments. shave (shav), v.t. to cut or pare off with a razor or other sharp-edged instrument; cut in thin slices; skim along or near the surface of; plun- der or fleece: v.i. to use the razor in removing hair: n. a thin slice; the operation of shaving; an in- strument for shaving hoops, &c. shaver ('er), n. one who, or that which, shaves; a barber; a young- ster. shaving ('ing), n. the act of one who shaves; a thin slice pared off. shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth of various materials used as a loose outer covering for the shoulders, &c: v.t. to cover or wrap with a shawl. shawm (shawm), n. an ancient wind instrument. shea (she'a), n. a tropical tree yield- ing a kind of butter or solid oil. sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (shevz) ], a quantity of grain bound together; a bundle; number of arrows suffi- Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHEAR 792 SHIBBOLETH cient to fill a quiver: v.t. to gather or bind into sheaves. shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, p.p. sheared or shorn, p.pr. shearing], to cut or clip, especially with shears; reap: v.i. to use shears: n.pl. a cutting instrument operating like scissors, but larger ;_ an apparatus for raising heavy weights. shear-steel ('stel), n. a kind of fine steel, specially tempered, &c. shear-water ('waw-ter), n. a kind of gull. sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; any sheath-like covering. sheathe (sheth), v.t. to put into a sheath or scabbard; case with a protecting covering. sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel in a block or pulley over which the rope runs. Shechinah (she-ki-na), n. the visible presence of Jehovah manifested from the mercy-seat and reflected from the overshadowing cherubim. Also Shekinah. shed (shed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shed, p.pr. shedding], to pour out or dif- fuse; cause to flow out; emit: v.i. to let fall or cast off seed: n. a slight building. sheen (shen), n. brightness; splen- dor: adj. bright; glittering. Also sheeny : v.i. to shine or glisten. sheep (shep), n., s. & pi. any rumi- nant animal of the genus Ovis, val- ued for its wool and flesh; a foolish, bashful fellow: pi. God's people, as being under the care of the Good Shepherd, Jesus Christ. . sheer (sher), adj. pure; unmixed; very thin or transparent; precipi- tous: v.i. to deviate from the proper course. sheers. Same as shears. sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice of anything; broad piece of linen to cover a bed; broad piece of paper; letter; newspaper; broad expanse or surface; rope attached to a sail to extend it; open space in the bow or stern of a boat. sheik (shek, or shak), n. the head of a Bedouin family, tribe, or clan. shekel (shek'el), n. an ancient Jewish coin or weight: pi. money.^ Shekinah. Same as Shechinah. sheldrake (shel'drak), n. a kind of duck. Fern, shelduck. shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz) ], a flat ledge or board for holding anything; a sandbank or flat pro- jecting ledge of rock. shell (shel), n. a hard outside cover- ing; any framework; rough kind of coffin; a hollow projectile; lightly constructed boat: v.t. to strip off or remove the shell of; take out of the shell; separate from the ear or cob; throw shells upon or into: v.i. to fall off, as a shell. shellac (-ak')> n. crude resin lac melted and formed into thin plates. shelter ^ ('ter), n. that which protects or shields; security; asylum; har- bor; defense; protector: v.t. to protect or shield from injury or vio- lence; conceal: v.i. to take or give shelter. sheltie ('ti), n. a Shetland pony. shelve (shelv), v.t. to place on a shelf; furnish with a shelf; dismiss from service, or postpone indefinite- ly: v.i. to incline gradually; slope. shelving ('ing), n. materials for shelves; shelves collectively. Sheol (she'ol), n. among the Hebrews the place of departed spirits ; Hades. shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who tends sheep; a pastor. Fern, shep- herdess: v.t. to tend as a shepherd. sherbet (sher'bet), n. a cooling bev- erage of water and fruit juices sweetened, &c. sherd (sherd), n. a fragment. sheriff ('if), n. the chief executive officer of a shire or county. sheriffalty (-al-ti), n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. sherry ( r i), n. a dry amber-colored wine, originally obtained from Xeres, Spain. shew. Same as show. shibboleth (shib'o-leth), n. a word ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHIED 793 SHOD which was made the criterion to dis- tinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites, the former not being able to pronounce sh (Judges xii.); hence the criterion of a party. shied, p.t. & p.p. of shy. shield (sheld), n. a broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the left arm; defense or protection; an es- cutcheon: v.t. to protect with, or as with, a shield; ward off or avert. shift (shift), n. a turning from one thing to another; change; substitu- tion; chemise: v.t. to change the place of; dress in fresh clothes: v.i. resort to expedients; to alter or change. shiftless ('les), adj. destitute of ex- pedients; having no means of liveli- hood; lazy; improvident. shifty ('i), adj. full of expedients; changeable. shillalah (shil-a'la), n. an oaken cudgel. Also shillelah, shillelagh [Irish]. shilling ('ing), n. a silver British coin, value about 24 cents. shilly-shally ('i-shal'i), adv. in an irresolute, undecided manner: v.i. to hesitate; act irresolutely. Shjloh (shl'lo), n. the Messiah [He- brew]. shimmer (sh'm'er), v.t. to shine un- steadily or tremulously. shimmy, n. a dance in which upper part of the body is vigorously shaken. shimose (shi'mos), n. Japanese ex- plosive for projectiles. shin (shin), n. the forepart of the leg between the ankle and knee; shank: v.i. to climb a tree, &c. shindy ('di), n. an uproar; spree; shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shone, p.pr. shining], to emit rays of light; be bright or beautiful; be distin- guished, eminent, or conspicuous: v.t. to cause to shine by reflected light: n. sunshine; bright weather; row; prank; fancy for a person. shiner ('er), n. one who, or that which, shines; the dace; a gold coin. shingle (shing'gl), n. a thin piece of wood used for roofing: Coarse, round, water-worn gravel: pi. a cutaneous disease which spreads round the body like a belt: v.t. to cover or roof with shingles. shining (shin'ing), adj. emitting light; radiant; eminent; distinguished. shinty ('ti), n. hockey; the club used in playing hockey. . Shintoism (shin'to-izm), n. the na- tive religion of Japan, a system of nature and ancestor worship, asso- ciated with which is the peculiar reverence paid to the Mikado. Also Shinto. Shintoist (-ist), n. an adherent of Shintoism. shinty ('ti), n. hockey; the club used in playing it [Scotch]. shiny (shin'i), adj. [pomp, shinier, superl. shiniest], diffusing light; bright. ship, a suffix meaning office, state, dignity, art, or skill, as lordship, horsemans/wp. ship (ship), n. any large vessel for the conveyance of passengers or merchandise, especially one with three masts and square-rigged: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shipped, p.pr. shipping], to place on board a ship; carry by water; put in its place or proper position: v.i. engage for service on board ship. shipboard ('b5rd), n. the deck of a ship. shipshape ('shap), adj. in good order: adv. neatly. shirk (sherk), v.t. to avoid; get out of; sneak away from. shivaree ^ (shiv'-a-re), n. a noisy celebration of a wedding; a vulgar, ear-splitting reception of a bride and groom. [See charivari.] shocker (shok'er), n. one who, or that which, shocks; cheap sensa- tional novel. shocking ('ing), adj. causing to shake or tremble; extremely offen- sive or disgusting. shod, p.t. of shoe. ate, arm, ask, at, awl* me", merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHODDY 794 SHOW shoddy- (shod'i), n. the wool of old woolen fabrics torn to pieces and remade with an admixture of fresh wool into new cloth: adj. made of shoddy; not genuine; sham. shoe (shoo), n. [pi. shoes (shooz) ], a low covering for the foot, usually of leather; a horseshoe; anything in the shape of a shoe: v.t. [p.t.& p.p. shod, p.pr. shoeing], to furnish with a shoe or shoes; tip. shone, p.t. & p.p. of shine. shook (shook), p.t. of shake: n. a set of staves and headings for a cask ready to be set up; set of boards for a sugar-box: v.t. to pack in snooks. shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shot, p.pr, shooting], to let fly or dis- charge with a sudden force, as a bullet, &c; strike with a shot; hurl; emit; kill game in or over: v.i. to protrude or project; be shot or pro- pelled forcibly; rush along; sprout; be affected with darting pains: n. a young branch or growth; chute. shooting ('ing), n. the act of one who snoots; wounding and killing with a firearm; sensation of darting pain: adj. pertaining to, or suitable for, shooting. shop (shop), n. a building where goods are sold by retail; place where mechanics carry on their trade: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shopped, p.pr. shopping], to visit shops to purchase goods. shoplifting ('lift-ing), n. stealing goods from a shop. shore (shor), n. the coast or land ad- jacent to the sea, &c; a prop or support: v.t. to support by a shore or shores. shoring ('ing), n. the act of support- ing or strengthening by a shore; props collectively. shorn, p.t. of shear. short (short) , adj. [comp. shorter, superl. shortest], not long, either in space or time; near at hand; inadequate; de- fective; deficient; not tenacious; abrupt; petulant; brief; brittle; crumbling in the mouth; not pro- longed in sound: pi. ground grain, sifted finer than bran: adv. abruptly; quickly. short-circuit (short-ser'-kit), v.t. to shut or break off an electric current before it has completed its course: n. a severed electric current. shorten ('n), v.t. to make short or shorter in time, extent, or measure. shorthand ('hand), n. a system of writing by abbreviated symbols. shortly ('li), adv. sobn; quickly; curtly. shortness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being short. shot (shot), n. [pi. shots and shot], the act of shooting; discharge of a firearm, &c; missile, especially a bullet or ball; small balls of lead for killing game; a marksman: range of a missile: v.t. to load with shot. shot-silk ('silk), n. a silk fabric hav- ing the warp and weft of two colors, thus presenting changeable tints. should, p.t. of shall. shoulder (shol'der), n. the articula- tion connecting the human arm, or the foreleg of a quadruped, to the body; that which resembles a shoul- der; a prominence; support: pi. the upper part of the back: v.t. to take upon the shoulder; assume the re- sponsibility of; jostle or thrust about with the shoulder. shout (shout), n. a loud and sudden cry or outburst of joy, triumph, encouragement, &c: v.i. to utter with a shout. shove (shuv), n. forcible push: v.t. to push along; drive before one: v.i. to push forward or off. shovel (1), n. an implement with a broad scoop and a handle for lifting and throwing coal, &c: v.t. to take and throw up with a shovel; gather up with, or as with, a shovel. show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. shown, p.pr. showing], to present to view; display; disclose; make clear; guide; direct; teach; confer or be- stow: v.i. to appear; manifest one's ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut: think, thp.i). SHOWER 795 SHUDDERING self: n. the act of showing; exposure to sight; ostentatious display; ex- hibition or spectacle; pretense. shower (shou'er), n. a fall of rain or hail of short duration; copious fall or supply of anything: v.t. to water copiously with rain; bestow liberally : v.i. to rain in showers. showeriness (-i-nes), n. the state or quality of being showery. showery (shou'er-i), adj. raining or abounding in showers. _ showily (sho'i-li), adv. in a showy manner. showiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being showy; ostenta- tion; parade. showy ('i), adj. ostentatious; gay. shrank, p.t. of shrink. shrapnel-shell (shrap'nel-shel), n. a projectile filled with bullets and a bursting charge. shred (shred), n. a long narrow piece torn or cut off; piece or fragment: v.t. to tear into small pieces. shrew (shroo), n. a scolding, vexa- tious woman; a small, insectivorous, burrowing animal, resembling a mouse. shrewd (shrSod), adj. sharp-witted or clever in practical affairs; of nice discernment; sagacious; sly; astute. shrewish (shroo'ish), adj. like a shrew. shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a shriek: n. a sharp, shrill outcry. shrievalty _ (shrev'al-ti), n. the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. Also shrivalty. shrift (shrift), n. confession to a priest; absolution. shrike (shrik), n. a bird that preys on small birds and insects and im- pales them on thorns to eat them conveniently; the butcher-bird. _ shrill # (shril), adj. sharp and pierc- ing in tone: v.i. to utter an acute, piercing sound. shrimp (shrimp), n. a small shell- fish allied to the lobster; anything very small of its kind ; a dwarf. shrine (shrin), n. a case or recepta- cle in which sacred relics are de- posited; any sacred place or hal- lowed object; an altar: v.t. to place in a shrine. shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.t. shrank, p.p. shrunk, p.pr. shrinking], to contract spontaneously; become wrinkled; withdraw; recoil: v.t. to cause to contract: n. contraction; withdrawal. shrinkage ('aj), n. the act of shrink- ing; contraction; decrease in value. shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived or shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriving], to confess and absolve: v.i. to re- ceive confession. shrivel (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn into wrinkles; contract: v.t. to cause to contract into wrinkles. shroud (shroud), n. a winding sheet or covering for the dead; anything that covers or conceals: pi. a set of large ropes supporting the masts: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a shroud; conceal.^ shrove, p.t. of shrive. Shrove Tuesday (shrov tuz'da), n. the Tuesday next before Ash Wed- shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant of less size than a tree; a kind of beverage of lemon juice, spirit, &c. shrubbery ('er-i), n. [pi. shrubber- ies (-iz) ], a collection of shrubs; plantation of shrubs. shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shrugged, p.pr. shrugging], to contract or draw up (the shoulders) to express doubt, contempt, dislike, &c. : v.i. to raise the shoulders: n. a raising or con- tracting of the shoulders. shrunk, p:t. & p.p. of shrink. shrunken (shrungk'en), p. adj. shriveled up. shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk: v.t. to deprive of shells or husks. shudder (shud'er), n. a trembling with fear or horror; cold shivering: v.i. to feel a cold tremor from fear or horror; quake. shuddering (-ing), p.adj. trembling as with fear or horror. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bodn, book; hue, hut; think, then. SHUFFLE 796 SIDE-CHAIN THEORY shuffle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from one to another; change the relative po- sitions of: v.i. to change the order of cards in a pack; evade fair ques- tions; prevaricate; drag the feet in walking or dancing: n. the act of shuffling; artifice or evasion; slov- enly, irregular gait. shuffler ('ler), n. one who shuffles; an American duck. shuffling ('ling), adj. moving with a slovenly, irregular gait; evasive. shun (shun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p.shxmned, p.pr. shunning], to avoid; keep clear of; escape from; neglect; decline. shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, on, or as on, on a side rail: v.i. to be turned aside: n. a turning off to a side rail; a short side rail. shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shut, p.pr. shutting], to close so as to prevent entrance or exit; prohibit or bar; exclude; close over: v.i. to become closed: adj. closed. shutter ('er), n. one who, or that which, shuts; a movable screen for a window. shuttle ('I), n. an instrument used in weaving; sliding thread-holder in a sewing machine. shuttlecock (-kok), n. a cork stuck with feathers and driven with a battledore. shy (shl), adj. [comp. shyer, superl. shyest], timid; shunning approach; cautious; reserved; suspicious; mod- est: v.i. to start aside from fear: v.t. to throw sidewise with a jerk; fling: n. the act of starting aside from fear; a side throw. shyly ('li), adv. in a shy manner. shyness ('nes),w.the state of beingshy. shyster ('ster), n. one who carries on legal business in a mean and tricky manner. si (se), the seventh note of the scale [music]. Siamese (si-a-mez), adj. pertaining to Siam, its language, or inhabitants. sibilance (sib'i-lans), n. the state or quality of being sibilant. Also sibilancy. sibilant ('i-lant), adj. making, or uttering, a hissing sound: n. a sibilant letter, as s, z. sihilation (-la'shun), n. utterance with a hissing sound. sibyl ('il), n. a woman endowed with a spirit of prophecy. sibylline (-in), adj. pertaining to, uttered, or written by, a sibyl. sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch]: adv. thus [Latin]. siccative ('a-tiv), adj. drying. sice (sis), n. the number 6 at dice. sick (sik), adj. ill in health; affected with nausea; inclined to vomit; disgusted; indisposed; set apart for the sick. sicken ('n), v.i. to become sick; fall ill; be filled with disgust; decay or languish: v.t. to make sick; disgust. sickening (-ing), adj. making sick; disgusting; nauseating. sickish ('ish), adj. somewhat sick or ill; exciting disgust. sickle ('1), n. a reaping hook. sickliness ('li-nes), n. the state of being sickly or in bad health. sickly ('li), adj. ailing; weak; ha- bitually indisposed; producing dis- ease. sickness ('nes), n. the state of being sick or in bad health; illness; diseased condition. sida (sl'da), n. a ligneous Indian fiber used as a substitute for hemp and flax. side (sid), one of the surfaces that define or limit a solid; edge; part of a man or an animal between the shoulder and hip; slope or declivity; party; position; line of descent; as- pect; affectation or self-assertion; bias of a billiard ball: v.i.to em- brace the cause or tenets of one party against another: v.t. to stand at the side of. sideboard, ('bord), n. a piece of din- ing-room furniture for holding dining-utensils. side-chain theory (sld'chan the'o-ri) n. the theory of immunity to disease advanced by Ehrlich, growing out ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SIDELONG 797 SIGNIFY of the theory of side-chains of atoms in the chemistry of the protein molecule. sidelong ('16ng), adv. obliquely: adj. lateral. sidereal (sl-de're-al) , adj. pertaining to the stars; astral; measured by the apparent motion of the stars. sidereal year (yer), n. the time oc- cupied by the earth in completing its revolution round the sun. side- wheel (sid'hwel), n. a paddle wheel at the side of a steamboat. side- wheeler ('er), n. a steamboat having side-wheels. siding ('ing), n. a railroad track by the side of the main track, for switching, &c: adj. taking sides. sidle ('1), v.i. to go or move side foremost. siege (sej), n. the surrounding and investing of a place by an army to compel its surrender; continued en- deavor to obtain possession; floor of a glass furnace: v.t. to besiege. sienna (si-en'a), ft. red or brown clay obtained from Sienna, Italy: used as a pigment. sierra (se-er'a), n a chain of moun- tains with serrated ridges. siesta (-es'ta), ft. midday or after- dinner nap. sieve (siv), ft. a utensil for separating the finer from the coarser parts of a substance. sifneur (si-fler'), ft. a professional whistler. Fern, siffleuse. sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, or as with, a sieve; scrutinize. sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire with a long, deep, and audible breathing; grieve; lament: v.t. to express by sighs; mourn: ft. the act of sighing. sight (sit), ft. the act of seeing; per- ception; visibility; judgment; men- tal view; spectacle; view; space seen; a small piece of metal on a gun, &c, to guide the eye in aiming; large number or quantity: v.t. to see; adjust the sight of. sightliness ('li-nes), n. the state or quality of being sightly. sightly ('li), adj. pleasing to the eye. sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved like the letter s. sign (sin), ft. a mark, token, or sym- bol; that by which anything is known or represented; visible rep- resentation; memorial; indication; the twelfth part of the zodiac; omen; wonder; signboard: v.t. to represent with a sign; signify; aflix a signature to; ratify by writing one's own name; convey formally: v.i. to make a sign or signal. signal (sig'nal), ft. a sign for giving notice, especially at a distance; something to attract the eye or ear: adj. memorable; distinguished; re- . markable; pertaining to signals: v.t. to convey by signals; make signals to. signalize (-Iz), v.t. to make especially conspicuous. signatory ('na-to-ri), adj. signing; ft. one who signs or subscribes, especially for a state. signature ('na-ttir), ft. name of a person written by himself; sign- manual; mark or stamp impressed: flats or sharps after the clef to indi- cate the key [music]. signet (sig'net), ft. a seal, especially that used by a sovereign in sealing documents under sign-manual. significance (-nif 'i-kans) , ft. meaning or import; consequence. Also significancy. significant (-kant), adj. designed or adapted to signify; expressive or suggestive; important: ft. a token or symbol. signification (-ka'shun), ft. the act of signifying; that which is signified; meaning. significator (-nif 'i-ka-ter) , ft. one who, or that which, signifies. significatory (-to-ri), adj. having signification. signify ('ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sig- nified, p.pr. signifying], to show by a sign, mark, or token; denote; make known; involve; manifest: v.i. to be of consequence. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, mgrge, met; mite, mj^tan^t©, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, /itead SIGNIORY 798 SIMONY signiory (sen'yor-i), n. dominion; lordship; estate; aristocracy [Ital- ian]. sign-manual (sm'man-u-al), n. a signature, especially a royal signa- ture. signor _ (sen'yor), n. sir [Italian]. Also signior. Fein, signora. signorina (-e'na), n. Miss [Italian], Sikh (sek), n. one of a warlike race inhabiting the Punjab. silage. Same as ensilage. silence (sl'lens), n. entire absence of sound; having no sound; taci- turnity; obscurity: oblivion: v.t. to make silent; reduce to silence by irrefutable arguments; cause to cease firing; restrain from the ex- ercise of any function, especially preaching. silent ^ ('lent), adj. noiseless; not speaking; not pronounced; taci- turn; quiet. silesia (si-le'shi-a), n. a kind of lin- en cloth. silex (si'leks), n. flint. silhouette (sil-oo-et'), n. the out- line or profile filed in with black: v.t. to represent by a silhouette. silica ('i-ka), n. silicon dioxide. silicate ('i-kat), n. a salt of silicic acid. silicated (-ka-ted), adj. combined or impregnated with silica. silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertaining to, derived from, compounded with, or like, silica. silico, a prefix denoting the presence of silicon, as si^cofluoride. silicon ('i-kon), n. a non-metallic ele- ment. silk (silk), n. a fine, soft, tenacious thread spun by certain caterpillars, as that of Bombyx mori; cloth made of silk; garment made of silk: adj. pertaining to, or made of , silk. silken ('en), adj. made of, or like, silk. silkiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being silky. silky ('i), adj. pertaining to, made of, or resembling, silk; silken. sill (sil), n. the foundation of any- thing in timber or stone, especially a timber at the bottom of a door or window; a young herring. sillibub ('i-bub), n. a mixture of cream, wine, or cider, forming a soft curd. Also sillabub; syllabub. sillily ('i-li), adv. foolishly. silliness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being silly. silly ('i), adj. [comp. sillier, superl. silliest], weak in intellect; foolish; indiscreet. silo (si'lo), n. a store pit for green fodder, potatoes, &c. silt (silt), n. mud or sand deposited by running or standing water: v.t. to fill up or obstruct with silt: v.i. to percolate. silurian (si-lu'ri-an) , adj. referring to a division of the Paleozoic age, or age of invertebrates. silver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, me- tallie element, used for coins and articles of plate, &c; money; any- thing resembling silver in brightness or color: adj. pertaining to, or made of, silver; soft and clear, as the voice; gentle: v.t. to cover or coat with silver. silvering (-ing), n. the art or process of covering with silver, or with an amalgam of tin and quicksilver; the film thus laid on. silvery (-i), adj. covered with, con- taining, or like, silver; soft and clear; bright. simian (sim'i-an), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like an ape: n. an ape or monkey. similar ('i-lar), adj. having a gen- eral likeness or correspondence; alike. similarity ('i-ti), n. resemblance. simile ('i-le), n. [pi. similies (-lez)], a likening by comparison to illus- trate something. similor ('i-16r), n. an alloy of copper and zinc in imitation of gold. simmer ('er), v.t. & v.i. to boil gently. simony (sim'o-ni), n. the act _ or crime of buying or selling ecclesias- ate, arm, ask, at, attlf^nkSj,' merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, b09&; hue, hut; think, then. SIMOOM 799 SINGLE tical preferment; 'corrupt presenta- tion of any one to a benefice: from Simon Magus, Acts viii., 18. simoom (si-moom'), n. a hot, dry, suffocating wind which blows from the deserts of Arabia, &c. laden with minute particles of sand. Also simoon simous (si'mus), adj. having a flat or snub nose. simper (sim'per), v.i. to smile in an affected or silly manner: n. affected or silly smile. simple (sim'pl), adj. [comp. simpler, superl. simplest), single, not com- plex; undivided; not blended or compounded; pure; plain; un- adorned; sincere; natural; unaf- fected; intelligible; clear; weak in intellect; humble; plain: n. some- thing unmixed or not compounded; a medicinal herb. simpleton (-tun), n. one who is foolish or of weak intellect. simplicity (-plis'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being simple; artlessness of mind; freedom from duplicity; absence of excessive or artificial ornament; clearness; innocence; folly. simplification (-pli-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of simplifying. simplify Cpli-fl), v.t. (p.t. & p.p. simplified, p.pr. simplifying], to make simple; render less complex; make plain or easy. simply ('pli), adv. in a simple man- ner; without addition; only; mere- ly; foolishly or weakly. simulate ('u-lat), v.t. to pretend or counterfeit; assume the likeness of. simulation (-la/shun), n. the act of simulating or feigning that which is not true. simultaneous (-ul-ta/ne-us) , adj. happening, done, or existing at the same time. sin (sin), wilful transgression of the Divine law; neglect of the laws of morality and religion; violation of propriety; transgression; ini- quity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sinned, p.pr. sinning], to commit sin; transgress or offend. Sinai tic (si-n6-it'ik) , adj. pertaining to, or given at, Mt. Sinai. sinapism (sin'a-pizm) , n. a mustard plaster. since (sins), adv. from that time; before this or now: prep, from the time of; after: conj. because; see- ing that; considering. sincere (sin-ser'), adj. true; honest; not falsely assumed; genuine; frank; upright; pure. sincerely (-li), adj. in a sincere manner. sincerity (-ser'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being sincere; freedom from hypocrisy or pretense. Also sincereness. sine (sin), n. a straight line drawn from one extremity of the arc of a circle perpendicular to the diameter passing through the other extremity: a prefix meaning without, as sine- cure (sln'e-kur), any office or posi- tion for which pay is received with- out an equivalent in work rendered. sinecure (sin'e-kur), n. an office with compensation in which there is little work to do. sinew (sin'u), n. a tendon; anything supplying strength. sinewy (-i), adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or like, sinew; vigorous; tough. sinful ('fool), adj. full of sin; wicked; impious; unholy. sinfully (-li), adv. in a sinful man- ner. sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, p.p. sung, p.pr. singing] to utter melo- dious sounds; make a shrill or hum- ming noise; celebrate in verse or poetry; cry out: v.t. to celebrate in song; chant. singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly or on the surface: n. a slight burn. single (sing'gl), adj. consisting of one only; alone; separate; unmar- ried; performed by one person or one on each side; straightforward; sincere; honest: v.t. to select (one ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SINGLENESS 800 SIROCCO person or thing) from others; sepa- rate: n. a unit: pi. reeled and twisted filaments of silk; in lawn tennis, a game with only one player on each side. singleness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being single; sincerity. singleton (-tun), n. a single card of any suit held by a player at a deal, as at whist. singly- Cgli), adv. individually; par- ticularly. singsong (sing'song), n. bad singing or poetry; monotonous or drawling tone: adj. monotonous. singular ('gu-ler), adj. not complex or compound; alone; noting one per- son or thing; uncommon; unusual; strange; extraordinary; eminent; peculiar; odd; unique: n. in gram- mar, the number denoting one per- son or thing. singularity (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. singu- larities (-tiz)], the state or quality of being singular; peculiarity; odd- ity. sinister ('is-ter), adj. inauspicious; unlucky; evil; ill-omened; corrupt; dishonest; on the left hand or side. sink (singk), v.i. [p.t. sunk, sank, p.p. sunk, sunken, p.pr. sinking], to fall or go downwards; fall to the bottom; descend lower and lower. v.t. to cause to sink; make by dig- ging; lower in value or amount; reduce or extinguish by payment: n. a drain to carry off water.^ sinner (sin'er), n. one who sins; an offender; transgressor; one who is unregenerate. sinnet ('et), n. a yarn bound round ropes to prevent friction. Sinn Fein (Shin'fan) n. "ourselves- alone"; revolutionary party in Ire- land. Sinology (si-nol'o-ji), n. the system- atized knowledge of the Chinese lan- guage, literature, laws, and history. sinter (sin'ter), n. crystallized rock precipitated from mineral water; scale from hammered iron. sinuate (sin'ii-at), adj having the margin alternately curved inward and outward. sinuosity (-os'i-tl), n. a wavy line; the character of being sinuous. sinuous ('u-us), adj. bending in and out; winding; crooked. sinus (si'nus), n. a bay or recess; cavity or depression; fistula. sip (sip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sipped, p.pr. sipping], to imbibe in small quan- tities; drink out of; draw into the mouth; taste: v.i. to drink a small quantity; take a fluid with the lips: n. the act of sipping; taste. siphon (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or tube having one end longer than the other, used for drawing off liquids from a higher to a lower level; the respiratory tube of a mollusk; a siphon bottle: v.t. to convey or draw off by a siphon. Also syphon. siphonage (-aj), n. the action of a siphon. Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet or knight; a term of respect. sirdar (-dar')> n. in India, a chief; captain. sire (sir), n. a title of respect used in addressing the sovereign; father; head of a family; male of beasts: v.t. to procreate. siren (si'ren), n. one of certain fabu- lous nymphs in Southern Italy, said to have sung with such sweetness that the mariners were irresistbly lured to their destruction: hence a woman dangerous from her fascinat- ing, enticing wiles; a foghorn, a South American eel-like amphibian: adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, a siren; bewitching. sirene (-ren'), n. an instrument for ascertaining the number of vibra- tions per second corresponding to a note of given pitch. Sirius (sir'i-us), n. the dog-star. sirloin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or up- per part of the loin, of beef. sirocco (si-rok'o), n. [pi. siroccos ('oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, from the Libyan deserts. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. SIRRAH 801 SKEPTIC eirrah (sir'a), n. a term of reproach or contempt. sisal- grass (sis'al-gras), n. the pre- pared fiber of the American aloe, used for cordage, &c. siskin ('kin), n. a kind of finch. siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i. to make a hissing noise. sister (sis'ter), n. a female born of the same parents as another person; a female fellow-Christian; a female of the same religious society, order, or community; nun; one of the same kind or condition. sisterhood (-hood), n. sisters collec- tively; number of females belonging to the same religious society, &c. sister-in-law (-in-law), n. [pi. sis- ters-in-law], the sister of one's hus- band or wife; wife of one's brother. Sisyphean (-i-fe'an), adj. pertaining to Sisyphus, condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a stone which incessantly fell back when it had reached the summit: hence in- cessantly recurring; vainly toil- some. sit, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sat, p.pr. sitting], to rest on the lower part of the trunk of the body; perch; rest or lie; repose on a seat; press or weigh; occupy a seat officially; be officially engaged; incubate; hold a session: v.t. to sit upon. site (sit), n. local position or situa- tion; ground-plot. sitting (sit'ing), adj. resting on the haunches; perching; incubating: n. the state, posture, or act of one who sits; a seat in a church, &c; a ses- sion; time during which one sits; set of eggs for incubation. situate ('u-at), adj. placed. situated ('u-a-ted), adj. having a position; placed with respect to any other object. situation (-a/shun), n. position; lo- cality; circumstances; office; em- ployment. sitz-bath (sitsT^ath), n. a bath for bathing in a sitting posture. six (siks), adj. one more than 5: n. the number greater by one than 5; the symbol representing 6 units. sixfold ('fold), adj. 6 times as many or as much. sixpence ('pens), n. a small British silver coin, value 6 pennies, or 12 cents. sixpenny ('pen-i), adj. worth six- pence. sixscore ('skor), n. & adj. 6 times 20. sixteen ('ten), adj. 15 and one more. sixteenmo (-mo), n. sextodecimo. sixteenth ('tenth), adj. next in order after the fifteenth. sixth (siksth), adj. first after the fifth. sixtieth (siks'ti-eth), adj. next in order after the fifty-ninth. sixty ('ti), n. [pi. sixties ('tiz)J, the product of 6 and 10: adj. 10 times 6. sizable (siz'a-bl), adj. of considerable or suitable size. size (siz), n. a kind of thin, weak glue; magnitude or bulk: v.t. to pre- pare or cover with size; adjust or arrange according to size or bulk; separate by means of a sieve. sizzle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hissing sound; fry: n. a hissing sound. skald. Same as scald. skate (skat), n. a kind of flat fish of the ray family; a metallic runner fitted in a frame for fastening to the boot to slide over ice: v.i. to slide on skates. skedaddle (ske-dadl), v.i. to run away, especially in terror. skein (skan), n. a quantity of thread, silk, &c, coiled together. skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. the bones of an animal separated from the flesh; framework of anything; out- line; a secret annoyance; very thin person. skeletonize (-Iz), v.t. to make a skeleton of. skeleton-key (-ke), n. a thin light key, the center parts of which have been almost wholly filed away. skeptic (skep'tik), n. one who doubts the truth of any doctrine or system; one who doubts the existence of God ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 51 SKEPTICAL 802 SKIPPER or revelation; an adherent of philo- sophical skepticism. skeptical (-al), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a skeptic; char- acterized by skepticism; doubting the existence of God or Divine reve- lation. skeptically (-li), adv. in a skeptical manner; with doubt. skepticism ('ti-sizm), n. incredul- ity; doubt; the doctrine that^ no facts can be known with certainty beyond the range of experience; un- belief in any particular doctrine or system. sketch (skech), n. an outline; first rough draft; preliminary study: v. t. to draw the outline or give principal features of; make a sketch of: v.i. to make sketches. sketchily ('i-li), adv. in a sketchy manner. sketchiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sketchy; incom- pleteness. sketchy ('i), adj. outlined; unfin- ished. skew (sku), adj. oblique: adv. ob- liquely. skewer ('er), n. a pin of wood or metal for securing meat, &c, in form when roasting: v.t. to fasten with, or as with, a skewer. ski (ske), n.pl. long narrow pieces of wood with one end curved in front, used as snow-shoes. skiagraph (ski-a-graf). Same as ra- diograph. skiagraphy. Same as radiography. skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or drag to retard the motion of a ve- hicle by pressure against the wheel; a fender to protect the side of a ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skidded, p.pr. skidding], to cause to move on, or protect with, a skid; retard by a skid: v.i. to slip along obliquely. skiddaw ('aw), n. the black guille- mot. skied, p.t. & p.p. of sky. skiff (skif), n. a small light boat. skilful (skil'fool), adj. having, or displaying, skill; expert in any art or science; discriminating; clever; dexterous. skill (skil), n. expertness in any art or science; aptitude; power to dis- cern and execute. skilled (skil'd), adj. having the knowledge and ability which come from experience; possessing skill. skillet ('et), n. a small culinary ves- sel. skil ling ('ing), n. the bay of a barn or slight addition to a cottage. skilly (1), n. a kind of thin oatmeal broth in which meat has been boiled. skim (skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skimmed, p.pr. skimming], to remove the scum from; brush the surface off lightly: v.i. to pass lightly over; read super- ficially. skimmer ('er), n. one who, or that which, skims; a perforated ladle; a marine bird. skimp (skimp), v.t. to do carelessly or superficially: v.i. to be parsimo- nious: adj. scanty. skin (skin), n. the external covering of an animal body; hide; bark or rind; anything resembling a skin: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skinned, p.pr. skin- ning], to remove or strip the skin from; flay; fleece; cover with, or as with, skin; reduce to extremities by cheating, &c. : v.i. to become covered over with skin. skinflint ('flint), n. a niggard. skinful ('fool), n. a stomachful. skink (skingk), n. a kind of lizard. skinniness (skin'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being skinny. skinny ('i), adj. consisting only of skin; very lean. skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skipped, p.pr. skipping], to leap lightly over; omit: v.i. to leap or bound lightly; pass over unnoticed: n. a light leap or bound; omission; a wicker basket. Also skep. skipper ('er), n. one who, or that which, skips; the cheese maggot; the master of a merchant vessel; sea-captain. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SKIRMISH SLAP skirmish (sker'mish), n. a slight combat or irregular fight between two small parties; contest: v.i. to fight slightly or in small parties; fight irregularly. skirr (sker), v.t. to pass over rapidly. skirt (skert), n. the lower and loose part of a coat, dress, or other gar- ment; part below the waist; upper petticoat; midriff of animals; mar- gin or border: v.t. to cover with a skirt; border. skirting ('ing) f n. skirts collective- ly; material for skirts. •kit (skit), n. brief satire; burlesque. skittish ('ish), _ adj. . shy; easily frightened; volatile; vivacious; wan- ton. skittles (1z), n.pl. ninepins. skiver (skiv'er), n. a paring tool for leather; sheepskin split for book- binding, &c. skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw into a corner for concealment; lurk; avoid work in a cowardly manner: n. a skulker; a number of foxes to- gether. skull (skul), n. the bony case inclos- ing the brain of a vertebrate animal. skunk (skungk), n. an American car- nivorous animal allied to the weasel, which emits a foetid secretion when pursued; a vile, contemptible fel- low: v.t. to defeat (an opponent) as at cards. sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (skiz) ], the apparent vault of the heavens; re- gion of clouds surrounding the earth; climate or weather: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skied, p.pr. skying], to raise in the air; hang very high. sky-born Cborn), adj. heaven-born [poet.]. skylark (lark), n. a species of lark that mounts high in the air and sings as it soars. skylarking (-ing), n. running about the rigging of a ship in sport; frol- icking. skyscraper ('skra-per), n. a lofty building; a triangular sail next above the royal. slab (slab), n. a flat piece of any- thing, especially marble or stone; a puddle; mire: adj. thick; glutinous. slab-sided ('si-ded), adj. flat-sided; tall and lanky. slabber ('er), n. saliva: v.i. to let saliva or liquid fall from the mouth. slack (slak), adj. relaxed or loose; inattentive; not busy; backward: n. that part of anything, as a rope, &c, that hangs loose. slacken ('n), v.i. to become slack or less firm, tense, or rigid; be remiss or less diligent; languish; become slower. slacker, n. one who shirks military service. slag (slag), n. the dross of a metal; vitrified cinders. slaggy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or like, slag. slake (slak), v.t. to quench; extin- guish; mix with water: v.i. to be mixed with water. slam (slam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slammed, p.pr. slamming], to shut violently and with a loud noise; put down with force and loud noise: v.i. to strike violently or noisily: n. a vio- lent and noisy banging. slander (slan'der), n. a false or ma- licious report; verbal defamation: v.t. to defame or calumniate. slanderous (-us), adj. uttering slan- ders. slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan- guage or expression current at any particular period; jargon of some particular calling or class in so- ciety: v.t. to address with slang; abuse with vulgar^ language. slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; a sarcastic remark; a passing breeze: v.t. to give a sloping direction to: adj. inclined from a straight line. slanting ('ing), adj. oblique. slap (slap), n. a blow given with the open hand: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slapped, p.pr. slapping], to strike with the open hand or with anything broad: ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SLAPDASH 804 SLEEPY adv. with a sudden, violent blow; direct; quick. slapdash ('dash), adv. in a bold, careless, or random manner. slapjack ('jak), n. a kind of flat bat- ter cake. slash (slash), n. a long cut; random cut; slit in old costumes: pi. swampy or wet lands: v.t. to cut by striking violently and at random; cut into long slits; cut with a whip: v.i. to strike violently and at random. slashing ('ing), adj. sarcastic; se- vere. slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow strip of wood or metal used for fastening together larger pieces. slatch (slach), n. the slack of a rope; passing Dreeze. slate (slat), n. any rock that splits into thin plates; thin stone for roof- ing; tablet of stone for writing upon; list of candidates, prepared for nomination or election: v.t. to cover with slate; register for a po- litical appointment; criticise fiercely. slatt (slat), n. a slab of stone used as a veneer. slattern ('ern), n. a careless, sloven- ly woman. slatternly (-li), adj. slovenly; un- tidy: adv. awkwardly; untidily. slatting ('ing), n. the violent flap- ping of anything hanging loose in the wind; slats collectively. slaty (slat'i), adj. like slate. slaughter (slaw'ter), n. great de- struction of life by violence; car- nage; killing of oxen, &c, for hu- man food: v.t. to slay or kill with violence; kill (beasts) for the mar- ket. Slav (slav), n. one of the great divi- sions of the Aryan family or lan- guage: adj. Slavonic. slave (slav), n. a human being held in bondage; serf; drudge; one under the power or influence of another: v.i. to work like a slave; toil or drudge. slaver ('er), n. a vessel or trader en- gaged in the slave trade. slavery ('er-i), n. [pi. slaveries (-iz) ], the state of entire subjugation to the will of another; condition of a slave. slavey ('i), n. a maidservant. Slavic. Same as Slavonic. slavish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, be- fitting, or characteristic of, a slave. Slavonic (sla-von'ik), adj. pertain- ing to the Slavs, their literature, or language. Also Slavonian, Slavic. slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage served as a salad. slay (sla), v.t. [p.t. slew, p.p. slain, p.pr. slaying], to kill or put to death with a weapon; destroy suddenly or with violence. sleave (slev), n. the knotted or en- tangled part of silk or thread; floss. sled (sled), n. a carriage or vehicle mounted on runners for traveling over snow or ice. Also sledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sledded, p.pr. sledding], to convey or transport on a sled or sledge. sledding ('ing), n. the act of tran- sporting on, or conveying by, a sled; snow sufficient for the running of sleds. sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy ham- mer; another form of sled. sleek (slek), adj. smooth, glossy. sleeky ('i), adj. of a sleek appear- ance; fawning. sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; death: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slept, p.pr. sleeping], to take rest in sleep; be motionless or inactive; be dead; spin rapidly and smoothly. sleeper ('er), n. one who sleeps; a piece of timber supporting a railway track; a sleeping car. sleepful ('fool), adj. drowsy. Also sleepish. sleepily ('i-li), adv. in a sleepy man- ner. sleepiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sleepy. sleeping sickness (sle'ping sik'nes), a fatal disease of the African tropics, due to a germ called a trypanosome which is carried by the tsetse fly. sleepy Ci), adj. [comp. sleepier, su- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. k SLEET 805 SLIPPERY perl, sleepiest], inclined to, or over- come by, sleep; drowsy; sluggish; lethargic. sleet (slet), n. rain mingled with snow or hail: v.i. to hail or snow with rain mingled. sleetiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sleety. sleety ('i), adj. consisting of, or like, sleet. sleeve (slev), n. the part of a gar- ment that covers the arm: v.t. to furnish with sleeves. sleigh, another form of sled. sleight (slit), n. dexterity; cunning; artful trick. slender (slen'der), adj. small or nar- row in proportion to the length or height; feeble; slim; moderate. slept, p.t. & p.p. of sleep. sleuth (slooth), n. the track of a man or beast as known by the scent. sleuthhound ('hound), n. a blood- hound. slew, p.t. of slay. sley (sla), n. a weaver's reed. slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece of anything; a thin broad knife for taking up or serving fish; a spatula: v.t. to cut into thin broad pieces; cut into parts; divide. slick (slik), adv. immediately; com- pletely: n. metal ore, especially gold, crushed and prepared for working. slid, p.t. of slide. slide (slid), v.i. to pass smoothly over a surface without leaving it; glide; pass inadvertently or unobserved; slip: v.t. to thrust along; cause to slip: n. a smooth surface of ice for sliding upon; smooth declivity; pic- Iture on glass for exhibition on a screen; fall of a mass of rock or snow down a mountain; a grace of two small notes moving by degrees (music), sliding-scale ('ing-skal), n. a varia- ble scale of wages or prices accord- ing to the state of trade. slight (slit), adj. feeble; inconsider- able; unimportant; not severe; tri- fling; slender: n. neglect; oversight: v.t. to disregard as of little value; neglect. slily. Same as slyly. slim (slim), adj. [comp. slimmer, sttr- perl, slimmest], of small diameter; weak; unsubstantial; slender. slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; any viscous substance. sliminess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being slimy. slimsy (slim'zi), adj. frail. slimy (sllm'i), adj. consisting of, cov- ered over with, or like, slime. sling (sling), n. an instrument for throwing stones; a throw; hanging bandage for an injured arm: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slung, p.pr. slinging], to hurl with, or as with, a sling; hang so as to swing; hang by a rope so as to be moved. slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slunk, p.pr. slinking], to creep away as if ashamed; sneak off; miscarry: said of beasts: v.t. to cast prematurely: said of beasts: adj. produced prema- turely; lean [Scotch]: n. the young of a beast prematurely born, espe- cially a calf; a sneak. slinky ('i), adj. thin. slip (slip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slipped, p.pr, slipping], to glide or slide; miss one's foothold; fall down; es- cape observation; enter by over- sight; move out of place; depart or escape: v .t. to convey secretly; cause to move quickly and smoothly; omit; part from a branch or stem: n. the act of slipping; an oversight or omission; indiscretion; strip; twig from a stock; scion; a kind of petti- coat; outer covering or case; liquid potter's clay; an incline for launching ships ; a young sole ; a fielder in cricket ; a narrow pew or bench: pi. part of a theater at the sides of the stage. slipper ('er), n. one who, or that which, slips; a kind of loose shoe. slipperiness (-i-nes), n. the state or quality of being slippery. slippery ('er-i), adj. non-adhesive; without firm hold or footing; un- stable; smooth; cunning. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. SLIPSHOD 806 SLUMP slipshod ('shod), adj. wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel; slov- enly. slit (slit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slit or slitted, p.pr. slitting], to cut lengthwise or into long strips; split: n. a long cut; narrow opening. slither (slider), v.i. to slide. sliver (sliv'er) or sliv'er), v.t. to cut into long, thin, or very small pieces: n. a splinter. sloam (slom), ft. a layer of earth be- tween seams of coal. slobber, same as slabber. sloe (slo), ft. a small bitter plum. slogan Cgan), n. the war-cry or gathering-cry of a Highland clan. sloop (sloop), ft. a one-masted vessel with a fore-and-aft rig. slop (slop), ft. water carelessly spilled; puddle; poor liquor or liquid food: pi. dirty water; ready-made cloth- ing; seaman's outfit: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slopped, p.pr. slopping], to soil by letting liquid fall upon. slope (slop), ft. an oblique direction; surface mclining gradually down- wards: v.t. to form with a slope; incline or slant; direct obliquely: v.i. to take an oblique direction; run off. sloppy (slop'i), adj. wet; muddy; splashed. slot (slot), ft. a broad, flat wooden bar; bolt; narrow aperture; mortise; deer's track; trap-door of a stage; valley: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slotted, p.pr. slotting], to groove; trace by a slot. sloth (sloth), ft. idleness; habitual indolence; a South American ar- boreal quadruped which walks slowly on the ground. slothful ('fool), adj. lazy; inactive. slothfully (-li), adv. lazily; indo- lently. slouch (slouch), ft. a hanging down, as of the head or other parts of the body; ungainly, clownish gait; awk- ward, dull fellow: v.t. to cause to hang down; depress at the side: v.i. to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awkward manner. slough (slou), ft. a deep muddy place; a bog. slough (sluf), ft. the cast-off skin of a serpent; the part that separates from a foul sore: v.i. to separate naturally dead matter from the sound flesh; come off, as the matter formed over a sore. slough (sloo), ft. drainage-stream and marsh in a prairie. sloven (siuv'en), ft. one who is ha- bitually untidy in his dress and negligent of cleanliness; one who is negligent of order and neatness. slovenliness (-li-nes), ft. the state or quality of being slovenly. slow (slo), adj. not quick or rapid in motion; dilatory; not prompt or quick; behind in time; not progres- sive; dull. slowworm (Verm), ft. a small snake- like reptile; the blind-worm. sludge (sluj), ft. slush; mire. sludgy ('i), adj. slushy; miry. slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a fixed point, as a spar, &c; twist round: v.i. to turn about (with round). slug (slug), ft. a shelless mollusk, al- lied to the land-snail; a sluggard; a kind of oval bullet: pi. half -roasted ore. sluggard ('erd), ft. one who is habit- ually lazy and idle. sluggish ('ish), adj. habitually lazy and idle; dull; slothful; inactive; slow. sluice (sloos), n. a gate for excluding or regulating the flow of water in a canal, &c; stream of water issuing through a flood-gate: v.t. to wash with water from, or as from, a sluice; wet copiously. slum (slum), ft. a low, dirty street or district of a city or town, inhabited by the very poor or criminal classes: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slum, p.pr. slum- ming], to visit slums as a fashion- able amusement. slumber ('ber), v.i. to sleep lightly; doze; be in a state of inactivity or negligence. slump (slump), ft. gross amount or ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon^ book; hue, hut; think, then. SLUNG 807 SMILE mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as of shares, &c: v.t. to lump or throw into a single lot: v.i. fall or sink suddenly. slung, p.t. of sling. slunk, p.t. of slink. slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slurred, p.pr. slurring], to sully; soil; con- taminate; pass over superficially; disparage; pronounce indistinctly; sing or perform in a light, gliding manner [music]: n. a stain; slight reproach or disgrace; stigma; a mark (^^) connecting notes that are to be sung or played legato. slush (slush), n. half -melted snow; a greasy lubricating mixture. slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy woman. sluttish ('ish), adj. untidy and dirty. sly (sll), adj. [comp. slyer, superl. slyest], artfully cunning; underhand and crafty; meanly insidious. slyly (li), adv. in a sly manner. slyness ('nes), n. the state of being sly- smack (smak), n. a quick, smart blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp noise with the lips; flavor; taste; a one- masted coasting or fishing vessel: v.t. to kiss with a quick sharp noise; strike with a quick, smart blow: v.i. make a noise with the lips after tasting something. small (smawl), adj. [comp. smaller, superl. smallest], little in quantity or degree; inconsiderable; of little worth or ability; not large or ex- tended in dimensions; narrow-mind- ed; mean: n. the slender part of anything. small pica (pi'ka), n. a size of print- ing-type. See type. smallpox ('poks), n. a contagious, feverish disease, characterized by eruptions upon the skin. smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue pig- ment. smart (smart), adj. causing a quick, sharp pain; poignant; sharp; clever; accomplished; brilliant; witty; vi- vacious; pretentious; showy; brisk; obtained by sharp practices: n. a quick, pungent, lively pain; poig- nant grief: v.i. to feel a lively, pungent pain; endure punishment. smarten ('n), v.t. to make smart or spruce. smart-money (-mun'i), n. money paid by a person to free him from some unpleasant difficulty, especially a recruit from his enlistment; money allowed to wounded soldiers and sailors. smash _ (smash), v.t. to break in pieces by violence; crush: v.i. to become bankrupt: n. a breaking to pieces; bankruptcy. smasher ('er), n. one who, or that which, smashes. smatter (smat'er), v.i. to talk super- ficially or ignorantly; have a super- ficial knowledge of anything. smattering (-ing), n. superficial knowledge. smear (smer), v.t. to overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhe- sive; daub; pollute: n. a blot or stain. smectite (smek'tit), n. fuller's earth. smell (smel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. smelled or smelt, p.pr. smelling], to perceive by the nose; obtain the scent of: v.i. to affect the nose or olfactory nerves; exercise the sense of smell: n. that quality of bodies which affects the sense of smell; odor. smelling ('ing), n. the sense of smell. smelt (smelt), n. a small salmonoid fish: v.t. to fuse, as an ore, to sepa- rate the metal. smerky (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; spruce. smerlin (smer'lin), n. a kind of loach. smew (smu), n. a migratory diving bird of the duck family; the white nun. smilax (smi'laks), n. a climbing plant of the lily family. smile (smll), v.i. to express pleasure, moderate joy, love, or kindness by the countenance; look gay, cheerful, or happy; express slight contempt by a smile: n. favor: v.t. to express by a smile: n. the act of smiling; a look of pleasure, kindness, happi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SMIRCH SNAG ness, or slight contempt: a drink of liquor. smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; dirty. smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile affected- ly or conceitedly: n. an affected smile: adj. spruce. smite (smit), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, as with the hand or a weapon; kill; overthrow in battle; blast; chasten; affect with any passion: v.i. to strike. smith (smith), n. one who forges metal with a hammer: worker in metals. smithing ('ing), n. the act or process of working or forging metals into shape. smithy ('i), n. a smith's workshop. smock (smok), n. a chemise; smock- frock. smock-frock ('frok), n. an agricul- tural laborer's loose outer shirt. smokable (smok'a-bl), adj. capable of being smoked. smoke (smok), n. the vapor or sub- stance that escapes when a sub- stance is burned; vapor; exhala- tion; act of smoking; pipe or cigar; foolish talk: v.t. to apply smoke to; hang up in smoke; dry, scent, or medicate by smoke; inhale and puff out the smoke of; expel by smoke; detect or ferret out: v.i. to emit smoke; burn tobacco in a pipe, &c; inhale and puff out smoke. smokily ('i-li), adj. in a smoky man- ner. smokiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smoky. smoking ('ing), p. adj. _ emitting smoke; used for smoking in. smoky ('i), adj. giving out, or filled with, smoke; tarnished or noisome with smoke. smolder (smol'der), v.i. to burn slowly or smoke without vent; exist in a stifled condition. smolt (smolt), n. a young salmon that has acquired its silver scales. smooth (smooth), adj. not rough; even surfaced; frictionless; gently flowing; glossy; bland; soothing; flattering: v.i. to make smooth; ren- der easy; calm; regulate: v.i. to be- come smooth: n. the act of making smooth; smooth part of anything; a meadow. smote, p.t. of smite. smother (smu^'er), v.t. to destroy the life of by suffocation; stifle; suppress or conceal: v.i. to be suffo- cated: n. stifling smoke or thick dust. smoulder. Same as smolder. smudge (smuj), n. a smear or stain; suffocating smoke; a smoldering fire of damp combustibles emitting dense smoke for the purpose of keeping off mosquitoes: v.t. to smear or stain; blacken or stifle with smoke. smudginess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smudged. smug (smug), adj. affectedly precise or prim; spruce; neat. smuggle ('I), v.t. to import or ex- port secretly without paying custom- house duties; convey or introduce clandestinely: v.i. to practice smug- gling. smut (smut), n. sl spot or stain made by soot or similar duty matter; bad, soft coal; a fungoid disease affect- ing cereal grain; obscenity: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. smutted, p.pr. smutting], to soil or blacken with, or as with, smut: v.i. to become converted into smut; give off smut. smuttily ('i-li), adj. in a smutty manner. smuttiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being smutty. smutty ('i), adj. soiled or stained with smut; affected with smut; ob- scene. snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty re- past. snacot ( r ot), n. a kind of pipe-fish. snaffle (snaf'l), n. a bridle consisting of a joint in the middle and rings at the ends: v.t. to put a snaffle in the mouth of. snag (snag), n. a short rough branch; knot; trunk of a tree fixed in the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SNAGGED 809 SNOBBISHNESS bed of a river: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snagged, p.pr. snagging], to injure or destroy by contact with a snag. snagged ('d), adj. full of, or covered with, snags. Also snaggy. snail (snal), n. a slimy, slow-creeping gasteropod of the genus Helix: hence any slow-moving person; drone. snake (snake), n. a serpent: v.t. to wind round spirally; to draw out. snakish ('ish), adj. snake-like. snaky ('i), adj. pertaining to, or hav- ing the characteristics of, a snake; deceitful; sly; cunning; insinuating. snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snapped, p.pr. snapping], to break short or instantaneously; produce a sharp, sudden sound; utter sharp, angry words; miss fire: v.t. to break at once; crack; bite suddenly and un- expectedly: n. the act of snapping; noise made by snapping; spring catch; sudden and sharp spell, as of weather: pi. a kind of crisp cake: adj. brisk; offhand; made or done without due notice; unfair. snapdragon ('drag-un), n. a plant with a corolla that shuts with a snap when opened; a social game in which raisins are snatched from a bowl of burning brandy. snappish ('ish), adj. apt to snap or eager to bite; sharp in retorting; peevish; caustic; easily irritated. snapshot (snap'shot), n. instanta- neous photograph; a quick shot with a gun or rifle. snare (snar), n. a running noose of cord or wire for catching an animal; anything that entangles or entraps one; the gut stretched across the head of a drum: v.t. to catch or entangle with, or as with, a snare. snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an angry dog; speak surlily: v.t. to complicate or entangle, as thread or hair: n. the act of snarling; growl; angry contention or quarrel; a com- plicated entanglement of hair, &c. snarling ('ing), n. the production of raised hollow metal work by ham- mering with a special tool on the inner surface. snatch (snach), v.t. to take or seize abruptly and suddenly without permission; seize and carry away: v.i. to attempt to seize anything suddenly. sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or steal away privately or meanly; slink; act with servility and meanness; steal: n. a mean, servile fellow; petty thief. sneer (sner), v.i. to show contempt by sone facial expression; insinu- ate contempt by a covert expres- sion; scoff: n. an indirect expression of contempt or scorn. sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sudden and violent rush of air through the mouth and nostrils, audibly and convulsively: n. the act of sneezing. snicker (snik'er), n. a half-suppressed laugh; a giggle: v.i. to laugh slyly; giggle. sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the breath through the nose, often as an ex- pression of contempt: v.t. to smell or scent: n. the act of sniffing. snigger, same as snicker. sniggle (snig'l), v.i. to fish for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes. snip (snip), v. t. {p.t. & p.p. snipped, p.pr. snipping], to cut or clip off at once, as with scissors; n. a single cut with scissors; small piece. snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen fowl; curbstone broker. sniper (snip'er), n. a citizen who fires on soldiers from concealment. snivel (sniv'el), v.i. to run at the nose; cry, as a child: n. mucus run- ning from the nose; cant. sniveler ((-er), n. one who snivels. snob (snob), n. a vulgar person who apes gentility; vulgar upstart; jour- neyman shoemaker; knobstick. snobbish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like, a snob. snobbishness (-nes), n. vulgar or ostentatious show. Also snobbery, snobbism. ate, arm, ask, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SNOOD 810 SOCIABILITY snood (snood), n. a ribbon for bind- ing up the hair of a maiden [Scotch] ; hair-line to connect a fishing-line with the hook. snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: n. a nap. snore (snor), v.i. to breathe through the nostrils with roughness or hoarseness^ in sleep: n. a noisy breathing in sleep. snout (snout), n. the projecting nose of a beast; nose of a man (in con- tempt). snow (sno), n. frozen particles of vapor in the atmosphere in the form of white feathery flakes: v.i. to fall in snow. snowbird Cberd), n. an Arctic bird, the snow-bunting. snowdrop ('drop), n. a bulbous plant with pretty white flowers. snowfall ('fawl), n. the quantity of snow which falls during a given time. snow-line (lin), n. the lowest limit of perpetual snow. snowy ( ; i), adj. white like snow; covered with, or abounding in, snow; pure. snub (snub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. snubbed, p.pr. snubbing], to check or repri- mand with sarcasm or asperity; treat with designed contempt : n. an intended slight; reprimand. snub-nosed ('nozd), adj. having a short, flat nose. snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in through the nose; smell or scent; take the snuff off, as a candle : v.i. to snort or sniff; take snuff into the nostrils: n. powdered tobacco inhaled through the nose; charred part of the wick of a candle. snuffle ('1), v.i. to speak or breathe hard through the nose when ob- structed: n. a speaking through the nose when obstructed; affected nasal twang; cant: pi. obstruction of the nostrils by mucus. snuffy ('i), adj. soiled with snuff. snug (snug), adj. [comp, snugger, su- perl. snuggest], concealed; lying close and warm; compact and con- venient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. snugged, p.pr. snugging], to lie close and warm (with up or together). snuggery ('er-i), n. [pi. snuggeries (-iz)], a warm, cosy place. snuggle ('1), v.i. to lie close for warmth and comfort. so (so), adv. in a like manner or de- gree; in high degree; as has been stated; for this reason; therefore; more or less: conj. on condition that; if; therefore: inter j. stop! soak (sok), v.t. to cause to suck in moisture; steep in a fluid; wet thor- oughly: v.i. to become saturated or steeped in fluid; drink excessively. soap (s5p), n. a compound of oils or fats and an alkali used for washing and cleansing: v.t. to rub over, or wash, with soap; wheedle. soapiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being soapy. soaps tone ('ston), n. a variety of steatite. soapy (T), adj. covered with, or like, soap; soft and smooth. soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a bird; mount upwards with wings; rise in thought or imagination: n. a lofty flight. sob (sob), v.i. [p.t. m & p.p. sobbed, p.pr. sobbing], to sigh in a convul- sive manner with tears: v.t to utter with a sob: n. a convulsive sigh; lamentation. sobbing ('ing), n. the act of sighing with a short convulsive heaving of the breast. sober (somber), adj. habitually tem- perate, especially in the use of in- toxicating liquors; self-possessed; calm; steady; sedate: v.t. to make sober: v.i. to become sober. sobriety (-bri'e-ti), n. habitual tem- perance; calmness; seriousness. sobriquet (so-bre-ka/), n. a nickname [French]. soc (sok), n. certain privileges of ten- ants under the feudal system; the feudal _ lord's power of holding a court in a district. Also soke. sociability (so-shia-bil'i-ti), n. the ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SOCIABLE 811 SOJOURN state or quality of being sociable; disposition to associate and converse with others. Also sociableness. sociable ('shia-bl), adj. disposed to associate and converse with others; social; companionable; affable: n. a kind of vehicle; tricycle or bicycle for two riders; a social gathering. sociably (-bli), adv. in a sociable manner. Socially. social ('shal), adj. pertaining to men as living in society; inclined to friendly intercourse and conversa- tion; convivial; growing in groups or masses; living in communities. socialism (-izm), n. an economic theory or system of the reconstruc- tion of society on the basis of co- operation of labor and community of property. socialist (-ist), n. an advocate of so- cialism. socialistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, socialism. Also socialist. sociality (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being social. Also social- ness. socialize ('shal-Iz), v.t. to render so- cial; regulate according to socialis- tic principles. society (-si'i-ti), n. [pi. societies (-tiz)l, a number of persons united for a common interest; people col- lectively who live in any region at any given period; fraternity; com- pany; the more cultivated portion of any community in its social rela- tions, &c. sociological (-shi-o-loj 'ik-al) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, sociology. sociologist (-ol'o-jist), n. a student of sociology.^ sociology ('o-ji), n. the science of the constitution, evolution, and phenome- na of human society; social science. sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn by the classic actors of comedy; a short stocking; warm inner sole. sockdolager (-dol'a-jer), n. a conclu- sive argument; whopper. socket ('et), n. a hollow into which something is fitted; hollow of a candlestick. socle (so'kl), n. a plain plinth forming a low pedestal; base of a statue, &c. sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.t. to cover with sod; turf. soda (so'da), n. impure carbonate of soda; sodium oxide. sodality (s5-dari-ti), n. a brotherhood for social service. soda-water (waw-ter), n. aerated water containing bicarbonate of sodden (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu- rated: v.i. to be soaked or seethed: v.t. to saturate. soddy ('i), adj. turfy. sodic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, sodium. sodium ('di-um), n. a metallic ele- ment. sofa (so 'fa), n. a long seat with stuffed bottom, back, and arms._ soffit (sof'it), n. a small paneled ceil- ing; under part of a cornice pre- senting a flat surface. soft (soft), adj. easily yielding to pressure; malleable; smooth to the touch; not glaring; impressionable; effeminate; quiet; easy; courteous; mild; kind. soften (sof'n), v.t. to make soft or softer; tone down; palliate; as- suage; render less rude or offensive; make effeminate; melt: v.i. to be- come soft or softened. soggy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet. soi-distant (swa-de-zang'), adj. self- styled; calling himself; would-be; pretended [French]. soil (soil), n. the top stratum of the earth's surface; land; dirt; manure; stain: v.t. to make dirty; stain or mar: v.i. to become soiled. soiree (swa-ra/), n. an evening party for conversation and social inter- course; public evening entertain- ment with refreshments. sojourn (so'jern or so-jern'), v.i. to dwell for a time: n. a temporary residence. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut, think, then. SOKO 812 SOLIDIFY soko (so'ko), n. a species of anthro- poid ape. Sol (sol), n. the sun. sol (sol), n. the 5th note of the dia- tonic scale. solace (sol'as), ft. comfort in sorrow; Consolation: v.t. to comfort in sorrow. solano (so-la/no), n. a hot oppressive wind in the Mediterranean. solar ('lar), adj. pertaining to, meas- ured by, or proceeding from, the sun. solar constant (so'lar-kon'stant), ft. the supposed uniform amount of heat received by the earth from the sun each day, recently found, how- ever, to be a varying quantity. solarize (-Iz), v.t. to expose too long in the camera. solar-year (-yer), n. the period dur- ing which the earth makes one com- plete revolution round the sun, 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 52 seconds. sold p.t. & p.p. of sell. solder (sod'er or sol'der), n. a me- tallic alloy for uniting metals: v.t. to unite by a fusible metallic ce- ment; join. soldier (sdl'jer), n. a person engaged in military service; a private as dis- tinguished from an officer; man of military skill: v.i. to serve or act as a soldier; make a pretense of work. sole (sol), n. the underside of the foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, &c; bottom of anything; a flat fish of the genus Solea: v.t. to furnish with, or as with, a sole: adj. alone; being or acting by one's self; unmarried. solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. a breach of the rules of syntax, or idiom of a language; impropriety; absurdity. solely (sol'li), adv. alone; singly. _ solemn (sol'em), adj. characterized by religious rites or ceremonies; in- spiring awe; serious; devout; for- mal; attended with a serious appeal to God. solemnity ('ni-ti), ft. [pi. solemni- ties (-tiz) ], a religious rite or cere- mony; ceremony adapted to inspire awe; gravity; impressiveness; af- fected or mock seriousness. solemnization (-ni-za'shun), n. the act of solemnizing. solemnize ('em-niz), v.t. to perform with ceremonies; celebrate. solenoid (so-len-oid), n. an electro- magnetic helix sol-fa (sol-fa/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sol- faed, p.pr. sol-faing], to sing or vo- calize the diatonic scale to the sylla- bles do, re, mi, fa, &c. solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ra), ft. a volcanic vent, which emits sulphurous and other vapors. solfeggio (-fad' jo), n. the system of arranging the musical scale with the syllables do, re, &c, instead of the letters, A, B, &c. Also solfeg- giare. solferino (-fa-re'no), n. a bright, deep pink aniline color. solicit (so-lis'it), v.t. to ask for with earnestness; entreat; invite or sum- mon; endeavor to obtain: v.i. to can- vass. solicitation (-i-ta/shun), ft. the act of soliciting; importunity; the of- fense of inciting to a felony; offense of accosting by a prostitute. solicitor ('it-er), ft. one who solicits; a person legally qualified to act for another in a court of law; an attor- ney; a canvasser. solicitorship (-ship), ft. the office or rank of a solicitor. solicitous ('i-tus), adj. eager; anx- ious; apprehensive; concerned. solicitude # ('i-tud), ft. the state of being solicitous; concern; anxiety; carefulness. solid (sol'id), adj. having the particles so close or firmly adhering as to resist impression; compact; cubic not hollow; dense; heavy; weighty, just; unanimous; ft. a body having its constituent particles firmly ad- hering together. solidarity (-i-dar'i-ti), ft. community of interests and responsibilities. solidification (-id-i-fi-ka'shun), ft. the act of solidifying, the state of being solidified. solidify (-id'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SOLIDITY 813 SOMNOLENCE solidified, p.pr. solidifying], to make solid: v.i. to harden. solidity ('i-ti), n. density; compact- ness ; stability ; truth ; moral firmness. soliloquize (so-lil'o-kwiz), v.i. to utter as soliloquy. soliloquy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. soliloquies (-kwiz)], a talking or discourse to one's self; a written composition of the nature of a monologue. solitaire (sol-i-tar') , n. a game played by one person; a stud; pre- cious stone in single setting; hermit. solitarily ('i-ta-ri-li), adv. in a soli- tary manner. solitariness (-nes), n. the state of being solitary. solitary ('i-ta-ri), adj. living by one's self; lonely; single; done, passed, or suffered alone; remote; unoccu- pied; gloomy. solitude ('i-tud), n. the state of being by one's self; loneliness; seclusion; desert. solo (so-'lo), n. [pi. solos, ('loz)], an air, or musical piece performed by a single instrument or by one vocalist. soloist (-ist), n. one who performs or sings a solo. solstice (sol'stis), n. that point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north in summer, south in winter. solstitial (-stish'al), adj. pertaining to, or happening at a solstice. solubility (-u-bil'i-ti) , n. the state, quality, or degree of being soluble or dissolvable. soluble ('ii-bl), adj. capable of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solu- tion. solus (so'lus), adj. alone [Latinl. solution (-lu'shun), n. the act of dis- solving by means of a fluid; deliver- ance; explanation. solvability (sol-va-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being solvable; solvency. solvable ('va-bl), adj. capable of being solved. solve (soly), v.t. to explain; clear up; remove. solvency ('en-si), n. the state or quality of being solvent. solvent (sol'vent), n. any liquid that dissolves another substance: adj. able to discharge just claims or debts; having the power of dissolving. somatology (so-ma-tol'o-ji) , n. the science of the general principles of matter, and its properties. somber (som'ber), adj. dull; melan- choly; dark; gloomy. sombrero (-bra'ro), n. a kind of broad-brimmed hat. sombrous ('brus), adj. gloomy; dull. some (sum), a suffix meaning like, same, as winsome, gladsome, &c: adj. more or less; expressing an indeterminate number, person, or quantity; one or the other; about. somebody ('bod-i), n. some person; a person of importance. somehow ('how), adv. in one way or another; by some means. somersault ('er-sawlt), n. a leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head. something ('thing), n. a thing un- known, or not specified; part or portion; indefinite quantity or degree: adv. in some degree. sometime ('tim), adv. at a time indefinitely; formerly; once. somewhat ('hwot), n. more or less: adv. in some degree or extent. somewhere ('hwar), adv. in one place or another. somewhile ('hwil), adv. once; for a while. somewhither ('hwither), adv. to some indeterminate place. somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm), n. the act or practice of walking in sleep. somnambulist (-list), n. a sleep- walker. somniferous (-nif 'er-us) , adj. caus- ing sleep. somnipathy (-nip'a-thi) , n. sleep caused by some external influence, as mesmerism. somnolence ('no-lens), n. sleepi- ness; drowsiness. Also somnolency. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SOMNOLENT 814 SORCERER somnolent ('no-lent), adj. inclined to sleep. son (sun), n. a male child, or de- scendant; male issue of a parent, father or mother; pupil; native or inhabitant of a particular country. Son, n. the second person of the Holy- Trinity. _ sonant (so'nant), adj. sounding; vo- cal. sonata (-na/ta), n. a musical com- position for one instrument, espe- cially the pianoforte. sonatina (-na-te'na), n. a short, sim- ple sonata. song (song), n. a lyrical poem or bal- lad; any poetical strain; poetry; poem; notes of birds; mere trifle. songster ('ster), n. one skilled in singing; a singing bird. Fern, song- stress. Soniferous (so-nif'er-us), adj. pro- ducing, or conveying, sound. SOn-in-Iaw (sun 'in-law), n. [pi. sons-in-law (sunz-) ], the husband of one's daughter. sonnet (son'et), n. a short lyric poem of fourteen lines, each of five accents, with varying rhymes. sonneteer (-et-er'), n. a composer of sonnets; minor poet: v.i. to com- pose sonnets. sonometer (s5-nom'e-ter), n. an ap- paratus for showing the relation be- tween musical notes, or testing the capacity of the auditory nerves. sonorific (so-no-rif'ik), adj. produc- ing sound. sonorous (so-no'rus), adj. giving a clear sound when struck; resonant; loud-sounding; vocal; deep-toned. sonship (sun'ship), n. the state or position of being a son. soon (soon), adv. in a short time; quickly; easily; early; without delay. soot (soot), n. finely divided carbon- sooth (sooth), n. truth. soothe (sooth), v.t. to please or calm with soft words or blandishments; comfort; allay; pacify; assuage. soothsay (sooth'sa), v.i. to predict or foretell. soothsayer (-er), n. one who fore- tells or prognosticates. soothsaying (-ing), n. the art or practice of foretelling or making predictions. sootiness (soot'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sooty. sooty ('i), adj. [comp. sootier, su- perl. sootiest], pertaining to, pro- ducing, or like, soot; dusky, black. sop (sop), n. anything steeped, dipped, or softened in a liquid, especially in broth; something given to pacify: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sopped, p.pr. sop- ping], to steep or dip in a liquid. sophism (sof'izm), n. a specious but fallacious argument; fallacy. sophist ('ist), n. one of a body of men in ancient Greece (5th century B.C.) who taught philosophy, elo- quence, and politics; a fallacious or captious reasoner. sophistical (so-fis'ti-kal), adj. per- taining to, or > characteristic of, a sophist; fallaciously subtle; quib- bling. Also sophistic. sophisticate ('ti-kat), v.t. to render worthless by adulteration; pervert; vitiate. sophistry (sof'is-tri), n. [pi. sophis- tries (-triz) ], specious but falla- cious reasoning; unsound argument. sophomore ('o-mor), n. a student in his second academic year. sopor (so'per), n. deep sleep from which a patient is aroused with dif- ficulty. soporific m (so-po-rif'ik), adj. causing, or tending to induce, sleep: n. an opiate or anodyne. soppy (sop 'i),^ ad!;, soaked or satu- rated with a liquid; very wet. soprano (so-pra'no), n. [pi. sopra- nos, soprani ('noz, 'ne) ], the high- est kind of female voice; a singer with such a voice. sorb (sorb), n. the European moun- tain-ash, yielding a fruit called rowans. sorbefacient (sor-be-fa'shi-ent), adj. producing absorption. sorcerer ('ser-er), n. a magiciant ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SORCERY 815 SOUNDING wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor- ceress. sorcery (-i), n. [pi. sorceries (-iz) ], divination by the aid of evil spirits; witchcraft; magic; enchantment. sordid ('did), adj. mean; vile; base; niggardly; meanly avaricious. sore (sor), adj. tender or painful to the touch; inflamed; painful; sensi- tive; susceptible of irritation; heavy; grievous; severe; distressing: adv. grievously; severely; deeply: n. a painful or diseased part in an animal body; ulcer; wound; sor- row; trouble; a hawk of the first year; a buck of the fourth year. sorely (sorli), adv. in a sore manner. soreness ('nes), n. the state or quali- ty of being sore; tenderness. sorghum (sor'gum), n. a cane-like grass resembling broom corn, yield- ing sugar; molasses prepared from the juice of sorghum. sorority (so-ror'i-ti), n. the antithetic word to fraternity; a secret organiza- tion of women only. sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. a woman's club or association. sorrel (sor 'el), n. a dock-like plant of the genus Rumex; a reddish- brown color. Sorrento work (-en'to werk), n. carved ornamental fretwork in olive- wood with inlaid decorations. sorrily ('i-li), adv. in a sorry manner. sorriness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sorry. sorrow ('o), n. mental pain or un- easiness caused by loss, disappoint- ment, &c; grief; distress; unhappi- ness; regret; affliction: v.i. to feel mental pain or uneasiness; grieve; lament; be sad. sorrowful (-fool), adj. full of, or showing, sorrow; sad. sorrowfully (-li), adv. in a sorrow- ful manner. sorry ('i), adj. [corny, sorrier, swperl. sorriest], feeling regret for the loss of some good; vexed; pained; mean; worthless. sort (sort), n. a kind or species; class, rank, or order; manner; de- gree: v.t. to separate and place in different divisions or classes; select: v.i. to consort or associate. sortie (sor'te), n. the issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to attack the besiegers. sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard. sottish ('ish), adj. like a sot; stupid; infatuated. sotto voce ('to vo'cha), adv. in an undertone; with a moderate or re- strained tone of voice. S. O. S., n. a wireless call for help sent out by a ship in peril. sou (soo), n. [pi. soos (sooz) ], an old French copper coin=one cent. soubrette (-bref), n. a female ser- vant or attendant; in comedies, a lady/s maid who acts the part of an intriguing female. souchet (-sha'), n. fish served up in the water in which it has been boiled. sough (sou, or suf), n. a hollow mur- mur or whistling, as of the wind: v.i. to murmur or whistle. sought, p.t. & p.p. of seek. soul (sol), n. the spiritual, rational, and^ immortal part in man; reason or intellect; conscience; life; es- sence; moving or inspiring power; courage; human being. soulful ('fool), adj. full of soul or feeling. soulless (les), adj. without a soul; senseless; spiritless; dull; mean. sound (sound), adj. whole; entire; unbroken; healthy; not decayed; founded on truth or right; ortho- dox; solvent; firm; safe; strong; legal; valid; laid on with force: n. the impression made on the ear by the vibrations of the air; noise; re- port; noise without signification; a strait or narrow passage ot" water; swimming bladder of a fish; the cuttlefish: v.t. to measure or ascer- tain the depth of; cause to make a noise; utter audibly ; play upon; ex- amine or try; probe. sounding ('ing), n. the ascertaining 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, hen. SOUP 816 SPANISH the depth of water: adj. causing sound; resonant. soup (soop), n. a kind of broth. sour (sour), adj. having an acid, sharp, or astringent taste; changed so as to become rancid; disagreea- ble; cross; morose; v.t. to cause to become sour: v.i. become morose, peevish, or discontented; to turn from sweet to sour. sour-crout, same as sauerkraut. source (sors), n. that from which anything arises or originates; spring or fountain; first cause; original. sourish (sour'ish), adj. somewhat sour. souse (sous), n. pickle made with salt; anything steeped or preserved in pickle; a plunging in water: v.t. to steep in pickle; plunge into water; strike with sudden violence: v.i. to make a sudden attack: adv. with sudden violence. south (south), n. that one of the four cardinal points of the compass directly opposite the north: adv. toward the south: v.i. to turn or move toward the south; come to the meridian: adj. pertaining to the south. South, n. the southern portion of the United States (with the). southern (suth'em), adj. pertaining to, situated in, or proceeding from or toward the south. Southerner (-er), n. a native of the South. southernwood ('ern-wood), n. a species of wormwood. Southron ('run'), n. a Southerner. souvenir (soo-ve-ner'), n. a memento or keepsake. sovereign (sov' or suv'er-in), adj. royal; supreme in power; possess- ing supreme dominion; effectual: n. a king, emperor, or queen; a British gold coin = 20s. sovereignty (-ti), n. supreme power or dominion. Soviet (sov-e-ef), n. a name assumed by a radical socialist democratic government in Russia. sow (sou), n. a female pig; oblong piece of metal. sow (so), v.t. [p.t. sowed, p.p. sown, p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as seed upon the earth; propagate. spa (spa), n. a spring of mineral water. space (spas), n. extension; room; interval between lines; quantity of time; short interval: v.t. in print- ing, to make intervals between (lines or words) by separating them with thin spaces of type-metal. spacial (spa'shal), adj. pertaining to space. Also spatial. spacious ('shus), adj. extending far and wide; roomy; vast in extent. spade (spad), n. an implement for digging, &c, consisting of a broad blade of iron with a handle; one of a suit of cards having one or more figures resembling a spade; a hart three years old: v.t. to dig or work with a spade. spadeful ('fool), n. as much as a spade will hold. spalpeen (spal'pen), n. a scamp [Irish]. span (span), n. the space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended; nine inches; a short space of time; spread or extent of an arch, &c, between its abut- ments or supports; yoke of oxen or horses; pair of horses similar in color harnessed together: v.t [p.t. & p.p. spanned, p.pr. spanning], to measure by the span of the hand; reach from one side to the other; fetter or hobble: v.i. to be matched for running in harness. spangle (spang' gl), n. a small plate or boss of shining metal; any glit- tering ornament, especially for a dress: v.t. to set or adorn with, or as with, spangles. Spaniard (span'yerd), n. a native of Spain. spaniel ('yel), n. a variety of dog. Spanish Cish), adj. pertaining to Spain, its language, or to its inhabitants. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPANISH-FLY 817 SPEAK Spanish-fly (-fli), n. cantharides. Spanish-main (-man), n. the name formerly applied to the southern part of the Caribbean sea, and ad- jacent coast. spank (spangk), v.t. to strike with the open hand; slap: v.i. to move quickly: n. a sounding slap. spanker ('er), n. one who, or that which, spanks; the after-sail of a ship or barque. spanking ('ing), adj. moving with a quick, lively step; dashing; stout; large. spanner , (span'er), n. a wrench for tightening up or loosening the nuts on screws. spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystalline mineral; a general name for a mast, yard, boom, &c; a contest at box- ing, or in words: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sparred, # p.pr. sparring], to box; contest in words. spare (spar), v.t. to use in a frugal manner; part with without incon- venience; omit; treat tenderly: v.i. to live frugally; forbear or forgive: adj. m thin or lean; scanty; parsi- monious; superfluous; reserved. sparing ('ing), adj. frugal; abste- mious. spark (spark), n. a mall particle of fire or ignited substance thrown off in combustion; small shining body or transient light; small por- tion of anything active or vivid; gay young fellow; beau. sparkle (1), v.i. to emit sparks; glisten; scintillate; flash; coruscate. spark-plug (spark'plug), n. a con- trivance for exploding the gas in a motor by means of an electric spark. Sometimes called sparker. sparkling _ ('ling), adj. emitting sparks; glittering; flashing; lively; brilliant. sparling (sparling), n. a smelt. sparrow (spar'o), n. a well-known small bird of the passerine family. sparse (spars), adj. thinly scattered; not dense; set or planted here and there. sparsely ('li), adv. in a sparse man- ner. sparseness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being sparse; thinness. Spartan (spar'tan), adj. pertaining to Sparta; hardy ; undaunted; severe. sparterie ('ter-i), n. articles spun or woven of esparto grass. spasm (spazm), n. a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of the mus- cles. spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik), adj. per- taining to, or consisting in, spasms; convulsive; violent but short-lived. Also spasmodical. spasmodically ('al-i), adv. in a spasmodic manner. spat (spat), n. the spawn of shell- fish, especially the oyster: pi. spat- terdashes. spate (spat), n. sl sudden heavy flood caused by heavy rains. spatial, same as spacial. spatter m (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle with liquid; defame: v.i. to under- go or cause scattering or splashing in drops or small quantities: n. a small splash. spatterdashes (-,dash-ez), n.pl. leath- er leggings for riding; gaiters. spatula (spat'u-la), n. a broad, flat, thin, flexible knife for spreading plasters, paints, &c. spatulate ('u-lat), adj. spatula- shaped. spavin (spav'in), n. a disease of horses, characterized by a swelling in the hock joint, causing lameness. spawn (spawn), n. the ova of fishes, oysters, &c; mycelium of fungi; offspring or product: v.i. to produce and deposit spawn; deposit eggs, as fish, &c. spawner ('er), n. a female fish. speak (spek), v.i. [p.t. spoke, p.p. spoken, p.pr. speaking], to utter articulate sounds: said of human beings; talk; say; utter a discourse or speech; make mention; convey ideas; tell; sound: v.t. to utter ar- ticulately; declare or pronounce; publish. 5te, arm, as Die. 52 c, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPEAKER 818 SPECTROHELIOGRAPH speaker ('er), n. one who speaks; one who delivers a discourse in pub- lic; the presiding officer of the popu- lar branch of a legislative body, as of Congress or a state legislature. speaking ('ing), p. adj. uttering speech; life-like: n. the act of utter- ing words. spear (sper), n. a long-pointed weapon of war and the chase used for thrusting or throwing; a lance with barbed prongs for spearing fish; a shoot, as of grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with a spear: v.i. to shoot into a long stem. spear-grass Cgras), n. long stiff grass, especially of the genus Poa. spearwort ('wert), n. a species of ranunculus. spec, abbr. for speculation. special (spesh'al), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, a species; designed for a particular purpose; different from others; distinctive; uncom- mon; appropriate; limited in range or extent; specific. specialism (-izm), n. devotion to a particular and restricted branch of knowledge, science, &c. specialist (-ist), n. one who devotes himself to a particular branch of a profession, &c. speciality (-i-al'i-ti), n. [pi. spe- cialities (-tiz) ], the special or dis- tinctive mark of a person or thing; special department, &c. specialization ('al-i-za'shun), n. ap- plication to a special function or use; act of specializing. specialize ('al-iz), v.t. to particularize; assign to a specific use or function. specially ('al-i), adv. in a special manner; particularly. specialty ('al-ti), n. that for which a person is noted or distinguished; special contract or obligation. specie (spe'shi), n. coined money, species ('shez), n. a group of indi- viduals agreeing in common attri- butes and called by a common name; a sub-division of a genus; kind; sort. specific (-sif'ik), adj. pertaining to a species; definite or particular; precise: n. a remedy for a particu- lar disease. specifically (-al-li), adv. in a spe- cific manner. specification (spes-i-fi-ka'shun), ^ n. the act of specifying; detailed statement of particulars. specify ('i-fl), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. speci- fied, p.pr. specifying], to mention or name particularly; designate verbally, so as to distinguish from other things. specimen ('i-men), n. a sample; a part of something to show the qual- ity, &c, of the whole. specious (spe'shus), adj. appearing well at first sight; plausible; osten- sible; fair. speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; blem- ish; small particle; blubber: v.t. to spot. speckle ('1), n. a small spot in any- thing different in substance or color from the thing itself: v.t. to varie- gate with spots of a different color to that of the thing itself. spectacle ('ta-kl), n. something ex- hibited to view, especially some- thing unusual or worthy of notice; pageant; exhibition: pi. an optical instrument with two lenses mount- ed in a frame to assist the vision. spectacular (-tak'u-lar), adj.^ per- taining to shows or exhibitions; adapted to excite wonder or admira- tion by scenic effect. spectator (-ta/ter), n. a beholder. specter, spectre (spek'tr), n. a ghost or apparition. spectral ('tral), adj. ghostly; per- taining to, or produced by, the spec- trum. spectrograph (spek'tro-graf)^ n. a photographic apparatus used in con- nection with a spectroscope to record the telescopic observation of star spectrums. spectroheliograph (spek'tro-heTi-o- graf), n. an apparatus for photo- graphing the various layers of the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPECTROLOGY 819 SPEND atmosphere of the sun, invented by- Hale. spectrology (-trol'6-ji), n. the sci- ence of spectrum analysis. spectroscope ('tro-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument for forming and ex- amining spectra. spectroscopical (-skop'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the spectroscope. Also spectroscopic. spectroscopically (-li), adv. by means of the spectroscope. spectroscopist ('tro-sko-pist), n. one skilled in spectroscopy. spectroscopy (-sko-pi), n. that branch of science connected with the use of the spectroscope and spectrum an- alysis. spectrum ('trum), n. [pi. spectra ('tra) ], the colored and other rays of light separated by refraction - through a prism and exhibited on a screen, &c. spectrum analysis (a-nal'i-sis), n. the determination of the chemical or physical composition of a body by means of the spectrum of light which it gives forth or which passes through it: each substance in the spectrum having its own particular system of lines. specular ('Q-l&r), adj. having a smooth reflecting surface, as a mir- ror or speculum. speculate ('u-lat), v.i. to consider or meditate upon; purchase stock, land, goods, &c. out of the usual order of trade with a view to sell them at an enhanced profit by an expected rise in the markets- speculation (-la/shun), n. intellectual examination; theory; purchase of stock, goods, &c, out of the regular order of trade for future sale at an enhanced price; game at cards. speculative ('u-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or given to, speculation; con- templative; theoretical; risky. speculator (-ter),^ n. one who en- gages in speculation. speculum ('u-lum), n. [pi. specula (-la) ], a mirror, especially a con- cave mirror used as a reflector; a surgical instrument for dilating cer- tain passages of the body and throw- ing light by reflection within them for examination, &c. sped, p.t. & p.p. of speed. speech (spech), n. the faculty of ut- tering articulate sounds or words; expression of thought in words- act of speaking; particular language or dialect; formal discourse in public; oration. speed (sped), n. velocity; swiftness; quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sped, p.pr. speeding], to make haste; move quickly; fare: v.t. to prosper; favor; despatch quickly; execute; aid. speedometer (-om'e-ter), n. a re- cording instrument showing the ve- locity of a moving vehicle. speedy ('i), adj. [comp. speedier, superl. speediest], not dilatory or slow; prompt; quick; hasty. _ spell (spel), n. a charm or incanta- tion; time during which a person works; duration: v.i. to form wonfc with the proper letters, either orally or in writing: v.t. to write, repeat, or point out the proper letters of; read with difficulty (with out). speller ('er), n. one who spells; a spelling-book. spelling ('ing), p. adj. pertaining to spelling: n. orthography. spelt (spelt), n. a kind of grain. spelter ('er), n. zinc. spence (spens), n. a buttery or lar- der. spencer ('er), n. a kind of short jacket; a four-cornered fore-and-aft sail. Spencerism (-izm), n. the philo- sophical system advocated by Her- bert Spencer in his works, especially the application of the principles of evolution. spend (spend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spent, p.pr. spending], to lay out, as money; give for any purpose; dis- pose of; consume; drain of force or strength: v.i. to incur expense. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPENDTHRIFT 820 SPILL spendthrift ('thrift), adj. prodigal; extravagant: n. one who is prodigal or lavish in expenditure. sperm (sperm), n. the seminal fluid of animals; spermaceti; spawn of frogs and fishes. spermaceti (sper-ma-se'ti), n. a white waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm-whale. spermatic (-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to semen. Also spermatical. spermatozoon (-ma-to-zo'on), n. the germ cell in animals and plants. spermodern ('mo-dern), n. the outer coat or testa of a seed. spew (spu), v.i. to vomit. sphenoid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- sphere (sfer), n. a globe or globular body; the concave or expanse of the heavens; circuit or range of knowl- edge, influence, action, &c, place of m existence; social position; a solid body contained under a single surface, each point of which is equi- distant from a central point. spherical (sfer'i-kal), adj. globular. spherically (-i), adv. in the form of a sphere. sphericity (sfe-ris'i-ti), n. roundness. spherics (sfer'iks), n. spherical ge- ometry and trigonometry. spherograph ('o-graf), n. an instru- ment for the practical application of spherics to navigation. spheroid (sfe'roid), n. a body resem- bling a sphere but not quite round. spheroidal ('al), adj. like a spheroid. spherometer (-rom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the curva- ture of round surfaces, and the thickness of small bodies. spherule (sfer'ul), n. a little sphere. sphincter (sfmgk'ter), n. a muscle that closes an orifice which it sur- rounds. sphinthariscope (sphin-thar 'i-scop) , n. an apparatus devised by Crookes consisting of a sensitized surface that scintillates when bombarded with streams of alpha particles from a radioactive substance. Sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes ('ez) ], a fabled monster having the head of a woman and the body of a lioness; a person of enigmatical character or policy, from the custom of the sphinx of proposing riddles to travelers and destroying those who could not solve the enigmas. spicate (spi'kat), adj. having, or ar- ranged in the form of, a spike or ear. Also spicated. spice (spls), n. any aromatic and pungent vegetables used for season- ing food; relish; small quantity giving flavor to a greater: v.t. to season or flavor with, or as with, spice; tincture. spicily ('i-li), adv. in a spicy man- ner. spiciness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being spicy. spick and span (spik and span), adj. new. spicular (spik'u-lar), adj. dart-like. spiculate ('u-lat), adj. covered with, or having, spicules. spicule ('til), n. a slender sharp- pointed body. spicy (spi'si), adj. [comp. spicier, superl. spiciest], flavored with, con- taining, or having the qualities of, spice; aromatic; fragrant; (pun- gent; racy. spider ('der), n. any individual of the genus Arachnida that spins webs to ensnare its prey; something like a spider. spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed piece of wood used to stop the eut-hole of a cask or pipe of a faucet. spike (spik), n. a large kind of nail; anything like a spike; ear of grain; v.t. to fasten with spikes; stop the vent of (a cannon) by driving a spike into it. spikelet ('let), n. a small spike. spikenard ('nard), n. an aromatic plant from which an oil, the ancient nardos, is extracted. spiky ('i), adj. spike-like; set with spikes. spill (spil), n. a thin strip of paper ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon*> book; hue, hut; think, then. SPILLER 821 SPIRITUALISTIC or wood for lighting a lamp, &c; a tumble or overthrow: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spilled, spilt, p.pr. spilling], to suffer to run or fall out of a vessel: v.i. to fall out. spiller ('er), n. one who spills; a kind of fishing-line. spillikin (spiTi-kin), n. a small peg of wood, &c, used for making scores in a game: pi. a game played with spillikins. spin (spin), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spun, p.pr. spinning], to draw out and twisfc into threads; protract; draw out tediously; cause to whirl rapid- ly; form by drawing out and twist- ing the materials of: v.i. to practice spinning; whirl; issue in a small stream; move swiftly, as a bicycle: n. the act of spinning; single ef- fort; a bicycle run. spinach ('aj), n. an esculent vegetable. spinal (spin'al), adj. pertaining to the spine. # spindle (spin'dl), n. the long thin rod used in spinning wheels for twisting the thread; any axis of revolution. spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, the backbone. spinel (spin'el), n. a mineral of va- rious colors, allied to corundum. spinet (spin'et), n. sl keyed instru- ment, allied to the harpsichord, but smaller. spinif erous (spi-nif 'er-us), adj. thorny. Also spinose, spinous. spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch. spinneret (spin'er-et), n. an organ with which certain insects form their webs or silk. spinning jenny ('ing-jen-i), n. a ma- chine for spinning cotton. spinster (spin'ster), n. an unmarried woman. spiny (spin'i), adj. full of spines. spiracle (spir'a-kl), n. any minute passage which serves for inhaling or exhaling air or other fluid. spiral (spl'ral), adj. winding around a center like the thread of a screw; tapering or pointed like a spire: n. a curve or curved line receding con- tinually from the center about which it revolves. spirally (-i), adv. in a spiral form spirant ('rant), n. a name applied to those consonants in which the breath is not entirely stopped in articulating. spire (spir), n. a slender stalk or blade; a tapering body; winding line; steeple top: v.i. to shoot forth or up like a spire. spirit (spir'it), n. the soul; the in- telligent, immaterial, immortal part of man; life; disembodied soul; ap- parition; courage; energy; vivacity; power of mind, moral and intel- lectual; genius; real meaning; es- sence; any liquid produced by dis- tillation; alcohol; pi. intoxicants, as brandy, &c; liveliness; natural vi- vacity: v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly. Spirit, n. the third person of the Holy Trinity (withtae). spirited # (-ed), adj. full of spirit or life; animated; vivacious; lively. spiritless ('les), adj. without spirit; depressed; dejected. # spirit-rapping (-rap'ing), n. a spir- itualistic manifestation, character- ized by rapping, table-turning, &c. spiritual (spir'it-u-al), adj. incor- poreal; not material; possessing the nature or qualitites of a spirit; mental or intellectual; pure; holy; heavenly-minded; not lay or tem- poral; ecclesiastical. spiritualism (-izm), n. the state of being spiritual; the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real except soul or spirit; the belief that cer- tain alleged phenomena, as rapping, table-turning, trances, &c, are caused by the presence of departed spirits who thus manifest their pres- ence; the tenets and practices of spiritualists. spiritualist (-ist), n. a believer in spiritualism. spiritualistic (-is'tik), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or characteristic of, spiritualism. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPIRITUALITY 822 SPLIT spirituality (-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being spiritual; spiritual nature; essence as # distinguished from matter; that which belongs to the church or religion. spiritualization (-i-za'shun), ft. the act of spiritualizing. spiritualize (-iz), v.t. to free from sensuality; make spiritual; give a spiritual meaning to. spiritually ('u-al-li), adv. in a spir- itual manner; like a spirit. spirituelle (-u-el')j adj. refined; ethe- real; pure. spirituous (spir'it-u-us), adj. hav- ing the quality of spirit; pure; im- material; alcoholic; ardent. Spirograph (spi'ro-graf), n. an in- strument for recording graphically respiratory movements. spirometer (-rom'e-ter), n.'an in- strument for measuring the capacity of the lungs. spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod on which meat is roasted; small point of land or a long narrow shoal run- ning into the sea: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spitted, p.pr. spitting], to thrust a spit through; impale: [p.t. spit or spat], eject or throw out: v.i. eject saliva from the mouth; drizzle, as rain. spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred to- ward another, with the desire _ to thwart or injure; petty ^malice; grudge: v.t. to try to injure or thwart; annoy. spiteful ('fool), adj. full of spite; malicious; malignant. m spitefully (-i), adv. in a spiteful manner. spitfire (spit 'fir), n. a very violent or passionate person. spittle ('1), n. saliva; sputum. spitz-dog (spitz 'dog), n. a small va- riety of Pomeranian dog. splash (splash), v.t. to spatter with water, mud, &c: v.i. to dash water about: n. water or slush thrown upon anything; a noise as from water thrown up, or by anything striking in or upon a liquid. splatter (splat'er), v.t. to splash. splatter dash (-dash), n. uproar J noise: pi. same as spatterdashes. splay (spla) t v.t. [p.t. & p.p. splayed, p.pr. splaying], to dislocate, as the shoulder bone of a horse; slope or slant: n. a sloped surface: adj. turned or spreading outward. spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular or- gan near the large extremity of the stomach, supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger, melancholy, or vexation: hence a fit of ill-hu- mor, melancholy, or latent spite. spleget (splej'et), n. a wet cloth for washing a wound. splendent (splen'dent) , adj. bril- liant^ illustrious; shining; very conspicuous. splendid ('did), adj. magnificent; very bright; brilliant; famous; he- roic; celebrated; sumptuous. splendor ('der), n. the appearance of anything splendid; magnificence; pomp. splenetic (sple-net'ik), adj. fretful; peevish; melancholy. splenic (splen'ik), adj. pertaining to the spleen. splice (splis), v.t. to unite, as two ropes, by interweaving the strands; connect, as pieces of wood or metal, by overlapping parts and making them fast together; to unite in mar- riage: n. the union of ropes, &c, by interweaving or joining. splint (splint), n. a splinter; a thin piece of wood to keep a broken bone, &c, in position; a hard ex- crescence on the shank-bone of a horse. splint-coal Ckol), n. a variety of coal with a slaty structure. splinter (splin'ter), n. a thin piece of wood, &c, split or rent off length- wise; fragment^ v.t. to split or rend into long thin pieces; shiver: v.i. to be rent into splinters. splintery (-i), adj. of, or like, splin- ters. split (split), _ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, p.pr. splitting], to divide length- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPLOTCH 823 SPOOR wise: tear asunder violently; cleave; rupture, disunite: v.i. burst with laughter (figuratively); betray con- fidence; throb or ache violently. splotch (sploch), n. a stain; daub. splurge (splerj), n. a great display. splutter (splut'er), v.i. to speak hastily and confusedly; scatter ink upon a paper, as with a bad pen: n. a confused noise; stir; commotion. spoffish (spof'ish), adj. bustling about trifling matters. spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spoiled, spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to take away by force; plunder; corrupt; vitiate; ruin; destroy: v.i. to become use- less; decay: n. that which is taken from another by violence; pillage; plunder; booty. spoke (spok), n. one of the bars of a wheel connecting the nave or center with the felly or rim; round of a ladder: v.t. to furnish with spokes: p.t. of speak. spoken ('n), adj. uttered in speech; oral; speaking: p.p. of speak. spokeshave ('shav), n. a kind of double-handled plane for dressing curved work. spoliation (spo-li-a/shun), n. the act of plundering or robbery, especially in time of war; injury done to a document. spondaic (spon-da/ik), adj. pertain- ing to a spondee. spondee ('de), n. a poetic foot of two long syllables ( — ■ — ). spondyl ('dil), n. a vertebra. sponge (spunj), n. the porous, elastic, fibrous framework of any species of Spongida; any substance re- sembling sponge; a mop for cleans- ing a gun after its discharge; point of a horseshoe; parasite: v.i. to suck in like a sponge; five upon others: v.t. cleanse or wipe with a sponge; obtain by mean arts with- out cost. sponginess (spun'ji-nes), n. the state or quality of being spongy. spongious (spon'ji-us), adj. sponge- like. spongy (spun'ji), etc?;, flexible and full of small cavities; like a sponge; having the quality of imbibing fluids; wet and soft ; rainy. sponsion (spon'shun), n. the act of becoming surety for another; an engagement on behalf of a state pending ratification. sponson ('sun), n. the triangular space before and abaft the paddle- boxes of a steamboat; one of the armored projections with gun ports of a warship. sponsor ('ser), n. a surety; a god- father or godmother. sponsorial (-so'ri-al), adj. pertaining to a sponsor. sponsorship ('ship), n. state or po- sition of being a sponsor. spontaneity ' (-ta-ne'i-ti), n. the quality of being spontaneous; tend- ency in animal and vegetable organ- isms to undergo changes irrespective of environment. spontaneous (-ta'ne-us), adj.^ pro- ceeding from natural disposition or impulses; acting by internal im- pulse or natural law. spook (spook), n. a ghost. spool (spool), n. a hollow cylinder surrounded with a ridge at each end on which thread, &c, are wound: v.t. to wind on a spool. spoon (spoon), n. a small domestic implement consisting of a hollow bowl and handle for dipping in liquids and conveying them to the mouth, &c; a simpleton; a club used in golf: v.t. to take up in, or as in, a spoon :v.i. to act the part of a demonstrative lover. spoonbill ('bil) , n. a wading bird of the heron family with a spoon-like bill. spoonful ('fool), n. [pi. spoonfuls ('foolz) ], as much as a spoon will hold; small quantity. spoonily ('i-ll), adv. in a spoony manner. spoony ('i), n. a simpleton: adj. weak-minded; demonstratively fond. spoor (spoor), n. the track or trail of any wild animal. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPORADES 824 SPRAWL sporades (spor'a-dez), n.pl. stars not included in any constellation. sporadic (spo-rad'ik), adj. occurring separately or apart from others of the same kind; single. Also spo- radical. sporadically (-al-li), adv. in a spo- radic manner. sporadic disease (diz-ez'), n. a dis- ease, usually epidemic, attacking only a few in a particular district and not spreading. spore (spor), n. a minute grain in cryptogamous plants which performs the function of a seed; a minute ovoid body in certain organisms which gives rise to new organisms by germination. sporran (spor'an), n. the furry pouch worn in Highland costume in front of the kilt. sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; mirth; mockery; play; outdoor rec- reation, as hunting, shooting, &c; athletics and games of skill for which prizes are given or money staked; an animal or plant which deviates in its organism from the normal condition: v.i. to play or frolic; trifle; practice field diver- sions: v.t. to divert; exhibit or wear in public. sportful ('fool), adj. full of sport; indulging in mirth or play; merry; frolicsome. sporting ('ing), p. adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or engaging in, sport or sports. sporting man (man), n. [pi. sport- ing men], a fast man; gambler; a sportsman. sportive ('iv), adj. frolicsome; mer- ry- sportively (-li), adv. in a sportive manner. sportiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being sportive; disposi- tion to mirth. sportsman (sports'man), n. [pi. sportsmen ('men) , one who pur- sues the sports of the field, as hunt- ing, &c. Fern, sportswoman. sportsmanship (-ship), ». skill or practice in field sports. sporule (spor'ul), n. a granule with a spore. spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; dis- colored place or stain; blemish; dis- grace or reproach; locality; place; small part of a different color; dark place on a luminous disc, as of the sun or a planet; mark on a billiard table where the red ball is placed; spot-stroke: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spotted, p.pr. spotting], to mark with spots; discolor; stain; disgrace or blemish; mark or note so as to recognize; de- tect. spotlight (lit), n. an adjustable calcium light for throwing a shift- ing light on a stage, so as to keep a player within its rays. spot-stroke ('strok), n. a particular stroke off the red ball when on the spot. spotter ('er), n. a detective. spottiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being spotted. spotty ('i), adj. marked with, or full of, spots. spousals (spou'zals), n.pl. marriage; nuptials. spouse (spouz), n. a married person. spout (spout), n. the projecting mouth of a vessel; pipe for conduct- ing a liquid; lift or shoot: v.t. to throw out forcibly and abundantly, as from a pipe; pawn: v.i. issue with violence, as from a pipe. sprag (sprag), n. a young salmon or cod. sprain (spran), n. an excessive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint without dislocation :^ v.t. to overstrain (the muscles or ligaments of a joint) without dislocation. sprang, p.t. of spring. sprat (sprat), n. a small fish. sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch the body carelessly when in a horizontal position; He; stretch or toss out the limbs or move awkwardly; open ir- regularly, as cavalry; spread in an irregular manner, as a plant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPRAY 825 SPUR spray (spra), n. a small shoot or springing ('ing), n. the act or process - branch of a tree, or a collection of of leaping; growth, the point at them; small particles of water driv- which an arch unites with its sup- en or dashed in the air; jet of fine port. medicated water, perfume, &c: v.t. springtide ('tld), n. the tide which [p.t. & p.p. sprayed, p.pr. spraying], happens at or near the new and full to throw spray upon. moon; springtime. spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. springy ('i), adj. elastic; light; spread, p.pr. spreading], to extend in spongy. all directions; propagate; unfurl; sprinkle (springld), v.t. to scatter open; emit; scatter; set or furnish in small drops; baptize with a few with provisions: v.i. to be extended drops of water; cleanse or purify: or propagated: n. extent; table fur- v.i. to rain in small drops: n. a nished with provisions; feast. sprinkling. spread-eagle ('e-gl), adj. defiantly sprinkling (spring'kling), adj. scat- bombastic: n. the figure of an eagle tering in small drops: n. a small with its wings elevated and its legs quantity distributed in small drops; extended; the heraldic emblem of a small quantity distributed or scat- the United States. tered, as of people, &c. spree (spre),w. a merry frolic; carousal, sprint (sprint), n. a run for a short sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or distance at full speed: v.i. to run at shoot; scion; headless brad or nail; full speed. ornament in the form of a spray: sprinter (sprint'er), n. a speedy run- v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprigged, p.pr. sprig- ner. ging], to work or adorn with sprigs; sprit (sprit), v.i. to bud or sprout: n. drive brads into. a sprout or shoot; a small spar spright (sprit), n. a sprite. # which raises diagonally the peak of sprightliness (li-nes), n. vivacity. the sail of a boat. sprightly ('li), adj. [comp. spright- sprite (sprit), n. a ghost; a spirit. Her, superl. sprightliest], vivacious; sprout (sprout), v.i. to germinate; brisk; animated; airy; gay: adv. shoot, as the seed of a plant: n. a with vivacity. shoot; bud: pi. Brussels sprouts. spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. sprang, spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of the p.p. sprung, p.pr. springing], to genus Picea; wood of the spruce arise; originate; appear; shoot up; tree; a fermented beverage made leap; bound; dart; start or rise up from spruce leaves, &c: adj. smart; suddenly; fly back; issue or pro- trim; neat; dandified: v.t. to dress ceed; warp: v.t. to start or rouse; with affected neatness, cause to spring up; explode; crack; sprucely ('li), adv. in a spruce manner, strain; cause to close suddenly; leap spruceness ('nes), n. the state or over; cause to open: n. a leap or quality of being spruce, bound; an elastic body used for ya- sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring, rious mechanical purposes; a flying spry (spri), adj. nimble; sharp, back with elastic force; source; a spud (spud), n. a potato, fpuntain of water; one of the four spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: v.i. seasons of the year when plants be- to foam, gin to grow ; crack in a mast, &c. _ spumy ('i) , n. frothy ; foamy . springbok Cbok), n. the South Af- spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin, rican gazelle. spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; met- springe (sprinj), n. a gin or noose. tie. springiness (spring'i-nes), n. elas- spunky ('i), adj. mettlesome; plucky, ticity; sponginess. spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp ate, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SPURIOUS 826 SQUARE-ROOT points worn on the heel of boots for inciting a horse; any incentive to action; largest root of a tree; some- thing projecting; stiff, sharp spine on a cock's leg, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spurred, p.pr. spurring], to prick with a spur; incite to action; hasten: v.i. to travel with haste; push on. spurious (spu'ri-us), adj. not genu- ine; counterfeit; illegitimate; false. spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, as with the foot; reject with contempt; treat with disdain: v.i. to manifest contempt in rejecting anything: n. disdainful rejection. spurrier (spur'i-er), n. a spur maker. spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth sud- denly or violently in a stream or jet; make a sudden brief effort: v.t. to throw out in a stream or jet: n. a sudden or forcible ejection of a liquid; brief, sudden effort. sputter (sput'er), v.i. to throw out moisture in scattered drops; speak rapidly and indistinctly; spit: v.t. to emit in small particles with a crackling or spluttering noise: n. moist matter thrown out in small sputum (spii'tum), n. saliva; spittle. spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, p.pr. spying], to discover, especially at a distance; gain sight of; detect; ex- plore; examine secretly: v.i. to scru- tinize; play the spy: n. a person who in time of war enters the ene- my's camp to gain information as to its movements, &c; one who keeps watch on others; secret agent. spy-glass ('glas), n. a small tele- scope. squab (skwob), n. a person of short, fat figure; kind of sofa; stuffed cushion; nestling of a pigeon: adj. short and fat; bulky: adv. with a heavy fall. squab-pie ('pi), n. pigeon-pie. squabble ('1), v.i. to wrangle or dis- pute in a noisy manner: v.t. to dis- arrange: said of type set up: n. a noisy wrangle; dispute. squad (skwod), n. sl small party of soldiers assembled for drill, &c; any small party. squadron ('run), n. a division of a regiment of cavalry, comprising two troops; detachment of war vessels employed in some particular service. squalid (skwol'id), adj. extremely dirty; foul; poverty-stricken. squall (skwawl), n. a sudden and violent gust of wind, often accom- panied with rain, sleet, &c; a loud scream: v.i. to scream or cry vio- lently. squally ('i), adv. gusty. squaloid (skwa/loid), adj. shark-like. squalor (skwol'er or skwa'lor), n. foulness; dirt. squamoid (skwa'moid), adj. scaly. squamose ('mos), adj. covered with, or like, scales. Also squamous. squander (skwon'der), v.t. to spend lavishly or wastefully; dissipate; v.i. to be wasteful or prodigal. square (skwar), n. a parallelogram having 4 equal sides and 4 right an- gles; anything nearly resembling a square; an area of 4 sides having houses on each side; square body of troops; a mathematical instrument for measuring right angles: product of a number multiplied by itself; adj. having 4 equal sides and 4 equal angles; forming a right angle; hav- ing a straight front; true; upright; honesty just; well-set; stout: v.t. to form with 4 equal sides and 4 equal angles; multiply by itself ; reduce to a given standard; adjust; regulate*; make even; place at right angles with the keel: v.i. to accord or agree (with with) ; fit; assume a boxing attitude (with up)^ squarely ('li), adv. in a square form. squareness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being square. square measure (mezh'er), n. the square of a lineal measure. square-rigged ('rigd), adj. having the sails extended on yards suspend- ed horizontally by the middle. square-root ('root), n. that number or quantity which, multiplied by ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SQUASH 827 STABILITY itself, produces the given number or quantity, as 2 is the square root of 4. squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, espe- cially into a flat mass or pulp: n. something soft and easily crushed; something unripe and soft; unripe pea cod; shock of soft bodies; sud- den fall of a soft body; a gourd. squash-bug (skwosh-bug), n. an insect of an offensive odor, which ravages squash vines. squash-court (skwosh-kort), n. a, court where the game of squash is played. squashiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being squashy. squashy ('i), adj. easily crushed; soft. squat (skwot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. squat- ted, p.pr. squatting], to sit down on the hams or heels; cover or lie close, as an animal; to settle on public land; settle on the land of another without a title: adj. sitting on the hams and heels; crouching: n. the posture of one who squats; small vein of ore. squatter ('er), n. one who squats; one who settles on new or unculti- vated land without a title; in Aus- tralia and New Zealand, one who leases land for pasturing sheep from the Government. squaw (skwaw), n. a North Amer- ican Indian woman or wife. squawk (skwawk), v.i. to utter a loud, harsh noise; n. a harsh squeak. squeak (skwek), v.i. to utter a short, shrill, sharp cry; make a sharp dis- agreeable noise; break silence; con- fess; n. b, short, shrill, sharp cry; a sharp disagreeable noise. squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a sharp^ shrill, prolonged sound; to turn informer: n. a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound. squeamish (skwem'ish), adj. sickish at stomach; easily disgusted; nice to excess in taste; fastidious about trifles; scrupulous. squeegee (skwe'je),n. a hoe-shaped implement with an india-rubber edge or plate for cleaning pavements. squeezable (skwez'a-bl), adj. capa- ble of being squeezed. squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press be- tween two bodies; crush; embrace forcibly; compress; force by com- pression; cause to pass: v.i. press; push between close bodies: n. the act of squeezing; compression be- tween bodies; facsimile in some soft substance; a forcible embrace. squelch (skwelch), v.t. to crush; silence: n. a heavy blow. squib (skwib), n. a kind of firework; petty lampoon; sarcastic publica- tion: v.i. to use or write squibs or sarcastic reflections; contend in petty dispute. squid (skwid), n. a name for various 10-armed cephalopds; cuttlefish. squill (skwil), n. a genus of plants allied to the lily, used in medicine. squint (skwint), adj. looking ob- liquely: said of the eyes: v.i. to see or look obliquely; have the vision distorted: v.t. to cause to squint: n. the act or habit of looking obliquely. squire (skwir), n. title of a justice of the peace; in England the owner of a large farm. squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; writhe. squirrel (skwer'el), n. a small, agile, arboreous rodent with a long bushy tail. squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in a stream from a small orifice; spurt: n. a small stream or jet: an instru- ment for ejecting water, &c. stab (stab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stabbed, p.pr. stabbing], to pierce with, or as with, a # pointed weapon; kill or wound; injure secretly, or by mali- cious falsehood or slander: v.i. to pierce; inflict a wound: n. a thrust or wound with a sharp-pointed weapon; a malicious injury done secretly. stability (sta-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being stable or firm; firm- ness of character; strength of pur- pose or resolution; fixedness. Also stableness. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon t book; hue, hut; think, then. STABLE 828 STAKE-HOLDER stable Cbl), adj. fixed; firm; con- stant: n. a building for lodging horses, cows, &c: v.t. to put or keep in a stable: v.i. to dwell or shelter, as in a stable. gtabling Cbling), n. the act of put- ting into a stable; accommodation. stack (stak), n. a large quantity of hay, corn, wood, &c, piled up in cir- cular or regular form; number of chimneys standing together: v.t. to pile into a stack. stadium (sta/di-um), n. [pi. stadia (-a) ], a Greek linear measure = 606% ft.; the course for foot-races at the Olympic games: hence a race- course. staff (staf), n. [pi. staves, staffs (stavz, stafs) ], a stick carried for support in walking or for defense; support; prop; pole, handle, or bar; wand as a badge of office; stanza or a series of verses; the five lines and four spaces between them on which music is written; flagstaff; an es- tablishment of officers attached to an army or its commander; number of persons engaged in any undertaking or work. stag (stag), n. the male of the red deer; male of the ox kind, castrated at a certain age; an outside irregu- lar dealer in stocks. stag-beetle Cbe-tl), n. a beetle hav- ing, in the male, mandibles resem- bling a stag's horn. stage (staj), n. an elevated platform, especially in _ a theater; place of scenic entertainments or representa- tions; the theatrical profession; place of rest on a journey; field of action; degree of progress; coach: v.t. to put on the stage, as a play. stager (sta'jer), n. a horse for draw- ing a stage coach; one who has long acted on the stage of life; a person practiced in cunning; one who is ex- perienced; a player. stagger (stag'er), v.i. to totter or reel; begin to doubt, weary or give way; hesitate: v.t. to cause to totter or reel; shock; make less confident: n. a sudden reeling or tottering: pi. a disease of horses and cattle; vertigo. staging (staj'ing), n. a temporary structure of boards and posts; busi- ness of running and managing stage coaches; style of play production. stagnancy (stag'nan-si), n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagnant ('nant), adj. not flowing, or running in a stream; motionless; not brisk; torpid; dull. stagnate ('nat), v.i. to cease to flow or run; be motionless; become tor- pid, inactive, or dull; become impure or foul. stagnation (-na'shun), n. the state or quality of being stagnant. stagy (sta'ji), adj. characteristic of the stage; unreal. staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; reg- ular; steady; not volatile. stain (stan), v.t. to blot; spot; tinge with color; dye; soil with guilt or infamy^ tarnish; pollute: v.i. to take stains; become stained: n. dis- coloration; spot of color different from the ground; spot or blot; taint of guilt or infamy; cause of re- proach. stair (star), n. one of a series of steps for ascending to a higher level; a step: pi. a flight of steps. staircase ('kas), n. a set of steps in a house with railings, &c. staith (stath), n. an elevated staging upon a wharf with a line of rails for discharging coals, &c. stake (stak), n. a post or strong stick sharpened at one end and fixed in the ground; palisade; post to which a person condemned to be burnt was secured, hence martyr- dom; that which is pledged,, wa- gered, or put to hazard; prize con- tested for; small anvil: v.t. to fasten or support with stakes; defend with, or mark out the limits of, with stakes; wager or pledge. stake-holder (stak'hold-er), n. the one who holds the money on a wager, to be turned over to the winner. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. k STALACTITE 829 STAND stalactite (stal-ak'tlt), n. an icicle- like incrustation of carbonate of lime, &c, formed by percolation in caverns, &c. stalagmite (-ag'mit), n. a cone of carbonate of lime, &c, formed on the floor of a cavern in a similar manner to a stalactite. stale (stal), adj. not fresh or new; vapid; tasteless; worn out by use or familiarity; trite; common; de- cayed; past the prime: v.t. to make stale; wear out: v.i. to discharge urine: said of horses. stalemate ('mat), n. the position of a king in chess, when he cannot move without being placed in check : v.t. to subject to stalemate; bring to a stand. stateness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being stale. stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue stealth- ily and under cover so as to kill, as game: v.i. to walk with high and proud steps; walk behind a stalking- horse: n. the stem or main axis of a plant; support which attaches a flower or fruit to a plant or tree; anything like a stalk; a high, proud, stately step. stalking-horse ('ing-hors), n. a horse, or figure of a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from his game; a mask. stall (stawl), n. that part of a stable where a horse or ox is kept and fed; a bench or table where goods are ex- posed for sale; small house or shed where business is carried on; seat of a church dignitary in the choir of a cathedral; canonry; reserved seat in a theater, &c: v.t. to place or keep n a stall: v.i. to kennel, as stallage ('aj), n. rent paid for a stall; right of erecting a stall at a fair. stallion (stal'yun), n. an uncastrated male horse kept for breeding. talwat (stawl'wert), adj. sturdy; strong; tall and stout; brave; dar- ing- „ stamen (sta'men), n. the male organ of a flower. stamina (stam'in-a), n.pl. tone and vigor of the animal system; back- bone; power of endurance. staminal ('in-&l), adj. pertaining to, or consisting in, stamens or stami- na; tonic. staminiferous (-if'er-us), adj. bear- ing stamens. stammer (stam'er), v.i. to hesitate or falter in speaking, especially from an impediment in speech; stutter: v.t. to utter or pronounce with dif- ficulty or hesitation: n. difficulty in pronouncing or speaking; stutter. stammering (-ing), n. imperfect ut- terance in speech: adj. hesitating in speech. stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike with the sole of the foot by thrusting it down- ward; crush or pulverize; impress; fix deeply; make valid; affix a stamp to; coin: v.i. to strike or beat the foot forcibly on the ground: n. the act of stamping; die; the impres- sion made; official mark on dutiable things; small piece of paper having a certain device and value impressed upon it by government, required le- gally to be affixed to a letter, docu- ment, &c; currency; character or reputation; authority. stampede (stam-ped'), n. a sudden panic seizing a herd of anim als caus- ing them to run violently away; any sudden flight or rush: v.t. to cause to take to sudden flight: v.i. to start off in a panic. stanch (stanch), adj. firm; constant; trustworthy; zealous: v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood. Also staunch. stanchion (stan'shun), n. a support or post of iron or wood. stand (stand), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stood, p.pr. standing], to be erect; occupy a certain position; cease to move; be at rest or fixed; continue; re- main without injury or ruin; be safe; not to fail or yield; be obsti- nate; be firm; be placed; become a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, ^en. STANDARD 830 STARLING candidate; hold a course at sea; continue in force; stagnate: v.t. to endure; sustain; abide by; set in an erect position; pay for: n. a stop or halt; interruption; _ station for the hire of vehicles; raised platform for spectators; small table; state of per- plexity or difficulty; resistance. standard ('erd), n. an ensign or flag, especially a national ensign; that which is established by authority as a fixed rule or measure; established rule or model; criterion; a standing tree not supported by a wall; pro- portion of weights of fine metal and alloy established by authority. standardize (stand' erd-iz), v.t. to cause to conform to a standard; to regulate in conformity to a standard. standing ('ing), n. the act of stop- ping or of being erect on the feet; duration; maintenance of position; reputation; rank or status: adj. re- maining erect: stagnant; lasting; established or settled ; fixed. stand-patter (stand-pat'er), n. a pol- itician who sticks to his party under all circumstances. stanhope (stan'hop or 'up), n. a light two-wheeled carriage without a top. stannary (stan'a-ri), n. [pi. stanna- ries (-riz)], a tin mine or works: adj. pertaining to tin mines. stannic (Ik), adj. pertaining to, or got from, tin. stanniferous (-if'er-us), adj. yield- ing tin. stannous ('us), adj. of, pertaining to, or containing tin. stanza ('za), n. a number of lines or verses connected with and adjusted to each other, usually ending in a pause; part of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem. stanzaic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, stanzas. stapes (sta'pez), n. the stirrup bone of the ear. staple (sta'pl), n. the chief produc- tion or industry of a country or dis- trict; settled market or emporium; principal element or topic; unmanu- factured or raw material, as cotton, flax, or wool fiber; loop of metal for holding a bolt, &c: adj. chief; regularly produced; established in commerce: v.t. to sort according to its staple, as cotton, &c. stapler ('pier), n. one who deals in staple commodities; a wool sorter. star (star), n. any celestial body, es- pecially one that is self-luminous; anything resembling a star; a planet supposed to influence a person's des- tiny; an ornamental rayed badge; an asterisk (*); a person of distin- guished eminence, especially in the theatrical profession: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. starred, p.pr. starring], to set or adorn with stars: v.i. to shine as a star; be preeminent; appear as principal actor among inferior players. starboard ('bord), n. the right-hand side of a vessel looking toward the bow: adj. pertaining to, or lying on the right side of a vessel: v.t. to put to the right or starboard side of a vessel. Star Chamber (cham'ber), n. an an- cient civil and criminal court at Westminster, notorious for its des- potism and injustice during the reign of Charles I. starch (starch), n. a widely diffused vegetable substance: used for laun- dry purposes, &c: v.t. to stiffen with starch; make stiff. starched (starcht), adj. stiffened with starch; formal; precise. starchy (starch 'i), adj. consisting of starch; stiff; formal; precise. stare (star), n. a fixed look with wide- open eyes; a starling: v.i. to look with fixed eyes wide open; look earn- estly; be very conspicuous; stand out prominently: v.t. to gaze at. stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: adv. wholly or completely. starling (star 'ling), n. a passerine bird of the genus Sturnus; piles driven round the piers of a bridge for its protection. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STARRED 831 STATISTICIAN starred (stard), p.adj. decorated with stars; influenced by the stars. starriness (star'i-nes), n. the state or quality of being starry. starry ('i), adj. abounding in, con- sisting of, or proceeding from, stars; star-shaped. stars tone ('ston), n. a variety of sapphire. start (start), v.i. to be moved or twitched suddenly, as by sudden alarm, &c; shrink; move abruptly; set out; commence a race, career, &c; loosen: v.t. to originate or set going; rouse suddenly from conceal- ment; empty; dislocate; punish with a rope's end: n. the act of starting; outset; a sudden motion or twitch; sudden fit or excitement; quick spring; starting post. star throat (star'throt), n. a hum- ming-bird. startle (start'l), v.i. to move sudden- ly, as by an alarm; to feel sudden alarm: v.t. to frighten suddenly; shock. starvation (star- va 'shun), n. the state of being starved. starve (starv), v.i.^ to suffer extreme hunger; perish with hunger or cold: v.t. subdue by famine; destroy by want of any kind. starveling ('ling), adj. hungry; weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. stasis (sta'sis), n. arrest of the cir- culation of blood in the vessels. state (stat), n. circumstances or con- dition; position or situation; case; quality; pomp; principal persons constituting the government of a country; legislature; whole body of people united under one government; civil power: adj. pertaining to the body politic; used on state occa- sions; ceremonial: v.t. to express the details of; represent fully in words; narrate. State, n. one of the federated com- monwealths composing the United States. stated ('ed), adj. fixed; regular. statedly (-li), adv. at fixed times. stateliness (li-nes), n. the state or quality of being stately; majestic appearance. stately ('li), adj. [comp. statelier, superl. stateliest], grand; majestic; dignified; displaying state or dignity. statement ('ment), n. the aet of stat- ing; that which is stated; narrative or recital. stater (sta'ter), n. a gold coin of an- cient Greece. statesman (stats'man), n. [pi. states- men ('men) ], one who is skilled in public affairs and the art of govern- ment; politician. statesmanship (ship), n. the quali- fication or skill of a statesman. state-trial ('tri-al), n. a trial for political offenses. static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium; act- ing by mere weight without produc- ing motion. Also statical: n.pl. that branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium, pressure, weight, &c, of bodies at rest. statically ('i-kal-li), adv. in a stati- cal manner. station (sta'shun), n. place wliere a person or thing stands; position; rank or condition of life; class or order; place on a railway for pas- sengers or goods; district police of- fice; military quarters; post for war-vessels: v.t. to place in a cer- tain post, rank, or situation; ap- point or ass' gn. ^ stationary (-a-ri), adj. fixed; not moving; not improving. stationer ('shun-er), n. one who sells paper, pens, pencils, writing materials, &c. stationery (-er'i), n. stationer's ar- ticles. statist (sta/tist), n. a statistician. statistic (sta-tis'tik), adj. pertaining to statistics. Also statistical. statistically (-al-li), adv. by statis- tics. statistician (stat-is-tish'an), n. one skilled in statistics. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STATISTICS 832 STEAMER statistics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the sci- ence of the classification and ar- •angement of facts relating to the condition of a people or class, do- mestic economy, health, longevity, &c. stator (sta/ter), n. the part of a dy- namo or motor which remains at rest. statuary (stat'u-a-ri), n. a sculptor; the art of carving statues; statues collectively. statue ('u), n. the representation of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid material: v.t. to form a statue of; place, as a statue. statuesque (-u-esk'), adj. having the characteristics of a statue; immo- bile. statuette (-u-ef), n. a little statue. stature ('ur), n. the natural height. status (sta/tus), n. condition; social standing or place; rank. status quo (kwo), present or pre- vious condition or position. statutable (stat'u-ta-bl), adj. made or introduced by statute; according to law or statute. statu tably (-ta-bli), adv. conforma- bly to statute. statute ('tit), n. a law expressly en- acted by the legislature of a country or state; written law; an act of a corporation or of its founders, de- signed to be a permanent rule. statutory ('u-to-ri), adj. enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority. stave (stav), n. [pi. staves (stavz) ], one of the thin narrow strips of wood forming the sides of a cask; a pole or piece of wood of some length; the live parallel lines and the four contained spaces on and within which the notes and rests are writ- ten [music]: pi. of staff: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. staving], to break a hole in; burst; pour out; delay or put off. stay (sta), n. a large, strong rope which stiffens and supports a mast; stop or stand; prop or support; abode or continuance in a place: pi. pair of corsets: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stayed, p.pr. staying], to hold up or support; sustain; endure; restrain; delay; tack: v.i. to remain or abide; wait; rest; stand still; continue; cease; hold out or last. stead (sted), n. the place or room which another had or might have. steadfast ('fast), adj. firmly fixed or established; steady; constant; uni- form. steadily ('i-li), adv. in a steady man- ner. steadiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being steady. steady ('i), adj. [comp. steadier, su- perl. steadiest], fixed; regular; firm; constant in feeling or purpose; resolute; undeviating; unwavering; uniform: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. steadied, p.pr. steadying], to make or keep steady or firm; make constant or resolute; regulate: inter j. be fixed. steak (stak), n. a slice of beef, &c, for broiling. steal (stel), v.t. [p.t. stole, p.p. stolen, p.pr. stealing], to take by theft or feloniously; take without leave or right; withdraw or convey clandestinely; gain secretly and gradually: v.i. to commit theft; slip in and out unperceived. stealth (stelth), n. secret means em- ployed to accomplish an object; un- derhand procedure. stealthily ('i-li), adv. in a stealthy manner. steal thiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being stealthy. stealthy ('i), adj. [comp. stealthier, superl. stealthiest], done or per- formed by stealth; clandestine; sly. steam (stem), n. vapor into which water is changed when heated to boiling-point; vapor; any exhala- tion: v.i. to emit steam; rise or pass off in steam; move by steam: v.t. to apply steam to. steamer ('er), n. a vessel propelled by steam; road locomotive; an ap- paratus for steaming articles. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STEAMINESS 833 STENOGRAPHER steaminess ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being steamy; mistiness. steamy ('i), adj. consisting of, or like, steam. stearate (ste'a-rat), n. any salt of stearic acid. stearic (-ar'ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from stearin. stearin ('a-rin), n. a constituent of most animal and some vegetable fats; tallow. steatite ('a-tit), n. soapstone. steed (sted), n. a horse, especially one which is spirited. steel (stel), n. iron refined and com- bined with carbon; any instrument of steel; anything made of steel; anything of extreme hardness; a chalybeate medicine: adj. made of, or resembling, steel: v.t. to overlay, edge, or tip with steel; make hard or invulnerabb; render like steel. steeliness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being steely. steeling ('ing), n. the process of overlaying, edging, or pointing with steel; acierage. steely ('i), adj. made of, or like, steel; hard; inflexible; colored like steel. steelyard ('yard), n. a kind of bal- ance, consisting of a single weight moved along a graduated beam. steening (sten'ing), n. a lining of stone, brick, &c, of a well or similar structure. steep (step), adj. rising or descend- ing with great inclination; precipi- tous: n. a precipitous place: v.t. to soak in a liquid; dip; imbue. steepen ('n), v.i. to become steep or steeper. steeple (ste'pl), n. a tower or turret tapering to a point; spire. steeple-chase (-chas), n. a kind of cross-country horse-race. _ steepled ('pld), adj. furnished with, like, or adorned with, a steeple. steer (stcr), n. a young male of the ox kind; bullock: v.t. to direct the course of (a vessel) with the helm; control; guide: v.i. to direct a ship in its course; move; be governed. steerage ('aj), n. the act or practice of steering; that part of a ship al- lotted to the poorer passengers. steerage-way (-wa), n. rate of mo- tion through the water of a vessel sufficient to enable her to feel the effect of the helm. steere (ster), v.t. to give a certain angle of elevation to (the bowsprit of a vessel). steering ('ing), n. the angle of eleva- tion of a bowsprit with the horizon. stegomyia (steg'o-mi-ya), n. the mos- quito family, transmitting tine yel- low-fever germ. stein (stin), n. a mug for lager beer. steinbock (stln'bok), n. a small an- telope of South Africa. Also steenbok. stellar (stel'ar), adj. pertaining to stars; astral; starry. Also stellary. stellate ('at), adj. star-like; radiated. steliiform ('i-form), adj. star- shaped. stellular ('u-lar), adj radiated. stem (stem), n. the principal axis of a tree or plant; anything resem- bling a stem; race; pedigree; prog- eny; branch of a family; the fore- part of a vessel; the unchangeable part of an inflected word; the up- right or downright line joined to the body of a note [music]: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stemmed, p.pr. stem- ming], to resist or check; dam up: v.i. to move forward against an ob- stacle. stemple ('pi), n. a crossbar of wood in a mining shaft for ascending and descending. stench (stench), n. a strong offensive odor. stencil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate of metal with a pattern, &c, cut out, used for marking, &c: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stenciled, p.pr. stenciling], to mark or color with a stencil. stenograph ('o-graf), n. writing in shorthand: v.t. to write or report in shorthand. stenographer (ste-nog'ra-fer), n. a shorthand writer. Also stenogra- phist. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 53 STENOGRAPHIC 834 STETHOSCOPE stenographic (sten-o-graf 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or written in, shorthand. stenography (ste-nog'ra-fi), n. the art of wridng in shorthand. Stentor (sten'ter), n. a person with a very powerful voice: from the Greek herald in the Trojan War. stentorian (-to'ri-an), adj. extremely loud. step (step), n. the distance measured by the foot in walking or running; pace; small distance; footstep; ac- tion; measure; procedure; gait; stair; round of a ladder: pi. portable framework of stairs:_vi. [p.t. & p.p. stepped, p.pr. stepping], to make a movement by a single change of the position of the foot; walk; advance or retire by pacing; go or come as by chance; walk slowly: v.t. to set, as the foot; measure t>y steps; fix, as a mast: prefix denoting relation by marriage only. steppe (step), n. a name for the vast barren plains of Russia. stere (star), n. in the metric system, a unit of cubic measure = 35.31 cubic feet. stereo, a prefix meaning solid, firm, as stereogram, a picture represent- ing objects on a plane surface as if in relief: n. an ahbr. of stereotype. Also stereograph. stereometer (ster-e-om'e-ter), n. an instrument for measuring the solid contents of a body; an instrument for determining specific gravity. stereometry (-om'e-tri), n. the art of measuring the cubical contents of bodies; the art of determining the specific gravity of bodies. stereopticon (-op'ti-kon), n. a mag- ic-lantern ^ showing photographic slides as if in relief. stereoscope (ster'e-o-skop), n. a bi- nocular optical instrument by means of which two pictures appear as one and stand out in relief. stereoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, characteristic of, or adapted to, the stereoscope. Also stereo- scopical. stereotelescope (ster'e-o-tel'e-skop), n. a binocular telescope that may be used in military operations as a range-finder. stereotype ('e-o-tlp), n. a metal plate cast from a mold taken from a page of movable types: v.tj [p.t. & p.p. stereotyped, p.pr. stereotyp- ing], to cast or print in stereotype; fix permanently: adj. pertaining to, or done by, stereotype. sterile ('il), adj. barren; producing little or no crop; destitute of ideas. sterility (-il'i-ti), n. barrenness; in- fecundity. sterilization (-za'shun), n. the act or process of rendering sterile; state of being sterile. sterilize ('il-iz), v.t. to make sterile; deprive of the power of reproduc- tion, as bacteria. sterling ('ling), adj. pure; unadul- terated; genuine; noting English money of standard value; of high merit. stern (stern), adj. harsh or severe in countenance or manners; austere; unrelenting; steadfast; being in the stern: n. the after partof a vessel. sternal ('al), adj. pertaining to the sternum. sternum ('urn), n. the breast bone. sternsheets ('shetz), n. that part of a boat furnished with seats for pas- sengers. sternway (Va), n. movement of a vessel backwards. stertorous (ster'to-rus), adj. charac- terized by deep snoring. stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, p.pr. stettmg]^ to mark with the word stet (let it stand) on a proof, indicating that something marked for omission is to remain. stethometer (steth-om'e-ter), n. an apparatus for measuring the exter- nal movements of the walls of the chest during respiration. stethoscope ('o-skop), n. an instru- ment for examining the chest, or ascertaining diseases of the chest by sound produced in the thorax. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. STETHOSCOPIC 835 STILE stethoscopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or by means of, the stetho- scope. Also stethoscopical. stethoscopy » ('o-sko-pi), n. examina- tion by the stethoscope. steve (stev), v.t. to stow in a ship's hold. stevedore- ('e-dor), n. one who loads or unloads a vessel in port, or stows cargo in a ship's hold. stew (stu),_ v.t. to boil slowly or with a simmering heat: v.i. to be boiled slowly or gently: n. a dish pre- pared by stewing; a store-pond: pi. a brothel. steward ('erd), n. one who manages the domestic concerns of a family or institution; manager of a large estate or farm; person employed at a hotel, club, or on board ship to superintend culinary affairs; a col- lege official who superintends the kitchen arrangements; a fiscal agent; an officer of the royal household; manager at races, sports, i. to^trip up or fall in walking; light (with on or upon); slide into error or crime: n. a trip in walking or running; failure or blunder. stump (stump), n. that part of a tree which remains in the ground after the trunk is cut down; part remaining after amputation, &c; an artist's soft pencil or rubber; one of three posts of the wicket at cricket: v.t. to lop off; reduce to a stump; defeat, v.i. travel about making speeches for electioneering purposes; to walk clumsily. stump-speaker (spek'er), n. one who harangues the people on some current question, usually political. stump-speech ('spech), n. an elec- tioneering speech. stumpy ('i), _ adv. full of stumps; short and thick. stun (stun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stunned, p.pr. stunning], to render senseless by, or as by, a blow; confuse with noise; surprise completely; astonish. stung, p.t. & p.p. of sting. stunk, p.t & p.p. of stink. stunning ('ing), adj. remarkably fine or large. stunt (stunt), v.t. to check in growth or progress: v.i. to become stunted: n. a check in growth; something stunted; an allotted task; a per- formance. stupe (stup), n. flax, flannel, &c, steeped in warm water or medica- ments, used as a compress, &c. stupefacient (-e-fa/shi-ent), n. a narcotic. stupefaction (-fak'shun), n. the act of stupefying; state of being stupe- fied; insensibility; torpor; stupidity. stupef active ('tiv), adj. causing stu- pefaction. stupefier ('e-fi-er), n. one who, or that which, stupefies. stupefy ('e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stu- pefied, p.pr. stupefying], to deprive of sensibility; make stupid; dull. stupendous (-pen'dus), adj. over- coming the senses by its vastness; astonishing. stupid _ ('pid), adj. deficient in under- standing; insensible; dull; silly; non- sensical. stupidity ('i-ti), n. extreme dulness of perception or understanding; crass ignorance; folly. stupor ('per), n. suspension or great diminution of sensibility; numb- ness; lethargy; intellectual insensi- bility. sturdily (ster'di-ii), adv. in a sturdy manner. sturdiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sturdy. sturdy ('i), adj. hardy; robust; stout; strong; stubborn; vigorous; forcible. sturgeon Cjun), n. a large, cartilag- inous fish of the genus Acipenser, the roes of certain species of which are made into caviare, and isin- glass from the air-bladder. stutter (stut'er), v.i. to speak with hesitation or stammering: v.t. to utter in a stammering manner: n. hesitation or stammering in speech. Also stuttering. sty (sti), n. a pen or enclosure for swine; a filthy or mean place; a kind of boil upon the eyelid: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stied, p.pr. stying], to shut up in a filthy or mean place. Stygian (stij'i-an), adj. pertaining to the Styx, the river of Hade3, over which the dead were ferried by the boatman Charon: hence in- fernal ; hellish. style (stil), n. a pointed instrument used by the ancients for writing ate ; . arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. L STYLIFORM 845 SUBJUNCTIVE upon wax tablets; the gnomon of a dial; appellation 01 title; distinc- tive manner of writing with regard to the choice of words, &c; manner of speaking; characteristic mode of expression or execution; method of reckoning time; fashion; manner; the stalk between the ovary and stigma of a flower; a probe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. styled, p.pr. styling], to designate or name. styliform ('i-form), adj. like a style. stylish ('ish), adj. fashionable; modish. stylist ('ist), n. a master of literary style. stylobate ('o-bat), n. an uninter- rupted base below a range of col- umns. stylograph ('o-graf), n. a stylo- graphic pen. stylographic (-graf'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or used in, a stylographic pen, or stylography. stylography (stl-log'ra-fi), n. a me- thod of writing or tracing by means of a style. styloid ('loid), adj. resembling a style or pen; pertaining to a par- ticular bone. styptic (stip'tik), adj. stopping bleed- ing. styracine (stir'a-sin), n. a crystalline substance obtained from storax. Also styracin. suable (su'a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing, or liable to be, sued. suant ('ant), adj. uniform; level. suasible (swa/si-bl), adj. easily per- suaded. suasion ('zhun), n. persuasion. suasive ('siv), adj. persuasive. suave (swav), adj. pleasant in manner. suavity (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; gen- tleness. sub, prefix meaning under, beneath, below, slightly. subacid (sub-as'id), adj. slightly acid. subaltern (-awl'tern), n. a commis- sioned officer under the rank of cap- tain: adj. inferior. subalternate (-ter'nat), adj. succes- sive. subconscious (sub-kon'shus), adj. dimly conscious. subdominant (sub-dom'i-nant), n. a musical term indicating the note next below the dominant. subdue (-du'), v.t. to overcome or conquer; vanquish; reduce; lower; tone down. subjacent (sub-ja'sent), adj. lying under or below; situated lower but not directty beneath. subject ('jekt), adj. under the power or control of another; subordinate; disposed; liable: n. one who is under the power or control of another; that which is treated in writing, speaking, &c; theme; topic; de- sign; a dead body for dissection; substance; material; theme of a proposition; the Ego, as distin- guished from the non-Ego or object; theme of a movement [music] : v.t. (sub-jekf) to bring under the power or control of; render subordinate; enslave; subjugate; render liable; expose. subjection (-jek'shun), n. the act of subjecting; state of being subjected. subjective ('tiv), adj. pertaining to the subject as opposed to the object; derived from one's own conscious- ness. subjectively (-li), adv. in a subjec- tive manner. subjectiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being subjective. Also subjectivity. subjectivism ('iv-izm), n. the philo- sophical doctrine that knowledge is relative or purely subjective. subjoin (-join'), v.t. to affix. subjugate ('jti-gat), v.t. to conquer by force ; bring under dominion. subjugation (-ga'shun), n. the act of subjugating; state of being subju- gated. subjugator ('ju-ga-ter), n. one who subjugates. subjunctive (-jungk'tiv), adj. not- ing a form of the verb expressive of contingency, condition, or hypothe- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUBLIMATE 846 SUBSIDIARY sublimate ('li-mat), v.t. to convert (a solid) by heat into vapor, which on cooling returns to the solid state; refine and exalt. sublimation (-ma/shun), n. the act of sublimating. sublime (-llm'), adj. awakening feel- ings of awe and reverence: high in place or excellence; exalted in na- ture; elevated in manner or style; n. that which is awe-inspiring in works of nature or art as distin- guished from the beautiful (with the): v.t. to dignify or exalt; render noble: v.i. to be capable of sub- limation. sublimely ('li), adv. in a sublime manner. subliminal consciousness (sub-lim'- i-nal kon'shus-nes), n. that which is below the surface of distinct con- sciousness. sublimity (-lim'i-ti), n. loftiness of style or sentiment; elevation; moral grandeur; excellence. Also sublime- ness. submarine (sub-ma-rine'), adj. lo- cated or found under the sea: n. a boat so built and fitted that it can travel under the water, used princi- pally for purposes of war. submerge (-merjO, v.t. to place un- der water; overwhelm: v.i. to be, or lie, under water. submersion (-mer'shun), n. the act of submerging; state of being sub- merged. Also submergence. submission (-mish'un), n. the act of submitting or yielding; obedience. submissive (-mis'iv), adj. yielding to authority; obedient; humble. submit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sub- mitted, p.pr. submitting!, to yield to the authority of another; surren- der; resign; refer to_ judgment or discretion; comply with: v.i. to be subject; yield. submultiple (-mul'ti-pl), n. a num- ber or quantity which is contained in another a certain number of times exactly, as 4 is the submultiple of 28. subordinate (-or'di-nat), adj. infe- rior in rank, value, power, or im- portance: n. one who is inferior to another in rank, &c. : v.t. to place in a lower order ; render subject. subordinately (-li), adv. in a sub- ordinate manner. subordination (-na'shun), n. the act of subordinating or placing in a lower order; subjection; state of being subordinate; inferiority of rank, position, &c. . suborn (-orn'), v.t. to procure or in- duce to commit perjury; procure by indirect means or by secret collu- sion. subornation (-6r-na/shun), n. the act of inducing a person to commit perjury by bribes or persuasion. subpoena (-pe'na), n. a writ com- manding the attendance of a person in court as a witness under a pen- alty: v.t. to serve with a subpoena. subscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or annex (one's name) to a paper or document; give or promise (a sum of money) for some object by writing one's name; publish (a book) by sub- scription: v.i. to give consent. subscription < (-skrip'shun), n. the act of subscribing; name subscribed; signature; sum of money subscribed. subsequence ('se-kwens), n. the act or state of being subsequent. subsequent ('se-kwent), adj. follow- ing or coming after in time or order; posterior. subserve (-serv'), v.t. to be subservi- ent to; promote; serve instrumen- tally. subsequi, prefix, meaning combina- tion in the proportion of two to three. subsessile (-ses'il), adj. having very short foot-stalks. subside (-sid'), v.i. to sink or fall to the bottom; tend downwards; settle; abate; become tranquil or calm. subsidence ('ens), n. the act of sub- siding or sinking down; downward tendency. subsidiarily (-sid'i-a-ri-li)^ adv. so as to assist. subsidiary ('i-a-ri), adj. auxiliary; ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. L SUBSIDIZE 847 SUBVERSION furnishing additional supplies: n. an auxiliary. subsidize ('si-dlz), v.t to furnish with a subsidy. subsidy ('si-di), n. [pi. subsidies (-diz)], pecuniary aid granted by one government to another, especial- ly for war expenses; public grant or subvention to aid an enterprise for the public convenience. subsist (-sist') ; v.i. to have exist- ence; to retain the present state; inhere; have the means of livelihood. subsistence ('ens), n. means of sup- port; maintenance; livelihood; in- herence. substance ('stans), n. matter or ma- terial; characteristic and essential part of anything; purport; wealth or property. substantial (-stan'shal), adj. be- longing to, or having, substance; containing the essential parts; solid; material; corporeal; having con- siderable wealth or property: n.pl. essential parts. substantially (-li), adv. in a sub- stantial manner; _ essentially. substantiate ('shi-at), v.i. to estab- lish the truth of by proof or compe- tent evidence. substantival (-stan-ti'val), adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a substantive. substantive ('stan-tiv), adj. express- ing existence; real; essential; n. that part of speech which expresses the existence of anything material or immaterial; noun. substantively (-li), adv. in a sub- stantive manner; essentially; as a substantive or noun. substitute ('sti-tut), v.t. to put in the place of another; change: n. one who, or that which, is put in the place of another. substitution (-tu'shun), n. the act of substituting; state of being substituted. subsume (-sum'), v.t. to include un- der a more general class or under something else. subtangent (-tan'jent), n. the part of the axis of a curve intercepted between the tangent and the ordi- nate. subtend (-tend'), v.t. to extend un- der or be opposite to. subter, a prejix meaning under. subterfuge ('ter-fuj), n. an evasion or artifice; trick; shift. subterranean (-ra'ne-an), adj. be- low the surface or beneath the earth. Also subterraneous. subtile (sub'til or sut'l), adj. thin; delicately constructed; fine; deli- cate; refined; acute; cunning; art- ful. subtilely (-li), adv. in a subtile man- ner. subtileness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being subtile. Also sub- tility. subtle (sut'l), adj. artful; insinuat- ing; crafty. subtlety (-ti), n. acuteness of intel- lect; cunning; shrewdness. Subtle- ness. subtract (-trakf), v.t. to withdraw or take away, as a part from a whole; deduct. subtraction (-trak'shun), n. the act of subtracting. subtractive ('tiv), adj. tending, or having power, to subs tract. subtrahend ('tra-hend), n. the quan- tity or number to be subtracted from another. subtreasury (sub-trezh'u-ri), n. a branch of the United States Treas- ury located in various cities of the United States. subtriple (-trip'l), adj. containing a third. subulate (sii'bu-lat), adj. awl-shaped. suburb (sub'erb), n. an outlying dis- trict of a city or town; environs (usually pi.). suburban (-er'ban), adj. pertaining to, in, or living within, the suburbs. subvention (-ven'shun), n. a gov- ernment grant or subsidy. subversion (-ver'shun), n. the act of subverting; overthrow; ruin. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUBVERSIVE 848 SUET subversive ('siv), adj. tending to subvert. subvert (-vert'), v.t. to turn upside down; ruin; overthrow; corrupt. subvertible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being subverted. subway (Va), n. an underground passage. sue, another form of sub. succeed (suk-sed'), v.t. to take the place of; follow: v.i. to follow in order; obtain one's wishes; be suc- cessful; accomplish something at- tempted; end with advantage; pros- per. success (-ses'), n. the prosperous ter- mination of a.ay enterprise; pros- perity. successful (-fool), adj. ending in suc- cess; prosperous; fortunate. successfully (-li), adv. in a success- ful manner. succession ('shun), n. the act of fol- lowing in order; lineage; act or right of coming in the place of an- other; rotation, as of crops. successional (-M), adj. pertaining to, or implying, succession; consecutive. successive ('ivj, adj. following in uninterrupted order; legitimate; consecutive. successively (-li), adv. consecutively. successor ('er), n. one who succeeeds or follows in the place or character of another. succinct (-singkf), adj. tersely ex- pressed. succor ('er), v.t. to help or relieve when in difficulty or distress; aid: n. relief; aid. succotash ('o-tash), n. a dish of green maize and beans boiled together. succula ( r u-la), n. an axi3 or cylinder without a drum, with staves to move it round. succulence ('u-lens), n. juiciness. succulent ('u-lent), adj. Juicy: said of plants replete with juices. succumb (-kum'), v.i. to yield; sub- mit. succursal (-ker'sal), adj. annexed and assistant, as a chapel of ease. such (such), adj. the same that, or as referred to; denoting a particular person or thing; certain; very great. suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with the mouth: v.i. to draw milk from the breast: n. the act of sucking; milk drawn from the breast. sucker ('er), n. one who, or that which, sucks; piston of a pump; a tube through which anything is drawn; shoot of a plant from the lower part of the stem; a sweet. sucking ('ing), adj. drawing with the mouth or with an instrument; very young. suckle ('1), v.t. to nurse at the breast. suckling ('ling), n. an unweaned child or animal. sucrose (su'kros), n. cane-sugar. suction (suk'shun), n. the act or pro- cess of sucking; act of drawing fluids by the removal of the atmos- pheric pressure. suctorial (-tS'ri-al), adj. adapted to, or living by, sucking. sudarium (su-da'ri-um) , n. the cloth on which Christ is said to have mi- raculously impressed his image when He wiped his face with it on the way to Calvary. sudation ('shun), n. the act of sweat- ing. sudatorium (-to'ri-um), n. a sweat- ing-bath. sudden (sud'n), adj. happening un- expectedly; instantaneous; without notice; quick. sudoriferous (su-dor-if'er-us), adj. secreting perspiration. sudormc (-if'ik), adj. causing per- spiration: n. a medicine producing such an effect. Sudra (soo'dra), n. the lowest of the four great castes into which the Hindus are divided. Also Soodra. suds (sudz), n.pl. soapy water. sudsy (sud'zi), adj. like suds. sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: v.i. to entreat; beg; petition; pay court; institute legal proceedings (with for). suet ('et), n. the hard fat around the kidneys and loins of sheep and oxen. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mits, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. k SUFFER 849 SULLY suffer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with a sense of pain; undergo; bear; be affected by; allow; tolerate: v.i. to feel pain or punishment; be in dis- tress; endure loss or injury. sufferable (-a-bl), adj. that may be allowed or tolerated; permissible. sufferance (-fer'ans), n. patience under pain; toleration; negative consent; permission. suffering ('ing), n. the state of en- during physical or mental pain distress; loss or injury endured. suffice (-is), v.i. to be sufficient: v.t. to satisfy. sufficiency (-ish'en-si), n. the state or quality of being sufficient; com- petence; self-confidence; conceit. sufficient Cent), adj. equal to any end or purpose; adequate; compe- tent. suffix ('iks), n. a letter or syllable added at the end of a word; affix: v.t. (suf-iks'), to add, as a letter or syllable at the end of a word, suffocate ('o-kat), v.t. to choke by stopping respiration; smother; stifle. suffocation (-ka'shun), n. the act of suffocating. Suffragan (suf'ra-gan), n. an assis- tant bishop. suffrage ('raj), n. vote, or right to vote; franchise; voice or vote given on a controverted subject. suffragette ('ra-get), n. a woman who seeks equal suffrage or the right to vote. suffragist ('ra-jist), n. one who advo- cates general suffrage. suffuse (-fiiz') 5 v.t. to spread over as with a fluid or a color. sugar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crystal- line substance obtained from the sugar-cane, beet, &c; any substance resembling sugar; flattery: adj. pertaining to, like, made of, or yielding, sugar; sweet. sugariness ('er-i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sweet. sugary ('er-i), adj. like, composed of, or fond of, sugar; sweet. suggest (sug-jesf or suj-est'), v.t. to introduce indirectly to the mind or thoughts; hint; insinuate; allude or refer to: v.i. to make suggestions. suggestion (-jes'chun), n. the act of suggesting; thing suggested; hint. suggestive ('tiv), adj. containing, or full of, suggestion. suggestively (-li), adv. by way of suggestion. suicidal (su'i-sld-al) , adj. pertaining to, or partaking of, suicide. suicidal (-i), adv. in a suicidal manner. suicide ('i-sld), n. a person who kills himself; self-murder; ruin of one's own interests. suint (swint), n. a peculiar fatty sub- stance obtained from sheep's wool. suit (stit), n. a set of things corre- spondent to each other, as of the same kind; petition or prayer; courtship; one of four sets of a pack of cards; an action or process at law for the recovery of a right or claim; v.t. to be fitted to; fall in with; accommodate; please: v.i. to correspond or accord; agree. suitability (-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being suitable. Also suitableness. suitable ('a-bl), adj. fitting; appro- priate. suitably ('a-bli), adv. in a suitable manner. suite (swet), n. a retinue or compa- ny; series; set, as of rooms, furni- ture, &c. suitor (sut'er), n. a petitioner; sup- plicant; lover; party to a lawsuit. sulcate (sul'kat), adj. grooved. sulk (sulk), v.i. to be sulky. sulkily ('i-li), adv. in a sulky manner. sulkiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being sulky. sulky ('i), adj. [comp. sulkier, superl. sulkiest], silently sullen: n. a kind of two-wheeled carriage. sullen (sul'en), adj. morosely silent; gloomily angry; dismal; heavy. sully ('i) v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; dirty; stain: n. a tarnish or stain. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SULPHATE 850 SUN sulphate ('fat), n. a salt of sulphuric acid. sulphide ('fid), n. a compound of sulphur with a metal or other ele- ment. sulphite ('fit), n. a salt of sulphur- ous acid. sulphur ('fer), n. a non-metallic ele- ment, brittle and of a yellow color, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat. sulphurate (-at), v.t. to combine with, or subject to the action of, sulphur: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, sulphur. sulphurator ('fer-a-ter), n. an ap- paratus for bleaching by the fumes of sulphur. sulphureous (-fu're-us), adj. con- sisting of, impregnated with, or having the qualities of, sulphur. Also sulphurous. sulphuret. Same as sulphide. sulphuretted ('fu-ret-ed), adj. com- bined with sulphur. sulphuric (-fii'rik), adj. obtained from, or containing, sulphur. sulphuric acid (as'id), n. a heavy, corrosive liquid composed of sul- phur, oxygen, and water; oil of vitriol. sulphurous acid ('fu-rus as'id), n. an acid composed of 2 parts of oxygen and 2 parts of sulphur. sulphury ('fer-i), adj. like sulphur. sultan ('tan), n. the title of a Mo- hammedan sovereign, especially the sovereign of the Ottoman Empire. Fern, sultana. sultanate ('tan-at) n. the rule or dominion of a sultan. sultanship ('tan-ship), n. the office, rank, or dignity of a sultan. sultrily ('tri-li), adv. oppressively. sultriness (-nes) n. the state or quality of being sultry. sultry ('tri), adj. [comp. sultrier, superl. sultriest], very hot, close, and oppressive; close and heavy with a moist heat. sum (sum), n. the aggregate of two or more things taken together; whole; total; quantity of money; substance; compendium; utmost degree; arithmetical problem for solution: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. summed, p.pr. summing], to add into one amount; condense into few words. sumac (su'mak), n. a plant or shrub the dried leaves and roots of which are used in tanning, dyeing, and medicine. summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. in a short way or method; concisely. summarize ('a-riz), v.t. to state con- cisely. summary ('a-ri), adj. brief; laconic; compendious; done in a short way or method: n. an abridgement; compendium. summation (-a'shun), n. the act of forming a total; aggregate. summer ('er), n. that part of the year which comprises the hottest months, June, July, and August; a large piece of timber to receive the ends of the joists; horizontal girder: v.i. to pass the summer: v.t. to feed or keep during the summer. summit ('it), n. the top or highest point. summon ('un), v.t. to cite or call by authority; command to appear in court; invite; rouse to exertion: n.pl. a citation to appear in court on a certain day; document containing such a citation; authoritative call. sumpit (sum'pit), n. the poisoned arrow used with a sumpitan. sumpitan ('pi-tan), n. a kind of long blowpipe, used by the Malays. sumptuary (sump'tu-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or regulating, expense. sumptuary laws (lawz), n.pl laws to limit excessive expenditure on dress or other luxuries. sumptuous ('tu-us), adj. expensive; costly; luxurious; magnificent. sun (sun), n. the luminous body around which the earth, and other planets, &c, of the solar system re- volve: the source of light and heat to the earth ; any center of a system of worlds; anything like the sun in ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n&rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUNDAE 851 SUPERFICIALITY splendor or power; sunshine: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. sunned, p.pr. sunning], to expose to the sun's rays; warm or dry in the sun. sundae (sun'da), n. ice cream and fresh fruit or fruit syrup. Sunday ('da), n. the first day of the week, the Christian Sabbath, or Lord's Day: adj. pertaining to Sunday. sunder "('der), v.t. to divide or rend. sundew ('du), n. a plant of the genus Drosera, whose leaves secrete a dew-like viscid fluid. sundial (sun'di-al), n. a contrivance for measuring time, by the shadow of an upright peg cast by the sun on the face of a dial, marked in divisions of hours. sundries ('driz), n.pl. numerous small or miscellaneous articles or matters. sundry ('dri), adj. various; several. sung, p.p. of sing. sunk, p.t. & p.p. of sink. sunken (sungk'en), adj. lying on the bottom of the sea; fallen or pressed down. sunn (sun), n. an East Indian plant, the fiber of which is used as a sub- stitute for hemp. Sunna ('a), n. a collection of oral laws and precepts of Mohammed handed down by tradition, and es- teemed as of equal value with the Koran by the Sunnites. sunniness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being sunny. Sunnites ('its), n.pl. the orthodox Mo- hammedans who regard the Sunna as equally binding with the Koran. sunny "('i), adj. pertaining to, like, proceeding from, or exposed to, the sun; bright; warm; cheerful. sunrise (sun'riz), n. the rising of the sun in the Eastern horizon. sunset (sun'set), n. the setting of the sun in the Western horizon. sunshine ('shin), n. the light or rays of the sun; warmth; brightness. sunstroke ('strok), n. a kind of apoplexy, caused by the intense heat of the sun's rays. sun-up ('up), n. sunrise, sup (sup), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. supped, p.pr. supping], to take into the mouth with the lips; sip: v.i. to take supper: n. a small mouthful, as? of a liquid; sip. super, prejix meaning over, above } be* yond, in excess. superannuate (su-per-an'u-at), v.t. to pension on account of old age or infirmity. superannuation (-u-a'shun), n. the state of being superannuated; pen- sion granted to one who is superan- nuated. superb (su-perb'), adj. grand; proud; stately; elegant; first-rate; sumptu- ous. supercargo (su-per-kar'go), n. a per- son or officer in a merchant vessel who superintends the cargo and commercial affairs of a ship during its voyage. superciliary (-sil'i-a-ri), adj. per- taining to, or situated above, the eyebrow. supercilious _('i-us), adj. haughty, proud; disdainful; dictatorial; over- bearing. supercilium (-sil'i-um), n. the eye- brow. superdreadnaught (su'per- dred'nawt), n. the most gigantic type of modern battleship, greatly exceeding in size the ships of the dreadnaught type which have a dis- placement of about 18,000 tons; the newest superdreadnaughts displace about 30,000 tons. supererogation (-er-o-ga'shun), n. the performance of more than is re- quired by duty. supererogatory (-e-rog'a-to-ri), adj. performed beyond what is required by duty. superficial^ (-fish'al), adj. pertaining to, or being on the surface; slight; not deep; unlearned. superficiality (-i-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being superficial; slight knowledge. Alio superficial- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. SUPERFICIES 852 SUPERVISOR superficies (-fisn'i-ez), n. superficial area or exterior face of a body. superfluity (-noo'i-ti), n. [pi. super- fluities (-tiz) J, superabundance; ex- cess. superfluous ('floo-us), adj. more than enough, or necessary; excessive. superfrontal (-fron'tal), n. that part of an altar-cloth which hangs over the frontal. superheat (-hef), v.t. to heat to an extreme degree; heat (steam) until it resembles a perfect gas. superinduce (-in-dus'), v.t. to bring in or upon as an addition to some- thing else; superadd. superintend (-in-tend'), v.t. to have, or exercise the charge or oversight of; direct or control. superintendence (-ten'dens), n. su- pervision; oversight; control. superintendent ('dent), n. one who superintends; overseer. superior (su-pe'ri-orj^ai/. higher or above in place, position, rank, dig- nity, oface, or excellence; stronger; surpassing others; unconquered; preferabb; beyond the power or in- fluence of; placed above another or- gan: n. one who is superior to oth- ers; one of a higher rank or position; head of a religious house. superiority (-i-or'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being superior; preemi- nence; advantage. superlative (-per'la-tiv), adj. supe- rior to all others; highest in degree; n. a word expressing the highest de- gree of anything. superlatively (-li), adv in a super- lative manner. superlativeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being superlative. supernal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, a higher place or re- gion; celestial. supernatural (-nat'u-ral), adj. be- yond, or exceeding the, powers or laws of nature. supernaturaliam (-izm), n. the state or quality of being supernatural; the doctrine that revelation is the only means by which man acquires the knowledge of God. supernaturalist (-ist) , n. one who believes in the doctrine of supernat- uralism. supernaturally (-li), adv. in a su- pernatural manner. supernumerary (-num'er-a-ri), n. [pi. supernumeraries (-riz) ], a per- son or thing beyond the stated or required number: adj. exceeding the number stated or required. suparphosphate (-fos'fat), n. a phos- phate containing the greatest quan- tity of phosphoric acid capable of entering into combination with the base. suparroyal (-roi'M), adj. noting a size of paper larger than royal, 27J^ by 20H in. superscribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write or inscribe, or engrave on the out- side or top. superscription (-simp 'shun), n. the act of superscribing; the address or direction. supersede (-sed'), v.t. to set aside or render null and void by superior power; come into, or take, the place of. superstition (-stish'un), n. rever- ence for, and belief in, the super- natural, or objects which are not worthy of worship; false worship or religion; extreme observance of re- ligious rites or ceremonies. superstitious ('us), adj. pertaining to, characterized by, proceeding from, or addicted to superstition; overscrupulous and extreme in re- ligious rites or ceremonies. superstructure (-struk'tur), n. any- thing built or founded on something else; a building. supertonic (-ton'ik), n. in music, the note next above the keynote. supervene (-ven'). v.i. to come upon as something extraneous; occur. supervise (-viz'), v.t. to oversee. supervision (-vish'un), n. the act of supervising; superintendence. supervisor (-vlz'er), n. an overseer. ate, arm, ask, atv awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUPERVISORY 853 SUPREMELY supervisory (-vi-zo-ri), adj. exercis- ing supervision. supine (su-pm'), adj. lying on the back; indolent; careless; inatten- tive; negligent: n. a Latin verbal noun, ending in um, and u. supinely (li), adv. in a supine man- ner. supineness ( r nes), n. the state or quality of being supine. supper (sup'er), n. the evening meal. supplant (-plant'), v.t. to displace and take the place of, as by craft; supersede. supple ('I), adj. flexible; yielding; servile: v.t. to make supple: v.i. to grow pliant. supplement Cle-ment), v.t. to add something to; fill up or supply: n. something added to render anything more complete or supply defects or errors; appendix; the quantity by which an arc or angle falls short of a semicircle. supplemental (-men'tal), adj. serv- ing as a supplement; additional. Supplementary. suppleness (supl-nes), n. the state or quality of being supple; pliancy. suppliant (sup'li-ant), adj. beseech- ing; entreating; suing: n. one who supplicates; humble petitioner. Al- so supplicant. supplicate (-kat), v.t. to ask or beg humbly and earnestly; address in prayer; beseech; implore. supplication (-ka'shun), n. the act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer or entreaty. supplicatory ('li-ka-to-ri), adj. per- taining to, containing, or of the na- ture of, supplication. supplier (-11' er), n. one who, or that which, supplies. supply (-11'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sup- plied, p.pr. supplying], to furnish with what is required; provide; serve instead of ; fill: n [pi. supplies (-liz') ], the act of supplying; thing supplied; amount of money or food required for daily necessaries, as of an army, &c. (usually pi.). support (-port), v.t. to bear up; endure; uphold $ favor. second; incur; carry on, provide for or nourish: n che act of sup- porting; that whicn supports; main- tenance; livelihood, aid. suppose (-poz'), v.t. to imagine; ad- mit without proof; assume as true, think. supposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of supposing; thing supposed; as- sumption. supposititious (-poz-i-tish'us), adj. supposed or imaginary; not genuine; counterfeit. suppository (-poz'i-to-ri), n. a med- icated mass, usually in the form of a cone, for introduction into some cavity of the body, where it dissolves. suppress (-pres'), v.t. to subdue; crush; keep in or down; quell; con- ceal; restrain the publication of; arrest the normal secretions of. suppression < (-presh'un), n. the act of suppressing; stoppage; conceal- ment; omission. suppressive (-pres'iv), adj. tending to suppress. suppressor ('er), n. one who sup- presses. suppurate ('u-raf), v.i. to generate pus. suppuration (-ra'shun), n. the act of generating pus; pus generated in a sore. suppurative ('u-ra-tiv), adj. tending to produce, or accompanied by, sup- puration: n. a medicine to promote suppuration. supra, a prefix meaning above, be- yond, over, as swpralapsarian. suprarenale (su-pra-ren'a-lin), _ n. a preparation of the active principle of the adrenal glands. supremacy (sti-prem'a-si), n. the state or quality of being supreme; highest authority. supreme (-prem'), adj. highest in power or authority; most excellent; extreme; utmost. supremely ('li), adv. in a supreme manner. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. . SUR 854 SURPLUS •ur, a prefix, meaning over, beyond, above, upon, as surcharge (ser- charj'), n. an excessive charge, load, or burden; an overcharge beyond what is just and right: v.l. to charge more than is due; overload. surah (soo'ra), n. a soft, twilled silk fabric. surat (soo-raf), n. a kind of short coarse cotton. surbase (ser'bas), n. a cornice, or Series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, &c. surcease (ser-ses'), v.i. to stop en- tirely. surcharge (ser-charj'), v.t. to give an excessive load; to charge more than is required. surcingle ('sing-gl), n. a girth, belt, or girdle for passing around the body of a horse and securing the saddle or some burden, &c; girdle of a cassock. surcoat Ckot), n. a coat worn over another coat or garment. surd (serd), n. a mathematical quantity that cannot be expressed by rational numbers, or has no root, as s/3: adj. not expressible by ra- tional numbers; involving surds; uttered with the breath. sure (shoor), adj. fit to be depended upon; certain; reliable; infallible; firm; safe: adv. certainly; securely. surely ('li), adv. certainly; without risk, hazard, or doubt. sureness ('nes), n. the state or qual- ity of being sure; certainty. surety ('ti), n. [pi. sureties ('tiz) ], certainty; security against loss or damage; guarantee; hostage; one who becomes jointly bound with an- other; bail. suretyship (-ship), n. the state of being surety; obligation of being bound to answer for another. surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea that breaks and foams upon the shore or the rocks. surface (ser'fas), n. the exterior part or upper face of anything; super- ficies ; outside. surf-boat (serfbot), n. a strong, light boat for landing through the surf. surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eating or drinking; sickness caused by such excess: v.t. to feed to excess and sickness. surf-man (serf 'man), n. a boatman of a surf-boat. surfy ('i), adj. covered with surf. surge (serj), n. a large wave or bil- low; great roll; swell: v.i. to roll or rise high. surgeon (ser'jun), n. a medical prac- titioner, especially one who prac- tices surgery. surgeoncy (-si), n. the post of a sur- geon in the army or navy. surgery ('jer-i), n. the act and art of treating injuries or diseases by man- ual operations; place where a sur- geon operates or keeps his medi- cines. surlily (serli-Ii), adv. in a surly manner. surliness ('i-nes), n. surly behavior. surly (li), adj. [comp. surlier, su- perl. surliest], gloomily morose; rough; uncivil; churlish; snarling; ill-natured. surmise (-miz'), n. guess or conjec- ture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine without certain knowledge; suspect; conjecture; fancy. surmount (-mount'), v.t. to rise above; overcome; conquer; van- quish; exceed. surname ('nam), n. a name added to the baptismal names; family name: v.t. to give the family name to. surpass (-pas'), v.t. to exceed; ex- cel; go beyond in excellence or bad- ness. surplice Cplis), n. the outer linen vestment with wide sleeves, worn by the officiating clergy and choristers of the Roman Catholic and Angli- can Churches. surplus ('plus), n. that which re- mains over and above what is re- quired; excess: adj. exceeding what is required. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SURPRISE 855 SUSPENSION surprise (-priz'), n. the act of taking unawares; astonishment; sudden emotion, confusion, or perplexity: v.t. to take unawares; confuse or perplex; assail unexpectedly; aston- ish. surprise party ('par-ti), ft. a party who visit the house of a mutual friend unexpectedly, each bringing some article of food for supper. surprising (-priz'ing), adj. causing surprise or astonishment; extraor- dinary. surrender (-ren'der), v.t. to yield to the power of another; give up on compulsion; cede; resign: v.i. to yield; give up one's self into the power of another: ft. the act of yielding into the power or possession of another; a yielding or giving up. surreptitious (-rep-tish'us), adj. done by stealth or fraud; unauthor- ized. surrogate (sur'o-gat), ft. the deputy of a bishop, who is authorized to issue marriage licenses; a substitute a probate j udge. surround (-round'), v.t. to enclose on all sides; encompass; environ; invest: n. a precipitous place where animals are surrounded. surroyal (-roi'al), ft. the crown ant- ler of a stag. surtax (ser'taks), ft. an additional tax: v.t. (ser-taks') to impose a surtax on. surtout (-too'), ft. a wide-skirted coat reaching below the knees. surveillance (val'yans), ft. watch; oversight; inspection. survey (-va/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sur- veyed, p.pr. surveying], to inspect or take a view of; overlook; examine; measure and estimate, as land: ft. (ser'va), the act of surveying; par- ticular view or examination; cus- toms district. surveying ('ing), n. the art or busi- ness of measuring land. surveyor ('er), ft. one who surveys; one whose business it is to measure land. survival (-vi'val), ft. continuance beyond the life of another; any an- cient use, custom, or belief continu- ing to the present day. survive (-vlv ; ), v.t to live longer than; outlive: v.i to remain alive. survivor ('er), n. one who outlives another; the longer-lived of two joint tenants, &c. survivorship (-ship), ft. the state of outliving another; a reversionary benefit contingent upon some sur- viving life. sus, prefix, another form of sub. susceptibility (sus-cept-i-bil'i-ti), ft. the state or quality of being suscept- ible; impressibility; sensibility; ca- pability. Also susceptibleness. susceptible ('i-bl), adj. capable of admitting something additional, or any change, influence, affection, &c; easily acted upon; impressible. Also susceptive. susceptibly ('i-bli), adv. in a sus- ceptible manner. suslik ('lik), ft. a squirrel-like ro- dent. suspect (-pekt'), v.t. to have a sus- picion of; imagine to exist; conjec- ture; mistrust: ft. (sus'pekt) a per- son suspected to be guilty of some crime. suspend (-pend'), v.t. to make to hang by anything; delay; inter- rupt; cause to cease for a time; debar temporarily. suspender ('er), ft. one who, or that which, suspends: pi, braces. suspense (-pens'), ft. a state of un- certainty, doubt, or anxiety; inde- cision; act of withholding the judg- ment; temporary cessation of a man's right. suspensible ('i-bl), adj. capable of being suspended, or held from sink- ing. suspension (-pen'shun), ft. the act of suspending; ^ state of being sus- pended; a keeping in doubt; uncer- tainty; delay; interruption; tempo- rary privation of power, office, priv- ilege, or rights; continuation of a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. SUSPENSOR 856 SWAMPY note from one chord to another [music]. suspensor ('ser), n. something that suspends; a suspensory. suspensory ('so-ri), adj. that sus- pends: n. a suspensory band, or pouch.' suspicion (-pish'un), n. the act of suspecting; distrust; want of con- fidence; imagination of something wrong on slight or insufficient proof; hint; very small quantity. suspicious ('us), adj. full of, inclined to, or cherishing, suspicion; open to, or exciting suspicion; doubtful. sustain (-tan), v.t. to hold up or support; maintain; keep; support; nourish; bear; endure; strengthen. sustained (-tand'), adj. maintained at a certain pitch or level; uniform. sustenance ('ten-ans), n. that which supports life; food; maintenance or support. sustentation (-ta'shun), n. the act of sustaining; support or mainte- nance. susurrus (su-sur'us), n. a light whis- pering; a subdued humming; a gentle sighing, as of the winds. sutler (sut'ler), n. a person who fol- lows an army and sells provisions, liquor, &c, to the troops. Sutras (soo'traz), n.pl. certain apho- risms summarizing the teaching of the Brahmans, and giving the es- sence of their doctrines in short, connected sentences. suttee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu widow who immolates herself on the funer- al pile of her deceased husband; a form of widow sacrifice, formerly common among the Hindus in which the wife was burnt with her deceased husband on his funeral pile; now forbidden. sutteeism ('izm), n. the practice or rite of self-immolation among Hin- du widows. sutural (su'tu-ral), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, a suture. suture ('tur), n. the drawing to- gether of the edges of a wound by sewing lines of junction of the bones of the skull; seam at the union of two margins of a plant. suzerain (su'ze-ran), n. a feudal lord, to whom fealty is due; supe- rior or paramount ruler. suzerainty (-ti), n. the office, or dig- nity, of a suzerain; paramount au- thority. swab (swob), n. a mop for cleaning decks, floors, &c. ; clumsy person or lubber v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swabbed, p.pr. swabbing], to rub or clean with a swab. swaddle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe or bind tightly, especially infants. swaddling ('ling) ^'.binding tightly. swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swagged, p.pr. swagging], to sink down by its own weight; hang heavily; sag: n.Bxi unequal, hobbling motion; thieves' booty. swagger ('er), v.i. to bully or bluster; strut haughtily or with affected superiority: n. an affected or inso- lent manner of walking; noisy boastfulness. swain (swan), n. a peasant; rustic lover; sweetheart. swallow (swol'6), n. a well-known migratory passerine bird; any spe- cies of swift resembling the swallow ; groove round a tackle-block; the gullet or esophagus; voracity; as much as can be swallowed at once: v.t. to take into the stomach through the esophagus; absorb; en- gulf; engate entirely; retract; put up with: v.i. to perform the act of swallowing. swallow-tailed (-tald), adj. like a swallow's tail; having tapering or forked skirts. swam, p.t. of swim. swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy land; soft, low land saturated with water: v.t. to plunge, overwhelm, or sink in, or as in, a swamp; overset or sink in water; plunge into inex- tricable difficulties; ruin. swampy ('i), adj. consisting of, or like, a swamp. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SWAN 857 SWEEPSTAKES swan (swon), n. a web-footed bird of the genus Cygnus, with a very long neck, and remarkable for its grace in swimming. swansdown (swonz'doun), n. the down of a swan, or its skillful imi- tation. swanskin (swon'skin), n. a kind of soft, fine-twilled flannel; very thick, closely-woven woolen cloth used by printers. swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. swapped, p.pr. swapping], to exchange or barter: n. barter; a blow or stroke: adv. hastily; suddenly. sward swawrd), n the grassy sur- face of land. swarded ('ed), adj. covered with sward. sware, old p.t. of swear. swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng to- gether in a crowd; collect and rise from the hive: said of bees; breed multitudes; to climb a tree, &c, by embracing it with the arms and legs alternately (with up): n. a cluster of insects, especially bees; crowd or multitude in motion. swarthily (sworth'i-li) , * adv. with a swarthy hue. swarthiness .('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being swarthy. Also swartiness. swarthy ('i), adj. of a dark or tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also swart, swarth. swash (swosh) n. a _ dashing or splashing of water: v.i. to dash or splash water about. swashing ('ing,) adj. crushing; slash- ing. s washy ('i), adj. soft like fruit too ripe. swath (swawth), n. a line or ridge of grass or grain as cut down by the mower: sweep of a scythe in mowing. swathe (swath), v.t. to bind with a bandage or roller; wrap: n. a ban- dage or roller. sway (swa), ».t [p.t. & p.p. swayed, p.pr. swaying], to move backwards and forwards; influence by power or moral force; bias; govern: v.i. to incline on one side; be drawn by weight: n. the swing or sweep of a weapon; cast of the balance; any thing moving with power and bulk; rule: dominion; authority; control; inclination of weight on one side. swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, sware, p.p. sworn, p.pr. swearing], to make a solemn declaration by appealing to God for the truth of what is affirmed; give evidence on oath; use profane language: v.t. to utter or affirm by appeal to God; cause to take, or bind by, an oath. sweat (swet), n. the moisture which exudes from the pores of the skin; toil; exertion: v.i. to exude moisture through the pores of the skin; per- spire; labor; drudge: v.t. to cause to sweat; oppress by employing at an unfair rate of wages. sweater (swet'er), n. a garment knitted for outside wear, generally used for out-of-door exercises. sweat-shop (swet'shop), n. a place where the employees are over- worked and paid low wages. sweating-system ('ing-sis-tem), n. the system by which middlemen employ people to work at their own homes for unfair wages. Swedenborgian (swe-den-bor' ji-an] , adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the doctrines of Swedenborg, a Swedish mystic, the founder of the New Jerusalem Church. sweep (swep), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. swept, p.pr. sweeping], to brush, rub over, or clean, with a broom, &c; drive or carry along or off with force; strike with a long stroke; touch in passing: v.i. to pass with violence, speed, or pomp; pass with celerity or force; move along with a long reach: n. the act of sweeping; gen- eral destruction; range; extent; direction of a curve; rapid survey with the eye; extent of a stroke; chimney-sweeper; large oar; black- guard. sweepstakes ('staks), n.pl. the whole ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SWEET 858 SWING money or other things staked or won at a horse-race or in gaming. sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the senses, as smell, taste, &c; tasting like sugar; luscious; fragrant; me- lodious; soft; gentle; kind; obliging; loved; not stale or putrid; fresh; not salted: n. a term of endearment: n.pl. confectionery; homemade wines. sweetbread ('bred), n. a calf's pancreas. sweet-briar Cbri-er), n. a thorny shrub of the rose kind ; eglantine. sweet-corn ('korn), n. a kind of maize of a sweet taste, extensively used as a table food. sweeten ('n), v.t. to make sweet; render mild, kind, grateful, or pleas- ing; render less painful, difficult, or laborious; palliate: v.i. to become sweet. sweet-flag ('flag), n. an aromatic plant with sword-shaped leaves; calamus. sweetheart ('hart), n. a lover; one who is the object of a lover's affec- tion. sweetish ('ish), adj. somewhat sweet. sweetmeat ('met), n. a confection made wholly or partly of sugar. sweet-potato (-po-ta'to), n. a plant and its edible root; yam. sweet-william (-wil'yam), n. a beau- tiful flowering plant of the pink kind. swell (swel), v.i. [p.t. swelled, p.p. swelled, swollen, p.pr. swelling], to expand or enlarge; increase in bulk, heave; be inflated; rise and increase by degrees; be puffed up; grow in violence: v.t. to heighten; cause to rise or increase; inflate; state of swelling; gradual increase of sound; succession of large waves; gradual elevation of land; a distinguished personage; fop: adj. dandified. swelling ('ing), p.adj. becoming in- flated; turgid: n. the act of increas- ing in bulk; tumor or any morbid enlargement. swelter ('ter), v.t. to perspire pro- fusely: faint with excessive heat. swel try ('tri), adj. sultry. swept, p.t. & p.p. of sweep. swerve (swerv), yd. to turn aside from any prescribed line or rule of duty; deviate; incline. swerving ('ing), n. deviation. swift (swift), adj. moving far in a short time; rapid; quick; ready; sudden: adv. rapidly: n. a bird allied to the swallow; a species of moth; the common newt; current of a stream. swifter ('er), n. a rope for confining the bars of the capstan in their sockets; the foremost or aftermost shroud; a rope used as a fender to a boat. swill (swil), v.t. to drink greedily or grossly; inebriate: n. drink taken in excessive quantities; liquid food for animals, particularly the refuse or leavings of the kitchen, as given to swine. swim (swim), v.i. [p.t. swam, swum, p.p. swum, p.pr. swimmingl, to float on water or other liquid; move pro- gressively in the water by the hands and feet; be conveyed along by, or as by, a current; glide smoothly; overflow; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to swim or float : n. the act of swimming; air-bladder of fishes. swimmer ('er), n. one who swims; water-spider; water-fowl; protuber- ance on a horse's leg; a kind of dumpling. swimming ('ing), n. the act or art of floating or moving progressively in the water by the hands and feet. swimmingly ('ing-li), adv. in a smooth, easy, gliding manner; with great success or without hindrance. swindle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat grossly and deliberately under pretense of fair dealing: n.& gross fraud. swindling ('dling), adj. cheating grossly. swine (swin), n. any animal of the genus Sus with bristly skin and long snout; pig. swing (swing), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swung, p.pr. swinging], to wave or vibrate ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SWINGE 859 SYLLOGISM to and fro; oscillate; practice swing- ing; float round with the tide; be hanged: v.t. to move to and fro; wave loosely; brandish: n. the act or state of swinging; contriv- ance for swinging to and fro; full course. swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or thrash: n. sweep or swing of any- thing in movement; sway; influence. swingle (swing'gl), v.t. to cleanse (flax) by beating: v.i. to dangle: n. that part of a flail which strikes the grain. swingletree (-tre), n. the crossbar of a carriage, &c, to the ends of which the traces of the horse are fastened. swinish (swin'ish), adj. pertaining to, like, or characteristic of, swine; bestiaU swink (swingk), v.i. to toil; drudge. swipe (swip), n. a vigorous blow at cricket or golf; sweeping blow: pi. thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. to deliver a strong blow; hit out with great force at cricket, &c; take and carry away; purloin. swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along in, or form, eddies: n. a whirling or eddying motion. swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog. Swiss (swis), adj. pertaining to Switzerland, its language, or its inhabitants. r switch (swich), n. a long, thin, flexi- ble rod; a movable rail for trans- ferring a railway carriage, &c, from one line to another; a device for connecting one electric circuit with another: v.t. to lash or flog; shunt. Switzer (swit'ser), n. Swiss. swivel (swiv'l), n. something fixed in another body so as to turn round in it; twisting link in a chain; a kind of small cannon which turns on a pivot: v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. swiveled, p.pr. swiveling], to turn on a swivel or pivot. swollen, p.p. of swell. swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into a fainting fit, with apparent suspen- sion of the vital and mental powers: n. the act of swooning; syncope. swooning ('ing), n. the act of faint- ing. swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon and seize at once, as prey: v.i. to catch prey while on the wing: n. a sudden falling upon and seizing. sword (sord), n. a keen-edged weapon for cutting and thrusting; destruc- tion by war; emblem of authority, power, justice or vengeance. swore, p.t. of swear. sworn, p.p. of swear; adj. bound by an oath. Sybarite (sib'a-rft), n. an effeminate voluptuary: from the inhabitants of Sybaris, Italy, an ancient Greek city noted for its luxury. Sybaritic (-rit'ik), adj. pertaining to like, or characteristic of, a Sybarite. sycamine (sik'a-min), n. the black mulberry-tree. sycamore ('a-mor), n. a tree of the maple family; the fig-mulberry of the East; the buttonwood. sycee (sl-se'), n. pure native silver cast into small hemispherical ingots by the Chinese, and used as silver currency. sycophancy (sik'o-fan-si), n. obse- quious or servile flattery. sycophant ('o-fant), n. a mean or servile flatterer, especially of great men; parasite. syenite (sre-nlt), n. a granitic rock found at Syene in Egypt. syllabic (sil-ab'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a syllable. syllabically (-al-li), adv. in syllables. syllabify ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. syllab- ified, p.pr. syllabifying], to form into syllables. syllable ('a-bl), n. that part of a word which can be uttered dis- tinctly by a single effort of the voice; anything proverbially concise. syllabub, same as sillibub. syllabus ('a-bus), n. a table of con- tents; compendium of the heads of a discourse; abstract. syllogism ('o-jizm), n. an argument stated in logical form, consisting of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SYLLOGISTIC 860 SYNCHRONIZE three propositions, the first two being called the premises and the last the conclusion which contains the matter to be proved. syllogistic (-jis'tik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a syllogism. syllogistically (-al-li), adv. in a syllogistic form. syiph (silf), n. an imaginary being inhabiting the air; fairy. sylvan (sil'van), adj. pertaining to, inhabiting, or growing in, a wood or grove; rustic; woody; shady. sym, prefix, another form of syn. symbiosis (sim-bi-6'sis), ft. the more or less permanent united life of cer- tain animal and vegetable organ- isms rendering mutual service to each other. symbiotic (-ot'ik), adj. pertaining to symbiosis. symbol ('bol), ft. an emblem or sign representing something else; type; mark or character used as an abbre- viation; a creed. symbolic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, serving as, or of the nature of, a symbol: n.pl. the study of creeds. Also symbolical. symbolically (-al-li) , adv. by sym- bols. symbolize (-Iz), v.t. to represent by a symbol: v.i. to have a typical resemblance; agree. symbolism ('bol-izm), ft. the use of, or the being represented by, sym- bols; science of creeds. symmetrical (-met'ri-kal) , adj. hav- ing corresponding parts or rela- tions; harmonious; proportionate. Also symmetric. symmetrically (-li), adv. in a sym- metrical manner. symmetrize ('e-triz), v.t. to make symmetrical. symmetry ('e-tri), ft. the due pro- portion of the several parts of a body to each other; harmony or adaptation of parts to each other; proportion. sympathetic (-pa-thet'ik) , adj. per- taining to, expressing, or inducing, sympathy; compassionate. Also sympathetical. sympathetically (-al-li), adv. in a sympathetic manner. sympathize Cpa-thiz), v.i. to have a mutual feeling with another; be compassionate. sympathy ('pa-thi), ft. mutual feel- ing of pleasure or pain; compas- sion; reciprocal action of the organs of a body. symphonic (-fon'ik), adj. agreeing in sound; pertaining to a symphony. Also symphonious. symphony ('fo-ni), ft. [pi. sympho- nies (-niz) ], harmony of sound; a musical composition for a full band of instruments; instrumental intro- duction or ending of a vocal com- position. symposium (-po'zi-um), ft. [pi. sym- posia (-a) ], a banquet; a drinking together; merry-making; an article in a magazine in which various writers express their views on some given topic. symptom (simp'tom), ft. that which indicates the existence of some- thing else of which it is the effect; token or sign. symptomatic (-to-mat'ik) , adj. per- taining to, serving as, or indicating, a symptom. Also symptomatica!. symptomatically (-al-li), adv. by symptoms. syn, a prefix meaning with, together, as si/ftantherous: adj. having sta- mens united by their anthers. synaeresis (sin-er'e-sis) , ft. the con- traction of two vowels into one. synagogical ('a-goj'i-kal), adj. per- taining to a synagogue. synagogue ('a-gog), ft. a religious assembly of Jews for worship; Jew- ish place of worship. synchronism (sing'kro-nizm), ft. con- currence in time of two or more events; tabular arrangement of con- temporaneous historical events. synchronize ('kro-niz), v.t. to cause to agree in time v.i. happen simul- taneously. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n&rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. SYNCHRONOUS 861 SYRIGMUS synchronous ('kro-nus), adj. hap- synodic (-od^, adj. pertaining to pening at the same time. Also syn- or transacted by, a synod. Also chronal. synodical. synclinal ('kli-nal), adj. noting a synodically (-al-i), adv. by the au- line or axis formed when strata dip thorityof a synod, in opposite directions and meet in a synoecious (-e'shus), adj. having common central point or line. both male and female flowers on the syncopate ('ko-pat), v.t. to contract same receptacle. by omitting a letter or letters from synonym ('o-nim), n. a word having the middle of (a word); unite (the nearly the same signification as an- last note of one bar to the first note other, of the next) by a slur. synopsis (-op'sis), n. a general or syncopation _ (-pa/shun), n. the act collective view of any subject; sum- of syncopating. mary. syncope ('ko-pe), n. the omission of synoptic (-op'tik), adj. giving a gen- a letter or letters from the middle of eral view of the whole or principal a word ; fainting caused by interrup- parts of a thing. Also synoptical. tion of the heart's action. synoptically (-al-i), adv. in a syn- syncretic (sin-kret'ik), adj. pertain- optical manner, ing to, or characteristic of, syncre- syntactic (-tak'tik), adj. pertaining tism. to, or arranged according to, the syncretism ('kre-tizm), n. the at- rules of syntax. Also syntactical, tempt to blend opposite and contra- syntactically (-al-i), adv. in a syn- dictory tenets into one system to tactical manner, produce union and concord. syntax ('taks), n. that part of gram- syndic ('dik), n. a government offi- mar which teaches of the proper cial invested with varying powers construction and arrangement of in different countries; chief magis- words in a sentence, trate; municipal or other official. synthesis ('the-sis), n. [pi. synthe- syndicalism (sin'di-kal-izm), n. afea- ses (-sez) ], composition or putting ture of recent labor agitation, which of two or more things together; op- aims at decentralization, substitutes ppsed to analysis; the method or direct for deputed action, approves process of deducing and combining the strike even if a failure, urges complex ideas from simple ones, the banding of all producers in synthetic (-thet'ik), adj. pertaining trades councils, and looks to the to synthesis. Also synthetical, abolition of all non-producers. synthetically (-al-i), adv. by syn- syndicate ('di-kat), n. a body of thesis, syndics; a combination of capital- syntonin ('to-nin), n. muscle fibrine. ists to promote some special under- syphilis (sif'i-lis), n. venereal disease, taking or speculation. syphilitic (-lit'ik), adj. pertaining synecdoche (-ek'do-ke), n. a rhetori- to, of the nature of, or affected with, cal figure in which the whole is put syphilis. for a part, or a part for the whole, syphiloid ('i-loid), adj. resembling synergy ('er-ji), n. correlation be- syphilis. tween different organs. ^ syphon, another form of siphon. synod ('od), n. a council or meeting syren, another form of siren. of ecclesiastics for consultation on Syriac (sir'i-ak), adj. pertaining to religious matters; a church council Syria, its inhabitants, or language, composed of several presbyters. Also Syrian. synodal ('od-al), adj. pertaining to syrigmus (si-rig'mus), n. an abnor- a synod or synods. mal sensation of ringing in the ears. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; m5, merg3, met; mlta, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, thecr SYRINGA 862 SZOPELKA Syringa (si-ring'ga), n. a genus of plants, including the lilac. syringe (sir'inj), n. a small tube with a handle and worked like a pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse with a syringe. syrup (sir'up), n. a saturated or medicated solution of sugar in wa- ter; liquid refuse of sugar. system _ (sis'tem), n. combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrange- ment according to some common law; collection of rules and princi- ples; ^ connected body of principles in science or art; method of trans- acting business. systematic (-at'ik), adj. methodical; according to system. Also syste- matical. systematically (-al-i), adv. in a systematic manner. systematize ('tem-a-tiz), v.t. to re- duce to a system ._ system-player (sis'tem-pla/er), n. one who speculates or gambles in accordance with a fixed system. systole ('to-le), n. the shortening of a long syllable; contraction of auri- cles and ventricles of the heart for expelling the blood and circulating it through the body. ^ systyle ('til), adj. having columns so arranged that they are distant two diameters from each other; having a row of columns set closely together. syzygy (siz'i-ji), n. [pi. syzygies (-jiz) ], the point at which the moon or a planet is in conjunction with, or in opposition to, the sun; times of new and full moon. szopsika (tzo-pel'ka), n. the Rus- sian oboe. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. T T, the twentieth letter in the English alphabet. As a musical symbol t indicates tempo. tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; border of a woman's cap. tabard ('ard), n. a loose garment or mantle worn over armor; herald's coat. tabaret ('a-ret), n. a strong satin- striped silk used in upholstering. tabasco (ta-bas'ko), n. a pungent and biting sauce made from a variety of Mexican pepper. tabasheer (-sher'), n. a siliceous substance found in the stems of bam- boos and certain ^ grasses, used in the East as a medicine. tabby ('i), adj. brindled; having a variegated, wavy^ or watery ap- pearance: n. sl kind of wavy or watered silk; mixture of stone or shell with mortar; tabby-cat^ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabbying], to water or cause to look wavy. tabby-cat ('i-kat), n. a brindled cat. tabbying ('i-ing), n. the process of passing fabrics under a calender to give them a watered, wavy appear- ance. tabef action (-e-fak'shun), n. the act or condition of wasting away. tabernacle ('er-nak-1), n. a tempo- rary dwelling, movable residence, or tent; the human body as the tem- porary dwelling of the soul; the movable structure or place of wor- ship carried by the Israelites in the wilderness; receptacle for the con- secrated Host in Roman Catholic Churches; place of worship: v.i. to sojourn; take up a temporary resi- dence. tabernacle-work (-werk), n. sculp- tured tracery or canopy work. tabes (ta'bez), n. a gradual wasting away of the body; atrophy. tabinet (tab'in-et), n. a mixed wool- en and silk fabric, used for window- curtains, &c. tablature ('la-tur), n. a painting on walls or ceilings; single piece comprehended in one view; division of the skull into two tables. table (ta'bl), n. a fiat smooth board, furnished with legs; flat surface; persons sitting at a repast or entertainment; fare; supply of food; entertainment; tablet; index or syllabus: pi. collection of many particulars brought into one view; collection of numbers or figures methodically arranged; the Ten Commandments, consisting of two tables; Holy Eucharist or Lord's Supper; smooth, simple member or ornament, usually rectangular: pi. backgammon: adj. pertaining to a table: v.t. to catalogue or index; lay or place en a table (as a re- port) for future consideration: v.i. to board. tableau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. tableaux or tableaus (ta-bloz') 1, a striking and vivid representation. tableau vivant (ve-vang'), n. a liv- ing picture; a picturesque represen- tation by one or more silent and motionless performers suitably cos- tumed and posed. table d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. a meal for several persons at the same hour and at a fixed price; ordinary. tableland (ta'bl-land), n. a plateau. tablet (tablet), n. a small table; medi- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (863) TABLE-TURNING 864 TAFIA cine in the form of a small flat disk; email flat piece of ivory, &c, for memoranda; ancestral monument; small flat cake, as of soap, sweet- meats, &c. table-turning (taHDl-tern-uig), to. the movement of tables said to be caused by the_ agency of _ spirits. tablier (tab-li-a/), to. a kind of large apron or small overskirt. taboo (ta-boo'), to. a religious rite formerly prevalent among the Poly- nesians by which persons and things were rendered sacred and inviola- ble; ban; prohibition: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tabooed, p.pr. tabooing], to for- bid approach to, or use of. Also tabu. tabor (ta/ber), to. a small drum, beaten with one stick. Also tabour. taboret (tab'o-ret), to. a small tabor; an ornamental cushioned stool. taborine (-rin), to. a side-drum; a drum-head in a hoop of wood with jingles to increase the noise; tam- bourine. tabular (tab'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, or in the form of, a table; formed in plates or laminae; set down, computed, or arranged in, ta- bles or schedules. tabulate ('u-lat), v t. to reduce to, or arrange in, tables or synopses; shape with a flat surface. tacamahac (tak'a-ma-hak), to. a kind of resin from the balsam poplar. tache (tach), to. a button; loop; catch, clasp, or other fastening. tachometer (ta-kom'e-ter), to. an in- strument for measuring velocity. tachymeter (-kim'e-ter), to. a sur- veyor's instrument for making rapid measurements. tacit (tas'it), adj. implied, but not expressed verbally. taciturn ('i-tern), adj. habitually silent. taciturnity ('i-ti), to. habitual si- lence. tack (tak), n. & small broad-headed nail; supplement or appendage; di- rection of a vessel in regard to the trim of her sails: v.t. to fasten with tacks; fasten slightly; attach: v.i. to change the course of a vessel by shifting the position of her sails. tackle ('1), to. the ropes, rigging, &c, of a vessel; apparatus for raising or lowering heavy weights consist- ing of pulleys and ropes; imple- ments or gaar: v.t. to harness; seize or lay hold of; deal with or attack vigorously. ^ tackling ('ling), to. the furniture of the masts and yards of a vessel; in- struments of action; gear. tact p (takt), n. nice discernment and dalicate skill in saying and doing ex- actly what is expedient or suitable in given circumstances. tactic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining to the art of tactics. Also tactical. tactician (-tish'an), n. one skilled in tactics. tactics ('tiks), to. naval and military evolutions; science of disposing and maneuvering naval and military forces for battle. tactile ('til), adj. perceptible by the touch; capable of being touched. tactility (-til'i-ti), to. perceptibility by die touch. tactual (tak'tu-al), adj. pertaining to the organs of touch. tactualist (tak'tii-al-ist), to. one who holds that the sense of touch is of fundamental importance in develop- ing conceptions of space. tadpole (tad'pol), to. the young aquatic larva of an ampnibian, espe- cially that of the frog. tael (tal), n. a Chinese money of ac- count, value about $1.05; a weight of 1 1-3 oz. tafferel, same as taffrail. taffeta (taf'e-ta), _ to. a fine, thin, glossy, silken fabric. Also taffety. taffrail ('ral), to. the upper flat part of the stern of a ship; rail round a ship's stern. taffy ('i), to. molasses candy; toffy; flattery. tafia ('i-a), to. rum distilled from mo- lasses. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TAG 865 TALK tag (tag), n. a point of metal at the end of a string or a lace; something small attached to another; anything paltry or mean; a children's game: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tagged, p.pr. tag- ging], to fix a tag to; append or tack on; follow closely and persist- ently. taglia (tal'ya), n. a peculiar com- bination of pulleys. tag-rag (-rag), n. the rabble. tahr (tar), n. the Himalayan wild goat._ tail (tal), n. the end of the backbone of an animal's body, usually hang- ing loose; hinder, or inferior part of anything; anything pendant; lumi- nous appendage of the nucleus of a comet; catkin; limitation: v.i. to depart one after another, as a crowd (with off). tailage ('aj), n. tax or toll. Also tallage. tailboard ('bord), n the movable board at the rear of a cart. tailing ('ing), n. the part of a pro- jecting stone or brick inserted in a wall; refuse of stamped ore thrown behind the rail of the washing ap- paratus: pi. chaff. tailor ('er), n. one whose business is to cut out and make men's clothes and ladies' costumes. Feminine tail- oress. taint (tant), n. corruption; infec- tion; spot or stain; disgrace: v.t. to imbue or impregnate with anything noxious; infect; corrupt: v.i. to be corrupted by incipient putrefaction. Taj Mahal (taj mahal'), n. a cele- brated mausoleum made of white marble, at Agra, India. take (tak), v.t. [p.t. took, p.p. taken, p.pr. taking], to lay or seize hold of; obtain; receive mentally; cap- ture; engage or interest; choose; use or require; catch; assume; con- duct or lead; transport; tolerate; swallow; note or take down; make or perform (a journey or walk): v.i. to have recourse; have the in- tended effect; please: n. the amount or quantity received or caught, espe- cially fish. taker ('er), n. one who takes, seizes, or captures; one who accepts a bet. taking ('ing), adj. attractive; allur- ing; pleasing; infectious: n. the act of gaining possession; seizure; agi- tation: pi. receipts. talapoin (tal'a-poin), n. a Buddhist monk of Ceylon, Siam, &c; kind of monkey. talaria (ta-ia'ri-a), n.pl. the small wings attached to the ankles of Mer- cury or Hermes, the messenger of the gods. talbot (tawl'bot), n. a quick-scented hunting-dog, with long pendulous ears. talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate of magnesia occurring in thin flakes. tale (tal), n. a narrative or story; fable; anecdote; reckoning; number reckoned. talent (tal'ent), n. among the an- cients, a weight, coin, or sum of money of varying value; mental ca- pacity; eminent ability; skill; clev- erness; gift. talented ('ent-ed), adj. endowed with talents or eminent ability. talesman (talz'man), n. one sum- moned on the panel of a jury. talipes ('i-pez), n. club-foot. talipot ('i-pot), n. the gigantic fan- palm of Ceylon and India. Also taliput. talisman ('is-man), n. [pi. talismans (-manz) ], a magical figure cut in metal or stone supposed to possess magical virtues in averting evil, &c; something that produces an ex- traordinary effect. talismanic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or having the properties of, a talis- man; magical. talk (tawk), v.i. to utter words; speak familiarly; converse; prattle: v.t. to utter; make a subject of con- versation: n. familiar converse; col- loquy; subject of discourse; rumor; conference. ate, arm, ask, at, aw); me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think* then. Die. 55 TALKATIVE 8 talkative ('a-tiv), adj. addicted to much talking. talkatively (-li), adv. in a talkative manner. talkativeness (-nes), n. the quality of being talkative. talking ('ing), n. the act of convers- ing: adj. loquacious. talking-machine (tak'ing ma-shen), n. any machine that reproduces human speech. tall (tawl), adj. high in stature; lofty; extravagant. tallage. Same as tailage. tallow (tal'o), n. the melted fat of oxen and sheep; candle-grease: v.t. to grease or smear with tallow; fat- ten. tally ('i), n. [pi. tallies ('iz) ], a stick notched to match another stick, used for keeping accounts; one thing made to match or suit another: v.t. to make to correspond: v.i. to be fitted; match. tally-ho (-ho), inter j. & n. the hunts- man's cry to incite his hounds; a four-in-hand coach. tallyman (-man), n. [pi. tallymen (-men) ], one who sells goods to be paid for by instalments. tally-shop (-shop), n. a shop where goods are sold on the tally-system. tally-system (-sis-tem), n. the prac- tice of selling goods on credit to be paid for by instalments. talmi-gold ('mi-gold), n. Abyssinian gold; cheap imitation of gold. Talmud ('mud), n. the book which contains the whole body of the Jew- ish civil and canonical laws and tra- ditions, with the commentaries and speculations of the Rabbis, consist- ing of two parts, the Mishnah and Gemara. Talmudic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or in, the Talmud. Also Talmudi- cal, Talmudistic. ^ Talmudist ('mud-ist), n. one learned in the Talmud. talon ('on), n. the claw of a bird of prey; an ogee molding. talus (ta'lus), n. the ankle-bone; 16 TAMP sloping part of a work; sloping heap of broken rocks accumulated at the foot of a cliff. tamability (tam-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being tamable. Tamableness. tamable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing tamed. tamale (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of dump- ling, made of minced chicken and corn-meal, seasoned with red pepper, wrapped in corn-husks, and boiled or cooked by steam. tamandua (ta-man'du-a), n. the small ant-eater of South America. tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. the Amer- ican black larch. tamarin ('a-rin), n. a South Amer- ican monkey with a squirrel-like tail. tamarind ('a-rind), n. a leguminous and lofty tropical tree, yielding long pods which contain a soft acid pulp. tamarisk ('a-risk), n. a tree or shrub of the genus Tamarix, with small pink or white flowers and feathery branches. tambac. Same as tombac. tambour ('ber), n. a drum-like frame on which a kind of embroidery with threads of gold, silver, and silk are worked in the figures of flowers, &c; drum; the naked part of cer- tain capitals of drum-like appear- ance; enclosure of stockade work: v.t. to embroider with, or upon, a tambour. tambourine (-en'), n. a small hand- drum with little cymbals inserted in the hoop; a sprightly French stage dance. tame (tarn), adj. domesticated; spir- itless; insipid: v.t. to bring from a wild to a domesticated state; subdue. tameless ('les), adj. wild; not capa- ble of being tamed. taminy ('i-ni), n. a kind of woolen or worsted cloth. tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up with clay or* similar material the blast- hole in a rock to direct the course of the explosion; drive in or down by repeated gentle strokes. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. TAMPAN 867 TAP tampan ('pan), n. a venomous South African tick. tamper ('per), v.i. to meddle so as to injure or alter anything" use brib- ery; try small experiments. tampion ('i-on), n. a stopper, espe- cially for the mouthpiece of a can- non. Also tompion. tam-tam ('tarn). Same as tom-tom. tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak or other trees bruised and broken by a mill for tanning hides: adj. tan-col- ored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tanned, p.pr. tanning], to convert (a hide) into leather by steeping it in an infusion of bark or tannin; make brown by exposure to the sun; beat: v.i. to become sunburnt. tandem ('dem), adv. with two horses or persons one before the other: n. a vehicle with two horses harnessed one before the other; a bicycle or tricycle for two, one riding before the other. tang (tang), n. a strong taste or flavor; something that leaves behind a taste peculiar to itself; that part of a knife, fork, tool, &c, which is inserted into the handle ;_ sound or tone: v.i. to make a ringing sound. tangency ('j en-si), n. a contact or touching. tangent ('jent), adj. touching: n. a straight line that meets or touches a circle or curve, but when produced, does not cut it. tangential (-jen'shal), adj. pertain- ing to, or in the direction of, a tan- gent. tangentially (-li), adv. in the direc- tion of a tangent. tangerine (-jer-en'), n. a small orange. tanghin (tang'gin), n. a Madagascar tree, from the seeds of which a pow- erful poison is obtained; the ordeal- tree. tangibility (tan-ji-biri-ti), n. the state or quality of being tangible. Also tangibleness. tangible Cji-bl), adj. perceptible to the touch; capable of being pos- sessed or realized; evident; real. tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to interweave so as to render difficult to unravel; im- plicate; embarrass. tango (tang'o), n. one of a score or more of modern dances, in syncopat- ed time and one-step motion; differ- ing in the variety of positions, many of which are held to be immodest; all placed under a ban by the National Association of Masters of Dancing. tangram (tan'gram), n. a Chinese toy for forming combinations of fig- ures by small squares. tank (tangk), n. a large cistern or reservoir for storing water or other liquid; an armored car. tankard ('erd), n. a drinking-vessel with a lid. tannate (tan'at), n. a salt of tannic acid tanner ('er), n. one who tans hides. tannery (-i), n. [pi. tanneries (-iz) ], a place where hides are tanned; process of tanning. tannic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, bark. tannic acid (as'id), n. an astringent principle in oak-bark, and gall-nuts. Also tannin. tanning ('ing), n. the process of con- verting hides into leather. tansy ('zi), n. a bitter aromatic plant with small yellow flowers. tantalization (-tal-i-za/shun), n. the act of tantalizing; state of being tantalized. tantalize ('tal-Tz), v.t. to tease or torment by exciting hopes or fears which will not be realized; provoke: from the classic fable of Tantalus. tantalizing (-ing), adj. teasing or tormenting. tantamount (-ta-mount), adj. equiv- alent in value or signification. tantivy (-tiv'i), n. a gallop: adv. swiftly. tantrum ('trum), n. a sudden out- burst of temper or passion tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch lightly; broach (a vessel) to let out a fluid; put a new sole or heel on; ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TAPE TARPAULIN find a new outlet for; bore into: n. a gentle blow, or touch; pat; place where liquor is drawn and retailed; pipe through which liquor is drawn from a cask. tape (tap), n. a narrow band of linen or cotton cloth. taper (ta/per), n. small wax candle; small light: adj. growing smaller or regularly narrowed toward the point, or from the bottom to the top: v.i. to become gradually more slender: v.t. to narrow to a point. tapering (-ing), adj. gradually di- minishing toward a point. tapestry (tap'es-tri), n. a textile fabric of wool or silk ornamented with a raised design, ngures, &c, used for hangings: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapestried, p.pr. _ tapestrying], to hang, or adorn with, tapestry. tapestry carpet (kar'pet), n. a kind of carpet somewhat resembling Brussels. tapeti ('et-i), n. a South- American hare. tapeworm (tap 'werm), n. a flat rib- bon-like intestinal worm (Taenia solium). tapioca (tap-i-o'ka), n. a farinaceous food obtained from the root of the cassava. tapir (ta/per), n. a South American quadruped allied to the hog. tapis (ta-pe'), n. a carpet [French]. tappet (tap'et), n. a small lever or projection for changing or regulat- ing motion. tapping ('ing), n. a tap; act of tap- ping; a surgical operation for the relief of dropsy. taproot ('root), n. the main root of a plant. taps (taps), n. the bugle call sounded in camp at night, signifying "lights out"; also sounded at a military burial. tapster ('ster), n. one whose business is to draw liquor from a cask. tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-brown, oily, viscous substance obtained by distil- lation from pine, or fir trees, coal, &c; a sailor: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tarred, p.pr. tarring], to smear with, or as with, tar. tarantass (tar-an-tas'), n. a large four-wheeled Russian springless car- riage. tarantella (-an-tel'a), n. a wild, rapid Neapolitan dance; music for such a dance. tarantula ('tu-la), n. a large spider whose bite was formerly supposed to produce an irresistible mania for dancing. taraxacin (-aks'a-sin), n. the bitter crystalline principle of the root of the dandelion. tarboosh (tar-boosh'), n. a kind of red fez with a blue tassel worn by Orientals. tardily ('di-li), adv. slowly. tardiness ('di-nes), n. slowness of pace or motion; reluctance. tardy ('di), adj. [comp. tardier, su- perl. tardiest], moving with a slow pace or motion; dilatory; reluctant; late. tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of the cask, package, &c, which contains the commodity which is weighed with it and for which an allowance is made. target (tar'get), n. a small shield; butt or mark set up for rifle and artillery practice. tariff (tar'if), n. a schedule or table of dutiable goods, specifying the customs rates, &c, to be paid or allowed on articles exported or im- ported; a duty levied according to such a schedule: v.t. to fix a duty on. tarlatan (tar 'la-tan), n. a thin, tran- sparent dress-muslin. tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain lake; marsh. tarnish (tar'nish), v.t. to diminish the luster of; sully: v.i. to lose luster; become dull. taro ('o), n. a plant of the Arum kind, the roots of which are used for food by the South Sea Islanders. tarpaulin (-paw'lin), n. stout water- proof canvas. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. TARRY TAUBE tarry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tarried, p.pr. tarrying], to stay behind; delay; linger. tarsal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining to the tarsus. tarsia ('si-a), n. a kind of mediaeval Italian wood inlaying. tarsus ('sus), n. [pi. tarsi ('si) ], the instep, consisting of several bones: pi. the connective cartilages otf the eyelids; foot of an insect or crus- tacean. tart (tart), adj. sharp to the taste; acid; severe; keen: n. small open pie. tartan (tar'tan), n. woolen cloth, checkered with various colors; small Mediterranean coasting ves- sel: adj. made from, or like, tartan. tartar ('tar), n. ^ the white earthy substance deposited on the teeth, &c. Tartar, n. an inhabitant of Tartary (also Tatar), a person of keen, irritable temper. Tartarean (-ta-re-an), adj. pertain- ing to Tartarus or Hell; infernal. tartar emetic (e-met'ik), adj. anti- mony combined with potassium and tartaric acid. tartaric acid (-tar'ik as'id), n. an acid found in the juice of grapes, berries, &c.~ Tartarus, ('ta-rus), n. the deep and sunless abyss of the infernal re- gions: Hades. tasimeter (ta-sim'e-ter), n. an elec- trical instrument for measuring minute variations in temperature, moisture, motion, &c. task (task), n. business or study im- posed by another; usually a definite amount; lesson to be learned duty; burdensome employment: v.t. to impose a task upon; burden. tassel ('1), n. a pendent ornament of silk, wool, &c; a male goshawk; pendent flower or head of certain plants, as maize. tasseled ('Id), p. adj. adorned with tassels. tasset (tas'et), n. armor protecting the front of the thigh. tastable (tas'ta-bl), adj. savory. taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by the tongue and palate; obtain pleasure from; test by eating or sipping a little; participate in; experience: v.i. to try by the palate; have a flavor; enjoy moderately: n. the sensation produced on the tongue and palate by something taken into the mouth; quality or flavor; relish; trial; ex- periment; intellectual relish or dis- cernment of the sublime or beauti- ful; choice of pleasures, pursuits, &c. ; a sample. tasteful ('fool), adj. savory; charac- terized by, or showing, good taste. tastefully (-li), adv. in a tasteful manner. tastily ('i-ii), adv. with good taste. tasty ('i), adj. showing taste; savory. tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made from jute; pony [East Indian]. tatt (tat), v.t. to make by tatting. tatter ('er), n. a loose hanging rag: pi. rags: v.t. to make ragged; rend. tatterdemalion (-ter-de-mal'yun), n. a ragged fellow. tattie ('i), n. a split bamboo door or window screen, over which water is made to trickle to cool the air [East Indian]. Also tatty. tatting ('ing) , n. a kind _ of narrow lace for edging, made with a small hand-shuttle; art of making such kind of lace. tattle ('1), v.i. to talk idly or trifling- ly; prate; tell tales or secrets: n. trifling or idle talk. tattoo (-too), n. a beat of drum, es- pecially for ^ warning soldiers to retire to their quarters; marks or figures made by puncturing the skin with a needle and rubbing a stain or dye into the wounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tattooed, p.pr. tattooing], to mark permanently (the skin) by punctur- ing it and staining the wounds. tattooing ('ing), n. the operation or practice of tattooing the body. tau (taw), n. a cross resembling the Greek letter T (tau). taube (taw'ba), n. [Ger.] an airship ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TAUGHT 870 TEAR built for dropping explosives; used in the European war of 1914-15. taught, p.t. & p.p. of teach. taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: n. bitter or sarcastic reproach; scoff; insulting invective: v.t. to reproach with bitter, sarcastic, or insulting language; revile. tauriform (taw'ri-form), adj. having the form of a bull. taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; snug; secure. tautog (taw-tog'), n. a North Amer- ican edible fish. tautological (-to-loj'ik-al), adj. of the nature of tautology. tautologically (-li), adv. in a tau- tological manner. tautology (-toro-ji), n. repetition of the same thing or idea in different words; sameness of words or of meaning. tavern (tav'ern), n. an inn or public- house; a hotel. taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) to make them into leather: n. a game at marbles; a marble to be played with. tawdrily ('dri-li), adv. gaudily. tawdriness ('dri-nes), n. the state or quality of being tawdry. tawdry ('dri), adj. showy or fine without elegance; gaudily dressed. tawniness ('ni-nes), n. the state or quality of being tawny. tawny ('ni) , adj. of a yeilowish-brown color. taws (tawz), n.pl. a leathern strap with one end cut into fringes, used as an instrument of punishment [Scotch]. Also tawse. tax (taks), n. a rate or duty on income or property; excise; impost; bur- densome or oppressive duty: v.t. to impose a rate or duty upon for state or municipal purposes; burden or oppress; accuse. taxability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state of being taxable. taxable ('a-bl), adj. subject or liable to taxation. taxation (a/shun), n. the act of tax- ing; rate or tax imposed: system of raising revenues. taxicab (taks'i-kab), n. an automo- bile for rent, that records the time and length of trip. taxidermist ('i-der-mist), n. one who is skilled in taxidermy. taxidermy ('i-der-mi), n. the art of stuffing and arranging specimens of natural history. taximeter (-me'ter), n. the record- ing device used in a taxicab. taxonomy (-on'o-mi), n. that depart- ment of natural history which treats of the laws and principles of classi- fication. tazza (tat'sa), n. an ornamental cup or vase with a large shallow bowl, a foot, and sometimes handles. tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of the tea plant (Thea Sinensis)) the bev- erage obtained by the infusion of the dried leaves; afternoon repast at which tea is served; an infusion of other substances, as beef: v.i. to take tea. teach (tech), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. taught, p.pr. teaching], to impart knowledge to; instruct; inform; cause to learn or acquire skill in: v.i. to give in- struction. teaching ('ing), n. instruction. teak (tek), n. a very hard durable timber obtained from an Indian tree. teal (tel), n. a species of small, wild, fresh-water duck. team (tern), n. two or more horses, &c, harnessed to the same vehicle for drawing; litter; brood; number of persons associated together to form a side in a game, or to perform a certain piece of work. teamster ('ster), n. the driver of a team. tear (ter), n. a small drop of the watery fluid secreted by the lachry- mal gland of the eye; anything tear- like, or shaped like a tear; a rent (tar): v.t. (tar) [p.t. tore, p.p. torn, p.pr. tearing], to separate by vio- lence; rend; disrupt; lacerate: v.i. to be rent; rave or rant. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TEARFUL 871 TELEDU tearful (ter'fool), adj. shedding tears. tease (tez), v.t. to comb or unravel, as wool or flax; separate the fibers of; irritate or annoy; vex by petty requests or raillery: n. one who teases. teasel ('1), n. a biennial plant, with hooked burrs, which are used for raising the nap of woolen cloth. Also teazel. teaspoon, n. small spoon holding about one fluid dram. teat (tet), n. the nipple of the female breast; mammilla. techily (tech'i-li), adv. in a techy manner. techiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being techy. technic (tek'nik), adj. pertaining to the mechanical arts; relating to art, science, or to a particular profes- sion. Also technical: n.pl. those branches of learning which relate to the arts; doctrine of arts in general. technique (-nek'), n. artistic execu- tion. technological (-no-lojl-kal), adj. per- taining to technology. technologist (-nol'6-jist), n. one skilled in technology. technology ('o-ji), n. the science of the industrial arts. techy (tech'i), adj. peevish; irritable. tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. the science or art of construction. ted (ted), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tedded, p.pr. tedding], to turn or spread for drying, as new-mown hay. Teddy-bear (ted'i-bar), n. a figure of a bear, made as a toy for children. tedesco, adj. G°rman, as in reference to art. Te Deum (te-de'um), n. an ancient hymn of the Christian Church sung at matins and on occasions of thanks- giving: said to have been composed by Hilary, Bishop of Aries. tedious (te'di-us), adj. wearisome by continuance or repetition; tiresome. tedium ('di-um), n. wearisomeness. tee (te), n. the^ mark aimed at in quoits and curling; nodule of earth from which the ball is struck at golf; umbrella-shaped finial of a Buddhist tope; short piece of connective pipe. teem (tern), v.i. to be prolific; be full; be stocked to overflowing. teeming ('ing), p. adj. prolific. teen (ten), n.^ sorrow: pi. years of one's age ending in teen. teeth, pi. of tooth. teething (teth'ing), n. dentition. teetotal (te-to'tal), adj. pertaining to teetotalers or teetotalism. teetotaler (-er), n. a total abstainer. teetotalism (-izm), n. entire absti- nence from intoxicating liquors. teetotum (-to'tum), n. a child's toy used in games of chance; a kind of refreshment house for the working classes. tegmen (teg'men), n. [pi. tegmina ('mi-na) ], a covering; inner layer of the coating of a seed: pi. scaly coat of the leaf -buds of trees. tegument ('u-ment), n. natural cov- ering or envelope; son. tehee (te-he'), n. a titter: v.i. to titter. teil (tel), n. the linden. teinoscope (tl'nd-skop), n. a prism telescope for the correction of the chromatic aberration of fight. telamon (tel'a-mon), n. [pi. tela- mones (-mo'nez) ], a figure of a man, usually colossal, used as a column or pilaster. telautograph _ (tel-aw'to-graf), n. a telegraphic instrument for repro- ducing writings or drawings at a distance. telectograph (tel-ek'tS-graf), n. an apparatus for transmitting pictures by wire or by wireless devised by T. Thorne Baker. telsctroscope (te-lek'tro-skop), n. an imperfectly developed device for transmitting visible images to a distance by electricity. telaclexis ^ (tel-e-klex'is), n. artificial or intentional as distinguished from natural selection. tel edit ('e-doo), n. the stinking badger of Java and Sumatra. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TELEGONY 872 TELLER telegony (te-leg'o-ni), n. the sup- posed influence of a first male on offspring subsequently borne to a second male by a given female. The existence of such an influence is a moot point among breeders. telegram ('e-gram), n. a telegraphic communication. telegraph ('e-graf), n. an instrument or apparatus for communicating in- telligence rapidly between certain points, especially by means of elec- tricity: v.t. to convey by telegraph; signal: v.i. to send a telegraphic message. telegrapher (te-leg'ra-fer), n. one who sends telegraphic messages; telegraphist. telegraphic (tel-e-graf 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, done by means of, or communicated by, telegraph. telegraphically (-al-i), adv. by tele- graph. telegraphist (te-leg'ra-fist), n. one skilled in telegraphy. telegraph-plant (-plant), n. a legu- minous East Indian plant, the leaves of which have a jerky movement. telegraphy ('ra-fi), n. the science or art of constructing and working telegraphs. telekino (tel-e-ke'no), n. an elec- trical apparatus for the control of machinery at a distance without conducting wires. telelectric (tel-e-lek'trik) , adj. refer- ring to a mechanical apparatus for producing effects at a distance by electrical means. telelectroscope (tel-e-lek'tro-skop) , n. proposed name of an imperfectly developed apparatus for seeing at a distance with the aid of electricity, usually by the use of cells of selenium, the electrical conductivity of which varies under the influence of light. teleology (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. the doc- trine of the final causes of things. telepathy (te-lep'a-thi), n. the trans- ference of thought from one person to another bythe exercise of the will. telephone (tel'e-fon), n. an instru- ment for transmitting sound to a distance by means of electricity: v.t. & v.i. to communicate by telephone. telephonic (-fon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or conveyed by means of, the telephone. telephonist (te-lef-6-nist) , n. one who is skilled in, or operates, a telephone. telephony (te-lef '6-ni) , n. the science or art of transmitting sounds at a distance. telephotography (tel-e-f 6-tog'ra-fi) , n. reproduction by electricity of photographs at a distance. telescope (tel'e-skop), n. an optical instrument for viewing objects at a distance: v.t. to drive into one another, as railway carriages in collision. telescopic (-skop'ik), adj. pertaining to, visible by, or like, a telescope. Also telescopical. telescopically (-al-i), adv. by means of a telescope. telescopist ('e-sko-pist), n. one who is skilled in using the telescope. telescopy ('e-sko-pi), n. the art or science of using or constructing a telescope. teleseism (tel'e-slsm), n. an earth- tremor of remote origin as recorded on the seismograph. telesis (tel'e-sis), n. progress clearly planned and accomplished by con- sciously directed effort. teletypograph (tel-e-tl'po-graf), n. a machine telegraph which records its message by perforating a tape, which serves as a guide for the automatic setting of type to print the message. telic (tel'ik), adj. noting the final end or purpose. tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, p.pr. telling], to express or make known by words; narrate; enumerate; ex- plain; communicate; confess: v.t. to give an account; report; play the informer; act effectively. teller ('er), n. one who tells, nar- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TELLING 873 TEN rates, or communicates; a bank clerk whose duty is to receive and pay money over the counter; one of two members of a legislative body who count votes on a division for each party. telling ('ing), n. the act of relating: adj. effective. telltale ('tal), adj. telling tales: n. a person who officiously or mali- ciously divulges the private con- cerns of others; an automatic device for counting or indicating. telluric (tel-Q'rik), adj. pertaining to, or derived from, the earth or the metal tellurium. tellurium ('ri-um), n. a rare element usually found associated with other metals. ' telotype (tel'o-tip), n. an electric telegraph that prints the message. telpherage ('fer-aj), n. a system of automatic haulage by electricity. temerity (te-mer'i-ti) , n. foolhardi- ness; rashness; precipitancy. temper (tem'per), v.t. to modify or regulate; qualify; assuage; calm; bring to a due proportion; bring to a proper degree of elasticity or hard- ness: n. due proportion of different qualities or ingredients; state of a metal as to its hardness or elastic- ity; mental disposition^ equanimity; mood; natural inclinations; heat of mind or passion; irritation. temperament ('per-a-ment), n. nat- ural constitution or organization; due mixture of opposite or different qualities. temperance ('per-ans), n. modera- tion, especially in respect to the appetites or passions; patience; sobriety; total abstinence. temperate ('per-at), adj. moderate; not characterized by passion or indulgence of the appetites; ab- stemious; calm; not liable to excess of heat or cold. temperately (-li), adv. moderately. temperateness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being temperate. temperature ('per-a-tur), n. state of a body with respect to sensible heat; degree of any quality. tempered ('perd), adj. constitution- ally disposed; hardened. tempest ('pest), n. wind rushing with great violence, usually accompanied by rain, hail, &c; hurricane; tumult. tempestuous (-pes'tu-us) , adj. very stormy; pertaining to, or like, a tempest; violent. Templar ('pier), n. one of a religious and military order, especially in the 12th century. template ('plat), n. a mold or pat- tern used by masons, bricklayers, &c, in cutting or setting out their work. Also templet. temple ('pi), n. an edifice for the worship of a deity or deities; resi- dence of a divinity; place of public worship; the flat part of either side of the head above the cheek-bones. temporal ('po-ral), adj. pertaining to time; secular; measured or re- stricted by time; civil or political. temporalism (tem'po-ral-izm), n. adherence to, or having reference to, the temporal power of the Pope. temporarily ('po-ra-ri-li), adv. for a time. i temporariness (-nes), n. the state of being temporary. temporary (-ri), adj. _ existing or continuing for a limited time or some special purpose. temporize ('po-riz), v.i. to comply with the times; yield to current opinion; parley; delay. tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to trial; test; persuade to evil; defy; allure; entice. temptation (temp-ta'shun), n. the state of being tempted; enticement, especially to evil. tempter (temp'ter), n. one who tempts; the Devil (with the). Fern. temptress. tempting ('ting), adj. alluring; se- ductive. ten (ten), adj. one more than 9; twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; ten units. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TENABILITY 874 TENSENESS tenability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state tenderling (-ling), n. one of the first or quality of being tenable. Also horns of a deer; one made tender tenableness. by excessive care or affection. tenable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- tenderloin (ten'der-loin), n. a certain ing held, maintained, or defended. cut of beef, pork, &c. ; a name for a tenace ('as), n. in whist, the holding disreputable district of a city, by the fourth hand of the best and tenderness (-nes), n. kindness; be- third best of the suit led. _ nevolence; sensibility; pathos; cau- tenacious (te-na'shus), adj. holding tion; soreness, fast or firmly; cohesive; tough; ob- tending (tending), n. the act of at- stinate. tending; the swinging round of a tenacity (-nas'i-ti), n. the state or vessel upon her anchor. quality of being tenacious; cohesive- tendinous (ten'din-us), adj. per- ness; adhesiveness. taming to a tendon; sinewy. tenancy (ten'an-si), n. [pi. tenan- tendon ('dun), n. the hard bundle of cies (-siz) ], the holding of land or fibers which connects the muscles to tenements on certain conditions and the bones. for a specified time; tenure. tendril ('dril), n. the slender, twin- tenant ('ant), n. one who holds ing part of a plant which attaches lands or tenements on certain con- itself to a supporting body, ditions and for a specified time; oc- tenement ('e-ment), n. a house, cupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant. shop, land, &c, held by a tenant; tenantry (-ri), n. tenants colleo dwelling house; suite of rooms; any tively. kind of permanent property, as land, tench (tench), n. a fresh-water fish rents, &c. of the carp kind. tenet ('et), n. a doctrine, dogma, tend (tend), v.t. to care for; attend; opinion, or belief held or maintained watch over or protect; accompany; as true. swing at the turn of the tide: said tenfold ('fold), adj. & adv. ten times of a vessel: v.i. to move in a par- as much or as many, ticular direction; be directed to any tennis ('is), n. a game played with end or purpose; contribute. _ rackets. tendency (ten'den-si), n. inclina- tenon ('un), n. the end of a timber tion; aim; direction or course. cut wedge-shaped for fitting into a tender ('der), adj. easily impressed mortise in another timber: v.t. to or injured; sensitive; soft; not form tenons in. hard; weak and feeble; easily in- tenor ('er), n. manner of continuity; fluenced by love, pity, &c; com- general tendency or drift; purport passionate; pathetic; gentle; care- or substance; exact copy of a writ- ful: n. a vehicle attached to a loco- ing; the highest of adult male voices motive conta inin g coal and water; between bass and alto: adj. pertain- smaller vessel attending a larger ing to, or adapted for, tenor, one; an offer or proposal for ac- tenor-clef (-kief), n. the C clef, when ceptance; offer of a sum due in placed on the third fine of the staff, money under specified legal condi- tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; tions: v.t. to offer for acceptance: rigid; not lax: n. a modification in v.i. to make an offerto do certain the inflection of a verb, expressing work or supply certain goods for a time of action, specified price. tensely (Ti), adv. with tension. tenderfoot ('der-foot), n. one who tenseness ('nes), n. the state or is new to life in a mining region or quality of being tense. Also ten- frontier district. sility. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TENSILE 875 TERMINATION tensile (ten'sil), adj. ductile. tension ('shun), n. the act of stretch- ing or straining; the state of being stretched; mental strain; strong ex- citement or feeling; expansive or elastic force. tensor ('ser), n. a muscle that stretches. tent (tent), n. a temporary shelter or habitation, usually cf canvas, sup- ported by poles and ropes; Recha- bite lodge; plug or roll of lint for dilating a wound, &c; a variety of sacramental wine. tentacle (ten'ta-kl), n. a process or organ in certain invertebrate ani- mals used for feeling, prehension, or locomotion. tentacular (-tak'u-lar), adj. pertain- ing to tentacles. tentaculum (-tak'ti-lum), n. [pi. ten- tacula (-la) ], a tentacle. tentative ('ta-tiv), adj. experimen- tal. tentatively (-li), adv. by experi- ment. tenter ('ter), n. a frame for stretch- ing cloth on by hooKs; a tenter- hook: v.t. to hang or stretch on tenters. tenter-hook (-hook), n. a sharp, hooked nail; anytning that paint oi- ly strains. tenth (tenth), adj. next in order af- ter the ninth; the oroinrd cf ten. tenuity (te-nu'i-ti), n. thinness; rar- ity. tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slender; not dense. tenure ('tir), n. conditions _ under which a tenement is held; right cr manner of holding real estate; man- ner of holding; term of holding. tepef action (tep-e-fak'shun), n. the act of warming or making tepid. tepefy ('e-fi), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. tepe- fied, p.pr. tepef ying], to make tepid: v.i. to become tepid. tepid ('id), adj. moderately warm; lukewarm. tepidity (te-pid'i-ti), n. moderate warmth. Also tepidness. ter, a prefix meaning three times. teraph (ter'af), n. [pi. teraphim Ca-fim) ], a tutelary household god or image, consulted by the ancient Hebrews as an oracle. teratology (-a-tol'o-ji), n. that branch of biology which treats of malformations or deviations from the normal type of animal and plant structure. terce. Same as tierce. tercel (ter'sel), n. the male of the falcon. Also tassel. tercentenary (-sen'ten-a-ri), adj. comprising 300 years: n. a day or function commemorating some event occurring 300 years before. tercine ('sin), n. the outer coat of the ovule of a plant; chorion. terebinth ('e-binth), n. the turpen- tine-tree. terebinthine (-bin'thin), adj. per- taining to, of the nature of, or like, turpentine. tergiversation (-jiv-er-sa'shun), n. evasion; subterfuge. term (term), n. a limit or boundary; limited time; subject or predicate of a proposition; number, of a com- pound mathematical quantity; ex- pression; condition or arrangement; word or expression noting something peculiar to an art or science; time during which the law courts are open; time during which instruc- tion is given in universities, schools, &c.; time when rent is paid [Scotch]: pi. conditions or stipulations:* v.t. to name, designate, or express. termagant (ter'ma-gant), adj. noisy and violent: n. a noisy, violent wom- an. terminal ('mi-nal), adj. pertaining to theend or extremity; arranged according to the terminations: n. a limit or boundary; end; one of the ends of a conducting circuit of a dynamo, &c. terminate ('mi-nat), v.t. to limit or bound; end: v.i. to be limited or ended. termination (-na'shun), n. the act ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, the?. TERMINATOR 876 TESSERA of terminating; a bound or limit; end; conclusion or result; final syl- lable or letter. terminator ('mi-na-ter), n. one who, or that which, terminates; the di- viding line between the illuminated and non-illuminated part of the moon. terminology (-mi-nol'o-ji), n. the definition of technical terms. terminus ('mi-nus), n. [pi. termini (-ni) ], a limit or boundary; station at the end of a railway. termite ('mit), n. the white ant. tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird allied to the gull: adj. arranged in threes. ternary (ter'na-ri), adj. proceeding by, or consisting of, threes: n. the number 3. Terps ichor ean (terp-si-ko-re'an), adj. pertaining to Terpsichore or to dancing. terra (ter'a), n. the earth; earth. terrace ('as), n. a raised level space or platform of earthy with sloping sides, usually laid with turf; flat roof on an oriental house; large open balcony or gallery; row of houses: v.t. to form into a terrace. terra cotta (kot'a), n. a composition of fine clay and sand used for stat- ues, &c, and hardened by heat. terra Japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. pale catechu or gambier. terrain, a region; tract of land. terralig (ter'a-lig), n. a recent fuel product free from smell and smoke. terrapin ('a-pin), n. a species of fresh-water tortoise, much esteemed for food. terraqueous (-aTswe-us), adj. con- sisting of land and water. terrestrial (-es'tri-al), adj. pertain- ing to, existing on, or consisting of, earth; belonging to the present world; not celestial. terrestrially (-i), adv. in a terres- trial manner. terret ('et), n. one of the rings on a harness-pad through which the driving reins pass. terrible (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting or causing fear or awe; dreadful; ex- treme; severe. terribleness (-nes), n. dreadfulness. terribly (-bli), adv. violently; dread- fully. terrier ('i-er), n. a breed of small dogs. terrify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. terri- fied, p.pr. terrifying], to frighten or alarm exceedingly. territorial (-i-to'ri-al), adj. pertain- ing to a territory; limited to a par- ticular district. territorially (-li), adv. as regards territory. territory ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. territo- ries (-riz) ], the extent of land with- in the jurisdiction of a state, sov- ereign, city, &c; large tract of land. Territory, n. an undeveloped region, under a temporary government, that ultimately may become a state; e. g. the United States, and Canadian Territories. terror ('Sr), n. extreme fear; fright; one who excites extreme fear. terrorism (-izm), n. a system of government by terror; intimidation. terrorist (-ist), n. one who governs by terror, especially an agent of the revolutionary tribunal during the Reign of Terror in France. terrorize (-Iz), v.t. to intimidate or coerce by terror. terry ('i), n. a heavy corded pile fabric. terse (ters), adj. elegantly and forci- bly concise. tersely ('li), adv. in a terse manner. terseness ('nes), n. quality of being terse. tertian (ter'shan), adj. occurring, or recurring, every third day: n. an in- termittent fever the paroxysms of which recur every other day. tertiary ('shi-a-ri), adj. of the third order, rank, or formation. tessellate (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay with squares or checkered work. tessera ('e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae (-re) ], a cube of marble, glass, &c, used in mosaic work. fite, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TEST 877 TETRAGRAMMATON test (test), n. anything by which the nature of a substance is tried; ex- amination by a cupel; standard; discrimination; proof: v.t. to put to the proof; compare with a stand- ard; try; refine in a cupel; examine or try by means of a reagent. testa (tes'ta), n. [pi. testae ('te) ], the outer integument or covering of a seed; shelly covering of certain animals. testaceous (-ta/shus), adj. consist- ing of, or having, a hard shell. testacy ('ta-si), n. the state or fact of leaving a valid will. testament m ('ta-ment)^ n. a solemn, authentic instrument in writing dis- posing of the estate of a person deceased; will. Testament, n. one of the two great divisions of the Bible. testamentary (-men'ta-ri), adj. per- taining to, bequeathed by, or done by, a will. Also testamental. testate ('tat), adj. having left a will. testator (-ta'ter), n. one who makes and leaves a will. Fern, testatrix. test-bar (test'bar), n. a small sample bar of metal to test the qualities of the material used to make some com- mercial article or implement. tester ('ter), n. an old English coin, value 6d.; a flat canopy; one who tests. testes ('tez), n.pl. the testicles. testicle ('ti-kl), n. one of the two glands which secrete the seminal fluid in males. testify ('ti-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. testi- fied, p.pr. testifying], to bear wit- ness; make a solemn declaration; give evidence: v.t. affirm or declare solemnly on oathj bear witness to. testily ('ti-li), adv. in a testy manner. testimonial (-ti-mo'ni-al), n. a writ- ing or certificate bearing testimony to character, proficiency, &c; a present given as a token of respect; acknowledgment of services ren- dered, &c: adj. pertaining to, or containing testimony. testimony (-ti-mo-ni), n. [pi. testi- monies (-niz) ], evidence; prooff solemn declaration; profession; tin two tables of the Law; divine reve- lation. testiness (test'i-nes), n. peevishness. testing ('ing), n. the operation of refining gold and silver; assay; proof; trial. testis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes ('tez) ], a testicle. testudinal (-tu'di-nal), adj. tortoise- like. testudinate ('di-nat), adj. arched like a tortoise shell. testudo (-tu'do), n. [pi. testudines ('di-nez) ], a protective covering used by the ancient Roman soldiers in besieging a city, by overlapping their shields; a screen to shelter miners in places likely to cave in; an encysted tumor. testy (tes'ti), adj. [comp. testier, su- perl, testiest], peevish; morose; irritable. tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw. tetchy. Same as techy. tete-a-tete (tat-a-taf), n. private or confidential conversation; a kind of settee. tete-de-pont (-de-pong'), [pl tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up to defend the entrance of a bridge. tether (teth'er), n. a rope for con- fining an animal within certain lim- its; scope or freedom allowed: v.t. to confine, as an animal, within certain limits. tetra, prefix meaning four, as tetra- branchiate, adj. having four bran- chiae or gills. tetrachord (tet'ra-kord), n. half of the octave scale [music]; an in- strument with four strings. tetrad ('rad), n. the number 4; col- lection of four things; tetravaient racjical or element. tetragon ('ra-gon), n. a plane figure with four sides and four angles. Tetragrammaton (-gram'a-ton), n. the mystic number 4 symbolical among the ancient Jews of the Deity. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TETRAHEDRAL 878 THATCH tetrahedral (-he'dral), adj. four- sided. tetrahedron (-he'dron), n. a solid figure bounded by four triangles. tetrameter (te-tram'e-ter), n. a verse or line consisting of four measures. tetrapod (tet'ra-pod), n. a four- footed insect. tetrarch (te'trark), n. a Roman gov- ernor whose jurisdiction extended over the fourth part of a province; petty prince. tetrarchate (-at), n. the office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. Also tetrarchy. tetrastyle (tet'ra-stil), n. a building or portico with four columns in front. tetter ('er), n. a cutaneous disease characterized by itching and red- ness; herpes. Teuton (tu'ton), n. one of the Ger- man race. Teutonic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Teutons or the Teutonic languages, Low German, Scandinavian, and High German. Teutonism ('on-izm) n. a Germanism. texas (teks'as), n. the pilot-house, &c, on the hurricane deck of a steamer. text (tekst), n. that on which a com- ment is written; original words of an author; verse, &c, of Scripture forming the subject of a sermon; topic; theme for composition, argu- ment, &c; text-hand. text-book ('book), n. a standard book of instruction. text-hand ('hand), n, a large hand in writing. textile (teks'til), adj. pertaining to, or formed by, weaving; capable of being woven. textual ('tu-al), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or serving for, a text. texture ('tur), n. manner of weav- ing; web; disposition of the several parts of a body in connection with each other; filaments or fibers inter- woven; tissue. thalamus (thal'a-mus), n. the place where a nerve originates or is sup- posed to originate; receptacle of a flower. thalassic (tha-las'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed in the sea. thalassography (thal-as-og'ra-fi), n. the science of marine organisms. thaler (ta'ler), n. a German silver coin, value about 72 cents. thallium (thal'i-um), n. a rare me- tallic element. than (than), conj. used after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs expressing diversity or comparison. thanage (than'aj), n. the district or jurisdiction of a thane. thanatoid (than'a-toid), adj. death- like. thanatology (-a-tol'o-ji), n. a trea- tise on, or the doctrine of, death. thane (than), n. a title of honor or dignity among the Anglo-Saxons, held by persons having large terri- torial possessions. thaneship ('ship), n. the dignity, state, or property of a thane. thank (thangk), y.t. to express grati- tude or obligation to. thankful ('fool), adj. grateful. thankfully (-li), adv. gratefully. thankless ('les), adj. ungrateful; not obtaining or deserving thanks. thanks (thangks), n.pl. an expres- sion of gratitude or obligation. thanksgiving (thangks-giv'ing), n. the act of expressing gratitude for favors and mercies; a public cele- bration of divine goodness; a day so set apart. Thanksgiving Day (da), n. a day set apart annually, usually the last Thursday in November, for thanks- giving to God for national mercies. that (that), pron. & adj. [pi. those (thoz) ], not this but the other: conj. because; since. thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, &c, used for covering the roofs of cot- tages, stacks, &c: v.t. to cover with, or as with, thatch. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THAUMATROPE 879 THEODOLITK thaumatrope (thaw'ma-trop), n. an optical toy for showing the per- sistence of an impression on the eye after the luminous object is with- drawn. thaumaturgic (-ter'jik), adj. per- taining to, or done by, thaumatur- gy: n. legerdemain; magical feats. thaumaturgy _ ('ma-ter-ji), n. the act of performing miracles; legerde- main; magic. thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or become liquid, as ice or snow; become milder or more genial: v.i. to dissolve: n. the melting of ice or snow by rise of temperature. the (the), def. art. pertaining to a particular object, person, or class. thea (the'a), n. the tea plant. theater, theatre ('a-ter), n. a pub- lic building where dramatic repre- sentations are given; large room arranged for lectures, anatomical demonstrations, &c. ; scene or sphere of action. theatrical (-at'ri-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or adapted for, a theater, or scenic representations; resembling the manner of actors; histrionic, pompous: n.pl. dramatic perform- ances. theatrically (-li), adv. in a manner adapted for the stage. theatrophone ('ro-fon), n. an auto- matic telephone connected with a theater by which a person may hear a dramatic performance while seat- ed at home. thebaine ('ba-in), n. a poisonous alkaloid found in opium. Also the- bin. Theban ('ban), adj. pertaining to Thebes, or to its inhabitants. Theban Year (yer), n. the ancient Egyptian year consisting of 365 days, 6 hours. theca ('ka), n. a sheath; seed-case of a fern. thee (the), pron. objective case of thou. theft (theft), n. the act of stealing; robbery. theine (the'in), n. the bitter and vol- atile principle of tea, identical with caffeine in coffee. theirs (thaxz), pron. pi. possessive case of they. theism (the'izm), n. the belief in the existence of a God; opposed to atheism. theist ('ist), n. one who believes in the existence of a God: opposed to atheist. theistic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the- ism or theists. Also theistical. them (them), pron. the objective case of they. theme (them), n. the subject or topic of a discourse or dissertation; short essay on a given subject; radical of a noun or verb; series of notes se- lected as the subject of a new com- position [music]. then (then), conj. in consequence; therefore; in that case: adv. next; at that or another time; immediately. thence (thens), adv. from that place or time. theobromine (the'o-bro'min), n. an alkaloid contained in cacao-beans. theocracy (-ok'ra-si), n. the govern- ment of a state by the immediate direction of God; the state thus gov- erned. theocrasy ('ra-si), n. a mixture of the worship of different deities, as of God and idols; the intimate union of the soul with God in con- templation. theocrat ('o-krat), n. one living un- der a theocracy. theocratic (-krat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a theocracy; administered by the immediate direction of God. theodicy (-od'i-si), n. a vindication of the dealings of divine Providence and the freedom of the human will. theodolite (-od'o-llt), n. an instru- ment for measuring horizontal and vertical angles and ascertaining dis- tances and heights. theodolitic (-lit'ik), adj. pertaining to, or ascertained by means of, the theodolite. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. THEOGONY 880 THERMOTROPISM theogony (-og'o-ni), n. that branch of mythology which treats of the origin or genealogy of ancient dei- ties; a poem treating of such gene- alogies. theologian (-6-lo'ji-an), n. one versed in theology; professor of divinity; a divine. theological (-loj'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to theology. theology (-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. theologies (-jiz) ], the science that treats of the existence, nature, and attributes of God, especially of man's relations to God; divinity. theophany (-of a-ni), n. a manifesta- tion of God to man by actual ex- perience. theorbo (-or'bo), n. a kind of large lute with two necks. theorem ('o-rem), n. a proposition to be proved. theoretical (-5-ret'i-kal), adj. per- taining to, or depending on, theory; not practical; speculative. Also theoretic. theoretically (-li), adv. in or by theory. theoretics ('iks), n.pl. the specula- tive part of a science. theorist ('o-rist), n. one who theo- rizes; speculatist. theorize ('o-rlz), v.i. to form a the- ory or theories; speculate. theory ('o-ri), n. [pi. theories (-riz) ], an exposition of the abstract prin- ciples of a science or art considered apart from practice; hypothesis; philosophical explanation of moral or physical phenomena. theosophic (-o-sof'ik), adj. pertain- ing to theosophy or theosophists. Also theosophical. theosophism (-os'o-fizm), n. preten- sion to divine wisdom or illumina-r tion. theosophist ('o-fist), n. a believer in theosophy. Also theosoph. theosophy ('o-fi), n. a system of philosophy which professes to inves- tigate the unexplained laws of na- ture, the powers of man over nature, and the direct knowledge of God at- tained by extraordinary illumination. therapeutic (ther-a-pii'tik), adj. cur- ative: n.pl. the art or science of curing diseases. there (thai), adv. in that place; at that point or stage. therefore (thai' or ther'ior), adv. & conj. for that or this reason; for that reason or purpose. therm, a prefix meaning heat. Also thermo. thermae (ther'me), n.pl. hot springs or baths. thermal ('mal), adj. pertaining to heat: warm. thermanaesthesia (ther'man-es-the'- si-a), n. abnormal deficiency of the sense of temperature. thermetrograph (-met'ro-graf), n. a self-registering thermometer. Also thermometrograph. thermometer (-mom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for measuring the degree of heat or temperature of bodies. thermometric (-mo-met 'rik), adj. pertaining to, made, or ascertained by, a thermometer. Also thermo- metrical. thermophone (ther'ino-fone), n. tele- phone receiver adapted for use on battleships and land. thermopile ('mo-pll), n. an instru- ment for indicating slight variations of temperature. thermoscope ('mo-skSp), n. an in- strument indicating relative differ- ences in temperature. thermostat ('mo-stat), n. an auto- matic apparatus for regulating tem- perature. thermotactic (ther-mo-tak'tik), adj relating to the movement of orga- nisms as influenced by heat. thermotension (ther-mo-ten'shun) , n. tension applied to test tensile strength of a substance at a given temperature. thermotic (-mot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or produced by, heat: n.pl. the science of heat. thermotropism ('ro-pizm), n. the ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THERMOTYPIC 881 THIRD ► phenomena exhibited by some plants thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart or of turning toward the sun or source other vehicle; floor of a coal mine, of heat. thiller ('er), n. the shaft horse. thermotypic (ther-m5-tip'ik), adj. thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup-shaped relating to the development of a metallic protective cover for the fin- printing surface by applying heat. ger in sewing; anything like a thim- thesaurus (the-saw'rus), n. a store- ble; an iron ring belonging to a sail, house or treasury; lexicon or die- fitted to receive a rope, tionary. thimble-rig (-rig), n. & sleight-of- these, pi. of this. hand trick in which a pea is pre- thesis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses ('sez) }, tended to be hidden under one of an essay or dissertation on some three thimbles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. particular subject; subject set a -rigged, p.pr. -rigging], to cheat by student on which to write prior to means of the thimble-rig trick, granting him a degree; the exercise thin (thin), adj. [comp. thinner, su- itself; in logic, an affirmation. perl, thinnest], having little thick- Thespian ('pi-an), adj. pertaining to ness; slim; slender; not dense or Thespis, the founder of Greek thick; not close or crowded; poor; drama: hence dramatic. slight; meager; not full or well theta (the'ta), n. the Greek th (@). grown: adv. not thickly: v.t. to theurgic (-er'jik), adj. pertaining to make thin; attenuate: v.i. to grow theurgy or supernatural magic. thin. thews (thuz), n.pl. muscles; strength, thine {thm), pron. & adj. belonging they, pi. of he, she, or it.^ to, relating to, or being the property thick (thik), adj. not thin; compact; of, thee. dense; not clear m or _ transparent; thing (thing), n. whatever is dis- misty; muddy; indistinct; dull; tinct, or conceived to be distinct, very intimate; closely set; crowded; from one's self or other intelligent following in quick succession: adv. beings; inanimate matter; part or closely; indistinctly; to a great portion; an object of pity and con- depth; fast: n. the thickest part. tempt: pi. clothes; furniture; lug- thicken ('n), v.t. to make thick or gage, &c. ^ thicker; render dense; inspissate; think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. make dark or obscure: v.i. become thought, p.pr. thinking], to have the thick or thicker. mind occupied on some subject; thickening ('en-ing), n. something form an opinion by reasoning; be- added to a liquid mass to make it lieve; judge; intend or purpose; thicker. imagine; recollect; consider or re- thicket ('et), n. a close wood or clus- fleet; presume: v.t. to imagine. ter of trees. thinkable ('a-bl), adj. conceivable. thickset ('set), adj. closely planted; thinking ('ing), adj. having the fac- having a thick body: n. a close, ulty of thought; capable of a regular thick hedge. train of thought: n. meditation, thief (thef), n. [pi. thieves (thevz) J, judgment. one who takes unlawfully what is thinness (thin'nes), n. the state or not his own. quality of being thin. thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal. third (therd), adj. the next after the thievish ('ish), adj. addicted to theft; second: the ordinal of three; noting dishonest; obtained by stealing. one of 3 equal parts: n. & third part thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular of anything; an interval of three part of the leg between the knee and diatonic sounds and two intervals the trunk. [music]. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 56 THIRST 882 THRASH thirst (therst), n. the sensation of a desire to drink; great desire for drink; drought; eager desire: v.i. to be thirsty. _ thirstily ('i-li), adv. in a thirsty manner. thirstiness ('i-nes), n. the state of being thirsty. thirsty ('i), adj. [comp. thirstier, su- perl. thirstiest], feeling thirst. thirteen (ther'ten), adj. 10 and 3: n. the number of 10 and 3. thirteenth ('tenth), adj. next in or- der after the twelfth: the ordinal of thirteen. thirtieth ('ti-eth), adj. next in order after the twenty-ninth. thirty ('ti), adj. three times more than 10: n. the sum of three tens. this (£/ds), pron. & adj. [pi. these, (thez) ], that which is present; that which is just now or last mentioned. thistle (this'l), n. a plant with a prickly stem and leaves, of the genus Carduus. thither (thi^'er), acfo. to that place or end. thole (thol), n. a pin set in the gun- wale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum for the oar. thong (thong), n. a thin leather strap or string for fastening something; striking part of a whip. thoracic (tho-ras'ik), adj. pertaining to the thorax. thorax ('raks), n. the chest, contain- ing the heart, lungs, &c; breast- plate or cuirass. thorite (tho'rlt), n. an isometric mineral; a powerful high explosive. thorium ('ri-um), n. a rare metallic element. Also thorinum. thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or spine; prickly tree or shrub; anything that troubles or annoys; care. thornback ('bak), n. a species of spiny ray or skate. thorny ('i). adj full of thorns; har- assing; annoying. thorough (thur'o), adj. passing through or to the end; perfect; fin- ished; complete. thorough bass (bas), n. the science of harmony; an accompaniment to a continued bass by means of figures [music]. thorough-bred (-bred), adj. of pure and unmixed breed; completely in- structed; accomplished; high-spir- ited. thoroughfare (-far), n. a passage from one street opening to another; an unobstructed way for traffic. thoroughly (4i), adv. completely; fully. thorough-paced (-past), adj. going all lengths; complete. those, pi. of that. thou (thou), pron. [pi. you], 2 per. sing, of I. though (tho), conj. granting, or sup- posing that; notwithstanding that; if: adv. nevertheless; however. thought (thawt), n. the act of think- ing; that which the mind thinks; meditation; study; care or anxiety: p.t. & p.p. of think. thoughtful ('fool), _ adj. full of thought; contemplative; attentive; considerate for others; anxious or careful. thoughtfully ( r i), adv. in a thought- ful manner; with thought. thoughtless ('les), adj. unthinking; heedless; inattentive; inconsiderate. thought-reading ('re-ding), n. the act or art of discerning what anoth- er person is thinking of; mind-read- ing. thought-reader ('re-der), n. one who practices thought-reading. thousand (thou'zand), adj. consist- ing of 1,000: n. 1,000; a large num- ber. thousandth O'zandth), adj. next in order after 999th: the ordinal of 1,000. thraldom (thrawl'dum), n. serfdom; slavery. thrall (thrawl), n. a slave; serf. thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out (grain) from the husk; beat or flag soundly: v.i. to perform the opera tion of thrashing; drudge. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. THRASHER 883 THROTTLE-VALVE thrasher ('er), n. one who thrashes; a species of shark, the sea-fox; a thrashing machine. thrashing ('ing), n. the operation of separating grain from the husk; a sound flogging. thread (thred), n. a very thin line or cord of flax, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance twisted and drawn out; a filament; uniform tenor; something continued in a long course; spiral part of a screw: v.t. to pass through the eye of; pierce through. threadbare Cbar), adj. worn to the threads; poverty-stricken; hack- neyed; dull. threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. & v.i. to menace. threaten ('n), v.i. to use threats: v.t. terrify by menaces. threatening (-ing), n. the act of one who threatens; menace: adj. indi- cating a menace or some impending evil. three (thre), adj. noting the sum of 2 and 1: n. a number the sum of 2 and 1. threepence (thrip'ens), n. a small British silver coin, value 6 cents. threnody (thren'o-di), n. a dirge. thresh, same as thrash. threshold (thresh'old), n. the sill of a door; entrance; door; place or point of entrance. threw, p.t. of throw. thrice (thris), adv. three times; re- peatedly. thrift (thrift), n. frugality; econom- ical management; good husbandry; increase of wealth; profit; a plant. thriftily ('i-li), adv. in a thrifty manner. thriftiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being thrifty. thrifty ('i), adj. [corny, thriftier, su- perl. thriftiest], characterized by economy and good management; frugal. thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause to have a shivering, tingling, or ex- quisite sensation: v.i. to penetrate, as something sharp; feel a sharp tingling or exquisite sensation run- ning through the whole body; quiv- er: n. a thrilling sensation; quiver. thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. thriving], to prosper by industry, economy, and good management; in- crease or prosper in business, &c; grow rich; grow vigorously or lux- uriantly; increase or flourish. thriving ('ing), p.adj. increasing in wealth; prosperous or successful; growing. thro', contr. of through. throat (throt), n. the fore-part of the neck of an animal containing the windpipe and gullet; contracting part of a vessel, &c. throatiness ('i-nes), n. guttural ut- terance. throaty ('i), adj. guttural. throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the pulse, with more than usual force; palpitate: n. a strong pulsation. throe (thro), n. agony; extreme pain,, especially in parturition: v.i. to be in agony. thrombin (throm'bin), n. the organic ferment that causes the coagulation of drawn blood. thrombosis (throm-bo'sis), n. the obstruction of a blood-vessel by a clot of blood. throne (thron), n. a chair of state; sovereign power and dignity: v.t. to place upon a throne; exalt. throng (throng), n. a multitude; crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to- gether; annoy with numbers: v.i. to come in multitudes. throstle (thros'l), n. the song- thrush; a machine for spinning wool and cotton. throstling (Ting), n. a disease in cattle, characterized by a swelling in the throat. throttle (throt 1), v.t. to strangle or choke by pressure on the windpipe: n. the windpipe; a throttle-valve. ^ throttle-valve (-valv), n. a valve in the steam-pipe of a boiler for con- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue. hut; think, then. THROUGH 884 THUS trolling the flow of steam to any ap- paratus. through- (throo), prep, from end to end of; between the sides of; in the midst of; among; by the agency of: adv. from end to end; from the be- ginning to the end. throve, p.t. of thrive. throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling or hurl; cast to a distance; cast in any manner; propel; overturn; put on hastily or carelessly; strip; shade or form roughly; give utterance to; produce; twist or wind: n. the act of flinging or hurling; a cast of dice distance a missile can be thrown; stroke, as of a slide-valve; potter's wheel. thrum (thrum), n. the end of a waver's thread; coarse yarn: v.t. [pet. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. thrum- ming], to fringe or put tufts on; play idly or unskilfully on (a stringed in- strument) with the fingers: v.i. to strum; drum. thrush (thrush), n. a sweet-songed bird of the genus Merula; a disease of infants characterized by minute white ulcers in the mouth and fauces; an inflammatory and sup- purating affection in the feet of horses. thrust (thrust), v.t. to push or drive with force; urge or impel: v.i. to push forward; enter by pushing; in- trude; attack with a pointed weapon: n. a violent or sudden push; stab. thrusting ('ing), n. the act of push- ing with force or violence: pi. white whey expressed from the curd. thud (thud), n. a dull sound produced by a body falling on a compara- tively soft substance. thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity of robbers and assassins in India who practiced secret murder as an act of propitiation to the goddess Kali; a ruffian. thuggee (-§'), n. the practice of mur- der by the thugs. Also thuggism, thuggery. Thule (thule), n. the name given by the ancient geographers to the most northern part of the world as then known. thumb (thum), n. the short, thick digit of the human hand: v.t. to handle awkwardly; soil with the thumb : v.i. to play awkwardly. thumbscrew ('skroo), n. a screw to turn with the finger and thumb; an instrument of torture for compress- ing the thumb. Also thumbkins. thummim ('im), n.pl. a mysterious symbol worn on the breastplate of the Jewish high priest signifying perfection. thump (thump), n. a hard, heavy blow: v.t. to strike or beat with dull heavy blows: v.i. to fall or strike with a dull heavy blow. thumper ('er) , n. one who, or that which, thumps; something huge; barefaced lie. thunder (thun'der) , n. the noise ac- companying a flash of lightning; loud noise; an alarming denuncia- tion or treat: v.i. to produce thun- der; make a loud noise: v.t. to utter with a loud and threatening voice. thunderbolt (-bolt), n. a shaft of lightning^ something resembling lightning in suddenness aDd terror; dreadful denunciation, especially ec- clesiastical censure; daring or irre- sistible hero; a belemnite. thundering (-ing), adj. emitting, or producing a great noise like thun- der; very great: n. the report ac- companying a discharge of lightning. thunderstruck (-struk), p. adj. as- tonished or struck dumb by sudden amazement, &c. thundery (-i), adj. produced by, or accompanied with, thunder. Also thunderous. thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer. thurifer ('ri-fer), n. one who attends the priest at mass, &c, and carries the thurible. Thursday (therz'da), n. the fifth day of the week. thus (thus), adv. in this or that man- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. THWACK 885 TIE ner; to this degree or extent; so: 71. (thus) the resin of the spruce fir. thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike with something flat and heavy; thump: n. a heavy blow with something blunt and hard; thump. thwart (thwawrt), adj. crosswise; oblique: prep. l& adv. across: n. & seat in a boat extending from side to side: v.t. oppose; run counter to; frustrate. thy (thi), pron. poss. case of thou. thyine (thi'in), adj. noting a kind of wood of the cedar family yielding a resin called sandarach. thylacine (tmTa-sin), n. the zebra wolf of New Zealand. thyme (tlm), n. a common aromatic herb of the genus Thymus. thyrogenic (thl-ro-jen'ik), adj. pro- duced by the thyroid gland or as the result of an altered secretion of that gland. thyroid (thi'roid), adj. shield-shaped: noting one of the cartilages of the larynx. thyrsoid (ther'soid), adj. thyrsus- shaped. thyrsus ('sus), n. pi. thyrsi ('si) ], a staff or spear entwined with ivy and vine leaves and grapes with a cone at the top, carried at the festi- vals of Bacchus by his devotees. thyself, emphatic for thy. tiara (ti-a'ra), n. the triple crown worn by the Pope; a lofty headdress worn by the ancient Persians; the miter of the Jewish high priest; diadem. tibia (tib'i-a), n. the inner and larger of the two leg bones; shin-bone. tibial ('i-al), adj. pertaining to the tibia. tic (tik), n. neuralgia. Also tic-dou- loureux. tick (tik), n. a name for various par- asites which infest dogs, sheep, &c. ; a case for holding feathers, &c, for bedding; small mark; small, quick, distinct sound or beat; credit: v.i. to make a small, quick, distinct sound; go on credit: v.t. to mark off by a tick. ticket ('et), n. a label or card giving its possessor some specific right; la- bel specifying price, &c, of goods; printed list of candidates at an elec- tion: v.t. to distinguish by, or as by, a ticket. ticking ('ing), n. cloth used for bed- ticks. tickle ('1), v.t. to touch lightly so as to produce a thrilling sensation, usu- ally accompanied by laughter; grat- ify and amuse: v.i. to feel titulation. tickler ('ler), n. one who, or that which tickles; something puzzling or difficult. . ticklish ('fish), adj. sensible to slight touches; easily tickled; critical; pre- carious; difficult; delicate to handle or achieve. tickseed ('sed), n. a common name for plants of the genera Corisper- mum and Coreopsis. tidal (tld'al), adj. pertaining to the tides; ebbing and flowing like the tides. tide (tid), n. the regular rising and falling of the sea, rivers, &c; stream; time^ season; turning point; tenden- cy; in mining, period of twelve hours: v.t. to drive with the stream: v.i. to work in or out of a river or harbor by drifting with the tide. tidily ('i-ll), adv. in a tidy manner. tidiness ('i-nes), n. neatness. tidings ('ingz), n.pl. news. tidology (-ol'o-ji), n. the science of tides. t tidy _ ('i), adj. [comp. tidier, superl. tidiest], kept or dressed in proper and habitual neatness; trim; neat; orderly: n. an ornamental cover for the back of a chair, &c. : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tidied, p.pr. tidying], to make neat or tidy; put in proper order. tie (ti), n. a knot or fastening; bond; obligation; beam or rod for holding two parts together; equality in num- bers; knot of hair; curved line placed over or under two or more notes, signifying they are to be slurred, or be sounded as one [music]: v.t. to fasten with, or as ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TIER TIME i with, a cord; bind; restrict; unite, as notes [music]: v.i. to make an equal score. tier (ter), n. a row or rank, especially one of two or more rows placed one above the other. tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 gallons; sequence of three cards; thrust in fencing; a third [musicl, tiercel (ter'sel), n. a male hawk. tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight quarrel; small draught of liquor: v.i. to be in a fit. tiffany ('a-ni), n. a thin gauze or silk. tiffin (tif In), n. East Indian term for a slender repast or luncheon. tige (tezh), n. the shaft of a column from the astragal to the capital. tiger (tl'ger), n. a large, fierce, rapa- cious quadruped of the genus Felis; a servant-boy in livery. tiger-flower (-flou-er), n. a flower of the Iris order, spotted yellow and orange. tiger-lily (-lil-i), n. a handsome lily having flowers spotted with orange. tiger-wood (-wood), n. a valuable wood yielded by a tree of British Guiana. tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; tenacious; compactly built; fitting close to the body; not leaky; taut; snug; parsimonious; ill-supplied # or stringent; drunk: n.pl. closely fitting underclothing worn by actors. tighten ('en), v.t. to make tight. tigress (tl'gres), n. the female of the tiger. tigrine ('grin) , adj. tiger-like. tigrish ('grish), adj. resembling a tiger; fierce. tilde (til'de), n. a mark (~) placed over n in Spanish words to indicate that the vowel following it is to be sounded as a y. tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked clay, used for roofing, &c; hat; door of a Masonic lodge: v.t. to cover with tiles; guard (the door of a lodge). tiler ('er), n. one who roofs houses with tiles; door-keeper of a Masonic lodge. Tyler. tiliaceous (-i-a'shus), adj. allied to, or like, the limetree. till (til), n. a money drawer in a desk or counter; a glacial deposit of unlaminated clay, sand, and gravel: prep, to the time of: adv. to the time when: conj. to the degree that; un- til: v.t. to prepare (land) for seed, &c; cultivate. tillage ('aj), n. land prepared for crops; husbandry; agriculture. tiller ('er), n. a husbandman; handle or lever for turning the rudder of a vessel; a sprout springing from a root or stump. tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth cover- ing of a cart or wagon; cover of a boat or stern awning; a thrust; a mediseval military exercise or pa- geant in which the combatants on horseback attacked each other with lances; a tilt-hammer; upheaval of strata to a higher angle: v.t. to cover with an awning; point or thrust with, or as with, a lance; forge with a tilt-hammer; raise on end; incline: v.i. to run or ride and thrust with a lance. tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; til- lage ground. tilt-hammer (tilt'ham-er), n. a heavy hammer used in iron foun- dries, worked by steam or hydraulic power. tilting ('ing), n. the process by which blister-steel is rendered duc- tile; inclination forward; who, or that which, tilts. timber (tim'ber), n. the body or stem of a tree; wood suitable for build- ings, carpentry, shipbuilding, &c; piece of wood for building or al- ready framed; wooded land: v.t. to furnish or construct with timber. timbre ('ber), n. tone or character of musical sound. timbrel ('brel), n. a kind of drum or tabret. time (tun), n. measure of duration, whether past, present, or future; particular period of duration; age or period during which anything oc- &te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booa; book; hue, hut; think, then. TIME-BARGAIN 887 TINY curred or a person lived; present life or existence; season; era; epoch; proper time; repetition; leis- ure; musical measure or duration of sounds; tense; hour of travail: v.t. to adapt to the time or occasion; do at the proper season; regulate or measure: v.i. to keep or beat time. time-bargain (-bar-gen), n. an agreement to buy or sell at a certain time. timeist, same as timist. timeliness ('li-nes), n. seasonable- ness. timelock (timlok), n. a lock with clockwork attachment set to open at a certain time. timely (li), adj. [comp. timelier, su- perl. timeliest], being or occurring in time; opportune. timid (tim'id), adj. wanting in cour- age; faint-hearted ; fearful. timidity ('i-ti), n. want of courage. timist (tlm'ist), n. one who keeps time [music]. timorous (tim'er-us), adj. fearful of danger; full of scruples. timothy grass ('o-thi gras), n. a valuable grass used for fodder. tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, malleable, and fusible metal; thin plates of iron covered with tin; a cylindrical vessel of tin; money: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. tinned, p.pr. tinning], to cover with tin, or with tinned iron; put into tins for preservation. tinamou ('a-moo), n. a South Ameri- can bird, resembling the partridge. tincal (ting'kal), n. crude borax. tinctorial (tingk-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to, relating to, or imparting, a color. tincture ('tur), n. a tinge or shade of color; slight taste or quality; so- lution of any medicine in or by means of spirits of wine; fine or more volatile parts of a substance: v.t. to dye or color; tinge. tinder ('der), n. any inflammable material used to kindle a fire from a spark, as rotten wood or scorched linen tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike. tinfoil (tin'foil), n. tin beaten into thin leaf. ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like sound; that part of a Chinese tem- ple which contains the idol. tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color} impregnate with something foreign; dye: n. a slight degree of some color, taste, or quality imparted to a sub- stance; tint. tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a thrill- ing sensation, or pain: v.t. to ring; cause to tingle: n. a thrilling sensa- tion or pain. tinker (ting'ker), n. a mender of metal pots, kettles, &c. : v.t. to patch up : v.i. meddle in an officious man- ner. tinkle (Td), n. a small, quick, sharp, ringing sound: v.i. to make such a sound: v.t. to cause to give out a tinkle. tinned (tind), adj. covered with tin; packed or put up in tins. tin-plate ('plat), n. iron-plate coated with tin. tinsel ('sel), n. a kind of cloth over- laid or interwoven with gold and silver; thin glittering metallic plate; anything showy but of little value; something superficial and gaudy: adj. showy to excess; superficial; outwardly fine but really worthless: v.t. to decorate with, or as with, tinsel; make outwardly gaudy, while valueless in reality. tint (tint), n. a slight coloring dis- tinct from the principal color; hue or shade: v.t. to give a slight color- ing to. tintinnabulation (tin-ti-nab-ti-la'- shun), n. a tinkling sound, as of bells. tin to ('to), n. a red Madeira wine. tintometer (-tom'e-ter), n. an appa- ratus for estimating shades of color by comparison with standard shades or tints. tintype, same as ferrotype. tiny (ti'ni), adj. [comp. tinier, «m- perl. tiniest], very small; puny. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TIP TITILLATION tip (tip), n. a point or top of any- thing small; end; ferrule or nozzle; anther; gentle stroke; small pres- ent; private hint, especially in bet- ting; tilt: v.t.& [p.t. & p.p. tipped, p.pr. tipping], to form a point to; cover the end of; strike lightly; give private hint to; give a small pres- ent to; tilt up. tipcat ('kat), n. a game played with a small piece of wood pointed at both ends. tipper ('er), n. a kind of ale. tippet ('et), n. a narrow cape, or covering of cloth or fur for the neck or shoulders. tipping ('ing), n. the peculiar artic- ulation given to the flute by the player's tongue striking the roof of the mouth. tipple ('1), v.i. to drink spirits or strong liquors habitually; drink fre- quently in small quantities: n. liquor. tipsily ('si-li), adv. in a tipsy man- ner. tipsiness ('si-nes), n. the state of be- ing tipsy. tipstaff ('staf), n. a constable. tipster ('ster), n. one who supplies private information about race- horses, &c. tipsy ('si), adj. intoxicated. t*psy-cake (-kak), n. sponge cake soaked in wine and stuck over with almonds._ tiptoe {'to), n. the end of a toe: adv. on tiptoe; stealthily: v.i. to walk or stand on tiptoe; be on the strain, or alert. tiptop ('top), n. the highest point or degree; best of anything: adj. most excellent. tirade (ti-rad'), n. a long, violent, declamatory speech; strain of cen- sure or reproof; filling of an inter- val by the intermediate diatonic notes. tire (tir), n. a band or hoop of iron or rubber binding the felloes of wheels: v.t. to exhaust the strength of by labor; weary of fatigue; ex haust the patience of: v.i. to be- come weary or fatigued. tiresome ('sum), adj. wearisome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying. tire some ly (-li), adv. in a tiresome manner. tiresomeness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being tiresome. tirwit (ter'wit), n. the lapwing. Tisri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh month of the ecclesiastical, and first month of the Jewish civil year, corresponding to part of September and October. Also Tishri. tissue (tish'oo), n. a woven fabric, especially thin transparent silk used for veiling, formerly interwoven with gold or silver threads; any thin or delicate texture or fabric; thin cellular organization of parts, con- sisting of forms closely compacted and performing special functions; connected series: v.t, to form tissue of; interweave. tissued ('ood), adj. variegated. tissue-paper (-pa-per), n. very thin, gauze-like paper. tit (tit), n. morsel or bit; small horse; titmouse; _ name for various species of small singing birds. titanic (ti-tan'ik), adj. pertaining to, characteristic of, or like the Ti- tans, the fabled giants of classic mythologv; hence, huge; of enor- mous strength. titanium (-ta'ni-um), n. a Tare and extremely hard metal, allied to tin; found in combination. titbit ('bit), n. a choice morsel. tit-for-tat (-tat), n. exact equiva- ^ lent or fair retaliation. tithe (tlth), n. the tenth part of any- thing, especially the tenth part of the _ annual increase of the profit arising from land, stock, &c, allotted to the support of the clergy; small part: v.t. to tax or levy a tithe of. tithing ('ing), n. the taking or levy- ing of tithes. titillate (tit'i-lat), v.t. to tickle. titillation (-la'shun), n. a tickling or itching sensation or state of feeling, ate, arm. at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TITIVATE TOGGLE-JOINT titivate ('i-vat), v,t. to make smart or adorn. titlark ('lark), n. any small singing bird of the genus Anthus. title (tl'tl), n. an inscription over or at the beginning of something serv- ing to designate it; name; appella- tion of dignity, rank, distinction, or preeminence; claim of right; presen- tation to a curacy as a condition of ordination: v.t. to entitle. title-deed (-ded) n. the instrument or written evidence of right of own- ership of property. titmouse (tit'mous), n. [pi. titmice ('mis) ], a small, active, perching bird. Also tit. titrate (tit 'rat), v.t. to estimate or determine the strength of by volu- metric analysis. titration (ti-tra/shun), n. volumetric analysis. titter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with re- straint; giggle; see-saw: n. a re- strained laugh. tittle (tit'l), n. a small particle; iota. tittle-tattle (-tat'l), n. idle, trifling talk. titular ('u-lar), adj. existing in name or title only; nominal: n. one who is invested with a title to an office, but does not possess the power and authority appertaining to it. t. n. t., abbreviation and symbol of trinitrotoluol (q.v.). to (too), prep, noting motion toward; in accordance with. toad (tod), n. a batrachian reptile, re- sembling the frog, of the genus Bufo. coadeater ('et-er), n. a sycophant. toadfish ('fish), n. a fish with a large head and wide mouth, of the genus Batrachus. toadstone Ostori), n. a local name for a kind of basaltic or igneous rock; bufonite. toadstool ('stool), n. a name of nu- merous species of fungi of the genus Agaricus. toady ('i), n. a sycophant: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. toadied, p.pr. toadying], to fawn upon as a sycophant: v.i. to play the sycophant. toadyism (-izm), n. sycophancy. toast (tost), n. bread scorched or browned before the fire; one who is named when a health is drunk: v.t. to brown or heat^ at the fire; show honor to in drinking; name when a health is drunk. tobacco (to-bak'o), n. an American plant of the genus Nicotiana, the dried leaves of which are used for smoking, chewing, or as snuff. tobacconist (-nist), n. a dealer in tobacco, cigars, &c. tobine ('bin), n. a stout, twilled, dress silk. toboggan (-bog'an), n. a kind of sledge in which one or more persons sit for sliding down snow-covsred hills or inclines: v.i. to slide down- hill by means of a toboggan. toby (to'bi), n. a drinking mug used for beer or ale. tocsin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell. toddle (tod'l), v.i. to walk with short, tottering steps like a child: n. a tod- dling walk. toddler ('ler), n. one who toddles; a young child. toddy ('i), n. a sweet juice obtained from certain palms; mixture of spir- it and water sweetened. tody (to'di), n. a small West Indian bird. toe (td), n. one of the terminal mem- bers of the foot of a man or animal; forepart of a horse's hoof ; a projec- tion: v.t. to touch, reach, or strike with the toe or toes. toffy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; taffy. toga (to-ga), n. [pi. togas (gaz), togae ('je)], the loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans. toga virilis (vir'il-is), n. the toga assumed by Roman youths at the age of fourteen. together (too-getfi'er), adv. in com- pany or association; mutually; in union or concert; uninterruptedly. toggery (tog'er-i), n. clothes particles. toggle (1), n. a small wooden pin taper- ing toward both ends and grooved round its center; button or frog. toggle-joint (-joint), n. an elbow or knee joint. Bte, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon* book; hue, hut; think, then. TOIL TON toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to mind or body; fatiguing exertion; snare; net: v.i. to labor or work with pain or fatigue. toilet ('et), n. a covering of linen, silk, _&c, spread over a bedroom or dressing-room table; dressing-table; style or manner of dressing; attire. toilinette (-i-nef), n. a cloth the weft of which is of woolen yarn and the warp of cotton and silk. toilsome ('sum), adj. laborious; wear- isome. toilsomely (-H), adv. in a toilsome manner. toilsomeness (-nes), n. laboriousness. Tokay (to-ka'),n.a richllungarian wine. token ('kn), n. a mark or sign; me- morial of affection, &c; symbol of good faith or authenticity; piece of metal not coined by authority, but current by sufferance. tola ('la\ n. in British India, a weight for gold and silver == 180 grains troy. told, p.L & p.p. of tell. Toledo (-le'do), n. a sword or sword- blade of the finest temper, made orig- inally at Toledo, Spain. tolerable (tol'er-a-bl), ac'j. endura- ble; supportable; fairly good. tolerableness _ (-nes), n. the state or quality of being tolerable. tolerably (-bli), adv. passably. tolerance ('er-ans), n. endurance; toleration. tolerant ('er-ant), adj. disposed to, or favoring, toleration. tolerate ('er-at), v.t. to endure; per- mit; allow so as not to hinder or prohibit. toleration (-a'shun), n. the act < of tolerating; allowance of that which is not wholly approved £ recognition of the right of private judgment in religious opinions and modes of wor- ship differing from those of the es- tablished Church; freedom from bigotry. toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell slow- ly repeated at short intervals; a duty or tax on travelers or goods passing along a public road or bridge; tax or duty paid for some privilege: v.i. to sound or ring slowly, as a bell; annul. tolu (to'lu), n. a^ balsam produced by a South American tree (Myroxy- lon toluifera). tomahawk (tom'a-hawk), n. a hatch- et used by the North American In- dians in war and the chase: v.t. to strike, or kill with a tomahawk. toman (to'man), n. a gold coin cur- rent in Persia, value about $1.76. tomato (to-ma' or to-ma'to), n. [pi. tomatoes ('toz)], a plant and its well- known fleshy fruit. Also love-apple. tomb (toom), n. a grave, or vault; monumert erected to enclose and preserve the memory of the dead: v.t. to entomb. tombac (tom'bak), n. an alloy of cop- per and zinc. tomboy ('boi), n. a wild, romping girl. tom-cat ('kat), n. a full-grown male cat. tomcod ('kod), n. a small edible fish of the cod kind. tome (torn), n. a large book. tomentose (to-men'tos), adj. covered so closely with hairs as to be scarcely discernible; nappy. Also tomentous. tomentum ('turn), n. the closely matted down on the leaves or stems of certain plants. tomfool ('fool), n. a great fool; silly trifler. tomfoolery ('er-i), n. nonsense; ab- surd trifles or ornaments. tomin (to'min), n. a jeweler's weight of 12 grains. Tommy Atkins (tom'-i atTdnz), n. popular term for the white private soldier in the English Army. tompion (tom'pi-on), n. the stopper or plug of a cannon; the iron button to which a charge of grape-shot is affixed. Also tampion tomtit ('tit), n the titmouse. tom-tom ('torn) n a drum flat at one end and convex at the other: used in Africa and the East Indies. Also tam-tam. ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 40 ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TONALITY 891 TOP-BOOTS cubic feet in ship measurement; pre- vailing fashion (tong). tonality (t n. a small wig, or curl. tour (toor), n. a circuitous journey; excursion ; trip : v.i. to make a tour : v.t. to make a tour or circuit of: as, to tour the country. tourbillion (-bil'yun), n. an orna- mental rotating firework. touring car (toor'ing-kar), n. an automobile of relatively large size, suitable for making long trips in the country. # tourist ('ist), n. excursionist. tourmaline ('ma-lin), n. a transpar- ent aluminous mineral of various colors, some varieties of which are used as gems. tournament ('na-ment), n. a mock fight by knights on horseback; con- test of skill. Also tourney. tourniquet ('ni-ket), n. a surgical instrument for compressing an ar- tery and arresting hemorrhage. tousle or touzle (touz'l), v.t. to pull or tear; worry; put in disorder. tout (tout), v.i. to look out for custo- mers: n. one who secretly watches racehorses in^ training, in order to give private information to his cli- ents to guide them in betting; a touter. tout-ensemble (too-tang-sam'bl), n. the general effect of a work of art, • costume, &c, regarded as a whole. touter (tout'er), n. one who hangs about to secure the custom of tour- ists for a particular hotel, &c. tow (t5), n. the coarse part of flax or hemp: v.t. to drag as a vessel through the water by means of a rope. towage ('aj), n. the act of towing; price paid for towing. toward (to'erd), prep, in the direc- tion of; with a tendency to ; with re- spect to: adv. near; at hand. Also towards. towel (tou'el), n. a cloth for wiping the hands, &c, after washing. toweling (-ing), n. cloth for towels. tower (tou'er), n. a lofty building, square or circular, usually flat on the topj fortress; high headdress worn by women in the 17th century; v.i. to raise to a great height; soar. towering ('er-ing), adj. very high; soaring; violent; outrageous. town (toun), n. any collection of houses larger than a village, es- pecially one having a market, and not being a city; the inhabitants of a town; township. town-hall (toun-hawl), n. a building or place wherein the town officers transact their business. township ('ship), n. the district or territory into which many of the States are divided and subordinate to the county. toxemia, toxaemia (toks-e'mi-a), n. blood poisoning. toxic ('ik), adj. poisonous. toxicologist (-i-kol'o-jist), n. one skilled in toxicology. toxicology ('o-ji), n. the science that treats of poisons, their effects, anti- dotes, &c. toxicomania (-ko-ma-ni'a), n. a mama for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as opium. toxin (toks'in), n. a poison produced by the action cf bacteria upon or- ganic matter. toy (toi), n. a child's plaything; something of no real value; bauble; plaything: v.i. [p.t. p.p. toyed, p.pr. toying], to dally amorously; trifle. trace (tras), n. a mark left by any- thing passing; footprint; small quan- tity: pi. the straps, &c. by which a vehicle is drawn by a horse: v.t. to delineate by marks; follow by tracks or footsteps; follow exactly. traceable ('a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing traced. tracery ( ; er-i), n. architectural orna- mentation in Gothic structures. _ trachea (tra-ke'a), n. the windpipe: pi. the air-tubes in the bodies of in- sects (tracheae). tracheal ('ke-al), adj. pertaining to the trachea. ate, arm, ask, at, awi; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; b5on, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRACHEOTOMY 895 TRAGACANTH tracheotomy (-ot'o-mi), n. the surgi- cal operation of making an opening into the windpipe. trachitis (-kl'tis), n. inflammation of the trachea. Also tracheitis. trachyte (trak'It), n. a term applied to the feldspathic class of igneous rocks. trachytic (tra-kit'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, or resembling, trachyte. tracing (tra'sing), n. the act of one who traces; regular path; mechan- ical copy by marking on thin paper over the original. track (trak), n. a mark or impres- sion left by the foot; beaten path; course or way; course for racing; permanent way of a railroad: v.t. to pursue by following the footprints or marks left behind. trackage ('aj), n. towage. tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, usually on some religious subject; region of indefinite extent; expanse. tractability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. docility. tractable ('a-bl), adj. docile; easily instructed or managed. Tractarian (trak-ta'ri-an), adj. re-, lating to a system of religious principles published in pamphlet form about 1840, in England. tractate (trak'tat), n. a small book or treatise. tractile (til), adj. ductile. traction ('shun), n. the act of draw- ing; state of being drawn; attrac- tion. tractive ('tiv), adj. serving, or used, to draw along; pulling. tractor (ter), n. that which draws. trade-acceptance (trad-ak-sep'tans) , n. a draft or bill of exchange drawn by the seller on the purchaser of goods sold and accepted by such purchaser, payable at a specified future time. trade (trad), n. commerce; business; buying and selling for money; deal- ing by way of sale or exchange; traffic; persons engaged in a particu- lar business* adj. pertaining to, car- ried on by, or characteristic of, a trade: pi the trade winds: v.i. to carry on commerce; buy and sell; traffic: v.t.. to sell or exchange in commerce. trade-mark ('mark), n. a distin- guishing device affixed by a mer- chant to his goods to show his ex- clusive right, or as a guarantee of genuineness. trade-price Cpris), n. price of an article as charged to the retailer. trader ('er), n. one engaged in trade or commerce; merchant; shopkeep- er; vessel engaged in any particular trade. trades-union (-z'un-yun), n. an or- ganized combination of workmen for the protection of their interests in any particular trade or industry. trades-unionism (-izm), n. the prin- ciples and practices of trades-unions, trades-unionist (-ist), n. a member of a trades-union. trade-winds (Vindz), n.pl. certain ocean winds in or near the torrid zone which blow steadily from the same quarter periodically. Also trades. trading ('ing), adj. pertaining to trade. tradition (tra-dish'un) , n. the oral transmission of events, opinions, doctrines, practices, &c, through successive generations without writ- ten memorials; that which is so handed down; ancient custom. ■ traditional ('un-al), adj. pertaining to, derived from, or handed down by tradition. traditionally ('un-al-i), adv. in a traditional manner. traduce (tra-dus'), v.t. to slander. traffic (traf'ik), n. business or trade; commerce; transportation of persons or goods on a railway, vehicle, ship, &c; intercourse: v.i. to trade; bar- gain: v.t. to barter. tragacanth (trag'a-kanth) , n. a gum obtained from various species of Astragalus. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRAGEDIAN 896 TRANQUIL tragedian (tra-je'di-an), n. an actor or writer of tragedies. tragedienne (-zhe-dyen' or-je'di-en), n. an actress of tragedy. tragedy (traj'e-di), n. [pi. tragedies (-diz) ], a dramatic poem of elevated style, representing some event or. series of events in the life of a per- son or persons and having usually a fatal ending; a melancholy and fatal event; an event in which human lives are lost by murderous violence or some catastrophe. tragic ('ik), adj. pertaining to trag- edy; calamitous; fatal; terrible. Also tragical. tragically (-al-i), adv. in a tragic manner. trail (tral), v.t. to draw or drag along the ground; hunt or follow by tracking; v.i. to be drawn out in length; fall or hang down; grow or climb at great length: n. the track followed by a hunter; scent left by a track; anything drawn out in length; the entrails of birds and fishes served up for the table. train (tran), n. a series of railway carriages or trucks coupled togeth- er; something drawn or dragged be- hind as the skirt of a robe, &c; ret- inue; procession; connected series; suite; process; line of gunpowder laid to fire a charge; a heavy kind of Canadian sledge: v.t. to instruct by exercise; drill; educate; draw along; form to a proper shape; dis- cipline or tame for use; prepare for athletic contests or horse-racing; trace (a lode) to its head. trainer ('er). n. an instructor, espe- cially one who prepares men or horses for exercises of skill, races, &c. train-oil ('oil), n. oil obtained by boiling whale's blubber. trait (trat), n. a peculiar feature or characteristic; touch. traitor (tra-ter), n. one who is guilty of treason or the betrayal of his country to an enemy by breach of trust; one who betrays any confi- dence; a deceiver. Feminine trai- tress or traitoress. traitorous ('ter-us), adj. guilty of treason; perfidious. trajectory (tra-jek'to-ri), n. [pi. tra- jectories (-riz) ], the curve described by a body in space, under the action of certain forces, as a comet, or stone thrown upwards. tram (tram), n. one of the rails of a tramway; a tramway; tramway- car; shaft of a cart; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trammed, p.pr. tramming], to travel by tram-car [English]: v.t. to trans- ' port on a tramway. tramble ('bl), v.t. to wash (ore) in a particular manner. trammel ('el), w. a net used for fowling or fishing; shackle for horses; anything that impedes prog- ress, action, or freedom: v.t. to im- pede or hinder; shackle. tramontana (tra-mon-ta'na.) , n. a cold, blighting north wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. tramp (tramp), v.t. to tread upon forcibly and repeatedly; travel over on foot: v.i. to wander: n. a vagrant foot traveler; journey on foot; sound of tramping. trample ('pi), v.t. to tread under the feet; prostrate by treading; treat with insult or contempt: v.i. to stamp rapidly and repeatedly with the feet; tread roughly. trampoose (tram-poos'), v.i. to tramp; walk heavily; wander about. tramway ('wa), n. a street railway; metal tracks for wagons or trucks. Tramroad. trance (trans), n. a state in which the soul appears to be absent from the body or rapt in visions; tempor- ary suspension of sensation and volition while the heart and lungs continue to act; swoon; catalepsy; v.t. to place in, or as in, a state of trance. traneen (tra-nen'), n. crested dog's- tail grass. tranquil (trang'kwil), adj. calm; quiet; undisturbed; not agitated. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRANQUILLITY 897 TRANSFUSE tranquillity ('i-ti), n. calmness: quiet. tranquilize ('kwil-Iz), v.t. to make tranquil or quiet. tranquilly ('kwil-i), adv. in a tran- quil manner. trans, a prefix, meaning over, across, beyond, through, on the other side. transact (trans-akf), v.t. to man- age, as business; carry through; ne- gotiate. transaction (-ak'shun), n. the man- agement of any business or affair; that which is done or performed; a proceeding; affair: pt. report of a scientific or learned society. transactor ('ter), n. one who trans- acts. transatlantic (trans-at-lan'tik) , adj. lying or existing beyond the Atlantic ocean. transcend (tran-send'), v.t. to rise above; surpass; surmount; excel; exceed. transcendency ('en-si), n. the state or quality of being transcendent; supereminence. Also transcendence. transcendent Cent), adj. surpassing others in excellence; noting, in the Kantian philosophy, speculations concerning matters outside the range of the human intellect or experience. transcendental ('al), adj. noting that which lies beyond the limits of experience or external to the senses; speculative; metaphysical; vague; supereminent. transcendentalism ('al-izm), n. the Kantian philosophy which affirms that the primary principles of knowledge are ascertained by the in- vestigation of that which is a priori, or independent of experience; a re- ligious movement in the United States, 1839, associated with Emer- son and Channing. transcribe (-skrib'), V.t. to copy. transcript ('skript), n. a written copy from an original. transcription (-skrip'shun), n. a copy. transept ('sept), n. that part of a church at right angles on either side to the chancel. transfer (trans-fer), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. transferred, p.pr. transferring], to convey from one person or place to another; convey, as a right, title, &c; produce by impression, as an engraving from a lithographic stone: n. (trans'fer), conveyance of a right, title, property, &c, from one person to another; deed by which such a transfer is executed; removal; a sol- dier transferred from one troop or company to another; drawing or writing printed off from one surface to another. transferability (-a-bil'i-ti) , n. the quality of being transferable. transferable ('a-bl), adj. capable of being transferred. Also transferri- ble. transferee (-fer-e'), n. the person to whom anything is transferred. transferrer (-fer'er), n. one who makes a transfer. transfiguration (-fig-u-ra'shun), n. a change of form or appearance, es- pecially the supernatural change in the personal appearance of Jesus Christ on the Mount. transfigure (-fig'ur), v.t. to change the outward form or appearance of. transfix (-fiks'), v.t. to pierce through. transfixion (-fik'shun), n. the act of transfixing; state of being trans- fixed. transform (-f6rm'), v.t. to change the shape or appearance of; con- vert or change the character of; transmute; metamorphose; change the form of (an algebraic equation) into another of different form with- out altering its value. transformation (-forma/shun), n. the act of transforming; state of be- ing transformed; transmutation; metamorphosis; change of character; conversion. transformer (-f6rm'er), n. an in- duction coil for raising or lowering electric pressure. transfuse (-ftiz'), v.t. to pour out of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. TRANSFUSION TRANSPIRE one vessel into another; instil; transfer, as blood, from the veins of a person or animal to those of an- other. transfusion (-fu/zhun), n. the act of transfusing; state of being trans- fused. transgress (-gres'), v.i. to offend by the violation or infraction of any law, rule, &c; sin: v.t. break or vio- late. transgression (-gresh'un), n. the act of violating any law or rule of moral duty; fault; offense; sin. transgressor (-gres'er), n. an of- fender. transient (tran'shent) , adj. fleeting; brief. transit (tran'sit), n. a passage through or over; passage of a heav- enly body across the meridian of a place; passage of an inferior planet across the sun's disc. transition (-sish'un), n. the passage from one place or state to another: change, as of key in music or of the subject of discourse. transitional (-sish'un-al) , adj. in- volving or denoting transition. transitive ('si-tiv), adj. noting an action passing from a subject to an object. transitively (-li), adv. in a transi- tive manner. transitiveness (-nes), n. the state or quality of being transitive. transitorily ('si-to-ri-li), adv. with a short continuance. transitoriness (-nes), n. shortness of duration. transitory ('si-to-ri), adj. continuing but a short time; evanescent; fleet- ing; unstable. translate (trans-laf) , v.t. to render from one language into another; in- terpret; remove to another place or position; remove to heaven without dying. translation (-la/shun), n. the act of translating; that which is trans- lated; removal; version; removal of a bishop from one see to another. ('ter), n. one who trans- (-lu'sent), adj. semi- translator lates. translucent transparent. transmigration (trans-ml-gra'shun) , n. migration from one place to an- other; the passing of the soul from one body to another after death; metempsychosis. transmissibility (-mis-i-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being transmissible. transmissible ('i-bl), adj. that may be passed from one to another, or through a body or substance. transmission (-mish'un), n. the act of transmitting; the things trans- mitted; passage through. Also transmittal. transmit (-mif), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. transmitted, p.pr. transmitting!, to cause or suffer to pass over or through; send from one place or person to another. transmitter ('er), n. one who, or that wmch, transmits ;_ a telegraphic or telephonic sending instrument. transmutation (-mu-ta/shun), n. change from one form, nature, sub- stance, or species, into another. transmute (-muf), v.t. to change from one form, nature, substance, or species into another. transom (tran'som), n. a cross-beam over a door or over the sternpost of a vessel; horizontal mullion or crossbar in a^ window. transparency (trans-par'en-si), n. [pi. transparencies (-siz) ], the state or quality of being transparent; a picture painted on a semi-transpar- ent material through which a light shines. transparent ('ent), adj. having the property of transmitting rays of light; clear. transpiration (-pi-ra/shun), n. - ex- halation through the pores of the skin. transpire (-pir'), v.i. to be excreted through the pores of the skin; be exhaled; become known; come to pass; occur: v.t. to perspire; exhale. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRANSPLANT TRAVEL transplant (-plant'), v.t. to remove and plant in another place; remove and establish. transplantation (-plan-ta'shun), n. the act of transplanting. transport (-port'), v.t. to carry- across or from one place to another; banish as a criminal; carry away by violence of passion, or pleasure: n. (trans'port) conveyance for bag- gage or stores; a vessel employed for carrying troops, stores, &c, from one place to another; violent mani- festation of anger; rapture; ecstasy. transportation (-por-ta'shun), n. banishment for crime; conveyance. transporting (-port'ing) , adj. ravish- ing; ecstatic. transpose (-poz'), v.t. to change the place or order of, by putting each in the place of the other; change the key of; change (a term) from one side of an equation to the other by changing the sign. transposition (-po-zish'un), n. the act of transposing; state of being transposed. Also transposal. transubstantiation (tran-sub-stan- shi-a'shun), n. the doctrine that after consecration the elements in the Eucharist are converted into the veritable body and blood of Christ. transude (-sud'), v.i. to pass or ooze through the pores or interstices of a substance. transverse (trans-vers'), adj. lying or being across or crosswise; broad- er than long. transversely ('li), adv. in a trans- verse direction. trap (trap), n. an instrument shut- ting suddenly with a spring for snar ing game, vermin, and other ani mals; snare; ambush; stratagem; a game played with a bat, ball, and shoe-shaped block of wood: a car- riage on springs; contrivance for preventing the escape of foul air from a drain; heavy igneous rock composed of feldspar, hornblende, &c: pi. baggage; portable articles: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trapped, p.pr. trap- ping], to catch in, or as in a trap; ensnare; take by stratagem; furnish with a trap: v.i. to set traps for game. trapeze (tra-pez'), n. a swinging horizontal bar suspended at each end by a rope, used by gymnasts. trapezium (-pe'zi-um), n. a plane figure bounded by 4 right lines, of which no two are parallel; the out- ermost bone of the second row of the carpus. trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. a plane figure with 4 sides, having 2 sides parallel to each other. trapper ('er), n. one who traps ani- mals, especially to obtain the fur. trappings ('ingz), n.pl. ornamented articles of dress; superficial decora- tions; ornaments for horses. trappist (trap'ist), n. a member of a monastic order founded in the 12th century. trash (trash), n. refuse; worthless or useless matter; rubbish; decayed leaves and stems of the sugar-cane. trashily ('i-li), adv. in a trashy manner. trashiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being trashy. trashy ('i), adj. [comp. trashier, su- perl. trashiest], worthless; useless. trass (tras), n. a tufaceous alluvium or volcanic earth, used as a hy- draulic cement. Also terras. traumatic (traw-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, applied to, suitable for, or produced by, wounds. travado (tra-va'do), n. a sudden squall accompanied with lightning and rain [Spanish]. travail (trav'il or '§!), n. labor with pain; severe toil; parturition: v.i. to suffer the pains of childbirth. trave (trav), n. a wooden frame for confining a horse while being shod. travel (trav'el), v.i. to journey, espe- cially to foreign or distant places; proceed; move: v.t. to m journey over: n. the act of journeying, espe- cially to foreign or distant places: pi. an account of occurrences and things seen during a journey. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRAVELED 900 TREAT traveled ('eld), p.adj. having made journeys: hence experienced. traveler ('el-er), n. one who travels; one who journeys from place to place to solicit custom for a mercan- tile house; a ring that slides along a rope or spar. traverse ('ers), adj. lying or being across: adv. athwart; crosswise: n. a cross piece; something lying or placed across something else; a gal- lery or loft of communication in a church or large building; formal de- nial of the pleadings of the opposite party in a lawsuit; parapet and trench across a ditch; the turning of a gun to command different points: v.t. to lay or place in a cross direction; thwart; multiply; travel or pass over; survey carefully; turn to one side or the other and point, as a piece of ordnance; plane across the grain; deny_ formally: v.i. to turn as on a pivot ' K move round; tread or move crosswise. travesty ('es-ti), n. [pi. travesties (-tiz)], a burlesque or parody: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. travestied, p.pr. trav- estying], to burlesque or parody. trawl (trawl), n. a large net of pe- culiar construction used in deep-sea fishing: v.i. to fish with a trawl. trawler ('er), n. one who trawls; a fishing vessel used in trawling. trawling ('ing), n. the act or pro- cess of fishing with a net which drags along the bottom of the sea. tray (tra), n. [pi. trays _ (traz)], a broad, flat vessel for holding or car- rying dishes, glasses, &c. ; salver. trayf ul ('fool), n. [pi. trayfute ('foolz)] as much as a tray will contain. treacherous (trech'er-us), adj. be- traying a trust; perfidious; faith- less. treachery ('er-i), n. [pi. treacheries (-iz)j, treasonable or perfidious con- duct; perfidy; violation of allegi- ance or faith; treason. treacle (tre'kl), n. a syrup drained from sugar in the process of refining; molasses. tread (tred), v.i. [pi. trod, p.p. trod- den, p.pr. treacling], to step or walk, especially to walk with a more or less stately or measured step; copu- late, as birds: v.t. to walk on; crush under the feet; subdue or vanquish. tread (tred), n. of an automobile, the part of the wheel that comes in con- tact with the ground. treadle ('1), n. that part of a loom or other machine moved by the foot. treadmill ('mil), n. a large wheel driven by persons treading on the steps of the periphery. treason _ (tre'zn), n. the offense of betraying the state or subverting the government of the state to which the offender belongs; rebellion. treasure (trezh'ur), n. accumulated wealth; abundance; plenty; some- thing highly valued: v.t. to lay up or collect for future use; hoard; ac- cumulate; value highly. treasurer (-er), n. one who has the charge of a treasure; a public officer who receives the money collected from taxes, duties, &c. ; one who has charge of collected funds. treasureship (-ship), n. the office of a treasurer. treasury ('ur-i), n. _ [pi. treasuries (-iz) ], a place or building where the public revenues are deposited and the public debts discharged; that department of a government which has charge of the finances; the offi- cials constituting such a department; collection of valuable information or facts. treasury note (not), n. a demand note issued by the United States treasury, and by law made a legal tender for all debts, public and priv- ate, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. treat (tret), v.t. to handle or manage in a particular manner; behave to- ward; entertain with food or drink without cost to the guests: discourse on; manage in the application of remedies: v.i. to discuss; negotiate; agree; give a gratuitous entertain- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TREATISE 901 TREPIDATION ment: n. an entertainment given as an expression of regard; something which affords great pleasure. treatise ('is), n. a written composi- tion on some particular subject, in which its principles are discussed or - explained. treatment ('ment), n. act or man- ner of treating; usage; manage- ment; manipulation. treaty ('i), n. [pi. treaties (-iz) ], the act of treating for the adjust- ment of differences or for forming an agreement; league or agreement be- tween two states, &c; negotiation. treble (treb'l), adj. threefold; triple; pertaining to the highest vocal or instrumental part [music]: n. the highest vocal or instrumental part; soprano: v.t. to make threefold: v.i. to become threefold. tree (tre), n. any woody plant hav- ing a single trunk and branches; anything resembling a tree; a piece of timber; cross: v.t. to drive to a tree; place in difficulty: v.i. to take refuge in a tree. trefoil ('foil), n. any plant of the genus Trifolium, including the clo- vers; an ornamental foliation used in architecture resembling three- leaved clover. treenail ('nal), n. a cylindrical wooden pin used for securing the planks of a ship to the timbers. Also trenail. trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wagon, especially in search of a new settle- ment: n. a journey by wagon [South Africa], trellis (trel'is), n. a structure or frame of lattice-work for supporting vines, &c. trellis- work (-werk), n. small bars nailed together crosswise. tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake in- voluntarily, as with fear, cold, weak- ness, &c; shudder; totter; quaver, as sound: n. an involuntary shak- ing; shiver. trembling (Tbling), adj. shaking as with fear; quivering. tremendous (tre-men'dus), adj. ex- citing fear or terror; dreadful; ter- rible; terrific; marvelous. tremolite (trem'o-lit), n. a white va- riety of hornblende. tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. a tremulous or fluttering effect in vocal or instru- mental music; mechanical device in an organ by which a tremolo is pro- duced. tremor (trem'er), n. an involuntary trembling; quivering or vibratory motion. tremulous ('u-lus), adj. trembling; quivering; shaking; affected with fear or timidity; vibratory. trench (trench), n. a long, narrow cut or ditch excavated in the earth; open ditch for draining; an excava- tion made to interrupt the advance of an enemy, or to cover the advance of troops to a besieged place: v.t. to form a ditch in; dig or cultivate deeply: v.i. to encroach. trenchant ('ant), adj. sharp; keen; severe. trencher ('er), n. one who trenches; a large wooden plate; trencher-cap. trencher-cap (-kap), n. a college cap. trend (trend), n. inclination in a particular direction; general tend- ency; v.i. to have a particular di- rection; tend; stretch. trepan (tre-pan'), n. a cylindrical saw of peculiar construction used in the operation of trepanning: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trepanned, p.pr. trepan- ning], to perform the operation of trepanning: v.t. to perforate with a trepan. trepanning ('ing), n. the surgical operation of making a perforation in the skull and taking out a piece to remove pressure on the brain. trepang (tre-pang'), n. the beche-de- mer. trephine (tre-fin'), n. a surgical in- strument for removing a disk of bone from the skull: v.t. to operate on with a trephine; to trepan. trepidation (trep-i-da'shun), n. an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRESPASS 902 TRIBUTARY involuntary trembling; state of ter- ror or alarm; confused haste. trespass (tres'pas), v.i. to commit any offense; sin; enter unlawfully upon the land of another; intrude; violate any recognized rule of duty or social life: n. the act of trespass- ing; any offense or injury done to the person or property of another; transgression: sin. tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of hair. tressel, same as trestle. trestle (tres'l), n. a movable form for supporting anything; frame of a table. trestle-board _ (-bord), n. a draught- man's designing board. trestle-bridge (tres'1-brij), n. a bridge made of trestle-work. trestle-tree (-tre), n. one of two stout bars of timber secured hori- zontally to a mast to support the cross-trees. trestle-work (-werk), n. a viaduct, pier, or scaffold supported on trestles connected together with cross-beams and braces. trey (tra), n. a 3 at cards or dice; card with 3 spots. tri, a prefix meaning three, threefold, as Wangled, adj. having 3 angles. triable _ (tri'a-bl)^ adj. capable of be- ing tried or subjected to test. triad (tri'ad), n. a union of 3; an element which can replace or direct- ly unite with 3 atoms of hydrogen or similar monatonic element; the common chord of a tone with its third and fifth [music]. trial (trl'al), n. an attempt or en- deavor; examination by test or ex- perience; test of virtue, &c, by suf- fering or temptation; proof; verifi- cation; state of being tried; judicial examination. triandrian (tri-an'dri-an), adj. hav- ing 3 equal and distinct stamens. Also triandrous. triangle ('ang-gD, n. a plane figure bounded by 3 lines, and having 3 angles; a frame of 3 halberds to which offenders against military dis- cipline were secured to be flogged; a musical instrument of steel in the form of a triangle, sounded by being struck with a rod. triangular (-ang'gu-lar), adj. hav- ing 3 angles; shaped like a triangle. triangulated ('gu-lat), v.t. to divide into triangles; survey by means of triangles. triangulation (-la/shun), n. the act of triangulating; the division of a district or a country into triangular portions, as in a trigonometrical survey. tribal ('bal), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, a tribe. tribalism (-izm), n. the state of ex- isting in tribes; tribal characteris- tics or f eeling. tribasic (-ba/sik), adj. noting an acid in which 3 equivalents of hydrogen have been replaced by a metal. tribe (trib), n. a family, race, or class, constituting a distinct portion of a people; a family or series of generations descended from a com- mon ancestor, but kept distinct; na- tion of uncivilized people under one chief; a group of animals or plants intermediate between an order and a genus. tribrach (trl'brak), n. a poetic foot of 3 short syllables. tribulation (trib-u-la/shun), n. severe affliction; deep sorrow; acute trial. tribunal (tri-bu'nal), n. the seat of a judge; court of justice. tribune (trib'un), n. an ancient Ro- man official elected by the people to safeguard their liberties; a bench or elevated place: raised stand or ros- trum from which speeches are deliv- ered. tribuneship (-ship), n. the office or authority of a tribune; period dur- ing which a tribune held office. tributary (trib'u-ta-ri), adj. paying tribute; yielding supplies; contrib- uting to make up a greater object of the same kind: n. a state or govern- ment which pays tribute to a supe- ate* arm^ ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRIBUTE TRIG rior; a stream or river flowing into a larger one. tribute ('tit), n. an annual or stipu- lated sum of money, &c, paid by- one state to another; personal con- tribution made in token of services rendered or acknowledgment due. trice (tris), n. an instant: v.t. to haul; hoist and secure with a small rope. tricentenary, same as tercentenary. triceps (tri'seps), n. the great three- headed extensor muscle of the arm. trichina (tri-ki'na), n. [pi. trichinae ('ne) ], a nemotoid parasitic worm, which infests the muscles of swine and human beings. trichinosis (trik-i-no'sis), n. the dis- ease produced by the presence of trichinae in the muscles and intes- tines. Also trichiniasis. trichology (tri'kol'o-ji), _ n. the sci- entific study of the hair, especially for the cure of baldness. trichord (tri'kord), n. a three-stringed instrument; a piano having three strings to each key for the greater part of its compass. trichroism ('kro-izm), n. the prop- erty of certain crystals of transmit- ting various colors in three different directions. trick (trik), n.^ a stratagem or arti- fice; wile; vicious habit or practice; deception; imposition; legerdemain; clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy; whole number of cards falling to the winner in one round: pi. frolic: v.t. to cheat; impose upon; deceive; delineate without color; decorate or set off (with out). trickery ('er-i), n. deception; cheat- ing; fraud; imposture. trickily ('i-li), adv. in a tricky manner. trickiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being tricky. trickle (1), v.i. to flow gently down or in a small stream; run down in drops: n. a small gentle stream. ^ trickster ('ster), n. a cheat; deceiver. tricksy ('si), adj. full of tricks; pretty. tricktrack ('trak), n. an old game resembling backgammon. tricky ('i), adj. given to tricks; knavish; shifty; artful; cunning. triclinic (trl-klin'ik), adj. having 3 unequal axes intersecting at oblique angles. triclinium (-klin'i-um), n. [pi. tri- clinia (-a) ], a couch, usually ac- commodating 3 persons for reclin- ing at meals; a dining-room fur- nished with couches on 3 sides. tricolor ('kul-er), n. a, national flag of 3 colors arranged in equal stripes. tricontahedral (-kon-ta-he'dral), adj. having 30 sides. tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), adj. three- pointed. tricycle (tri'si-kl), n. a three-wheeled modernized form of velocipede: v.i. to ride on a tricycle. trident ('dent), n. a scepter or spear with 3 prongs, especially the scepter of Neptune: hence sovereignty of the sea. tridentate (-den'tat), adj. having 3 teeth or prongs. tried (trid), p. adj. proved; tested; trustworthy; faithful. triennial (tri-en'i-al), adj. occurring in, or continuing for, three years. triennially (-i), adv. once in 3 years. trier ('er), n. one who tries or makes experiments; a judge; test. trifid ('fid), adj. three-cleft. trifle ('fl), n. anything of little value or importance; a light kind of dish made of sponge-cakes soaked in sherry and covered with jam, cream, &c: v.i. ^ to act or talk with levity; indulge in light or frivolous amuse- ments: v.t. to waste or fritter away. trifling ('fling), adj. of small value or importance. trifoliate (-fo'li-at), adj. three-leaved. triforium ('ri-um), n. the open, gal- lery or arcade above the arches of a church, separating the nave arches from the aisles. trifurcate (-fer'kat), adj. three- forked. trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trigged, p.pr. trigging], to skid or stop (a wheel) : n. a skid. Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRIGGER 904 TRIPLE ALLIANCE trigger ('er), n. a catch which, when pulled, releases the hammer of a gun. triglyph (tri'glif), n. an ornament of the Doric frieze placed directly over each column and at equal dis- tances. trigonal (trig'6-nal), adj. three-cor- nered. trigonometric (-o-nd-met'rik) , adj. pertaining to, or done by, trigonome- try. Trigonometrical. trigonometrically (-al-i), adv. by trigonometry. trigonometry (-nom'e-tri), n. the science of measuring the sides and angles of triangles, and ascertaining the relations between them by cer- tain parts which are given. trihedral (-he'dral), adj. having 3 sides. trihedron ('dron), n. a figure having 3 sides. trilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. three- sided. trilaterally (-i), adv. with 3 sides. trilinear (-lin'e-ar), adj. three-lined. trilith Clith), n. a monument formed by three stones, two upright and one across the others. Also trilithon. trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver of the voice: v.t. to sing with a quaver: v.i. to quaver. trillion (tril'yun), n. in the French system of numeration, followed in the United States, a unit with 12 ciphers annexed; in the English sys- tem, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. trilobite (tri'lo-bit), n. a fossil crus- tacean of the Palaeozoic period. trilogy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of three dramas each complete in itself, but forming one poetical and historical picture trim (trim), adj. [comp. trimmer, superl. trimmest], neat; compact; in good order or service: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], to decorate or adorn; make trim; ad- just; make smooth: v.i. to balance or fluctuate between parties. trimmer ('er), n. one who trims; time-server; joist into which others are framed. trimorphism (tri-mor'fizm), n. the property of _ crystallizing in three forms; co-existence among individ- uals of the same species of 3 distinct forms, unconnected by intermediate gradations. Trinitarianism (-izm), n. the doc- trine that there are three Persons in the Trinity. trinitrotoluol (tri-ni'tro-tol'u-5l), n. a modern explosive for shells, com- posed of nitric acid and toluol, used in the European war; abbreviated T. N. T. Trinity ('i-ti), n. the union of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost in one Godhead: one God as to sub- stance, three Persons as to individ- uality. Trinity Sunday (sun'da), n. the Sunday next after Whitsunday. trinket (tring'ket), n. anything small and of little value; small ornament or jewel. trinomial (tri-no'mi-al), adj. con- sisting of 3 terms, connected by the sign X or — . trio (tre'o), n. a set of 3; 3 united; composition for 3 voices or instru- ments. trional (tri'o-nal), n. a crystalline product of coal tar used in medicine. trip (trip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. tripped, p.pr. tripping], to run or step light- ly or nimbly; take short, quick steps; stumble; err; take an excursion tripartite (trip'ar-tit or tri-par'tit), adj. divided into 3 parts. tripe (trip),n. the large stomach of a ruminating animal prepared for food. triplane (tri'plan), n. an aeroplane of three planes or sustaining sur- faces, the lowest bearing the aviator. triple ('1), adj. threefold; consisting of 3 united; 3 times repeated. triple alliance (trip'l al-I'ans), n. originally the compact between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and It- aly, for defensive purposes; made ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRIPLE ENTENTE 905 TROMOMETER dual alliance by the withdrawal of Italy at outbreak of the European war of 1914. triple entente (trip'l an-tant'), n. the alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia, for defensive purposes. triplet ('let), n. 3 united: pi. 3 chil- dren of one birth. triplicate ('li-kat), adj. threefold. tripod (trl'pod), n. a three-legged stool or table; the seat supported by 3 legs on which the pythoness sat when giving responses at the Del- phic oracle. tripoli (trip'o-li), n. an earthy sub- stance consisting of siliceous shells of diatoms. triptych ('tik), n. a writing-tablet in 3 parts; a panel, usually an altar piece, consisting of 3 compartments, two of them folding over the middle one which is fixed. trireme (trl'rem), n. an ancient gal- ley with three banks of oars. trisect (tri-sekf), v.t. to divide into three equalfparts. trisection (-sek'shun), n. division into 3 parts, especially an angle into 3 equal parts. trisyllable (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a word of three syllables. trite (trit), adj. worn out; stale. tritely ('li), adv. in a trite manner. triteness ('nes), n. the quality of being trite. Tritheism (trl'the-izm) , n. the doc- trine that the three Persons in the Trinity are distinct Gods. Triton (trl'ton), n. one of the sea- gods of Greek mythology, son of Neptune and Venus. triturate (trit'u-rat) , v.t. to rub, grind, or bruise to powder. trituration (-ra'shun), n. the act of triturating or reducing to powder. triumph (trl-umf), n. a grand pro- cession in honor of a general who has gained a decisive victory; state of joy at success; victory; conquest: v.i. to rejoice over success; obtain a victory. triumphal (-um'fal), adj. pertaining to, indicating, or in honor of, a tri- umph. triumphant ('fant), adj. rejoicing for victory; victorious. triumvir (-um'ver), n. {pi. triumviri ('vi-ri)', one of three men united in office. triumvirate ('vi-rat), n. a coalition of three men in office or authority. triune ('un), adj. 3 in one. trivalent (triv'a-lent) , adj. capable of being combined with, or replaced by, 3 atoms of hydrogen. trivet ('et), n. a stand for holding a kettle, &c, near the fire. trivial ('i-al), adj. trifling; common- place. triviality (-al'i-ii), n. {pi. triviali- ties (-tiz)J, the state or quality of being trivial. trocha (trot'sha), n. a military high- road. trochee (tro'ke), n. a medicinal lozenge. trochee ('ke), n. a metrical foot of 2 syllables: the first long, the second short. trochlear (trok'le-ar), adj. pulley- like: said of certain muscles. trod, p.t. of tread. troglodyte (trog'lo-dit), n. a cave dweller: said of certain tribes. Trojan (tro'jan), adj. pertaining to Troy troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess of supernatural powers; sorceress; a kind of song; reel on a fishing-rod: v.t. to sing the parts of in succes- sion: v.i. to fish, as for pike, with a rod and line running on a reel. trolley ('i), n. a kind of truck; a grooved metal wheel traveling in contact with a live electric wire. trolley car (kar), n. a car propelled by means of a trolley and an electric motor. troppop ('up), n. a. slattern. trombone (trom'bon), n. a large brass instrument of the trumpet kind. tromometer (tro-mom'e-ter), n. an ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TROOP 906 TRUCULENT instrument for measuring earth tre- mors. troop (troop), n. a multitude; small body of cavalry, usually 60; soldiers collectively; company of performers: v.i. to march in a body; collect in crowds. trooper _ ('er), n. a cavalryman; troopship. trope (trop), n. a word or expression used in a sense different from its usual signification; figurative word. trophy ('fi), n. [pi. trophies ('fiz)], a memorial of a victory; memento. tropic (trop'ik), n. one of the two small circles of the celestial sphere, situated at each side of the equator, at a distance of 23° 28' and parallel to it, within the limits of which the sun moves in his yearly course; re- gion between the tropics. tropical ('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or situated within, the tropics; fig- urative. tropically (-i), adv. figuratively. trot (trot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. trotted, p.pr. trotting], to move faster than a walk: v.t. to cause to trot: n. the pace of a horse a little faster than a walk; jogging pace; term of endear- ment. troth (troth), n. betrothal; fidelity. trotter (trot'er), n. a trotting horse; sheep's or pig's foot. trotyl (tro'til), n. popular name of a highly explosive compound used in bombs and mines in recent warfare. troubadour (troo'ba-door), n. one of a class of lyric poets who flourished in the south of France and north of Italy llth-13th centuries. trouble (trub'l), n. mental agitation, distress, or worry; fault or interrup- tion in the stratum of a mine: v.t. to agitate, distress, or worry; give occasion of labor to. troublesome (-sum), adj. causing trouble. trough (trof), n. a long, hollow ves- sel for holding a liquid, food, &c; anything hollowed out. trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat soundly. trouncing ('ing), n. a severe beating. troupe (troop), n. a company of per- formers. trousers (trou'zerz), n.pl. a garment worn by men and boys, from the waist to the ankles, and covering each leg separately. trousseau (troo-so'), n. [pi. trous- seaux (-soz')], a bride's outfit. trout (trout), n. a fresh-water fish allied to the salmon, but smaller. trove (trov), n. that which is found unexpectedly; used generally with the word "treasure," as, "treasure trove." trover (tro'ver), n. the gaining pos- session of goods by finding or other means; an action at law for goods found and not delivered on demand. trow (trou), v.i. to believe; trust. trowel ('el), n. a flat, triangular tool used for spreading mortar; a gar- dener's tool. troyweight (troi'wat), n. a weight of 12 ounces to the pound, used by goldsmiths and jewelers. truancy (troo'an-si), n. playing tru- ant. truant ('ant), n. one who absents himself from school without leave; one who idles away from duty or business; loiterer: adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of a truant; idle. truce (troos), n. a temporary peace or cessation of hostilities; brief ces- sation. truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle for carrying goods; small wooden wheel; small wooden cap on the top of a flagstaff, &c; barter; garden vegeta- bles: v.t. to send by truck; peddle; hawk: v.i. to exchange commodities; barter; negotiate. truckle ('1), n. a small wheel or cas- ter: v.t. trundle; move on rollers: v.i. to yield obsequiously to another's will. truckle-bed (-bed), n. a trundle-bed. truculence ('ti-lens), n. ferocity. truculent ('u-lent), adj. ferocious; of fierce aspect. ate, arm, i t at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. L TRUDGE 907 TRY trudge (truj), v.i. to travel on foot, especially with labor or fatigue. true (troo), adj. [comp. truer, superl. truest], comformable tofact; faith- ful or loyal; genuine; rightful; cor- rect. true-blue ('bloo), adj. of inflexible honesty and fidelity. truffle (truf'l), n. a fleshy under- ground fungus much esteemed as a table delicacy. truism (troo'izm), n. a self-evident truth. truly ( ; li), adv. in agreement with truth or fact; precisely; sincerely; honestly. trump (trump), n. a trumpet; a win- ning card; one of the suit of cards that takes any of the other suits; a genuine good fellow: v.t. to take with a trump card: v.i. to play a trump card. trumpery ('er-i), n. worthless finery; rubbish: adj. worthless; insignifi- cant. trumpet ('et), n. a metal wind in- strument formed of a single curved tube; an organ stop: v.t. to publish by, or as by, the sound of trumpet; noise abroad; praise extravagantly. trumpeter ('er), n. one who sounds a trumpet; one who proclaims; self- flatterer; a variety of pigeon; an American swan. truncal (trung'kal), adj. pertaining to the trunk. truncate ('kat), adj. appearing as if cut off at the tip : v.t. (trung-kaf) to lop. truncated ('ka-ted), adj. cut off short. truncheon (trun'chun), n. a short staff or cudgel; baton or staff of au- thority: v.t. to beat with a trun- cheon. trundle ('dl), v.t. to roll along; roll, as on small wheels: n. a little wheel; truck. trundle-bed Coed), n. a low bed that runs on casters. trunk (trungk), n. the stem of a tree; body of an animal, as distin- guished from the head and limbs; main body of anything; elephant's proboscis; large traveling box or chest; shaft of a column. trunk-hose ('hoz), n. large breeches reaching to the knees. trunnion (trun'yun), n. one of the two bosses which project from the opposite sides of a cannon. truss (trus), n. a surgical apparatus for the relief of hernia; a bundle or package; timbers fastened together for the support of a roof; rope or iron for keeping the center of the lower yard to the mast; tuft of flow- ers formed at the top of the main stalk or stem of certain plants: v.t. to bind or pack close; seize and carry off; skewer; make fast. trust (trust), n. confidence; faith; credit; special reliance on presumed integrity; combination of capitalists to secure a monopoly; an estate held for the benefit of another: v.t. to place confidence in; rely upon; cred- it; sell upon credit to: v.t. to have trust in: adj. held in trust. trustee (trus-te'), n. a person to whom property or the management of property is committed for the benefit of others. trusteeship (-ship), n. the office or functions of a trustee. trustful (trust 'fool), adj. full of trust; faithful. trustfully (-i), adv. in a trustful manner. trustiness ('i-nes), n. the quality of being trusty. trusty ('i), adj. [comp. trustier, su- perl. trustiest], justly deserving con- fidence, faithful. truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], agree- ment with reality; eternal principle of right, or law of order; veracity; fidelity; fact. truthful ('fool), adj. according to, adhering to, or speaking, the truth; reliable. truthfully (-i), adv. in a truthful manner. try (tri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tried, p.pr. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TRYING 908 TUMEFY trying], to prove by experiment; test or prove; examine; purify or refine; subject to severe trial; ex- amine judicially; subject to strain: n. an attempt or experiment. trying ('ing), adj. afflictive; difficult. trypanosome (tri-pan'o-som), n. a protozoal disease germ, of which there are various species, including the microbe of sleeping-sickness. try-sail ('sal), n. a sail set on the fore and main masts, rigged with a boom and gaff. tryst (trist), n. a rendezvous; place of meeting; appointment to meet; meeting in accordance with appoint- ment. tsar, another form of czar. tsarina, same as czarina. tsetse fly (set'se-ni), n. an African fly with biting mandibles that transmit the germs of protozoal diseases, in- cluding sleeping-sickness. T-square (te'skwar), n. a draughts- man's ruler. tuatera (too-a-ta'ra), n. a New Zea- land carnivorous lizard. tub (tub), n. a small cask; sponge bath: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tubbed, p.pr. tubbing], to place in a tub: v.i. to take a sponge bath. tubby ('i), adj. tub-shaped. tube (tub), n. a hollow cylinder for conveying fluids; pipe: v.t. to fur- nish with a tube. tuber (tu'ber), n. a thickened, round- ish, underground stem. tubercle (-kl), n. a small hard local tumor; little tuber. tubercular ('ku-ler), adj. full of small knobs or tubercles. tuberculin (tu-ber'ku-lln), n. a fluid derived from several cultures of the bacillus of tuberculosis. tuberculosis (-15 'sis), n. a disease accompanied by the formation of small tubercles in the tissues. tuberous ('ber-us), adj. consisting of roundish fleshy tubers. tuberose ('ber-os), n. an odoriferous plant with a tuberous root and lilia- ceous flowers. tubing ('bing), n. material for tubes. tubular ('bu-lar), adj. tube-shaped; consisting of a tube or tubes. tuck (tuk), n. a fold in a dress; roll of a drum: v.t. to thrust or press in; gather, or turn up; fold under. tuck-a-hoe ('a-ho), n. a curious veg- etable production somewhat resem- bling the truffle; Indian bread. tucker ('er), n. ornamental frilling or article of dress for shading the bosom of a woman. tucum (too'kum), n. a South Ameri- can palm, yielding a valuable fiber. Tuesday (tuz'da), n. the 3rd day of the week. tufa (too'fa), n. friable volcanic rock or scoriae; soft or porous stone formed by the deposition of carbon- ate of lime from water. Tuff. tuft (tuft), n. a collection of small things forming a knot or bunch: v.t. to separate into, or adorn with, tufts. tuft-hunter (-hun'ter), n. one who courts the acquaintance of persons of rank. tug (tug), n. a pull with great effort; steam towing vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tugged, p.pr. tugging], to pull or draw with continued effort; tow: v.i. to strain in labor. tuition (tii-ish'un), n. act or busi- ness of teaching; instruction; fee for instruction. tulip ('lip), n. a liliaceous plant with bell-shaped flowers. tulle (tool), n. a delicate silk lace or netting. tumble (tum'bl), v.i. to fall suddenly and violently; roll about: v.t. to throw down; turn over: n. a fall; a rolling over. tumbler ('bier), n. one who tumbles; posture maker; a kind of drinking- glass; variety of pigeon. tumbrel ('brel), n. sl cart that may be tilted up; two-wheeled covered cart for conveying tools, ammuni- tion, &c, in a military train. Also tumbril. tumefy (tu'me-fl), v.t. to make to swell; v.i. to swell. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TUMID 909 TUREEN tumid ('mid), adj. swollen; distended; bombastic; pompous. tumidity ('i-ti), n. the state or qual- ity of being tumid. tumor ('mer), n. a morbid swelling or enlargement of any part of the body. turn- turn (tum'tum), n. a West In- dian dish of boiled plantain. tumult (tu'mult), n. the commotion of a number of people; noisy con- fusion; riot. tumultuous (-mul'tu-us), adj. char- acterized by, or full of, tumult; dis- orderly; agitated. tumulus ('mu-lus), n. [pi. tumuli (-11)], an artificial hillock raised over a grave. tun (tun), n. a large cask; measure of wine = 252 gallons; fermenting vat of a brewery. tunable (tun'a-bl), adj. capable of being tuned; harmonious; melodi- ous. tundra (toon'dra), n. a stretch of mossy, marshy, flat land in Northern Siberia. tune (tun), n. a series of musical notes with unity of key-note; mel- ody; short musical composition; just intonation; fit disposition or right mood: v.t. to cause to produce the proper sounds; harmonize. tuneful ('fool), adj. musical; har- monious. tunefully (-H), adv. harmoniously. tuner ('er), n. one who tunes musical instruments. tungsten (tung'sten), n. a rare, heavy, greyish-white metal. tungstic acid ('stik as'id), n. an acid of tungsten consisting of 1 equivalent of tungsten and 3 of oxy- gen. tunic (tu'nik), n. an undergarment worn by both sexes of the ancient Romans; loose kind of frock worn by women and boys; military coat; membrane covering some organ; cov- ering, as of a seed. tunicated ('ni-ka-ted), adj. covered with a membrane. tunicle (tun-i-kl), n. a small tunic; a close-fitting vestment worn by Ro- man Catholic bishops and sub-dea- cons. tuning-fork (tu'ning-fork), n. a me- tallic instrument with prongs, which, when rapped or struck, vibrate regularly, giving a tone of a certain pitch. tunnel (tun'el), n. a vaulted under- ground passage cut through a hill or under a river ;^ funnel; shaft of a chimney; net wide at the mouth and ending in a point: v.t. to form a tunnel through or under. tunny ('i), n. [pi. tunnies ('iz) ], a large marine fish allied to the mack- erel. tupelo (tii-pe-lo), n. a North American tree with red berries and a very hard wood. turacine (too'ra-sin), n. a red pig- ment. Turanian (tu-ra'ni-an), adj. noting generally those languages and peo- ples not included in the Aryan and Semitic families. turban (ter'ban), n. the headdress worn by Orientals, consisting of a cap around which a sash is wrapped. turbary ('ba-ri), n. right of digging turf on the land of another; place where turf is dug. turbid Cbid), adj. muddy; thick. turbine ('bin), n. a wheel turning on a vertical axis and driven by steam or water. turbit ('bit), n. a variety of pigeon. turbot Cbot), n. a large flat fish. turbulence Cbu-lens), n. disorder; agitation. turbulent Cbu-lent), adj. tumultu- ous; agitated; insubordinate; riot- ous. Turco ('ko), n. an Arab sharpshooter in the French army. Turcophile ('ko-fil), n. a supporter of the Turks in their domination over the Slavonic Christians. Also Turcophil. tureen (tu-ren'), n. a deep table-ves- sel for holding soup. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TURF 910 TUSSOCK turf (terf), n. the grassy surface of untilled land; race-course; occupa- tion of racing (with the): v.t. to cover with turf. turfiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being turfy. turfing ('ing), n. the laying down of turf. turfite ('it), n. one who makes his living by, or is devoted to, horse- racing. turfy ('i) , adj. aboundingin, or like turf. turgescence (-jes'ens), n. inflation. turgescent Cent), adj. growing in- flated. turgid ('jid), adj. distended beyond the natural size; inflated; bombastic. turkey ^terk'i), n. a large fowl whose flesh is much prized by Americans; usually selected for feast-days such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. turkey-trot, n. a modern one-step, syncopated-time dance; named from the high, single steps or trot of the turkey; accompanied by eccentric and sensational motions and posi- tions; widely prohibited as immod- est. See tango. Turkish ('ish), n. the language of the Turks: adj. pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. Turkish-bath, (-bath), n. a hot air bath. turmeric (ter'mer-ik) , n. the root- stock of an East Indian plant, yield- ing a yellow color used in dyeing. turmoil ('moil), n. harassing labor; worrying confusion; noise. turn (tern), v.t. to cause or make to go round; change the direction of; change from one state to another; reverse; convert; transform; trans- late; bend back; blunt; make giddy; nauseate; expel: v.i. to have a cir- cular motion; be changed; move as on a pivot; recoil: n. the act of turning; movement in a circular direction; bend or curve; change of direction; opportunity; good or evil act; short spell; form or cast; fright or shock; single twist or bend of a rope. turncoat (tern'kot), n. one who deserts his party or his cause; a renegade. turndun ('dun), n. a flat piece of wood shaped like a fish which when whirled in the air makes a roaring noise: used by certain savage races. turner ('er), n. one who turns; one who turns articles in a lathe; a kind of pigeon. turnery ('er-i), n. articles made in the lathe. turning ('ing), n. the act of one who, or that which., turns; deviation; a winding. turnip ('ip), n. a well-known plant with a solid bulbous root. turnkey ('ke), n. a prison warder. turnpike Cpik), n. a gate or bar to stop vehicles, and sometimes foot passengers, &c, until toll is paid. turpentine ('pen-tin), n. the resin- ous or viscid juice of pine and fir trees. turpitude ('pi-tud), n. moral de- pravity. turquoise (ter'kois), n. a precious stone. turret (tur'et), n. a small tower; cylindrical rotary iron tower on a man-of-war. turreted (-ed), adj. furnished with turrets.. turtle (ter'tl), n. a large edible sea- tortoise; the turtle-dove. turtle-dove (-duv), n. a species of dove, noted for its gentleness and tenderness. Tuscan Order (tus'kan 6r'der), n. the most simple of the 5 orders of classic architecture. tush (tush), inter j. an expression of contempt, rebuke, or silence. tusk (tusk), n. the long, pointed tooth on each side of the upper jaw of certain mammals. tussah (tus'a), n. an inferior kind of silk. Also tussore, tusseh. tussle ('1), n. a scuffle: v.i. to scuffle or struggle. tussock ('ok), n. a tuft, clump, or small hillock of grass; a species of ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. L TUT 911 TWITTER tuffy grass, valuable for fodder. Also tussac. tut (tut) , inter j. hush! be quiet! tutelage (tu'te-laj), n. guardianship. tutelary ('te-la-ri), adj. protecting. tutenag ('te-nag), n. Chinese copper. tutor ('ter), n. a teacher; guardian: v.t. to instruct; train or discipline. tutorial (-to'ri-al), adj. pertaining to, or exercised by, a tutor or instructor. tutorship ('ter-ship), n. the office of a tutor; guardianship. tuttifrutti (tut-i-frut-i), n. a con- fection of several kinds of preserved fruits. tuxedo (tuxs-e'do), n. a sack coat used in lieu of a full-dress coat on semi-formal occasions. twaddle (twod'l), n. silly talk: v.t. to talk in a silly or weak manner. twain (twan), n. & adj. two. twang _ (twang), n. a sharp, quick, vibrating sound; affected nasal tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to sound with a sharp pull or pinch. tweed (twed), n. a soft, woolly cloth material. tweezers (twe'zers), n.pl. small pinch- ers for pulling out hairs. twelfth (twelfth), adj. next in order after the eleventh: n. one of 12 equal parts. • Twelfth Day (da), n. Epiphany. twelvemo (twelv'mo), n. duodecimo. twentieth (twen'ti-eth), adj. the or- dinal of 20: n. one of 20 equal parts. twenty ('ti), adj. twice 10: n. the number which is one more than 19; a score. twice (twis), adv. two times; doubly. twiddle (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in a light manner; touch lightly: v.t. to move with a quivering motion: n. a twist of the fingers. twig (twig), n. a sma shoot or branch: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. twigged, p.pr. twigging], to notice; under- stand; v.i. to comprehend. twilight (twl'lit), n. the faint light before sunrise and after sunset; partial illumination: adj. obscure; shaded. twilight sleep (twl'lit slep), n. a con- dition of partial narcosis induced by the drugs morphine and scopolamin administereed according to a method devised at Freiburg and designed to make childbirth painless. twill (twil), n. an appearance of diagonal lines in textile fabrics; fabric woven with a twill: v.t. to weave, as a fabric, with diagonal lines. twin (twin), adj. double; closely re- sembling: n. one of two born at a birth; any person or thing very like another. twine (twin), v.t. to twist; wind round; unite closely : v.i. to be close- ly united by twisting: n. a twist; strong thread. twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with a sudden sharp pain; twitch: v.i. to suffer a twinge: n. a sudden sharp pain. twinkle (twing'kl), n. a quick mo- tion of the eye; short, tremulous light; an instant: v.i. to open and shut the eyes rapidly; blink; shine with a tremulous, sparkling light; quiver. twirl (twerl), v.t. to move or turn round rapidly; whirl: v.i. to rotate rapidly: n. a quick, circular mo- tion; convolution. twist (twist), v.t. to unite or form by winding together; wind spirally; interlace; writhe or contort; cause to turn from a direct line: v.i. to be contorted; move in a curve: n. the act of twisting; convolution; man- ner of twisting; cord or thread; kind of roll tobacco. twit (twit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. twitted p.pr. twitting], to annoy by remind- ing of a fault, &c; upbraid. twitch (twich), v.t. to pull with a sudden jerk: v.i. to contract or move quickly or spasmodically: n. a sud- den jerk or pull; short spasmodic convulsion. twitch-gras ( p gras), n. couch-grass. twite (twit), n. the mountain linnet. twitter (twit'er), v.i. to make a suc- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TWO 912 TYRANNICAL cession of small, tremulous sounds, as a bird; feel a tremulous, nervous motion: n. a small, tremulous noise; slight nervous agitation. two (too), adj. one and one: n. the number of one and one. twopenny (tup'en-i), adj. of the value of twopence; trumpery; vulgar; worthless. twoply (too'pli), adj. of two thick- nesses. tycoon (ti-koon'), n. the title for- merly assumed by the commander- in-chief of the Japanese army. tying (ti'ing), p.pr. of tie: n. the process of washing ores. tyler, same as tiler. tympan (tim'pan), n. the parchment- covered frame on which sheets are laid to be printed. two-step (too-step), n. a simple modern dance that for a time super- seded the waltz in popular favor. ^ tympanic (-pan'ik), adj. pertaining to a tympan or tympanum. Also tympanal. tympanum ('pa-num), n. the mem- branous wall which separates the in- ternal from the external ear; the drum of the ear; flat triangular part of a pediment; hollow drum-shaped wheel. type (tip), v.t. to typify; reproduce by a typewriter: n. an emblem, sign, or symbol; figure or design stamped on coin; distinguishing mark; gen- eral form or structure; original de- sign; a letter in metal or wood for printing from. Different sizes of printing types are indicated by dis- tinguishing names and by means of a unit of type measurement, which in the United States is one-twelfth of a pica. SIZES OP TYPE Eriliiant ess %% point. Diamond = 4 point. Pearl s= 5 point. Agate = 5K point. Nonpareil = 6 point. Minion = 7 point. Brevier = 8 point. Bourgeois = 9 point. Long Primer = 10 point. Small Pica = 11 point. Pica= 12 point English = 14 point. Columbian =16 point. Gt. Primer=18point type-metal ('met-al), n. an alloy of lead, antimony and tin for casting type. typewriter ('ri-ter), n. a mechanical contrivance for producing letters by means of an 'nked ribbon and types; a typewriting-machine; an operator of a typewriting machine. typhoid (tl'foid), adj. pertaining to, or like, typhus: n. an enteric fever occasioned by defective drains, &c. typhoon (-foon'), n. a violent toms* do in the Chinese and Japanese seas. typhus ('fus), n. a contagious fever often occurring as an epidemic. typical (tip'i-kal), adj. figurative. typically (-i), adv. figuratively. typify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. typified, p.pr. typifying], to represent by an image or embtem; foreshadow. typist (tip'ist), n. one who operates a typewriting machine. typographer (ti-pog'ra-fer), ft. a printer. typographical (-po-graf'i-kal), adj. pertaining to the art of printing, Also typographic. typographically (-i), adv. by means of type; employed in printing. typography (-pog'ra-fi), n. the art of printing. typogravure (tip'o-gra-vur'), n. a half-toned p*hoto-engraved block for simultaneous printing with printing with type matter. typology (-pol'o-ji), n. the doctrine of Scripture types or figures. typothetae (ti-poth'e-ta), n. printers; typesetters. tyrannical (-ran'i-kal), adj. pertain- ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. TYRANNICALLY 913 TYROTOXIN Hig to, or characteristic of, a tyrant; despotic; cruel. Also tyrannic. tyrannically (-i), adv. in a tyrannical manner. tyrannize (tir'an-iz), v.i. to act like a tyrant; rule with oppressive se- verity. tyrannous ('an-us), adj. arbitrary; tyrannical. tyranny ('an-i), the government or conduct of a tyrant; severity; absolute monarchy imperiously ad- ministered. tyrant (ti'rant), n. an oppressor; despot. Tyrian (tir'i-an), adj. pertaining to ancient Tyre; of a rich purple color. tyro (ti'ro), n. a beginner; novice. Tyrolese (tir-o-lez'), adj. pertaining to the Tyrol or its natives. tyrolienne (-o-le-en'), n. a popular song of the Tyrolese mountaineers, accompanied with dancing. tyrotoxin (ti-ro-tok'sin), n. a toxin producing the symptoms spoken of as cheese-poisoning. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. Die. 58 u U, the twenty-first letter of the Eng- lish alphabet; a chemical symbol for uranium. ubiquitous (u-bik'wi-tus) , adj. ex- isting everywhere; omnipresent. ubiquity ('wi-ti), n. omnipresence. udder (ud'der), n. the glandular organ of a mammal which secretes the milk. uglily (ug'li-li), adv. in an ugly man- ner. ugliness (-nes), n. total absence of beauty ;deformity, physical or moral. ugly (li), adj. [comp. uglier, superl. ugliest], that which is offensive to the eye; deformed. uhlan (u'lan), n. one of a light cavalry in the German army. ukase (-kas'), n. a Russian imperial decree having the force of a law. ukelele (u-ka-la-le) , n. Hawaiian musical instrument. ulcer (ul'ser), n. a sore, attended with a secretion of pus. ulcerate (-at), v.t. to affect with an ulcer: v.i. to be formed into an ulcer. ulceration (-a'shun), n. the process of forming into an ulcer. ulcerous ('ser-us), adj. ulcer-like. ule (til), n. a Mexican tree which yields caoutchouc. ulna ('na), n. the larger of the two bones that form the fore-arm. ulnar ('ner), adj. pertaining to the ulna. ulster (ul'ster), n. a long, loose over- coat of coarse cloth. ulterior (-te'ri-er), adj. lying beyond or on the further side; more distant; beyond something else either ex- pressed or implied. ultima ('ti-ma), n. the last syllable of a word. ultimate ('ti-mat), adj. being the last; utmost; furthest; extreme; final. ultimately (-li), adv. finally. ultimatum (-ti-ma'tum), n. [pi. ulti- mata, ultimatums ('ta, 'tumz) ], final conditions offered as the basis of an agreement prior to the declara- tion of hostilities. ultimo ('ti-mo), adv. in the month preceding the present. ultra ('tra), adj. extreme. ultramarine (-ma-ren), n. a beauti- ful, permanent, blue pigment, orig- inally obtained from lapis-lazuli. ultramontane (-mon'tan), adj. be- ing beyond the mountains (the Alps); pertaining to, or character- istic of, ultramontanism. ultramontanism (-izm), n. extreme views of the Pope's authority and infallibility. ultramontanist (-ist), n. a sup- porter of ultramontanism. ultra-violet rays (ul'tra-vi-6-let ras), n. the very short rays beyond the violet of the visible speatrum. These rays have strong actinic and bac- tericidal power and they are used in the treatment of superficial germ diseases. ululation (ul-u-la'shun), n. a howl- ing like a dog. umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like inflo- rescence radiating from a common center. umbelliferous (-if'er-us), adj. pro- ducing or bearing umbels. Umbel- late, umbellated. umber ('ber), n. a brown pigment; the grayling: adj. of an olive-brown color. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (914) UMBILICAL 915 UNCLE umbilical (-bil'i-klil), adj. pertaining to, or formed like, the navel. umbles ('biz), n.pl. a deer's entrails. umbo Cbo), n. the boss of a shield; point of a bivalve-shell immediately above the hinge. umbra ('bra), n. the dark cone of a shadow projected from a planet or satellite on the side opposite to the sun; the dark central part of a sun- spot. umbrage Cbraj), n. screen of trees or foliage; offense. umbrageous (-bra' jus), adj. shady. umbrella (-brel'a), n. a covered slid- ing frame carried in the hand as a screen against the rain or sun. umlaut (oom'lout), n. the change of a vowel in one syllable through the influence of a vowel in the succeed- ing syllable. umpire (um'pir), n. a third party to whom a dispute is referred for set- tlement; one chosen in a game to see that its rules are observed: v.i. to act as umpire. unabated (un-a-ba'ted) , adj. undi- minished; not lessened or decreased. unabridged (un-a-brij'd), adj. not shortened or condensed; in size like the original form. unadorned (un-a-dornd') , adj. with- out adornment; plain; simple. unadulterated (un-a-dul'ter-a-ted) , adj. unmixed; unalloyed. unanimity (u-na-nim'i-ti), n. agree- ment in opinion. unanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj agree- ing in opinion. unapproachable (un-a-proch'a-bl) adj. that which cannot be approached. unarm (un-arm'), v.t. to disarm. unassuming (un-a-sum'ing), adj. without pretense; modest. unau (u'naw), n. the two-toed sloth. unbalanced (un-bal'anst), adj. out of balance; unsound in mind. unbar (un-bar'), v.t. to take away the bars; to remove the fastenings. unbearable (un-bar 'a-bl), adj. not to be endured. unbecoming (un-be-kum'ing), adj. ill-suited; not worthy of; not be- coming. unbelief (un'be-lef), n. skepticism. unbend (-bend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- bent, p.pr. unbending], to free from flexure; relax; unfasten from the yards and spars: v.i. -to become re- laxed; act with freedom or conde- scension. unbiased (un-bi'ast), adj. unpreju- diced; not favoring either side or party, or opinion. unbidden (un-bid'n), adj. uninvited; unasked. unbleached (un-blechf), adj. not whitened; not bleached. unblemished (un-blem'isht), adj. pure; without stain or blemish. unblushing (un-blush'ing), adj. un- ashamed; without modesty. unbosom (un-booz'um), v.t. to confess; to tell one's secrets. unbounded (un-bound'ed), adj. un- limited; boundless. unbridled (un-bri'dld), adj, unre- strained; unhampered. unbroken (un-bro'kn), adj. whole; untamed; not interfered with. uncalled (un-kawld'), adj. not sum- moned; not chosen. uncanny (-kan'i), adj. weird; mys- terious; dangerous; unpropitious [Scotch]. unceasingly (un-se'sing-li), adj. con- tinuous; without end. uncertain (un-ser'tn), adj. doubtful; not sure; subject to change. unchain (un-chan'), v.t. to loosen from chains or bonds. unchancy (-chan'si), adj. unlucky; perilous. uncharitable (un-char'i-ta-bl), adj. without charity; unkind. unchaste (un-chasf), ad,;', immodest; not chaste. unchecked (un-chekf), adj. without restraint ; unhindered . uncivil (un-siv'il), adj. rude; im- polite. unclasp (un-klasp'), v.t. to undo the clasp of; to loosen. uncle (ung'kl), n. the brother of one's Ste, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue/hut; think, then. UNCLEAN 916 UNDERMINE father or mother; husband of one's aunt; pawnbroker. unclean (un-klen'), adj. not clean; impure. uncomfortable (un-kum'for-ta-bl), adj. without comfort; uneasy. uncommon (un-kom'un), adj. not common; rare; unusual. uncompromising (un-kom'pro-mi- zing), adj. unyielding; firm. unconcerned (un-kon-sernd'), adj. not interested in; indifferent. unconditional (un-kon-dish'un-al), adj. without condition. unconquerable (un-kong'ker-a-bl), adj. not to be overcome. unconscionable (un-kon'shun-a-bl) , adj. out of all reason or expectation. unconscious (un-kon'shus) , adj. without consciousness. unconstitutional (un - kon - sti - tu' - shun-al), adj. in conflict with a constitution; unlawful. uncontrollable (un - kon - trol'a - bl) , adj. not to be controlled. unconventional (un-kon-ven 'shun- al), adj. not according to form or custom. uncouple (un-kupl), v.t. to loosen the bonds or links; to disconnect. uncouth (un-kooth'), adj. clumsy; awkward in appearance or benavior. uncover (un-kuv'er), v.t. to take away the cover of; to expose or bring to light, unction (ungk'shun), n. the act of anointing as a symbol of consecra- tion; ointment' anything soothing; sham fervor or suavity. _ unctuous ('shus), adj. oily; sooth- ing; lenitive; extremely bland. undaunted . (un-dan'ted), adj. bold; fearless; unafraid. undecagon (un-dek'a-gon), n. a plane figure with 11 sides or 11 angles. undeceive (un-de-seV), v.t. to tell the truth about; to remove deception. undecennary (un-de-sen'a-ri), adj. once in eleven years; occurring every eleventh year. undecided (un-de-sl'ded), adj. not decided; without resolution. undented (un-de-fild'),^'. unstained; pure; spotless. undefined (un-de-fmd'), adj. without definition; unexplained. undemonstrative (un-de-mon'-stra- tiv), adj. not showing one's feelings; phlegmatic. undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl), adj. not to be denied; beyond dispute. under ('der), prep, beneath; subordi- nate to; in subjection to; less than; during the time of. underbid (un-der-bid'), v.t. to offer less than another. underbred (un-der-bred'), adj. with- out breeding or refinement. underbrush (un'der-brush), n. un- dergrowth; small trees or shrubs growing closely together. undercurrent (un'der-kur-ent), n. a current flowing under the surface of water; a general feeling among people not expressed openly. undercut (un-der-kuf), v.t. to cut under; to strike from beneath; in golf, to hit the ball in such a way that it rises high in the air, and has a reverse rotation that prevents it rolling far after landing. underestimate (un-der-es'ti-mat), v. t. to estimate at too low a value. underfed (un-der-fed'), adj. not suffi- ciently fed. undergo (,-go') , v.t. to pass through or experience; suffer. undergraduate (-grad'u-at), n. a member of a university who has not taken his first degree. underground (un'der-ground), adj. under the surface of the ground. underhand (-hand'), adj. done by meanness or fraud; clandestine. underlay (un'der-la), n. a layer of paper to raise the matter to be printed to a proper level. underlie (un-der-li'), v.t. to He beneath. underline (un-der-lin'), v.t. to make a fine under words. underling (un'der-ling), n. a servant; a subordinate employe. undermine (un-der-min'), v.t. to dig under; to weaken by secret tunnels. g,te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, ^en. UNDERNEATH 917 UNEFFACED underneath (un-der-neth'), adv. be- neath. underpay (un-der-pa/), v.t. to pay insufficiently. underpin (un-der-pin'), v.t. to prop by placing supports underneath. underrate (un-der-rat'), v.t. to esti- mate below the true value. understand (-der-stand'), v.t. to per- ceive by the mind; be informed of; assume or imply; know by experi- ence: v.i. to have understanding; be informed. understanding ('ing), n. the ra- tional faculties; intellect; intelli- gence; wisdom; skill. understudy (un'der-stud-i), n. an actor who learns a part to be played by him in the absence or disability of another actor. undertake (-tak'), v.t. \p.t.& p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], to take under one's management; as- sume; attempt; answer for: v.i. to take upon one's self; guarantee. undertaker ('der-tak-er), n. one who undertakes to perform any office or business; one who manages funer- als. undertaking ('ing), n. any business or project a person engages to per- form. undertone (un'der-ton), n. a subordi- nate tone or color. undertow (un'der-to)^ n.s, current under the surface flowing in opposite direction to the surface current or tide. undervalue (un-der-val'u), v.t. to underrate; to value at less than the real worth. under-world (un'der-werld), n. the criminal classes of society. underwrite (-iit')i v.t. [p.t. under- wrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. un- derwriting], to subscribe one's name to (a policy of marine insurance): v.i. to follow the calling of an un- derwriter. underwriter ('der-rit-er), n. one who subscribes his name to a policy of marine insurance. underwriting (-ing), n. the calling of an underwriter ; marine insurance. undesirable (un-de-zl'ra-bl), adj. not to be desired. undignified (un-dig'ni-fld), adj. with- out dignity. undine (un-den'), n. a water-nymph. undo (un-doo), v.t. to loosen; to do away with that which has been done. undress (un-dres'), v.t. to disrobe; to remove the clothing: adj. an in- formal dress; a costume worn by soldiers when not on duty. undue (un-dti'), adj. improper; ex- cessive; not legal. undulate ('du-lat), v.t. & v.i. to wave, or move like waves; vibrate. undulation (-la/shun), n. a waving motion or vibration. undulatory ('du-la-to-ri), adj. undu- lating; vibratory. undulatory theory (the'o-ri), n. the theory that light is caused by vibra- tions transmitted through an ethe- real medium in wave-like undula- tions. unduly ('li), adv. excessively; im- properly. undutiful (un-du'ti-fool), adj. diso- bedient. undying (un-di'ing), adj. imperish- able; possessing immortality. unearned increment (-ernd' in'kre- ment), n. the increase of the value of land or property without labor or expenditure on the part of the pro- prietor. unearth (un-erth'), v.t. to drive from cover; to dig out. unearthly (un-erthli), adj. inhu- man; blood-curdling. uneasy (un-e'zi), adj. without ease; anxious; unquiet. uneatable (un-e'ta-bl), adj. not edi- ble; not worthy of eating. uneclipsed _ (un-e-klipsf), adj. not eclipsed; inobscured. unedifying (un-ed'i-fi-ing), adj. not edifying; not enHghtening. uneffaced (un-ef-fasf), adj. not ef- faced; not rubbed out or removed. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; bo5n, book; hue, hut; think, then. UNEMANCIPATED 918 UNFIT unemancipated (un-e-man'ci-pa- ted) , adj. not freed from slavery. unembarrassed (un-em-barxast), adj. not embarrassed; free from con- fusion or difficulty; free from en- tangling alliance. unemotional (un-e-mo'shun-al), adj. not motional; not giving vent to one's feelings. unemployed (un-em-ploid'), adj. not employed; not occupied; not in use. unended (un-end'ed) , adj. not ended. unendowed (un-en-doud'), adj. with- out endowment; not supplied with. unenervated (un-en'er-va-ted) , adj. not weakened. unenlightened (un-en-lit'nd) , adj. not enlightened; left in ignorance. unenterprising (un-en'ter-prlz-ing), adj. not enterprising; not industri- ous; not ambitious. unenumerated (un-e-nu'mer-a-ted), adj. omitted from list; not num- bered or mentioned. unenvied (un-en'vid), adj. not excit- ing the envy of others. unequal (-e'kwal), adj. not equal; not regular or uniform; ill-matched; disproportionate; insufficient. unequipped (un-e-kwipf), adj. not furnished or supplied with. unequivocal (un-e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. clear; not ambiguous; unmistak- able. unerring (un-er'ing), adj. making no mistake; without error. unessential (un-es-sen'shal), adj. not entirely necessary; not of greatest importance. unevaporated (un-e-vap'or-a-ted), adj. not evaporated. uneven (un-e'vn), adj. rough; not equal. uneventful (un-e-vent'f ool) , adj. un- important; without event. unexaggerated (un-egz-aj 'er-a-ted) , adj. not overdrawn in statement. unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), adj. without precedent or parallel. unexemplary (un-egz'em-pla-ri), adj. not following a rule or example. unexpected (un-ek-spek'ted), adj. not looked for; sudden. unexpended (un-ek-spen'ded), adj. not spent. unexplained (un-ek-spland) , adj. without explanation. unexplored (un-ek-splord'), adj. not seen or examined; unknown. unfading (un-f ad'ing) , adj. not losing color; not dimmed. unfair (un-f ax), adj. showing preju- dice; without fairness. unfaithful (un-f ath'f ool), adj. diso- bedient to promise or duty; hetray- ing trust or confidence. unfaltering (un-fawl'ter-ing), adj. not faltering; unhesitating. unfamiliar (un-fa-mil'yar), adj. un- common; strange. unfashionable (un-f ash'un-a-bl) ,adj. not in accordance with the dictates of fashion. unfasten (un-fas'tn), v.t. to loosen; to untie. unfathomable (un-f ath'um-a-bl) , adj. not to be measured in depth. unfavorable (un-fa'ver-a-bl), adj. not favorable; of discouraging as- pect. unfeatured (un-f e'turd) , adj. with- out feature; without special notice. unfeigned (un-f and'), adj. genuine; not feigned. unfelt (un-f elf), adj. not felt; unper- ceived. unfenced (un-fensf), adj. not fenced; without enclosure. unfermented (un-f er-men 'ted), adj. not fermented; without fermenta- tion. unfertile (un-fer'til), adj. not fertile; not productive. unfetter (un-fet'er), v.t. to loosen from shackles; to free; to place at liberty. unfilial (un-fiTyal), adj. undutiful to a parent. unfilled (un-fild'), adj. not filled; unsupplied. unfinished (un-fin'isht), adj. not fin- ished; incomplete. unfit (un-fif), adj. not fit: unsuited. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. UNFIX 919 UNHARASSED unfix (un-fiksO, v.t. to detach from a fastening. unflagging (un-flag'ing), adj. not drooping; unwearied. unflattering — (un-flat'ter-ing), adj. not flattering; - stating the truth plainly; unfavorable. unflinching (un-flinsh'ing), adj. not flinching; unshrinking. unfold (un-fold'), v.t. to open any- thing folded; to disclose at length. unforbidden (un-for-bid'n), adj. not forbidden; not prohibited. unforced (un-forst'), adj. not forced; uncompelled; of an easy natural- unfordable (un-ford'a-bl), adj. not fordable; that which cannot be waded. unforeseen (un-for-sen'), adj. not foreseen; not anticipated. unforgetful (un-for-get'fool), adj. not forgetful. unforgivable (un-for-giv'a-bl), adj. not to be forgiven. unforgotten (un-for-got'n), adj. not forgotten; held in the memory. unformed (un-formd'), adj. without definite shape. unforsaken (un-for-sak'n), adj. not deserted. unfortified (un-for-ti-fld), adj. not fortified; not prepared for attack. unfortunate (un-for'tu-nat), adj. un- lucky. unfounded (un-foun'ded), adj. with- out foundation. unframed (un-framd'), adj. without frame; not made or constructed. unfrequented (un-fre-kwen'ted), adj. not' frequented; not inhabited. unfriendly (un-frend'li), adj. not friendly; not favorable to. unfrock- (un-frok'), v.t. to undress; to remove the orders of a priest. unfruitful ^ (un-f root'f ool) , adj. bar- ren of fruit; not prolific; unpro- ductive. unfulfilled (un-fool-fild'), adj. not fulfilled; unaccomplished. unfurl (un-ferl'), adj. unwrapped; unfolded. unfurnish (un-fer'nish), v.t. to divest of furniture. ungainly (un-gan'li), adj. clumsy or awkward in appearance or action. ungarrisoned (un-gar'i-sund), adj. divested of troops. ungear (un-ger'), v.t. to divest of gear. ungenerous (un-jen'er-us), adj. il- liberal; mean; ignoble. ungently (un-jent'li), adv. rudely; with harshness. ungifted (un-gift'ed), adj. without gifts as to endowment or faculties. ungilded (un-gild'ed), adj. not cov- ered with gilt; not varnished. ungird (un-gerd'), v.t. to loosen from a belt or girdle. ungirt (un-gerf), adj. unbelted. unglaze (un-glaz'), v.t. to remove the glass from frame or pane. ungloved (un-gluvd'), adj. without gloves. ungodliness (un-god'li-nes), n. neg- lect of divine commands or worship; impiety; irreverence toward the Deity. ungoverned (un-guv'ernd), adj. not governed ; unrestrained . ungraceful (un-gras'fool), adj. not graceful; awkward. ungrammatical (un-gram-at'i-kal), adj. not in accordance with the rules of grammar. ungrateful (un-grat-fool), adj. with- out gratitude; unpleasing. ungratified (un-grat'i-fid), adj. not gratified; not satisfied. ungrudged (un-grujd'), adj. not grudged; willingly yielded. ungual (ung'gwal), adj. pertaining to, or having, a nail, claw, or hoof. unguent ('gwent), n. an ointment; .lubricating substance. unguided (un-gid'ed), adj. not guided; not conducted. ungulate ('gu-lat), adj. hoof -shaped. unhallowed (un-hal'od), adj. not hallowed; profane; wicked. unhappy (un-hap'i), adj. not happy; wretched; unlucky, un harassed (un-har'ast), adj. not troubled; un vexed. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. UNHARMED 920 UNITARIAN unharmed (un-harmd'), adj. unin- jured; without hurt. unharness (un-har'nes), v.t. to re- move the harness from; to take off armor. unhatched (un-hatcht'), adj. not hatched; not matured. unheal thful (un-helth'fool), adj. not healthful; sickly; subject to disease. unheard (un-herd'), adj. not heard; not perceptible to the ear. unheedful (un-hed'fool), adj. in- cautious; not attentive. unhelpful (un-help'fool), adj. not giving in help. unhesitating (un-hez'i-tat-ing), adj. not hesitating; ready. unhindered (un-hin'derd), adj. not hindered; not prevented from. unhinge (un-hinj'), v.t. to remove from the hinges; to loosen; to remove reason from the mind.^ unholy (un-ho'li), adj. not holy; profane; not hallowed or conse- crated; unsanctified. unhoped (un-hopf), adj. not hoped for; unlooked for. uni, a prefix, meaning one, or produc- ing one, as unicellular: adj. formed of one cell. > unicorn (u'ni-korn), n. a fabled ani- mal resembling a horse, but with a straight horn projecting from the forehead. unicycle (u-ni-sl'kl), n. a vehicle with but one wheel, usually used by trick performers. uniform (mi-form), adj. having only one form; consistent with itself; same in form, manner, or character; equable: n. an official or regulation dress. uniformity ('i-ti), n. resemblance; conformity to one pattern; accord. unify ('ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. unified, p.pr. unifying], to form into one; make a unit of. unilateral (-lat'er-al), adj. one-sided. unilocular (-lok'u-ler), adj. one- celled. unimaginable (un-i-maj'i-na-bl), adj. not conceivable. unimpassioned _ (un-im-pash'und), adj. without passion; cold in delivery or demeanor. unimpeachable (un-ini-pech'a-bl), adj. not impeachable; free from accu- sation or blame. unimportant (un-hn-por'tant), adj. not important. unimposing (un-im-poz'ing), adj. not imposing; not such as to induce respect. uninfluenced (un-in'flu-ensd), adj. not influenced; unbiased by other persons or considerations. uninjured (un-in'joord), adj. not in- jured; not impaired. uninsured (un-m-shurd'), adj. not insured, especially against the loss of life or property. unintelligent _ (un-in-teri-jent), adj. without intelligence; without under- standing. unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al) , adj. not intentional; without design. uninured (un-in-urd') , adj. not inured ; not accustomed by wont or practice. uninvested (un-in-vest'ed), adj. not invested; not exchanged for income- bearing property. uninvited (un-in-vlt'ed), adj. not invited; not asked; unsolicited. union (un'yun), n. the act of uniting, or making one; combination; coali- tion; concord; conjunction; agree- ment between parts; harmony in color; trades-union. unionism (-izm), n. trades-unionism. unionist (-ist), n. a trades-unionist. union- jack (-jak), n. the national flag of Great Britain and Ireland. uniped (u'ni-ped), adj. one-footed. unique (-nek'), adj. without another of the same kind; unparalleled. unison (mi-sun), n. - accordance of sound; concord; harmony. unit ('nit), n. one; a single person or thing; standard amount or quantity. Unitarian (-ni-ta'ri-an), n. one who denies the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, regarding the Godhead as uni-personal : adj. pertaining to Uni- tarians. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. k UNITARIANISM 921 UNREMITTING Unitarianism (-izm), n. the doc- trines of the Unitarians. unite (-nit'), v.t. to incorporate into one; make to agree or adhere; join by a legal or moral bond: v.i. to be- come one; combine; commingle. United Brethren ('ed-bre^/i'ren), n.pl. the Moravians. unity ('ni-ti), n. the state of being one; concord; uniformity; agree- ment; harmony. universal (-ni-ver'sal), adj. all-per- vading; embracing or comprehend- ing the whole; general: n. in logic, a proposition which affirms the pred- icate to belong to the whole of the subject. Universalism (-izm), n. the doctrine that all mankind will ultimately be saved, together with Satan and the fallen angels. Universalis t (-ist), n. a believer in Universalism. universality (-sal'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being universal. universally ('sal-i), adv. without ex- ception. universe ('ni-vers), n. the whole sys- tem of created things; world. university (-ver'si-ti), n. [pi. uni- versities (-tiz) ], an assemblage of colleges or incorporated institutions for instruction in the higher branches of art, science, &c, and empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties. unjust (un-jusf), adj. not just; unfair. unkempt (un-kempf), adj. un- combed; rough. unlawful (un-law'fool), adj. in viola- tion of law. unlearned (un-lernd'), adj. ignorant; uneducated. unless (-les'), conj. except; if not. unlimited (un-lim'i-ted), adj. with- out limit; boundless. unlucky (un-luk'i), adj. unfortunate; subject to bad luck. unman (-man'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. un- manned, p.pr. unmanning], to de- prive of courage or fortitude; emas- culate. unmanageable (un-man'aj-a-bl), adj - beyond control. unmarried (un-mar'id), adj. not married; unwedded. unmentionable (un-men'shun-a-bl), adj. not to be mentioned. unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), adj. unabated. unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), adj. not in accordance with the laws of nature. unnerve (-nerv'), v.t. to deprive of strength or power; weaken. unobtrusive (un-ob-troo'siv), adj. not obtrusive; modest. unparalleled (un-par'a-leld), adj. without parallel; unrivalled. unplaced (-plasf), adj. not placed; not holding a governmental office; not among the first three at the end of a race. unprecedented (un-pre'se-den-ted) , adj. without precedent. unpremeditated (un-pre-med'i-ta- ted), adj. not arranged or thought of beforehand. unpretentious (un-pre-ten'-shus) , adj. without pretense; modest in action or demeanor. unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), adj. with no principles; without scruple. unprofessional (un-pro-f esh/un-al) , adj. not according to the ethics of a profession. unpropitious (un-pro-pish'us), adj. not propitious; unfavorable. unpublished (un-pub'lisht), adj. not printed or published; still in manu- script. unquenchable (un-kwen'sha-bl), adj. that which cannot be subdued or ex- tinguished. unravel (un-ravl), v.t. to ravel out; to divest of mystery. unredeemable (un-re-dem'a-bl), adj. incapable of redemption. unregenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), adj. not born anew; unconverted. unrelenting (un-re-lent'ing), adj. not relenting; determined. unremitting (un-re-mit'ing), adj. continuous; without interruption. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. UNRESERVED 922 UP unreserved (un-re-zervd'), adj. unre- strained; without reserve. unrighteous (un-rit'yus), adj. un- holy; sinful. unrivalled (un-rl'vald), adj. without a rival; alone in a class. unroll (un-rol') , v .t. to roll out or uncoil. unruffled (un-ruf 'Id), adj. not ruffled; reserved. unruliness (-ruli-nes), n. the state or quality of being unruly. Unruly (-ru'li), adj. disregarding re- straint or authority; ungovernable; turbulent. unsavory (un-sa'vor-i), adj. displeas- ing to the taste or smell. unscathed (un-skathd'), adj. unin- jured; without harm. unscrupulous (un-skroo'pu-lus), adj. without principle or scruple. unseal (un-seT), v.t. to remove or destroy the seal of; to open that which is sealed by destroying the seal. unseemly (un-semli), adj. not seem- ly; unbecoming. unsettle (un-set'l), v.t. to cause un- certainty: v.i. to become unsettled or confused. unsex (-seks'), v.t. to deprive of the characteristic qualities of a woman. unshackle (un-shak'l), v.t. to remove the bonds from; to give freedom to. unsheathe (un-sheth'), v.t. to remove from scabbard or sheath. unshorn (un-shorn'), adj. that which is not sheered or clipped. unsightly (un-slt'li), adj. unpleasant to the eye; disagreeable in appear- ance. unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted) , adj. untrained; without experience; innocent. unspeakable (un-spek'a-bl), adj. not to be mentioned or spoken of; in- capable of description. unstable (un-sta'bl), adj. not firm; not reliable. unstudied (un-stud'id), adj. without study; without preparation. _ unsuitable (un-sti'ta-bl), adj. not suited to; inadequate. unsuspected (un-sus-pek'ted), adj. not suspected; not foreseen. untamable (un-tam'a-bl), adj. wild; that which cannot be tamed. untarnished (un-tar'nisht), adj. not dulled or tarnished. untenable (un-ten'a-bl), adj. not tenable; incapable of defense. until (un-tiT), prep, till; as far as; as long as. unto ('too), prep. to. untoward (un-to'erd), adj. obstin- ate; ungraceful; unlucky. untrimmed • (un-trimd'), adj. with- out trimming or adornment. untruth (-trooth'), n. a falsehood. untutored (un-tu'terd), adj. un- taught; ignorant. unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), adj. that which cannot be uttered or expressed in language; ineffable. unvarnished (un-var'nisht), adj. not varnished; without embellishment. unveil (un-val'), v.t. to take the veil from; to cause to be revealed. unwarranted (un-wor'an-ted), adj. without warrant; unauthorized; un- guaranteed. unwary (un-wa'ri), adj. incautious; careless. unwelcome (un-wel'kum), adj. not welcome. unwholesome (un-hol'sum), adj. not wholesome; unhealthy; detrimental. unwieldy (un-wel'di), adj. difficult to move; awkward. unwitting (un-wit'ing), adj. not aware; without knowledge of. unwomanly (un-woom'an-li), adj. not becoming the feniale sex. unwonted (un-wun'ted), adj. not common; strange; unaccustomed. unworldly (un-werld'H), adj. unsel- fish; beyond worldly consideration. unwritten (un-rit'n), n. not written; not statutory. unyielding (un-yeld'ing), adj. not yielding; obstinate. unyoke (un-yok'), v.t. to remove the yoke from; sever. up (up) , adv. on high; above the hori- zon; from a lower to a higher position. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. \ UPAS URIM upas (u'pas), 7i. a tree, common in Java, with a poisonous juice. upbraid (up-brad'), v.t. to reproach. upbringing (up'bring-ing), n. bring- ing up; raising; rearing. upcast ('kast), adj. directed up- wards: n. the ventilating shaft of a mine through which the air passes after circulating below. upheaval (-hev'al), n. a lifting from below; a lifting of strata by some internal force. upheave (-heV), v.t. to lift up from beneath. upholster (-hol'ster), v.t. to supply with house-furnishings. upholsterer (-er), n. one who sup- plies upholstery. upholstery ('ter-i), n. the business of an upholsterer; articles of house- furnishing. upland-cotton (land-kot-un), n. cotton with a short fiber. uplift (up-liff), v.t. to lift up or ele- vate: n. (up 'lift), spiritual elevation. upon (-on'), prep, on; resting on the top or surface; relating to; noting assumption, security, or time. upper ('er), adj. higher in place, rank, or dignity. uppish ('ish), adj. arrogant; assum- ing. upright ('rit), adj. erect; just; hon- est; equitable; elevation of a build- ing; timber supporting a rafter. uprising (up-rlz'ing), n. a popular movement against authority; a ris- ing up. uproar ('ror), n. noisy disturbance; bustle and clamor. uproarious ('i-us), adj. making great noise and tumult. uproot (up-roof), v.t. to take up by the roots; to eradicate. upset (-set'), v.t. to overthrow; put out of normal condition: n. (up'set) the act of upsetting; state of being upset: adj. fixed. upshot ('shot), n. final result. upstart ('start), n. one who suddenly rises from a humble position to wealth or influence: adj. suddenly raised to a position of wealth and influence. up-to-date (up-too-daf), adj. in ac- cordance with the latest custom or fashion. uptown ('toun), adj. situated in, or living in, the upper part of a town. upturn (-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to turn up. upwards ('werdz), adv. toward a higher place or source. Also up- ward. uraemia, same as uremia. uraemic, same as uremic. uranin (u'ra-nin), n. a brownish-red dye. uranium (-ra'ni-um), n. a metallic element. uranography (-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. a description of the heavens, and the character and relation of the fixed stars; the construction of celestial maps, globes, &c. urao (oo-ra'o), n. a name for natron found in South America. urate ('rat), n. a salt of uric acid. urban (er'ban), adj. pertaining to a city or town. urbane (-ban'), adj. polite; refined. urbanity (-ban'i-ti), n. politeness; refinement. urceolate (er'se-o-lat), adj. urn- shaped. urchin ('chin), n. a small boy; hedge- hog. urea (u're-a), n. the chief solid con- stituent of the urine of mammals. uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. poisoning of the blood by the presence of urea and other hurtful substances. ^ uremic (-re'mik), adj. pertaining to uremia. _ urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; pro- voke: v.i. act with earnestness; in- sist upon; allege proofs. urgency ('en-si), n. pressure of ne- cessity; importunity. urgent Cent), adj. pressing; calling for immediate attention. uric acid (as'id), n. a peculiar and characteristic substance found in urine. urim ('rim), n.pl. a mystic ornament ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; Kue, hut; think, then* URINAL 924 UTOPIAN worn by the Jewish high priest, con- stituting, with the thummim, the oracle by which Jehovah declared his will. urinal ('ri-nal), n. a place of conven- ience. urinary ('ri-na-ri), adj. pertaining to, or like urine. urine ('rin), n. the excretion from the kidneys. urinoscopy (u'ri-no-sko-pi), ft. the diagnosis of disease by examination of the patient's urine. urn (ern), n. a roundish vessel of va- rious materials bulging in the middle, usually with a foot or pedestal; a vessel m which the ashes of the dead are preserved. urasol (u'ra-sol), ft. common name of a specific for rheumatism, composed of salicylic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. urophanic (u-ro-fan'ik), adj. appear- ing in the urine. urosepsis (ii-ro-sep'sis), ft. a morbid condition resulting from the infil- tration of urine into the tissues. _ ursiform (er'si-form), adj. bear-like. ursine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a bear. urubu (oo'roo-boo), ft. the black vul- ture of Central America. us (us), pron. objective of we. usable (uz'a-bl), adj. that can be used. usage ('aj), ft. mode of using; treat- ment; habitual or long continued use or custom. usance ('ans), ft. the time fixed for the payment of a bill of exchange. use (us), ft. the act of using; applica- tion oi anything to a particular pur- pose; employment; custom or prac- tice; treatment: v.t.^ (tiz) to make use of; employ; avail one's self of; possess or enjoy for a time; habitu- ate: v.i. to be accustomed. useful ('fool), adj. full of use, profit, or advantage; Deneficial. usefully (-i), adv. in a useful manner. useless ('les), adj. having, or being of, no use. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. usher (ush'er), ft. a doorkeeper; an officer who introduces strangers or walks before persons of rank; as- sistant master: v.t. to introduce or escort (with in or forth) . usual (u'zml-al), adj. habitual; cus- tomary. usually (-i), adv. ordinarily. usufruct ('zu-frukt), ft. the tempo- rary use and enjoyment of lands and tenements belonging to another. usurer ('zhur-er), n. one who lends money at an exorbitant rate of in- terest. usurious (-zhoo'ri-us), adj. practic- ing usury. usurp (-zerp'), v.t. to take possession of by force, or without right; applied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, &c. usurpation (-zer-pa'shun), n. the act of usurping, especially the unlawful seizure of regal power. usurper (-zerp'er), n. one who usurps. usury ('zhu-ri), ft. interest on money beyond the current rate of interest; practice of lending money at exorbi- tant interest. utensil (-ten'sil), ft. an implement, especially one used for domestic or culinary purposes. uterine ('ter-in), adj. pertaining to the womb; born of the same mother, but by a different father. uterus ('ter-us), ft. the womb. utilitarian (-til-i-ta'ri-an), adj. per- taining to, or aiming at, utility: n. one who holds the doctrine of utili- tarianism. utilitarianism (-izm), ft. the doc- trine that virtue is defined and en- forced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of mankind. utility (-til'i-ti), ft. usefulness; in- trinsic value. utilize ('til-lz), v.t. to make useful or profitable. utmost (ut'most), adj. in the greatest degree; most distant; furthest; ex- treme : n. the extreme limit or extent. Utopian (u-to'pi-an), ft. pertaining to the imaginary island, described by UTOPIANISM 925 UXORIOUS Sir Thomas More in his "Utopia," where the most perfect system of laws and institutions existed: hence ideal; visionary. Utopianism (-izm), n. ideal schemes for social happiness or perfection. utter (ut'er), adj. entire; absolute; unqualified; total: v.t. to speak; pro- nounce; publish abroad; circulate, especially counterfeit coins or notes. utterance (-ans), n. vocal expression; speech; style of speaking. uttermost ('er-most), adj. extreme; in the furthest, greatest, or highest de- gree: n. the furthest extent or degree. uvea (ti've-a), n. the posterior, dark- colored layer of the iris. uvula ('vu-la), n. the fleshy, conical body, attached to the soft palate, hanging at the back part of the tongue. uvular ('vu-lar), adj. pertaining to the uvula. uvulitis (u-vu-ll'tis), n. inflammation of the uvula or soft palate. uvulotomy (u-vu-lot'o-mi), n. the operation of removing the uvula wholly or in part. uxorious tjik-sd'ri-us), adj. foolishly or excessively fond of a wife. ate, arm, ask, at, awlj me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. V V, the twenty-second letter of the Eng- lish alphabet; the chemical symbol for vanadium. vacancy (va'kan-si), n. [pi. vacan- cies (-siz) ], state of being vacant or empty; listlessness; unoccupied of- fice; open or unoccupied space. vacant ('kant), adj. empty; free from thought or reflection; not occupied. vacate ('kat), v.t. to make vacant; annul; give up the possession of. vacation (-ka/shun), n. the act of vacating; intermission of a stated employment, or judicial proceed- ings; school holidays. vaccinal _ (vak'si-nal), adj. pertaining to vaccine or vaccination. vaccinate ('si-nat), v.t. to inoculate with vaccine matter as a protection against smallpox. vaccination (-na/shun), n. act of vaccinating. vaccinator ('si-na-ter), n. one who vaccinates. vaccine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from cows; caused by the cowpox: n. a liquid taken from the udder of a cow affected with cow- pox; a therapeutic virus prepared by cultivating disease-germs and then killing them with heat: the method is largely due to Sir Almorth Wright, and his anti-typhoid vaccine is a typical example. vaccinetherapy (vak'sin-ther 'a-pi) , n. the treatment of disease for pre- vention or cure by the modern vac- cine method. vacillate (vas'il-at), v.i. to fluctuate in mind or opinion; be unsteady; waver. vacillation (-a/shun), n. fluctuation of mind; unsteadiness. vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. emptiness, vacant state of mind or expression. vacuole (vak'u-ol), n. a small cell or cavity in the interior of organic cells or protoplasm. vacuous ('us), adj. empty; vacant. vacuum ('u-um), n. a space devoid of all matter; void. vade mecum (va'de me'kum), L. go with me. vagabond (vag'a-bond), adj. without fixed habitation; roaming; idle: n. a vagrant; scamp. vagary (va-ga/ri), n. [pi. vagaries ('riz) ], a wild freak; whim. vagina (-ji'na), n. the canal which leads from the external orifice to the uterus; sheath. vaginal (vaj'i-nal), adj. pertaining to, or like, a vagina or sheath. vaginate ('i-nat), adj. invested with a sheath. vagrancy (va'gran-si), n. a state of wandering without a settled home; habits and life of a vagrant. vagrant ('grant), adj. wandering from place to place without a settled home: n. a tramp. vague (vag), adj. indefinite; unset- tled. vaguely ('li), adv. in a vague man- ner. vagueness ('nes), n. the state or quality of being vague. vails (valz), n.pl. gratuities given to servants. vain (van), adj. [comp. vainer, su~ perl, vainest], empty; unreal; de- ceitful; producing no good results; conceited; ostentatious. vainglorious (-glo'ri-us), adj. elated by one's achievements; boastful. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, novt\ not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (926) VALANCE 927 VANE valance (val'ans), n. hanging dra- pery for a bed, window, &c. vale (val), n. a tract of low land be- tween hills; valley. valedictory (-dik'to'ri), adj. bidding farewell. valence (va'lens), n. the degree of combining power of an atom. Valenciennes (va-len-si-enz'), ». a rich kind of lace. valentia (-len'shi-a), n. a waistcoat material, ^lso Valencia. valentine (yal'en-tln), n. a sweet- heart chosen on St. Valentine's day; love missive sent on February 14th. valerian (va-le'ri-an), n. sl plant of the genus Valeriana, with a valua- ble medicinal root. valet (val'a), n. a servant who at- tends on a gentleman's person: v.t. to act as valet to. valetudinarian (-e-tu-di-na'ri-an) , adj. sickly; seeking to recover health: n. an invalid. Valhalla (-hal'a), n. in Scandina- vian mythology, the palace of immor- tality, in which the souls of heroes slain in battle dwell. valiant ('yant), adj. brave; heroic. valid ('id), adj. having legal force; not weak or defective; sound; well- grounded. validity (va-lid'i-ti), n. legal force; soundness; strength; justness. valise (va-les'), n. small portman- teau. vallation (-la/shun), n. a rampart. valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys ('iz) ], a tract of land situated between ranges of hills or mountains, usually trav- ersed by a river. vallisneria (-is-ne'ri-a), n. a fresh- water plant. valonia (va-lo'ni-a), n. a trade name for the large acorn-cups of two kinds of oak. valor (val'er), n. bravery; intrepid- ity. valorous ('er-us), adj. brave; in- trepid. valuable ('u-a-bl), adj. possessing useful qualities; having value or worth; costly: n. a thing or posses- sion of value. valuate (val'u-at), v.t. to appraise as to value. valuation (-ii-a'shun), n. the act of valuing; estimated worth or price; estimation. value ('u), n. that which renders anything useful or estimable; price' importance; excellence: v.t. to esti- mate the worth of; appraise; es- teem. valued ('ud), adj. highly esteemed or prized. valve m (valv), n. a lid or cover open- ing in one direction and shutting in another; one of the divisions of a shell. vamose (va-mos'), v.i. to decamp. vamp (vamp), n. the upper leather of a boot or shoe; a piece added to something old to give it a new ap- pearance; an improvised accom- paniment: v.t. to furnish with an upper leather; patchy (with up) ; im- provise an accompaniment to. vampire (vam'pir), n. a fabled de- mon or ghost that sucks the blood of persons asleep; a kind of bat. van (van), n. the front of an army or fleet; a large covered wagon for moving household goods, &c. vanadium (van-ad'i-um), n. a rare metallic element. vanadium steel (van-ad'i-um-stel), n. a kind of steel in which the metal vanadium takes the place of carbon wholly or in part. Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a Teu- tonic race inhabiting the south shores of the Baltic, noted for their fierceness and destruction of works of art, when plundering Rome, 5th century. vandal (van'dal), n. one who is hos- tile to art or literature; one who ruthlessly destroys what is artistic or venerable. vandalism (-izm), n. hostility to works of art or literature ; wanton destruction of what is artistic, &c. vane (van), n. a weather-cock. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hutj think, then. VANG 928 VASCULAR vang (Vang), n. a rope for steadying the extremity of the peak of a gaff to the side of a ship. vanessa (va-nes'sa), n. one of a spe- cies of handsome butterflies. vanguard (van'gard), n. the advance guard of an army. vanilla (va-nil'a), n. the dried fruit of an orchid, used for flavoring. vanish (van'ish), v.i. to disappear. vanity ri-ti), n. [pi. vanities (-tiz) ], love or indiscriminate admiration; empty pride or conceit; fruitless de- sire or endeavor; idle show; empti- vannmg ('ing), n. a method of cleansing ore. vanquish (vang'kwish), v.t. to con- quer; subdue; refute in argument. vantage ('taj), n. advantage; in lawn tennis, the first point after deuce. vapid (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. vapidity (va-pid'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being vapid. vapor (va'per), n. the gas into which most liquids and solids are converted by heat; steam; mist; whim: pi. hysteria; melancholia: v.i. to pass off in vapor; bully. vapor-dust (va'por-dust), n, infini- tesimal globules of water in the air not visible as a fog or haze. vaporize (va'per-Iz), v.t. to convert nto vapor. vapor-jacket (va'por-jak'et), n. a glass jacket about the bulb of a gas thermometer for testing the prop- erties of liquids at definite tempera- tures. vaporous ('per-us), adj. full of, or like, vapor; unreal. vapory (-i), adj. full of vapors. vaquero (va-ka/ro), n. a herdsman [Mexican]. variability (va-ri-a-bil'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being variable; changeableness. Also variableness. variable ('ri-a-bl), adj. changeable; inconstant; fickle. variably (-bli), adv. in a variable manner, variance ('ri-ans) , n.difference; quarrel. variant ('ri-ant), adj. variable; dif- ferent: n. a different form of sub- stantially the same thing. variate ('ri-at), v.t. to diversify. variation (-ri-a'shun), n. partia- change; difference; inflection; devi- ation of the magnetic needle from the true north; tendency in organt isms produced by the same parenls to vary slightly. varicella (var-i-sel'a), n. chicken- pox. # varicocele ('i-ko-sel), n. a swelling of the veins of the scrotum or of the spermatic cord. varicose ('i-kos), adj. abnormally swollen or enlarged: said of veins. varied (va/rid), adj. altered; partial- ly changed; various. variegate (va'ri-e-gat), v.t. to mark with different colors or tints; di- versify. variegation (-ga'shun), n. diversity of colors. variety (-ri'e-ti), n. [pi. varieties (-tiz) ], intermixture or _ succession of different things; variation; di- versity; change; subdivision or pe- culiar form of a species. variola (va-rfo-la), n. smallpox. variorum (va-ri-6'rum), adj. noting an edition of a book with the notes of various commentators. various ('ri-us), adj, different; sev- eral. varix ('riks), n. dilatation of a vein. varlet (var'let), n. formerly a serv- ant, footman or page; a scoundrel. varnish ('nish), n. a viscid, resinous liquid used for giving a gloss to wood or metal work: v.t. to cover with varnish; give a gloss to or over; palliate. varus (ya/rus), n. a variety of club- foot. vary (va/ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. varied, p.pr. varying], to change; make of different kinds; alter: v.i. to under- go a change; alternate; swerve; dis- agree. vascular (vas'ku-ler), adj. consisting of, or containing, vessels as part of a ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VASE 929 VEHICLE structure of animal and vegetable organisms. vase (vas or vaz), n. a vessel for va- rious purposes, especially one of an- tique or ornamental pattern. vasectomize (va-sek'to-miz), v.t. to render sterile by an operation that does not involve castration. vasectomy (va-sek'to-mi), n. excision of the sperm duct to produce ster- ility, an operation sometimes per- formed on habitual criminals or de- fectives to prevent them from breeding. vaseline (vas'e-lin), n. petroleum jelly. vasoconstriction (vas'o-kon-strik' shon), n. contraction of the blood vasodilation (vas'o-dil-a-ta'shon), n. dilatation of the blood vessels. vassal ('al), n. a feudal tenant; bondman: adj. servile. vassalage (-aj), n. the state of being a vassal; political servitude; vassals collectively; territory held in vassal- age.. Also vassalry. vast (vast), adj. of great extent; great in number or degree; very spa- cious; immense: n. boundless space; empty waste; sea. vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, es- pecially one used for brewing or leather making. Vatican ('i-kan), n. the palace of the Pope at Rome; the Papal au- thority. Vaticanism (-izm),n. ultramontanism. vaudeville (vod'vil), n. a light, gay, or topical song; a short drama with comic songs; miscellaneous theatri- cals. vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; cel- lar; prison; cavern; tomb of ma- sonry; sky; leap: v.t. to shape as a vault; arch: v.i. to leap, spring, or bound; exhibit feats of leaping. vaulted ('ed), adj arched; concave. vaunt (vant or vawnt), v.i. to boast: v.t. to brag of; display boastfully: n. a boast; vain display. vaunting ('ing), n. vainglorious boasting. vauntlay ('la), n. hounds suddenly turned off to precede the rest of the kennel. Veadar (ve'a-dar), n. the 13th or intercalary month of the Jewish calendar. veal (vel), n. calfs flesh. vector (vek'ter), n. a directive quan- tity, as a straight line, force, or velocity. Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas ('daz) ], one of the four oldest sacred books or collection of hymns of the Hin- dus, of great antiquity, the basis of Brahmanism. Vedanta ' (-dan'ta), n. a Hindu sys- tem of philosophy based on the Vedas. vedette (ve-def), n. a mounted senti- nel. Also vidette. veer (ver), v.i. to change direction, as the wind; wear: v.t. to turn; direct to a different course. vegetable (vej'e-ta-bl), adj. pertain- ing to, having the nature of, pro- duced by, or consisting of, plants: n. a plant deriving its nourishment from the earth by means of roots; a plant or root cultivated for the table, &c. vegetarian (-ta'ri-an), n. one who abstains from a meat diet and lives on fruit, vegetables, or farinaceous food: adj. pertaining to vegetarians or vegetarianism. vegetarianism (-izm), n. the theory and practice of living as a vegeta- rian. vegetate ('e-tat), v.i. to grow as a plant; live a useless, indolent life. vegetation (-ta'shun), n. plants or vegetables collectively. vegetative ('e-ta-tiv), adj. growing or having the power of growing, as plants. vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. impetu- osity; violent ardor; animated fer- vor. Also vehemency. vehement ('he-ment), adj. very vio- lent or forcible; passionate; ardent; energetic. vehicle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind of carriage or conveyance; a medium ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. D ic. 59 VEHICULAR 930 VENGEANCE vehicular (-hik'ii-lar), adj. pertain- ing to, or serving as, a vehicle. veil (val), n. a covering more or less transparent for the face; curtain or covering for concealment: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a veil; hide; conceal. vein o (van), n. one of the vessels which convey blood from the arteries to the heart; ' branching rib of a leaf; seam of rock filled with me- tallic or mineral matter; train of thought; particular disposition, genius, or style: v.t. to fill or cover with, or as with, veins. velnous ('us), adj. full of or pro- vided with veins. velarium (ve-la'ri-um), n. the great awning stretched over open theaters in ancient Rome. Also velum. veldt (velt), n. open country [South Africa]. Also veld. vellum (vel'um), n. fine parchment. velocipede (ve-los'i-ped), n. a light carriage propelled by the feet: the original form of the bicycle. velocity ('i-ti), n. [pi. velocities (-tiz) ], speed; rate of movement of a body. velodrome (vel'o-drom), n. a race- course, usually for bicycles; also a hollow cone in which to exhibit feats of bicycle riding. velograph (vel'o-graf), n. a speedom- eter that also records the number and duration of stops of the vehicle. veloure (vel-oor'), n. a dress fabric similar to plush, but with shorter nap. veloute (ve-loo'ta), n. a rich white sauce. velutinous (-lu'ti-nus), adj. velvety; soft. velvet (vel'vet), n. a silk fabric with short, close, .soft nap; fine down on the horns of young deer. velveteen (-en'), n. imitation velvet. venal (ve'nal), adj. that may be bought, or bribed; mercenary; of or pertaining to the veins. venality (-nal'i-ti), n. prostitution of talents or services for money or re- ward. venation (ve-na'shun), n. the ar- rangement of veins in a leaf, or in- sect's wing. vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer for sale. vendace (ven'das), n. a small sal- monoid fish. vendee (-de'), n. the buyer. Vendemiaire (vang-de-mi-ar'), n. a month in the calendar of the French Revolution, covering a period from September 22 to October 31. vendetta (ven-det'a), n. a kind of blood-feud. vendible (ven'di-bl), adj. salable. vendor ('der),7i. the seller. Also vender. veneer (ve-ner'), v.t. to overlay with a thin slice of ornamental or more valuable wood : hence give a gloss to : n. a thin strip of superior wood for overlaying; outside show; pretense. venene (ve-nen'), n. the active toxin of snake venom. Also spelled venine. venenific (ven-e-nif'ik), adj. relating to the production of poison. venerable (ven'er-a-bl), adj. worthy of being venerated or reverenced; rendered sacred by religious or lofty associations; title of an archdeacon. venerate ('er-at)^ v.t. to esteem as sacred; regard with the highest re- spect; revere. veneration (-a'shun), n. the highest degree of respect and reverence; re- spect associated with awe. venereal (ve-ne're-al), adj. pertain- ing to, or arising from, sexual inter- course; aphrosidiac. venery (ven'er-i), n. sexual inter- course; hunting. venesection (ve-ne-sek'shun), n. the operatioD of opening a vein; phle- botomy. Venetian (-ne'shan), adj. pertaining to Venice or its inhabitants. Venetian-blind (-blind), n. a win- dow-blind formed of long thin slats of wood. Venetian-door (-dor), n. a door with long narrow side-lights. vengeance (venj'ans), n. the inflic- tion of pain on another for an in- jury received. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VENGEFUL 931 VERGE vengeful ('fool), adj. vindictive; re- tributive. vengefully (-i), adv. in a vengeful spirit. venial (ve'ni-al), adj. pardonable. venially (-i), adv. pardonably. venison (ven'zn), n. deer's flesh.. venom Cum), n. poison introduced into the system by a t?ite or sting; spite. venomous (-us), adj. full of venom; poisonous; malignant; spiteful. venous (ve'nus), adj. pertaining to, contained in, or consisting of, veins. vent (vent), n. a small opening for the escape of air, &c; chimney-flue; outlet; rectum; utterance: v.t. to give an opening to. ventilate (ven'ti-lat), v.t. to open to the free passage of air; expose to free discussion. ventilation (-la'shun), n. the act of ventilating; state of being venti- lated; free discussion. ventilator ('ti-la-ter), n. a contriv- ance for regulating the free admis- sion of air. Ventose (vang-tosO, n. a month in the calendar of the French Revolution extending from Feb. 19 to March 20. ventral (ven'tral), adj. pertaining to the belly. ventricle ('tri-kl), n. a small cavity in an animal body. ventriloquism (-tril'o-kwizm), n. the act or art of speaking as from another source than the voice. ventriloquist (-kwist), n. one who practices ventriloqiusm. venture ('tur), n. an undertaking of chance or danger; risk; speculation: v.t. to risk; send on a venture: v.i. to dare. venturesome (-tur'sum), adj. in- trepid; rash. Also venturous. venturesomeness (-nes), n. intre- pidity; rashness. venturine (vent'ur-in), n. a powder made of fine gold wire: used for japanning. venue (ven'u), n. the place where an action in law is laid. veracious (ve-ra/shus), adj. truth- ful; true. veracity (-ras'i-ti), n. truthfulness; truth. veranda (-ran'da), n. a kind of cov- ered balcony or open portico sup- ported by light pillars. Also veran- dah. verb (verb), n. that part of speech which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer. verba! ('al), adj. expressed in words; oral; literal: n. a noun derived from a verb. verbalism (-izm), n. something ex- pressed verbially. verbally (-i), adv. orally; verbatim. verbatim (ver-ba'tim), adv. word for word. Verbena (-be'na), n. a genus of orna- mental fragrant plants. verbiage ('bi-aj), n. verbosity. verbose (-bos'), adj. wordy; prolix. verbosely (1i), adv. with verbosity. verbosity (-bos'i-ti), n. the use of more words than are necessary. Also verboseness. verdancy ('dan-si), n. greenness; in- experience. verdant _ ('dant), adj. green; fresh; inexperienced; gullible. verd-antique (verd-an-tek'), n. a green incrustation on ancient copper and brass corns; a beautiful mottled marble. verderer (ver'der-er), n. an English official who has charge of the royal forests. verdict ('dikt), n. the finding of a jury on a trial; judgment; decision. verdigris ('di-gres), n. the blue-green substance which forms on copper or brass: used as a pigment. verditer ('di-ter), n. a blue or green pigment. verdure ('dur), n. freshness of vege- tation. verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c, car- ried as an emblem of authority; shaft of a column; spindle ^ of a watch-balance; border or limit: v.i. to approach or come near. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VERGER 932 VERTU verger ('er), n. a sword or mace bearer; an official who has care of the interior of an English cathedral. verifiable (ver'i-fl-a-bl), adj. capable of being verified. verification (-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of proving to be true; confirma- tion; state of being verified. verify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. verified, p.pr. verifying], to prove to be true; fulfil. verily ('i-li), adv. in truth; certainly. verisimilitude (-i-si-mil'i-tud), ft. the appearance of truth; probability. veritable ('i-ta-bl), adj. true; genuine. verity ('i-ti), n. [pi. verities (-tiz) ], agreement with fact; truth; reality. verjuice (ver'joos), ft. an acid liquor expressed from unripe grapes, ap- ples, &c: hence sourness; tartness. vermicelli (-mi-sel'i), ft. the stiff paste or dough of fine flour made into tubes. vermicular (-mik'u-lar), adj. worm- like. Also vermiform. vermifuge ('mi-fuj), ft. a medicine or substance to expel or destroy worms from or in the body. Also vermicide. vermilion (-mil'yun), ft. a brilliant red pigment: v.t. to color or dye with vermihon. . vermin ('min), ft. noxious small ani- mals or insects, as rats, fleas, &c; low, despicable persons. vermuth ('mooth), n. a liqueur' of absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c, for creating an appetite. vernacular (-nak'u-ler), adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, one's native country or language: ft. na- tive idiom. vernal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, or appearing m, the spring. vernier ('ni-er), n. a graduated scale that subdivides the smallest divi- sions on a straight or circular scale. veronal (ver'6-nal), n. a product of coal-tar used in medicine. versatile ('sa-til), adj. turning with ease from one thing, subject, or opinion to another; many-sided; variable. versatility (-til'i-ti), n. quality of being versatile. verse (vers), ft. a measured line of poetry; stanza; poetry; short divi- sion of any composition, especially of the chapters of the Bible; part of an anthem for performance by a single voice to each part. versed (verst), adj skilled; convers- ant. versicle (ver'si-kl), ft. a little verse; short verse or text sung by priest and people alternately. versification (ver-si-fi-ka'shun), ft. the art or practice of composing metrical verses. versifier ('si-fl-er), n. a composer of verses. version ('shun), ft. a translation from one language into another; particular account or description. verst (verst), n. the Russian mile = 3,500 English feet. versus (ver'sus), prep, against [Latin]. vertebra ('te-bra), ft. [pi. vertebrae (-bre) ], a single bone of the spinal column. vertebral ('te-bral), adj. pertaining to, or forming part of, the vertebras. Vertebrata (-bra'ta), n.pl. one of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, including those < animals which have a bony or cartilaginous backbone. vertebrate ('te-brat), adj. belonging to the Vertebrata: n. one of the Vertebrata. vertex ( r teks), n. [pi. vertices ('ti- sez) ], the top, summit, or crown; apex; zenith; point in any figure, opposite to, and most distant from, the base. vertical ('ti-kal), adj. pertaining to, or situated at, the vertex; directly overhead ; perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. vertically (-i), adv. perpendicularly. verticil ('ti-sil), n. a whorl. Also verticel. vertigo ('ti-go), n. giddiness. vertu ('too), n. artistic skill: hence works of art, curios, &c. (Italian). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, | book; hue, hut; think, then. VERVAIN VIATICUM vervain (Van), n. a plant of the genus Verbena: formerly supposed to possess magical properties and used in medicine. verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm which animates a poet or artist; spirit; energy. very (ver'i), adj. [comp. verier, su- perl. veriest], real; actual; true: adv. extremely. vesication (ves-i-ka'shun), n. the process of raising blisters on the skin. vesicatory ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. raising blisters. vesicle ('i-kl), n. a bladder-like vessel or cavity; cyst; sac. vesicular (-ik'u-ler), adj. consisting of vesicles; full of interstices. Vesper ('per), n. the evening star; Venus when appearing after sunset; evening. vespers (ves'perz), n.pl. the 6th hour of the Roman Breviary; evening songs. vessel ('el), n. a utensil for holding something, esoecially liquids; hollow structure made to float on water; ship; tube or canal in which the fluids of a body are contained; in- strument; recipient. vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body gar- ment, usually with short sleeves: v.t. to clothe with, or as with, a gar- ment; invest closely; give fixed right of possession. vesta (ves'ta), n. a wax match. vestal ('tal), adj. pertaining to, or sacred to, the Roman goddess Vesta; chaste; pure: n. a virgin; nun. vestal virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. the 6 virgin priestesses who tended the sacred fire on the altar of the temple of Vesta, at Rome. vested (ves'ted), adj. clothed; fixed. vestibule ('ti-bul), n. porch or en- trance into a house; small bony cavity of the ear. vestige ('tij), n. a mark left in pass- ing; track; remains of something pre-existent. vestment (vest'ment), n. a garment, especially a priestly garment; dress. vestry (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries ('triz) ], a room in a church where ecclesias- tical vestments, &c, are kept and parochial meetings held; meeting of parishioners for parish business. vestryman (-man), n. [pi. vestry- men (-men) ], a member of a vestry elected by the parishioners. vesture ('tur), n. clothing; covering. vetch (vech), n. a common name for leguminous plants used for green fodder, as tares. veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long exer- cised or experienced, especially in m il itary life : n. one thus experienced. veteranize (-Iz), v.i. to re-enlist. veterinarian (vet-er-i-na/ri-an), n. one who practices the art of healing diseases and injuries of domestic animals. veterinary ('er-i-na-ri), adj. pertain- ing to the art of healing the diseases of domestic animals, as horses, &c. veto (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes (-toz) ], the right of stopping or preventing the enactment of a law; authorita- tive prohibition: v.t. to reject by veto; refuse assentto; prohibit. vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by small annoyances or provocations; harass; tease; agitate. vexation (-a'shun), n. the act of vex- ing; state of being vexed; annoy- ance; worry. vexatious ('shus), adj. causing vex- ation; annoying; troublesome; har- assing. vexed (vekst), adj. much debated or contested, but not settled. vexing ('ing), p. adj. annoying; pro- voking. via (vl'a), adv. by way of [Latin]. viaduct ('a-dukt), n. an arched struc- ture for conveying a railway, road, &c, over low ground. vial ('al), n. a small glass bottle or vessel: v.t. to put in a vial. Also phial. viands ('andz), n.pl. dressed meat; food. viaticum (-at'i-kum), n. the Euchar- ist administered in the Roman ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. VIBRANT 934 VIEW Catholic Church to a person in danger of death. vibrant ('brant), adj. vibrating; res- onant. vibrate ('brat), v.i. to move back- wards and forwards; oscillate; shake; quiver; swing; waver: v.L to cause to quiver. vibration (-bra/shun), n. the act of vibrating; oscillation; resonance. vibratory ('bni-to-ri), a dj. consisting in, or causing, vibrations. vicar (vik'er), n. a deputy; incum- bent of an appropriated benefice, who receives the small tithes. vicarage (-aj), n. the benefice, or residence, of a vicar. vicar-apostolic (ap-o-stol'ik), n. in the Roman Catholic Church a mis- sionary bishop with powers direct from the Pope. vicar-general (-jen'er-al), n. the as- sistant of a bishop, who assists him in ecclesiastical suits and visitations. vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us), adj. substi- tuted, or performed, in the place of another. vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or blem- ish; immoral practice or habit; de- pravity; immorality; a vise. vice, yrefix meaning in place of, second in rank. vicegerent (-je'rent), n. one deputed by superior authority to exercise the functions of another. vice-president e (vis-prez'i-dent), n. one who acts in place of a president in case of the absence, death or dis- ability of the latter. viceregal (-re'gal), adj. pertaining to a viceroy. viceroy ('roi), n. a governor of a country ruling in the name and by the authority of the sovereign. viceroy alty ('al-ti), n. the office, dig- nity, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. vice versa (vi'se-ver'sa), adj. phrase from the Latin meaning "to the contrary"; conversely. Vichy water (ve'shi waw'ter), n. a mineral effervescent water. vicinage (vis'i-naj), n. a neighborhood. vicinity (-vis-in'i-ti), n. nearness in place; proximity. vicious (vish'us), adj. characterized by vice or blemish; faulty; corrupt in moral principles or conduct; un- ruly; spiteful. vicissitude (yi-sis'i-tud), n. change. victim (vik'tim), n. a living being, usually some animal, sacrificed to a deity; some person or thing de- stroyed or injured in the pursuit of some object, or by some accident; dupe. victimize (-iz), v.t. to make a victim of; swindle. victor ('ter), n. conqueror; one who wins or gains an advantage. Femi- nine victoress. •victoria (-to'ri-a), n. a kind of car- riage for two persons. victorine (-to-ren'), n. a small fur tippet. victorium (-to'ri-um), n. a recently discovered element. victorious (-to-ri-us), adj. having conquered in battle or contest; em- blematic of victory; triumphant. victory ('to-ri), n. [pi. victories (-riz) ], the defeat of an enemy in battle, or an antagonist in a contest. victual (vitfl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vict- ualed, p.pr. victualing], to supply or store with provisions for food: n.pl. food; meat. victualer ('1-er), n. one who provides food; the keeper of a house of enter- tainment. vicuna (vi-koon'ya), n. an animal of Mexico and Chili, allied to the llama, furnishing a fine, long, reddish wool. vide (vl'de), v.t. see [Latin]. videlicet (vi-del'i-set), adv. to wit; namely [Latin]. vidette, same as vedette. vie (vl), v.i. to strive for superiority; rival; endeavor. Viennese (ve-en-ez), adj. pertaining to Vienna or to its inhabitants. view (vu), v.t. to look upon; see; re- gard attentively; survey mentally; examine intellectually; consider: n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VIGIL 935 VIN-ORDINAIRE the act of seeing; prospect; survey; villainy (-i), n. extreme depravity; purpose; mental or intellectual per- atrocious wickedness. ception; sketch or picture; judg- viilanage (-aj), n. the state or con- ment; opinion. dition of a serf. Also villeinage. vigil (vij'il), n. a watching; devotion villein, same as villain. in the usual hours of sleeping; eve villi ('I), n.pl. long, straight, soft preceding a feast of the Church. hairs on plants; velvet-like hairs set vigilance ('i-lans), n. watchfulness; closely together. caution. villous ('us), adj. covered with long, vigilance committee (kom-it'e), n. thin, soft hairs; downy; shaggy. an organization of men banded to- vinaceous (vi-na'shus), adj. pertain- gether for purposes of protection to ing to, or like, grapes or wine ; wine- property and life in a new commu- colored, nity where the law is inoperative, vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), n- a small vigilant ('i-lant), adj. attentive to perforated box of gold, &c, for hold- discover and avoid danger; alert; ing aromatic vinegar or smelling- cautious. salts. vignette (vin-yef), n. a small en- vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable of graving not enclosed by a definite being conquered or overcome, border; a portrait of the head and vinculum (ving'ku-lum), n. a bond bust only. of union; tie; horizontal bar placed vigor ('er), n. physical or mental over several algebraical quantities to strength and energy; force. indicate they are to be treated as one. vigorous ('er-us), adj. full of piiysi- vindicate (vin'di-kat), v.t. to prove cal or mental strength and energy; to be valid; defend successfully; as- robust; forcible. sert a right to; justify. vihara (vi-ha'ra), n. a Buddhist tern- vindication (-ka'shun), n. justifica- ple or monastery. tion against denial, censure, or op- viking (vl'king), n. one of the old pression; defense; support by proof. Scandinavian pirates, who (8th to vindicator ('di-ka-ter), n. one who 10th centuries) ravaged the coasts vindicates. of Europe. vindicatory (-to-ri), adj. serving to vile (vll), adj. worthless; despicable; vindicate, justify, or punish. morally base or impure; wicked. vindictive (-dik'tiv), adj. given to, vilely ('li), adv. in a vile manner. or prompted by, revenge. vileness ('nes), n. baseness. vindictively (-H), adv. in a vindic- vilifier (vil'i-fi-er), n. a defamer. tive manner. vilify ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. vilified, vine (vin), n. any woody, climbing p.pr. vilifying], to defame; debase plant of the genus Vitis, especially by slander. the common grape. villa ('a), n. a country seat; subur- vinegar (vin'e-ger), n. an acid ob- ban residence. tained by fermentation from wine, village ( 7 aj), n. a small assemblage beer, &c. : hence anything sour, actu- of houses, less than a town but larg- ally or metaphorically. er than a hamlet. vinery (vin'er-i), n. a, place where villager (-er), n. an inhabitant of a grapes are cultivated artificially, village. p vineyard (vin 'yard), n. a plantation villain ('in or 'an), n. originally a of vines producing grapes. serf or feudal tenant of the lowest vinic (vl'nik), adj. pertaining to wine. ^ class; scoundrel. ^ m vin-ordinaire (vang-or-de-nar'), n. villainous (-us), adj. characterized a kind of claret: the common wine by extreme depravity; vile; mean. of France. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. VINOUS 936 VISCOUNT vinous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining to, having the qualities of, or like, wine. vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly crop or produce of the grape; wine pro- duced in one season. vintner (vint'ner), n. wine merchant. viol (vl'ol), n. a four-stringed musical instrument played with a bow. viola (ve-o'la), n. the tenor violin. vioiable m (vi'o-la-bl), adj. capable of being violated or broken. violate ('5-iat), y.t. to transgress; break forcibly; injure; ravish; out- rage; desecrate; treat with irrever- ence; disturb. violation (-la/shun), n. the act of violating, infringing. _ or injuring: rape; outrage; act of irreverence or profanation. violator ('o-la-ter), n. one who vio- lates. violence ('o-lens), n. physical ^ or moral force; vehemence; unjust strength or power applied to any purpose; assault; # outrage; crime; rape; eagerness; infringement. _ violent ('o-lent), adj. urged or driven by force; vehement; impetuous; forcible; furious; severe. violet ('o-let), n. a plant of the genus Viola; a color like that of the violet. violin (-o-lin'), n. a four-stringed mu- sical instrument, played with a bow. violinist ('ist), n. a performer on the violin. violoncellist (ve-o-lon-chel'ist), n. a performer on the violoncello. violoncello (-chel'o), n. a large four- stringed instrument of the viol class. violone (ve-o-lo'na), n. a double-bass viol [music]. viper (yi'p er) , n . a venomous serpent of various species; a crafty, malig- nant person. viperous (-us), adj. viper-like; ma- lignant. > virago (vi-ra'go), n. a bold, turbulent woman. virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman who has preserved her chastity; maiden: the Virgin Mary (with the): adj. per- taining to, or becoming, a virgin; chaste; modest; pure; new; un- mixed. virginal (-al), adj. maidenly; chaste: n. a 16th century musical instru- ment. virginity ('i-ti), n. the state of a virgin; maidenhood; virgin purity. virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, mature manhood; masculine; manly; procreative. virility (-il'i-ti), n. manhood; power of procreation. virtu, same as vertu. virtual (ver-tti-al), adj. in essence or effect, though not in fact; having the efficacy without the material or sen- sible part. virtually (-li), adv. practically. virtue ('tu), n. rectitude; strength; efficacy; valor; chastity; legal force. virtuoso (-tu-o'so), n. [pi. virtuosi ('se) ], one skilled in the fine arts, antiquities, (voo-swar'), ft. one of the the quality of being vulnerable, wedge-like stones forming the arch Also vulnerableness. of a bridge. vulnerable ('ner-a-bl), adj. capable: vow (vou), ft. a solemn promise or of being wounded; susceptible of pledge to fulfil^ some engagement wounds or injury, hereafter, especially one made to vulpine Cpin), adj. pertaining to,, God; pledge of fidelity or affection: like, or characteristic of, a fox;, v.t. to promise solemnly; consecrate cunning. to God: v.i. to make a solemn promise, vulpinite ('pin-it), ft. a variety of vowel ('el), ft. a simple vocal sound; gypsum susceptible of a fine polish.. a letter representing such a sound: vulture ('tur), n. a large, carnivo- adj. vocal. rous, voracious bird of prey. voyage (voi'aj), ft. a journey by vulturine (-in), adj. vulture-like, water from one country or place to vulva (vulVa), n. the external parts, another: v.i. to make a voyage: v.t. of the female sexual organs. to travel or pass over. vulviform ('vi-form), adj. like a cleft voyager ('er), ft. a traveler by water. with projecting edges. voyageur (vwa-ya-zher'), ft. a Cana- vying (vi'ing), p. adj. competing; em- dian boatman. ulating. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, n6rthy not; boon,, book; hue, hut; think, then. w W, the twenty-third letter of the Eng- lish alphabet; the symbol in chem- istry for tungsten or wolfram. Waac, n, English women in khaki. wabble, same as wobble. wacke (wak'e), n. a German miner's name for a soft earthy variety of trap-rock. wad (wod), n. a mass of soft or flex- ible material used for stuffing gar- ments; small mass of tow, &c, used for keeping the powder &c, in place in a gun; a kind of plumbago: v.t. [p t. & p.p. wadded, p.pr. wadding], to form into, or stun with, a wad. waddie ('i), n. a thick club used by the Australian aborigines. Also waddy. wadding ('ing), n. a soft stuff of loose texture used for stuffing gar- ments, &c. waddle ('1), v.i. to move from side to side in walking. waddler ('ler), n. one who waddles. wade (wad), v.i. to walk through any substance that yields to the feet, as water, snow, &c: v.t. 10 ford. wady ('i), n. the channel of a water- course which is dry except in the rainy season. Also wadi. wafer (wa'fer), n. a small colored paste disk for securing letters, &c; small disk of unleavened bread used in the Eucharist in the Roman Catnolic Church. waffle (wof'l), n. a soft indented cake, baked in an iron utensil over a flame or coals. - waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on a buoyant med' m: v.i. to float. wag (wag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. wagged, p.pr. wagging], to move backwards and forwards: v.t. to cause to oscil- late: n. the act of wagging; a droll, humorous fellow. wage (waj), v.t.^ to engage in, or carry on, especially war; venture: n. payment for service rendered; hire (usually pi.). wage n- boom (va'gen-boom), n. a South African tree yielding a tough wood, used for wagon wheels. Also wagon-tree. wager (waj'er), n. a subject on which bets are laid; something staked on an issue: v.t. to hazard; to stake: v.i. to bet. waggery (wag'er-i), n. mischievous merriment; tricks of a wag; good- humored sarcasm. waggish ('ish), adj. humorous, sport- ive. waggle (1), v.i. & v.t. to move from side to side: n. a movement from side to side. wagon ('un), n. a four-wheeled heavy vehicle for carrying goods, agricul- tural produce, &c. wagoner (-er), n. the driver of a wagon. wagonette (-ef), n. a light, open, four-wheeled pleasure carriage. wagtail ('tal), n. a small bird. waif (waf), n. anything found with- out an owner; a homeless wanderer. wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to ex- press sorrow audibly: n. loud lamen- tation. Also wailing. wain (wan), n. a wagon. wainscot ('skut), n. paneled wooden lining on walls: v.t. to line with paneled boarding. wainscoting (-ing), n. material used to wainscot a house. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, (941) WAINWRIGHT 942 WANE wainwright ('rit), n. a maker of wagons. waist (wast), n. the narrowest part of the body just below the ribs; middle part. waistcoat (wasfkot or wes'kut [col- loquial] ), n. a short, sleeveless men's garment covering the chest and waist. wait (wat), v.i. to stay in expecta- tion; lie in ambush; watch; remain quiet; follow someone; attend: v.t. to await; postpone. waiter ('er), n. a servant in attend- ance at table; salver or tray. Fem- inine waitress. waiting ('ing), ad!?, serving; attendant. waits (watz), n.pl. nocturnal musi- cians who perform in the streets of English towns at Christmastide. waive (wav), v.t. to give up a claim to; forego. wake (wak), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. waked or woke, p.pr. waking], to be awake; be roused from sleep; cease to sleep; be active: v.t. to rouse from sleep; revive; watch: n. a vigil; watching of a dead body prior to burial; track. wakeful ('fool), adj. watchful. waken, same as wake. wale (wal), n. a mark left by the stroke of a whip, &c: v.t. to mark with a wale. walk (wawk), v.i. to advance by al- ternate steps; go at a moderate pace; take exercise; go restlessly about; pursue a certain course of life or action: v.t. to traverse; cause to walk: n. act or manner of walk- ing; step or pace; road; place for pedestrian exercise; course of life or action; deportment; frequented track. walkist Cist), n. a professional pe- destrian. wall (wawl), n. a structure of stone, brick, &c; side of a building; ram- part; means of protection: v.t. to enclose with or as with, a wall; defend or protect. wallaba ('a-ba), n. a tree of Guiana, yielding a valuable deep-red timber. wallet (wol'et), n. a bag or knap- sack; a pocketbook. wall-eye (wawl'I), n. an eye, the iris of which is white: said of horses. wallflower ('flou-er), n. a plant of the genus Cheiranthus with sweet- scented flowers; one who, at a ball or party, takes no part. Walloon (wal-oon'), n. one of a people dwelling in the southeastern part of Belgium, of Latin, Celt and Teuton ancestry. wallop (wol'up), v.i. to boil with a continued bubbling: v.t. to beat soundly: n. a blow; gallop [Scotch]. wallow ('o), v.i. to roll one's body in the mire; tumble or roll in anything soft; live in vice or filth: n. a kind of rolling walk; a place to which an animal resorts to wallow. walnut (wawl'nut), n. a tree of the genus Juglans, yielding an edible fruit and valuable wood. Walpurgis Night (val-poor'gis nit), n. the eve of May Day, when witches are supposed to hold high revelry. walrus (wol'rus), n. a large, carniv- orous, marine mammal with power- ful tusks. waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of dance; music for such a dance: v.i. to dance a waltz. wampee (wom-pe'), n. a fruit much esteemed by the Chinese. wampum (wom'pum), n. beads made of shells, used by the North Ameri- can Indians as money and for orna- mental belts. wan (won), adj. pale; sickly. wand (wond), n. a long, slender rod; staff of authority. wander (won'der), v.i. to ramble about aimlessly; stroll; depart from; be delirious. wanderlust (wand'er-lust), n. love of constant travel. wanderoo (-oo'), n. a large bearded monkey of Southern India. wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de- crease: said of the illuminated part of the moon ; fail : n. the v decrease of the illuminated part of the moon. ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; ,'ttilte,~mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WANGHEE 943 WARRANTY wanghee (wang-he'), n. a bamboo imported from Japan and China, used for walking-sticks, &c. wanness (won'nes), n. wan condition. want (wawnt), n. absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired; defi- ciency; necessity; penury: v.t. to be destitute of; have need of; desire: v.i. to be deficient; not to be present; come short. wantage (want'ag), n. the empty space in a partially filled cask or receptacle of liquor. wanting ('ing), adj. deficient; ab- sent. wanton (won'tun), adj. licentious; lustful; unrestrained; roving; sport- ive; luxurious; trifling: n. a lasciv- ious man or woman. wapiti (wop'i-ti), n. the American elk. war (wawr), n. a contest between states carried on by force; armed conflict; state of hostility; enmity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. warred, p.pr. war- ring], to make war; fight; strive violently. warble (wawrTDl), v.t. & v.i. to sing in a trilling or quavering manner; sing, as birds; utter musically: n. a soft, sweet flow of melodious sounds; carol. warbler ('bier), n. one who warbles; a singing-bird. war-brides (war'biids), n. speculative securities based on European war contracts. war-cry (war'-kri), n. the distin- guishing shout of a tribe as a sum- mons to battle or engaged in actual conflict. ward (wawrd), v.t. to guard; defend from danger; turn aside (with off): v.i. to be vigilant; act on the de- fensive: n. guard; defense; particular division of a city or town; custody; person entrusted to the care of a guardian. warden ('en), n. a guardian; keeper; head official; churchwarden. warder ('er), n. keeper; guard. wardrobe ('rob), n. portable closet for clothes; wearing apparel. wardroom ('r55m), n. a cabin for naval lieutenants. warehouse (war'hous), n. a building for storing goods: v.t. to deposit in a warenouse. wares (warz), n. merchandise; goods. warfare (wawr 'far), n. hostilities; war; contest; military life or service. warily (war'i-li), adv. cautiously. wariness ('i-nes), n. caution. warlock (wawr'lok), n. a wizard. warm (wawrm), adj. having heat in a moderate degree; subject to heat; zealous; excited; passionate; well- off: v.t. to make warm; excite: v.i. to become warm. warm-blooded (-blud'ed), adj. de- noting animals whose temperature ranges 98° to 112° Fahr. warm colors (kul'erz), n.pl. colors having yellow or red for their basis. warmth ('th), n. moderate heat; earnestness or irritability; anima- tion; glowing effect produced by the use of warm colors. warn (wawrn), v.t. to give notice of possible danger; caution; expostu- late; summon by authority. warning ('ing), n. caution against danger; previous notice; notice to quit. warp (wawrp), n. the threads which extend lengthwise in the loom, and are crossed by the woof; towing- rope; a twist out of the true shape: v.t. to turn or twist out of shape; pervert; arrange (yarns) on a warp beam; tow or move (a vessel) witl a warp attached to some fixed object; run, as yarn, off the winches into hulks to be tarred: v.i. to swerve or deviate. warping ('ing), n. preparation of the warp; fertilization of estuary land by flooding it with water. warrant (wor'ant), v.t. to guarantee; give assurance to; authorize; main- tain; mark as safe; assure: n. a commission giving authority; writ for arresting a person; voucher; security. warranty (-i), n. guarantee; security. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; booi?, book; hue, hut; think, then. w^ WARREN 944 WATERING-PLACE warren ('en), n. an enclosure for protecting game or animals, espe- cially rabbits; fish preserve. warrior (wawr'i-er), n. a soldier; fighter. wart (wart), n. a dry excrescence on the human skin and certain animals. wary (wa'ri), adj. [comp. warier, su- perl. wariest], cautious; circum- spect. was, p.t. of be. wase (waz), n. a circular straw head- covering used by porters when carrying loads. wash (wosh), v.t. to cleanse with water; cover with water; overlay with thin metal; cover with a thin coat of color; cleanse from moral pollution: v.i. to cleanse by wash- ing: n. the act of washing; waste liquor; alluvial matter; shallow part of an arm of a sea or of a river; bog or marsh; cosmetic lotion. washer ('er), n. one who, or that which, washes; ring of metal; leath- er, &c, used to secure the tightness of a joint, screw, &c. washing ('ing), n. the act of cleans- ing with water; clothes washed at one time. washout (wash'-owt), n. a ditch or chasm caused by a violent current of water. wasp (wosp), n. a winged insect with a sharp sting; peevish, irritable person. waspish ('ish), adj. petulant and irritable; slender-waisted. wassail (wos'el), n. a merry-making accompanied with drinking, especi- ally at Christmas-time; liquor of ale, apples, and sugar: v.i. to carouse. waste (wast), v.t. to destroy wan- tonly; diminish; squander; impair: v.i. to be diminished: adj. lying un- used; unproductive; devastated ; un- tilled: n. the act of wasting; dissipa- tion of property; useless expendi- ture; uncultivated country; refuse. wasteful ('fool), adj. causing waste; spending property extravagantly or uselessly. wastefully (-i), adv. in a wasteful manner. wastrel (wast'rel), n. a shiftless per- son; a spendthrift; a vagabond. watch (woch), n. close observation; guard; vigilance; sentry; attendance without sleep; watchman; division of the night; period during which part of a crew are on duty on deck (4 hours); pocket timepiece: v.i. to be or keep awake; keep guard; act as an attendant: v.t. to tend; guard; keep in view. watchful ('fool), adj. vigilant; wary. watchfully (-i), adv. in a watchful manner. watchword ('werd), n. a password. water (waw'ter), n. a colorless, in- odorous, transparent fluid, consist- ing of 2 volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen; rain; sea; any collection of water; luster of a diamond; urine; stock issued without provi- sion for the payment of interest: v.t. to supply with water; irrigate; wet with water; dilute: v.i. to get or take in water; have a longing desire. watercourse (waw'ter-kors), n. a channel or bed for running water. water-cure (ktir), n. the cure of disease by water treatment, ex- ternally or internally. water-cooled (wa'ter-koold) , adj. cooled by contact with circulating water, as in case of an automobile engine. watered ('terd), adj. supplied with water; sprinkled; having a wavy appearance. watered stocks (stoks), n.pl. shares of stock added to the capital stock without cash or property added to the assets of the company. waterfall (waw'ter-fawl), n. water falling perpendicularly; a cascade; a cataract. water-gauge (waw'ter-gaj), n. a contrivance to measure the volume of water. wateriness ('ter-i-nes), n. watery condition. watering-place (waw'ter-ing-plas) ,n. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WATER-LEVEL 945 WEAK a resort for bathing in or drinking waters of a medicinal value; a pleasure resort. water-level (waw'ter-lev-el), n. a level determined by the surface of smooth water; an instrument for ascertaining levels by means of water enclosed in a glass tube. water-line (waw'ter-lin), n. a line to which the water rises on the hull of a ship; a water mark. water-logged (waw'ter-logd), adj. saturated with water so as to be unmanageable; usually referring to a ship. watermain (waw'ter-man), n. a pipe or tube under the ground ^ which supplies water to a town or city. water-mark (waw'ter-mark), n. a mark showing the highest or lowest point to which water has risen dur- ing a certain period; translucent lines in writing paper indicating the trade mark of the maker. water-power (waw'ter-pou-er), n. power used to drive machinery by utilizing the weight or force of water. waterproof (waw'ter-proof), adj. im- pervious to water; a rain-coat. water-shed (waw'ter-shed), n. the division between streams of waters flowing in opposite directions. waterspout (waw'ter-spout), n. a column of water moving with great fbrce and violence over the surface of the sea. watery ('ter-i), adj. pertaining to, or like, water , transparent or thin; tasteless; tearful. watt (wot), n. an electrical unit of power. wattage (wot-age), n. electric power expressed in watts. wattle ('I), n. a twig or flexible rod; a hurdle of interwoven rods; fleshy lobe under the throat of a fowl, tur- key, &c. ; kind of acacia, wattles. wattlebird (-berd), n. an Australian honey-bird. waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. wave (wav), n. the alternate rising and falling of water above its nat- ural level; undulation; state of vibration propagated through a sys- tem of particles or elastic medium; signal made by waving: v.i. to move like a wave; play loosely; undulate: v.t. to brandish; beckon; raise into inequalities of surface. waver ('er), v.i. to move to and fro; vacillate; hesitate or be undeter- mined. wavering (-ing), adj. hesitating; un- decided. waveson ('sun), n. goods floating on the waves after shipwreck. waviness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being wavy. wavy ('i), adj. rising and swelling in waves; full of waves; undulating. wax (waks), n. beeswax; any tena- cious substance like beeswax; ceru- men of the ear; rage: v.t. to smear, rub, or join, with wax: v.i. to in- crease in size; become. waxbill ('bil), n. a finch with a red conical bill resembling wax. waxen ('en), adj. made of, like, or consisting of, wax. waxiness ('i-nes), n. the state or quality of being waxy. waxwing ('wing)^ n. a small bird the secondary quills of whose wings are tipped with small horny appen- dages resembling sealing-wax. waxy ('i), adj. consisting of, or like, wax; adhesive; angry. way (wa), n. a road; route; progres- sion; motion; course; length of space; distance; relative position or motion; tendency; advance in life; manner; will; plan. waylay ('la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. way- laid, p.pr. waylaying], to beset by the road or in ambush. wayward ('werd), adj. perverse; f re- ward. we (we), pron., pi. of 1. weak (wek), adj. wanting strength, vigor, spirit, discernment, or wis- dom; feeble; soft; pliant; unforti- fied; vacillating. 5te, arm, ask, at, awl - ; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then, T\i n an WEAKEN 946 WEDGEWOOD WARE weaken ('n), v.t. to make weak; re- duce in quality or strength: v.i. to become weak. weakling (wekling), n. a person weak in moral or physical strength. weak verb (verb), n. a verb the p.t. & p.p. of which are formed by add- ing ed or d. weal (wel), n. welfare; prosperity; mark of a stripe: v.t. to mark with stripes. weald (weld), n. a wood or forest; wold. wealth (welth), n. riches; affluence. wealthily ('i-li), adv. richly. wealthiness ('i-nes), n. opulence. wealthy ('i), adj. [comp. wealthier, superl. wealthiest], rich; affluent. wean (wen), v.t. to accustom and reconcile to a want or deprivation of the breast; alienate the affections from any object or habit. weapon (wep'n), n. any instrument of offense or defense. wear (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. worn, p.pr. wearing], to impair or waste by time, usage, friction, &c; carry as covering on the body; put (a vessel) on another tack; bear or carry: v.i. to be wasted or worn by friction or usage; last under use: n. the act of wearing; state of being worn. wearily (wer'i-li), adv. in a weary manner. weariness ('i-nes), n. the state of being wearied. wearisome ('i-sum), adj. fatiguing; tedious. weary ('i), adj. [comp. wearier, su- perl. weariest], worn out physically or mentally; having the patienceex- hausted; causing weariness; irk- some: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wearied, p.pr a wearying], to wear out or make weary; harass by something irk- some: v.i. to become weary, tired or fatigued; become impatient. weasand (we'zand), n. the windpipe. weasel ('zel), n. a small carnivorous animal with short legs and a long body. weather (weth'er), n. the state of the atmosphere with respect to cold, heat, wet, dryness, &c: v.t. to ex- pose to, or season by exposure to, the air; sail to the windward of, endure or resist bravely: v.i. to un- dergo change by the action of the weather. weather-cock (-kok), n. a vane, weather-gage (-gaj), n. the situa- tion of a vessel when to the wind- ward of another. weather-helm (-helm), n. a term applied to a vessel when she is in- clined to come near to the wind. weather-side (-sid), n. that side of a vessel under sail on which the wind blows. weave (wev), v.t. to twist or inter- lace, as threads, together; form, as cloth, in a loom; compose or fabri- cate: v.i. to practice weaving; work with a loom. weazen (we'zn), n. sharp and thin; withered. web (web), n. texture of threads, or thread-like materials; anything care- fully contrived; tissue or texture; large roll of paper for newspapers; membrane uniting the ringers and toes in many water-birds and am- phibians: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. webbed, p.pr. webbing], to unite or surround with, or as with, a web; entangle. webbing ('ing), n. a narrow woven fabric of cotton or flax. wed (wed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wedded or wed, p.pr. wedding], to marry; unite together: v.i. to contract mar- riage. wedding ('ing), n. marriage; nup- tial ceremonies or festivities. wedge (wej), n. a piece of wood or metal, thick at one end and thin at the other, used for rending or com- pressing, &c; one of the mechanical powers; mass of metal: v.t. to cleave, force, drive, or fasten, with a wedge; press closely. Wedgwood ware ('wood war), n. a superior kind of semi-vitrified pot- tery, invented by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95). ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, #*en. ^ WEDLOCK 947 WELSH-RABBIT wedlock ('lok), n. matrimony. Wednesday (wenz'da), n. the fourth day of the week. wee (we), adj. very small. weed (wed), n. any plant growing uncultivated or noxious to cultivated crops; anything useless or trouble- some: pi. a widow's mourning gar- ments; a cigar or tobacco: v.t. to free from weeds, or anything offen- sive or hurtful. weediness ('i-nes), n. the state of being weedy. weedy ('i), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, weeds; long-legged, thin, and lank. week (wek), n. a period of seven weekday ('da), n. any day of the week except Sunday. week-end (wek'end), n. a social gathering at country homes during the last days of the week; also week- end visits to resorts. weekly ('li), adj. continuing for, or produced within, or happening in, a week: adv. ^ once a week: n. [pi. weeklies (liz) ], a periodical issued once a week. ween (wen), v.i. to think; fancy. weep (wep), v.i. to express grief by shedding tears: v.t. to lament; pour forth. weeping ('ing), n. the act of shed- ding tears; discharging a liquid in small drops. weever (we'ver), n. sl kind of fish. weevil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, the larvae of which are very destructive to grain, &c. weft (weft), n. the woof or piling of cloth crossing the warp. wehrwolf, same as werewolf. weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the weight of; examine by the balance; reflect on carefully: v.i. to have weight; bear heavily: n. a certain quantity by weight. weight (wat), n. the quality of being heavy; gravity; quantity of matter as ascertained by the balance; a definite mass of metal for ascertain- ing the weight of other bodies; mass; something oppressive; pres- sure; power; importance. weightily ('i-li), adv. in a weighty manner; heavily; impressively. weightiness ('i-nes), n. heaviness; importance; force. weighty ('i), adj. [comp. weightier, superl. weightiest], having weight; heavy; ponderous; momentous; im- portant; serious. weir (wer), n. a dam across a stream to raise the level of the water; en- closure of twigs, &c, for catching fish. weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, fate or destiny; su- pernatural; caused by magical influ- ence: n. a spell or charm. welcome (wel'kum), adj. received with gladness or hospitality; pro- ducing gladness; free to enjoy gra- tuitously: n. kind reception to a guest or newcomer: v.t. to salute with kindness; receive with hospi- tality. weld (weld), v.t. to unite together by hammering or fusion, as two pieces of heated iron. welfare (wel'far), n. prosperity; hap- piness. welkin ('kin), n. the sky. well (wel), n. a spring or fountain; shaft sunk to reach a supply of water or other liquid; something re- sembling a well in shape: v.i. to flow or issue forth: adv. right; justly; suitably; adequately; favorably; far; not a little: adj. good in condi- tion or circumstances; fortunate; sound in body; healthy; safe. well-bred ('bred), adj. refined in manners; cultivated. Wellingtonia (-ing-to'ni-a), n. a name for the big trees of California. Wellingtons ('ing-tunz), n.pl. long- legged boots. Welsh (welsh), adj. pertaining to Wales, its inhabitants, or language: n. the people of Wales collectively; the language of Wales. Welsh-rabbit (-rab'it), n. melted cheese spread upon toast. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WELT 948 WHEEL welt (welt), n. a narrow strip of leather around a shoe between the upper leather and sole: v.t. to fur- nish with a welt. welter Cer), v.t. to roll in mud or foul matter; wallow: v.t. to cause to rise and fall, as waves: n. that in which any person or animal welters: adj. pertaining to, or noting, the most heavily weighted race of a meeting. welwitschia (-wich'i-a), n. an African plant producing only two large leaves. wen (wen), n. a fleshy and movable tumor. wench (wench), n. a young girl or maiden: usually in an invidious or bad sense; female colored servant. wend (wend), v.i. to go; pass: v.t. to direct (one's way or course). went, p.t. of go. wept, p.t. & p.p. of weep. were, p.t. pi. of be. werewolf ('woolf), n. a person trans- formed into a wolf in form or appe- tite, either permanently or at cer- tain periods. Also werwolf. wert, 2 per. sing, of were. Wesley an (wes'li-an), adj. pertain- ing to John Wesley or to Wesleyan- ism: r~ a Wesleyan Methodist. Wesleyanism (-izm), n. the doc- trines and church polity of the sect of Arminian Methodists, founded by John Wesley, 1739; Methodism. west (west), n. one of the 4 cardinal points, exactly opposite the east; point where the sun appears to set: adj. pertaining to, situated at, lying toward, proceeding toward, or com- ing from, the west: adv. toward the west. West, n. the Occident; country or re- gion lying west of any particular place. western ('ern), adj. tending to, or passing toward, the west. Western, adj. of or pertaining to the Occident or to a western region or country. westward ('werd), adv. toward the west. Also westwards. wet (wet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wetted or wet, p.pr. wetting], to make wet; saturate or moisten with water or some other liquid: n. water; mois- ture; rainy or misty weather; a drink: adj. containing, consisting of, or soaked with, water or some other liquid; very damp; rainy or misty. wether (we^'er), n. a castrated ram. wetness (wet'nes), n. the state or quality of being wet; humidity; moisture. wet-nurse ('ners), n. a nurse who suckles the child of another. wey (wa), n. a unit of weight or measure, varying with different arti- cles. whack (hwak), n. a smart resounding blow; large piece: v.t. to strike with a smart, resounding blow. whacker ('er), n. one who whacks; something very large, especially a he. whale (hwal), n. a large mammal of the Cetacea, many species of which yield oil and whalebone; a fish of great size. wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs or wharves (hwawrfs, hwawrvz) ], a quay or erection on the shore of a harbor, river, &c, for discharging or taking in cargoes, passengers, &c. wharfinger ('in-jer), n. the owner of a wharf. what (hwot), pron. that which; the thing that; how great; something: adj. of what sort, character, &c. whatnot ('not), n. an article of fur- niture with shelves for books, orna- ments, &c. wheal (hwel), n. a weal. wheat (hwet), n. an annual cereal grain from which flour is manufac- tured. wheatear ('er), n. a small migratory singing bird, with a conspicuous white patch at the base of its tail. wheaten ('n), adj. made of wheat. wheedle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice with flattering words: cajole; coax. wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame or solid piece of wood or metal turning on its own axis; any wheel-shaped ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WHEELBARROW 949 WHINING mechanical contrivance; an old in- strument of torture; a circular re- volving firework: v.t. to cause to rotate; convey on wheels: v.i. to turn on, or as on, an axis. wheelbarrow (hweTbar-o), n. a bar- row, usually with one wheel and two handles for carrying light loads. wheeler ('er), n. one who wheels; the horse nearest to the wheels of a carriage. wheelman ('man), n. [pi. wheelmen ('men) ], a cyclist; a steersman wheelwright ('rit), n. a maker of wheels and wheeled carriages. wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe hard and audibly: n. a puffing or blowing, as in labored breathing. wheezing ('ing), n.the act of breath- ing hard and audibly. wheezy (1), adj. affected with wheez- ing. whelk (hwelk), n. a large marine gasteropod. whelm (hwelm), v.t. to overwhelm. whelp (hwelp), n. the young of a dog, Hon, fox, &c.; cub: v.i. to bring forth young: said of the female of certain animals, as the dog. when (hwen), adv. at, or after, the time that; at what time; although. whence (hwens), adv. from what place, source, or origin; how. where (hwar), adv. at which place or places; whither. whereas (-az'), adv. when in fact or truth; since. wherefore ('for), adv. for which or what reason; why. wherry (hwer'i), n. a light, shallow boat, sharjj at both ends; small- decked fishing-vessel; liquor made from the juice of crab-apples after the verjuice is expressed. whet (hwet), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. whetted, p.pr. whetting], to sharpen, especially by rubbing or friction; stimulate. whether (hwe^'er), pron, which of two: conj. which of two alterna- tives (followed by or). whetstone (hwet'ston), n. a stone for sharpening edged tools, &c. whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, watery part of milk, after separa- tion from the curd. which (hwich), pron. a word of in- terrogation in all genders; the rela- tive serving as the neuter of ivho. whiff (hwif), n. a sudden breath of air, smoke &c, as from the mouth; light puff; kind of outrigged boat: v.t. to puff or emit in whiffs. whiffle ('!), v.i. to veer about like the wind; be fickle or unsteady; prevaricate. whimetree, same as swingletree. whiffling (ling), n. evasion; prevar- ication. Whig (hwig), n. one of a political party in the United States that fa- vored a protective tariff, and was succeeded by the present Republican party; one of a political party which originated in the 17th century, now called the Liberal party: adj. pertaining to Whigs. while (hwil), n. space of time; dura- tion: conj. during the time that: v.t. to cause to pass; spend: usually followed by away. whilom (hwi'lom), adv. formerly; long ago. whilst (hwilst), adv. while. whim (hwim), n. a capricious fancy; freak; notion. whimper ('per), v.t.^ to utter in a low, whining or crying tone: v.i. to cry with a low, whining, broken voice. whimsical ('zi-kal), adj. full of whims; fantastical; odd in appear- ance. whimsically (-i), adv. in a whimsi- cal manner. whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly plant of the genus Ulex; furze. whin-chat ('chat), n. & small sing- ing bird. jwhine (hwin), v.i. to express sorrow by a plaintive cry; murmur in an unmanly manner: n. a plaintive tone; mean or affected complaint. whining ('ing), adj. expressing mur- murs by a mean, plaintive, or cant- ing tone. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. WHINNY 950 WHITE HOUSE whinny (hwin'i), v.i. to utter a sound like the cry of a horse: n. the act of whinnying: adj. abounding in whins or furze. whinstone (hwin'ston), n. a miner's term for hard, resisting rock. whip (hwip), v.L [p.t. &p.p. whipped, or whipt, p.pr. whipping], to strike or punish with a lash or some other instrument of punishment or correc- tion; flog; lash with sarcasm; beat into a froth; beat out; sew lightly; fish in with a rod and artificial fly: v.i. to move nimbly; start suddenly and run: n. an instrument for driving horses or other animals or for correction; coachman or driver; whipper-in; endless line used for saving life in shipwreck; small tackle with a single rope for hoist- ing; a member of the British Parlia- ment whose duty it is to summon the members of his party to impor- tant divisions; the summons issued. whipper ('er), n. one who m whips, especially an officer who inflicts the penalty of legal flogging; coal- whipper. whipper-in (-er-in'), n. a huntsman who keeps the hounds in restraint. whipping ('ing), n. the act of pun- ishing with the lash or rod. whippoorwill (hwip'per-wil), n. a small American bird, named from its cry. whir (hwer) ,">.£. [p.t. & p.p. whirred, p.pr. whirring!, to revolve quickly with a whizzing noise: o. a whiz- zing noise. whirl (hwerl), v.L to turn round rapidly: v.i. to turn or move round with velocity; move along swiftly: n. a turning with velocity; rapid ro- tation or whirling motion. whirligig ('i-gig), n. a child's toy which is whirled or spun round. whirlpool (pool), n. # a body of water moving with a circular motion forming a vortex or gulf. whirlwind ('wind), n. a violent wind moving spirally; sudden vio- lent rush. Ste, arm, &sk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boOn, book; hue, hut; think, then. whisk (hwisk), v.L to sweep or stir rapidly; move, or carry off, nimbly: v.i. to move rapidly and nimbly: n. the act of whisking; small bundle of grass, hair, &c, used as a brush; small instrument used for beating or whisking, especially eggs. whiskers ('erz), n.pl. the hair on a man's cheeks; the bristly hairs on the upper lip of a cat, stripes,^ a wood much used in cabinet-making. zebu ('bu), n. the Indian ox or cow, with long pendulous ears, and large prominent hump on the shoulders. zechstein (zek'stin), n. magnesium limestone. zee man effect (ze'man ef-fekt), n. a distortion of spectral lines due to the influence of a magnetic field on the source of light, as discovered by Prof. Zeeman of Amsterdam. Zemstvo (r;emstVo), n. a popularly elected prov. or dist. administrative assembly in Russia in pre war time. zenana (ze-na-na), n. in India, that part of a house reserved exclusively for women. Also zanana. Zend (zend), n. the Iranian language of ancient Persia. Zend-Avesta (-a-ves'ta), n. the sa- cred writings of the Zoroastrians ascribed to Zoroaster. zendik ( r dik), n. in. the East, a name for an unbeliever. zenith (ze'nith), n. the point in the heavens directly over the head of the spectator; greatest height. zeolite (ze'o-llt), n. an extensive group of minerals, consisting cf hy- drated silicates; so called from their frothing when under the blowpipe. zephyr (zef'er), n. the west wind; soft, gentle breeze. Zeppelin (zepVlin), to. a dirigible, passenger-carrying airship, named after its inventor. zero (z'ro), to. a cipher; nothing; neutral point (°) between any as- cending or descending scale or series; the theoretical point, at 272 degrees of the Centigrade scale, at which temperature ceases to exist, is called the absolute zero. Zero-Hour, n. the exact time to attack. zest (zest), n. relish; keen enjoyment. zeugma (zug'ma), n. a figure in gram- mar by which a verb, adjective, or other part of speech, relating to one noun is referred to another. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, ndrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. (965) ZIP zoo Zif (zif), n. the second month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year (part of May- June) and eighth of the civil year. zigzag (zig'zag), adj. having short, sharp turns: n. something with short, sharp turns. zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous insect re- sembling the tsetse. zinc (zingk), n. a bluish-white metal. zincic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining to, or containing, zmc. Also zincky, zinky, zinckic. zincode (zingk'od), n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery. zincograph ('o-graf), n. an impres- sion from a zinc plate. zincography (-og'ra-fi), n. the art of drawing upon, or printing from, zinc plates. zincoid ('oid), adj. zinc-like. Zingaro (thing-ga/ro), n. Spanish term for gipsy. zingel (zing'el), n. a perch found in the Danube. zinkenite (zingk'en-it), n. a steel- grey mineral, a sulphide of antimony and lead. Zion (zi'un), n. a hill in Jerusalem, the royal residence of King David and his successors: hence the Church of God. Zionism (-izm), n. a project for the re establishment of the Jews as a na- tion in Palestine. zircon (zer'kon), n. a heavy, hard, sparkling mineral. zirconia (-ko'ni-a), n. the oxide of zirconium. zirconium ('ni-um), n. sl rare metal- lic element. zither (zith'er), n. a stringed musical instrument, consisting of a sounding box and 28 to 31 strings. zoanthropy (zo-an'thro-pi), n. a kind of mania, in which the patient be- lieves himself to be transformed into an animal. zobo _ ('bo), n. an ox-like animal of India. Also zobu. zodiac ('di-ak), n. an imaginary broad belt in the heavens, contain- ing the 12 constellations or signs of the zodiac which the sun traverses annually. zodiacal (-di'a-kal), adj. pertaining to, or situated within, the zodiac. zodiacal light (lit), n. a luminous tract of the sky of triangular shape, its base being on the horizon: seen in the evening at twilight, and be- fore dawn. zoetrope ('e-trop), n. an optical in- strument by means of which figures, &c. K on a circular card appear to be in active motion when viewed through slots in the upper side. zofra ('fra), n. a Moorish carpet. zoidogamous (zo-i-dog'a-mus), adj. fertilized by motile male cells com- parable to those of animals, as in case of certain flowerless plants. Zolaism ('la-izm), n. excessive real- ism in the literary treatment of the worse side of human life or nature: from Emile Zola, the French realis- tic novelist. zollverein (tsol'fer-In), n. the Ger- man customs union, formed 1827 and further extended in 1867 to estab- lish uniform rates; a customs union. zonal (zo'nal), adj, pertaining to, or formed of, a zone or zones. zone (zon), n. one of the 5 great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided with respect to latitude and temperature; that belt or dis- trict within which certain animal or plant forms of life are confined: a girdle or belt: v.t. to encircle with, or as with, a zone. zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or girdle; having zones; striped. zone-plate (zon'plat), n. a plate con- sisting of alternate series of opaque and transparent concentric rings which brings light to a focus by diffraction. zonophone (zo'no-fon), n. a kind of phonograph record. zoo, a prefix meaning animal, as zoo- chemistry, animal chemistry. zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large in- closure in which live animals are ate, arm, :, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, thru. ZOOCENTRIC 967 ZWIEBACK kept for public exhibition; zoolog- ical garden. zoocentric (zo-o-sen'trik), adj. relat- ing to the theory that the world was intelligently designed as the home of conscious beings. zoochore (zo'o-kor), n. a plant dis- seminated with the aid of animals, as when^burrs are carried in the wool of a sheep. zoocurrent (zo'o-kur-ent), n. an ocean current carrying living or- ganisms. zoogene (zo'o-jen), adj. of animal origin, as coral islands, or beds of limestone. zoogenic (zo'o-jen'ik), adj. of animal as distinguished from vegetable, origin zoogenous (zo-oj'e-nus), adj. of ani- mal origin; acquired by man from the lower animals, as in case of cer- tain diseases. zoogeography (zo-o-je-og'ra-fi), n. the study of the geographical dis- tribution of animals. zoogeographical (-o-graf 'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to zoogeography. zoogloea (-o-gle'a), n. a mass of bacteria inclosed in a viscous, gelatinous substance. zoo graphic (-graf'ik), adj. pertaining to zoography. zoography (-og'ra-fi), n. the descrip- tion of animals, their forms and habits. zooid ('oid), n. an animal in one of its inferior stages of development; an individual of a compound or co- lonial animal organization. zoolatry (-ol'a-tri), n. animal-wor- ship. zoological (-o-loj 'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to zoology. zoologically (-li), adv. according to the principles of zoology. zoologist (-ol'o-jist), n. one skilled in zoology. zoology (-ol'o-ji), n. that part of bi- ology that treats of animals, their structure, classification, habits, and distribution. zoomechanics (zo-o-me-kan-iks), n. the theory that all vital processes are explicable in terms of matter and motion. zodmorphism (-mor'fizm), n. the representation of a deity in the form or with the attributes, of an animal. zoon ('on), n. an animal which is the sole product of a single ovum. zoophilist (-of'i-list), n. a lover of animals. zoophysiology (-o-fiz-i-ol'o-gi), n. physiology of the lower animals. zoophyte ('o-fit), n. an animal of low organization, bearing some external resemblance to a plant. zoosperm ('o-sperm), n. the male seed-cell. zoospore ('o-spor), n. the active spores of certain algae endowed with motion by means of ciliated processes. zootomist (-ot'o-mist), n. a compara- tive anatomist. zootomy ('o-mi), n. the dissection or anatomy of animals. zorilla (zo-ril'a), n. a kind of skunk. Zoroastrian (-ro-as'tri-an), adj. per- taining to Zoroaster, the reputed founder of the Parsi religion, or to his doctrines. Zoroastrianism (-izm), n. the reli- gious system, contained in the Zend- Avesta, said to have been founded by Zoroaster, the legislator and prophet of ancient Persia. zouave (zoo-av') n. a soldier of a light infantry corps of the French army, wearing an Arab dress. zuchetto (tsoo-kat'o), n. a skull-cap covering the tonsure and worn un- der the biretta. Also zuchetta. Zulu (zoo'loo), n. one of the war- like tribe of Kaffirs, north of Natal. zumbooruk (zum'boo-ruk), n. a small swivel cannon fired from the back of a camel. Zuni (zoo'nye), n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. zweibund (tsvi'boont), n. a dual alliance of nations. zwieback (tsve'bach), n. a form of bread baked in crisp slices. ate, arm, ask, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ZYGOMA ZYTHUM zygoma (zi-go'ma), n. the cheek- bone. zygomorphous (zig-o-mor'fus), adj. shaped like a yoke. zygote (zi'got), n. the living product of the union of two germ cells wheth- er animal or vegetable. zygotic (zl-got'ik), adj. relating to zyotes or fertilized egg-cells. zyme (zlm), n. the germ supposed to be the poisonous cause of zymotic zymic (zim'ik), adj. produced by fer- mentation. zymocyte (zi'mo-sit), n. a micro-or- ganism that produces fermentation. zymogen (zl'mo-jen), n. any sub- stance that by internal changes gives rise to a ferment. Also zymogene. zymologist (-mol'o-jist), n. one skilled in zymology. zymology ('o-ji), n. the doctrine of fermentation. Also zumology. zymolysis (zi-mori-sis), n. normal di- gestion as produced by non-living ferments. zymometer (-mom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation in different liquids, Zymosimeter. zymophore (zi'mo-for), adj. bearing a toxin or poison. zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. a bacteroid ferment. zymosis (zi-mo'sis), n. a fermenta- tion. zymotic (-mot'ik), adj. producing fer- mentation, or a disease in which a virus works through the body like a ferment, as cholera. zymotic diseases (dis'ez-ez), n. a class of contagious or epidemic dis- eases, supposed to be produced by a virus or organism which acts like a ferment. zymoticcally (-al-i), adv. in a zy- motic manner. zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. that branch of industrial chemistry which deals with the processes of fermentation in brewing, wine-making, &c. Zyrian (zir'i-an), n. a member of a race of people living in north east- ern Russia. zythum ('thum), n. an ancient bev- erage made from malt and wheat. ate, arm, lisk, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, then. ADDITIONAL HELPS TO The Study and Use of To-day's English MORE than a list of words is needed by those who wish to keep pace with the growth of our language. The preceding vocabulary is the newest and most usable list of words and word information to be found in any Dictionary. Added to this, the following pages contain dramatic accounts of how our language grew, stories of word building, a section de- voted to information daily used, and a classi- fied Supplementary Dictionary of sporting, technical, professional and political terms. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES By JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. Peofessoe in the University of Pennsylvania, Member of the National Academy of Social Science The Dictionary is our most general and most helpful book of reference. Few homes are without some one of its manifold forms, and it is appealed to as an authority on the correct spelling of words, their pronunciation, and their exact shades of meaning. In the larger dictionaries, and to some extent in their abridgements, we expect to find also the derivation of words, as well as a certain amount of encyclopedic^ information, frequently made clearer by ap- propriate illustrations. There is commonly an Appendix too, containing a variety of miscellaneous information, judiciously < selected and conveniently arranged. In short, if one were for any reason limited to a single book of ref- erence, one's choice would ordinarily, and quite naturally, be the Dictionary. The evolution of so convenient and comprehensive a manual has been the result of a long process of development, extending over many centuries. Its course is marked by a relatively small number of epoch-making works, each of which held the field, directly or indirectly through^ revisions and imitations, for long terms of years. Like so many other of our institutions, its origin and growth cannot clearly be understood without going back to those peoples to whom we owe so much that they must always hold a prominent place in any sounded ucational system, the Greeks and Romans. The name "dictionary," from dictionarius (liber) or dictionarium, origi- nally meant a "word-book." It had as rivals numerous other terms, such as lexicon (the Greek form of "word-book"), glossary, vocabulary, and the like. Its victory over all of them has been so complete, that "dictionary" is not only the most common designation of a word-book, but is extendeelto other hand- books alphabetically arranged, such as dictionaries of antiquities, of quota- tions, of biography, and similar works. Even the alphabetical order, or "dic- tionary order" as it is sometimes called, which seems to us so obviously the best, had a long contest with the arrangement by subjects or classes, and was not universally adopted until _ toward the end of the sixteenth century. The alphabetical arrangement itself passed through various stages, beginning with lists of words having the same initial letter but not otherwise differentiated, passing to fists alphabetized by the first two letters, and culminating in our present system. Dictionaries are in general of two kinds: those in which the words of one language are defined in terms of another, and those in which the words of a language are explained or defined in the same tongue. The former become necessary when foreign languages are studied, the latter when a speech has reached such a stage of development as to contain words which are not readily understood by the general public. The first word-books were the glossaries used by the Greek schoolboys of the fifth century before our era, to master the meanings of the obsolete and poetic words in their national reading-book, the poems of Homer. These glossaries were gradually expanded and amplified until Philetas of Cos, who 970 The Evolution of English Dictionaries lived between 325 and 265 B. C, compiled what might be called the first Ho- meric Lexicon. As time went on, other special lexicons were made, and finally, toward the end of the first century of our era, the first general Greek Diction- ary was begun by Zophyrion and completed by Pampmlus of Alexandria. Similar educational conditions existed among the Romans, and the glos- saries made to explain unfamiliar words led at last to the great dictionary of Verrius Flaccus, of the time of Augustus. This lexicon was so large that it was twice abridged, by Festus and Paulus Diaconus. Only the latter has been preserved, along with some portions of the earlier epitome of Festus. Verrius illustrated the meaning and use of words by quotations, which give the work its principal value for modern scholars, and also introduced some encyclopaedic matter. It will be seen that much of the ground gained in the course of so many centuries was lost during the Dark Ages, and that our English dic- tionaries practically began again at the beginning and passed through the same stages of growth, although at last they far outstripped their prototypes in the ancient world. After lexicography had lain dormant for some time, it was given a fresh impulse by the Revival of Learning and the use of Latin as a means of com- munication among educated men of different nationalities. Vocabularies be- came necessary, which at first explained the meaning of words in simpler Latin, but tended more and more to use the vernacular. In England the making of such word-books began between 600 and 700 A. D., but their development was retarded for more than three centuries by the Norman conquest, since it was not until the close of the fourteenth century that English finally gained the ascendancy over French and became the recognized language of the schools. The period which followed the victory of the mother tongue is marked by the appearance of a great number of Latin-English word-books, not yet called dictionaries, but bearing various fanciful titles, such as Medulla Grammatices, or "Marrow of Grammar," Ortus (i. e. Hortus) Vocabulorum, or "Garden of Words," and the like. A second stage is represented by the Promptorium Par- vulorum K the "Children's Storehouse," which contained about 10,000 English wordswith their Latin equivalents. The first work of the kind to be termed a "Dictionary" was that of Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, issued in 1538. The num- ber of Latin-English and English-Latin lexicons is very large and they show a consistent improvement. Space does not permit an enumeration even of those of epoch-making importance; it may merely be remarked that owing to the high demands made by the modern science of lexicography, we have as yet no dictionary either of Greek or of Latin which is regarded as adequate. In the case of Latin the deficiency is gradually being supplied by the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, published with the support of five great £ cademies of Germany and Austria. The printing of this mammoth work began in 1900, and it has so far covered the first four letters of the alphabet. The next forward step was made by Richard Howlet, whose Abecedarium, issued in 1552, besides giving the Latin equivalents for a large number of Eng- lish words, also gave English definitions of some of the more difficult terms. Next, the dying out of Latin as a means of communication led to a more gen- eral study of the modem languages. Dante had long since made an appeal for greater attention to Italian in his De VulgariEloquio, but it was not until the early part of the sixteenth century that Dictionaries of English in connection with a modern language were put forth; One of the earliest was the Esclarcisse- ment efe la Langue Francoyse (1530), which was soon followed by dictionaries of Spanish and Italian, and shortly afterwards by a polyglot lexicon in eleven languages, called the Ductor in Linguas, or "Guide into Tongues." 971 The Evolution of English Dictionaries Dictionaries of Greek, Latin and the modern foreign languages had an obvious practical purpose, but the necessity for an English dictionary did not suggest itself until the end of the sixteenth century, when it was brought to mind by the introduction into our tongue of many learned or "book" words, the meaning of which could not be grasped in the ordinary way, but required definition by specialists. Thus English dictionaries had in the beginning the same aim as the glossaries of the Greeks and Romans; that is, the definition of the "hard" words of the language. This is explicitly set forth in the title of Robert Cawdrey's Table Alpha- beticall of Hard Words, published in 1604, in which he explains the meaning of about 3,000 such terms. His work passed through three editions and then gave place to the English Expositor, or Exposition of Hard Words, of John Bul- iokar (1616). A new departure was made by the English Dictionary of Henry Cockeram (1623), which consisted of three parts. The first contained the "hard" words with their definitions, but the second gave a list of ordinary words provided with their learned equivalents, thus enabling the ambitious and industrious to substitute elegant and high-sounding terms for those cur- rent in every-day life, and so improve their style and conversation. The third part m furnished an explanation of the classical^ historical and mythological allusions met with in literature, besides giving information about important personages, marvellous animals, and the like. In 1656 a,Glossographia, an explanation of obscure legal terms, was published by Thomas Blount, who enlivened the sober annals of the science by his con- troversy with Edward Phillips, declaring that the latter's New World of Words and Nomothetes were clumsy plagiarisms of his own books. But the general tendency was to add more and more of the common words of the language. A series of dictionaries by Coles (1677), Cocker (1704), and Kersey (1708) continued this good work, and finally, in 1721, Nathaniel Bailey issued his Universal Etymological English Dictionary. This was the first work of the kind to aim at a complete collection of all the words of our mother tongue, a step made necessary by the special attention which was given to etymology. For while the editor did not consider it essential to give a common word like "cat" a fuller definition than "a creature well known," the derivation of all words was equally important. Bailey's work at once proved popular and went through a number of editions. In that of 1731 he marked a further advance Jby indi- cating the proper accentuation of the words. His Dictionary also included many legal and technical terms, as well as "the Etymology and Interpretation of Proper Names of Men and T7omen and Remarkable Places in Great Britain." In 1730, with the help of several specialists, Bailey brought out his folio edi- tion, into which he introduced diagrams and proverbs. An interleaved copy of this edition formed the working basis for Johnson's Dictionary. Dr. James A. H. Murray has pointed out in his Romanes lecture of 1900 that many of these dictionaries owed their existence to the needs of women, whose educational advantages were less than those of men, a fact which is given quaint expression in their dedications and title-pages. Cockeram's book, for example, announced its purpose as being that of "enabling as well as Ladies and Gentlewomen . . . as also Strangers of any Nation to the understanding of the more difficult authors already printed in our language, and the more speedy attaining of an elegant perfection of the English tongue, both in reading, speak- ing, and writing," while Blount's Glossographia was dedicated to the use of "the more-knowing Women and less-knowing Men." Bailey had many rivals and competitors, who followed the same general plan, among them Dyche and Pardon (1735), B. N. Defoe (1735) and Benja- min Martin (1749). The next step in advance was prompted by a feeling 972 The Evolution of English Dictionaries among literary men and booksellers of the need for a "standard dictionary,'* the purpose of which should be to "fix the language" and prevent its deteriora- tion. This erroneous conception of the nature of speech was not confined to England, but the example had already been set by the Accademia della Crusca in Italy and the Academic frangaise. The latter had in fact published a dic- tionary, the fruit of twenty years of preparation and forty of labor, from which all technical terms were rigidly excluded, as well as all other words which did not receive the stamp of academic approval. We now realize that such a no- tion is a perverted one, and that a dictionary should be an inventory of the language and not a "Who's Who?" of diction. . At the time, however, the plan met with general approval, and in 1747 a syndicate of London booksellers con- tracted with Samuel Johnson to produce such a book within three years for the consideration of 1500 guineas. Johnson thereupon addressed a memorial on the "Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language" to Lord Chesterfield, in the hope of securing his patronage for the enterprise. It was^ not until Johnson had nearly completed his great task that the noble lord paid any attention to the matter, and then his tardy aid and encouragement were rejected by the indignant lexicographer. The work had in fact taken eight years and a half, and the greater part of the_ stipend had been exhausted in the pay of six amanuenses and in other incidental expenses. The feature which made Johnson's Dictionary epoch-making was the attention given to the historical development of the language and the illus- tration of the uses of words by # well-selected quotations. These quotations were entirely supplied by the editor and were for the most part made from memory; but though frequently not verbally exact, they are almost always sufficiently so to be entirely adequate to their purpose. Johnson also prided himself on his etymologies, but his original contributions in that line have gone the way of the greater number of those which preceded the modern days of scientific etymology. There are some definitions in which the editor allowed his sense of humor or his personal feelings to get the better of strict accuracy and literary decorum. Thus he defines a^ lexicographer as "a maker of dic- tionaries, a harmless drudge," and a pensioner as "a Slave of the State, hired by a stipend to obey his^ master." Other well-known examples are oats, whig, tory, and excise, Which is said to be a "hateful tax, levied upon commodities and adjudged not by the common judges of property, but by wretches hired by those to whom the excise is paid." His work was not free from errors, but he in part disarmed criticism in his Preface by freely admitting their possibility. He was true scholar enough to acknowledge his slips, and when a lady once asked him how he came to define pastern as "the knee of a horse," he replied, "Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance." The value of Johnson's work was immediately recognized and it passed into a second edition within a year. It was some forty years, however, in wholly supplanting Bailey's Dictionary and others of that type; but it finally became the standard and held the field for many years. The next feature to be added to our dictionaries was the systematic and accurate indication of pronunciation. Bailey and Johnson had indicated the proper accentuation of words, but had made no further attempt to show their sounds. This was first done by William Kenrick (1773), who was followed in 1789 by Thomas Sheridan, father of the famous dramatist. In 1791 John Walker, a former actor and lecturer on elocution, issued his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which became as great an authority on pronunciation as Johnson was on definition and quotation. Except for this addition, the efforts of lexi- cographers for many years after the publication of Johnson's Dictionary were confined to attempts to supplement and perfect that work. It was reprinted 973 The Evolution of English Dictionaries and revised many times, the best edition being that of the Rev. H. J. Todd (London, 1818), which is not yet wholly superseded. The first to enter into competition with Johnson by making an indepen- dent work was Charles Richardson, whose New Dictionary of the English Lan- guage (1837) was based upon the theory that definition was a subordinate matter and illustration by quotation the essential thing. The result was an extremely valuable repertory of passages from the best writers from 1300 down to his own time, but the plan of the work prevented it from being a popular success. Meanwhile the first great American lexicographer, Noah Webster (1758- 1843), had begun a series of dictionaries which culminated in the -American Dictionary of the^ English Language. This work was based upon a new and extensive collection of material, and as the name implies, was an American dictionary, introducing words which had hitherto been regarded as provincial and illustrating usage by quotations from American as well as from British writers. He did not even confine himself to the best authors, believing that "language was an instrument not so much of literature as of daily association." He gave elaborate rules for spelling and pronunciation and in various appen- dices, as well as in the definitions of certain words, he included much encyclo- pedic matter. The work appeared in several editions during its author's lifetime, and was continued after his death by his son-in-law Chauncey Allen Goodrich (1790-1860), and later by Noah Porter (1811-1892), President of Yale College. For many years the supremacy of Webster's Dictionary in America was disputed by that of Joseph Emerson Worcester (1784-1865), who differed from Webster on many points of spelling and pronunciation, as well as in treating the language objectively rather than didactically. The victory in the "war of dictionaries" seems to have rested with Webster, although his etymologies, which were the least successful part of his work, have been generally discarded, while many of the characteristic features of the book have been modified or dropped. It still bears the name of its founder, but in its title American has given place to International. The final step in English lexicography is represented by the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the publication of which began at Oxford in 1884 and is now nearing completion. Its aim is to record the full history of every word which has ever existed in our language during the last 800 years, with its proper spellings, pronunciation, etymology and definitions, and with quotations illustrating its usage. This monumental work is purely a word-book, without encyclopedic matter. The latter feature was given special prominence by John Ogilvie in his English Dictionary, Technical and Scientific, first published in 1850 and afterwards in several editions, finally appearing as the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. This work has had a profound influence on all our dictionaries except the New Oxford, all of which contain a greater or less amount of encyclopedic material and a profusion of illustrations. 974 STANDARD ENGLISH By PERCY W. LONG, A.M., Ph.D. Instructor in English in Harvard University, Secretary op thb American Dialect Society, of the Editorial Staff of Webster's New International Dictionary, Etc. The choice of words, among the many thousands which are available f 01 general use, marks, better than any other criterion, the range of one's com- mand of the resources of a language. For although accuracy in pronunciation serves, as a rule, to distinguish the educated from the uneducated, and to gain for them that recognition which is accorded to persons sensitive to the finer elements of culture, it is among such persons a token of intellectual distinction to find at the right moment the right word, showing in this nicety of adjust- ment a precision of idea and^ a command of the means of expression beyond what is common. So much is not demanded of the majority of moderately educated men; to them the use of the standard language is a matter, not of artistic proficiency, but of everyday correctness. And the importance of this correctness is obvious to the business man as well as to the student in so far as it concerns his own social and commercial life. What is usually less obvious is its importance to the community; that is to the nation, or more generally the several countries which in common speak the English language. The great convenience of a language which encircles the globe and is understood from Alaska to Capetown would be seriously diminished if the great agencies of our common culture, the schools, the pulpit, the newspapers, and the dic- tionaries, did not labor incessantly to keep in check the littlevariations which tend to disintegrate our common heritage. Local peculiarities of pronuncia- tion, local innovations in words and new meanings attached to the old words would in no long time establish a variety of dialects such as those of Italy, where the peasant from near Naples cannot converse with his countryman of Venice unless through an artificial literary language acquired in school. From some such variety of dialects the English standard language arose at the time of Chaucer and of Wyclif's translation of the Bible. Since that time, though in England the dialects have maintained themselves among the illiter- ate, a clear tradition established by the court, the church and the universities has been disseminated throughout the masses of English-speaking people. To this tradition it is encumbent on those who wish to speak and write well to conform. The court of appeal to which the average individual must resort in case of doubt is the dictionary. But the consulter of the dictionary should recognize that its function — at any rate in recent times — is not to legislate regarding usages. Dr. Johnson, indeed, did so. But his celebrated dictionary of 1755 represented a movement initiated in the group of Swift, Addison, and Pope to compose a dictionary which should fix in one perfect form forever an unal- terable English language^ Many scholars then believed, and all now know, that even greater recognition than the following which Johnson secured among American as well as English authors, could not stay the flux of language. Even the Roman rhetorician Quintilian had recognized that fashions in words must 975 Standard English change. The dictionary therefore records what is in good use now. Its sources are the great conservative centers of intellectual authority — the educational world, the pulpit, and distinguished authors. To these in Europe, notably in England and Germany, may be added the spoken language of classical and serious modern drama. That no one of these constitutes an ideal guide results from the inevitable intellectual and temperamental variations to which indi- vidual professions are subject. The pedantry of the schoolmaster contrasts with the simple emotional appeal of the actor ) the wit of a keen editorial would not become the decorum of the cloth. As in the well-educated man almost any one of the elements that go to make^ up education may be lacking, so in the speaker or writer of good English individual virtues and vices of language distinguish the real from the ideal. Yet certain principles of choice will keep one from going far wrong. One should use in language that sense of refinement which checks one from con- spicuousness or eccentricity^ in clothes and in conduct. To say that one should be unobtrusive is good # advice only to those who cannot excel. But in seeking to excel one should avoid the outlandish, using only such language as good sense warrants. Long words which call attention to themselves are rarely in good taste. This is as much as to say that language should be adapted to the hearers, to the audience and. to the occasion. An address concerning a coal strike de- livered at a Bostonian the dansant would not serve for miners in their shirt sleeves. Without citing extremes, everyone will recognize the difference between formal occasions, such as public lectures, and informal, when a simpler range of words and certainly a simpler form of sentences would alone be in keeping. Often in conflict with this principle of adapting language not only to the temperament but to the intelligence of those about one, a principle of even greater importance should controlone bent on acquiring command of language — that of seeking to express one's idea with precision. ^ Often co convey an idea with clearness will require a phrase, when to express it exactly requires but a, word, because the specific word does not come to mind or because the audi- ence cannot be trusted to comprehend its meaning. The "provenience of sei- centismo concetti" serves for some one hundred words not of an elaborately technical character, but should be used only in addressing truly erudite persons. The very citation of such a phrase emphasizes the supreme importance of sim- plicity as a means to clearness. And yet undeviating allegiance to simplicity would leave everyone in the language of childhood. A compromise between such simplicity and an endeavor to carry upward the standard of one's envi- ronment is truer taste than the safer nonchalance of negative unobtrusiveness. Regarding less these general principles of choice in the tenor of one's language, certain criteria for individual words have been formulated by rheto- ricians. It should be observed that not all words are necessarily, because they are in the dictionary, good words. On the contrary, many are labelled colloquial or slang or archaic. Nor does the dictionary necessarily ban other words, sometimes rarely used or highly technical, which it would not be advisable to publish. Many a word formed with the prefix un or the suffix ly it would be quite legitimate to coin without express authority. Careful^ observance of etymology in order to prevent formation of hybrids is here the main requisite. Of the words which come to us from unaccredited sources, Americans are peculiarly exposed to the influx of foreign words, creating in local centers temporary mixed languages which permanently affect in various small ways the speech of districts. Especially difficult to avoid is the influence on pronun- ciation. A standard American pronunciation, enforced throughout our schools as a counter to the growing individualization of the northeast, southeast, and west, would do more to resist this tendency than individual efforts can hope 976 Standard English to. To nationalize the British standard is a futile endeavor; we must say ben or bin, and not been. We cannot pronounce trait as tray or chivalry with tch. But any large influx of foreign words would go further; it would make for serious difficulty in intelligibility. The outcome of this tendency usage will decide in time. For time, though slowly, transforms speech so that the speech of five hundred years ago would be hard to follow, and Juliet would seem to us to speak with a brogue. Changes are constantly in progress. New words creep in; old words fade gradually from memory. One can hardly do better than quote Pope's famous couplet: "Be not the first by whom the new are tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." To-day one would not hesitate as in 1900 to use the words graft and auto- mobile. Perhaps in 1930 peeved will have won its way to good repute. It has not done so as yet. On the other hand, certain authors have sustained injury by a fondness for words already nearly obsolete. They spoiled for many the golden melody of Spenser's verse. And we deem it an affectation when a writer uses whilom, forsooth and the like, as a part of his own speech. A danger less likely to beset consulters of dictionaries, but certainly more conspicuous in general conversation, especially at the showing-off age, is that of indiscriminately using slangy While only pedantry will deprecate the occa- sional use of a slang term when it felicitously conveys a specific thought or feel- ing, a regard for definiteness in thinking ^ will condemn the meaningless itera- tion of a few stock phrases as equally applicable to the most incongruous things. Besides the^ vagueness, slang injures through its tendency to express the more vulgar, trivial, and commonplace points of view toward life, insensibly cheap- ening the whole intellectual tone of one habituated to its influence. The expres- sion / should worry ,is but equivalent to the similar Old French non mi cale, from which we have nonchalance; but the user of the latter term, if aware of its meaning, looks at that meaning critically rather than feels it. Soon, how- ever, the slang lost its expressiveness of a mood, becoming a mere catchword or gag. Other slang satisfies a permanent need, gains favor, and is in repute. Swift fought for years the abbreviation mob for mobile vulgus, fickle rabble, as disconcerted faculties today combat prof. The standard language consists of those expressions which are exempt from criticism on the scores of being (1) too old or too new; (2) too local or still alien; and (3) beneath a_ reasonable tone of refinement. But within this chosen group must be distinguished two classes of terms: one to be used univer- sally and one only to special groups of persons; namely, general and technical words. General words, in this sense are those known to the generality of people and embrace relatively but a few thousand, to which, however, in the main this article has been confined. Technical words, to the contrary, will be recognized by few not specially interested in the subject matter of the art, game, science, or craft with which they are involved. m Castling in chess will serve as an example. Such words can be used but sparingly unless to persons of the particular group which they serve. In addition to choosing words which are in themselves exempt from criti- cism, which express one's meaning and are suited to one's audience, the dis- criminating iser of language^ is influenced by certain intellectual qualities. Of these the most essential is temperateness of expression. The hyperbole of vague enthusiasm or distaste manifests an uncritical and unreflective atti- tude of mind. It is usually a quickly recognized mark of intellectual inferiority, manifesting itself not only in the exaggeration which individual words imply f 977 Standard English but even more in the use of such intensive expressions as very or less common incremental adverbs. Similar to this vice of hyperbole, though of more various character, is the tendency to use frequently qualifying words which modify the positive content of one's statements. Such an expression as of course when, if it be of course the statement need not be made, and when if it be not the expression is at best an irritating form of flattery, should be avoided. No doubt often implies actually the existence of doubt. ^ Or, one's expression over- states and must be qualified, indicating original inability to achieve precise expression. This reveals poverty of vocabulary. Within the compass of individual words not infrequently there exists a considerable choice, where several meanings of a word are still well known. Dainty is an instance; whether to apply it to a person of fastidious habits or to a thing palatable or otherwise agreeable to such a person. \ But applied to the person it may concern appearance or manner or tastes. There is, chiefly, a danger of too greatly extending the meaning of a word by confusion with some other through close association. This type of error, called "impropriety,/' or "malaprop," from Mrs. Malaprop in the "School for Scandal," is well illus- trated by her own saying^ "I'll f recede along after you." Close akin to it are such solecisms as that which arise commonly in the misuse of liable for likely. One may be liable to arrest for overspeeding, and yet not likely to be arrested. Liable usually accompanies a noun, likely a verb. Another instance is the con- fusion between due and owing. This error arises from using due as if it also were a participle. * Among the^ correct uses of a word, it was once widely maintained that the primary or original meaning of a word is that toward which one should incline. Ruskin especially was addicted to resuscitating the original significance. This conservative tendency, so long as it avoids eccentricity, makes for stability. But its fundamental inapplicability appears in such a word as passion, which then must be used to denote "suffering," as occasionally it still does ("the passion of our Lord"); or in the word take, which originally meant "to give." A better principle for choosing is to use those meanings only which are widely intelligible, and of those that one which no other word conveys so clearly. Among synonyms choose the meanings which are least synonymous. Tins makes for clearness. Avoid the error of the schoolboy who wrote: "One fine day we took a nice drive up and got an elegant view." As to the extent of his vocabulary, it were better not to inquire. The well-educated person uses from two to five thousand words; exceptionally gifted authors rarely double that number. And yet the acquisition of a vocabu- lary, which is so highly commended in Professor Palmer's Self Cultivation in English, is no great task if one were to resolve upon his advice to acquire regularly and use two new words a week. Ability to choose words rests upon the ready command of many, just as lapses into error usually arise from com- mand of too few. Therefore to enlarge the vocabulary best makes for the at- tainment and spread of standard English* 978 PRACTICAL SYNTAX By FORREST S. LUNT, M.A. Instructor op English, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, Columbia University It is the purpose of this article to present to the general reader in a brief and somewhat informal manner the more common principles of syntax. The historical phase of syntax is not presented. The clientele to which such a volume as this will appeal will find the following discussion of syntactical relationships of practical value. When we express our thoughts in ordinary conversation we generally take little thought of the relation the words we are usmg bear to each other. What we mean to say is brought out clearly and vividly, as much by the tone of voice, inflection, facial expression, body gestures, and manner, as by the words themselves. But when we set our thoughts down in written form we are without these valuable aids of voice and manner to make clear what we are trying to say. Our thoughts must be understood because the relations which exist between the various parts of our sentences are clear. If the relations between the parts of our sentences are not clear, or if they do not follow the generally accepted rules governing syntactical relations, the thoughts we are trying to express will not be understood. Good usage, common practice, society— whatever you will — has decided what is good form, what is proper, in this field of syntax, just as it has in the fields of morals, etiquette, or fashions. Therefore the man or woman who has occasion to set his thoughts down in writing should observe the com- mon practice, the universally understood rules which govern the relationship of words. If he fails to do so, or if he attempts to make his own rules, he will be considered as outside the pale of cultured, educated people. From this it will be seen that the ability to construct sentences properly is hardly less important than the power to speak. The term used when referring to this relation which must exist between the various parts of sentences is Syntax. As has been said, Syntax involves the observance of established rules in the correct arrangement of words in good use. This phase of syntax is known as Grammar. In languages which are highly inflected the relations between the words is shown by the inflections. The English language is not highly inflected, having lost most of its inflected forms; the relations between the words in English sentences is shown by their grammatical order. The normal order of the wordsin English sentences is: first, the noun, with its modifiers; then the verb with its modifiers. The adjec- tive modifiers of a noun usually follow it. In the case of verbs the modifiers may come before or after the verb. The modifiers of both the nouns and the verbs should be placed near to the words they are intended to modify. All sentences may be divided into three general forms, namely: (a) The simple sentence, which consists of one subject and one predicate, as The boy runs. In such a sentence boy is the subject, runs is the predicate. (6) The compound sentence, which consists of two or more clauses of equal value, joined by a co-ordinate conjunction, as "The way was long and the day Practical Syntax was cold." Here the clause the day was cold is equal in value to the way was long, and is joined to the first clause by the co-ordinate conjunction and. (c) The complex sentence, which contains a main or principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses joined to the main clause by a subordinate conjunction, as The boy ran when he heard the bell. The main clause is the boy ran; the subordinate clause is when he heard the bell; the subordinate con- junction joining the two clauses is when. These three definitions classify all the sentence forms. Every sentence requires a subject; this subject is said to be in the nom- inative case. It answers the question Who? or What? and the predicate or verb asserts something about it. The subject of a sentence may be either a noun or a pronoun or other word, phrase, or clause which may take the place of a noun or pronoun. m Illustrations: 1. Mary plays with her doll. Mary, a proper noun, is the subject of plays. 2. He went home. He, a personal pronoun, is the subject of went. 3. To give aid is a great privilege. To give aid, an infinitive phrase, is the subject of is. 4. Swimming is good exercise. Swimming, a verbal noun, is the subject of is. 5. That the man knew his business was evident to all. That the man knew his business, a noun clause, is the subject of was. 6. The wicked are punished. Wicked, an adjective, is the subject of are punished. 7. Now is the time to strike. ^ Now, an adverb, is the subject of is. When one noun is used to explain or to describe another noun it is said to be in Apposition with that noun; < and they are always put in the same case. Illustration: Mr. Smith, the minister, has gone abroad. The noun minister describes the Mr. Smith referred to and is in the nominative case to agree with Mr. Smith, which is the subject of the sentence. The nominative case has additional uses. The verb to be and verbs of a like nature such as seem, become, look, etc., take two nominatives, one for a subject and the other to complete their meanings. Examples: The king is a great man. Man, a nominative, completes the meaning of the copula is. She looks every inch a queen. Queen, a nominative, completes the predicate looks. A noun and an adjective or a noun and an adjective phrase or a noun and a participle, not connected with any other words in the sentence are put in the Nominative Absolute. Illustration: The bridges having been burned, the convicts were unable to escape. The bridges having been burned is the Nominative Absolute. Other Uses of Nouns When a noun denotes ownership, it is said to be in the Possessive Case. The possessive is the only case in English denoted by a separate form. The possessive singular is formed by adding the apostrophe and s to the singular: e. g., cat, cat's; Dickens, Dickens's. The possessive plural is formed by adding apostrophe s to the plural if it does not end in s; e. g., men, men's; children, children's. If the plural form ends in s, the possessive adds only an apostrophe, e. g., dog, dogs'. When a noun is the object of a verb, verbal, or of a preposition, it is said to be in the objective 'case. Illustration: John built the house. House is in the objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the verb built. The man taking the picture is my uncle. Here picture is in the objective case because it completes the meaning and receives the action of the participle taking. The boy of honor will not steal. In this sentence honor is in the objective case because it is the adjunct of the preposition of. There are some peculiar uses of the objective which should be mentioned. One is the use of the objective as the indirect object, or as the object of the preposition io t expressed as understood 980 Practical Syntax Another peculiar use of the objective should be noted in the adverbial use of the objective case to denote time, measure, and distance. Illustration: He stayed in Rome two weeks. Two weeks is in the objective case because it denotes time. The retained object will be treated under the government of verba. Pronouns _ "Pronouns must agree in person, number and gender with the nouns for which they stand. In the sentence John lost his book, his is a personal pro- noun of the third person, singular number, and masculine gender to agree with the proper noun John, for which it stands. The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she and it. Sometimes doubt arises as to which case of the personal pronoun one should use after parts of the verb to be. The nominative case is the correct one, al- though the objective is growing in common usage. Right: It is /. Itisfte. The possessive case of the pronoun and also of the noun should be used before a gerund. (The gerund is a verbal noun which still retains its power of governing a noun.) Illustration: We heard of his writing a novel. In such sentences the possessive must be used, not the objective. The relative pronouns are who, which, what and that. These pronouns have a double function, that of conjunctions and pronouns combined. As con- junctions they may be either co-ordinating or restrictive. Some writers insist that who cannot be restrictive, but others insist that it may be used either way. Which may also be either, but that is practically always^ restrictive. Illustra- tions: I wrote a check for James, who went home. This is the same as saying: I wrote a check for James and he went home. Here who is a co-ordinating conjunction. The street that you crossed is West End Avenue. That limits a particularstreet and is, therefore, restrictive. Who is the only relative pronoun which has different case endings. Who is used when referring to persons, which to things, and that may be used of either person or things. _ A very common error is the use of the nominative case who for the objective whom and vice-versa. Illustration: The woman who (whom) I thought was honest deceived me. Who must be used instead of whom because it is the subject of was. Who (whom) did they say won? Who must be used because it is the subject of won. The man whom (who) you saw is Mr. Blank. Whom must be used because it is the object of the verb saw. As is sometimes used as a relative pronoun and must be mentioned. Ift is used after same, such, so much, etc. Illustrations: Harry was working along the same lines as his father. This is equivalent to saying, Harry was working along the same lines that his father was working along. Before # leaving pronouns, the adjective pronouns must be mentioned. Each other is used when two or more than two are referred to; e. g., They fought each other for standing room. Each other may refer to any number here. One another is used when only two are referred to; e. g., John and James played with one another when they were children. Any is almost always treated as plural. Anyone is usually used for the singular. Illustrations: Are any of you going to the matinee? m Has anyone a pencil? The pronoun any must not be con- fused with the adjective any. Adjectives In Old English, adjectives agreed with the noun which they modified, in number, gender and case. This agreement has long been discarded. Now the only two adjectives that agree in any way with the nouns they modify are this and that, which still retain their plural forms these and those. 981 Practical Syntax Some adjectives have three degrees, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. Examples: Good is the positive degree. It is used in speaking of one person or thing; e. g., John is a good boy. Better is the comparative degree which is used when but two things are compared; e. g., John is better than Jack. Best is the superlative degree. It is used when three or more things are compared, e. g., Of all the boys in the neighborhood, John is the best. Some adjectives are compared by adding er and est to the positive, as, dark, darker, darkest; high, higher, highest. There are other adjectives which are compared by adding more and most to the positive degree: as, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; cruel, more cruel, most cruel. The distributive adjectives each, every, either and neither go with the singular nouns only. The definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an are probably used more than any other words. The is not usually repeated before each of two or more modifiers of a noun unless emphasis is desired. Illustrations: The big black cat is dead. > The cat was the biggest and blackest cat I ever saw. The is called the definite article because it points out one particular object. A and an are called indefinite because they do not point out any particular object, but limit any one of a class of things. They are sometimes repeated for emphasis before each of a series of nouns; e. g., He was a thief, a forger, and a murderer. Verbs The relation of a verb to its subject has already been discussed. When a sentence has a collective noun such as mob, fleet, cavalry, crowd, or com- mittee for a subject, that regards many units as one, syntax requires a singular verb. Illustrations: The mob is coming. The fleet is ready to sail. The committee is ready to make its report. If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns joined by or the singular verb is used. If these nouns are joined by and the plural form of the verb is used. If the subject is plural in form but singular in meaning, a singular verb is used; e. g., Thirty years is a long time to wait for a fortune. Verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive comes from the Latin word transire, which means to go over. Therefore, a transitive verb is one which requires an object to receive the action expressed and to complete its meaning. An intransitive verb does not require an object to complete its meaning. A transitive verb in the active voice^ governs its direct object in the objective case; e. g., John likes his dog. Dog is in the objective case because it completes the meaning of the verb and receives its expressed actiom A verb is said to be in the active voice when the subject is represented as acting upon the object. The passive voice is that form of the verb which represents the subject as being acted upon; e. g., The apple was eaten by Mary. Some trans- itive verbs, such as giving^ paying, promising, etc., govern the direct object, which is also in the objective case. Factitive verbs, verbs of making, when active are transitive and take two objects; one the direct object and the other the second or factitive object. Some writers call the latter an object complement. An object complement is a word added to an incomplete verb to complete its meaning. If the verb is transitive^ the complement often defines the action that is exerted upon the direct object. Illustration: They made him foreman. Foreman is the sec- ond object or object complement; it completes the act performed upon him. Some transitive verbs which have two objects retain one of them when they are changed from active to passive voice. This object is called the re- tained object. Example: (active voice) He gave me the house; (passive voice with the retained object) I was given the house. Practical Syntax When two or more clauses in a sentence are dependent upon a principal verb, all the verbs must be arranged in a proper sequence of tenses to convey the true meaning of the sentence. Example: The man went home after the boy came. Went is in the past tense, so came must be in the past or past per- fect tense, because that action occurred before the man went. In simple sentences care should be taken to use the proper tenses of verbs to express the time intended to be expressed. Some common errors are the use of come for came; seen for saw; done for did; drug for dragged; and had went for had gone. A verb may govern another verb if the second verb is an infinitive. Example: We heard her sing. ^ Sing, the infinitive, is the object of heard, with her for its subject. The subject of an infinitive is always in the objective case. Participles, although they are adjectives, retain their verbal power of governing nouns or pronouns. Example: The girl playing the piano is my sister. Piano is governed by playing. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Illustration: The old man walked slowly. Slowly modifies walked. The sun was very bright. Very modifies the adjective bright. The fox ran so swiftly that the dogs could not catch him. So, an adverb, modifies another adverb swiftly. Adverbs should be placed as close as possible to the words which they modify. Some adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees, the positive, comparative, and superlative, and are compared as adjectives are. Illustration: Mary sewed rapidly. Mary sewed more rapidly than Jane. Mary sewed most rapidly when alone. Prepositions Prepositions govern nouns and pronouns in the objective case. Prepo- sitional phrases may be used as adverbs or adjectives; e. g., John went to Boston. To Boston is a prepositional phrase modifying theverb went^ The Madonna of the Chair is a famous painting. Of the Chair is a prepositional phrase modifying the noun Madonna. The following is a partial list of special prepositions which require special attention: Agree with (a person); agree to (a proposal); change for (a thing); change with (a person) ; differ from (a statement or opinion) ; differ with (a person) ; different from. For a complete list consult a good grammar. Conjunctions The main co-ordinate conjunctions, those which join clauses of equal value, are: and, also, as well as, but, or, yet, still, and the correlatives which go in pairs or groups of three, as: both — and, not only — but, neither — nor, either — or t etc. Care must be taken always to use nor with neither and or with either. Some of the subordinate conjunctions are while, when, since, if, because, and whenever. Syntax shows the agreement and government between the various parte of speech. The foregoing discussion is but a brief presentation of the syntax of English sentences. For a complete discussion, consult some good English grammar. 983 ETYMOLOGY By CLARK S. NORTHUP, Ph.D. Department op English, Cornell University Definition We shall here interpret the term etymology to mean a study of the sources of our vocabulary, the elements of words, the causes of change in the form and meaning of words, and the principles of derivation. The Sources of Our Vocabulary The English vocabulary has grown to great size. The number of word9 found in extant Old English literature does not exceed thirty thousand; Web- ster's New International Dictionary (1910) lists more than four hundred thousand. Most of these are of foreign origin. Of the 14,286 words listed in Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, only about four thousand are native words. Yet if we count every word on the page as often as it occurs we find that most writers use mainly English words. Shakespeare used 90 per cent; the English Bible, 94 per cent; Milton, 81 per cent; Addison, 82 per cent; Tennyson, 83 per cent. Most of our shortest and simplest words are native. If any language comes into close contact with another, there is likelihood of word-borrowing. English is one of the most cosmopolitan of languages. From the French it began to borrow even before the Norman Conquest; after that, as intercourse with France increased, it borrowed heavily from both Nor- man and Parisian French. Layamon's Brut (c. 1200) has 150 words of French origin. Behrens lists some 1,250 words borrowed before 1250, of which 64 belong to religion and the church, and 28 to war and chivalry. The romance of King m Alexander (before 1300) has over 760 words of French origin. Many Spanish and Italian words have also come in as a result of commercial activity. Another large group of borrowings is from the Latin. Because of its use as the language of the church, Latin was familiar to the educated classes, and even in OE. times contributed about fifty words, including apostle, clerk, deacon, evangelist, martyr, mass, patriarch, pope, prophet, tunic. A few Latin words were borrowed from the Britons themselves (-caster, -cester, -Chester, from castra, "a camp," lake, mount, mile, port, wall, -wick, wine, possibly -coin in Lincoln, street). In ME. times, because of the influence of Latin literature, more words were borrowed, many coming from the Vulgate. Latin has continued to be, down to our times, the language of men of science, in which Bacon wrote his Novum, Organum, Copernicus his De Orbium Celestium Revolutionihus, and Linnaeus his Systema Naturae. It has been estimated that about four-fifths of all borrowed words in English come from French and Latin. Of Skeat's 14,286 words, about eight thousand are of Latin and Romance origin. The number of words coming from Greek is small, though important. From the Continent the Angles brought church and devil. Down, to modern times Greek words came in only through Latin. Since the Renaissance, Greek has contributed many scientific words; indeed, owing to the influence of Latin and Greek, English has nearly lost the power of coining words out of native ele- Etymology ments. We speak not of a "sound-writer," but of a phonograph; not of a "force-measure," but a dynamometer. Then there is a large Scandinavian element. As is well known, in the eighth and ninth centuries, Danish invaders overran northeastern England. With the gradual amalgamation of Danes and Angles came the introduction of many Danish words, e. g., bask, churn, club, skin, kill, dream, "vision," -by in place names, thwaite, thrust, tidings, tight, call, law, they, take, hit, knife. Most Danish borrowings belong to our everyday vocabulary. A small number of words comes from Celtic sources. In OE. times were borrowed bannock, brat, brock, -comb in place names, down, "hill," dun (color), mattock, possibly rock and dough; in later times, from the Irish, bog, brogue, gallowglass, glib, "lock of hair," kern, "soldier," shamrock, shanty; from the Scotch Gaelic, cairn, claymore, clan, coronach, crag, gillie, glen, mack- intosh, pibroch, slogan, Tory, whiskey; from the Welsh, bragget, coracle, crom- lech, crowd (musical instrument), flannel, flummery, maggot. From other languages we have borrowed a considerable number of words: e. g., Dutch, derrick, frolic, jerkin, mumps, plug, skipper; Persian, bazaar, divan, mogul, shawl, orange, pajamas, arsenic; Hebrew, bedlam, cherub; seraph, shekel, rabbi, camel, elephant; Arabic, alkali, emir, harem, mohair, sheik, sherbet, sofa; American Indian, hickory, hominy, moccasin, moose, skunk, toboggan. Some words from these sources are used in a religious connection; others have been derived from commerce. There is hardly a language spoken on the earth that has not contributed something to our vocabulary. Finally, we have many hybrid words, derived from two or more sources. Macadamization is Gaelic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French. Cablegram is French and Greek. Linseed is Latin and English. Michaelmas is French (from He- brew) and Latin. The Elements of Words In general it may be said that simple words are composed of roots (the most primitive forms of words), prefixes, and suffixes. The combination of a root with a single prefix or suffix may form a stem (e. g., stagnat- in stagnation). To the stem were attached the inflectional endings which denoted differences of case, voice, mood, and tense. E. g., respect is made up of the prefix re-, the Latin root spec, "see" and the suffix -t, which is the survival of Latin -turn. From a kindred Greek root skep, skop, we get telescope (tele, "far") and skeptic. From the root swad we get sweet, suave (Lat. suavis for suad-uis), persuade, assuage. From the root kap we get have, hawk (OE. haf-oc), haven, cap-acious cap-ital (Lat. caput, "head"), chapter, recipe, reception, head. From the root dam, "tame," we get tame, dame, damsel, duenna, dominion, domino. From the root pak, "bind, iasten," we get pacify (Lat. pec-us, "that which is tethered up, cattle"), pecuniary, "relating to cattle," which formerly served as money, fee, which in OE. meant "cattle," pact in compact, fair, fain. Skeat enumerates over 460 Indo-European roots occurring in English words. The chief prefixes are English be- (same as by), for-, fore-, forth-, mis-, "wrongly," on-, out-, over-, twi-, "two," m-,"not," under-, with-, "against"; Lat. ab-, "from," ad-, "to," sometimes disguised as in ac-cede, af-fix, al-lude } ap-pend, ambi-, "both," ante-, "before," bi-, "double," com-, "together" (com- pound, con-tact, collision), contra-, "against," de-, "down," dis-, "apart/' du-, "two," ex-, "out of," extra-, "beyond," in-, "not," inter-, "between,'' multi-, "many," non-, ob-, "near," per-, "through," post-, "after," pre-, "before/' pro-, "instead of," re-, "again," retro-, "backward," semi-, "half," sub- } "under," super-, "above, over," trans-, "beyond," Greek anti-, "against/' apo-, "off," arch-, auto-, "self," di- t "double," dia-, "through," epi-, "upon/' 985 Etymology hemi-, "half," hypo-, "under," meta-, "among, after," pan-, "all," para; "beside," poly-, "many," pro-, "before," proto-, "first." The suffixes are so numerous that we can mention only a few: English, •dom, -er, -hood, "state," -ness, -red {hat-red), -ric (bishop-ric) , -ship, -th (you-th); diminutives, -ock, -ling, -kin (Per-kin, "little Peter"), -dug, patronymic (Buck- ing-ham, "home of the Buck family"); adjectival, -fast, -fold, -ful, -ish, -less, -some, -ward, -y; adverbial, -ling (dark-ling), -long, -ly, -meal, -ward, -ways, -wise; Latin, -an, -and (vi-ands), -end, -ant, -ary, -ate, -cle, -ee (refer-ee), -don (un-ion), -Hon, -ment, -or, -ory; Greek, nominal -ad, -ant, -asm, -ast, -ics, -isk, -ism, -ist, -oid, -tre (scep-tre); adjectival, -ic, -astic, -istic; verbal, -ize; French, -age, -als, -ance, -ard, -aire, -ar, -eer, -ier, -acy, -ess (larg-ess), -et, -ette, -eur, -ery, -tude, -ty; adjectival, -ese, -esque (originally diminutive), -ous; verbal, -ish, -fVt -V (marr-y). Our vocabulary has also been greatly enriched by combining words into groups (compounds) of two or more. Sometimes the two elements mean the same (gangway, pathway, sledgehammer, haphazard)', usually the first element modifies the second (steamboat, typewriter, quickstep)', sometimes the two are in the relation of subject and predicate (skinflint), or verb and object (spitfire) t (scarecrow), or verb and adverb (come-down, dug-out). In some compounds the two elements have become welded together so completely that the com- pounding has been forgotten (window, from wind and eage, "eye"; stirrup, from stig and rep, "mounting rcpe"; barn, "barley building"). Changes in Form and Meaning Our language, like every other, is in a constant state of flux or change. Words are constantly changing both form and meaning, and syntactical con- ceptions are constantly shifting. The growth of printing has probably retarded these processes to some extent; yet they still go on. Their progress, like that of the glacier, can be perceived only by measurements at long intervals. In OE. ham the vowel was pronounced as in father; in time, through impercept- ible changes, it came to be pronounced as in law; and it is now pronounced like oa in boat. The changes in this vowel influenced and were influenced by the same vowel in other words; hence we have the phonetic law,OE. a> ME. aw>MnE. u. In a similar manner other vowels have^ shifted since OE. times. OE. e (as in hay) has become ee (geese) ; OE. i (as in eel) has become ai (while) ; OE. o (as in tone\ has become oo (boon) ; OE. u (as in fool) has become au (foul); OE. ce (as in there) has become ea (heal). Other phenomena are due to earlier changes, some of which we will now enumerate. Grimm's Law, or the Great Consonant Shift, holds good of all the Teutonic languages. About 400 B.C. Indo-European p, t, k became Teutonic ph, f, th, kh (cf. Latin pedem, ioot; Latin tres, three; Latin cornu, horn). Then all IE. ph's, th's, kh's, which had been stops (loop-hole, knot-hole, block-house), became the spirants (capable of being prolonged) /, th (thin), ch (Ger. ach). Thirdly, IE. bh, dh, gh, which had been stops, became spirants and then b, d, g (cf. Sanskrit bhratar, Latin irater, brother). ^Lastly, before or about 100 B.C., IE. 6, d, g became Teutonic p, t, k (cf. Latin lubricus, slippery; Latin turba, thorpe; Latin duo, two; Latin genu, knee; Latin ]ugum, yoke). An exception to this law was formulated by Karl Verner in 1875 (Verner's Law). When the accent did not rest on the vowel immediately preceding the consonant in question, the medial and final voiceless spirants /, th (thin), h, s (from IE. p, i, k, s) became the voiced spirants v, th (then), g, z. This accounts for the difference between was and were; singular was, plural wcesumn, became wcezun, became wozxun, became were. So comparing Greek hekaton with hund~ Etymology fed, we see that the IE. kmtom became first Teutonic hunth (th voiced as in then), and then hund-. This helps us to see what an important part accent has played in language. It is accent, indeed, which has given us our series of Vowel Gradations, seen in sing, sang, sung, drive, drove K driven, _ bear, bore, take, took, fight, fought. Sang differs from sing because, owing to different accentuation in the original Indo- European, the vowel of the original sang-i orm was not pronounced with quite the same stress, and as a result became a different vowel. In early times, too, Teutonic vowels underwent change because of a y or i sound in the next syllable. Thus, though hal became whole, haljan became hcdan, now heal. The plural of mann (manniz)^ became menn. The plural of cu, "cow" (cu-iz) became cy, and with the addition of another plural ending, kine. Thus we account for the difference between foot and feet, gold and gild, long and length, full, fill f doom, deem., food, feed, fox, vixen. Not only do vowels change because of being near consonants; they some- times change those consonants themselves. The vowels a, o, u are called back vowels: e, i are front vowels and may cause a consonant to be fronted (palatal- ization). Thus kirk, seg, brig, flick (still heard in some parts of Britain) have become our church, sedge, bridge, flitch; and we have both seek and beseech. In a few words one sound has taken the place of another (substitution). Wc still write laugh, cough, enough, but we say Icef, cawf, enuf. In Cornwall they also say thoit (thought) and broit (brought). Moreover, there is always a tendency to cut off the ends, or to cut out parts, of words (Abbreviation). This has caused us to lose most of our inflec- tional endings. Teutonic drankidedum (four syllables) has become drenched. All infinitives formerly ended in -an. Pea was formerly peas; cherry is from cherts; any is from cenig. Medial consonants have been lost from various words (Wooster from Worcester, Norfolk from Northfolk, speak from sprecan, worship from worthship, hail from hcegel, fortnight from fourteen-night, England from Mnglaland, either from agehwcether. On the other hand a few words have gained sounds (yew, from OE. iw, newt from ewt, bridegroom from bridguma, nightingale from nihtegal, nickname from eke-name). In many words, however, a consonant added in the spelling was rarely or never pronounced^ (island, debt, corps). One of the most powerful influences at work upon words is Analogy. We all like to have regularity in language as in other things, and our minds tend to put words into groups. On the analogy of kingdom we make dukedom, Christen- dom. OE. rihtwis has become righteous on the analogy of words like gracious, vicious. Two persons can be friends; so we sometimes hear, "I'll be friends with him." On the analogy of lemonade wehave orangeade. The folk mind sometimes makes mistakes which lead to curious changes (Folk-Etymologies) . Asparagus becomes sparrow-grass; Old French pick-ois becomes pick-ax. Jerked beef has nothing to do with jerking, but is connected with Peruvian char qui, "dried meat." Rothschild, "red shield," has come to be pronounced as if it were Roth' s-child. Shamefaced was formerly shamefast. Penthouse is not really related to either pent or house (formerly pentus from French pentis). In admiral there is confusion of Arabic amir al bahr y "commander of the sea,"jwith Latin admirari, "admire." Likewise words are constantly shifting in meaning. These changes may be grouped roughly as follows: Generalization of meaning. Circumstances, formerly "the things that Burround us," now means "conditions over us" ("under these circumstances"). Virtue, formerly "manliness," now has various meanings, which the context helps to decide. Fire as a verb is more general than its noun equivalent. Etymology Specialization. Meat, once "food," now means only "flesh." Disease formerly "discomfort," is now confined to sickness. Minister formerly meant any kind of "servant." Undertaker was once "a contractor" in general. Division. > Many words have split into two or more. Latin persona, "mask," has given us parson in the ecclesiastical sense and person in the sense of "human being." Latin ex-agium has yielded both assay and essay. Head has widely different meanings. Transference of meaning. Bead originally meant "prayer"; as perforated balls on a string were used to count prayers, they gradually took on the word for prayers themselves. < Exchequer, originally "a chess-board," has come to mean "a national banking account." Moustache originally meant "the face between the end of the nose and the upper lip." Quaint, formerly "wise, skil- ful," now means "fanciful, odd, old-fashioned." Game in the hunter's language means not "sport," but the result of it — what is taken. Degeneration. Villain formerly meant merely "a slave attached to a country estate (villa); later it" meant "a farm laborer." Caitiff formerly meant "captive." Counterfeit formerly meant simply "to copy." Euphemism. The desire to speak decently concerning subjects which one is loath or afraid to mention specifically leads us to use many words in senses different from the original. Disliking to say died, we substitute passed away, fell asleep, breathed his last. Trowsers is found better than breeches or pants. One who steals large sums is often called an embezzler. We perspire rather than sweat. Disliking to swear, we get around it by saying Gee! Jerusalem! golly! Slang is also an important feederof language. Graft, originally "a twig attached to a branch," has now come into good use for "illegitimate income." Off one J s base, borrowed from baseball language, is often used to describe one who expresses a wrong opinion. To freeze out, to give one the cold shoulder, are by many preferred to treat coldly. The Principles of Derivation From these illustrations we get some notion of how language has grown and continues to grow. The etymologist must bear all these processes in mind. In tracing the history of words one should observe the following canons, based on those of Skeat: 1. Ascertain the earliest form and use of the word; observe chronology. 2. Observe history and geography. Borrowings are due to actual contact. 3. Observe phonetic law strictly. This is of fundamental importance. 4. Account for the whole of a word, not merely a part. 5. Disregard resemblances of form or even connection in sense between words in languages which have different phonetic laws or no necessary con- nection. 6. No explanation of a word is valid which will not account also for all its cognate forms. PUNCTUATION By MORRIS W. CROLL, Ph.D. Department of English, Princeton University The number of punctuation marks in common use has gradually increased during the last five-hundred years, because the art of representing the meaning of discourse to the eye of the reader has been made more important by the invention of printing and the great increase in the number of persons who can read. Originally the period was the only mark used, and from this single sign all the others were made by slight changes in its form. At least this is the commoner theory as to their origin. The comma came first, which was made by adding a downward stroke to the period. Then the need was felt for a mark which should show a pause longer than that indicated by the comma, yet shorter than that marked by the period. Hence, the modern use of the semi-colon, which is a period above a comma. But still a longer pause sometimes occurs within the sentence: the colon, or two periods, serves to mark it. Even the question-mark was origi- nally only a period with an inverted comma above it, that is, it was an inverted semi-colon, and from this the present form of the sign was evolved. Still the number of marks is comparatively small. There are only twelve in common use, though this number could be increased by counting certain printers' signs rarely used in writing. And of these twelve there are only four or five which it is difficult to use intelligently and well. Indeed the comma is the only one that is very generally misused. For those who find themselves in a state of confusion or uncertainty concerning the uses of this important mark, it will be well to lay down the rule that the comma is not to be used unless there is good reason for it. The purpose of it, as of all marks, is to make the meaning as clear as possible to the eye, and in a case of doubt it is a good plan to omit the comma unless it serves this purpose. However there are certain uses of all the points which are recognized as standard and regular, are found in all good books (with some variations, it is true), and must be learned by one who wishes to write not only clearly, but also according to the customs _ of his language and his time. The more im- portant of these uses are described in the following rules, and the observance of them will remove most of the difficulties that arise in ordinary practice. But it must be remembered that punctuation is only a part of the whole art of expression; if the style is loose and familiar, punctuation must be of one kind; in exact and formal writing it will be of another; and a violation of the laws of speech may involve one in difficulties of punctuation which cannot be overcome. The twelve marks are as follows: Period (.), comma (,), semi-colon (;), colon (:), question-mark (?), exclamation-point (!), apostrophe ('), quotation- mark, single (' '), and double (" "), dash ( — ), hyphen (-), parentheses ( ( ) ), brackets ( [ ] ). The Period The period is used (1) to indicate the end of a sentence, and (2) after abbreviations; as, Mr., R.O., T.B. Macaulay, A.M. 989 Punctuation The Comma The comma is used within a sentence to mark certain pauses or changes of vocal expression which would occur if the words were spoken aloud. The principal cases where it regularly occurs are the following: 1. Between the members of a series of words or phrases which are not connected by conjunctions, as Lawyers, doctors, clergy, all agree on this point. When and occurs before the last member of such a series, present usage favors the use of the comma there also, as Lawyers, doctors, and clergy all agree on this point. 2. To mark off words or phrases of different address from the rest of the sentence; as: — Friends, listen to me; I repeat, John, what I have often said. 3. After an exclamatory word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence, when no particular emphasis is to be put upon it in utterance; as: — No, we cannot go; Well, we shall see. (Of course, when emphais is desired, the exclama- tion point is used.) 4. Before quotations not more than one sentence long; as: — I asked, "Where shall we stay tonight?" 5. To mark off words which are parenthetical in their nature, that is to say, such as interrupt the forward movement of the sentence; as: — How many men, the pessimist observes, do not speak as they think. Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States, was elected in November. Cotton goods, the most valuable of all our lines, are advancing in price. 6. To mark off words or brief phrases used soon after the beginning of a sentence to indicate the relation of what one has been saying to what one is about to say, such, for instance, as therefore, of course, however, also, to be sure. Some persons, however, do not use the comma in this case, and the best rule perhaps is not to use it unless the word or phrase causes a real interruption in the forward movement of the sentence. 7. To mark off non-restrictive relative clauses. This is an important rule, which needs some explanation. A relative clause (that is, a clause which is introduced by a relative pronoun, who K which, what, or a relative adverb, such as whereby, whereon) may serve to restrict or define the noun or pronoun that it goes with, or, in other words, tell exactly which one of a number of persons or things one is speaking of, and in that case it is not separated from the noun or pronoun by a comma, as The man whom we saw down town was wearing a new overcoat. (Here the clause is necessary, for it tells what man we are speaking of.) But, on the other hand, the clause may not be restrictive, but only descriptive or informative, adding some fact or observation concerning a person or thing already clearly denned. In this case the clause must be set off by commas, as John Jones, whom we met down town, was wearing a new overcoat. (Here the clause is not necessary to the sense, but is a voluntary addition by the author.) 8. Sometimes at the end of a long or complicated clause, merely to indi- cate that a rest or breathing-space is needed. But the general rule laid down at the beginning, that a comma should not be used unless it is necessary for clearness, may well be followed in this case. The Semi-colon 1. The general rule for the semi-colon is that it separates clauses less closely knit together in syntax and thought than those separated by the com- ma; as: — The amount of our order must depend upon the probable state of trade; ana of this we shall be better able to judge after the holidays In the city men work and play; in the country they live. 990 Punctuation 2. Aa the comma is used to separate words and phrases used in series (see Rule 1 under "The Comma"), so the semi-colon is used to separate clauses in series. The last of such a series of clauses often begins with and, but there also the semi-colon should be used; as: — Most men accept the ideas of the majority party; some follow the opinions of chosen leaders; and only a few think for themselves. 3. Clauses beginning with certain conjunctions are more freely marked off with semi-colons than others. > These are for, so, and so, therefore, etc. 4. In a long and comprehensive sentence ; it is necessary sometimes to use the semi-colon to separate a large inclusive division of the sentence containing smaller subdivisions; as: — Now, as the night begins to deepen, we will leave you and seek the moor; but to-morrow morning, at the first fall of dew, we will again find out the dwellings of men. 5. Sometimes after an exclamatory word, such as No, Yes, Come, a semi- colon is used to indicate a longer pause or a different expression of the voice than that indicated by the comma. The Colon The colon is used: — 1. Before a list of particulars or items; as: — We have made several statements to your firm: first, thai . . . ; secondly, that . . . ; [etc.]. The reasons are the following: [etc.]. 2. To introduce a quotation, especially one that is more than a sentence in length; as: — She said in reply: "I will tell you the whole story." 3. After a salutation in a letter; as: — Messrs. J. H.Gideon and Company, Gentlemen: [etc.]. 4. The dash may be used with the colon in all the above cases, especially when that which follows is written as a separate paragraph. Many examples f this will be observed in the present discussion. The Question-Mark The question-mark is used: — 1. At the end of a question, as Is he here? If, however, the question is put indirectly (that is, not in the exact words of the speaker), no question- mark is used, as He asks what we are now to do. 2. To suggest doubt as to the correctness of a word or statement, or to indicate a suggested correction; as: — There are said to be 30 (?) hogsheads. He reports that ten (feleven) cases are still to arrive. The Exclamation-Point The exclamation-point is used to indicate a sense of wonder or intense feeling, as What a catastrophe it was! The Apostrophe The apostrophe is used:— 1. To indicate the possessive case, singular and plural, of nouns, (a) The rule for the singular number is to place the apostrophe before the letter s, which is the sign of the possessive, as man's, horse's. If, however, the noun is a proper name and ends in s, we may either write the possessive in the usual way, as just described, or we may omit the regular possessive ending s and indicate the possessive by merely placing the apostrophe after the final s of the word,- as Dickens' works, or Dickens's works, (b) If the plural of a noun is .991 Punctuation formed in the usual way, by adding s or es (or x, as in some nouns from the French), the possessive plural is formed by adding an apostrophe after the s, as boys' books; asses' milk; the oeaux' stra agem. But if the plural is formed without s or es, the possessive plural is indicated by adding an apostrophe and s, as in the singular, as men's clothes; women's wraps. Note. — The apostrophe is never used in the possessive case of pronouns, as its, theirs, whose. 2. In writing the plural of figures, signs, letters, and the like; as: Cross your t's and dot your i's; the 6's should be written in a column. 3. To show that letters are omitted in contracted forms of words, as doesn't, isn't gov't. Note — It is wrong to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of proper names, as The Joneses, not the Jones's. The Quotation-Mark 1. The double quotation-mark is used at the beginning and at the end of a direct quotation; as: / heard him say: "How many trains run on Sunday?" 2. The single quotation mark is used at the beginning and at the end of a quotation within a quotation; as: — In the course of his speech he said: "I will now read my opponent's words. In a Nashville newspaper he declared, on October 5th, 1913, 'I will not accept office in any circumstances.' I need make no comment." 3. When the main quotation and the quotation within it end at the same place, both the single and the double quotation-mark must be used at the end, thus ' ". The Dash 1. The dash is used to indicate a sudden interruption of what is being said, or a violent break in the construction of a sentence; as: What would have happened to us — but I can't bear to think of the possibility. 2. Sometimes the dash is used to indicate a parenthetical statement, but ordinarily the parenthesis, or even the comma, will serve the purpose better. And, in general, the dash should not be used to take the place of other marks. The Hyphen 1. The hyphen is used between the parts of a compound word, as to-day, to-morrow, twenty-three, frost-bitten. 2. At the end of a line to indicate that a word begun is to be finished at the beginning of the next line. The rule with regard to such division is that the part carried over to the following line should constitute a complete syllable (or more than one syllable); that is, a syllable should not be broken in the middle, as proposal, not propos-al; sim-ple, not simp-le. Parentheses Parentheses are used to mark off words thrown into the midst of a sentence, but not regarded as a part of it; as: Please meet me (I will let you know the time later) at the Grand Central Station. Brackets Brackets are used to mark off words thrown in by the writer or speaker while he is quoting the words of another; as: — The writer continues as follows: "In the year preceding [that is, twenty-six years before the present date] nothing had happened." 992 Punctuation CAPITALIZATION Capital letters should be used: 1. At the beginning of a sentence, and at the beginning of a quotation within a sentence. A direct question put in the midst of a sentence should also begin with a capital letter, even when it is not quoted from another speaker; as: / ask you, What are we to do? 2. In so-called proper names, that is, names formally given to a par- ticular person or thing, such as the names of persons, corporations, cities, mountains, buildings, countries, etc., as Napoleon, The VesuviusLife Insurance Company, New Brunswick, City Hall, etc. 3. In adjectives derived from proper names, as English, Napoleonic, Democratic. Sometimes adjectives which are parts of proper names are not derived from nouns; they must also be capitalized; as: Episcopal Church. 4. Names of the Deity and of sacred objects associated with the Deity. Pronouns referring to the Deity are also usually capitalized. As: The Bible, the Cross, hallowed be Thy name. 5. Titles when they are used as naming the particular persons that are bearing them; as: He wrote to the President; King Albert. But when they are used without being meant to name a particular person they are not capitalized; as: A president may be as powerful as a king; the presidents of com- panies are usually elected. 6. In the names of the days of the week and the names of the months, as Wednesday, July. The names of the seasons are not capitalized. 7. In titles of books, stories, magazines, etc., as Twelfth Night, The Gentle Boy. But small and unimportant words in such titles are not capitalized, as A Trip to the Moon. 99S Twenty-Two Supplementary Dictionaries Dictionary of American- Dictionary of Lacrosse isms Dictionary of Lawn Dictionary of Atomic Tennis Weights Dictionary of Military Dictionary of the Auto- and Naval Terms mobile Dictionary of Most Com- Dictionary of Aviation mon Abbreviations Dictionary of Baseball Dictionary of Music Dictionary of Classical Dictionary of Photogra- Abbreviations phy Dictionary of Commerce Dictionary of Polo and Law Dictionary of State Dictionary of Football Names and Meanings Dictionary of Foreign Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy Words and Phrases Dictionary of Words of Dictionary of Forms of LikeandOpposite Address Meaning Dictionary of Golf Dictionary of Yachting 994 DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS A carefully selected list of the most common and recent words and phrases that have a peculiar significance in the United States aboard, nautical word applied here also to railroad cars and other vehicles, as "all aboard," "get aboard." approbate, to license or approve. around, near or about. B backwoods, partly cleared forest region. bad, same as ill, sick. baggage, same as English luggage. balance, remainder. barking up the wrong tree, fol- lowing a mistake or blunder. batty, a stage of imbecility or in- sanity. bear, in the stock market, one who depresses the value of stock to buy cheaper. bee, assembly of persons for charit- able and mutually helpful purposes. big stick, wielding the, in politics, the withholding of his approval of a public measure by a chief executive in order to force compliance with his wishes concerning other measures. blizzard, unusually severe wind and snow storm. blue envelope, in many business places, a notice of discharge is placed in a blue envelope; hence, getting a blue envelope is tanta- mount to getting discharged. blue-sky law, law to prevent the issue and sale of fraudulent se- curities, based on nothing between the ground and blue sky. bluff, deception to gain an advantage. board, all kinds; English pine and fir boards called "deals." bogus, false, counterfeit, fraudulent. bomb-men, those who destroy prop- erty or life by hand bombs. bonanza, a rich strike in business. bone, one dollar. border, on lawn, garden, etc., same as English "edging." boss, superintendent, foreman, one of superior authority. bottoms, rich land along the course of a river. bounced, discharged from employ- ment. brash, same as brittle. breadstuffs, grains generally. buggy, light four-wheeled carriage. bull, in the stock market, one who raises the value of stocks to sell at an advance. _ bulldoze, to intimidate. bunco, scheme or game for swindling. buncombe, extravagant speech for temporary effect. bureau, same as English "chest of drawers." cabinet, president's, same as "min- istry "and "government" in Europe. calculate, to think, suppose. calico, printed cotton goods; Eng- lish, white cotton cloth only. call, invitation from a congregation to a clergyman to become its pastor. camp-meeting, religious assembly originally held in woods. candy, same as English "sweets." caption, heading of page, chapter, section^ descriptive name of an illustration. carpet-bagger, originally a northern politician seeking office in the South after the Civil War. 995 Dictionary of Americanisms caucus, secret political or other assembly. cheese it, a cry of warning, such as "cheese it, the cop," meaning "look out." chores, odd jobs about a house, factory, or farm. cinch, something easy to do or get. clever, good-natured, quick-witted, accommodating. conclude, to determine to do some- thing; English, to form opinion. cop, policeman. corn, maize only; English, grain generally. cracker, same as English "biscuit." creek, small stream of water; Eng- lish, "small arm of the sea." creole, native of Spanish America, Louisiana or West Indies of Euro- pean ancestry. cut it out, to give up or abandon, as, a habit. cute, clever, sharp; abbreviation of "acute." dead broke, without money; a bankrupt. deadhead, seeker of valuable privi- leges without payment. divide, long ridges or stretches cf mountains forming a watershed. dope, narcotic; sleepy or dazed person. down east, the New England States. dress, same as English "gown." drummer, commercial traveler. dry goods, same as English "haber- dashery." dump, in the stock market, to un- load or sell off unprofitable stocks. elect, to choose; as, "He elected to take" something. elevator, same as English "lift." endorse, to sanction, approve; on checks, notes, etc., same as English "back." eventuate, to result in. expect, applied to the past, as, "I expect it was." fall, autumn; about Sept. 22 to Dec. 23. fan, baseball enthusiast. fix, to adjust, put into order; same ys English "fasten." fizzle, ridiculous or unexpected failure. fleshy, of a person, stout. foul-shop, non-union industrial plant. freeze out, as to persons, to get rid of. frock, woman's dress. fruit-dealer, same as English "green- grocer." gallowses, same as English"braces." gangster, one of a gang of despe- radoes. gerrymander, to arrange a political division so that a minority party may gain advantage over the ma- jority party. glad-rags, one's best clothes. # go ahead, same as English "all right." go-devil, two roller skate wheels fastened at each end of a narrow piece of wood, with a small wooden box at the front end; used by youth for coasting, etc. gone up, failed in business. graft, a bribe in money or other consideration. grit, pluck. guess, to think. gulch, deep ravine cut by water. gunman, one of a gang of despe- radoes, armed and ready at all times to shoot an opponent. gutter-snipe, small, narrow poster pasted on the street side of a curb- stone. H hack, carriage for hire. handle, fly off the, to lose one's temper. Dictionary of Americanisms hang around, to loiter. hatchet, to bury the, to end a controversy, to forgive. hayseed, farmer. help, servant. high-falutin, over-flowery speech, bombast. hitting the pipe, smoking opium. hobo, tramp, vagabond. ho id on, request or order to stop. homely, ill-featured person. hoodlum, vagabond, loafer. how, Indian for "How do you do?" I improve, to cultivate, beautify. in-fare, a wedding reception pro- vided by the groom's family. insurgent, in politics, one who rebels against the leaders or policies of his party. irrigate, to take a drink. mail, method of transporting letters and packages; also articles trans- ported;' same as English "post." main guy, one in supreme authority. make tracks, run away. making a bee-line, rapid, direct course toward a certain point. mammy, negro nurse of Southern white children. mending his fences, looking after his political interests. N notions, in trade, all kinds of small wares. obnoxious fensive." one-horse, mean, "one-horse affair same as English "of- trivial, cheap, as Jersey lightning, apple-jack. jolly, to flatter, tease. joy-riding, wild, reckless driving of horse or auto. K knock, severe criticism of other people. L levee, formal official reception. light-fingered, as to a person, petty thief, pickpocket. loafer, lounger, vagabond, idler. lobby, attempt to influence members of a body by persons not members; collectively all who lobby. lobster, turncoat, backer-out. locate, to determine the place of some person or thing. lumber, sawn wood for building and other purposes. lynch law, action of a mob without legal authority. M mad, angry. made his pile, said of one who has become rich. pants, pantaloons, same as English "trousers." peart, smart, acute. picayune, anything small, mean, or contemptible. pile, a quantity of money, a fortune. pipe-laying, schemes to secure il- legal votes. pinched, caught, arrested. plunk, one dollar. political campaign, same as Eng- lish "political contest." posted, thoroughly informed. prairie hen, same as English pin- nated grouse. pull, special favor with parties in authority. pull a leg, to coax, beg money or favor. pulled, of a person, arrested; of an improper resort, raided or closed by the authorities. quadroon, a person with one-quarter or three-quarters white blood. quite, same as English "very" m "very cold." 997 Dictionary of Americanisms R rails, on railroads and railways, same as "metals" in many European countries. reckon, to think, suppose. reliable, trustworthy. right away, at once, immediately; same as English "straightway." right smart, very well. rile, to make angry. roast, to criticise severely. rock bottom, in business, as far down as one can go; on a firm foundation, rube, countryman in a city. run, in business, to mange or keep; as, "who runs the hotel?" salting a mine, secretly placing samples of rich ore on worthless tracts to sell the land. sand, money. scab, non-union workman. scalawag, scapegrace, rascal. scratched ticicet, in politics, a ticket on which certain names are erased and others substituted. seven . sisters, series of laws to check trusts and secure industrial independence. shack, slight wooden shed or shelter. shake, to leave a person, place, or thing. shower, simultaneous gifts of various articles to a person by friends to mark an event, such as a birthday, recovery from sickness, or marriage engagement. skedaddle, to run away. sleigh, same as English "sledge." slip, an open space between two wharves or in a dock. small potatoes, a thing or person small, mean, or of little account. smile, to take a drink. soured, of a person, one become dis- satisfied with a condition. span, pa' t of horses. squatter, one who settles or squats on land without legally acquiring it. stakes, pull up, to remove. stall, to stick fast, as "train stalled by snow." stampede, sudden flight of crowd. stand-patter, in politics, one who sticks to his party under all circum- stances. stiff, a corpse. stoop, door steps. store, same as English "shop." straight, of drinks, without water; same as English "neat." straight ticket, in politics, a ticket voted without change. street car, horse or electric, same as English "tram-car." strike oil, to make a fortunate move. stump, on the, one who travels from place to place making political speeches, suspenders, same as English"braces. " switch, on railroads, same as English "shunt." tanglefoot, liquor. tavern, place for entertainment and lodging of travelers; in England, place for entertainment only. tenderfoot, a nobby city man in a mining or ranching region. ten-strike, a fortunate stroke, hit, or transaction. ticker, a watch. truck, small fruits and vegetables. trust, combination of business inter- ests, illegal where in restraint of trade or competition. turn down, same as freeze out. U up in the air, of a person, getting over-excited. vamose, to disappear. vendue, an action. W whoop it up, to create enthusiasm or excitement. wilt, to lose energy or interest. wire-puller, one who seeks an ad- vantage by favor of others. 998 DICTIONARY OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS Elementary Substances, with Their Symbols and Atomic Weights "o .a 1 Atomic Weights Name of Element i Atomic Weights H-l 0-16 H-3, 0-16 Aluminium Antimony (Stibium) Al Sb A As Ba Bi B Br Cd Ca Ca O Ce CI Cr Co CI Cu Er F Ga Go G Au He H In I Ir Fe La Pb Li Mg Mn 27.5 120.0 75.0 137.0 208.0 11.0 80.0 112.0 133.0 40.0 12.0 138.0 35.5 52.5 59.0 94.0 63.0 169.0 19.0 69.0 9.03 196.7 1.0 113.4 127.0 193.0 56.0 139.0 207.0 7.0 24.0 55.0 27.1 120.0 40.0 75.0 137.4 208.5 11.0 79.96 112.0 133.0 40.0 12.0 140.0 35.4 52.13 59.0 94.0 63.4 166.0 19.0 70.0 72.0 9.1 197.2 4.0 1.01 114.0 126.83 193.3 56.0 138.0 206.9 7.03 24.36 55.0 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) . . . Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Hg Mo Nd Ni N Oa O Pd P Pt K Pr Rh Rb Ru Sa So Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Ti Th Sn Ti W U V Yb Y Zn Zr 200.0 96.0 58.8 14.0 191.0 16.0 106.5 31.0 197.0 39.0 104.0 85.0 104.0 ^79.0 28.0 108.0 23.0 87.5 32.0 182.0 127.0 204.0 231.0 118.0 48.0 184.0 240.0 51.2 89.0 65.0 90.0 200.3 96.0 144.0 58.17 Barium 14.14 191.0 16.0 106.0 Phosphorus 31.0 194.8 Potassium (Kaliurn) . Praseodymium 39.15 140.0 103.0 Rubidium 85.4 101.7 Cobalt . 150.0 44.1 Copper (Cuprum) . . . 79.1 28.4 Silver (Argentum) . . . Sodium (Natrium) . . . 137.93 23.05 87.6 32.06 (Beryllium) Gold(Aurum) 183.0 127.0 Thallium 204.1 232.0 Tin(Stannum) Titanium 118.5 48.1 Tungsten (Wolfram) . 184.0 239.5 51.2 173.0 89 65.4 90.6 399, DICTIONARY OF THE AUTOMOBILE accelerator, the pedal used for quickening the speed of a car. after fire, the explosion of an accumu- lation of unburnt gas in the muffler, caused by misfires in one or more cylinders; makes a loud and some- what startling report. artillery wheel, a heavy wooden wheel with steel hub. B back fire, the ignition of the charge in the motor cylinder prematurely causing the motion of the engine to stop or reverse. back kick, a more or less violent kick of the crank handle when a back fire occurs while the crank is in hand. barking. See afterfire. bonnet, the metallic covering for the motor. brake, a device for slackening the speed of the car; operated both by hand and by foot. See emergency- brake, service-brake. break, a low-tension spark. clearance, another name for the combustion chamber. combustion chamber, the same as the clearance space in a steam engine cylinder. compensating-gear, a gear that enables the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds, in turning. contact breaker, a device that keeps the circuit closed excepting at the moment of the spark. contact maker, a device that breaks the circuit at the moment of the spark. control levers, levers mounted on the frame on the driver's side and on the steering wheel. cooling, reducing the heat of the cylinder by means of water passing through jackets or by air circulating through radiating flanges. cranking, turning the crank handle quickly by hand to start the engine rotating. crypto-gear, another name for plane- tary-gear. current, power produced from a chemical battery or small dynamo. cylinder, the mechanism in which the piston works and the explosions occur. cable, the insulated wire or wires that conveys the electrical energy to the spark plug. carburetter, apparatus for mixing gasoline and air for fuel. chain, the links that convey power from one sprocket wheel to another. charge, the mixture of gas and air in a cylinder. chassis, the frame, including the power apparatus and the running and steering gears. See body. chauffeur, another name for the driver. dark-colored smoke, in the exhaust, indicates a too rich mixture of gas which takes fire imperfectly. dead-axle, a non-rotating rear axle. dead center, the point where the crank is incapable of imparting motion either forward or backward. dense-white smoke, in the exhaust, indicates a poor oil, an excess of cylinder oil, or a deposit of soot in the cylinder. differential-gear, another name for compensating-gear. 1000 Dictionary of the Automobile direct drive, where power is applied gasoline fire, best extinguished by direct instead of by gears. sand or a dry chemical; also by a moist blanket; a stream of water E should never be used as it spreads the fire. emergency-brake, a device for a gravity carburetter, a carburetter sudden slackening of speed or stop- which atomizes the fuel through a page of car, operated by a hand small nozzle and mixes it with a lever mrrent of air. engine, the combustion apparatus; ground circuit, the return of the operated with gas and with liquid current to its source by means of fuel. the metal of the engine. exhaust manifold, the tube that conveys the burnt gas to the muf- I fler. exhaust valve, that by which the ignition, lighting of the fuel by an burnt gases pass out of the engine; electric spark, operated mechanically; opened at inlet valves, valves by means of every alternate upward stroke of which the explosive mixture is the piston by means of a cam. admitted to the combustion cham- ber of the engine; one kind is opened F automatically by the motor itself on its suction stroke; another is feed port, an opening for the admis- operated mechanically. sion of steam or gas. inner lever, the lever that shifts the flash boiler, a compact type of steam transmission-gear, generator. in step, valves are said to be "in float carburetter, another name for step" with each other when all of gravity carburetter. them are operated by the same foot pedals, apparatus used with or cam shaft, without the control levers to con- intake manifold, the tube that con- trol the motion of the car when veys the gas from the carburetter running. to the cylinder. friction clutch, that which connects interrupter, a contact breaker on a the engine with the first shaft. magneto. frozen-carburetter, to be avoided by jacketing, heating the air supply, J or warming the carburetter and admission pipe with boiling water, jackets, apparatus on the cylinder fuel, in non-electric cars, a mixture walls through which water circu- of gasoline and air. ' lates for cooling the cylinder. jack-in-the-box, another name for G compensating-gear. jump, a high-tension spark. garage, a place for housing or repair- ing a car. L gas, the mixture of gasoline and air. gasoline-electric car, a car in which live-axle, an axle that rotates with the change-speed gear and its con- the wheels. See dead-axle, nections are replaced by a dynamo lubrication, small gasoline motors driven by the engine, and the elec- are usually lubricated on the splash trical energy generated is utilized system, a charge of oil being caused in operating one or more electric to flow into the crank chamber motors, which in turn propel the car. about every 20 miles travelled; in 1001 Dictionary of the Automobile large cars the lubrication of the engine and of the different bearings of the car is effected mechanically; bearings that do not require frequent attention are filled with grease lubricators. M magneto, in principle, the same as dynamo. manifold, the tube that transmits the gas, steam, air, or water. misfire, the skipping of one or more cylinders when the motor is firing gases. mixer, another name for carburetter. mixing chamber, small enclosure containing a nipple or nozzle through which the gasoline is sucked, partly by the engine, and partly by .the stream of air with which it is mingled by being sprayed against a cone. motor, the machine for transforming the electric current into mechanical energy; placed in the forepart of the frame with its crank shaft at right angles to the axles of the road wheels, and with its fly-wheel on the rear end of the shaft. muffler, an apparatus for reducing the velocity of the exhaust gases, thereby reducing the noise; consists of a cylinder and a pipe, the latter full of small holes, permitting the admission of the exhaust at high pressure and its weakened release into the atmosphere. multiplex-cylinder engine, an en- gine using several small cylinders instead of a large single one. N non-skids, chains, knobs, and other projections on tires to prevent slipping. one-horse power, 33,000 foot pounds of work done in one minute. outer lever, the lever that operates the emergency brake. piston, a metallic device in the cylin- der that receives the force of the explosions and conveys it to the crank shaft. planetary-gear, a means of trans- mission by the use of a clutch and an enclosed system of gear wheels. pneumatic tires, hollow rubber tires whose elasticity absorbs shocks on uneven roads. poor mixture, the explosive mixture in which air predominates. pre-ignition, the premature ignition of the explosive mixture. radiator, tubing for cooling cylinders with water. reversing-gear, gear arranged for altering the direction of road-wheels. rich mixture, the explosive mixture in which gas predominates. running-gear, springs, axles, wheels, and steering-gear. service-break, a device for slacken- ing the speed of a car; operated by a foot-pedal and released by a spring when the foot is removed. shock-absorber, an apparatus for reducing shocks when driving over an uneven road. short circuit, a defect in insulation allowing the current to leak. skidding, the sliding of a car off of its course. smoke. See dark-colored smoke; dense-white smoke; thin-blue smoke. smoky exhaust, escaping burnt gases; also the smoldering of soot in a cylinder, causing pre-ignition. spark, the electric spark that jumps across the terminals of the spark- plug when the piston reaches the end of its first return or compression stroke. spark-gap, the space between the two electrodes or points of the spark plug. 1002 Dictionary of the Automobile spark plug, a plug that regulates the sparks. sprayer carburetter, another name for gravity carburetter. spur-gears, gears for changing speed. steering-post, the post to which is attached the steering wheel, the spark regulating handle, and the carburetter throttle; set obliquely toward the driver. storage battery, a chemical means of producing electricity for ignition. stroke, the distance the piston passes each way. stud-steering axle, the front axle on which the steering wheels are hinged. surface carburetter, a carburetter in which air is sucked from the en- gine over a surface moistened with liquid spirit. tank, the container of the fuel. thin-blue smoke, in the exhaust, indicates an accurate mixture of the gas and a proper ignition. throttle, the admission valve inter- posed between a m carburetter and the inlet valve pipe, so that the driver can vary the amount of mix- ture, or gas, passing to the engine. timer, the revolving switch which opens and closes the primary circuit. tonneau, a car with front seats for two persons and a rear one for several. transmission, that part of the mech- anism between the engine and the road wheels; it transmits the high speed power to the low speed road wheels. trembler, a contact maker which makes several rapid contacts for each ignition; it is the vibrating spring blade on an induction coil, which interrupts the primary cur- rent during the time the contact is made in the commutator. U underslung, a car in which frame is below the axles. the valve, the apparatus which regulates the flow of mixture or gas by open- ing or closing its passage-way. valve-chamber, the part of the com- bustion chamber which forms a pocket above the valve. valve-face, the seating on which the valve closes. valve-gear, of the engine; its entire mechanism. valve, exhaust, the one through which the burnt gas passes outward. valve, inlet, the valve through which the gas is admitted. vibrator coil, a device for giving a series of sparks instead of one for each ignition. W water-jacket. See jackets. wheel-base, the amount of distance between the centers of the back and front wheels. wheel-track, the amount of distance between the paths of the front wheels. worm-gearing, that on which the teeth of the worm wheels are of a spiral character, and transmit the power into a sliding thrust. 1003 DICTIONARY OF AVIATION A aviation, the science of the mechani- cal flight in heavier-than-air con- advancing edge, the front edge of a structions.^ plane. See following edge. aviator, strictly, one who pursues the aerial transportation, a system of science of aviation, or flying. dirigible travel, inaugurated by aviatrix (a'vi-a-trix), n. a woman Count Zeppelin, of Germany, with aviator. an elongated cylindrical airship, B 420 feet long and 39 feet in diameter, balancing surface, any surface tha* He made some remarkable voyages, may b e use d i n steering or maintain- but lost a number of airships through mc r even balance. a variety of disasters. m ballast, bags of sand usually attached Aerodrome, a race-course for flying to t k e car f a balloon to lighten it machines; also a hangar. f or m0 re upward flight by being aeronaut, strictly, one who pursues thrown out. the science of ballooning. _ ballonets, small auxiliary balloons, aeronautics, the construction and elongated or conical in shape, at- operation of flying machines, of the tached to the end of the main gas lighter-than-air type. ' - bag of a balloon for greater stability. aeroplane, a flying machine of the balloon, a li^hter-than-air spherical heavier-than-air type, with one or or elongated bag of silk or other more surfaces sufficient to support material, inflated with gas; the the weight of passengers. original type of a flying machine. aerostat, technical name for the biplane, a machine with two planes machine or apparatus. or wings, one set above the other. aerostatics, technical name for the body, that part of a machine which science of mechanical aviation. p contains the motor, fuel, and pas- aerostation, the same as aeronautics. sengers. ailerons, subsidiary horizontal plane3 set parallel to and between the main C planes, capable of independent op- eration, and used for maintaining a camber, extreme depth of curvature horizontal equilibrium. on an aeroplane wing. alighting gear, the under-mechan- car, the apparatus suspended from a ism of an aeroplane, for lessening balloon by ropes, in which the the impact on reaching the ground. operator sits and to which are at- angle of incidence, the angle of in- tached the bags of sand or ballast clination of the supporting plane to used to lighten the balloon when the line of flight. necessary by being thrown out. arch, the down curve on the end of a cells. See partitions. plane. center of gravity, the point where ascent. See initial ascent. the machine balances in all direc- aspect, the upper view of the plane tions. surface. center of pressure, the line along aspect-ratio, the proportion of the which the air acts to elevate the length to the width of a plane 6ur- planes; just forward of the center lace. of gravity. Dictionary of Aviation center of thrust, the point where flying machine, a construction for the propulsive thrust of one or more aerial flight and travel, heavier-than- propellers is balanced. air, as distinguished from a balloon, compression side, the side of a classed as lighter-than-air. plane or propeller-blade that acts following edge, the rear edge of a against the air. plane. See advancing edge. fuselage, the frame work of a ma- D chine. demountable, a kind of mechanism that can be readily taken apart and reassembled. dihedral, pairs of wings inclined up- ward to each other. dirigible, or dirigible balloon, a balloon of the lighter-than-air type, bo constructed that it may be made to travel in any desired direction; operated by a propeller driven by a motor; fashioned in cigar, conical, and cylindrical shapes; some over 400 feet in length; with long pas- senger and operating car suspended from the gas bag. double monoplane, monoplane with two sustaining surfaces, one ahead of the other. double surfaced, wings with surfaces above and below the ribs, wing bars, etc. edge, one of the ends of a plane. elevator, a horizontally-placed rudder for vertical steering. engine, the mechanism that gives speed and power with minimum weight. feathering, a device for securing stability in a dirigible, consists of attaching four rigid planes, arranged like a cross, at the rear of the gas bag. fin, a single fixed plane for increasing the stability of a dirigible. fire balloon, popular designation of the Montgolfier balloon. flapping flight, one occasioned by a rapid reciprocation of sustaining surfaces. gliding, a powerless flight down a slant. gyroplane, a combination of aero- plane and helicopter. gyroscope, an instrument used to give steadiness to a flying machine. H hangar, a shed for housing a flying machine. heavier-than-air, applied to flying machines that weigh more than the air they displace. helicopter, a flying machine which ascends by means of a helix-shaped fan wheel. helicord propellers, two propellers fitted to a helicopter and rotating in opposite directions. horizontal rudder, a rudder set horizontally for vertical steering. hydroaeroplane, an aeroplane that can rise from water after alighting thereon. initial ascent, the elevation from the ground; acquired by the rotation of the propellers; aided by wheels on which the machine runs along the ground or by runners sliding along an inclined plane, till the propellers have gained sufficient speed to lift the machine into the air. landing wheels, wheels on the chassis that take up the first shock on alighting. lateral stability, stability in a side- to-side direction. 1005 Dictionary of Aviation lighter-than-air, applied to an air- ship that weighs less than the air it displaces. line of thrust, the line along which the force of the propeller acts. longitudinal stability, stability in an end-to-end direction. port, the left side. propeller, the mechanism with two or more blades which changes a rotary force into a straight-line motion; set in the rear in the bi- plane, in front in the monoplane. M main plane, the principal plane of a machine with more than one sus- taining surface. monoplane, a machine with a single carrying surface or plane, fixed at either side of the frame work carrying the motor, driver's seat, and oper- ating apparatus. Montgolfier, name commonly applied to the pioneer of modern balloons, constructed by the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Stephen, at Annonay, France, in 1782. multiplane, an aeroplane with two or more sustaining surfaces var- iously disposed. N nacelle, the frame work or body of an aerial vehicle; most generally ap- plied to dirigibles. ornithopter, a flying machine with ' 'flapping wings, " or m ovable planes . outrigger, frame work at either end of an aeroplane to support the tail or rudder. panel, another name for partition. partition, a rigid vertical wall between two main planes, dividing the space into "cells", open in the direction of travel, and used to afford lateral stability. pilot, another name for an aeronaut or aviator. plane, usually, a flat surface; in aero- planes, a curved sustaining surface; also known as "wing." polyplane, another name for a multiplane. rib, the horizontal part of a plane or wing construction to which the covering is attached; used to main- tain the true form of the plane; its shape fixes the curve of the plane. rudder, a device for changing the direction laterally in a horizontal plane, and for elevating or lowering the plane of travel. runners, devices attached to the chassis of some machines in prefer- ence to wheels to lessen the shock of landing. shock-absorber, any device attached to the chassis for lessening the shock on landing, such as wheels, runners, etc. single-surfaced, planes or wings with a single surface, having the ribs and wing bars above or below. skids, another name for runner. soaring flight, an upward movement as distinguished from gliding. stabilize, to make stable or maintain equilbrium by various devices. stabilizer, any device for creating or maintaining stability. starboard, the right side. starting impulse, that which sets the machine in motion; the initial thrust of the propeller, or appliances within or without the machine. stiffener, in the plane construction, a straight bar used to stiffen a flat surface. supplementary surface, any aux- iliary surface, as aileron, fin, rudder, etc. sustaining surface, a plane or any surface capable of providing sus- tension. 1006 Dictionary of Aviation tail, the rear end of an aeroplane, used to secure greater stability and for the attachment of rudders. tetrahedral cell, one of several, with open^ ends, assembled to impart additional sustaining power to an aeroplane. thrust, the push of a propeller. tilting rudder, ^ a rudder attached on an outrigger in front of the main planes of a biplane. tilting wing tips, wing tips capable of being thrown up or down, to sup- plement other means of balancing. torque, the force tending to over- turn an aeroplane sideways. tractor screw, a propeller set in front of an aeroplane, to draw it forward. transverse control, a device to counteract the tendency of an aero- plane to slide sideways from the horizontal, by warping the tips of the planes. triplane, an aeroplane with three main surfaces. turn-buckle, right and left hand swivels in a sleeve, used for making wires and rods taut. U upward impulse, secured by making the surfaces concave on the under side, on an eccentric curve. velocity, the speed with which an aeroplane will glide on its own mo- mentum solely. vertical rudder, a rudder set verti- cally for horizontal steering. vertical surfaces, surfaces set verti- cally to help maintain a lateral balance and to aid lateral steering. volplaning, another name for gliding. W wind-flapping machine. See orni- thopter. wake, the path in the air made by a machine in flight. whirling-table, a mechanism for revolving the planes. wind-pressure, the resistance of the air to a machine in flight. wing, another name for plane. wing arc, the arc of movement of a flapping wing. See Flapping flight. wing bar or wing girder, a strength- ening bar extending from tip to tip in a wing or plane, and crossed at right angles by the ribs.^ wing skid, the same as wing wheel. wing-spread, the distance between the tips or ends of a wing-surface. wing-surface, the extent of a wing's surface. wing-tip, either extremity of a wing. wing warping, the twisting or bend- ing of the wing ends to transfer the maximum lift from one side of the machine to the other j varies the angles of the wing-tip inclination to the line of travel. wing wheel, a small wheel under the tip of a wing to protect it on alight- ing. 1007 DICTIONARY OF BASEBALL a, on score cards, assists. amble, a slow run to a base. assist, when a player handles the ball in a play that results in a base- runner being put out, or would so result if the play fail through no fault of the assisting player. at bat, a batsman in his box ready to bat. B b. h., on score cards, base hits. back-stop, a fence or other con- trivance about 90 feet behind the home plate for stopping balls that pass the catcher. balk, where the pitcher seems about to deliver the ball but does not do so; a base-runner gets the next base as a result. ball, the leather-covered sphere with which the game is played; about 3 inches in diameter. base hit, (1) when a batted ball strikes the ground on or within the foul lines and out of reach of the fielders; (2) when a fair-hit ball is wholly or partially stopped by a fielder in motion; (3) when the ball is hit with such force to an infielder or pitcher that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base-runner; (4) when the ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base-runner; (5) when a base- runner is retired by being hit by a batted ball, or when a batted ball hits the person or clothing of the umpire, the batsman is credited with a base hit. base lines, markings on the field where the players must run from base to base. baseman, a fielder at either base. base on ball, a base credited to a batsman after the pitcher has delivered four balls. base-runner, a batsman immediately he hits a ball. bat, instrument for striking the ball; made of willow, basswood, or ash; 23^ inches in diameter; not over 42 inches in length, batsman's box, the place on either side of the home plate where the batsman must stand at play, batsman's outs, making three foul bunts or hitting the ball so that it is caught by an opponent before alighting. battery, the pitcher and catcher. bean ball, the same as a curved ball. beating the ball, a player reaching a base before the ball gets there. bench, place where the players of a side assemble when not in play. bender, the same as a curved ball. biffed ball, a ball hit uncommonly hard. block ball, a ball in play touched by a spectator or one of the batting side when not in play. blocked, when a fielder gets between a runner and a base, thus keeping him from touching the base. body protector, same as breast- plate. bone-head, a player who makes a blunder. bounder, a ball that bounds along the ground before being stopped. box, station of the pitcher, batsman, and coacher, in play. breast-plate, a shield of padded leather or canvas; also an inflatable rubber bag. breezed, the same as earned run. bumped, a fair hit by the batsman. bungle, the same as base hit. bunt hit, a ball batted so lightly to 1008 Dictionary of Baseball the infield that it cannot be fielded curve, the direction from a straight in time to put out the runner. line a ball is made to take by the pitcher while passing to the batsman. C See in-curve, out-curve, and spit- ball. cage, a long, low alley bounded by curved ball, a ball deflected by the two walls and a wire netting, in which beginners practice pitching and batting. called strike, a ball that the bats- man does not strike at; called by the umpire. captain, the official head of the team, pitcher from a straight line, as an in-curve, out curve, and spit-ball. cushion, the same as base. daisy cutter, the same as grounder. who directs the movements of the dead ball, a ball that strikes any players while on the field, and who is the only person permitted to address the umpire, and then only on a question of interpretation of the rules. carrom, catching a ball on its rebound from the outfield fence. catcher, the member of the battery who catches the ball thrown or delivered by the pitcher. catcher's position, varying with part of the batsman's person before being struck, or any part of the umpire's person, while on foul ground, without first passing the catcher. dead on base, a player or players left on a base or bases at the end of an inning. deep-short, the ground back of the shorp-stop's position between the second and third bases, conditions; sometmes close behind delivery, the throw of a ball by the the batsman; at others, as when no pitcher. diamond, space in which the game is played; a square with 90 foot sides. died, a player put out by any means under the rules. dish, the same as home plate. double hit, a ball batted so that a base-runner can make two bases. runner is on the bases and the bats- man has not had his last strike, about 70 feet back of the home plate. center field, the part of the field back of second base. center field hit, a batted ball that reaches the center field. center fielder, the player stationed double play, a play where the ball on the center field. chop, to bat the ball directly to the ground so that it bounds to the infield. circuit, all the bases. circuit clout, the same as earned run. clouted ball, a heavily hit ball. clouting the ball, where a batsman gets more safe hits than usual. club, the same as bat. coacher, one of the side at play who directs the base-runners, coacher's box, space in foul territory near the first and third bases assigned to the coacher. corralled, where a ball is caught or fielded with precision. 1009 is handled quickly enough to retire two men. drop, a peculiar twist given to a ball by a pitcher which causes it to drop toward the ground. e, on score cards, errors. earned run, a run made when a player makes the circuit of the bases without the assistance, by errors, of the opposite team; but a run is not counted as earned under any circumstances after the oppon- ents in the field have had three chances to retire the side at bat and have not taken advantage of them. Dictionary of Baseball error, a misplay which prolongs the time of the batsman at the bat or allows the base-runner to make one or more bases when perfect play would have insured his being put out. fair ball, a ball that passes over the home plate at an altitude between the batsman's shoulder and knee. fair hit, a ball that falls in front of the foul lines. fan, an enthusiastic spectator of a game. field, place where the game is played; should be at least 350 feet wide by 500 feet long. fielded, a bafl caught or stopped by a fielder. fielders, players of the side not bat- ting. See in-fielders, out-fielders. flinger, the same as pitcher. floater, an average sped ball. fly ball, a ball batted high into the air, affording a comparatively easy chance fbr a fielder to catch it; if caught before touching the ground, whether on fair or foul territory; the batsman is out. foozle, a weak or poor play. forced out, a base-runner compelled to make room for his successor and is touched by the ball held by a fielder; also when the base-runner cannot reach the next base as soon as the fielder holding the ball. foul ball, a ball batted into foul ter- ritory. foul lines, lines extending from the home plate through the first and third bases to the extremity of the field. foul strike, a ball batted when the batsman is out of position, or a ball bunted which rolls into foul terri- tory; also a foul ball batted before the batsman has two strikes. foul tip, a ball that does not rise above the batsman's head. fumble, where a fielder trying to catch a batted ball misses by mis- calculation. fungo ball, a ball that makes an un- usually long flight in the air. game, nine innings played by each side. garden, the same as out-field. gobbled, a ball caught. grass cutter, the same as grounder. ground, area on which the game is played; includes in-field, out-field, and stands. grounder, a ball that keeps close to the ground. H hammered ball, one hit extra hard. heave, the same as throw. hefties, extra heavy hits. hit and run play, where a batsman signals to a base-runner that he will a hit the next ball pitched. hit in the slats, where a pitched ball strikes the batsman. home base, the same as home plate. home plate, a piece of iron, wood, or marble about one foot square, whitened, and sunk flush with the ground; sometimes called the home base. The batsman stands here when at play. home run, a complete circuit of the bases made on a hit. honor, a particularly creditable play. hugging the base, a runner keeping close to base, fearing a surprise play. in-curve, the deviation of a pitched ball toward the batsman. in-field, space inclosed by base lines, in-fielders, the first, second, and third basemen and the short stop. inner works, where the in-fielders play. innings, the time at the bat of the nine players representing a club in the game; is completed when three of such players have been legally put out. judge, the umpire; the first where there are two. 1010 Dictionary of Baseball kick, to dispute the umpire. over-slid base, where the runner slides over the base. left field, area behind third base and short stop. left fielders, the players stationed in the left field. left on base, the same as dead on base. leg protectors, short trousers heavily padded at the knees and along the side of the leg and thigh, to prevent injury when sliding to a base. lifted, a suspended or retired player. lobbed ball, one thrown with slight lofted, a ball struck high into the air. long fly, a ball batted a long distance in the air. low liner, a ball driven in a straight line without touching the ground. M manager, the business man of a team. mask, a face protector of leather and wire, worn by the catcher and umpire while in play. meander, when a runner is not com- pelled to make speed. mound, the same as pitcher's box. mound-man, the same as pitcher. muff, failure to hold a ball when catching it. N nine, synonymous with club or team out, as to a runner, when he can ad vance no further; as to the side at the bat, three outs retire the side. out-curve, the deviation of a pitched ball from the batsman. out-field, space in fair territory be- hind the in-field. out-fielders, the right, center, and left fielders. outer works, where the out-fielders play. over-run base, where the speed of the runner prevents his stopping at a base. p. o., on score cards, put-outs. pan, the same as home plate. m pass, the same as base on ball. passed ball, a ball that passes the catcher and permits the base-runner to gain the next base. pick-up, a ball caught just after touching ground. pill, the same as ball. pitcher, the member of the battery who throws or delivers the ball. pitcher's box, the place where the pitcher must have one foot when delivering a ball, 60 feet from the home plate, and on a straight line with the home and second base; marked the same as the home plate. plate, the same as home plate. platter, the same as home plate. pop a foul, when a ball goes more than 10 feet in the air and lies out- side the fair territory. pound, heavy drive with the bat. r, on score cards, runs. rally, the advance of a lagging team. receiver, the same as catcher. retiring, putting out a base-runner by any authorized means. right field, area back of first base and to the right of second base. right fielders, the players stationed in the right^field. m rise, a peculiar twist given to a ball by a pitcher which causes it to rise. roller, a ball that rolls along the ground after alighting. rode home, made an easy home run. rubber, the same as home plate and pitcher's plate. _ run, successful circuit of all bases. runner, the same as base-runner. running in, a fielder closing in on a batted ball. s. b., on score cards, stolen bases. 1011 Dictionary of Baseball sacrifice hit, a hit by the batsman who, when no one is out or when but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit, which results in the batsman being put out before he reaches first, or would so result if it were handled without error. safe hit, a clean hit, which advances the batsman a base. scalped field, a field destitute of turf. scoop the pill, to pick up the ball. scratch hit, where a ball should be caught, but for some reason cannot be. short field, area between second and third bases. short stop, a player stationed mid- way between the second and third bases. shot ball, the same as biffed ball. shut out, failure of a team to score in the number of innings played. side, nine players. side out. See out. skied ball, a very high ball. skin diamond, the same as scalped field. slide, where a base-runner slides feet or head first to a base to prevent being put out. sliding bag, a canvas bag or cushion used by beginners in learning to slide to bases. sliding spool, a spool attached to a taut, inclined rope, used by be- ginners in learning to throw a ball. slugger, a batsman who hits long distances, snapped ball, a short, quick throw. soft fly, a ball batted a short distance in the air. spit-ball, a ball on which the pitcher has spit, causing it to deviate in an uncertain direction from a straight line, as it moves against the air. spot light, a momentary center of attraction. stolen base, a base gained by a runner without help from a hit by the batsman. strike, when a batsman tries and fails to hit a delivered ball, or does not strike at a fair ball. strike-out, when three strikes haVe been called on a batsman. strolled, the same as base on ball. substitute, one who takes the place of another player at any stage of the game; a relieved player cannot again enter that game. support, the same as assist. tag, the same as touch. team, the same as nine. three-base hit, when the batsman makes a hit that enables him to ' reach third base without stopping and without being put out. throw, the same as delivery. tickey, a batted ball caught im- mediately by the catcher. toss, a delivery by one fielder to another. touch, where a base-runner is touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder. triple play, a play where the ball is handed sufficiently quick to "retire" three men. twirl, the same as delivery. two-base hit, when the batsman makes a hit that enables him to reach second base without stopping and without being put out. U umpire, a person satisfactory to both sides, who sees that the rules are observed and judges various points and disputes. Sometimes there are two, one at the plate and the other on the bases. underhand throw, delivery by a peculiar twist of the wrist. W warm-up, a pitcher exercising to limber his arm. wild pitch, a ball pitched out of the reach of the catcher, enabling a base- runner to gain one or more bases. wild throw, a ball thrown beyond the reach of the fielder to whom it was directed; also one thrown to© low. 1012 DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL ABBREVIATIONS A. Absolve Aedilis. Aes, Ager, Ago, Aio, Amicus, Annus, Antiquo, Auc- tor, Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aur- um, Aut. A.A. Aes alienum, Ante audita, Apud agrum, Aurum argentum. A.A. Augusti AAA. Augusti tres. A.A.A.F.F.Auro argento aere flando feriundo. A.A.V. Alter ambove. A.C. Acta causa, Alius civis. A.D. Ante diem; e.g., A.D.V. Ante diem quintum. A.D. A. Ad dandos agros. AE.D. Aedes, Aedilis, Aedilitas. AE.M. and AIM. Aemilius, Aemilia. AE.R AErarium. AER.P. Aere publico. A.F. Actum fide, Auli films. AG. Ager, Ago, Agrippa. A.G. Animo grato, Aulus Gellius. A.L.AE. and A.L.E. Arbitrium litis aestimandae. A.M. and A. MILL. Ad. milliarium. AN. Aniensis, Annus, Ante. ANN. Annales, Anni, Annona. ANT. Ante, Antonius. A.O. Alii omnes, Amico optimo. AP. Appius, Apud. A. P. Ad pedes Aedilitia potestate. A. P. F. Auro (or argento) publico feriundo. A. P.M. Amico posuit monumentum, Annorum plus minus. A.P.R.C. AnnopostRomanconditam. ARG. Argentum. AR.V.V.D.D. Aram votam volens dedicavit, Arma votiva dono dedit. AT. A tergo. Also A TE. and A TER. A.T.M.D.O. Aio te mihi dare opor- tere. AV. Augur, Augustus, Aurelius. A.V. Annos vixit. A.V.C. Ab urbe condita. AVG. Augur, Augustus. AVGG. Augusti (generally of two) AVGGG. Augusti tres. AVT.PR.R. Auctoritas provinciae Romanorum. B. Balbius, Balbus, Beatus, Bene, Beneficiarius, Beneficium, Bonus, Brutus, Bustum. B. for V. Berna, Bivus, Bixit. B.A. Bixit annos, Bonis auguriis, Bonus amabilis. BB. orB.B. Bene, bene, i.e., optime, Optimus. B.D. Bonae deae, Bonum datum. B.DD. Bonis deabus. B.D.S.M. Bene de se merenti. B.F. Bona femina, Bona fides, Bona fortuna, Bonum factum. B.F. Bona femina, Bona filia. B.H. Bona hereditaria, Bonorum heres. B.I. Bonum judicium. B.I.I. Boni judicis, judicium, B.M. Beatae memoriae, Bene merenti. B.N. Bona nostra Bonum nomen. BN.H.I. Bona hie invenies. B.P. Bona paterna, Bonorum potes- tas, Bonum publicum. B.Q. Bene quiescat, Bona quaesita. B.RP.N. Bono reipublicae natus. BRT. Britannicus. B.T. Bonorum tutor, Brevi tempore. B.V. Bene vale, Bene vixit, Bonus vir. B.V.V. Balnea vina Venus. BX. Bixit, for vixit. C. Caesar, Caius, Caput, Causa, Cen- sor, Civis, Cohors, Colonia, Comiti- alis (dies), Condemno, Consul, Cum, Curo, Custos. C. Caia, Centuria, Cum, the prefix Con. C.B. Civis bonus, Commune bonum, Conjugi benemerenti, Cui bono. C.C. Calumniae causa, Causa cognita, Conjugi carissimae, Consilium cepit, Curiae consulto. C.C.C. Calumniae cavendae causa. C.C.F. Caesar (or Caius curavit faciendum, Caius Caii Alius. 1013 Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations CC.W. Clarissimi viri. CD. Caesaris decreto, Caius Decius, Comitialibu3 diebus. CES. Censor, Censores. CESS. Cen- sores. C.F. Causa fiduciae, Conjugi fecit, Curavit faciendum. C.H. Custos heredum, Custos hortor- um. C.I. Caius Julius, Consul jussit, Cura- vit judex. CL. Clarissimus, Claudius, Clodius, Colonia. CL.V. Clarissimus vir, Clypeum vovit. CM. Caius Marius, Causa mortis. CN. Cnaeus. COH. Coheres, Conors. COL. Collega, Collegium, Colonia, Columna. COLL, Collega, Coloni, Colonise. COM. Comes, Comitium, Compara- tum. CON. Conjux, Consensus, Consiliar- ius, Consul, Consularis. COR. Cornelia (tribus), Cornelius, Corona, Corpus. COS. Consiliarius, Consul, Consul- ares. COSS. Consules. C.P. Carissimus or Clarissimus puer, Civis publicus, Curavit ponendum. C.R. Caius Rufus, Civis Romanus, Curavit reficiendum. CS. Caesar, Communis, Consul. CV. Claeissimus or Consularis vir. CVR. Cura, Curator, Curavit, Curia. D. Dat, Dedit, &c, De, Decimus, Decius, Decretum, Decurio, Deus Dicit, &c, Dies, Divus, Dominus, Domus, Donum. D.C Decurio coloniae, Diebus comi- tialibus, Divus Caesar. D.D. Dea Dia, Decurionum decreto, Dedicavit, Deo dedit, Dono dedit. D.D.D. Datum decreto decurionum, Dono dedit dedicavit. D.E.R. De ea re. DES. Designatus. D.I. Dedit imperator, Diis immorta- libus, Diis inferis. D.I.M. Deo invicto Mithrae, Diis inferis Manibus. D.M. Deo Magno, Dignus Memoria, Diis Manibus, Dolo Malo. D.O.M. Deo Optimo Maximo. D.P.S. Dedit proprio sumptu, Deo perpetuo sacrum, De pecunia sua. E. Ejus, Eques, Erexit, Ergo, Est, Et, Et am, Ex. EG. Mgev, Egit, Egregius. E.M. ^Egregiae memoriae, Ejusmodi, Erexit monumentum. EQ.M. Equitum magister. E.R.A. Ea res agitur. F. Fabius, Facere, Fecit, &c, FamiKa, Fastus (dies), Felix, Femina, Fides, Filius, Flamen, Fortuna, Frater, Fuit, Functus. F.C. Faciendum curavit, Fidei com- missum, Fiduciae causa. F.D. Fidem dedit, Flamen Dialis, Fraude donavit. F.F.F. Ferro flamma fame, Fortior fortuna fato. FL. Filius, Flamen, Flaminius, Flav- ius. F.L. Favete, Unguis, Fecit libens, Felix liber. FR. Forum Fronte, Frumentarius. F.R. Forum Romanum. G. Gaius (= Caius), Gallia, Gaudium, Gellius, Gemina, Gens, Gesta, Gratia. G.F. Gemina fidelis (applied to a, legion). So G.P.F. Gemina pia fidelis. GL. Gloria. GN. Genius, Gens, Genus, Gnaeus (=Cnaeus). G.P.R. Genio populi Romani. H. Habet, Heres, Hie, Homo, Honor, Hora. HER. Heres, Herennius. HER. and HERC. Hercules. H.L. Hac lege, Hoc loco, Honesto loco. H.M. Hoc monumentum, Honesta mulier, Hora mala. H.S.E. Hie sepultus est, Hie situs est. H.V. Haec urbs, Lie vivit, Honeste vixit, Honestus vir. I. Immortalis, Imperator, In, Infra, Inter, Invictus, Ipse, Isis, Judex, Julius, Junius, Jupiter, Justus. IA. Jam, Intra. I.C. Julius Caesar, Juris Consulfcum, Jus civile. ID. Idem, Idus, Interdum. I.D. Inferis diis, Jovi dedicatum, Jus dicendum, Jussu Dei. Die. 65 1014 Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations I.D.M. Jovi deo magno. I.F. In foro, In fronte. I.H. Jacet hie, In honestatem, Justus homo. IM. Imago, Immortalis, Immunis, Impensa. IMP. Imperator, Imperium. I.O.M. Jovi optimo maximo. LP. In pubheo, Intra provinciam, Justa persona. I.S.V.P. Impensa sua vivus posuit. K. Kseso, Cai, Calumnia, Caput, Carus, Castra. K., KAL., and KL. Kalendse. L» Lselius, Legio, Lex, Libens, Liber, Libra, Locus, Lollius, Lucius, Ludus. LB. Libens, Liberi, Libertus. L.D.D.D. Locus datus decreto decur- ionum. LEG. Legatus, Legio. LIB. Liber, Liberalitas, Libertas, Libertus, Librarius. LL. Leges, Libentissime, Liberti. L.M. Libens merito, Locus monumenti. L.S. Laribus sacrum, Libens solvit, Locus sacer. LVD. Ludus. LV.P.F. Ludos publicos fecit. M. Magister, Magistratus, Magnus, Manes, Marcus, Marius, Marti, Mater, Memoria, Mensis, Miles, Monumentum, Mortuus, Mucius, Mulier. _ M'. Manius. M.D. Magno Deo, Manibus diis, Matri deum, Merenti dedit. MES, Mensis. MESS, Menses. M.F. Mala fides, Marci filius, Monu- mentum fecit. M.I. Matri Idaese, Matri Isidi, Maxi- mo Jovi. MNT. and MON. Moneta. M.P. Male positus, Monumentum posuit. M.S. Manibus sacrum, Memorise sacrum,Manuscriptum. MVN. Municeps, or municipium; so also MN., MV., and MVNIC. M.V.S. Marti ultori sacrum, Merito votum solvit. N. Natio, Natus, Nefastus (dies), Nepos, Neptunus, Nero, Nomen, Non, Nonse, Noster, Novus, Numen, Numerius, Numerus, Nummus. NEP. Nepos, Neptunus. N.F.C. Nostrae fidei commissum. N.L. Non licet, Non liquet, Non longe. N.M.V. Nobilis memorise vir. NN. Nostri. NN., NNO., and NNR. Nostrorum. NOB. Nobilis. NOB., NOBR., and NOV. Novembris. N.P. Nefastus primo (i.e., priore parte diei), Non potest. O. Ob, Officium, Omnis, Oportet, Optimus, Opus, Ossa. OB. Obiit, Obiter, Orbis. O.C.S. Ob cives servatos.' O.H.F. Omnibus honoribus functus. O.H.S.S. Ossa hie sita sunt. OR. Hora, Ordo, Ornamentum. O.T.B.Q. Ossa tua bene quiescant. P. Pars, Passus, Pater, Patronus, Pax, Perpetuus, Pes, Pius, Plebs, Pondo, Populus, Post, Posuit, Prseses, Prse- . tor, Primus Pro> Provincia, Publi- cus, Publius, Puer. P.C. m Pactum conventum, Patres con- scripti, Pecunia constituta, Ponen- dum curavit, Post consultatum, Potestate censoria. P.F. Pia fidelis, Pius felix, Promissa fides, Publii filius. P.M. ^ Pise memorise, Plus minus, Pontifex maximus. P.P. Pater patratus, Pater patrise; Pecunia publica, Praepositus, Primi- pilus, Proprsetor. PR. Praeses, Praetor, Pridie, Princeps. P.R. Permissu reipublicse, Populus Romanus. P.R.C. Post Romam conditam. PR. PR. Prsefectus praetorii, Proprae- tor. P.S. Pecunia sua, Plebiscitum, Pro- prio sumptu, Publicse saluti. P.V. Pia^ victrix, Praefectus urbi, Prsestantissimus vir. Q. Qusestor, Quando, Quantus, Que, Qui, Quinquennalis, Quintus, Quiri- tes. Q.D.R. Quadere. Q.I.S.S. Quse infra scripta sunt; so Q.S.S.S. Quse supra, &c. QQ. Qusecumque, Quinquennalis, Quoque. Q.R. Qusestor reipublicse. R. Recte, Res, Respublica, Retro, 1015 Dictionary of Classical Abbreviations Rex, Ripa, Roma, Romanus, Rufus, Rursus. R.C. Romana civitas, Romanus civis. RESP. and RP. Respublica. RET.P. and RP. Retro pedes. S. Sacrum, Scriptus, Semis, Senatus, Sepultus, Servius, Servus, Sextus, Sibi, Sine, Situs, Solus, Solvit, Sub, Suus. SAC. Sacerdos, Sacrificium, Sacrum. S.C. Senatus consultum. S.D. Sacrum diis, Salutem dicit, Senatus decreto, Sententiam dedit. S.D.M. Sacrum diis Manibus, Sine dolo malo. SER. Servius, Servus. S.E.T.L. Sit ei terra levis. SN. Senatus, Sententia, Sine. S.P. Sacerdos perpetua, Sine pecunia, Sua pecunia. S.P.QR. Senatus populusque Ro- manus. S.S. t Sanctissimus senatus, Supra scriptum. S.V.B.E.E.Q.V. Si vales bene est, ego quidem valeo. T. Terminus, Testamentum, Titus; Tribunus, Tu, Turma, Tutor. TB., TL, and TIB. Tiberius. TB., TR., and TRB. Tribunus. T.F. Testamentum fecit, Titi Alius, Titulum fecit, Titus, Flavius. TM. Terminus, Testamentum, Ther- mae. T.P. Terminum posuit,^ Tribunicia potestate, Tribunus plebis. TVL. Tullius, Tullus. V. Urbs, Usus, Uxor, Vale, Verba, Vestalis, Vester, Vir, Vivus, Vixit, Volo, Votum. V.A. Veterano assignatus, Vixit an- nos. V.C. Vale conjux, Vii clarissimus, Vir consularis. V.E. Verum etiam, Vir egregius, Visum est. V.F. m Usus fructus, Verba fecit, Vivus fecit. V.P. Urbis prsefectus, Vir perfectissi- mus, Vivus posuit. V.R- Urbs Roma, Uti rogas, Votum eddidit. 1016 DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE AND LAW A acceptance of one thing in place of another due. a, capital A endorsed on the face of account, a statement of sums and an account or document may mean amounts due from one person to audited, accepted, or approved. Small another and their offsets, arising o, written @, means at, as, 10 yds. from mutual transactions. Sum- @ 14 cts. mary of debits and credits. al, of first quality. Used technically accountant, an expert in examining in shipping, but applied to other books. matters. _ The mark originated with account current, a running account the English Lloyds, who rate vessels for a certain period, showing what Al, A2, and so down. In the is due at the present time. American system the registry do- account sales, the account of a scends from A by fractions, Al, broker or commission agent, show- A134, A13^, Alfi, A2. ing amount and rate of sales, ex- abandonment, in marine insurance, penses of freight, commission, etc., the abandonment of property in- and net amount due_ the principal, sured to the insurers. accretion, gradual increase of land abatement, amount deducted from through natural causes. a bill for any cause; a discount; accroach, to attempt to use power removal of a nuisance. without authority. abator, one who removes a nuisance, accrue, to increase, to be due as abeyance, held in suspense, as an profits. unsettled estate. acknowledgment, a receipt. In abstract, abridgment or epitome of law, admission of facts. a deed or other document. acquittance, & written receipt in acceptance, agreement by the drawee full, or discharge from all claims. of negotiable paper to pay the same, act, a formal writing expressing what Agreement to terms offered. has been done, as, an act of Con- acceptance supra protest, agree- gress, an act of bankruptcy. ment to pay a note or bill after it actionaire [Fr.], the holder of shares has been protested, for the honor of in a stock company. the maker or an indorser. actuary, officer of a life insurance acceptor, he who by his signature company; expert in vital statistics makes acceptance. and annuities. accession, acquiring property at- act of God, a cause of injury not tached as an incident.^ to be prevented by human means. accessory, one who instigates, en- adjustment, settlement of claims in courages or aids in the offense of marine or fire insurance. Deter- another. mining amount of loss and liability. accommodation paper, notes or In accounts, the settling of a dis- bills not representing an actual sale puted account. or trade transaction, but merely admiralty court, a court having drawn to be discounted for the jurisdiction in maritime matters. benefit of drawer, acceptor or in- ad valorem [Lat.], according to the dorsers, or all combined. value. accord and satisfaction, offer and ad valorem duties, duties levied on 1017 Dictionary of Commerce and Law goods according to value; not by aliquot part, a number contained quantity, weight or measure. Op- within a larger number an exact posed to specific duties. number of times. administer, to settle an estate as allegation, rule for obtaining the administrator or executor. proportion of ingredients in making administrator, one who has charge mixtures, and the value of such of the estate of a man dying without mixtures. a will, or appointed in place of an allonge [Fr.], a paper pasted on a executor. note or bill of exchange to allow advance, increase in value. more indorsements than the bill advances, money paid before goods has room for. are delivered to buyer, or sold by allegiance, obedience and support broker. due to the government, adventure, shipment of goods on allotment ticket, order for pay- shipper's own account. Merchants ment of wages to seaman's family keep a debit and credit account with at stated intervals during the voy- each enterprise, as, Adventure to age. Rio Janeiro. allow, to yield to another's profit; to adventure, bill of, writing signed concede; to discount. by master of ship which carries allowance, deduction from gross goods at the owner's risk. weight or amount. Sailor's rations. adventure in co., shipment of goods alloy [Fr., ck la loi.] f baser metal in- at joint risk of shipper and consignee. troduced in coinage; the union of adverse possession, possession of different metals. Neither of the real property avowedly contrary to precious metals is used in absolute the claim of another person. purity in coinage. Gold is alloyed [advice, mercantile information sent with silver or copper; silver, with by letter, called letter of advice. / nickel, brass, or copper. The pro- affiant, one who makes an affidavit. portion of alloy differs in different affidavit, declaration under oath. countries. affiliation, establishment of pater- alluvion, "gradual increase of the nity. shore of a stream. [affinity, connection resulting from amotion, a turning away or removal. marriage. amount gross, the total sum or [affreightment; the act of hiring a aggregate. ship for transportation of goods. amount net, total sum less proper [agent, one who acts for another. _$ deduction for expenses, discount, or [aggravation, in law, something en-" charges. hancing crime or increasing damages, ancestor, in law,^ embraces collat- agio [Ital.], difference in value be- erals as well as lineals. tween bank notes and gold, or be- anchorage, a spot near shore where tween one kind of paper money and ships are in safety. Holding ground. another. ancient writings, deeds thirty years agiotage, speculation on fluctuation - K old may be adinitted to evidence of public securities. without proof. agrarian, relating to land. anker, a foreign measure of about agreement, a contract. Literally; ten gallons. the meeting of minds. annex, to take permanently, as to alias [Lat.], a second OP assumed annex territory; fixtures are an- name. nexed to the freehold. alien, one of foreign birth and alle- annuity, a sum paid yearly or at giance. stated intervals. alimony, in divorce law, provision answer, to be responsible for; to for support of a wife. reply. 1018 Dictionary of Commerce and Law antedate; to date beforehand. signment is made; trustee for the application, in insurance, the first creditors of a bankrupt estate. step in obtaining a policy. assignment, conditional transfer of appellate jurisdiction, courts hav- property for safe keeping, or ad- ing power to review decisions of justment. lower courts. assignor, one who transfers his prop- apply, to dispose of in a particular ertyto assignees for the benefit of manner, as, to apply funds in pay- creditors or for other reasons. ment of a note. assizes [Eng.], a criminal court for appraisement, ascertaining the value jury trials held from place to place. of goods or property. association, a body of men; a stock appraiser, he who appraises. In par- company; a society. ticular, an officer of government assortment, a quantity of goods who ascertains the value of dutiable varying in form, color, style, size, goods. or price. appreciate^ to rise in value. assumpsit; an action to recover apprentice, a minor bound out to damages for breach of contract. learn a trade. assurance, nearly synonymous with apprize, another form of appraise. insurance; an agreement to pay on appropriation, setting apart for a a contingency sure to occur. specific purpose. Government grant attachment, a seizure of property of money. or person by order of the court, to appurtenance, something incidental be held untilthe cause is decided. to another. attest, to witness by signature a arbitration, settlement of disputed document or judicial act. claims or accounts by arbitrators, attorney, an agent; an officer of the arbitrators, disinterested parties court; a counselor. called in to settle disputes. attorney, power of, written au- arbitration of exchanges, fcom- thority for one person to act for parison of currency of intermediate another. places, to discover whether it is more attorney general; the chief law profitable to forward money directly officer of the government. or indirectly. attorn, to agree to become tenant archives, state papers, records, char- to one to whom reversion has been ters, and other important docu- granted. ments. auction, public sale to highest bidder. article; a single piece of goods; a auctioneer, a, person licensed to division of a document or contract. sell by auction. arson, the malicious burning of an- audit, to scrutinize accounts and other's house. vouchers. articles of partnership, the contract auditor, one authorized to examine between the parties. accounts; an officer of the United articles of war, rules for the govern- States Treasury. ment of army and navy. aver, to assert formally. assay, to test the purity of precious average, the mean value; medium metals. quality; a fair sample. assess, to levy a tax or share of ex- average, general, in marine insur- penses. ance, a proportionate contribution assets, funds of an individual, firm; levied on ship^ and goods to cover or corporation; resources; opposed necessary sacrifice of a part. to liabilities. average, particular, partial damage assignats, paper money of France of ^ ship alone, or of cargo alone, after the Revolution, never redeemed. arising from ordinary wear and tear assignee, a person to whom an as- or mishaps. 1019 Dictionary of Commerce and Law average, petty, small charges, such as pilotage, port charges, and the like, borne in part by ship and part by cargo. average of payments, method of finding the time when payment may be made of several sums due at dif- ferent dates without loss to either party. m avoid, in law, to nullify. avulsion, lands torn by the current from one estate and added to an- other. B bail, a surety for appearance; the amount pledged. bailments, in law of contracts, de- livery of goods for some purpose. balance, difference necessary to make debit and credit sides of an account equal; weighing scales. balance account, an account made up of balances of different accounts ; a brief summary of the state of a business. balance sheet, a paper giving a summary and balance of accounts. balance of trade, difference in value between total exports and imports of a country. ballast, weight used to steady a ship; in balance, loaded with ballast instead of cargo. bale, a package of goods or produce. banco, difference between bank value and current value of money. bank, an institution for deposit, dis- count, and circulation. bankable, capable of passing at par at a bank. bankbook, passbook of a bank, showing state of depositor's account. bank hours, usually from 9 or 10 a.m. to 3 p. m. banker, a dealer in money; one entrusted with funds by others. bankrupt, one unable to meet his business liabilities; the word liter- ally means broken up. bank stock, shares in a banking company; paid up capital of a bank divided into shares. bar, a final defense; profession of law. bargain, an agreement of sale; an advantageous commercial transac- tion. barque or bark, a three-masted ves- sel, rigged square as to fore and main masts, and "fore and aft" as to mizzen^ mast. barratry, in shipping, any wilful breach oi duty or trust by master or crew, as against owners or insurers; in common law, malicious stirring up of litigation. barrel, a measure of capacity, con- taining 313^ gallons, wine measure; 36 gallons, beer measure; 32 gallons, ale measure. barrel bulk, in freight measure- ment,' 5 cubic feet. barrister, English name for a lawyer who practices in the courts. barter, to exchange one kind of goods for another. base court, an inferior court, not one of record. bazaar [Turk.], place of trade; specially applied to shops for sale of fancy articles. beacon, general word for light-house or light-ship. bear, in stock exchange slang, one who strives to depress the price of stocks. bearer, he who holds, and presents for payment a note, bill, check, or draft. bearer, payable to, negotiable paper so drawn need not be indorsed. bench warrant, one issued by a superior court judge. bill, a statement of accounts due; general term for all negotiable paper. bill book, in bookkeeping, the ac- count kept of all notes, drafts and bills of exchange. billhead, a printed form of bills, with business address at the top. bill of discovery, application to equity court to compel disclosure of facts. bill of entry, a bill of goods entered at the custom-house. bill of exceptions, a written list of exceptions to a court's decisions. Dictionary of Commerce and Law bill of exchange, a written order bond creditor, a creditor whose from one person to another, ordering debt is secured by a bond, or requesting him to pay a certain bond debt, a debt contracted under sum of money to a third person at obligation of a bond, a given date. bonded goods, goods on which bill, domestic or inland, a bill of bonds instead of cash have been exchange payable in the country given for import duties, where drawn. bonded warehouse, buildings owned bill, foreign, a bill of exchange pay- by persons approved of by the able in a foreign country; usually Secretary of the Treasury, and who drawn in duplicate or triplicate. have given bond or guarantee "or bill of lading, a receipt given by a the strict observance of the evenue ship's master for goods received for laws; used for < storing imported carriage, promising to deliver the merchandise until the duties »re same at a certain time and place, paid or the goods re-shipped with- dangers of the sea excepted: four out entry. copies are usually _ made, one for bondsman, one who gives security master, one for shipper, one to be for the payment of money, perform- sent in ship to consignee, the fourth ance of an act, or integrity of an- sent by some other ship. other. bill of parcels, sometimes used for bonus, additional money paid beyond invoice. interest; extra profits. bill of particulars, specification of book debts, - accounts charged on demands for which an action is the books, brought. bookkeeper^ one who keeps mer- bill of sale, a contract under seal can til accounts. for the sale of goods. bookkeeping, single entry, that bill of sight, a form of custom-house system of bookkeeping which re- entry, allowing consignee to see quires only one entry for a single goods before paying duty. transaction. bills payable, notes and bills issued bookkeeping, double entry, the in favor of other parties by a mer- system of bookkeeping ^ which re- chant, quires for every transaction two en- bills receivable, notes and bills made tries, one on the debit and one on by others and payable to ourselves. tha credit side. blank credit, permission to draw borough, an incorporated town or money on account, no sum being village, specified. bottomry bond, the mortgage of bona fide [Lat.], in good faith. a vessel for sums advanced for the blackmail, extortion of money by use of the ship. threats. bought and sold notes, notes given blockading, obstructing an enemy's by a broker to the seller and buyer ports. respectively. board of traded about equivalent bounty, a bonus or premium given to chamber of commerce or merchants' to encourage trade. exchange; an association of business brand, literally a mark of designa- men to regulate matters of trade tion made by a hot iron; any trade- and further their interests, and for mark, device, or name; the par- the settlement of differences be- ticular quality of a class of goods. tween its members. breach of trust, violation of his duty bond, a legal document by which a by a trustee, person binds himself to pay money breadstuffs, any kind of grain, corn, or do something under penalty of or meal, paying a sum fixed. breakage, allowance made by a 1021 Dictionary of Commerce and Law shipper for loss by the destruction of fragile wares. breaking in, such violence as is necessary to constitute burglary. breaking bulk, opening packages of goods in transit. brief, a concise summary or state- ment of a case. broker, an agent or factor; a middle- man paid by commission; the most common are bill, exchange, insurance, produce, ship, and stock brokers. bull, stock exchange slang for a broker or dealer who believes that the value of stocks will rise and speculates for a rise, "goes long" on a stock. bullion, uncoined gold or silver. burden of proof, obligation of a party asserting a fact to prove it. burglary, at common law, breaking into a house in the night time with felonious intent. bushel, a cylindrical measure, 18J^ inches in diameter and 8 inches deep inside; its capacity is 2,150 42-100 cubic inches. by-law, local or restricted municipal regulations. cabinet, advisory council of a sov- ereign or president. calculate, to determine by reckon- ing; to adjust by comparison. call, demand for payment of install- ments due on stock. cancel, to annul or erase; often done by stamp or punch. canon, a precept of ecclesiastical law. capias, writ commanding sheriff to take defendant or a witness into custody. capital, money invested in business; amount of assets. capitalist, one having money to invest; a wealthy man. capital offense, one punishable by death. capital stock, the aggregate amount invested in a stock company; total value of stock at par. capitation, tax levied by polls. carat, a measure of weight for gold and precious stones. cargo, merchandise laden on a ship for transportation. carrier, one who carries goods for another. cartage, the amount due for carting goods. carte blanche [Fr.J, literally white paper; free or full powers, case, a box for holding goods or merchandise; at law, an action or suit. case, action on the, a common law form of action. cash, ready money; gold, silver, bank-notes; checks and drafts are usually included. cash-book, a book of entry for money paid in and out. cashier, one who has charge of money; a bank officer. cassation [Fr.], act of annulling; reversal. cash sales, sales for cash. caveat, formal notice not to inter- fere with one's rights. certificate, a written voucher, as, a certificate of deposit, a stock-cer- tificate. certified check, one accepted by the bank on which it is drawn as good. chamber of commerce, an asso- ciation of merchants for the encour- agement of trade. charter, a grant by a state em- powering a corporated association to do business. charter-party, a written contract for the hire of a vessel for a given voyage. check, an order on a bank for pay- ment of money on demand to bearer or the order of some person. check-book, a printed book of blank checks. check-clerk, one who examines ac- counts of other clerks; a bank clerk who enters up checks. choses in action, personal prop- erty for which the right of action exists, but which has not been re- duced to possession. Everyday Terms in Commerce and Law circular, a printed letter of adver- consols, government securities of tisement. England, paying three per cent. circular note, a note or bill issued consul, a representative of one by bankers for the accommodation country in a port of another to pro- of travelers, calling upon correspon- tect trade interests and the rights dents at different places to pay of seamen and other citizens, money on demand. consulage, duty paid by merchants clearance, a custom house certificate for protection of commerce abroad, that a ship is free to leave. contraband, prohibited goods or clearing, 1. Entering a ship at the merchandise; smuggled goods, custom house and obtaining clear- contraband of war, goods which ance. 2. In banking, exchange of neutral ships are forbidden to carry checks and settling balances at the to belligerents; as munitions or arms, clearing house. contract, an agreement; a bargain. clearing house, a banking exchange contractor, one who engages to do for daily settlements. certain work or furnish goods at c.o. d., collect on delivery; method of fixed rates; a public supply agent, payment for goods sent by express, conveyance, a written instrument collateral, in law of descent, that by which property is transferred; a which is not lineal; a grandson is of deed, lineal, a nephew of collateral descent, cooperage, charge for putting hoops collateral security, a secondary on casks or barrels. security to be available if the chief copying-press, an instrument for security fail. taking impressions from damp paper. collector, one authorized to receive corner, in stock and grain broker's money for another; chief officer of slang, the buying up of a large a custom house. quantity of stock or grain to raise commerce, extended trade or traffic. the price. commission, an agent's percentage corporation, a body of business for transacting business. men authorized by law to transact commission broker, one who buys certain business. or sells on commission. counter-entry, an entry in a con- commissioner of deeds, an attor- trary sense. ney or notary authorized to take counting room, a merchant's busi- acknowledgment of deeds in a for- ness office. eign state. coupon [Fr.], a certificate of in- common carrier, a public con- terest attached to bonds or stock, to veyer of goods or passengers. be cut off when due. common law, unwritten law, as dis- court of equity, one having a tinguished from written or statute chancery or equity jurisdiction; not law. limited by the common law. company, an association in busi- cr., abbreviation for credit; the cr. ness; a joint stock concern. side of an account is on the right compound interest, interest on hand. both principal and interest. credit, in bookkeeping, value re- composition, a payment by a debtor ceived or transferred from the of a percentage of his debts as settle- party; opposite of debit; financial ment in full. standing; power to obtain loans. consideration, value received; a creditor, one to whom money or bonus. value is due. consignee, one to whom goods are credit mobilier, an association in- sent, tending to buy up and conduct consignment, goods sent to an railroads or other companies on lim- agent to be sold. ited liability principles; in this 1023 Dictionary of Commerce and Law Country the most noted was the Credit Mobilier company of the Pacific Railroad. curbstone broker, a broker not a member of the regular stock ex- change. currency, the circulating medium of a country. current, passing freely; now run- ning, as, current accounts. customs, taxes on goods exported or imported. custom house, a place appointed to receive customs. custom house entry, a statement made and fees paid in clearing a ship. customary law, practices which have become law through the long usage of the mercantile world. damages, compensation for injury received. date, day of the month and year. day-book, a book for recording daily transactions. days of grace, in some States, three days allowed for payment of notes or bills after the time specified. In some other countries more than three are allowed. debase, to lessen in value; as, a debased coinage. debenture, _ a custom house certi- ficate entitling an exporter to a drawback on duties paid. debit, to make debtor; opposite cf credit; a charge entered. debtor, one who owes; opposite cf creditor. decimal, a tenth part; by tenths. declined, decreased in value. deed, a sealed legal instrument, transferring property, usually land. default, failure to pay. defendant, in law, the one against whom a claim or charge is made. deficit, a lack of funds to balance accounts. del credere [Ital.], extra commission given an agent in consideration of his warranting the solvency of the purchaser. demand, claim for payment. demurrage, forfeit money for de- tention of vessels beyond the time allowed by a charter-party. deposit, money left with a bank subject to order; payment on ac- count. depot, a place of storage or ware house; improperly used of a rail- way station. derelict, ship or cargo abandoned at sea. deterioration, lessening in value. deviation, the departure of a ship from her regular course to stop at ether ports. directors, the managers of a stock company. discharge, to pay a debt; to unload a ship. discount, a sum thrown off the amount of a note or bill; a deduc- tion; to discount is to lend money on bills after deducting the interest. discount broker, one who lends money on notes or bills. dissolution, breaking up of a part- nership. dividend, payment of the profits of a joint stock concern, pro rata, pro- portional payment to creditors out of a bankrupt estate. dockage or dock dues, charges for the use of a dock. docket, a ticket or mark on goods showing measurement or destina- tion; a list of cases before a court. donee, one to whom something is given. draft, an order to pay money; a rough copy of a writing; a deduc- tion from gross weight of goods; number of feet which a ship sinks in the water. draw, to make a draft; to call for funds. drawback, an allowance or return of duties paid at the custom house. drawer, the maker of a draft or bill of exchange. drawee, the one on whom a draft or bill is drawn. dray age, charges on goods hauled by a dray; cartaee. 1024 Dictionary of Commerce and Law drummer, one who solicits custom for a merchant by showing samples. dry goods, commercial name for textile fabrics. due, owing; that which is owed. due bill, a written acknowlegment of debt, not negotiable. dun, to demand payment. dunnage, loose articles of a cargo; loose material laid on the bottom of the ship's hold to raise goods and prevent injury by water. duplicate, a copy; a second article of the same kind. duress, confinement; restraint; com- pulsion. duties, taxes levied by a government on exports or imports. eagle, a gold coin of the United States, value ten dollars. e. e., abbrevaition for errors excepted. effects, property; goods on hand; the possessions of a firm. ejectment, dispossession of houses or land; forcing out. ell, a measure of length, 1 yard, 9 inches. embargo, order of a government forbidding ships to leave its ports. embark, to enter a ship for a voy- age; to engage in any enterprise. emporium, a commercial city; a place of trade. endorse, to transfer notes, bills, or checks by writing one's name on the back; to guarantee payment. endorsee, he in whose favor endorse- ment is made. endorser, one who endorses. engrosser, one who takes the whole of a line of goods; a forestaller; one who "corners" the market on com- modities; an ornamental penman. engrossing clerk, a copyist; a copy- ing clerk. entrepot, a place where goods are deposited without paying duty, to await transportation elsewhere; a free port. entry, in bookkeeping, any record made; depositing a ship's papers with the custom house. equity, a branch of Jurisprudence distinct from the common law. equity of redemption, privilege allowed to a mortgagor to redeem property within a given time. estoppel, preclusion of a person from asserting a fact or doing an act inconsistent with previous acts or declarations. examiner, a custom house officer who compares goods with invoices. exchange, place where merchants meet to transact business; percent- age on sale of bills; difference ^ of value between different currencies. exchange broker, one who nego- tiates foreign bills of exchange. exchequer, a treasury; summary of finances. excise, internal revenue tax. executed, finished; accomplished in legal form. executor, one appointed to carry out the provisions of a will. executory, to be performed in the future. executrix, feminine form of executor. exhibit, voucher or document pre- sented in court; transcript of ledger balances. export, to send goods to a foreign country. export duty, tax imposed on exports. exporter, one who exports. exports, the goods or merchandise exported. express, to transmit with celerity. express company, a corporation engaged in the business of trans- porting goods and money from one place to another more quickly than can be done by sending as ordinary freight. extension, allowance of time for payment to a debtor; carrying out items of a bill or account. e & o. e., "errors and omissions ex- cepted." F face, the amount for which a note io drawn. fac simile [Lat.], an exact copy; a counterpart. l_Q2s! Dictionary of Commerce and Law factor, an agent appointed to sell forced sale, sale of commodity under goods on commission; a consignee. compulsion or foreclosure. factorage, commissions allowed to foreclose, to seize property under factors. the conditions of a mortgage. facture, an invoice or bill of goods, foreign bill, a bill of exchange failure, becoming bankrupt; sus- drawn in one country upon a citizen pension of payment. of another. fair, of average quality; above forestall, to buy up goods before middling. the regular time of sale; to bring fall, decrease in price or value. about an increase in the price of false pretenses, misstatements made provisions. with intent to defraud. forwarder, a merchant or agent who fancy goods, light fabrics, ribbons, laces, etc. fare, charge for passage. farthing, an English copper transmits or forwards goods. fractional currency, United States money for sums less than a dollar, chiefly silver coin, worth half a cent; an insignificant franc, French unit of coinage; 100 value. centimes; value, 18 3-5 cents. fee, payment; charge of a profes- franking, privilege of sending letters sional man^ a gratuity. free of charge. fee-simple, in real estate, an abso- fraud, in law, any wrongful artifice, lute title; one with no conditions device or concealment by which pe- attached. cuniary damage is done to another. finance, funds ; public money; revenue, free goods, goods admitted without financier, one skilled in money an import tax. matters. free port, a port where ships may fire insurance, indemnity against loss by fire. fire policy, the writing by which insurers agree to pay fire insurance. firm, name, style or title of a busi- ness concern; the partners taken collectively. five-forties, United States bonds, load and unload free from duties. free trade, trade not restricted by tariff duties for "protection." freight, sums paid for transportation of merchandise or hire of a ship; less properly, the goods carried. funded, made intoa permanent loan on which interest is paid, issued during the Civil War, redeem- funds, ready money; shares in a able after five years, payable at not more than forty years after date, bearing 6 per cent interest. five-twenties, United States bonds, redeemable any time after five years, payable twenty years from date, bearing six per cent interest. fixtures, anything of an accessory nature annexed to real estate; that which forms a part of realty. flat, inactive; depressed; dull; flat value of stock and bonds is the value without interest. flotsam, goods thrown into the sea which swim. f. o. b., "free on board"; transporta- tion and shipping expenses included. footing, amount of a column of figures. national debt; public securities. garbles, dust, filth or soil removed from spices, drugs, etc.; to garble is to separate this refuse. garnishment, legal notice attach- ing goods or money of one person in the hands of another. garnishee, the person on whom is served a writ of garnishment or "trustee process," ordering^ him to appear in court and give informa- tion in regard to the goods of an- other, the original debtor, in his hands. gauge, to measure the contents of a cask; measure or standard. 1026 Dictionary of Commerce and Law general order store, a bonded ware- importer, a merchant who imports house to which merchandise not goods. claimed within a certain time is imports, goods brought from a sent under a ''general order." foreign country. goods, merchandise; movable prop- impost, government tax on im- erty. ported goods. good will, the interest of an estab- income, total amount of receipts lished business in the way of trade from all sources; yearly gains. and custom.^ income tax, a government tax of grain, collective name for all cereals. a percentage on the income of indi- great gross, twelve gross; i. e., viduals or corporations. 1,728 articles, indemnification, making good a gross, twelve dozen; total amount; loss; securing one against damages. opposed to net. indemnity, guarantee against loss ; gross ton, twenty-two hundred and freedom; compensation for damages forty pounds. suffered. guarantee, the one to whom se- index, names of titles or accounts curity is given or guaranty nade. arranged alphabetically. guarantor, one making a guaranty. indorse. See endorse. guaranty, security; an undertaking indulgence, extension of time for that one person will pay money to payment. another or fulfil a contract. inland bill, a bill of exchange or gunny-bags, sacks of coarse material draft drawn upon a person in the used for coffee. same state or country. insolvent, unable to pay outstand- H ing liabilities; bankrupt. instalment, a part payment or part hand, measure of animals* height; delivery of goods. about four inches. instant, of the present month, as, hand-money, money paid to bind the 12th inst. a bargain. insurable interest, such an interest harbor, a place of security for vessels. as will entitle a person to obtain harbor-dues, charges made for use insurance on the life or property of of a harbor. another. harbor-master, an officer having insurance, a contract in which one charge of a harbor. party, the insurer , agrees in con- hogshead, a measure of capacity; sideration of the 'premium, to pay 2 barrels, or 63 gallons; a large a certain sum on the death of the cask. insured or to indemnify him for holder, he in whose possession a loss to property by fire or marine note or bill may be. risks. hollow-ware, trade name for cast insurance broker, one who ne- or wrought iron vessels, kettles, etc. gotiates insurance contracts. honor, to accept and pay a note, interest, money paid for use of draft or bill. money; share in a business or husbandage, compensation paid to venture. a "ship's husband" (q.v.). interest account, in bookkeeping, hypothecate, to pledge as security; a separate account of sums paid and to mortgage chattels. received as interest. internal revenue, government reve- I nue derived from domestic sources. intestate, not disposed of by a immovables, land, houses, and fix- valid will; one who dies without a tures; real estate. will. 1027 Dictionary of Commerce and Law In transitu [Lat.], on the road; not brought to an end. inventory, a list of goods and merchandise on hand ; any enumera- tion of articles; a schedule. investment, placing of money in business or securities. invoice, account m of merchandise shipped, with prices and charges annexed. invoice book, a book for entering copies of invoices. involved, confused; embarrassed by liabilities. jettison, throwing goods overboard or cutting away masts and sails to save a vessel. jetsam, goods thrown into the sea which have sunk. jobber, one who buys from importers or manufacturers and sells to re- tailers; a middleman. job lot, goods left over; an odd assortment. joint stock, that held in company; stock formed _ by the union of several companies. joint stock company, a business association, the capital of which is represented by shares of stock. joint tenants, those who have not only unity of possession, but also of title and interest, and the survivor takes the whole. journal, an account book intermediate between day-book and ledger. judgment, a judicial decree; decision of a court. judgment note, one containing a power of attorney from maker to payee to confess judgment for the maker to the extent of face and interest. jurisdiction, extent of a court's authority as to place, sum, or subject matter. lame duck, stock-brokers' for one unable to meet his liabilities. land, to discharge cargo; to disembark; law, merchant, body of law relating to mercantile customs. law days, days allowed in a charter- party for unloading a ship. lay down, cost of merchandise; including charges and freight to place of shipment. lazaretto [Ital.], a place in quaran- tine where goods are fumigated. leakage, an allowance made for waste by leaking of casks. lease, an agreement for letting lands or tenements for life, a term of years or months, or at will. legal tender, currency or coin which a government has declared shall be received in payment of debts; a formal proffer of money to pay a debt; if refused, the creditor cannot recover. lessee, one to whom a lease is given. lessor, one who makes a lease. letter book, that in which copies of letters *sent and received are made. letter of advice, one giving notice of a shipment made, bill drawn, or other business transaction. letter of credit, ^ one authorizing credit to a certain amount to be given to the bearer. letter of license, one by which creditors of an insolvent debtor postpone their claims and allow him to continue trade. letter of marque, commission from a government to a private ship to seize and destroy ships and property of a hostile country. letters of administration, authori- ty given to administer an intestate estate, or one in regard to which the executor has refused to act. letters patent, a writing executed and sealed, granting power and authority to do some act, or enjoy some right. letters testamentary, authority to an executor to act as such, after probate of will has been made. liability, that for which one is responsible; debts; obligations. license, permission to trade or act, as liquor license, peddler's license. Dictionary of Commerce and Law lien, a hold or claim on property to mart, a market; a place of traffic. ^ secure a debt. maturity, time fixed for payment; lighterage, payment for unloading becoming due. ^ ships by lighters or boats. maximum, the highest price or sum. liquidation, # settlement or adjust- measurement goods, goods on ment of liabilities. which freight is charged by measure- Lloyds', an old association of Eng- ment. lish marine underwriters (insurers) mercantile agency, a concern which which formally met at Lloyd's procures and furnishes information coffee house, London. The com- as to the financial standing and pany possesses complete records of credit of business firms, everything pertaining to marine merca: *le paper, notes or bills matters and has a vast correspond- issued by merchants for goods ence. To rate on Lloyd's books as bought or consigned. Al is accepted as conclusive evi- merchant, one who buys and sells dence of excellence. goods, generally applied to whole- Lloyds' register, a yearly register salers or large dealers. of tonnage, age, build, character, merchantable, fit for market; in and condition of ships issued by sound condition. the Lloyds. merchant service, trading ships loan, money or property furnished taken collectively; the management for temporary use; a public debt. of merchant vessels. loan office, an office where loans merger, absorption of a lesser by a are negotiated. greater debt or obligation. log-book, a book in which is re- metallic currency, silver, gold, and corded the daily progress of a vessel, copper coinage, weather notes, and all incidents. metric system, a decimal system long price, price after duties are paid. of weights and measures, first estab- longshoremen, laborers who load lished in France; now in general and unload vessels. use in Europe and growing into use in English-speaking countries. M minimum, [lowest price; least quan- tity possible. manifest, a list or invoice of a mint, a place for coining money, ship's cargo and passengers to be misfeasance, the doing of a lawful exhibited at custom houses. act in an unlawful manner. manifold writer, a contrivance by mitigation, reduction of a penalty which several copies may be ob- or fine; that which in part excuses, tained at once; it consists of several mixed fabrics, those composed of sheets covered with a preparation more than one kind of fibre, as wool of plumbago. x and cotton. manufactures, articles which have^ money, the measure of value and undergone some process; not crude medium of exchange; strictly speak- or raw. ing, money must have intrinsic marine insurance, insurance on value to the amount it represents, vessels and cargo. as gold or silver; but bank notes mark, a letter, figure, or device, by and sometimes checks are included, which goods and prices are dis- money-broker, one who deals in tinguished; private marks are usu- money. ally made by selecting a word of money market, the general system ten letters and letting each letter of cash loans; the exchange of stand for a digit. different kinds of currency. market, a public place of sale for money order, an order requesting one provisions or other wares. person to pay money to another; not 1029 Dictionary of Commerce and Law negotiable; most commonly used of O post-office orders. monopoly, sole power of dealing in obligation, a duty; a binding en- certain class of goods. gagement; bond with condition an- mortgage, a conditional conveyance nexed. of property, to become void upon on sale, goods left with another fulfillment of the condition, as, person to sell on account. the payment of a note. open account, a running or unset- mortgage deed, a deed of the nature tied account. of a mortgage. opening, the display of a new stock mortgagee, the person to whom of goods for sale. property is mortgaged. open policy, in marine insurance, a mortgagor, one who gives a mort- policy which covers undefined risks. gage. option, permission ^ to choose; in movables, personal property; property stock-broking, privilege of taking or not fixed. delivering stock at a given day and muster, a collection of samples. price. order, a commission to purchase; N directions to pay money or deliver goods. national banks, banks organized order book, that in which orders under the conditions of an act of received are entered. Congress; they can issue bank notes ordinary, a ship in harbor is said to only to the amount of United States be in ordinary; of medium quality. bonds they have deposited in the outstanding accounts, book debts U. S. Treasury. not yet collected. negotiable paper, notes, bills and overdraw, to call for more money drafts which may be _ transferred than is on deposit. with all their rights by indorsement overdue, applied to a note or draft or assignment. the specified time for payment of negotiations, agreeing upon a mer- which has passed. cantile transaction; making a bar- overt, apparent; manifest; open. gain; fixing a price. net, the clear amount; what remains P after deducting charges and ex- penses, package, a bundle; a parcel; a bale. net profits, clear profit, after de- panic, a monetary pressure; finan- ducting losses. cial crisis. net weight, weight of merchandise paper, negotiable evidence of in- without bag, box, or covering. debtedness. nominal, in name only; very small, paper money, bills of banks or the as, a nominal price. government passing current as non-feasance, the not doing of what money. ought to be done. parole [Fr.], not written, as, parole notary public, a public officer who evidence. attests or certifies to acknowledg- par value, the face or nominal value. ment of deeds and other papers, par of exchange, the value of a unit protests, notes and bills, etc. of one country's coinage expressed notarial seal, seal of a notary pub- in that of another's. lie. partner, an associate in business; note of hand, a written undertaking member of a partnership. to pay money at a certain time. partnership, contract of two or note book, a book in which notes more persons to join money, stock, of hand are recorded. or skill in trade for mutual benefit J030 Die 66 Dictionary of Commerce and Law part owner, one of several owners of a ship; the relation differs ma- terially from partnership. pass book, a book kept by a cus- tomer in which entries of purchases are made; a bank book. passport, a permission from a gov- ernment to travel, with identification and certificate of nationality. pawnbroker, one who lends money at interest on security of goods de- posited. payable, justly due; capable of pay- ment. payee, the person to whose order a note, bill, or draft is to be paid. per cent [Lat.], by the hundred; rates of interest, discount, etc. per cent age [Lat.], an allowance reckoned by hundredth parts; com- mission. per contra [Lat.], to the opposite side of an account. permit, written authority to remove dutiable goods. petty cash book, account of small receipts and expenses. policy, the instrument by which the contract of insurance is made. port, a harbor for vessels; a com- mercial city. port of entry, a port where a custom house is established for the entry of imports. post-date, to date after the real time. posting, to transfer from day-book or journal to the ledger. post obit, a promise to pay loans after the death of some person. power of attorney, written authority from one person to another to act for him. preferred creditor, one whose claims a bankrupt debtor elects to settle first. premium, a sum beyond par value; the amount paid annually in insur- ance contracts. price current, a statement showing prevailing price of merchandise, stock, or securities. price list, a list of articles with prices attached. prime, of high quality; superior. principal, the sum on which interest is paid. proceeds, the sum realized by a sale. procuration, a general letter or power of attorney. produce, farm products of all kinds. profit and loss, an account in which gains and losses are balanced. promissory note See note. pro rata [Lat.], a proportional dis- tribution. protective tariff, duty imposed on imports to encourage manufacturers, protest, notice to the sureties of a note that it was not paid at ma- turity or to the drawer of a draft that acceptance was refused. purveyor, one who supplies pro- visions. Q quarantine, restraint of intercourse to which a ship is subjected on suspicion of infection; the place of such restraint. quitrent, rent paid by tenant of a freehold, discharging him from other rent. quotation, current prices of stocks or commodities. real estate, land, houses and fix- tures; all immovable property, rebate, deduction; abatement; dis- count; giving back part of sum already paid. _ receipt, a written acknowledgment of payment. receipt book, a book in which re- ceipts are filed receiver, an officer appointed by a court to hold in trust property in litigation, or to wind up the affairs of a bankrupt concern. recoup, to counterbalance losses by gains. rectification, second distillation of alcoholic liquors. register, a ship's paper, issued by 1031 Dictionary of Commerce and Law the custom house, stating descrip- tion, name, tonnage, nationality, and ownership. re-insurance, transfer of part of the contract of insurance from one insurer to another. remittance, transfer of funds from one party to another. renewal, giving a new note for an old one; extension of time. rent, compensation for the use of real estate. rente, a French term equivalent to government annuity. repository, a warehouse or store- house. reprisal, the seizure of ships or prop- erty to indemnify for unlawful seizure or detention. respondentia bond, a bond for a loan secured by the cargo of a ship. retail, to sell in small quantities. returns, profit on an investment. revenue, income of a state; taxes received. revenue cutter, a small government vessel used in collecting taxes and preventing smuggling. reversion, right to possess property after the happening of some event, as the death of a person. sale, transfer of property for a con- sideration. salvage, compensation given those who rescue ship or cargo from loss. salvor, one who voluntarily engages in saving a ship or cargo from peril. sample, a small portion of merchan- dise taken as a specimen of quality. sans recours [Fr.], without recourse; sometimes added to an indorsement of a note or bill to protect indorser from liability. scrip, certificate of stock given before registration. seaworthy, fit for a voyage and properly equipped. securities, documents securing a right to property. sell, to make a sale; to transfer for consideration. set-off, a counter claim or cross debt arising from a different matter from the one in question. share, interest owned by one of a number; unit of the division of stock. ship, technically, a three-masted square-rigged vessel; commonly used for any large vessel. shipment, quantity of goods dis- patched. shipper, one who dispatches goods by vessel or other conveyance. shipping, collective term for a number of vessels. shipping articles, articles of agree- ment between captain and seamen. shipping clerk, one who oversees the forwarding of merchandise. ship's husband, one _ who attends to the requisite repairs of a ship while in port, and does all the other necessary acts preparatory to a voy- age. ship's papers, papers which a ves- sel must carry; register, sea-letter, logbook, bill of health, shipping articles, etc. ship's stores, provisions, fuel, cables, extra spars, etc. short, to "sell short" is to sell for future delivery what one has not got in hopes that prices will fall. short exchange, bills of exchange payable at sight or in a few days. shrinkage, reduction in bulk or measurement. sight, the time when a bill is pre- sented to the drawee. sight draft, one payable at sight, i. e. f when presented. signature, the name of a person written by himself. silent partner, one who furnishes capital but takes no active part in a business. simple interest, interest on princi- pal alone; not compound. sinking fund, a fund set apart from revenue to pay a public or corporation debt. smuggling, introducing goods into a country without paying duties. solvent, able to meet all liabilities. 1032 L Dictionary of Commerce and Law specialty, a written, sealed, and applications for marine or fire fn« delivered contract. surance. specie, any kind of coined money. suspend, to fail; to stop payment. specification, a written description suspense account, an account made and enumeration of particulars. of doubtful balances to ascertain speculation, a business investment probable profit or loss. out of the ordinary run of trade. sutler, one authorized to sell goods stamp duty, law requiring stamps to an army. to be affixed to checks and proprie- suttle weight, weight after tare is tary articles. deducted. staple, principal commodity of a country or district. T statute law, body of laws estab- lished by legislative enactment; tale quale [Lat.], "such as"; used written as opposed to unwritten or to denote that cargo is presumed to common law. correspond with sample, and that sterling, lawful or standard money buyer takes the risk of deterioration. of Great Britain. tally, keeping account by checking stock, shares in the capital of cor- off. porations; goods on hand. tally man, one who receives payment stock broker, one who buys and for goods in weekly instalments. sells stock on commission. tare, allowance in weight or quan- stock exchange, place where shares tity on account of cask, bag, or of stock are bought and sold. covering. _ Actual tare: when each stock-holder, one who holds shares cask, etc., is] weighed. Average tare: of stock. when one is weighed as a sample. stock jobber, one who speculates in Estimated tare: when a fixed per- stocks. centage is allowed. stoppage in transitu [Lat.], right tariff, rate or fist of duties; price of seller to stop goods "on their list. passage" if purchaser has become teller, officer of a bank who receives insolvent. or pays out money. storage, sums paid for storing goods, tenants, those who lease or rent real storekeeper, officer in charge of a estate. bonded warehouse. tenants in common, persons hold- stowage, careful arrangement of ing the same property in common, cargo in a ship. i. e., by distinct titles and not as subpoena, a writ commanding a wit- joint tenants. ness to appear in court. tender, offer to supply money or subpoena duces tecum, a subpoena articles. See legal tender. requiring witness to bring papers ten forties. United States Gov- with him. ernment bonds, which could be re- subrogation, putting one thing in deemed by the government in ten place of another; substituting one years or allowed to run for forty. creditor for another. tenor, m intent, nature, character; sundries, unclassified articles. sometimes an exact copy. supercargo, an agent who accom- textile fabrics, all woven or piece panies cargo to care for and sell it. goods. surety, one who binds himself to pay testator, one who has made a will; money in case another person fails feminine form, testatrix. to pay, to fill a contract, or to serve time bargain, a contract for the with integrity. future sale of stock. surveyor, agent of an insurance tonnage, the weight a ship will company to examine and report on carry in tons; capacity of a vessel. 1033 Dictionary of Commerce and Law tort, a private or civil injury for which damages will lie. trade, buying and selling; commerce; traffic. trade discount, an allowance made to dealers in the same line. trade-mark, letters, figures, or de- vices used on goods and labels which a manufacturer has the sole right to use. trade price, that allowed by whole- salers to retailers. trade sale, an auction by and for the trade; especially of booksellers. trades-union, a combination of work- ingmen to protect their own interests. traffic, business done; especially that of a railroad. transshipment, removing goods from one ship or conveyance to another. transportation, conveying goods from one place to another. transit duty, tax imposed on goods for passing through a country. traveler, a commercial agent; a drummer. treasury notes, those issued by government and passing current as money. treaty, an agreement or compact between two or more nations. tret, allowance for waste of 4 lbs. in 104 lbs., after tare has been deducted. triplicate, to make three copies of a paper; the third copy. trustee process, same as garnish- gnent, (q. v.) . U ullage, what a cask lacks of being full. unclaimed goods, goods in govern- ment storehouses unclaimed after three years from importation, or on which duties have not been paid, may be sold at auction. undersell, to sell below the trade price. underwriter, a marine insurer; an individual, not a company. unseaworthy, unfit for a voyage in condition or equipment. unsound, in bad condition; of doubtful solvency. usance, the time allowed by usage for the payment of a bill of ex- change; it differs greatly in differ- ent countries; any business custom. usury, interest beyond the lawful rate. V valid, of force; binding; good in law. value, to estimate; worth. value received, phrase used in notes and bills to express a consideration indefinitely. vendee, one to whom something is sold. vendor, a seller. ^ vendue, an auction sale. venture, a mercantile speculation or investment. void, that which is of no legal effect. voidable, that which may become of no legal effect if proper steps are taken. voucher, a book, receipt, entry, or other document which establishes the truth of accounts. W warehouseman, one who stores goods for pay. ■ waiver, relinquishment of a legal right or privilege. warranty, an undertaking that goods or title are as represented. wastage, loss in handling; shrinkage. waste, refuse material. way bill, list of goods given to a carrier. wharfage, fees paid for use of a wharf. wood acid, pyroligneous acid, dis- tilled from oak, beech, ash and other woods, and used by calico printers. woody wool, the wool or wadding manufactured from pine leaves in Breslau. wootz, a species of steel made in the East Indies from magnetic ore, valuable for edge tools. wreckage, merchandise saved from a wreck. wurris, a powder obtained from the seeds of euphorbia and used as a red dye for silk. DICTIONARY OF FOOTBALL advance, distance gained by a ball through kicking or running. B backward pass, a pass or throw of the ball in any direction excepting toward the opponents' goal. ball, oval-shaped, inflated rubber, covered with leather^ measuring 28 H$ and 23 inches on circumference of extreme axes, and weighing about 15 ounces. batting the ball, any player on either side may bat or strike with his hand or fist a fly ball in any direc- tion, excepting toward his opponent's goal, to keep an opponent from get- ting it. block, to interfere with or obstruct the movement of an opponent. blocked kick, a ball so kicked that it strikes an opponent before crossing the scrimmage line. break through, to force a passage through an opposing line. buck, to dash against or break through a scrimmage line with the ball. captain, the leader of a team or side. center, the player on the center of the forward line who snaps the ball back between his feet for a kick, putting the ball into play. cleats, small knobs on soles of shoes to prevent slipping. coach, a director or instructor of a team or side. consecutive, a continuous possession of the ball by a side. crawling, an attempt by a runner to carry a dead ball forward; pro- hibited. cross-bar, the strip of wood attached to the top of the two goal posts. dead ball, when the holder or the referee has cried "down"; when a" goal has been gained; when the ball has gone into touch or touch-in- goal, excepting for a punt-out; when a touchdown has been made; where a fair catch has been heeled; and where for any other reason the ball is out of play. defense, the play of the side oppos- ing the side with the ball. distance-kick, a ball kicked off, kicked out, or kicked from a fair catch; must be kicked a distance of at least 10 yards toward the op- ponents 7 goal line. down, when a referee blows his whistle or declares a ball dead. drop-kick, a kick the instant the ball rises after the player has dropped it from his hands. E eleven, a full team. end, the player at each end of the forward line. end lines, lines marked on the field at each end. end zones, the space between the goal, end, and side lines. fair catch, catching a ball kicked by an opponent before it alights, or catching a punt-out. field, level tract of ground or lawn, 360 feet long by 160 feet wide. field of play, the space between the goal lines and end lines. fly-ball, a ball kicked high in the air. 1035 Dictionary of Football forward line^ seven players, viz. the center, two ends, two guards and two tackles. forward pass, a pass or throw of the ball from a point at least 5 yards back of the scrimmage line. foul, a violation of a rule. free kick, any kick when the rules restrain the opponents from ad- vancing beyond a certain point be- fore the ball is put into play. full-back, a player on the last line who co-operates with the half-backs. goal, two upright posts, at least 20 feet in height and 18 f feet apart, with a cross-bar 10 feet above the ground, erected _ in the center of each end goal line. goal from field, where a ball is kicked in any way excepting a punt, from the field of play over the cross- bar of the opponents' goal, but with- out touching the ground or any player after the kick. goal from touchdown, where the ball is kicked from the field over the cross-bar of the opponents' goal without touching the ground. goal lines, lines marked on the field 10 yards from and parallel to the end lines. gridiron, popular name of the field of play. guard, the player on each side of the center. H half-backs, two players in rear of the quarter-back, who do most of the running with the ball. head coach, the chief coach. hurdling, in general, jumping or at- tempting to jump over an opponent still on his feet; prohibited. body so as to prevent opponents from tackling. interlocked interference, where the players of the side having the ball grasp one another or form a mass of men so as to keep off tacklers; pro- hibited. kick-off, a place-kick at the begin- ning of a game and after any score excepting a safety. kick-out, a place-kick by a player of the side which has touched the ball down in their own goal, or into whose touch-in-goal the ball has gone. kneeing, the same as striking. line coach, the instructor for the forward line. line of scrimmage, an actual or imaginary line for each side, parallel to the goal lines, and about 12 inches apart. linesman, an official who marks the distances gained or lost, remains on or near one of the side lines during the game, has two assistants who are stationed outside of the field of play, and acts as an assistant to the referee and umpire. loose-ball, a ball on the ground out of possession of either side; kicking it or at it prohibited. M mark of the catch, indication where a fair catch has been made. mark of the line, indication where the side or goal line has been crossed. measuring the position of a dead ball, when a ball has been declared dead its position must be measured from its forward point; rotating it prohibited. muff, the failure to catch a ball. N Interference, any one of several au- thorized means by which a player neutral zone, the space between the holding the ball may interpose his scrimmage lines; about 12 inches. 1036 Dictionary of Football officials of the game, the referee, umpire and linesman. out of bounds, when the ball or the player holding it touches the ground beyond the side line or its extension. passing, the reception of the ball from the snap-back by the quarter- back and its delivery by him to another player. periods, the four parts into which the game is divided; 15 minutes each. piling-up, players jumping or throw- ing themselves on a prostrate player after the ball has been declared dead; prohibited. place-kick, a kick after the ball has been placed on the ground. punt-kick, a kick before a dropped ball touches the ground. punt-out, a punt-kick by a player on the side that has made a touch- down toward another player on his own side to enable the latter to make a fair catch. putting the ball in play, restoring a dead ball for play. quarter-back, the player immedi- ately back of the center, who receives the ball and endeavors to place it in the hands of a third man before an advance can be made. referee, the official whose decisions on all questions are final; superior on occasions to the umpire. restraining line, the line on or be- hind which players of the side must stand when free kicks are made. run-in, when a player, excepting in a scrimmage, picks up a rolling or bounding ball and succeeds in run- ning with it till he gets behind his opponents' goal-line, and there touches it down. running-in, interference with a player kicking the ball by opponents running into or otherwise roughly treating him; prohibited. safety, when the ball in possession of a player guarding his own goal is declared dead; when a player on the side in possession of the ball makes a forward pass which becomes in- completed behind his goal line or commits a foul that would give the ball to the opponents behind the offender's goal line; when a player kicks the ball behind his goal line and it crosses the extension of either side line. scoring, points in a game and their values, viz., touchdown, 6 points; goal from touchdown, 1 point; goal from the field, 3 points; safety _ by opponents, 2 points; a forfeited game, 1 to in favor of the offended side. scrimmage, when the holder of the ball, being in the field of play, puts it down in front of him, and all players who have closed around on their respective sides endeavor to push their opponents back, and, by kicking the ball, to drive it in the direction of the opposite goal-line; the scrimmage ends when the ball is in touch or goal. scrub, a team picked up at random for practice; also the team playing against the one with the ball. side, the same as team. side lines, lines marked on the field at each side. snapper-back, in a scrimmage, the player who puts the ball into play. snapping the ball, in a scrimmage, sending the ball back from its posi- tion on the ground by a quick mo- tion of the hand or hands. striking, striking of a player with' the fist, elbow, or knee of another; prohibited. tackle, the player next to each guard,^ who in defensive play breaks through the opposing line to seize the player Dictionary of Football having the ball; also the holding by one or more players of the opposite side of the player who has the ball. tackling, interference with a player by an opposing player. Under the rules a player when tackling must have at least one foot on the ground. Tackling below the knee is prohib- ited except by players on the defen- sive line of scrimmage, and then only by the two players on the ends of the line. take the man, to support a player of one's own side who is about to kick the ball by charging an oppo- nent who is coming up to kick it. taken over, when a player kicks, passes, or knocks the ball across his own goal line and there makes it dead. team, eleven players and the sub- stitutes. time of. game, in general, 60 minutes, 4 periods of 15 minutes each. touch, when a ball crosses the touch- line, or when the holder puts a part of either foot across the touch-line; also the space at the sides^ of a field of play, separated from it by the touch-lines. touchback, when a ball in posses- sion of a player guarding his own goal is declared dead by a referee after being sent to or across the line by an opponent. touchdown, when a ball in posses- sion of a player is declared dead by a referee, any part of it being on. above, or behind the opponents. goal-line; also when a player puts his hand on the ball while on the ground in touch or in goal, and stops it so that it remains dead or nearly so. tripping, where one player trips another below the knee; prohibited. try, gained when one of the attacking side grounds the ball over his oppo- nent's goal line. try at goal, a place-kick by one of the side that has made a touchdown. U umpire, the first judge of the play, who sees that the rules are observed, and decides disputes, subject to ap- peal to the referee. volley, to kick the ball before it bounces. W wheeling the scrimmage, when the forwards of one side, in possession of the ball, pass to their^left or right front with it, t leaving their oppo- nents on one side. wing forward, a forward who goes late into the scrimmage and applies himself rather to breaking away and the interception of bases than to hand-shoving in the pack. Also one of the pairs of forwards on either side of the center. Die. 6i 1038 DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES Note: L., Latin; Fr., French; Ger,, German; It., Italian; Sp., Spanish; Gr., Greek. A ad eundem (sc. gradum) [L.], to a bas [Fr.], down; at the foot; upon the same degree. the ground. ad finem [L<], to the end. aiaFraneaise [Fr.], after the French ad hominem [ij.], to the man; that mode. is, to his interests and passions. a la mode [Ft.], in fashion. ad infinitum [L.], to infinity. a l'Anglaise [Fr.], after the English ad interim [L.], in the meanwhile. fashion. ad libitum [L.], at pleasure. a l'outrance [Fr.], to the utmost. ad nauseam [L.], to disgust. a plomb [Fr.], perpendicularly. ad utrumque paratus [L.], pre- a propos [Fr.], to the point. pared for either event, a propos de bottes [Fr.], apropos to ad valorem [L.], according to the boots; without reason. value, a fortiori [L.], with stronger reason, adscriptus glebae [L.], belonging or a mansa et thoro [L.], from bed attached to the soil. and board. eequam servare mentem [L.], to a posteriori [L.], from the effect to preserve an equable mind. the cause. aequo animo [L.], with an equable a priori [L.], from the cause to the mind; with equanimity. effect. aetatis suae [L.], of his (or her) age. a vinculo matrimonii [L.], from affaire d'amour [Fr.], a love affair, the tie of marriage. affaire du cceur [Fr.], an affair of ab extra [L.], from without. the heart. ab initio [L.J, from the beginning. agenda [L.], things to be done. ab intra [L.], from within. alere flammam [L.] } to feed the ab ovo usque ad mala [L.], from flame. the egg to the apples; from begin- alis volat propriis [L.], she flies ning to end. with her own wings; the motto of ab uno disce omnes [L.], from 'One Oregon, learn all; from a single instance in- allons [Fr.], let us go; come. fer the whole. alma mater [L.], a fostering mother. absente reo [L.], the defendant be- alter ego [L.], another self. ing absent. alter idem [L.], another precisely abusus non tollit usum [L.], abuse similar. is not an argument against proper amende honorable [Fr.], satisfactory use. apology; reparation. ad astra [L.], to the stars, or to an amicus curiae [L.], a friend of the exalted state. court. ad Calendas Graecas [L.], at the amour propre [Fr.], self-love; vanity. Greek Calends; i. e., never, as the ancien regime {Fr.], ancient order Greeks had no Calends. of things. ad captandum vulgus [L.], to anglice [L.], according to the Eng- catch the paifel le lish manner. 1039 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases anno aetatis suae [L.], in the year of his (or her) age. anno Christi [L.], in the year of Christ. anno Domini [L.], in the year of our Lord. anno mundi [L.], in the year of the world. anno urbis conditae [L.], in the year the city (Rome) was built. ante bellum [L.], before the war. ante meridiem [L.], before noon. appui [Fr.], point of support. aqua vitas [L.], brandy; spirit; alcohol. arbiter elegantiarum [L.], an um- pire in matters of taste. argumentum ad hominem [L.], an argument deriving its force from the situation of the person to whom it is addressed. argumentum ad ignorantiam [L.], an argument founded on an adver- sary's ignorance of facts. argumentum ad verecundiam [L.], an argument to modesty. arriere pensee [Fr.], a mental reser- vation. au contralre [Fr.], on the contrary. au fait [Fr.], well instructed. au reste [Fr.], as for the rest. au revoir [Fr.], adieu until we meet again. audi alteram partem [L.], hear the other side. auri sacra fames [L.], the accursed thirst for gold. aut vincere aut mori [L.], either to conquer or to die. aux armes [Fr.], to arms. B bas-bleu [Fr.], a bluestocking. beau monde [Fr.], the fashionable world. beaux esprits [Fr.], gay spirits; men of wit. beaux yeux [Fr.], handsome eyes; that is, attractive looks. bel esprit [Fr.], a brilliant mind. ben trovato [It.], well found; a happy invention. bete noir [Fr.], a black beast; a bugbear. bienseance [Fr.], civility; decorum. billet d'amour / r -c\. i i i^++«« billet doux j t Fr ' ] > a love-letter. bizarre [Fr.], odd; fantastic. blase [Fr.], pallid; surfeited; ren- dered incapable of continued enjoy- ment. bona fide [L.], in good faith. bon gre mal gre [Fr.], willing or unwilling. bon jour [L.], good day; good morning. bon soir [L.], good evening. bonhomie [Fr.], good-natured sim- plicity. boulevard [Fr.], a public walk or street occupying the site of de- molished fortifications. bouleversement [Fr.], overturning; subversion. bourgeois [Fr.], a man of middle rank in society. bourgeoisie [Fr.], middle classes of society; traders. brevet d'invention [Fr.], a patent. brochure [Fr.], a pamphlet. brusque [Fr.], rude; blunt. brutum fulmen [L.], a harmless thunderbolt. cacoethes [L.], an evil habit. cacoethes loquendi [L.] a rage for speaking. cacoethes scribendi [L.], an itch for scribbling. castera desunt [L.], the remainder is wanting. castera paribus [L.], other things being equal. cafe [Fr.], a coffee-house. caleche [Fr.], a half-coach or calash. calembour [Fr.], a pun. canaille [Fr.], the rabble. cantatrice [It.], a female profes- sional singer. capias ad respondendum [L.], you may take to answer; — a writ for taking and keeping the defendant to answer the plaintiff in the action. capias ad satisfaciendum [L.], you may take to satisfy; — a writ for taking and keeping the party named 1040 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases until he gives satisfaction to the party by whom it is issued. captatio benevolentise [L.], a cur- rying favor. caput mortuum [L.], the worthless remains. carpe diem [L.], enjoy the present day. casus belli [L.], that which involves or justifies war. catalogue raisonne [Ft.], a catalogue of books arranged according to their subjects. caveat emptor [L.], let the buyer beware. c'est a dire [Fr.], that is to say. champs Elysees [Fr.], Elysian Fields. chanson [Fr.], a song. chapeau bas [Fr.], hats off. chapeaubras [Fr.], a military cocked hat. charge d'affaires [Fr.], an inferior diplomatic representative at a foreign court. charivari [Fr.], a mock serenade of discordant music. chateaux en Espagne [Fr.], castles in Spain, the land of romance; castles in the air. chef-d'oeuvre [Fr.], a masterpiece. chere amie [Fr.], a dear friend; a mistress. chevalier d'industrie [Fr.], a knight of industry; one who lives by persevering fraud. chronique scandaleuse [Fr.], a chronicle of vices and crimes. < ci-devant [Fr.], formerly; former. circa, or circiter [L.], about. cito maturum, cito putridum [L.], soon ripe, soon rotten. [citoyen [Fr.], a citizen; a burgher. [civilitas successit barbarum [L.], civilization succeeds barbarism;— the motto of Minnesota when a territory. coiffeur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. comme il faut [Fr.], as it should be. compos mentis [L.], of a sound mind. compte rendu [Fr.], account ren- dered; report. con amore [It.], with love; earnestly. concio ad clerum [L.], a discourse to the clergy. confrere [Fr.], a brother; an associate. conge d'elire [Fr.], a leave to elect. contretemps [Fr.], an awkward mis- hap or accident. conversazione [It.], a meeting of company for conversation. coram nobis [L.], before us. coram non judice [L.j, before one who is not the proper judge. cordon sanitaire [Fr.], a line of troops to prevent the spreading of pestilence. corps de garde [Fr.], a body of men who watch in a guard-room; the guard-room itself. corps de garde diplomatique [Fr.], a diplomatic body. corpus delicti [L ], the substance or foundation of the offense. corrigenda [L.], typographical errors to be corrected. couleur de rose [Fr.], rose color; an aspect of attractiveness. coup d'etat [Fr.], a stroke of policy in public affairs. coup de grace [Fr.], a finishing stroke. coup de main [Fr.], a sudden enter- prise or effort. coup de soleil [Fr.], a stroke of the sun. coute qu'il coute [Fr.], let it cost what it may. crede quod habes, et habes [L.J, believe that you have it, and "you have it. crescite, et multiplicamini [L.J, grow, or increase, and multiply; — the motto of Maryland. crevasse [Fr.], a deep crevice; a breach. crimen falsi [L.], falsehood; perjury. crimen laesae majestatis [L.], high treason. crux criticorum [L.], the puzzle of critics. cui bono? [L.], for whose benefit? Colloquially, but .erroneously, of what use? cuisine [Fr.], a kitchen; cookery. cum grano salis [L.], with a grain of salt ; with some allowance. cum privilegio [L.], with privilege. curiosa f elicitas [L.j, a felicitous tact. currente calamo [L.], with a running or rapid pen. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases custos rotulorum [L.], keeper of the disjecta membra [L.], scattered rolls. limbs or remains. distingue [Fr.], distinguished; emi- D nent. distrait [Fr.], absent in thought, dai segno [It.], repeat from the sign, divide et impera [L.], divide and rule. de bonis non [L.], of the goods not dolce [It.], soft, — used in music. yet administered on. dolce far niente [It.], sweet doing- de facto [L.], from the fact; really. nothing; sweet idleness. de gustibus non est disputandum Dominus vobiscum [L.], the Lord be [L.], there is no disputing about with you, tastes. double entente [Fr.], double mean- de jure [L.], from the law; by right. ing; a play on words. de mortuis nil nisi bonum [L.], douceur [Fr.], sweetness; a bribe. say nothing but good of the dead. dramatis personse [L.], characters de nihilo nihil fit [L.], of nothing represented in a drama. nothing is made. dulce et decorum est pro patria de novo [L.], anew. mori [L.], it is sweet and honorable de profundis [L.], out of the depths. to die for one's country. detrop [Fr.], too much, or too many; dum vivimus, vivamus [L.], while not wanted. we live, let us live. dehors [Fr.], without; out of; foreign; durante beneplacito [L.], during irrelevant. good pleasure. Dei gratia [L.], by the grace of God. durante vita [L.], during life. demi-monde [Fr.], disreputable fe- male society; abandoned women. E Deo gratias [L.], thanks to God. Deojuvante [L.], with God's help, eau de vie [Fr.], water of life; brandy. Deo volente [L.], God willing. ecce homo [L.], behold the man; — dernier ressort [Fr.], a last resource. applied specifically to any picture desipere in loco [L.], to jest at the representing the Saviour given up to proper time. ' the people by Pilate, and wearing desunt caetera [L.], the remainder is the crown of thorns. wanting. ecce signum [L.], behold the sign. detur digniori [L.], let it be given to e pluribus unum [L.], one out of the more worthy. many; one composed of many; — deus ex machina [L.], a god from the motto of the United States. _ the machine; i. e., from a theatrical editio princeps [L.j, the first edition. contrivance for making gods appear egalite [Fr.], equality. in the air; hence, an unexpected el eve [Fr.], a pupil; a foster child. and fortunate occurrence. elite [Fr.], a choice or select body of dies faustus [L.], a lucky day. persons. dies infaustus [L.], an unlucky day. eloge [Fr.], a funeral oration. dies irae [L.], day of wrath. eloignement [Fr.], estrangement. dies non [L.], a day on which judges embonpoint [Fr.], plumpness; fleshi- do not sit. , ness. Dieu defend le droit [Fr.], God emeute [Fr.], a riot; a mob. defends the right. employe [Fr.], one who is employed Dieu et mon droit [Fr.], God and by another; a person in service. my right. en arriere [Fr.], in the rear. dignus vindice nodus [L.], a knot en avant [Fr.], forward! worthy to be loosened by such hands, en deshabille [Fr.], in undress. dirigo [L.], I direct or guide; — the en f amille [Fr.], in a domestic state. motto of Maine. en fin [Fr.], at last; finally, 1042 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases en passant [Fr.], in passing; by the ex cathedra [L.], from the bench*, way. with high authority. en plein jour [Fr.], in broad day. ex officio [L.], by virtue of hig en rapport [Fr.], in a condition or office. relation of sympathy. ex parte [L.], on one side only. en regie [Fr.], in order; according to ex pede Herculem [L.], we recog- rules. nize a Hercules from the size of en route [Fr.], on the way. the foot; that is, we judge of the en suite [Fr.], in company. whole from the specimen. enciente [Fr.], pregnant. ex post facto [L.], after the deed enfansperdus [Fr.], lost children; is done. a forlorn hope. ex tempore [L.], without premedi- enf ant gate [Fr.], a spoiled child. tation. ennui [Fr.], a feeling of weariness ex uno disce omnes [L.], from one and disgust; tedium. learn all. ensemble [Fr.], the whole. ex vi termini [L.], by the meaning ense petit placida n sub liber- or force of the expression. tate quietem [L.], with the excelsior [L.], higher; more elevated; sword she seeks quiet peace under — the motto of New York. liberty; — the motto of Massachu- excerpta [L.], extracts. setts. exempli gratia [L.], by way of ex- entente cordiale [Fr.], evidences of ample. good will and justice toward each exeunt [L.], they go out. other, exchanged by the chief per- exeunt omnes [L.], all go out. sons of two states. experimentum crucis [L.], the ex- entourage [Fr.], surroundings; ad- periment of the cross; a decisive juncts. experiment. entree [Fr.], entry; first course at experto crede [L.], trust one who table. nas tried, or had experience. entre nous [Fr.], between our- expose [Fr.], an exposition. selves. entrepot [Fr.], a bonded ware- F house; a free port. ergo [L.], therefore. facile princeps [L.], evidently pre- espieglerie [Fr.], sportive tricks. eminent; the admitted chief. esprit de corps [Fr.], the animating f a it accompli [Fr.], a thing already spirit of a collective body. done. esprit des lois [Fr.], spirit of the faubourg [Fr.], a suburb. laws. f auteuil [Fr.], an easy chair. esto perpetua [L.], let it be per- faux pas [Fr.], a false step. petual. f elo de se [Fr.], a suicide. est modus in rebus [L.J, there is f emme couverte [Fr.], a married a medium in all things. woman. et cum spiritu tuo [L.], and with femme de chambre [Fr.], a cham- thy spirit. bermaid. et id genus omne [L.], and every ferae naturae [L.], of a wild nature. thing of the sort. festina lente [L.j, hasten slowly. et sic de imilibus [L.], and so of f ete champetre [Fr.], a rural festival. the like. feu de joie [Fr.], a firing of guns in et tu Brute [L.], and thou also, token of joy; a bonfire. Brutus! m feuilleton [Fr.], bottom part of a eureka [Gr.], I have found it; — the French newspaper, separated by a motto of California. line from the rest, and devoted to ex animo [L.], heartily. light literature, criticism, etc. 1043 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases fiacre [Fr.], a hack. helluo librorum [L.], a devourer of fiat justitia, ruat caelum [L.], let books; a book-worm, justice be done though the heavens hiatus valde deflendus [L.], a de- fall. fiat lux [L.], let there be light. fidei defensor [L.], defender of the faith. fides Punica [L.], Punic faith; treachery, ficiency much to be regretted. hie et ubique [L.], here and every where. hicjacet [L.], here lies. hie labor, hoc opus est [L.], this is labor, this is work. fidus Achates [L.], faithful Achates; hoc age [L.], do this. 1. e., a true friend. filius nullius [L.], a son of nobody. filus terrae [L.], one of low birth. fille de chambre [Fr.], a chamber- maid. fille de joie [Fr.], a prostitute. flagrante bello [L.], during hos- tilities. flagrante delicto [L.], in the com- mission of the crime. fortiter in re [L.], with firmness in acting. franco [It.], post free. friseur [Fr.], a hair-dresser. fuit Ilium [L.], Troy has been. fusillade [Fr.], a simultaneous dis- charge of fire-arms. gallice [L.], in French. garcon [Fr.], a boy, or a waiter. garde du corps [Fr.], a body guard. genius loci [L.], the genius of the place. gens d'armes [Fr.], armed police. genus irritabile vatum [L.], the irritable race of poets. germanice [L.], in German. glebse ascriptus [L.], a servant be- longing to the soil. Gloria in Excelsis [L.], glory to God in the highest, Gloria Father. hoc tempore [L.], at this time. honi soit qui mal y pense [Fr.], shame on him who evil thinks. hora e sempre [It.], it is always time. hors de combat [Fr.], out of con- dition to fight. humanum est errare [L.], to err i? human. ich dien [Ger.], I serve. id est [L.], that is. id genus omne [L.], all of that sort. ignotum^ per ignotius [L.], ("that which is unknown by something still more unknown. imperium in imperio [L.], a gov- ernment within a government. imprimatur [L.], let it be printed; — a license to print a book, etc. improwisatore [It.], an impromptu poet. improwisatrice [It.], an impromptu poetess. in aeternum [L.], forever. in articulo mortis [L.], at the point of death; in the last struggle. in commendam [L.], in trust. n curia [L.], in the court, u uie « . equilibrio [L.], in equilibrium. Patr. [L.], Glory be to the £n ^ [L#] . ^ £ eing> y gnothi seauton [Gr.], know thyself. ^^"^ [L ' ]i ^ ^ P ° int ° f „ in flagrante delicto [L.], taken in " the fact. haud passibus sequis [L.], not with in forma pauperis [L.], as a poor equal steps. man. haute nouveaute [Fr.], a great in foro conscientiae [L.], before the novelty. tribunal of conscience. haut gout [Fr.], high flavor; fine in futuro [L.], in future; hence- or elegant taste. forth. 1044 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases in hoc signo vinces [L.], in this J sign, or under this standard, thou shalt conquer. jacta est alea [L.J, the die is cast. in limine [L.], at the threshold. je ne sais quoi [Fr.], I know not in loco parentis [L.], in the place what. of a parent. jeu de mots [Fr.], a play on words; in medias res [L.], into the midst a pun. of things, or affairs. jeu d'esprit [Fr.], a witticism. in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], you Jupiter tonans [L.], Jupiter the will go most safely in the middle. ^ thunderer. in memoriam [L.], in memory. jure divino [L.], by divine law. in nubibus [L.], in the clouds. jus civile [L.], civil law. in perpetuum m [L.], forever. jus divinum [L.], divine law. in posse [L.], in possible existence, jus et norma loquendi [L.], the in propria persona [L.], in person. law and rule of speech. in puris naturalibus [L.], quite jus gentium [L.], law of nations. naked. juste milieu [Fr.], the golden mean. in re [L.], in the matter of. in rem [L.], against the thing. L in seecula saeculorum [L.], for ages on ages. labor ipse voluptas [L.], labor in situ [L.] in its original situation. itself is pleasure. in statu quo [L.], in the former labor omnia vincit [L.], labor con- state, quers everything. in terrorem [L.], as a warning. laissez faire [Fr.], let alone. in toto [L.], in the whole; entirely, lapsus linguae [L.], a slip of the in totidem verbis [L.], in so many tongue. words. latet anguis in herba [L.], a snake in transitu [L.], on the passage. Hes hid in the grass. in usum Delphini [L.], for the use laudator temporis acti [L.], a of the Dauphin. praiser of time past. in utrumque paratus [L.], prepared laus Deo [L.], praise to God. for either event. le beau monde [Fr.], the fashion- in vacuo [L.], in empty space. able world. in verba magistri jurare [L.], to le diable boiteux [Fr.], the lame swear to, or by, the words of another ; devil. to adopt opinions on the authority le roi et Fetat [Fr.], king and state. of another. leroileveut [Fr.], the king wills it. in vino Veritas [L.], there is truth le roi s'avisera [Fr.], the king will in wine. consider or deliberate. infanta [Sp.], a princess of the blood lese majeste [Fr.], high treason. royal in Spain and Portugal. 1'etoile du nord [Fr.], the star of infante [Sp.], any son of the king, the north; — the motto of Minn- except the eldest, or heir apparent. esota. insouciance [Fr.], indifference; care- lettre de cachet [Fr.], a sealed lessness. letter; a royal warrant. instar omnium] [L.], like all. lettre de marque [Fr.], a letter of inter alia [L.], among other things. marque or of reprisal. inter nos [L.], between ourselves. lex loci [L.], the law of the place. invita Minerva [L.], without genius, lex non scripta [L.], the common ipse dixit [L.], he himself said it. law. ipsissima verba [L.], the very words, lex scripta [L.], statute law. ipso facto [L.], in the fact itself. lex talionis [L.], the law of retalia- ipso jure [L.], by the law itself. tion. 1045 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases 1'homme propose, et Dieu dispose [Fr.], man proposes, and God dis- poses. liaison [Fr.], an alliance; an illicit connection. lite pendente [L.], during trial. litera scripta manet [L.], the written letter remains. loco citato [L.], in the place cited. locum tenens [LJ, a deputy or substitute; a proxy. locus in quo [L.], the place in which. locus sigilli [L.], place of seal. longo intervallo [L.], by or with long interval. lucidus ordo [L.] a clear arrange- ment. lucus a non lucendo [L.], a jeu d'esprit in etymology, which, assum- ing that lucus, a dark wood or grove, is derived from the verb lucere, to shine, supposes it must be a non lucendo, from its not being light. lusus naturae [L.], a sport or freak of nature. M macte virtute [L.], proceed in virtue. ma fois [Fr.], upon my faith. magna est Veritas, et prevalebit [L.], truth is mighty and it will prevail. magnum opus [L.], a great work. magnus Apollo [L.J, great Apollo; one of high authority. maison de ville [Fr.], the town-house. maitre d'hotel [Fr.], a house- steward. mal a propos [Fr.], ill-timed. malgre nous [Fr.], in spite of us. malum in se [L.], bad in itself. mare clausum [L.], a closed sea; a bay. materiel [Fr.], materials or instru- ments employed (opposed to per- sonnel). mauvais gout [Fr.], bad taste. mauvais honte [Fr.], false modesty. mega biblion, mega kakon — Gr.], a great book is a great evil. me judice [L.], I being judge. melange [Fr.], a medley. melee [Fr.], a hand-to-hand fight; a riot. memento mori [L.], remember death. memorabilia [L.], things to be remembered. mens sana in corpore sano [L.], a sound mind in a sound body. mens sibi conscia recti [L.], a mind conscious of rectitude. mesalliance [Fr.], improper asso- ciation; marriage with one of lower station. meum et tuum [L.], mine and thine. mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful to be told. mise en scene [Fr.], the putting in preparation for the stage. mittimus [L.], we send; — a writ to commit an offender to prison. modus operandi [L.], manner of operation. montani semper liberi [L.], moun- taineers are always freemen; — the motto of West Virginia. monumentum aere perennius [L.], a monument more durable than brass. multum in parvo [L.], much in little. mutatis mutandis [L.], the neces- sary changes being made. mutato nomine [L.], the name being changed. N naive JFr.J, having native or un- affected simplicity. naivete [Fr.], native simplicity. ne plus ultra [L.J, nothing further. ne quid nimis [L.J, not anything too much or too far. ne sutor ultra crepidam [L.], let not the shoemaker go beyond his last. nee [Fr.], born; as, Madame de Stael, nee (that is, whose maiden name was) Necker. negligee [Fr.], an easy, uncere- monious attire; undress. nemine contradicente [L.], no one speaking in opposition. 1G46 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases nemine dissentiente {L.J, no one obiter dictum [L.], a thing said by dissenting. the way, or in passing, nemo me impune lacessit [L.], no ©bsta principiis [L.], resist the one wounds me with impunity; — first beginnings. the motto of Scotland. nil admirari [L.] t to wonder at nothing. nil conscire sibi [L.], scious of no fault. nil desperandum [L.] pair. n'importe [Fr.], it matters not noblesse oblige [Fr.], rank imposes odium theologicum [L.], the hatred of theologians. ceil de boeuf [Fr.], a bull's eye. to be con- ohe! jam satis [L.], O, now there is enough. never des- omnia vincit amor [L.], love con- quers all things. omnia vincit labor [L.], labor over- comes all things, obligation; much is rightly expected on dit [Fr.], they say; flying rumor. of one of high birth or station. nolens volens [L.], whether he will or not. noli me tangere [L me. nolle prosequi [L.], to be unwilling to proceed. nom de plume [Fr.], a pen name; an assumed title. nom de guerre [Fr.], a war name; a traveling title; a pseudonym. non compos mentis [L.], not sound mind. onus probandi [L.], the burden of proving. ora e sempre [It.], now and always, don't touch ora pro nobis [L.]., pray for us. orator fit, poeta nascitur [L.], the orator is made, but the poet is born. ore rotundo [L.], with round, full voice. ore tenus [L.], as far as the mouth. O! si sic omnia [L.], O, that he had always done^or spoken thus. in O temporal O mores! [L.], O the times! O the manners! non constat [L.], it does not appear, otium cum dignitate [L.], ease non est inventus [L.], he has not been found. non liquet [L.], it is not clear. non obstante [L.], notwithstanding. non omnia possumus omnes [L T with dignity; dignified leisure. oubliette [Fr.], dungeon of a castle. oui dire [Fr.], hearsay. outre [Fr.], out of the common course; extravagant. we cannot, all of us, do all things, ouvrier [Fr.], a workman; an artisan. non omnis moriar [L.], I shall not wholly die. P nonsequitur [L.], it does not follow; an unwarranted conclusion. non mi ricordo [It.], I don't remem- ber. nosce teipsum [L.], know thyself. nota bene [L.], mark well. n'oubliez pas [Fr.], don't forget. nous verrons [Fr.], we shall see. novus homo [L.], a new man. nuance [Fr.], shade; gradation; tint. nudum pactum [L.], a contract made without any consideration, and therefore void. nunc aut nunquam [L.], now or never. obiit [L.], he, or she, died. palmam qu! meruit ferat [L.], let him who has won it bear the palm. papier mache [Fr.], chewed or mashed paper; a hard substance made of a pulp from rags or paper. par exemple [Fr.], for example. par excellence [Fr.], by way of eminence. pari passu [L.], with equal pace, par nobile fratrum [L.], a noble pair of brothers; two just alike. parole d'honneur [Fr.], word of honor. particeps criminis [L.], an accom- plice. parva componere magnis [L.], to compare small things with great. 1047 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases parvenu [Fr.], an upstart; one newly risen into notice. pas a pas [Fr.], step by step. passe [Fr.], past; out of use; faded; worn out. passe-partout [Fr.], a master-key. pate de foie gras [Fr.], goose-liver pie. paterfamilias [L.], the father of a family. pater noster [L.], Our Father; the Lord's prayer. pater patriae [L.], father of his country. patois [Fr.], dialect of the lower classes. patres conscript! [L.], conscript fathers; the Roman senators. peccavi [L.], I have sinned. peine forte et dure [Fr.], strong and severe punishment. penchant [Fr.], inclination; liking. pendente lite [L.], pending the suit. pensee [Fr.], thought. per annum [L.], by ; the year. per capita [L.], by the head. per centum [L.], by the hundred. per contra [L.], contrariwise. per diem [L.], by the day. per se [L.], by itself considered. perdu [Fr.], lost. personnel [Fr.], body of persons employed in some public service. petit maitre [Fr.], a dandy; a cox- comb. petitio principii [L.], a begging of the question. peu-a-peu [Fr.], little by little. peu de chose [Fr.], a trifle. piece de resistance [Fr.], a solid joint. pirouette [Fr.], a whirl on the toes, as in dancing. pis aller [Fr.], the last shift. piu [It.], more. pleno jure [L.], with full authority. plexus [L.], a net-work; web. poco a poco [It.], little by little. poeta nascitur, non fit [L.], the poet is born, not made. point d'appui [Fr.], point of sup- port; prop. pons asinorum [L.], bridge of asses. post mortem [L.], after death. post obitum [L.], after death. pot-pourri [Fr.], a hotch-potch; a medley. preux chevalier [Fr.], a brave knight. prima facie [L.], on the first view. primus inter apres [L.], chief among equals. principia, non homines [L.], prin- ciples, not men. principiis obsta [L.], resist the first beginnings. pro aris et focis [L.], for our altars and firesides. pro bono publico [L.], for the pub- lic good. pro et con [L.], for and against. pro forma [L.], for the sake of form. pro hac vice [L.], for this turn or occasion. pro rata [L.], in proportion. pro re nata [L.], for a special emer- gency. pro tanto [L.], for so much. pro tempore [L.], for the time. proces verbal [Fr.], a written state- ment. profanum vulgus [L.], the profane vulgar. proh pudor [L.], O, forename. propria quae maribus [L.], those things which are appropriate or peculiar to males or men or to hus- bands. Punica fides [L.J, Punic faith; treachery. Q qua [L.], so far as; in so far as. quantum libet [L.], as much as you please. quantum meruit [L.], as much as he deserved. quantum mutatus ab illo! [L.], how changed from what he was! quantum sufncit [L.], a sufficient quantity. quantum vis [L.], as much as you will. quasi [L.], as if ; in a manner. quelque chose [Fr.], a trifle; some- thing; anything. quid pro quo [L.], one thing for another; an equivalent. 1048 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases quid rides? [L.], why do you laugh? qui facit per alium, facit per se [L.], he who does a thing by the agency of another, does it himself. quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.], who shall guard the guards them- selves? qui transtulit, sustinet [L.], he who transplanted, still sustains; the motto of Connecticut. qui vive? [Fr.], who goes there? — hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. quoad hoc [L.], to this extent. quo animo? [L.], with what mind or intention? quo jure? [L.], by what right? quod erat demonstrandum [L.], which was to be demonstrated. quod vide [L.], which see. quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat [L.], those whom God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. rara avis [L.], a rare bird. recueil [Fr.], collection. reductio ad absurdum [L.], re- ducing a position to an absurdity. regnant populi [L.], the people rule; — the motto of Arkansas. (Properly, regnat populus.) re infecta [L.], the business being unfinished. religio loci [L.], the religious spirit of the place. renommee [Fr.], renown; fame. requiescat in pace [L.], may he rest in peace. res angusta domi [L.], narrow cir- cumstances at home; poverty. respice finem [L.], look to the end. resume [Fr.], a summing up; re- capitulation. resurgam [L.], I shall rise again. revenons a nos moutons [Fr.], let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject. rifacimento [It.], renewal; re-estab- lishment. robe de chambre [Fr.], a dressing- gown or morning-gown. rouleau- [Fr.], a little roll. rudis indigestaque moles [L.], a rude and undigested mass. ruse de guerre [Fr.], a stratagem of war. rus in urbe [L.], the country in town. salle [Fr.], a hall. salon [Fr.], an apartment for com- pany; a fashionable party; or fash- ionable society. salus populi suprema est lex [L.], the welfare of the people is the supreme law; — the motto of Mis- souri. sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy of holies. sans ceremonie [Fr.], without cere- mony. sans peur et sans reproche [Fr.], without fear and without reproach. sartor resartus [L.], xhe cobbler mended. sauve qui peut [Fr.], save himself who can. savoir faire [Fr.], ability. savoir vivre [Fr.], good breeding. scandalum magnatum [L.], de- famatory speech or writing to the injury of persons of dignity. scire facias [L.], cause it to be known. seance [Fr.], a sitting or session. secundum artem [L.], according to rule. secundum naturam [L.], according to the course of nature. secundum ordinem [L.], in order. semper felix [L.], always fortunate. semper fidelis [L.], always faithful. semper idem [L.], always the same. semper paratus [L.], always ready. senatus consuitum [L.], a decree of the senate. se non e vero, e ben trovato [It.], if not true, it is well feigned. sesquipedalia verba [L.], words a foot and a half long. sic itur ad astra [L.], such is the way to immortality. sic passim [L.], so everywhere. sic semper tyrannis [L.], ever so to tyrants; the motto of Virginia. 1049 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases sic transit gloria mundi [L.], so passes away earthly glory. sic vos non vobis [L.], thus you do not labor for yourselves. sicut ante [L.], as before. sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis [L.], as God was with our fathers, so may He be with us. similia similibus curantur [L.], like things are cured by like. si monumentum quseris, circum- spice [L.], if you seek his monu- ment, look around. Simplex munditiis [L.], of simple elegance. sine cura [L.], without charge or care. sine die [L.], without a day ap- pointed. sine qua non [L.], an indispensable condition. Si quaeris peninsulam amsenam, circumspice [L.], if thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here; the motto of Michigan. sit tibi terra levis [L.], may the earth lie lightly upon thee. soubrette [Fr.], an intriguing woman. stans pede in uno [L.], standing on one foot. Stat magni nominis umbra _ [L.], he stands the shadow of a mighty name. statu quo ante bellum [L.], in the state which was before the war. status quo [L.], the state in which. stet [L.J, let it stand. suaviter in modo, fortiter in re [L.], gentle in manners, but resolute in deed. sub judice PL.], under consideration. sub rosa [L.], under the rose; pri- vately. sui generis [L.], of its own kind. sui juris [L.], in one's own right. summum bonum [L.], the chief good. suomarte [L.], by his own strength. suum cuique [L.], let each have his own. tabula rasa [L.], a smooth or blank tablet. tant pis [Fr.], so much the worse. tantum vidit Virgilium [L.], he merely saw Virgil (that is, the great man). tapis [Fr.], a carpet; also, the cover of a council- table; hence, to be on the tapis is to be under consid- eration. tempora mutantur, et nos muta- mur in illis [L.], the times are changed, and we are changed with them. tempus edax rerum [L.], time the devourer of all things. tempus fugit [L.], time flies. terra? Alius [L.], a son of the earth; that is, human being. terra firma [L.], solid earth; a safe footing. terra incognita [L.], an unknown country. tertium quid [L.], a third some- thing; a nondescript. tiers-etat [Fr.], the third estate; commons or commonality. to kalon [Gr.] the beautiful; the chief good. to prepon [Gr.], the proper or be- coming. totidem verbis [L-], in just so many words. toties quoties [L.], as often as. toto coelo [L.], by the whole heav- ens; diametrically opposite. tout-a-fait [Fr.], entirely. tout au contraire [Fr.], on the con- trary. tout ensemble [Fr.], the whole taken together. U uberrima fides [L.], superabound- ing faith. ubi supra [L.], where above men- tioned. ultima ratio regum [L.], the last argument of kings; war. ultima thule [L.], utmost limit. una voce [L.], with one voice. uno animo [L.], with one mind; unanimously. usque ad aras [L.], to the very altars. 1050 Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases usque ad nauseam [L.J, to disgust vincit omnia Veritas [L.], truth utile dulci [L.], the useful with the conquers all things. pleasant. vinculum matrimonii [L.J, the ut infra [L.J, as below. bond of marriage. ut supra [L.], as above stated. vires acquirit eundo [L.J, she ac- uti possidetis [L.], as you possess; quires strength in her progress. state of present possession. vis a vis [Fr.], opposite; facing. vis a tergo [L.], a propelling force V from behind. vis inertiae [L.], the power of inertia; vade mecum [L.], go with me; a resistance. constant companion. vis vitae [L.], the vigor of life. vae victis [L.j, woe to the vanquished, vitam impendere vero [L.], to stake vale [L.], farewell. one's life for the truth. valet de chambre [Fr.J, an attend- vivat regina [L.], long live the ant; a footman. queen. variorum notae [L.], the notes of vivat rex [L.], long live the king. various authors. viva voce [L.j, by the living voice; veni, vidi, vici [L.J, I came, I saw, by oral testimony. I conquered. * vive la republique [Fr.], long live verbatim et literatim [L.], word for the republic. word and letter for letter. vive la bagatelle! [Fr.], success to verbum sat sapienti [L.], a word is trifling. enough for a wise man. vive le roi [Fr.], long live the king. vetturo [It.], a hack. voila [Fr.], behold; there is. vetturino [It.], a hackman. vox, et praeterea nihil [L.], a voice, vexata queestio [L.], a disputed and nothing more ; question. vox populi, vox Dei [L.J, the voice via [L.], by the way of. of the people is the voice of God. via media [L.], a middle course. vraisemblance [Fr.], appearance of vice [L.], in the place of. truth. vice versa [L.], the terms being ex- changed. Z vide ut supra [L.], see what is stated above. zonam solvere [L.], to loose the vi et armis [L.], by force and arms; virgin zone. by main force. zollverein [Ger.], a union among the vincit amor patriae [L.], love of German states for the collection of country prevails. custom-house duties. 1051 DICTIONARY OF FORMS OF ADDRESS 1. Archbishop — Letters are ad- dressed: "His Grace, the Lord Arch- bishop of ," and commence: "My Lord Archbishop." More formal docu- ments are addressed "The Most ments is, "The Right Reverend Father in God (John ), by Divine permis- sion, Lord Bishop cf ." Scotch bishops are addressed, "The Bishop of - — ," sometimes as "The Right Reverend Father in God (John Bird), Reverend Bishop (e. g., Henry Cot- by Divine Providence, Lord Arch- terell)," and letters commence, "Right bishop of Canterbury"; other arch- Reverend Sir." The colonial bishops bishops and suffragan bishops being are addressed by their territorial titles "by Divine permission." When per- like those of England, sonally referred to, an archbishop is Bishops' Wives and Children styled "Your Grace," not "Your have no titles. Lordship." The Archbishop of Ar- Countess — ''The Right Honorable magh is addressed as "His Grace the the Countess of ■ ." Letters corn- Lord Primate of Ireland." mence, "Madam," and refer to her as Archbishops' wives, and other mem- "Your Ladyship." bers of their families, as such, are with- Duke — "His Grace the Duke of out titles. ." Letters commence, "My Lord 2. Baron — Addressed: "The Right Duke"; and he is referred to as Honorable Lord "; referred to as "Your Grace." "His Lordship," or "Your Lordship." Duchess — "Her Grace the Duchess Baron's Daughter — "The Honor- of ." Letters commence, "Ma- able Mary "; or, if married, "The dam," and refer to her as "Your Honorable Mrs. ." Letters com- Grace." mence, "Madam." Duke's Daughter— "The Right Baron's Son — "The Honorable Honorable Lady Mary ," or less John ." Letters commence, "Sir." formally, "The Lady .Mary ." Baron's Son's Wife — "The Honor- Letters commence, "Madam," and able Mrs. ." Letters commence, refer to her as "Your Ladyship." If "Madam." she is married to a person of inferior Baron's Wife, and Baroness in her rank, her surname only is changed, own right — "The Right Honorable Duke's Eldest Son — Uses the sec- Lady "; in strictness, but more ond or some other title of his family commonly, "The Lady ." Letters by courtesy, and he is addressed as if "Madam," and refer to he held the title by law, though in commence her as "Your Ladyship Baronet — "Sir John — Letters commence, "Sir." Baronet's Wife — "Lady- formal documents he is called Bart." Esq., commonly called the Marquis or earl" (as the case may be). ■." Un- Duke's Younger Son— "The Right less she has a title as the daughter of a Honorable Lord John Russell," or less peer, no Christian name is used. She formally, "The Lord John R ." is referred to as "Your Ladyship." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Bishop— "The Right Reverend the Duke's Younger Son s Wife- Lord Bishop of ." Letters com- "The Lady John ," unless where mence, "My Lord." Frequently the she has a title in her own right. address is simply, "The Lord Bishop "Madam," and "Your Ladyship." of ." The style in formal docu- Earl— "The Right Honorable the 1052 Dictionary of Forms of Address Ear! of ," or less formally, "The Earl of ." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Earl's Wife — see Countess. Earl's Daughter — Like Duke's Daughter (q.v.). Earl's Eldest Son is addressed as if the title which he holds in courtesy were a title in law. Earl's Younger Son — Like Baron's Son (q.v.). Earl's Younger Son's Wife— Like Baron's son's wife, unless of superior rank to her husband. King— "The King's Most Excellent Majesty." "Sire," and "Your Majesty" Lord Provost — The Provost of Edinburgh is "The Right Honorable the Lord Provost"; of Glasgow, "The Honorable the Lord Provost"; of Perth and of Aberdeen, "The Lord Provost." There are no other Lord Provosts. Perhaps the distinction in the title of the chief magistrate of the Scottish capital is traceable to his having been always a member of the Privy Council of Scotland, at least since the Revolution. Lord of Session (in Scotland) — "The Honorable Lord ." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Lords of His Majesty's Treasury or, in less formal notes, thus: "Mr. Pill — These in their collective capacity presents his duty to your Majesty." are addressed as "The Honorable the Knight Bachelor — Like Baronet Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's (q.v.), except that the word "Bart." Treasury"; individually they have no is omitted. Knight Bachelor's Wife— Like Baronet's Wife (q.v.). Knight of the Garter— KG. is added to the name or other title of the bearer. Knight of St. Patrick— KP. used in the same manner. Knight of the Thistle— K.T. Knight of the Bath— if a Knight Grand Cross, K.G.C.B.; if a Knight Commander, K.C.B. Knight of the Bath's Wife— Like the wife of a Baronet or Knight Bachelor. Lord Advocate (of Scotland) — title from their connection with the Treasury. Maid of Honor — "The Honorable Miss"; and "Madam." Marquis — "The Most Honorable the Marquis of ," not "The Most Noble." Letters commence, "My Lord Marquis"; but when personally addressed, he is styled "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Marchioness — "The Most Honor- able the Marchioness of ." "Ma- dam," and "Your Ladyship." Marquis's Daughter — Like Duke's Daughter (q.v.). Marquis's Eldest Son — Like "The Right Honorable the Lord Advo- Duke's Eldest Son (q.v.). cate" by courtesy; but in official docu- _ Marquis's Younger ments he is styled Advocate for Scotland." Letters ought strictly to commence, "Sir," not "My Lord," though the latter mode of address is usual. Lord Lieutenant (of Ireland) — Son — like His Majesty's Duke's Younger Son (q.v.). Mayors — In formal documents, "The Right Worshipful the Mayor "; but in letters, simply "The Mayor." Members of Parliament — The "His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant"; letters M.P. are added to their usual and letters commence in accordance address. with his rank in the peerage or other- Officers in the Navy and Army — wise. If a duke, he is styled "His Their rank in the service, if above Grace the Lord Lieutenant." subalterns, is always prefixed to any Lord Mayor — "The Right Honor- other title they may possess, thus able the Lord Mayor." "My Lord," "Captain the Lord John ." and "Your Lordship." There are Prince — "His Royal Highnes-s only three Lord Mayors — those of Prince "; or "His Royal High- London, York, and Dublin. ness the Duke of when the 1053 Dictionary of Forms of Address Prince is also a Duke. In practice, the initials H.R.H. are usually substi- tuted for the words. A letter begins "Sir," not "My Lord Duke"; and the mode of reference is "Your Royal Highness." Princess — "Her Royal Highness the Princess ," or "The Duchess" (as the case may be). "Madam," and "Your Royal Highness." Prince's Wife, though of inferior rank, like a Princess by birth. Privy Councillor— "The Right Honorable John ." Privy Councillor's Wife and Chil- dren have no title. Queen— "The Queen's Most Excel- lent Majesty." "Madam," and "Your Majesty"; or, "The Lord John R presents his duty to your Majesty." Viscount— "The Right Honorable Lord Viscount ■ ," or less formally, "The Lord Viscount." "My Lord," and "Your Lordship." Viscountess — "The Right Honor- able the Viscountess," or less formally, "The Viscountess," "Madam," and "Your Ladyship." Viscount's Daughter — Like Bar- on's Daughter (q.v.). Viscount's Son — Like Baron's Son (q.v.). AMERICAN FORMS The Constitution of the United States provides that no title of nobility shall be granted by the Government, and that no person holding any office of profit or trust under it, shall, with- out the consent of Congress, accept any title, etc., from any king, prince, or foreign state. The President of the United States and the Governor of Massachusetts are the only citizens possessing as officials a title by legis- lative act, and in both cases the word is "Excellency." Governors of other states are given the same title by courtesy. m When either of these is addressed in writing or officially spoken of, the form is "His Excellency the President of the United States," or "His Excellency the Governor of -"; and when spoken to "Your Excellency." Judges of federal, state, and municipal courts, members of both Houses of Congress, of state legis- latures, and of the President's cabinet, and frequently members of municipal councils are addressed in writing by the courtesy title "Honorable," con- tracted to "Hon.," and in most cases the name of office follows that of the person, such as "Hon. , U. S. Senate"; "Hon. , Chief Justice of the (Supreme Court of the) United States"; "Hon. , M.C." Associ- ate Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court and of state, supreme, and superior courts, are addressed in writing with "Hon.," name, and name of office, but spoken of as "Mr. Justice ." Officers of the army and navy are addressed in writing by name followed with title of highest rank attained, and, if in command of a military division, naval squadron on station, or on the retired list, by designation of the fact, sucn as " Major General, U.S.A., com- manding military division of the Atlantic"; " • Rear-Admiral, U.S. N., commanding Atlantic Squadron": " — r General U.S.A. Retired." All official communications of the Govern- ment begin "Sir," and close "Respect- fully.". m Recipients of regular and honorary degrees should be addressed in writing by name, followed by abbreviation of degree in the order A.B., A.M., Ph.D., M.D., D.D., LL.D. A physician or surgeon is spoken of and to as "Dr. ' — — "; clergyman is addressed in writing and spoken of usually as "The Rev. ," spoken to as "Mr. "; if a doctor of divinity he may be addressed in writing as " . D.D., ,} or "The Rev. , D.D.,'* and spoken to and of as "Dr. ." A Roman Catholic cardinal is addressed in writing and spoken of as "His Eminence , Cardinal (Bishop Priest, or Deacon according to rank, of the Holy Roman Church," and spoken to as "Your Grace"; an archbishop and bishop may be similarly addressed as "The Most Rev. » Die. 6 9 1054 Dictionary of Forms of Address D.D., Archbishop of ," and "The Right Rev. , D.D., Bishop of ." In the Protestant Episcopal Church, bishops axe addressed the same as in the Roman Catholic Church; and in the Methodist Episcopal Church las "The Rev. Bishop , D.D." Foreign ambassadors to the United States are addressed officially by the titles recognized in their own coun- tries, and if they have no title as "Mr. ," followed with title of office; and U. S. ambassadors to foreign countries, officially as "Mr." otherwise "Hon. , w Some grades of *awyers as well as Justices of the peace are addressed in writing and spoken of in legal documents as " Esq.," and any gentleman may be similarly addressed, though "Mr. " is preferable. Social custom adds the titles of various officials to the names of their wives when used in introductions or conversation: Mrs. President , Mrs. Justice , Mrs. Governor , but the usage does not extend to daughters. The dis- position on the part of the Government and the most cultured citizens is to ignore titles as far as propriety will permit. It is to be noted that in British titles, unlike those in vogue in the United States, the form "honourable" is customarily used.^ In the United States it is not considered good form to use abbreviations of titles on letters, though it is allowable to do so on envelopes. ^ Where there are several daughters in a family, the eldest one is addressed as "Miss" without her Christian name, as "Miss Brown"; the others are addressed by their full names, as "Miss Mary Brown," etc. A father and son of the same Christian name are addressed with the addition of "Sr." and "Jr." respectively, to the family name, as "Mr. Frank Jones, Sr." and "Mr. Frank Jones, Jr." If the father dies before the son, the latter drops the m distinguishing addition. Some families, clinging to a . given Christian name, use the form "George Shiras" or "George Shiras, 1st" for the father; "George Shiras, 2d," for a son; and "George Shiras, 3d" for a grandson, with any title either may rightfully use. DICTIONARY OF GOLF A divot, piece of turf cut out by an addressing one's self to the ball, _ iron club - ., , getting into proper position for a do 1 f^ , „^_ e i e „° n f u ?^ e _^ s .^^^y successful stroke. approach shot, driving the ball to the putting green- holes ahead as there remains holes to play. draw, to drive wildly to the left hand. driver, principal club; used for long B distances and when driving off from baffing, striking the ground immedi- , : . . , , , - , ,. «*p1 * h^inH +i* >, Q li driving iron, club used for long dis- ately behind the ball. baffing spoon, shortest club of the spoon group; gives great elevation; ball does not roll far from where it falls; club once popular now grow- ing obsolete. brassey, club similar to the niblick, but with the sole of the head shod with a plate of brass. tances and when considerable ele- vation of the ball is required. driving putter, club made to drive a very low ball against a heavy wind. Jail dead, a ball that does not run bulger, "club with bulging face; - aft . er ahghting. keeps balls low and makes them * oozle » a bungling stroke. travel straight. fore, a warning cry to any person in bye, unplayed hole after a match is - the wa ^ of the f^.e- finished foursome, a match in which two play on each side, those on a side C playing alternate strokes with the same ball. caddie, person who carries a players' clubs and follows the course of the ball. carry, the distance from where a ball is struck to where it falls. cleek, club with iron head, used for long approaches over hazardous gobble, a rapid straight putt into the hole, such that otherwise the ball would have gone beyond it. grounofand when playing aTalfout grassed driver, club used to give of long grass and sandy soil. elevation to the ball when struck. club, instrument for striking the ball, gutty, a gutta percha ball, made of wood, wood with a brass sole, and iron only. course, that portion of the links on which the game is properly played, usually bounded by rough ground or other hazards. H half one, handicap of a stroke de- ducted every second hole. half shot, less than a full swing. a"meta!7ube or circlet inserted Halved hole, a hole is halved when in the holes. au strokes are equally divided be- tween the sides. D halved match, a drawn game. dead ball, a ball so near the hole that hanging ball, one lying on a down* the next putt is a certainty. ward slope. 4.056 cup, k Dictionary of Golf hazard, a bunker, or any artificial or natural obstacle on the course. heeling a ball, striking it with the heel of the club. hole, excavation about 43^ inches in diameter and depth in which the cup is placed. Outgoing holes are generally marked with white and incoming ones with red flags. honor, the right of first play from the tee. horn, a piece of that or other sub- stance inserted in the sole of a club to prevent it splitting. hose, the socket into which the shaft is fitted. I mashy or mashie, a cross between a niblick and a lofting iron. match play, where scores are reckoned by the holes. medal play, where scores are reck- oned by the strokes. medium, or ordinary iron, " club used for shorter distances than the driving iron; also when "half" and "wrist shots" are required; lofts a ball more than the driving iron. middle spoon, club shorter than the long spoon and with stiff er shaft; a very straight driver. miss the globe, failure to strike the ball; counts as a stroke. N ^on niblick, heavy club with small neck, crook of the head of a club round head, used for extricating a where it joins the shaft. ball from hazards. niblick, club, spooned, with broad head, short from heel to toe ; used for J dislodging ball from a hollow, rut, bunker^ etc. jerk, when the club digs into the nose, point or front part of the club ground after striking the ball. head. lie, the inclination of a club when held ready for striking; also the good or bad location of a ball. lift, taking a ball out of a hazard and dropping it behind. like-as-we-lie, when both sides have played the same number of strokes. links, the reservation on which the game is played. lofting, elevating a ball. lofting iron, club used for "short approach shots," when a hazard has to be played over that is near a hole on the putting green. long spoon, club used to give eleva- tion to the ball in windy weather or when the ball falls into long grass. M made, as to player and his ball, when the ball is sufficiently near the hole to be played on to the putting green at next shot. odd, handicap given a weak opponent by deducting one or more strokes from his total at each hole; also where one plays a stroke more than his opponent. one off two (three, etc.), where one party plays two or more strokes more than the other, the next stroke of the latter. play club, wooden-headed club, with full length shaft; used for driving the ball the greatest distance and when the ball lies well. press, to attempt an unusually hard hit. putter, club used only on level put- ting greens around each hole, for "putting" the ball into the hole. putting, making a stroke on the putting green. putting green, smooth, level, hard 1057 Dictionary of Golf piece of ground or turf, about 20 yards square, around the different holes. swing, method of handling a club when about to strike. rub on the green, a good or bad interruption of the ball, which must be played from where it alights. run, to drive a ball along the ground toward the hole instead of lofting it; also the distance a ball goes after alighting. scare, where the club-head is attached to the shaft. [schlaff, almost synonymous with baffing. scratch player, one who plays with- out a handicap. screamer, an unusually long stroke. shaft, the handle of a club. short game, approaching and put- ting. short spoon, club shorter than the middle spoon; used for short drives. sole, the flat bottom of the club-head. spoons, wooden-headed clubs, long, middle, and short, with heads scooped so as to loft the ball square, an even game; neither side being any holes ahead. stance, the place of the player's feet when about to make a stroke. steal, striking a ball cautiously so that it goes only to the hole. stroke, effort to hit a ball with a club, whether successful or not. stroke hole, hole or holes at which a stroke is given in handicapping. stymie, the location of an opponents' ball in direct line of another's play. tee, a pot of sand on which the ball is placed for the first stroke. teeing ground, area within which the ball must be teed. the like, in odds of handicap, a player's stroke after his opponent has played one more stroke than he. third, handicap of a stroke deducted every third hole. g threesome, match in which one plays against two others, all using the same ball. toe, same as nose. topping, striking a ball above its center. two odds, the handicap given a weak opponent by deducting two strokes from his total at every hole. U undercutting, striking a ball below its center. up, said of a player when he has gained one or more holes on his opponent. upright, the proper inclination of a club when held ready for striking. W waggle, the flourish of a club prior to the upward swing. whins, furze, gorse, or other plant in line of play. whipping, the twine binding the head and handle of a club. wrist shot, less than a half shot; generally played with an iroa club. 105* DICTIONARY OF LACROSSE A attack. See fielders. attacking position, players must have their left side toward the goal they are attacking. B crosse-check. See check. defense. See fielders. dropping before opponent. See in- terference. ball, the one ball with which the game is played is of rubber sponge, not exceeding 8 inches in circumfer- facing, the placing by the referee of ence nor 5 ounces in weight. ball at goal, the ball must be put through the goal from the front side to score. batting the ball, the right of a goal- keeper, while defending his goal the ball between and touching the reverse surfaces of the crosses of the players facing at the starting or re- sumption of the game. field captain, a superintendent of the play chosen by each club. within the goal crease, although pro- fielders, the First, Second and Third hibited from catching and throwing Attack and First, Second and Third a ball with his hand, to bat it away Defense. with his hand or block it with his foul, any infringement of the rules. crosse or body. catch, to scoop or pick up a ball with the crosse. center, the player in the center of the field. change of goals, opposing teams change goals at end of the first period. charging, rushing into an opponent after he has thrown the ball; pro- hibited. check, one player charging into an- other with both hands on the crosse bo as to make the stick meet the body of his opponent; prohibited. cover point, the player directly in front of the point. crease. See goal crease. crosse, the instrument with which the game is played; of any desired length, but not over 12 inches in width; woven with catgut into a to net; with meshes close enough hold the ball freely. free throw, where a player fouling and the one fouled are placed where they were at the moment of fouling, the player fouled having the ball on his crosse, and at the referee's order "play," each player is allowed to play in any manner allowed by the rules. game. See object of game. goal, referee's eingle-word decision that the ball passed through the goal according to rule. goal crease, a marked space 18 by 12 feet inclosing a goal; goal poles placed 6 feet from the front and back lines and 6 feet from the front lines. goal keeper, the player who defends the goal. goal-netting, a pyramid-shaped net- ting attached to each set of poles and extending 7 feet back of the center of the goal, to prevent the passage of the ball put through the goal from the front. 1059 Dictionary of Lacrosse goals, each of the two goals consists of two poles erected 6 feet apart and 6 feet out of ground, joined by a top cross-bar; placed 110 yards apart, and, if possible, 125 yards. H holding an opponent. See inter- ference. holding back, purposely delaying the game; prohibited. holding the ball, allowable only OH a crosse. home, either of the goals, I interference, deliberately kneeling, lying down, dropping in front of an opponent when both are in pursuit of the ball, or intervening in any manner between another player and an opponent he is pursuing; all prohibited. kneeling. See interference. L lining-up, arranging the teams for play. Generally the opposing team is lined up along the field from goal to goal opposite the other team in reverse order, inside home being op- posite point, and so on down the field. lying down. See interference. M match, two 35 minute periods, with 10 minutes' intermission. N no goal, referee's decision that the ball did not pass through the goal according to rule. object of game, to carry or throw the ball with the crosse between the opponents' goal posts and to prevent such action. out of play, when a player loses his crosse. outside home and inside home, the players nearest the opponents' goal. play, the order of the referee for the beginning or the resumption of an interrupted play. point, position of the first player out from the goal. referee, a disinterested official agreed upon by both clubs, who has general control of the game, decides on fouls and claims, and administers the rules. scooping, picking up the ball with the crosse. short team, a team deficient in twelve players; opponents # may e- qualize the side, but each side must have at least 10 players. shouldering, striking an opponent from behind with the shoulder while he is running for or after reaching the ball; prohibited. stand, a call or whistle signal by the referee when the ball is dead; no player must then move, unless directed otherwise by the referee, until the latter calls "play." starting the game. See facing. stick, another name for the crosse. striking, giving an opponent a blow with the cross or otherwise; pro- hibited. striking the ball, a player can strike the ball off of his opponent's crosse only with his own crosse. team, twelve players, regular; not less than 10 otherwise. tie-play, continuation of the play for 15 minutes after 10 minutes' in- termission; side scoring the most Dictionary of Lacrosse goals wins. In the event of a tie at the end of this time, the captains decide whether the game shall be postponed or playing continued till a goal is scored, or that it remains a tie. time, the blowing of the referee's whistle when a foul has been called, after which the ball must not be touched nor the players change posi- tions till the game is again started. If a foul has been claimed by either field captain and the game scored before the referee has had an oppor- tunity to call "time," _ the referee has the power to decide whether or not a foul has been committed. time-keepers, two officials appoint- ed, one by each field captain, to keep account of the time of the game, deduct for all stoppages in play, and record all time lost between games toss, method of selecting the choice of goals. tripping, the use of the legs, feet, or cross to throw an opponent; pro- hibited. U umpires, two officials, one for each club, whose positions are behind the goals and whose duty it is to decide whether or not a goal has been made according to rule. If a complaint is made and proven against an umpire the referee may remove him and ap- point another, setting aside and re- versing the decision complained of. When umpires are not appointed by consent of the clubs, it becomes the duty of the referee to appoint one or more umpires as may be required, but neither of them must be one of the parties objected to by either club. victory by default, award to a club when no opponents appear at ap- pointed time. violations, the prohibited use of threatening, profane or obscene language to any player or official during a match, and the striking of one player by another with a cross or otherwise, are punishable by the removal of the offender for the remainder of the match. W wrestling, where a player grapples with an opponent and entwines legs so as to throw him; prohibited. 1061 DICTIONARY OF LAWN TENNIS ace, a point in scoring; also a good ball not returned to the court from which it came. advantage, the score of the winner of the next stroke after a deuce. advantage game, one in which a player has won a game after "deuce" has been called. all, in scoring, where players or sides are even. B back to deuce, if the winner of an "advantage" loses the next stroke this score goes back to "deuce." backhand side, the reverse of the forehand side; in most cases, the left hand side. backhand stroke, the reverse of the forehand stroke. back-spin, a stroke which causes the ball to shoot and keep very low on striking the court. back-stop, a high netting or fence about 21 feet behind the base-line to prevent balls passing out of court. ball, a hollow rubber sphere, covered with smooth white cloth, cemented to the ball and then sewed; about 2Yl inches in diameter and 2 ounces in weight. ball in play, the moment it leaves the server's racket, excepting when it drops into the net, or goes beyond the service line, out of court, or in the wrong court. base lines, lines marked at each end of the court parallel with the_ net. bisque, the smallest odds, giving the receiver an additional point to his score once in a set. cautions on play: keep your eye on the ball till you have hit it; always hit the ball with the center of the racket; in hitting the ball transfer the weight of your body from the right leg to the left one; do not try to hit the ball down into the service court; do not throw the ball up in front of you; to hit effectively^ al- ways stand under or in a linejvith the ball. ___ change of sides, besides alternating as server and striker-out, the players change sides at the end of every set. chop service, where the ball is thrown a little higher than the shoulder, but well to the right, so that the player can hit it a severe downwardly glancing blow. court, the place of play; hard-rolled turf or ground, measuring 78 by 27 feet for two players and 78 by 36 for four. deuce, the score when both players win three strokes. doubles, a four-player game. drive, a stroke which hits the ball more or less horizontally when it has travelled a considerable dis- tance from the bouncing-point. fault, where the ball drops elsewhere than as noted under serving, or touches the server's partner or any- thing that he wears or carries; after a fault must again serve from the same court unless the fault was caused by service from the wrong court. fifteen, the score when the first stroke is won; also an odds of one stroke in each game. fifteen-all, the score of a point by each player or pair. Dictionary of Lawn Tennis fifteen-forty, the score of one point by the server and three points by the striker-out. final, the last round in a match or tournament. forehand cut service, where the ball is cut across from left to right, finishing well out toward the right. forehand side, the side of a player, when facing the net, on which is the arm wielding the racket; in most cases, the right hand side. forehand stroke, a stroke made on the forehand side. forty, the score when the winner of the first and second strokes wins the third; also an odds of three strokes in each game. full volley, the same as volley. let-ball, a ball that after service touches the net and then passes into the proper court; also one that meets other obstructions in flight. lifting drive, a stroke in which the racket passes forwardly and up- wardly in an oblique direction across the intended flight of the ball, brushing violently against the ball at the impact. lob, a lofty stroke to carry the ball out of reach over an opponent's head. love, in scoring, means "nothing." love-game, one in which a player or pair fails to win a point. love-set, a set which a player or pair fails to win a game. M games all, the score where both players win five games. ground stroke, one imparted after match, ordinarily, the best of three the ball has bounded from ground sets; professionally, the best of or court. five advantage sets. H half-court line, that which separ- ates the main court into two equal minor courts. half -fifteen, an odds giving one stroke at the beginning of the second, fourth, and each succeeding alternate game of a set. half-forty, an odds of two strokes in the first game, three in the second, etc. half-thirty, an odds of one stroke in the first game, two in the second, etc. half volley, a stroke which hits the ball almost immediately after it has bounced. handicap, the same as odds. hold of racket, the grip of the handle; should be near the end and firmly with the second, third, and fourth fingers, but the thumb and first finger should not be relaxed. killed ball, one struck so violently that an opponent cannot return it. N net, a stout net dividing the court in the center and attached at each end to a post; net 33^ feet high at posts and 3 feet at center. no-ball, a "let"-ball. odds, advantages allowed a player unequal in skill to an opponent. owed odds, when such odds are given that a single stroke may win a game, the best player must make one or more strokes before he can score. pass stroke, one that sends the ball so that it strikes in court, passing an opponent at net. poaching, in doubles, taking a ball that should be taken by the partner. post, the wooden stake at each end of the net, driven 3 feet outside the side line. 1063 Dictionary of Lawn Tennis R racket, the instrument with which the ball is handled; usually made of ash, Spanish cedar, and black wal- nut, with a stiff mesh of cat-gut. rest, a bout, round, or rally. return, to take the ball on the racket after its rebound and throw it across the net. reverse overhead cut service, where the ball is cut across at the moment of impact from right xo left. scoring, the game comprising four strokes by a player, the score for the first stroke won is called "fif- teen," for the second "thirty," for the third "forty," and for the last "game," for convenience the "forty" score is usually called "forty-five." server, the player who makes the first stroke in a game. service lines, lines marked on each side of the net, parallel with it and 21 feet distant. serving, in play the server stands with one foot outside of the base line and the other on or in a per- pendicular line above it; delivers the ball from the right to the left courts, beginning from the right, alternately; and the ball must drop between the service line, half- court line, and side line of the court, diagonally opposite to the side of delivery. set, the best of eleven games; won by the player who first wins six games. side lines, lines connecting the base- lines. singles, a two-player game. smash, to strike down with much force a lobbed ball. striker-out, the player to whom the server delivers the ball in the first stroke of a round. strokes lost, either player loses a stroke if in returning a ball in play it touches a part of the net, his person, or anything he wears or carries, excepting the racket in the act of striking, or is struck by the racket more than once, or if the player touch the net or any of its supports while in play, or if he volleys the ball before it has passed the net. strokes won, the server wins a stroke if the striker-out volleys the ball or fails to return it, or returns it in play so that it drops outside his opponent's court; the striker-out wins a stroke if the server serve two consecutive faults, fails to re- turn the ball in play, or returns it so that it drops outside or his op- ponent's court. tappy, a light stroke, giving a poor service. thirty, the score when the winner of the first stroke wins the second; also an odds of two strokes in each game. three-handed game, one in which the odd player serves in, e-ach alter- nate game. top-spin, drawing the racket across the ball with a forward roll, so that after crossing the net it drops into the court. vantage, another term for advantage. volley, to take a ball on the rackefe before it touches ground. W weight in stroke, transfer of the weight of the body from the back to the front foot, to increase the force of the arm. 1064 DICTIONARY OF MILITARY AND NAVAL TERMS abatis or abattis, a breastwork of. felled trees laid side by side in a trench with branches pointing to- ward an enemy to impede progress. admiralty court, a tribunal for hearing and deciding causes arising on. the high seas. adventure, the act of hazarding a cargo liable to be seized or sunk by an enemy's ship. aeroplane, a flying machine differing from an airship or balloon, used for scouting and bomb-dropping. airmen, persons operating airships. alien belligerency, the relation of a person born in a country different from that in which he resides to a country with which his own is at. war. Arisakae, the standard rifle of the Japanese army. armistice, a cessation of hostilities for time to bury the dead, negotiate for peace, or other purpose, during which no combatant must acquire an advantage over an opponent. . armored cruiser, a warship classified just below a battleship^ and above a gunboat, and having side and deck armor. B Bashi-bazouk, an irregular Turkish soldier, recruited chiefly in Asiatic Turkey; noted for ferocity. battleship, a warship classified Just below the modern dreadnaught. belligerent, a nation or person en- gaged in war. biplane, an aeroplane with two sup- porting surfaces. blockade, the closing of an enemy's harbor by warships; to be binding it must be effective. blockade runner, a vessel that tries to enter or leave a blockaded port. broadside, the discharge at one time of all guns on one side of a warship. caisson, the box in which army ammunition is carried. caliber, the internal diameter of a gun. canister, a metal case, loaded with bullets, which bursts after being fired. capitulation, surrender. carbine, a short firearm, somewhat similar to an infantry rifle. cheveaux-de-frise, a long piece of timber traversed by rows of pointed stakes and placed to impede the progress of an enemy, to barricade an approach, or to close a breach. circumvallation, a rampart or other fortification constructed around a besieged place. colors, the national flag of a country or of a division of its army; a "call to the colors" is a summons to military duty. contraband of war, various articles that would aid a belligerent, and which neutrals are prohibited from supplying to either party; classified as conditional and unconditional. convoy, a military or naval force assigned to accompany another force to insure greater protection. Cossack, one of a military tribe guarding certain frontiers of Russia; skilled as a cavalryman. court martial, a court of military officers to try offenders against military laws, usages, etc. court of inquiry, a court appointed to investigate charges against mili- tary or naval officers. 1065 Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms cul de sac, the bottom of a bag; in warfare, the position of troops in a narrow place whence there is no escape except at the front. deploy, to spread a body of troops in forming a line of battle. destroyer, the same as torpedo-boat destroyer. detrain, disembarkation of troops from a train. dragoon, , a soldier trained to fight on foot or mounted, i dreadnaught, a ' modern ~" warship classified between a battleshipand a super-dreadnaught., echelon,""the arrangement of divisions of an army on different lines, present- ing the form of steps, to enable it to protect at one time one or both flanks and the front. enfilade, to fire a shot through the whole extent of an enemy's fortifica- tion or line of men. entrain, embarkation of troops on a train. epaulement, a breastwork raised to defend the flank of a position or troops from an attacking force. feint, a sham movement by a military or naval force intended to deceive an enemy as to a real purpose. field-marshal, the highest ranking officer in various European armies. field officers, the colonel, lieutenant- colonel, and major of a regiment. flag of truce, a white flag borne from the position of one combatant to- ward that of an enemy to indicate a desire for a parley; it and its bearers are immune from attack. flank, the extreme right or left of the line of an army; in fortifications any part capable of defending another part by its fire. fleet, the largest division of warships, comprising an indefinite number of the various types of vessels. The U. S. navy has three fleets, the At- lantic, Pacific, and Asiatic, each wiih numerous reserves. flying artillery, a battery manned by soldiers trained to move with great rapidity. forlorn hope, a desperate under- taking, with slight or no chance of success. Franc-tireur, a French soldier, orig- inally engaging in guerilla warfare, now a part of the regular army. gabion, a wicker-work cylinder, open at each end and filled with earth; used for revetting the slopes of field works. Gatling gun; an American machine- gun in which cartridges are auto- matically loaded into a group of barrels and fired successively. See mitrailleuse. grenade. See hand-grenade. H hand-grenade, a small bomb thrown by hand upon an enemy; used in defending fortifications. Hussar, a lightly armed and mounted soldier of Hungary, adapted to harass an enemy. hydro-aeroplane, an airship capable of floating on the surface of water. intern, to confine a body of captured, surrendered, or fugitive troops to a particular place outside their own country till the end of a war; also to treat a captured, surrendered, or fugitive warship similarly. Lebel, the standard rifle of the French army. Lee-Enfield, the standard rifle of the British army. 1066 Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms M magazine, the place on a warship or in a fortification where the ammuni- tion is kept. Mannlicher, the standard rifle of the Austrian, Bulgarian, Greek, and Rumanian armies. marine corps, in the U. S. navy a body of special soldiers attached to all large ships for occupying hostile territory in advance of an army detachment. martial law, military authority ex- ercised under the laws_ and usages of war; also in cases of insurrection, severe rioting, etc. Mauser, the standard rifle of the Ger- man, Servian, Spanish, and Turkish armies. militarism, the policy which leads nations to maintain great standing armies, navies, and fortifications. military mast, a hollow, interlaced or skeleton steel tower erected on battleships, with a^ fighting top reached through the interior. military top, a turret or inclosure of steel attached to the mast of a war- ship, and mounted with rapid-fire guns. mine planter, a vessel constructed especially for placing mines in the harbors or on the seacoasts of an enemy. mine sweeper, a vessel built for searching for and picking up floating and other mines. Mitrailleuse, a French machine gun in which the loaded barrels are discharged simultaneously instead of successively as by the Gatling gun. N naval militia, in the United States a part of the national guard in several states, trained to man coast and harbor defense vessels in time of war. neutral, a person or nation that takes no side in a war. neutrality, the passive or armed state of a nation which favors no belligerent in a war between nations, and which by legal proclamation prohibits its citizens from aiding in any manner the belligerents. Paravicino-Carcano, the standard rifle o f the Italian army. protected cruiser, a cruiser with deck armor only. provost-marshal, an officer of an army or navy appointed to super- intend the execution of martial law; similar to a chief of police in a city or a sheriff in a county, but with summary authority. R rating, _ a scale of classification for warships. In the U. S. navy dis- placement is now the only tonnage standard of rating. relative rank, that which exists by law between high officers in an army and navy. In the United States generals rank equal with admirals, lieutenant-generals with vice-ad- mirals, major-generals with rear- admirals, and brigadier-generals with commodores. reprisal, the retaking from an enemy of the property he has seized or the capture of other property, to pay for the damage he has done. safe-conduct, a passport or a special warrant of safety issued to individ- uals in war time and to captains of neutral ships. sapper, a soldier employed in digging trenches and tunnels for the protec- tion of troops or the undermining of an enemy's fortification. scout, a soldier, sailor, small boat, or airship detailed to ascertain the location, strength, and plans of an enemy. searchlight, an electric light on a warship, fortification, or exposed position, which, by being con- 1067 Dictionary of Military and Naval Terms Stantly revolved will disclose the approach of an enemy in darkness. secondary battery, the collection of guns subordinate to those of large caliber on a warship. shrapnel shell, one filled with bullets and an exploding charge. ^ In the European war the principle was applied to bombs dropped from ^ aircraft. sick-bay, the part of a warship used as a hositpal. sniper, one who, from a window, roof, tree, or other elevation, fires upon another below him. sortie, a dash by a beleaguered force, as a garrison, from a fortification or other defensive work. sovereign of the seas, an epithet applied to England because of the prevalence of her warships on all of the world's seas. Springfield, the standard rifle of the U. S. army. spy, one who goes into the territory of an enemy to discover his position, strength, and plans; penalty or capture, death. squadron, a small division of war- ships, usually four in number; also a division of a regiment of cavalry. strategy, the use of artifice, deception, feints and other sharp practices to gain an advantage over an enemy. submarine, a war vessel constructed to operate under water by placing and discharging torpedoes. super-dreadnaught, the highest type of the modern warship. superimposed turret, a turret placed on top of another on a battleship and similarly armed. Taube, a type of German bomb- dropping airship. three-line-rifle, the standard rifle of the Russian army. three-mile-limit, the distance of three miles from the sea coast of a nation, over which the nation's neutrality extends, and within which its shipping is immune from attack by an enemy. torpedo-boat, a war craft constructed for the discharge of torpedoes against an enemy's ships. torpedo-boat-destroyer, a vessel designed to operate against torpedo- boats and other ships of an enemy. trench, a ditch of various depths, lengths, and directions, dug to cover the advance of a besieging force, or to check the advance of an enemy. turret, a revolving inclosure of heavy steel set on the deck of a battleship, and containing usually two guns of large caliber. U Uhlan, a Prussian light cavalry soldier, armed with sabre, lance, and pistol, and employed chiefly on outpost duty. Zeppelin, a German dirigible, pas- senger-carrying airship; used in the European war for dropping bombs. 1068 DICTIONARY OF MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS A. orAns. Answer. a. arc (of the French metric system). a. or@. At, or to. a. or aa. (Ana, Gr. dvd.) in Med., of each the same quantity. A.A. Associate of Arts. Aa. Aaron. AAA. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. [See AMM.] A. A. A. G. Acting Assistant Ad- jutant General. A. A. A. S. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. AA. C. Antarctic Circle. A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant Gen- eral. A. A. Q. M. Acting Assistant Quar- ter Master. A. A. Q. M. G. Acting Assistant Quarter Master General. A. A. S. American Academy of Sci- ences. A. A. S. (AcademiaB Americans So- cius) Fellow of the American Acad- emy. A. A. S. S. (American® Antiquari- ans Societatis Socius) Member of American Antiquarian Society. A. B. Able-bodied seamen. A. B. (Artium Baccalaureus) Bach- elor of Arts. [SeeB. A.] Abb. Abbot, or Abbess. Abbr., or Abbrev. Abbreviated, or Abbreviation. A. B. C. F. M. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. Ab ex. (Ab extra) From without. A. B. I. S. W. Associated Brother- hood of Iron and Steel Workers. A* B* K* (A\a Bctci Kcwnra.) Alpha Beta Kappa (College Society). Abl. Ablative. Abp. Archbishop. Abr. Abridge, or Abridged. Abs. (Med!) Absinthe. Abs. re. (Absente reo) Law. While the defendant was absent. A. C. (Ante Christum.) Before Christ. A. C. Army Corps. Ac. Acre. Acad. Mus. Academy of Music. Ace. Accusative. Ace, or acct. Account. Acct. Cur. Account Current. Acct. Sales. Account of sales. A. C. G. S. Acting Commissary Gen- eral of Subsistence. A. C. S. American Colonization So- ciety. A. C. S. Acting Commissary of Sub- sistence. Act. Active. A. C. U. L. Alden's Cyclopedia of Universal Literature. A. D. (Anno Domini) In the Year of our Lord. a. d. After date. A. Acre, Acting, Adjective, After- noon, Alto. A. (Commerce) Accepted. Al. First class or rate. Ad. or Adv. Adverb, Advertisement. Adag. (Adagio) In Mus., a slow movement. A. D. C. Aide-de-Camp. Ad Ex. Adam's Express. Ad. Inf. (Ad Infinitum) Without limit. Ad Int. (Ad Interim) In the mean- while. Adj. Adjective. Adjt. Adjutant. Adjt. Gen., or A. G. Adjutant Gen- eral. Ad. lib., or Ad. libit. (Ad libitum) At pleasure. Adm, Admiral, Admiralty. 1069 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Adm. Co. Admiralty Court. Admr. Administrator, Administra- tion. Admx. Administratrix. A* A* #• (A\4>a AcXto, #i) Alpha Delta Phi (College Society). Adv. (Ad valorem) At the value. Adv. Advocate, Advent. JE.,orJEt. (iEtatis.) Of age, Aged. Af ., or Afr. Africa, African. A. F. A. M. Ancient Free and Ac- cepted Masons. A. E. I. O. U. (Austriae est Imperare Orbi Universo, or Alles Erdreich 1st Oesterreich Unterthan) It is given to Austria to Rule the whole Earth. (The device of Austria first adopted by Frederick III.) A. G. Adjutant General, Accountant General. Ag. (Argentum.) Silver. Agr., Agri. or Agric. Agriculture. A. G. S. S. American Geographical and Statistical Society. Agt. Agent. A. H. (Anno Hegirae.) In the year of the Hegira, or flight of Mohammed. A* H. M. S. American Home Mission- ary Society. A. I. American Institute. A. LA. Amercian Institute of Archi- tecture. A. I. G. Assistant Inspector General. Al. Aluminium. Ala. Alabama. Alas. Alaska Territory. Aid. Alderman. Alex. Alexander. Alf. Alfred. AH. (Alibi) Elsewhere. Alt. Altitude. Alum. Yalen. (Alumnus Yalensis) Alumnus of Yale College. A. M. (Artium Magister) Master of Arts. [SeeM. A.] (Ante Meridian) Before noon. (Anno Mundi) In the Year of the World. (Ante Mortem) Before death. Am. Amos. Am. or Amer. America, American. A. M. A. American Medical Asso- ciation. A. Mi C. Alden's Manifold Cyclo- pedia. Am. Ant. Soc. American Antiqua- rian Society Am. Asn. Soc. Sci. American Asso- ciation for Advancement of Social Science. Am. Col. Soc. American Coloniza- tion Society. Am. Cyc. American Cyclopaedia. Am. Ex. American Express. Amer. Phar. Soc. American Phar- maceutical Society. A. M. G. Acting Major General. Amh. Coll. Amherst College. Am. L. of H. American Legion of Honor. AMM. (Amalgama) Amalgamation. [See AAA.] Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. American Mu- seum of Natural History. } Am. Num. Arch. Soc. American Numismatic and Archaeological So- ciety. Am. Philog. Soc. American Philo- logical Society. Am. Phil. Soc. American Philo- sophical Society. Amt. Amount. Am. Vet. Coll. American Veterinary College (New York). An. (Anno). In the year. An., or Ans. Answer. Ana. {Med.) In equal quantity. An. A.C. (Anno Ante Christum) In the Year before Christ. Anal. Analysis. Anat. Anatomy. Anat. Mus. Anatomical Museum. Anc. Ancient, Anciently. Anc. Hist. Ancient History. And. Andrew, Andre, Axidrea. And. Theoi. Sem. Andover Theolo- gical Seminary. Ang. (Anglice) In English. Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. Anno. Annotate, Annotation. Anon. Anonymous. Ans. Answer. Ant. or Antiq. Antiquity, or An- tiquities. Anth. Anthony. Anthr. Soc. Anthropological Society. A. O. F. Ancient Order of Foresters. A. O. H. Ancient Order of Hiber- Dic. 7$ 1070 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Aor. Aorist, Aoristic. A. O. S. S. (Americanse Orientalis Societatis Socius) Member of the American Oriental Society. A. O. U. W. Ancient Order of United Workmen. Ap. Apostle, April, Appius. Ap. (Apud) In the writings of, aa quoted by. A . P. H. A. American Public Health Association. A. P. M. Assistant Pay Master. Apo. Apogee. Apoc. Apocrypha, Apocalypse. Apen. Apennine. Apr. April. Apri. (A priori) Prom something prior. Aq. (Aqua.) Water. A. Q. M. Assistant Quarter Master. A. Q. M. G. Assistant Quarter Mas- ter General. A. R. (Anno Regni). In the Year of the Reign. A. R. A. Associate of the Royal Academy. Arab. Arabic, Arabian. Arc. Circ. Arctic Circle. Arch. Architect, Architecture, Archi- bald. Archd. Archdeacon. Arg. Rep. Argentine Republic. A. R. H. A. Associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Arith. Arithmetic. Ariz. Arizona. Ark. Arkansas. Arn. Arnold. Arr. Arrived. A. R. R. (Anno Regni Regis, or Re- ginse). In the year of the King's or Queen's Reign. A. R. S. A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. A. R. S. S. (Antiquariorum Regia3 Societatis Socius.) Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries. Art. Article, Artemus. Arth. Arthur, Arthurean. A. S. Academy of Science. A. S., or Assist. Sec. Assistant Sec- retary. A. S. Assistant Surgeon. As. Arsenic, Astronomy, Asia, Asiatic. A. S. A. American Statistical Asso- ciation. A. S., A-S., AS., A. Sax., or Ang.- Sax. Anglo-Saxon. A. S. A. S. Member of the Ameri- can Statistical Association. A. S. C. E. A. American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects. A. S. P. C. A. American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Ass't'd. Assorted. Asst. Surg. Assistant Surgeon. A. S. S. U» American Sunday School Union. Astrol. Astrology. Astron. Astronomy. A. T. S. American Tract Society, American Temperance Society. Ats. At suit of. Atty. Attorney. Att.-Gen. Attorney-General. At. Wt. Atomic Weight. A. U. A. American Unitarian Associa- tion. Aub. Theol. Sem. Auburn Theologi- cal Seminary. A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditse, or Ab Urbe Condita) In the Year from the Building of the City — (Rome). Aud. Treas. Dept. Auditor Treasury Department. Aug* August. Aur. (Aurum) Gold. Auth. Ver., or A. V. Authorized Ver- sion (of the Bible). Av. Average, Avenue. Ave. Avenue. Avoir. Avoirdupois. A. Y. M. Ancient York Masons'. B B. Base or Bass (in Music), Baron. Book, Bay. b. Born, Book. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. [See A. B.J British America. Ba. Barium. Baa. Baal, Baalam. Bach. Bachelor. B. Agr. Bachelor of Agriculture. Bald. Baldwin. Bait. Baltimore. 1071 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Bank. Banker, Banking. Bar. Barrel, Baruch, Barometer, Bar- rister. B. Arch. Bachelor of Architecture. Bart., or Bt. Baronet. Bat. Battery, Battalion. B. B. Bill Book. B. B. C. Base Ball Club. Bbl. Barrel, Barrels. B. C. Before Christ, Board of Con- trol. B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. Bd. Bound, Bond, Bound in. Bds. Boards. Be. (Beryllium) Glucinum. Beau. Beaufort, Beauregard. Benj. Benjamin. Berks. Berkshire. Bev. Beverly. B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of Butter. B. I. British India. Bi. Bismuth. Bib. Bible, Biblical. Biog. Biography. Bis. Bismarck, Bismuth, Bissextile. Bisc. Biscayan. Bk. Book, Bank. Bk. Comr. Bank Commissioner. Bk. Ex. Book Exchange. Bk.-Kr. Book-keeper. B. L. Bachelor of Laws. [See LL.B.], B/L. (Com). Bill of Lading. Bl., or Bis. Barrel, Barrels. B. Lit. (Baccalaureus Literarum) Bachelor of Letters. B. LL. (Baccalaureus Legum) Bach- elor of Laws. B. M (Baccalaureus Medicinse) Bach- elor of Medicine. [See M. B.j B. M. (Beatse Memoriae) Of Blessed Memory^ B. M. EJ * Bachelor of Mechanical En- gineering. Bachelor of Mining En- gineering. B. Mech. Bachelor of Mechanics. B. Mus. Bachelor of Music. Bohem. Bohemian. Bon. Bonaparte. Bor. Borough, Boron. Bot. Bought. Bot. Botany, Botanical, Botanist. Bout. Boulevard. Bowd. Coll. Bowdoin College. Bp. Bishop. B/P. Bill of Parcels. B. Pay. Bills Payable. B. P. B. Bank Post Bills. B. P.O. Elks. Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks. B. R. The King's or Queen's Bench. Br. Brother, Bromine, Brig. Braz. Brazil, Brazilian. B. Rec. Bills Receivable. Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. Brig. Gen. Brigadier General. Brit. British, Britain, Britannia, Bri- tannicus. Brit. Mus. British Museum. Bro., Bros. Brother, Brothers. Brook. N. Y. Brooklyn Navy Yard. Br. Univ. Brown University. B. S., or B. Sc. Bachelor of Science. B/S. Bill of Sale. Bu., or Bush. Bushel. Bucks. Buckinghamshire. Burg. Burgomaster, Burgess. B.V. (Bene Vale) # Farewell, (Beata Virgo) Blessed Virgin. B. Vet. Med. Bachelor of Veterinary Medicineo B. V. M. Blessed Virgin Mary. B.W.T.A. British Women's Tem- perance Association. C. Chairman, Carbon, Church. C. m (Centum) A hundred Cent, Cen- time. C. (Congius) Gallon. C/ — • Currency, Coupon. Ca. (Circa) About. Ca. Centare (metric system), C. A. Commercial Agent, Comptrol- ler (or Controller) of Accounts, Chief Accountant, Chartered Ac- countant, Confederate Army. Ca. Canada, Canadian. Cadav. (Med.) Cadaver. Cal. Calcium, California. Cal. (Calendae) Calends, Calendar. Cam. (Med.) Camphor. Cam., or Camb. Cambridge. Camb. Obs. Cambridge Observa- tory. Can. Canada. Canon. 1072 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Cant. Canticles. Cantab. (Cantabrigiensis) Of Cam- bridge. Cantuar. (Cantuarensis) Of Can- terbury. Cap., or c. (Caput, Capitulum) Chapter. Cap. Capitol, Capital, Capital Letter. Caps. Capitals. Capt. Captain. Capt. Gen. Captain General. Car. Carat. Card. Cardinal. Ca. Resp. (Capias ad respondendum) A legal writ. C. A. S. Connecticuttensis Academiae Socius) Fellow of Connecticut Acad- emy. Ca. Sa. (Capias ad satisfaciendum) A legal writ. Cash. Cashier. Cast. Castle. Cat., or Catal. Catalogue, Cath. Catherine, Catholic, Cathedral. Cath. Inst. Catholic Institute. Caus. Causative. Cav. Cavalry. C. B. (Communis Bancus.) Common Bench. C. B. Companion of the Bath, Cape Breton. Cb. Columbium. C. C. Cubic Centimetre. C. C. Caius College. (Compte Cour- ante) Account Current, Crown Clerk, County Court, County Clerk, Consular Clerk, County Commis- sioner. C. C. A. Chief Clerk of the Admiralty. C. C. C. Corpus Christi College, Christ's College, Cambridge. C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. Cd. Cadmium. Ce. Cerium. C. E. Civil Engineer, Canada East. Cel. or Celt. Celtic. Cen. Century, Centennial. Cent. (Centum) A hundred. Cf. (Confer) Compare. C. F. I. Cost, Freight, and Insur- ance. C. G. Commissary General, Captain of the Guard, Coast Guard. C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. C. G. S. Commissary General of Sub- sistence. C. H. Court House, Captain of the Host, Custom House. Ch. Church, Chapter, Charlotte, Charles. Cham. (Med.) Chamomile. Chamb. Chamberlain. Chal., or Chald. Chaldron, Chaldee, Chaldaic, Chaldean. Chamb. Encyc. Chambers' Encyclo- paedia. Chanc. Chancellor. Chap. Chapter, Chaplain. Char. Charter. Chas. Charles. Chat. Chattel. Chem. Chemistry, Chemical, Chem- ist. Chey t Cheyenne. Chf. Chief. Chf. Con. Chief of Construction. Chf. E., or Chf. Eng. Chief Engi- neer. Chf. Med. Pur. Chief Medical Pur- veyor. Chf. Ord. Chief of Ordnance. Chftn. Chieftain. Chi. (x) Greek Ch. Chin. Chinese. Chlo. Chloroform, Chloride. fn., or Xn. Christian. fnty., or Xnty. Christianity. Chr. Christopher, Christian. fmas., or Xmas. Christmas. Chron. Chronicles. Cic. Cicero. Cin. Cincinnati. Cit. Citizen, Cited. Civ. Civil, Civilian. C. J. Chief Justice. CI. Clergyman, Chlorine, Clerk. CI. Centilitre (metric system). C. L. A. Chautauqua .Lake Assem- bly. . - Class. Classical. . Cleop. Cleopatra. Cleve. Cleveland. Cld. Cleared. Clk. Clerk. C. L. S. C. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. CM. (Congregationis Missionum) Vincentians or Lazarists. 1073 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations C. M. (Chirurgise Magister) Master Com. Inc. Committee on Incorpor* in Surgery, Certificated Master, ations. Common Metre. Comm. Commentary. C. M. G. Companion of the Order Com. M. and R. Committee on of St. Michael and St. George. Manual and Roll. Co. Company, County, Cobalt. Com. Merch. Commission Mer« C. O. Colonial Office, Crown Office, chant. Criminal Office. Com. Mil. Aff. Committee on Mili- Coad. (Cum jure sue.) Coadjutor, tary Affairs. with right of succession. Commo. Commodore. Coad. Bp. Coadjutor Bishop. Com. Off. Commissioned Officer. Coch., or Cochl. (Cochleare) A Comp. Compare, Compound, Com- teaspoonful, a spoonful. positor, Composition, Comparative, C. O. D. Cash (or collect) on de- Compounded. livery. Compar. Comparative. Cog. Cognate, Cognate with. Com. Pard. Commissioner of Pardons. Col. Colonel, Colossians, Colorado, Com. Pub. Gds. and Bldgs. Com- Column, Colonial, Color. mittee on Public Grounds and Col. Corp. Color Corporal. Buildings. Col. Gd. Color Guard. Com. R. R. Committee on Rail- Coll. Collector, Colleague, College, roads. Collection. Com. Sen. Committee of the Sen- Coll., or Colloq. Colloquial, Collo- ate. quially. Com. Sergt. Commissary Sergeant. Colo. Colorado. Com. S. P. Committee on State Col. Sergt. Color Sergeant. Prison. Com. Commerce, Committee, Com- Com. Unf. Bus. Committee on mentary, Commissioner, Commo- Unfinished Business. dore, Commune, Community, Com. Ver. Common Version (of the Common, Commoner, Commission, Bible). Communication. Con. (Contra) Against, in oppo- Com. Agric. Committee on Agri- sition. culture, Commissioner of Agricul- Con. Constitution, Constantinople, ture. Concordance, Contract. Com. Arr. Committee of Arrange- Conch. Conchology. ments. Con. Cr. Contra credit. Com. Bk. Committee on Banks. Cong. Congress, Congregation, Con- Com. Cont. Elec. Committee on gregationahst. Contested Elections. Cong. Lib. Congressional Library. Com. Cont. Ex. Committee on Cong. Rec. Congressional Record* Contingent Expenses. Conj. Conjunction. Com. Dept. Commissary Depart- Conn., Conn't., Con., or Ct. Con- ment. m necticut. Comdg. Commanding. Con. Sect. Conic Sections. Comdt. Commandant. Cons, et Prud. (Consilio et Pru- Com. Ed. Committee on Education. dentia) By counsel and prudence. Com. Fin. Committee on Finance. Cons. Mus. Conservatory of Music. Com. Fin. Adj. Committee on Final Cont. (Contra) On the other hand. Adjournment. Cont. Bon. Mor. (Contra bonos Com. For. Rel. Committee on For- mores) Against good manners. eign Relations. Contr. Contradict, Contraction. Com. Gov. Mes. Committee on Conv. Convent. Governor's Message. Cop. Copper, Copernican. Conn. H. Committee of the House. Cop., or Copt. Coptic. 1074 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Cor. Correspondent, Correction, Co- rinthians, Coroner. Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member. Corn. Univ. Cornell University, Corol. Corollary. Corr. Corrupt, Corruption. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. Cos, Cosine. Coss. (Consules) Consuls. C.P. Common Pleas, Chief Patri- arch, Court of Probate, Clerk of the Peace. C. P. C. Clerk of the Privy Council. C. P. S. (Custos Privati Sigilli) Keep- er of the Privy Seal. C. R. (Custos Kotulorum) Keeper Dan. Daniel, Danish. of the Rolls. (Civis Romanus) A Dart. Coll. Dartmouth College. Roman Citizen. (Carolus Rex) King Dat. Dative. Charles. (Carolina Regina) Queen D. B., orDomesd. B. Domesday Book Caroline. Cwt. (Lat. Centum, a hundred, and Eng. weight) Hundred weight. Cyc. Cyclopedia. Cym. Cymric. D. David, Duke, Duchess, Dowager, Didymium, Dutch, Dose. D. Day, Died, Dine, Deputy, Daugh- ter, Degree. (Denarius, or Denarii) A penny, or pence. D. Five hundred. D. A. G. Deputy Adjutant General. Dak. Dakota. Dbk. Drawback Cr.Creditor,Credit,Chromium,Crown. D. C. Deputy Consul. Cres. (Mus.) Crescendo. Cri. Crime, Crimean. Crim. Criminal, Criminally. Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation or Adultery. (Da Capo) Again, or From the beginning. D. C. District of Columbia. D.C.L. Doctor of Civil (or Canon) Law. D. D. Doctor of Divinity. d/d — ._ Day's date. C.R.P. (Calendarium Rotulorum D. D. S. Doctor of Dental Surgery. Patentium) Calendar of the Patent Del. Delaware. Rolls. Dea. Deacon. Crystal., or Crystallog. Crystalog- Dec. December, Declaration, Declen- raphy. sion. t, or X. Cross. Decid. Deciduous. fjohn (or other name). The signa- Def. Definition. ture of a Roman Catholic Bishop. Deft. Defendant. Cs. Csesium. Deg. Degree, or degrees. C. S. Court of Sessions, Commissary Del. Delaware^ Delegate. of Subsistence. Del. (Delineavit) He (or she) drew C. S. (Custos Sigilli) Keeper of the it — appended to the draughtsman's Seal. name. C. S. A. Confederate States of Amer- Dem. Democrat, Democratic. ica, Confederate States Army. Den. Denmark. C.S.I. Companion of the Star of India. Dent. Dentist. C. S. N. Confederate States Navy. Dep. Deputy, Department. C. S. O. Chief Signal Officer. Dep. Q. M. G. Deputy Quarter- Ct. Cent. (Centum) A hundred. master General. Ct. Connecticut, Court, Count. C. T. Certificated Teacher. C. Theod. (Codex Theodosianus) Deut The Theodosian Code. Cts. Cents. Cu. (Cuprum)^ Copper. Cumd/ — . With dividend. Cur., or Curt. Current (i.e., this month). 1075 Dept. Department, Deponent. Deriv. Derivative, Derivation. Deuteronomy. D. F. Dean of the Faculty. (Fidei Defensor) Defender of the Faith. Dft. Draft, Defendant. D. G. (Dei gratia) By the Grace of God. (Deo gratias) Thanks to God. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations «5g. Decigram (metric system). E. B. English Bible. Dg. Dekagram (metric system). Eben. Ebenezer. D. H. Dead Head. E. by S. East by South. D. H. L. (Liter arum Humaniorum Ebor. (Eboracum) York. Eboracen- Doctor) Doctor of Polite Literature. sis) Of York. [See L.H.D.] Di. Didymium. Diam. Diameter. Diet. Dictator, Dictionary. Dim. Diminutive, Diminution. Dim. (Mus.) Diminuendo. Dioc. Diocese, Diocesan. Dioc. Sem. Diocesan Seminary. Dis. Distance, Distant. Dis., Disc., or Disct. Discount. Dist. District. Dist. Atty. District Attorney. E. C. Eastern Central (Postal Dis- trict, London), Established Church. Eccl. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical. Eccl. Hist. Ecclesiastical History. Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. Ed. Editor, Edition. E. D. Eastern District (of Brooklyn, n. y.). m Edin. Edinburgh. Edit. Edition. Edm. Edmund. Eds. Editors. Div. Divide, Divided, Division, Di- Edw. Edward, Edwin vidend, Divisor. DI. Dekalitre (metric system.) D. Lit. (Literarum Doctor) Doc- E. Fl tor of Literature. D. L. O. Dead Letter Office. Dm. Dekametre (metric system). D. M. D. Doctor Dental Medicine. Do. (Ditto.) The same. Dol., Dols., $• Dollars. D.O. M. (Deo Optimo Maximo) To God, the best, the greatest. Dom. Dominion. Dom. Econ. Domestic Economy. Dom. Prel. Domestic Prelate. Doz. Dozen. D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. [See P.D. and Ph.D.] D. PcO. Distributing Post Office. Dpt. Deponent. Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram. Dram. Pers. Dramatis Personae. d/s. Days' Sight. D. S. (Dal Segno) From the sign. D. S. Dekastere (metric system). D. Sc. Doctor of Science E. E. and M. P. Envoy Extraordi- nary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Ells Flemish. E. Fr. Ells French. e. g. or ex. gr. (exempli gratia) For example. Egypt. Egyptians. E. I. East Indies or East India. E. I.C. or E. I. Co. East India Company. E. I. C. S. East India Company's Service. Eliz. Elizabeth. E. Long. ^ East Longitude. E. M. Mining Engineer. (Equitum Magister) Master of the Horse. Em. Emma, Emily, Emmanuel. Emp. Emperor, Empress, Empire. Ency. or Encyc. Encyclopaedia. Encyc. Amer. Encyclopaedia Amer- icana. Encyc. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britan- nica. E. N. E. East-Northeast. Eng. England, English. Eng. Cyc. English Cyclopaedia. D. V. (Deo volente) # God willing. Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and Eng. Engin. Engineering. weight) Pennyweight, or Penny- Eng. in Chief. Engineer-in-Chief. weights. Ens. Ensign. Ent.j, or En torn. Entomology. E Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. Ep. Epistle. E. East, Eastern, Earl, Edinburg, Eph. Ephesians, Ephraim. Erbium. Ephes. Ephesians. Ea. Each. Epis. Episcopal. Eb. Erbium. Eq. Equal, Equivalent. 1076 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Equiv. Equivalent. E. S. Ells Scotch. Esd. Esdras. E. S. E. East-Southeast. Esp. Especially. Esq. or Esqr. Esquire. Esq. or Esqs. Esquires Est. Estate, Estimate. Estab. Established, Establishment. Esth. Esther. E. T. English Translation. et al. (Et alii, or alise) And others. (Et alibi) And elsewhere (some- times improperly written et als.). Etc., or &c. (Et caeteri, caeterae, or csetera) And other things, and so forth. Eth. Ethiopic. et seq. (Et sequentia, or et sequentes) And what follows, and the follow- ing. Etym. Etymology. Evang. Evangelical, Evangelist. Ex. Example, Exception, Exodus. Exc. Excellency, Exception. Exch. Exchequer, Exchange. Ex. cp., or xcp. Excoupon. Ex. d., or x/d. Exdividend. Exec. Executor. Exec. Com. Executive Committee. Execx. Executrix. ex. g. (exempli gratia) For example. Exod. Exodus. Exon. (Exonia) Exeter. Exr.» or Exx. Executor, Executrix. Ezek. Ezekiel. F F# France, Folio, Fellow, Fluorine, Friday, Fahrenheit. F» Feminine, Franc, Francs, Florin, Florins, Farthing, Foot, Feet. F. A. A. Free of all Average. F. A. A. A. S. Fellow of the Ameri- can Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Fahr. Fahrenheit. Fair. Fairfield, Fairhaven, Fairmont, Fairview. F. A. M. Free and Accepted Masons. F. A. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. A. S. E. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society of Edinburgh. F. B. S. Fellow of the Botanical Soci- ety. F. C. Free Church (of Scotland). Fcap., or fcp. Foolscap. F.C. P. Fellow of College of Pre- ceptors. F. C. P. S. Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. F. C. S. Fellow of the Chemical So- ciety. F. D. (Fidei Defensor, or Defensa- trix) Defender of the Faith. Fe. (Ferrum) Iron. F.E. Flemish Ells. Feb. February. Fee. (Fecit) He did it. F. E. I. S. Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland. Fern. Feminine. Fern. Ac, or Acad. Female Academy? F. E. S. Fellow of the Entomological Society, Fellow of the Ethnological Society. Feud. Feudal. F. F. P. S. Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons (Glasgow). F. F.V. First Families of Virginia (humorous). ff. Following. ^ F. G. A. Foreign General Average. F. G. S. Fellow of the Geological So- ciety. F. H. S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society. Fid. Def. (Fidei Defensor, or Defen- satrix) Defender of the Faith. fi. fa. (Fieri facias) Cause it to be done. Fig. Figure, Figures, Figurative, Figuratively. Finn. Finnish. Fir. Firkin. F. K. Q. C. P. I. Fellow of King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. FI. Flemish, Flourished, Florin, Flor- ins. Fla. Florida. Fl. E. Flemish Ellin. Flor. Florence. F. L. S. Fellows of the Lnaean Soci- ety. 1077 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations F. M. Field-marshal. Fo., or fol. Folio. F. O. Field-officer. F. O. B. Free on Board. For. Foreign. For. Sec. Foreign Secretary. Fort. Fortification. G. Glucinum, Genitive. G. Guineas, Guinea, Gulf. G. A. General Assembly. Ga. Georgia. Gael. Gaelic. F. P. A. F. P. S. Free of Particular Average. Gal. Galatians, Galen. Fellow of the Philological Gal. Gallon, Gallons. Society. Fr. Franc, Francs, French, France, Fragment, Francis, Friar, Frank. fr. From. Frankl. Inst. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal As- tronomical Society. F. R. C. P. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians: E., of Edin- burgh. F. R. C. S. Fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons: E., of Edinburgh; I., of Ireland; L., of London. Fr. E. French Ells. Fred. Frederick. Freq. Frequentative. F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Royal Geo- Gen. graphical Society. Fri. Friday. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. F. R. S.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. Frs. Frisian, or Frisic. F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety, Edinburgh. F. R. S. L. Fellow of the Royal Society, London, Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. F.S. A. Fellow of the Society of Arts, or of Antiquaries; I., of Ire- land; L., of London. F. S. A. E. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. F. S. S. Fellow of the Statistical Society. Ft. Fortification. Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort. F. T. C. D. Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. Fth. Fathom. Fur. Furlong. Fut. Future. F. Z. S. Fellow Society. of the Zoological Galv. Galvanism, Galvanic. G . A. R. Grand Army of the Republic. G. B. Great Britain. G. B. & I. Great Britain and Ire- land. G. C. Grand Chancellor, Grand Con- ductor, Grand Chapter. G. C. B. Grand Cross of the Bath. G. C. H. Grand Cross of Hanover. G. C. L. H. Grand Cross of the Le- gion of Honor. G. C. M. G. Knights Grand Cross St. Michael and St. George. G. C. S. I. Knight Grand Comman- der of the Star of India. G. D. Grand Duke, Grand Duchess. G. E. Grand Encampment. Genesis, General. Gen. Genitive, Generally. Gent. Gentleman. Gent. Mag. Gentlemen's Magazine. Geo. George. Geog. Geography, Geographer. Geol. Geology, Geological, Geolo- gist. Geom. Geometry, Geometer. Geor. Hist. Soc. Georgia Historical Society. Ger. Gerund. Ger. German, Germany. G. F. G. Governor's Foot Guard. G. H. G. Governor's Horse Guard. Gi. Gills. G. L. Grand Lodge. Gl. (Glossa) A Gloss. G. M. Grand Master. G. M. P. K. Grand Master of the Knights of St. Patrick. G. O. General Order. Go., or Goth. Gothic. Gov. Governor. Gov.-Gen. Governor-General. G. P. (Gloria Patri) Glory to the Father. G.P.O. General Post-Office. 1078 Dictionary of Moat Common Abbreviations G. R. (Georgius Rex) King George, Grand Recorder. Gr. Greek, Gross, Great. Gr. Grain or grains. Gram. Grammar. Gro. Gross. G. S. Grand Secretary, Grand Sentry, Grand Sentinel. G. T. Good Templars, Grand Tyler. Gtt. (Gutta, or guttse) Drop, or drops. Gun. Gunnery. H H. Hydrogen. H. Hour, Height, High, Harbor, Hus- band. H., or hr. Hour, hours. h. a. (Hoc anno) This year. Ha. Hektare (metric system) . Hab. Habakkuk. Hab. corp. (Habeas corpus) You may have the body. Hab. fa. poss. (Habere facias pos- sessionem) (Law). A writ to put the plaintiff in possession. Hag. Haggai. Ham, Coll. Hamilton College. Hants. Hampshire. H. B. C. Hudson's Bay Company. H. B. M. His (or Her) Britannic Majesty. H. C. House of Commons, Herald's College. H. CM. His (or Her) Catholic Majesty. Hdkf. Handkerchief. H. E. His Eminence, Hydraulic Engi- neer. h. e. (Hoc est, or Hie est) That is, or this is. Heb., or Hebr. Hebrew, Hebrews. Hectol. Hectolitre (metric system). H. E. I. C. Honorable East India Company. H. E. I. C. S. Honorable East India Company's Service. Her. Heraldry. Herp. Herpetology. H. F. Holy Father. Hf.-bd. Half-bound. Hf. cf. Half calf. Hg. (Hydrargyrum) Mercury, H. G. Horse Guards. H. H. His Holiness (the Pope), His (or Her) Highness. Hhd. Hogshead. Hogsheads. Hier. (Hierosolyma) Jerusalem. H. I. H. His (or Her) Imperial High- ness. Hil. Hilary. Hind. Hindu, Hindustan, Hindu- stanee. Hist. History, Historical. H. J. S. (Hie Jacet Sepultus) Here lies buried. H. L. House of Lords. HI. Hectolitre (metric system). H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. H. M. C. His (or Her) Majesty's Customs. H. M. P. (Hoc monumentum posuit) Erected this monument. H.M.S. His (or Her) Majesty's Steamer, Ship, or Service. Ho.. House. Hon. Honorable. Hor. Horace, Horizon. Hort. Horticulture. Hos. Hosea. Hosp. Sergt. Hospital Sergeant. Hosp. Stew. Hospital Steward. H. P. Horse Power, Half-pay, High Priest. Hr., Hrn. Mr., sir; Messrs., gentle- men (German). H. R. House of Representatives. H. R. E. Holy Roman Emperor, or Empire. H. R. H. His (or Her) Royal High- H. R. I. P. (Hie Requiescit In Pace) Here rests in peace. H. S. (Hie Situs) Here lies. H. S. H. His (or Her) Serene Highness. H. S. S. (Historic Societatis Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society. h. t. (Hoc titulo) This title, in or under this title. Hum., or Humb. Hun., or Hung. rian. Hund. Hundred, Hundreds. h. v. (Hocverbum) This word. verbis) In these words. Hy. Art. Heavy Artillery. Hyd. Hydrostatics. Hydraul. Hydraulics. Humble. Hungary, Hunga- (His 1079 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Hydros. Hydrostatics. hypoth. Hypothesis, hypothetical I. Island, Iodine. I, II, III. One, two, three, or first, second, third. la. Iowa. lb. or Ibid. (Ibidem) place. Ice., or Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. I.C. E. Institution of Civil Engi neers. Ich., or Ichth. Ichthyology. Icon. Encyc. *Iconographic Encyclo in f . (in fine) At the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted. In lim. (In limine) At the outset. In loc. (In loco) In the place, on the passage. I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus] Nazar- enus, Rex Judseorum) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. Ins. Inspector, Insurance, Instant. Insep. Inseparable. In the same Insp. Gen. Inspector General. Inst. Instant (the present month). Inst. Institute Institutes, Institu- tion. Inst. Act. Institute of Actuaries. , Inst. Bks. Institute of Bankers. Inst. C. E. Institution of Civil En- gineers. Inst. M. E. Institute of Mechanical Engineers. Inst. N. A. Institution of Naval Ar- chitects. Ja6uim (In summa) In the sum- mary. Int. Interest. Int. Interpreter. Intens. Intensive. nterj. Interjection. I. C. TH. U. S. (Gr. Iesous Christos, Theou Huios, Soter) Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Saviour. Ictus. (Iurisconsultus) Counselor at Law. Id. Idaho. Id. (Idus) Ides. Id. (Idem) The same. I. e. (Id est) That is. I. G. Inside Guardian. I. H. S. (Iesus [or Jesus] Hominum Intr. Introduction. Salvator) Jesus the Saviour of Intrans. Intransitive. Men. in trans. (In transitu) ii. Two. 111. Illinois. Imp. Imperial. (Imperator) Em- peror. Imp. or Imper. Imperative. Imp., or Imperf. Imperfect. Impers. Impersonal. In. Inch, Inches. Inc., or Incor. Incorporated. Incept. Inceptive. Inch. Inchoative. Incog. (Incognito) Unknown. Ind. India, Indian, Indiana, Index. Ind., or Indie. Indicative. I. N. D. (In Nomine Dei) In the name of God* I« Indef. Indefinite. Ind. Meth. Independent Methodists. I. Indo. Eur. Indo-European. Ind't, indict, indictment. I. Inf. (Infra) Beneath or below; Inf. dig, beneath dignity or notice. I. Inf. Infinitive, Infantry. LQ8G In the pas- Introd. Introduction. Inv. Invoice. lo. Iowa. I. O. B. B. Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. I. O. F. Independent Order of For- esters. I. O. S. F. I. Independent Order of the Free Sons of Israel. I. O. G. T. Independent Order of Good Templars. Ion. Ionic. * I. O. O. F. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. | I. O. R. M. Independent (or Im- proved) Order of Red Men. I. O. S. H. Independent Order Sons of Hermann. I. O. S. M. Independent Order of the Sons of Malta. I. O. U. I owe you. An acknowledg- ment for money. iL Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations I. P. D. (In Praesentia Dominorum) In presence of the Lords (of Sessions). Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. I. q. (Idem quod) The same as. Ir. Ireland, Irish, Iridium. Iran. Iranian, Iranistan. Ire. Ireland. , I. R. O. Internal Revenue Officer. Irreg. Irregular. I. S. Inside Sentinel, Irish Society. Is., or Isa. Isaiah. Isl. Island. I. S. M. (Iesus [or Jesus] Salvator Mundi) Jesus the Saviour of the World. It. Italy, Italian. I. T. Inner Temple. It., or Ital. Italic, Italian, _ Italy. Itin., or Itiner. Itinerant, itinerary. IV. Four or Fourth. IX. Nine or Ninth. Josh. Joshua. Jour. Journal, Journeyman. J. P. Justice of the Peace. J. Prob. Judge of Probate. Jr. Junior. J. U. D„ or J.V. D. (Juris Utri- usque Doctor) Doctor of both Laws, Canon and Civil. Jud. Judith. Judg. Judges, Judge. Judge-Adv. Judge-Advocate. Jul, July. Jun. June. Jun., junr., or jr. Junior. Jun. Part. Junior Partner. Jus. Justice. (Used to denote Asso- ciate Justices.) Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. Just. Justinian, Justice. J. V. D. (Juris Utriusque Doctor) Doctor of both Civil and Canon Law. J. W. Junior Warden. J. Justice, John, Julius, Julian. JJ. Justices. J/a. Joint account. J. A. Judge Advocate. Jac. Jacob. J. A. G. Judge Advocate General. Jan. January. Jas. James. J. C. Jesus Christ, Justice Clerk. J. C. (Juris Consultus) Juris-Con- sult. J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor) Doc- tor of Civil Law. J. D. (Juris Doctor) Doctor of Law, Junior Deacon. Je. June. I n Jeho. Jehosophat. Jer. Jeremiah, Jerusalem, Jericho, Jersey. J. G. W. Junior Grand Warden. J. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Salvator) Jesus Saviour of Mankind. (See I. H. S.). Jno. John. Jnt. Joint. Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. Jnt. Stk. Co. Joint Stock Company. Jo. Joel. Jona. Jonathan. Jos. Joseph, Josephine. K. King, Knight. (Kalium) Potassium,, K. A. Knights of St. Andrew (in Russia). Kal. Kalends. K. A. N. Knight of St. Alexander Nevoskoj (in Russia). Kan. Kansas. K. B. King's Bench, Knight of the Bath in Great Britain). K. B. A. Knight of St. Bento d' Avis (in Portugal). K. B. E. Knight of the Black Eagle (in Russia). K. C. Knight of the Crescent (in Turkey), King's Council. K. C. B. Knight Commander of the Bath (in Great Britain). K. C. H. Knight Commander of Han- over. K. C. M. G. Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George. K. C. S. Knight of Charles III. of Spain. K. C. S. I. Knight Commander of the Star of India. Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. Kew Obs, Kew Observatory (Eng- land). 1081 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations K. F. Knight of Ferdinand (in K. S. G. Knight of St. George (in Spain). Russia). Kg. Kilogram (metric system). K. S H. Knight of St. Hubert (in K. G. Knight of the Garter (in Great Bavaria). Britain). K. S. I* Knight of the Star of India. K. G. C. Knight Grand Cross (in K. S. J. Knight of St. Januarius (in Great Britain), Knight of the Golden Naples). Circle (in the United States). K. S. L. Knight of the Sun and K. G. C. B. Knight of the Grand Lion (in Persia). Cross of the Bath (in Great Britain). K. S. M. and S. G. Knight of St. K. G. F. Knight of the Golden Fleece Michael and St. George. (in Spain or Austria). K. G. H. Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover. K. V. G. Knight of Gustavus Vasa (in Sweden). K. H. Knight of Hanover. Ki. Kings. Kil. Kilderkin. Kilo. Kilogram. K.J. Knight of St. Joachim. Kl. Kilolitre (metric system). K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanisla (in Poland). K. S. S. Knight of the Southern Star (in Brazil). K. S. W. Knight of St. Wladimir (in Russia). K. T. Knight Templar, Knight of the Thistle (in Scotland). Kt. Knight. K. T. S. Knight of the Tower and Sword (in Portugal). K. L., or K. L. A. Knight of Leopold K. W. Knight of William (in the of Austria. Netherlands). K. L. H. Knight of the Legion of K. W. E. Knight of the White Eagle Honor. (in Poland). Km. Kilometre (metric system). Ky. Kentucky. Km. Kingdom. K. Mess. King's Messenger. K. M. Knight of .Malta. L K. M. H. Knight of Merit in Holstein. K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Jo- L. Fifty or fiftieth, Laity, Latin seph (in Bavaria). Low, Lord, London (after titles), K. M.T. 'Knight of Maria Theresa Lithium, (Liber) Book. (in Austria). L. League, Leagues, Lake, Lane. K. N. S. Knight of the North Star L., 1., or^Jb. (Libra) A pound in (in Sweden). Knt., or Kt. Knight. K. of H. Knights of Honor. weight. L., £, or 1 (Libra, or Librae) Pound, or Pounds sterling. K. of P. Knight, or Knights of L., or £, s. d. (Librae, solidi, de- Pythias. m narii) Pounds, shillings, and pence. K. P. Knight of St. Patrick. La. Louisiana, Lanthanum. Kr. Kreutzer (German coin), L. A. C. Licentiate of the Apothe- K. R. C. Knight of the Red Cross. caries' Company. K. R. E. Knight of the Red Eagle L. A. H. Licentiate of the Apothe- (in Prussia). caries' Hall. Ks. or Kan. Kansas. Ladp. Ladyship. K. S. Knight of the Sword (in Lam. Lamentations. Sweden). Lapp. Lappish. K. S. A. Knight of St. Anne (in L. A. S. Lord Advocate of Scotland. Russia). Lat. Latitude, Latin. K. S. B. Kersher Shel Barzel. Lb. (Libra, or Librae) Pound or K. S. F. m Knight of St. Fernando pounds in weight. (of Spain). 1. c. Lower case (in printing). 1082 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations !*c, (loco citato) In the place be- Lon. Longitude. fore cited. "L/C. Letter of Credit. L. C. Lord Chancellor, Lord Cham berlain, Lower Canada. L. C. B. Lord Chief Baron. L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. Lb*. Lord. L. D. Lady Day, Light Dragoons. Ldp., Lp. Lordship. Lea. League. Leg. (Legato) Smoothly, Legate. Leg., or Legis. Legislature. Leip. Leipsic, or Leipzig. Lett. Lettish. Lev., or Levit. Leviticus. Lex. Lexicon, Lexicographer, Lexing ton. L. G. Life Guards, Low German. L. H. A. Lord High Admiral. L. H. C. Lord High Chancellor. Lon., or Lond. London. Long. Longitude. Lou., or La. Louisiana. Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. L. P. Lord Provost. L. P. S. Lord Privy Seal. L. R. C. P. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. L. R. C. S. Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons. L.S. LeftSide. (Locus Sigilli) Place of the Seal. L. S. A. Licentiate of the Apothe- caries' Society. L. S. D. (Librae, Solidi, Denarii) Pounds, Shillings, Pence. L.T. (Lira Turca) The Turkish Pound. Lt., or Lieut. Lieutenant. Lt. Batt. light Battery. L. H. D. (Literarum Humaniorum Lt., or Lieut. Com. Lieutenant Corn- Doctor) Doctor of Polite Literature. mander. L. H. T. Lord High Treasurer. L. I. Long Island, League Island, Light Infantry. Li. Lithium. Lib. (Liber) Book. Lib. Library, Librarian. Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. Lieut. Col. Lieutenant Colonel. Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant General. Lieut. Gov. Lieutenant Governor. Linn. Linnaean, Linnaeus. Linn. Soc. Linnaean Society (London) . Liq. Liquor. Lit. Literature, Literary. Lit. Literally. Lit. D. (Literarum Doctor) Doctor of Letters. Lith. Lithuanian. Liv. Livre. L. L. Low Latin, Late Latin. L. Lat. Low Latin, Law Latin. Lt., or Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant General Lt. Inf., or Infy. light Infantry. Lv. Livre, Livres. LX. Sixty or sixtieth. LXX. Seventy or seventieth. LXX. The Septuagint (Version of the Old Testament). LXXX. Eights or eightieth. M M. Monday, Middle, Morning, Mon- sieur. (Meridies) Meridian, or Noon. (Mille.) Thousand. M. Moon, Masculine, Minute, Min- utes, Month, Months, Mile, Miles, Mill, Mills. (Misce) Mix. (Mis- tura) Mixture. (Mensura) Meas~ ure, by Measure. LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus) Bach- M. Minim. elor of Laws. [See B. L. and — /M. A thousand; as, e. g. t 50/m., B.LL.] fifty thousand. LL.D. (Legum Doctor) Doctor of M.,orMons. (Monsieur) Sir, Mister. • Laws. [See B.LL.] M. 10,000. L. L. I. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. M. A. Master of Arts. [See A. M.j LL. M. (Legum Magister). Master Military Academy. of Laws. Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. loc. cit. (loco citato) In the place Maced. Macedonian, cited. Mach. Machinist, Machinery. 1083 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Mad. Madam. Madm. Madam. Mad. Univ. Madison University. Mag. Magazine. Maj. Major. Maj. Gen. Major General. Mai. Malachi. Malay. Malayan. Mer. Meridian. Merc. Mercury. Messrs., or MM. (Messieurs) Gen- tlemen, or Sirs., Met. Metaphysics, metaphor, meta- phorically, Metropolitan. Metal. Metallurgy. m Metaph. Metaphysics. Man. Manege, or horsemanship, Meteor. Meteorology Manual Meth. Man. Manasses. Metr. M. A. N. S. Member of the Academy Mex. or Mexic of Natural Sciences. Manuf. Manufactory, Manufacture, Manufacturing. Mar. March. March. Marchioness. Marg. Margin. Marg. Tran. Marginal translation. Marq. Marquis. Masculine. Massachusetts. Methodist. or Metrop. Metropolitan. Mexico or Mexican. Let a mixture M. ft. (Mistura fiat) be made, mg. Milligram (metric system). Mg. Magnesium, Myriagram (met- ric system). M. G. Major General. M. G., or M. Goth. Mcesco-Gothic. M. H. G. Middle High German (Ety- Masc. Masculine. mological). Mass. Massachusetts. M. Hon. Most Honorable. Math. Mathematics, Mathematician. M. H. S. Massachusetts Historical Matt. Matthew. Society, Member of the Historical M. B. (Medicinse Baccalaureus) Society. Bachelor of Medicine. [See B.M.] Mi., or Miss. Mississippi. Mbco. Marks banco. Mi. Mill, mills. M. B. G. et H. (Magna Britannia, Mic. Micah. Gallia, et Hibernia) Great Britain, M. I. C. E. Member of the Institu- France and Ireland. tion of Civil Engineers. M. C. Member of Congress, Master Mich. Michigan. of Ceremonies, Master Command- Mid. ant, Master of the Classics. Mid. M/C. Metallic Currency. Mil. Men. March. Min. M. D. (Medicinse Doctor) Doctor of Min. Medicine. Md. Maryland. M/d. Month's date. M. E. Middle English (etymologi cal). Midshipman. Middle (voice). Military. Mineralogy. Minute, Minutes. Minn. Minnesota. Min. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. Min. Res. Minister Resident. Miss. Mississippi. ml. Millilitre (metric system). M. E. Methodist Episcopal, Military Ml. Myrialitre (metric system). or Mechanical Engineer, Most Ex- cellent. M. E. S. Methodist Episcopal South. Me. Maine. Meas. Measure. Mech. Mechanics, Mechanical. Med. Medicine. Med. Dir. Medical Director. M. E. G. H. P. Most ExceUent Grand High Priest. Mem. Memorandum, Memoranda. (Memento) Remember. M. L. (Legum Magister) Master of Laws. M.L.A. Mercantile Library Asso- ciation. Mile. Mademoiselle. mm. Millimetre (metric system). Mm. Myriametre (metric system). MM. Their Majesties. (Messieurs) Gentlemen, or Sirs. Note. — The initial letter of a word is sometimes doubled to signify the plural, as in LL. B., LL. D. 1Q84 ^ Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations MM. Thousands. M. R. S. L. Member of the Royal Mme. Madame. Society of literature. Mmes. Mesdames (.pronounced ma- M/S. Month's sight. dam'). M. S. (Memorise Sacrum) Sacred to M. M. S. Moravian Missionary Soci- the memory. ety. M. S. (Magister Sciential) Master M. M. S. S. Member of the Massa- of Science. chusetts Medical Society. MS. (Manuscriptum) Manuscript. Mn. Manganese. MSS. (Manuscripta) Manuscripts. M. N. A. S. Member of the National Mt. Mount or Mountain. Academy of Sciences. M. T. C. Marcus Tullius Cicero. M. N. S. Member of the Numismat- Mt. Rev. Most Reverend. ical Society. < Mts. Mountains. Mo. Missouri, Month, Molybdenum. Mus. Museum, Music. Mod. Modern. (Moderato) Mod- Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. erately. Mus. D., Mus. Doc, or Mus. Doct. Mon. Monday, Monastery. Doctor of Music. Mond. Monday. _ M. W. Most Worthy, Most Wor- Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. shipful. Monsig., or Mgr. Monsignor. M. W. G. C. P. Most Worthy Grand Morn. Morning. Chief Patriarch. Mos. Months. M. W. G. M. Most Worthy (or Wor- Most. Rev. Most Reverend. shipful) Grand Master. Mont. Montana. M. W. P. Most Worthy Patriarch. M. P. Member of Parliament, Metro- M. W. S. Member of the Wernerian politan Police, Municipal Police, Society. Methodist Protestant, or Protestant M. W. V. Mexican War Veterans. Methodist. Myth. Mythology. M. P. C. Member of Parliament in Canada. M. P. P. Member of Provincial Par- N liament. M. P. S. Member of the Pharma- N. North, Number, Nitrogen. ceutical (or of the Philological So- N. Noun, Neuter. < ciety) . N. A. North America, North Amer- M. R. Master of the Rolls. ican, National Academician. Mr. Mister, or Master. N. A. S. National Academy of Sciences. M. R. A. S. Member of the Royal Na. (Natrium) Sodium. Asiatic Society, Member of the Nah. Nahum. Royal Academy of Science. Nap. Napoleon. M. R. C. C. Member of the Royal Nat. Natural, National. College of Chemistry. Nat. Hist. National History. M. R. C. P. Member of the Royal Nath. Nathanael, or Nathaniel. College of Physicians. Nat. ord. Natural order. M. R. C. S. Member of the Royal Naut. Nautical. College of Surgeons. Nav. Navigator, Navy. M. R. G. S. Member of the Royal Nav. Con. Navy Constructor. Geographical Society. N. B. New Brunswick, North Bristol, M. R. I. Member of the Royal Insti- North Britain. (Nota bene) Note tution. well, or take notice. M. R. I. A. Member of the Royal N. C. North Carolina. Irish Academy. N. D. No Date, North Dakota. Mrs. Mistress (pronounced mis'sis N. E. New England, Northeast, when written as an abbreviation). Northern Eastern. 1085 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Neb. Nebraska. Neg. Negative. Neh. Nehemiah. n. e. i. (Non est inventus) He is not found. Nem. Con. (Nemine Contradicente) No one contradicting, unanimously. Nem. Diss. (Nemine dissentiente) No one dissenting, unanimously. Neut. Neuter (gender). Nev. Nevada. New Am. Cyc. New American Cy- clopaedia. New M., or N. M. New Mexico. New Test. New Testament. N. F. Newfoundland. N. G. New Granada, Noble Grand. N. H. New Hampshire. N. H. H. S. New Hampshire His- torical Society. Ni. Nickel. Ni pri. Nisi Prius {Law), N. J. New Jersey. N. L. (Non liquet) It does not ap- pear, the case is not clear. N. L. or N. Lat. North Latitude. N. M., or N. Mex. New Mexico. N. N. E. North-Northeast. N. N. W. North-Northwest. N. O. New Orleans. No. (Numero) Number. Nol. pros. (Nolle prosequi) Un- willing to prosecute, or proceed. Norn. Nominative. Non. Con. Not content, dissenting, dissentient (House of Lords). Non cul. (Non culpabilis) Not guilty. Non. obst. (Non obstante) Not- withstanding. Non. pros. (Non prosequitur) He does not prosecute, — a_ judgment entered against the plaintiff when he does not appear to prosecute. Non. seq. (Non sequitur) It does not follow. Nor. Fr., or Norm. Fr. Norman French. Norw. Norway, Norwegian. Nos. Numbers. Nov. November. N. P. Notary Public. N. P. D. North Polar Distance. N. R. North River. N.S. New Style (since 1752), Nova Scotia, ' (Notre Seigneur), Our Lord, Numismatic Society. N. S. J. C. (Notre Seigneur Jesus- Christ) Our Lord Jesus Christ. N. T. New Testament, New Trans- lation. N. u. Name, or names, unknown. Num. Numeral. Num. or Numb. Numbers. Numis. Numismatics. Nux vom. Nux vomica. N.V. M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary. N. W. Northwestern. N.W.T. Northwest Territory. N. Y. New York. N. Y.H.S. New York Historical Society. N. Z., or N. Zeal. New Zealand. 0, or o. OpiKpov. (Omicron) Greek 0,o. O. Ohio, Old, Oxygen. (Octarius) A pint. Ob. (Obiit) He or she died Obad. Obadiah. Obj. Objective, Objection, Object. Obs. Obsolete, Observation. Obs. Observatory. Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. O. C. C. (Ordinis Carmelitarum Cal- ceatorum) Carmelites Calced. O. C. D. (Ordinis Carmelitarum Dis- calceatorum) Carmelites Discalced. O. Cist. (Ordinis Cisterciensis) Cis- tercian. Oct. October. O.F. Odd Fellow or Odd Fellows, Old French (etymological). 0. G. Outside Guardian. O.H.G. Old High German (ety- mological). O.H.M. S. On His (or Her) Ma- jesty's Service. O.K. (Oil Korect) All right, or correct. 01. (Oleum). Oil. O!., or Olymp. Olympiad. Old Test., or O. T. Old Testament. Olym. Olympiad. Die. 71 1086 k. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations O. M. Old Measurement. O. M. Conv. (Ordinis Minorum Con- ventualium) Minor Conventuals. O. M. I. Oblates of Mary Immacu- late. O. Min. Cap. (Ordinis Minorum Ca- pucinorum) Capuchins. Ont. . Ontario. O. P., or O. S. D. (Ordinis Prsedica- torum, or Ordinis Sancti Domini ci) Dominicans. Opt. Optics. Or. Oregon. O. R. C. Order of the Red Cross. Ord. Ordnance, Ordinance, Ordinary. Ord. Dept. Ordnance Department. Orig. Original, Originally. Ornith. Ornithology. O. S. Old Style (before 1752), Out- side Sentinel. Os. Osmium. O. S. A. (Ordinis Sancti Augustini) Augustinians. O. S. B. (Ordinis Sancti Benedicti) Benedictines. O. S. F. (Ordinis Sancti Francisci) Franciscans. O. T. Old Testament. O. U. A. Order of United Americans. Oxf. Oxford. Oxf . Gloss. Oxford Glossary of Arch- itecture. Oxon. (Oxonian) Of Oxford, at Oxford. Oz. Ounce. P. (Pondere) By weight (Pugillus) A pugil, the quantity of any sub- stance which may be taken with the ends of the thumb and two fingers. P. Page, Part, Participle, Pole, Phos- phorus, Pint, Pope. P. (Pere) Father. Pa. or Penn., Pennsylvania. p. a. Participial adjective. P. A. Post Adjutant. P. A. E. Passed Assistant Engineer. Paint. Painting. Pal., or Paleon. Paleontology. P. A. P. M. Passed Assistant Pay- master. Par., or ^. Paragraph. Par., or ||. Parallel. Pari. Parliament, Parliamentary. Paroch. Lib. Parochial Library. Par. Pas. Parallel Passage. Part. Participle. Pass. Passive. Pass. Passionist. Past. Pastor. P. A. Surg. Passed Assistant Surgeon. Pathol. Pathology. Pay Dir. Pay Director. Pay Ins. Pay Inspector. Pay M. Paymaster. Payt. Payment. Pb. (Plumbum) Lead. P. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Philosophy. $'B'K' ($t,BT)Ta,Kdinra.) Phi Beta Kappa (College Society). P. C. (Patres Conscripti) Conscript Fathers, Senators, Privy Council, or Councilor, Police Constable, Princi- pal Conductor, Post Commander. P. C. P. Past Chief Patriarch. P. Cyc. Penny Cyclopedia. P. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor of Philosophy. Pd. Paid, Palladium. ^- E- (^l Ex(fi\6v.) Psi Epsilon (Col- lege Society). P. E. Protestant Episcopal, Presid- ing Elder. Pe. Pelopium. P. E. I. Prince Edward Island. Penn. Pennsylvania. Pent. Pentecost. Per., or Pers. Persia, Persian. Per,*pr., or P. By the, or per lb., oz., etc. Per an. (Per annum) By the year. Per cent., or per ct. (Per centum) By the hundred. Perf. Perfect. Perh. Perhaps. Peri. Perigree. Pers. Person. Persp. Perspective. Peruv. Peruvian. Pet. Peter. P. G. Past Grand. Pg. Portuguese. Phar. Pharmacy. Phar. D. Doctor in Pharmacy. Phar. G. Graduate in Pharmacy,, Phar. M. Master in Pharmacy. 1087 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Ph. B. (Philosophise Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph. D. (Philosophise Doctor) Doctor of Philosophy. Phil. Philip, Philippians, Philoso- phy, Philosopher, Philosophical, Philemon. Phil., or Phila. Philadelphia. Philem. Philemon. Philomath (Philomathematicus) A lover of mathematics. Philos. Philosophy. Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transac- tions. Phonog. Phonography. Photog. Photography. Phren. Phrenology. P. H. S. Pennsylvania Historical So- ciety. Phys. Physics, Physiology, Physician. Physiol. Physiology. Pinx., or pxt. (Pinxit) He (or she) painted it. P. J. President Judge, Police Justice. Pk. Peck. Pks. Pecks. P. L. Poet Laureate. PL Place, Plate. PL, or plur. Plural. P. L. C. Poor Law Commissioners. Plfff. Plaintiff. Plin. Pliny. Phip., or plupf. Pluperfect. Plur. .Prural. Pm. Premium. P.M. (Postmeridian) Afternoon, Evening. P. M. Post Master, Passed Midship- man, Pay Master, Past Master. P. M. G. Post Master General, Pay Master General. P. N. Promissory Note. P. O. Post-Office. P. O. D. Post-Office Department. Poet. Poetry, Poetical. P. O. H. Patrons of Husbandry. P. of H. Patrons of Husbandry. Po. Pole. Pol. Polish. Polit. Econ. Political Economy. P. O. O. Post-Office Order. Pop. Population. Port. Portugal, Portuguese. Pos., or Poss. Possessive. Pp. or PP. Patres, Fathers. P. P. (Pater Patriae) The father of his country. P. P. Parish Priest. Pp. Pages. p. p. Past participle. P. P. C. (Pour Prendre Conge) To take leave. Pph. Pamphlet. P. P. I. Policy proof of interest. p. pr. Participle present. P. Q. Previous question. Pr. Priest, Prince. Pr. Preposition, Prince, Pronoun. Pr., or P (Per) "By the. P. R. (Populus Romanus) The Ro° man people, Prize ring, Porto Rico. P. R. A. President of the Royal Acad- emy. P. R. C. (Post Romam Conditam) After the building of Rome. Preb. Prebend, Prebendary. Pref . Preface, Prefix. Prep. Preposition. Pres. President. m Presb. Presbyterian. Pret. Preterit. Prim. Primate, Primitive. Prin. Principles. prin. Principally. Print. Printing. Priv. Privative. Priv. Chamb. Private Chamberlain. Prob. Problem, Probably. Prof. Professor. Pron. _ Pronoun, Pronounced, Pro- nunciation. Pron. a. Pronominal adjective. Prop. Proposition, Properly. Prot. Protestant. Prot. Ap. Prothonotary Apostolic. Pro. tern, (pro tempore) For the time. Prov. Proverbs, Proverbially, Pro- vost, Provincial. Prov. Mar. Provost Marshal. Prov. Sem. Provincial Seminary. Prox. (Proximo) Next, or of the next month, in the next. Prus. Prussia, Prussian. P. S. (Postscriptum) Postscript, Per- manent Secretary, Privy Seal. Ps., or Psa, Psalm, or Psalms. Pss. Postscripts. 1088 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Pt. Part, Pint, Payment, Port, Point. Pt. Platinum. P. t. (Pro tempore) For the time. P. T. O. Pleast turn over. ilr.y (¥TYi|rfX6i>.) PsiUpsilon (College Society). Pub. Publisher, Publication, Public, Published. Pub. Doc. Public Documents. Pulv. (Pulvis) Powder. Pun. Puncheon. P. v. Post- village. P. W. P. Paso Worthy Patriarch. Pwt. Pennyweight, Pennyweights. Pxt. (Pinxit) He (or she) painted it. Q. Question, Quintus. Q., or Qu. Queen, Question, Query. Q. B. Queen's Bench. Q. C. Queen' s College, Queen's Coun- sel, or Council. Q. d. (Quasi cheat) As if he should say. (Quasi dictum) As if said. (Quasi dixisset) As if he had said. Q. e. (Quod est) V^hich is. Q. E. D. (Quod Erat Demonstran- dum) Which was to be demon- strated, or proved. Q. L. (Quantum libet) As much as you please. Qm. (Quomodo) By what means. Q. M. Quarter Master. Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger. Q. M. G. Quarter Master General. Q. P., or q. pi. (Quantum placet). As much as you please. Qr. Quarter (28 lb.,) Farthing, Quire. Qrs. Quarters, Quires, Farthings. Q. S. Quarter Sessions. Q. S. Quarter Section. (Quantum sufficit). Sufficient quantity. Qt. Quart, Quantity. Qts. Quarts. Qu. Queen, Question. Qu., or qy. (Quaere) Inquire, Query. Quad. Quadrant, Quadrate. Quar. Quarterly. Ques. Question. Q. v. (Quod vide) Which see. (Quan- tum vis.) As much as you please. Qy. Query. R. (Recipe) Take. R. (Regina) Queen. (Rex) King. Railway, Rhodium, Rises, River, Residence. R. Rood Roods, Rod, Rods. R. A. _ Roya" Academy, Royal Acade- mician, Royal \rch, Royal Artillery, Rear Admiral, Right Ascension. R. A. C. Royal Arch Chapter. Rad. (Radix) Root, Radical. R. Adml. Rear Admiral. R. A. K.T. P. Royal Arch Knight Templar Priest. R. A. M. Royal Ark Mariners, Royal Academy of Music. Rb. Rubidium. R. C. Roman Catholic. R. D. Royal Dragoons. R. D., or Rur. Dn. Rural Dean. R. E. Royal Engineers, Royal Ex- change, Right Excellent, Reformed Episcopal. Rec. Recorder. Rec, or R. Recipe. Reed. Received. Recpt. Receipt. Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. Rect. Rector, Receipt. Ref. Reference, Reformed. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. Reg., or Regr. Register, Registrar, Registry. Reg., or Regt. Regent, Regiment. Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. Regr. Registrar- Regt. Regiment. Rel. Religion. Rel. Pron. Relative Pronoun. Rem. Remark, or Remarks. Rep. Representative, Report, Re- porter, Republican, Republic. Repub. Republic. Rev. Reverend, Revelation (Book of), Review, Revenue, Revise. Revd. Reverend. Revs. Plural of Reverend. Rev. Ver. Revised Version (Scrip- tures). R. G. G. Royal Grenadier Guards. R. H. A. Royal Horse Artillery, Roy- al Hibernian Academy. Rhet. Rhetoric. 1089 2 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations R. H. G. Royal Horse Guards. R. I. Rhode Island. R. I. B. A. Royal Institution of Brit- ish Architects. Richd. Richard. R. I. H. S. Rhode Island Historical Society. Riv. River. R. M.^ Royal Marines, Royal Mail, Resident Magistrate. R. M. A, Royal Military Asylum. R. M. S. Royal Mail Steamer. R. N. Royal Navy. R. N. O. (Riddare af Nordstjerne Orden) Knight of the Order of the Polar Star. Ro. (Recto) Right-hand page. Ro., or Robt. Robert. Rom. Roman, Romans (Book of). Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. R. P. Regius Professor, The King's Professor. R. R. Railroad, Right Reverend. R. Rs. Railroads. R. S. Recording Secretary, Right side. Rs. (Responsum) Answer. (Respon- dere) To answer. Rs. Rupees. R. S. A. Royal Society of Antiquaries, Royal Scottish Academy. R. S. C. C. Republican State Central Committee. R. S. D. Royal Society of Dublin. R. S. E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. R. S. L. Royal Society of London. R. S.V. P. (Repondez, S'il Vous Plait) Answer if you please. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful. Russ. Russia, Russian. R. V. Revised Version (Scriptures). R. W. Right Worthy, or Right Wor- shipful, Railway. R.W. D. G. M. Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Master. R.W. G. S. Right Worthy Grand Secretary. R.W. G. R. Right Worthy Grand Representative. R. W. G. T. Right Worthy Grand Treasurer, Right Worshipful Grand Templar. R.W.G.W. Right Worthy Grand Warden. R. W. J. G. W. Right Worshipful Junior Grand Warden. R. W. O. (Riddare af Wasa Orden) Knight of the Order of Wasa. R. W. S. G. W. Right Worshipful Se- nior Grand Warden. R'y Railway. R'ys. Railways. S. South, Saint, Scribe, Sulphur, Sign, Sextus (Semis) Half. S. ^ Second, Sun, See, Sets, Solo, Sec- tion, Series, Singular, Son. (Solidus) A shilling. S. A. South America, South Africa, South Australia. Sam, Samuel. Sans. Sanskrit. S. A. S. (Societatis Antiquariorum Socius) Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Sat. Saturday. Sax. Saxon. Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicles. Sb. (Stibium) Antimony. S. C. (Senatus Consultum) A de- cree of the Senate, South Carolina, Small Caps. Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) engraved it. Sc, or scil. (Scilicet) To wit, name- ly, being understood. Scan. Mag. (Scandalum magnatum) Defamatory expressions tending to the injury of persons of importance. S. caps. Small capitals. S. C. Hist. Soc. South Carolina His- torical Society. Sch., or Schol. (Scholium) A note. Sch., or schr. Schooner. Sci. Science. Sci. fa. (Scire facias) Make known (Law). Scil., or sc. (Scilicet) To wit, name- ly, being understood. S. C. L. Student of the Civil Law. Sclav. Sclavonic. Scot. Scotland, Scottish, Scotch. Scr. Scruple. 1090 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Script. Scripture, Scriptural. Sculp. (Sculpsit) He (or she) en- graved it. Sculp., or sculpt. Sculpture. S. D. (Salutem dicit) Sends health. South Dakota. S. D. (Scientiae Doctor) Doctor of Science, Senior Deacon. S, D. U. K. Society for the Diffu- sion of Useful Knowledge. S. E. Southeast, Southeastern. Se. Selenium. Sec, Secretary. Sec. Second, Section. Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sec. leg. (Secundum legem) Accord- ing to law. Sec. reg. (Secundum regulam) Ac- cording to rule. Sect. Section. Sen. Senate, Senator, Senior. Sep., or Sept. September, Septua- gint. Seq., or Sqq . (Sequentia, or sequen- tes) The following, the next. (Se- quitur) It follows. Ser. Series. Serb. Serbian. Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or Ser- jeant. Serg. Maj. Sergeant Major. Serv., or Servt. Servant. S. G. (Salutis Gratia) For the sake of safety (i. e., insured). S. G. Solicitor General. Sh., or s. Shilling. Shak. Shakespeare. S. Hist. Soc. Southern Historical So- ciety. S. H. S. (Societatis Historical Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society. Si. Silicium. Sing., or Sin. Sine, Singular. S. Isl. Sandwich Islands. Sist. Sister. S. J. Society of Jesus. S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanskrit. S. L. Solicitor at Law. S. L., or L. S. (Sigilli Locus) Place for the Seal. S. L., or S. Lat. South Latitude. Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian. Sid. Sailed. S. M. Short Metre, Sergeant Major, Sons of Malta, Sewing machine. S. M. (Sa Majesty His (or Her) Majesty. Sm. C. Small capitals. S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Imperiale) His (or Her) Imperial Majesty. Smith. Inst. Smithsonian Institu- tion. S. M. Lond. Soc. (Societatis Medi- cse Londiniensis Socius) Member of the London Medical Society. S. M. Lond. Soc. Cor. (Societatis Medicae Londiniensis Socius Cor.) Corresponding Member of the Lon- don Medical Society. Sn. (Stannum) Tin. Soc. Society. Soc. Isl. Society Islands. S. of Sol. Song (or Songs) of Solo- mon. S. of T. Sons of Temperance. Sol. Solomon, Solution, Solicitor. Sol. Gen. Solicitor General. S.P. (Sine Prole) Without issue, supra protest. S. P. (Salutem precatur) He prays for his prosperity. Sp. Spain, Spanish. S. P. A. S. (Societatis Philosophies Americanae Socius) Member of the American Philosophical Society. S.P. C. A. Society of the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals. S. P. C. K. Society for the Promo- tion of Christian Knowledge. S. P. D. (Salutem plurimam dicit) He wishes much health, or sends his best respects. S. P. G. Society for the propagation of the Gospel. Sp. gr. Specific gravity. S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Ro- manus) The Senate and the People of Rome. Sq., or sqq. Square. Sq. (Sequens) The following. Sq. ft. Square foot or square feet. Sq. in. Square inch or inches, Sq. m. Square mile or miles. Sq. r. Square rod or rods. Sq. yd. Square yard. Sq. yds. Square yards. Sr. Sir or Senior, Sister. Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations S. R. I. (Sacrum Romanum Imper- T ium) Holy Roman Empire. S. R. S. (Societatis Regise Socius) T. Town, Township, Ton. or Tun. Fellow of the Royal Society. T. (Tutti) All together, Tenor, Tit- S. S. Sabbath School, or Sunday- us, Tullius, Tuesday School, Saint Simplicius (the mark T., or Tom. Tome, Volume. on the collar of the Lord Chief Ta. Tantalum (Columbium). Justice of England). Tal. qual. (Talis qualis) Just as SS. Saints. they come, average quality. SS. (Scitote) Know ye. (Semis) Tan. Tangent. Tart. Tartaric. Half S. S. C. Solicitor preme Court. S. S. E. South-Southeast. S. S. W. South-Southwest. before the Su- Tb. Tarbium. T. C. D. Trinity College, Dublin. Te. Tellurium. T. E. Topographical Engineers. 2-T- (Sl W aTav.) Sigma Tau (College Tel. Telegraph, Telegram. Society). Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. St. Stanza. Ter. Territory. St. Saint, Street, Strait. Term. Termination. Stat. Statute, Statutes. Teut. Teutonic. S. T. D. (Sacrae Theologise Doctor) Tex. Texas. Doctor of Sacred Theology, Doctor Text. Rec. (Textus Receptus) The of Divinity. Received Text. Ster., or Stg. Sterling. 0, or 6. 0fj T a. (Theta) Greek. S. T. P. (Sacrse Theologise Profes- th. Th. sor) Professor of Theology. Sts. Streets. Su. Sunday. Subj. Subjunctive. Subst. Substantive, Substitute. Suff. Suffix. Sun., or SuncJ- Sunday. Th. Thomas, Thorium. Th., or Thurs. Thursday. Theo. Theodore, Theodosia. Theol. Theology, Theological. Theoph. Theophilus. Theor. Theorem. Thess. Thessalonians. Sup. Supplement, Superfine, Super- Thos. Thomas. ior, Superlative. Sup., or Supr. (Supra) Above Sup. C. Superior Court. Super. Superior, Superfine. Superl. Superlacive. Supp. Supplement. Supt. Superintendent. Surg. Surgeon, -Surgery. Surg. Gen. Surgeon General. Surv. Surveyor, Surveying. Surv. Gen. Surveyor General. Sus. Susannah. S. V. (Sub verbo, or Sub voce) der the word or title. Un- Thu.,Thur., or Thurs. Thursday. T. H. W.M. Trinity High Water Mark. Ti. Titanium. Tier. Tierce. Tim. Timothy Tit. Titus, Title. Tl. Thallium. Tob. Tobit. Tom. Tome, or Volume. Tonn. Tonnage. Topog. Topography, or Topographical. Tr. Transpose, Translator, Transla- tion, Treasurer, Trustee. S. W , -Southwest, Southwestern, Sen- tr. (Trillo) A shake. ior Warden. Trans. Translator, Translation, Trans- Sw. Swedish, Sweden. lated, Transaction, Transportation. Switz. Switzerland. Trav. Travels. Syn. Synonym, Synonymous. Trav. Agt. Travelling Agent. Synop. Synopsis. Treas. Treasurer. Syr. Syria, Syrian, Syriac, Syrup. Trin. Trinity. 1092 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Trin. Coll. Trinity College. Trs., or Trus. Trustees. Ts. Texas. T. T. L. To take leave. Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. Turk. Turkey, or Turkish. Typ., or Typo. Typographer. Typog. Typography, Typographical. U. S. R. Usher of the Scarlet Rod. U. S. S. United States Senate, United States Ship (o Steamer). Usu. Usua or usually. U. S. V. United States Volunteers. Ut. Utah. V. Vanadium, Victoria, Viscount. U V. Fiv or fifth. V. Verse, Verb, Village, Vocative, U. Uranium. Volume. (Versus) Against. (Vide) See U. A. O. D. United Ancient Order of V. a. Verb active. Druids. V. A. Vicar, or Vicariate, Apostolic, U. C. (Urbis Conditae) From the Vice Admiral, building of the city (Rome), Upper Va. Virginia. Canada. U. E. I. C. United East India Com- pany. U. G. R. R. Underground Railroad. U. J. D. (Utriusque Juris Doctor) Doctor of both laws (i.e., the Canon and the Civil Law). See J. U. D. U. K. United Kingdom. U. K. A. Ulster King at Arms. U. L. A. Union League of America. Ult. (Ultimo) Last, or of the last month. Unit. Unitarian. Univ. University, Universally. Up. Upper. < U. P. C. United Presbyterian Church. U. S. United States, United Service. U. S. (ut supra) As above. Vat V. aux, Vb.n. V. C. Vatican. Verb auxiliary. Verbal noun. Vice Chancellor, Vice Chair- man, Victoria Cross. V. C. G. Vice Consul General. V. def. Verb defective. V. dep. Verb deponent. V. D. L. Van Dieman's Land. V. D. M. (Verbi Dei Minister) Mini- ster of the Word of God. Ven. Venerable. Ven., or ven. fa. (Venire facias) A writ to a sheriff to summon a jury. Ven. Ex. (Venditioni exponas) A writ of execution to a sheriff to sell goods, etc. U. S. A. United States Army, United Ver. Verse, Verses. States of America. U. S. L. United States Legation. U. S. M. United States Mail, United States Marine, United States Mint (Philadelphia). U. S.M. A. United States Military U. S. M. C. United States Marine Corps. U.S. M. C. C. United States Mint (Carson City). U. S. M. S. United States Mint (San Vice Pres Francisco). Vic. Gen. Ver. or Vt., Vermont. Vet. Surg. Veterinary Surgeon. V. F. Vicar Forane. V. G. Vicar General, Vice Grand. V. g. (Verbi gratia) For example. Vi. (Vide) > See. V. i. Verb intransitive. VI. Six or sixth. VII. Seven or seventh. VIII. Eight or eighth. Vic. Ap. Vicar Apostolic. Vice-President. Vicar General. U. S. N. United States Navy. Vid. See. (Vide) U.S.N. A. United States Naval Vil. Village. Academy. V. imp. Verb impersonal. U. S. P. United States Pharma- V. irr. Verb irregular. copceia. Vis-, or Vise. Viscount. 1093 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Viz. (Videlicet) Namely, to wit, V. n. Verb neuter. Vo. (Verso) Left-hand page. Voc. Vocative. Vol. Volume. Vols. Volumes, Volunteers. V. P. Vice-President. V. R. (Victoria Regina) Queen Vic- toria, Very Reverend. V. r. Verb reflective, or reflexive. V. Rev. Very Reverend. Vs. (Versus) Against, or in opposi- tion. V. S, Veterinary Surgeon. Vt. Vermont. V. t. Verb transitive. Vul., or Vulg. Vulgate, Vulgar. Vv. 11. (varias lectiones) Different W W. Wednesday, Welsh. W. West, Western, Warden. Wolf- ramium) Tungsten. W. Week. W. A. West Australia, West Africa. W. & M. Coll. William and Mary's College. Wall. Wailachian. Wash. Washington. W. C. Water-closet, West Central. W. C. T. U. Women's Christian Tern- perance Union. Wed. Wednesday. West. Res. Coll. Western Reserve College. Wes. Univ. Wesleyan University. w. f. Wrong font (in printing). W. G. G. Worthy Grand Chaplain, Worthy Grand Conductor. W. G. C. Worthy . Grand Guide, Worthy Grand Guardians. W. G. H. Worthy Grand Herald. W. G. M. Worthy Grand Marshal. W. G. S. Worthy Grand Sentinel. Whf. Wharf. W. I. West Indies, West India. Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. Wisd. Wisdom (Book of). Wk. Week, Work. W. Lon. West longitude. Wm. William. W. M. Worshipful Master. W. M. S. Wesleyan Missionary So- ciety. W. N. W. West-Northwest. W. P. Worthy Patriarch. Wpful. Worshipful. W. R. William (Rex) King, West Riding. W. S. Writer to the Signet. W. S. W. West-Southwest. Wt. Weight. W. Va. West Virginia. Wyo. Wyoming. X. Christ. (Xpwrros, Christos). X. Ten or tenth. X. St. Andrew's Cross, Exchange, His (or her) mark. XI. Eleven. XII. Twelve. XIII. Thirteen. XIV. Fourteen. XV. Fifteen. XVI. Sixteen. XVI I . Seventeen. XVIII. Eighteen. XIX. Nineteen. XX. Twenty. XXX. Thirty. XL. Forty. XC. Ninety. Xdr., or fdr. Crusader. Xmas., or Xm. Christmas. Xn., or Xtian. Christian. Xnty., or Xty. Christianity. Xt. Christ. Y. Yttrium. Y., or yr. Year. Y. B. Year-Book. Y.C. Yale College. Yd. Yard. Yds. Yards. Y e . The or Thee. Note.—- The Y in this, and similar instances, is a sub- stitute for th. Y m . Them. Y. M. C. A. Young Men's Christian Association. 1094 Dictionary of Most Common Abbreviations Y. M. Cath. A. Young Men's Catho- Z He Association. Y n . Then. Z. Zero. Y r . Their. Z. Zinc. Yr. Your. Z. Zone. Yr. B. Year-Book. Z., or Zr. Zirconium. Yrs. Yours, Years. Zach. Zachary. Y 8 . This. Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. Y*. That. Zech. Zechariah. Y. W. C. A. Young Women's Chris- Zeph. Zephaniah. tian Association. Z. G. Zoological Gardens. Y. W. C. T. U. Young. Women's Zn. Zinc. Christian Temperance Union. Zod. Zodiac. Y. W. C. U. Young Women's Chris- Zool. Zoology or zoological* tian Union* Zr* Zirconium. 1095 DICTIONARY OF MUSIC A alternative, proceeding alternately from one to another movement. © hallata, in ballad style. andante, slow, gentle, soothing. & battuta, in exact beat; true time, andante con moto, slow, but with a cappella, in church or chapel movement, not dragging. style; for chorus, without accom- aria buffa, comic song. paniment. aria d'abilita, song of difficult exe- a capriccio, as you please. cution. a deux temps, two crotchets or beats arpeggio, passages formed of the in a bar. notes of regular chords, played in a due, for two voices or instruments; succession. separately or in unison. a piacere, at the performer's pleasure B as to time. a quatre mains, for four hands, as ben marcato, render passage or air a pianoforte dueti in a clear, distinct and strongly a tempo, in regular time. accented manner. a tre, for three voices or instruments, bis, twice. Passage marked by a accelerando, gradually quickening the curved line under or over it to be movement. played or sung twice. acciacatura, a species of grace-note, bravura, boldness, spirit, dash, bril- accolade, the brace that binds all parts liancy. of a score. brillante, _ brilliant, showy, sparkling. accoppiate, parts Joined by a brace, brio, brilliancy, spirit. adagio, slow and sustained. brise, split into arpeggios; in violin adagio assai, very slow and sustained. playing, short, detached strokes of affetto, emotion, feeling. afflizione, sorrow, mournfulness. air ecossais, a Scotch air. alia Polacca, in style of a Polish dance. alia Siciliana, in style of Sicilian burletta, a musical farce, shepherd's dance. alia zoppa, in constrained, halting, - C syncopated style. allegro, quick, lively. m calore, warmth, animation. allegro assai, very quick. cantabile,. in singing style, allegro ma non troppo, quick, but cantando, cantante, in not too much so. style, smooth and flowing. allegretto, cheerful, but not so quick cantata, a vocal composition consist- as allegro. ing of an intermixture of recitative, allegretto scherzando, moderately air and chorus. vivacious, playfully, but without capriccio, fanciful, irregular compo- haste. sition; caprice, al segno, da! segno, to return to che, than, that. the similar preceding sign and play coda, a "tail-piece," or concluding thence to the word Fine. 1096 the bow. buffo, buffa, humorous,_ comic, espe- cially as applied to an air or a singer. burden, a return of the theme of a song at the end of each verse. singing Dictionary of Music . col arc©, with the bow. colla parte, accompatiist must ac- commodate his temps to the leading part. colla piu gran forza e prestezza, as loud and quick as possible. come, as, like. come primo, as at first. come tempo del tema, same move- ment as the theme. commodo, comodo, quietly, with composure. con amore, tenderly, with affection. con brio ed anirnato, brilliant and animated. con diligenza, in studied manner. con espressione, with expression. con fuoco, with fire, with intense animation. con gusto, with taste. con impetuosita, with impetuosity. con energia, with much energy. con mo to, with motion, actively, not dragging. con spirit©, with quickness, with spirit. con variazioni, with variations. con velocita, in swift time. con vivacita, with animation. contrapuntal, in the style of coun- terpoint, fugal, with rich and varied parts or voices. counterpoint, the science of writing parts or melodies in combination. crescendo, gradually increasing the tone-volume. da capo, from the beginning, repeat from the beginning. dal segno, from the sign, or mark of repetition. decrescendo, gradual decreasing the tone volume. delicato, delicatamente, delicately. destra, right, right hand. dito, the ringer. divertissement, short, light compo- sition; also airs introduced between the acts of Italian opera. divoto, in solemn style. dolente, pathetically. doloroso, in a soft, sorrowful style. energico, with energy, force. espressivo, with expression. fine, end. flebile, in mournful style, weepingly. forte, loud. fortissimo, very loud. forza, with force, energy. fresco, fresh, quick, lively. furioso, furiously, with fire, energy, intense animation. giusto, exact, precise. glissando, in gliding manner, sweep- ing across the keys. grazioso, gracefully. Gregorian music, sacred composi- tions, after the style introduced into the Roman Catholic service by Pope Gregory (about 600 A.D.). gusto, taste. H harmonic triad, a common chord, like C-E-G, F-A-C, G-B-D. hauptsatz, the principal section of an extended movement. hauptstimme, the most prominent voice, or part; the voice or part which has the theme. haut-contre, counter-tenor, high tenor, alto. haut-dessus, first treble, high so- prano. hinstrich, an up-bow. holding-note, a note that is sus- tained or continued, while others are in motion. I il ponticello, in singing, where the natural tone forms a junction with th falsetto; the ' 'break" in a voice. impetuoso, with impetuosity. impromptu, without study or prepa- ration. 1097 Dictionary of Music Innocent e, innocent, natural, un- affected, ingenuous. instrumentation, the art of arrang- ing music for the various instru- ments of an orchestra or band. 1. h., the left hand. largamente, sustaining, or broaden- ing the chords or tones, ponder- ously, with breadth. larghetto, time less slow than largo. larghissimo, very slowly and broadly. largo, a very slow, stately movement. legato, smooth, connected, the oppo- site of staccato. leggiero, with lightness. lento, slow. lentando, with increasing slowness. M main droit, the right hand. main gauche, the left hand. meno mosso, slower movement. mesto, pensive, sad, melancholy. mezza voce, with moderate strength of tone. mezzo, half, middle. mezzo forte, moderately loud. mezzo piano, moderately soft. mit begleitung, with accompani- ment. moderato, with moderation, as alle- gro moderate, moderately fast, not too fast. molto adagio, very slow. molto allegro, very f est. mordent, a quick trill, with but a single stroke of the grace-note (side- note). morendo, dying away, gradually growing softer. mormorando, with a gentle, mur- muring sound. motet, ^ composition of a sacred char- acter in several parts; an unaccom- panied anthem. motive, motivo, leading theme of a composition; a brief and charac- teristic theme. musica di camera, chamber-music; music in serious style, intended for performance in a house or smaU hall — such as string-quartets, vio lin sonatas, piano trios, etc. N nachspiel, a postlude. non troppo presto, not too fast. obbligato, voices or instruments in- dispensable to the proper perform- ance of a piece; also a part added for ornament or display. opera buffa, a comic opera. ottava, an octave. ottava alta, an octave higher. ottava bassa, an octave lower. parte cantante, the singing part, the voice or part which has the sus- tained melody. pastorale, in rustic or pastoral style. perdendo cr perdendosi, gradually decreasing in speed and volume to the last note, which is nearly, if not quite, lost on the ear. piu forte, louder. piu lento, slower. piu mosso, with more movement. piu piano, softer. piu presto, quicker. pizzicato, plucked, played with the finger, not with the bow. poco a poco, gradually. By degrees. poco meno, somewhat less. poco piano, rather soft. poco piu, somewhat more. poco presto, rather quick. portamento, gliding from one to another note. premiere, a first performance. prestissimo, the most rapid possible movement. primo, the first. rallentando, ritardando, ritenente, slackening the speed. rondino, rondiletta, rondinetto, or rondoletto, a short rondo 1098 Dictionary of Music rondo, a composition of several strains with frequent return to first theme. echerzando, in a light, breezy man- ner. scherzo, a joke or jest; the quick movement of a sonata or symphony. seconda volta molto crescendo, much louder the second time. segue il coro, here follows the chorus. segue la finale, here follows the finale. segue senza interruzione, go on; do not stop. sempre forte, continuing loud, with- out decreasing the force. sempre piu forte, steadily increas- ing in force. senza replica, without, repetition. Da capo senza replica, play from the beginning, but disregard repeat- marks. sin' al fine, to the end. slentando, reducing the speed. sostenuto, sustained. sotto voce, in an undertone. spiritoso, with spirit, animation, energy, staccato, short, pointed, detached; the opposite of legato. stark, loud. syncopation, a displacement of ac- cent, either by having a rest on a strong beat, or by tying a strongly accented tone to a weaker. tasto solo, played without chords. tempo, or a tempo, in time. tempo giusto, in exact time. tempo primo, in the first or original time. tenete sino alia fin del suono, keep keys down as long as sound lasts. tenna, the theme. tenuto, sustained; held for the full time-value. timpani, kettle drums. tutti, all voices or instruments, or both. tre, three; a tre, for three voices or instruments. tremando, or tremolo, rapid repeti- tion of a note or chord, producing a tremulous kind of motion. variazioni, variations of an air or theme.^ veloce, in rapid time. vigor oso, vigorously, with energy. vivace, with animation. vivo, animated, lively. voll, full, as mit voile orgel, full organ. voce, the voice. voce di petto, chest or natural voice. voce di testa, head voice. volta, time, turn; as prima volta, the first time; una, volta, once. volti eubito, turn the leaf quickly. 1099 DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY B aberration, in a lens, a deviation of rays of light from a normal path. See chromatic aberration, spherical aberration. accelerator, a chemical addition to a developer to hasten its work. acetic acid, an acid used as a clearing bath for bromide prints, developed with ferrous oxalate. acetone, a chemical compound used for preserving developers, fixing baths, and as a restrainer. achromatic lens, one that produces an image without fringes of color. actinometer, an instrument for measuring the intensity of the solar rays and determining the exposure for plates and papers. adurol, a group of developing agents. aerograph, an air-brush or spray pencil used in finishing enlargements, working up backgrounds, etc. Albertype, a modification of the early paper-negative calotype process. albumen process, one by which albumen is used instead of collodion to coat glass or paper. ambrotype, a negative on glass backed by a black coating, so that the transparent portions of the glass appeared black. anthrakotype, a process for produc- ing line drawings, diagrams, etc. aperture, the clear space in the lens which allows the light to pass into the camera. Artigue process, an^ early gum- bichromate process, in which hot sawdust and water were used for developing. artotype, another name of calotype. astigmatism, an aberration in a lens. astrophotography, photography ap- plied to the celestial bodies. autotype, the original carbon process. backing, a non-reflecting substance applied to the back of a plate to prevent light from spreading. Bergheim lens, one favored for portraiture. biconcave lens, one thinnest at center, with both surfaces curved inwards. biconvex lens, one thickest at center, with both surfaces curved outwards. binocular camera, another name of stereoscopic camera. biograph. See cinematograph. bitumen process, a process used for obtaining a_ photographic image, from a negative on a zinc or copper plate; adapted to photo-lithography and line and half-tone zincography. blue-print process, one in which prints are made on paper coated with a mixture of a ferrous salt, usually ammoniocitrate of iron, and ferricyanide of potassium, the image being developed and fixed by merely washing in water. bromide paper, a paper coated with a sensitive gelatine-bromide emul- sion, usually developed in a dark- room, but some kinds may be exposed and developed by gaslight. cabinet, a size of portrait mount, about 6x4 inches. calotype process, one in which paper, having on its surface chloride of silver, is exposed in a camera, and the image developed by a solution of gallic acid. camera, a light-tight box in which the sensitive plate is exposed. camera, solar, a camera in which the direct rays of the sun are used foi printing and enlarging. 1100 Dictionary of Photography camera, stereoscopic, a camera with two similar lenses about 2% inches apart, for taking views for the stereoscope. carbon paper, a paper coated with pigmented gelatine, usually sensi- tized with potassium bichromate. carbon process, one in which the paper is coated with a mixture of gelatine, water, and pigment; sensi- tized by a solution of bichromate of potash or of ammonia; developed by washing in warm water; and printed under a negative. celluloid, a compound of camphor and gun-cotton, resembling ivory; used in photography as a basis for flat and roll films. chromatic aberration, the fringing of images with prismatic colors when light passes through curved lenses. cinematograph, a device similar to the biograph, kinetograph, and vita- scope, for projecting on a canvas screen lifelike animated pictures of moving objects. collodion process, one in which the sensitive iodide and bromide of silver are held in a film of collodion, on glass, the image being developed with pyrogallic acid, or a ferrous salt, and the positive being obtained by laying the negative on prepared paper and exposing them to the light. cyanotype process, the same as blue- print process, used chiefly for reproducing mechanical and archi- tectural designs. Daguerreotype process, the famous one in which a film of silver iodide on a plate of silvered copper was the sensitive material, the pictures on which being developed by the vapor of mercury. developing paper, a paper on which the image does not immediately appear, but requires developing like the negative; similar to bromide paper. development, the treatment of an exposed sensitive photographic sur- face with certain reducing agents, so as to render the image visible. dry-plate, a sensitive gelatin or collodion plate that may be kept and exposed in a dry state. See wet-plate. electrical transmission, a modern system of transmitting photographs electrically, employing a half-tone photograph printed on tinfoil, placed to be revolved on a metal drum over which travels an iridium stylus. ferrotype, a negative on black- varnished iron. film, a transparent, flexible sheet of celluloid, used in the place of glass as a base for the sensitive material. fixing, the removal, by a solution of hyposulphite of soda or cyanide of potassium, of the unaffected deposit of iodide and bromide of silver in the collodion film after exposure and development. # flash-light, a light that can be made to flash into momentary brilliancy, used in instantaneous photography after dark; usually produced by compounds containing magnesium. fuming, < exposing silver paper to ammonia to render it more sensitive and capable of giving more brilliant prints and a purple tone. halation, the tendency of the action of fight to spread in the film. See aberration, chromatic aberration, spherical aberration. heliotype process, a photo-mechan- ical method in which a gelatin picture is itself used to print from in some form of printing-press, instead of being covered with tinfoil, as in the Stannotype process. intensifying, a term applied to various modes of giving strength or 1101 Dictionary of Photography increased opacity to the deposit forming the photographic picture on an exposed and developed plate. kinetograph. See cinematograph. L lens, a piece of a transparent sub- stance, usually glass, so shaped as to afford two regular opposite surfaces, both curved, or one curved and the other plane, changing the direction of rays of light, and diminishing or increasing the apparent size of objects viewed through it; used to throw an image of the objects in front of the camera on to the sensi- tive plate. lens field, the whole space ilium ned by a lens at full aperture, or the space it will cover with sufficient sharpness for photographic purposes. litmus paper, white blotting paper stained blue in a litmus solution and dried; used for testing acids. M microphotography, a photographic process by which an object is re- duced in size, while its exact form is retained. N negative, original plate or paper from which positive pictures are printed. photochromograph, a photograph in which the colors are represented according to nature. photochronograph, a chronographic and photographic m apparatus com- bined, used for taking instantaneous pictures of moving objects at regular and usually short intervals. photoengraving, a term applied to processes for producing printing blocks or plates by photography. photographophone, a device for photographing sounds, speech, mu- sic, etc., and reproducing them by means of telephone receivers. photography, the art of producing pictures by the action of certain sensitive substances,, under the in- fluence of light. photogravure, a term applied to methods of producing, by photog- raphy, plates for printing on a copper-plate press. photoheliograph, instrument de- vised for celestial photography. photolithography, a mode of pro- ducing by photography designs upon stones, from which impressions may be obtained on an ordinary litho- graphic press. photomicrography, the art of en- larging of microscopic objects, by means < of the microscope, ana projection of +he enlarged image on a sensitized plate. photo-relief, a picture in relief on metal, which can be used like a wood-cut on an ordinary printing- press. photo-sculpture, an application of photography to assist a sculptor in modelling portrait-statues, or fac- similes and reduced reproductions of other statues. phototype process, one similar to the heUotype process. platinum process, one in which the paper is coated with ferric and platinum salts, the resulting image being in platinum black. positive, the print on paper from a negative. powder process, one in which prints are produced on paper in plumbago. printing-out paper, a paper on which the image appears at once on exposure to light under a nega- tive, requiring only to be toned and fixed. restrained any substance used in developing the images produced by light, to prevent the action from proceeding too violently. 1102 Dictionary of Photography sensitizer, any substance added to a photographic material to increase or alter its sensitiveness to light. silver paper, a paper formed by a coating of albumen solution con- taining ammonium chloride, on which, when dried, is floated a solution of silver nitrate. spherical aberration, the deviation of rays of light when made to pass through curved lenses. Stannotype process, one in which a gelatin picture is covered with tinfoil before being placed on a press for printing. Swan's process, a carbon process believed to be the first of the permanent printing processes with pigmented gelatin that was com- mercially successful. tintype, another name for ambrotype and ferrotype. corrected for aberrations; used for rapid hand-camera work, portrait- ure, enlargements, and reproduc- tions. view-finder, a device attached to a camera through which an operator can see the view he is taking with- out using the focussing screen. vitascope. See cinematograph. U unar lens, a lens of large aperture, W water lens, a lens in which a cell of water or other liquid is used instead of glass. wet-plate, a plate that requires sensi- tizing before using, and is used in a wet state. See dry-plate. Woodbury type process, one similar to the Stannotype process for print- ing from a surface of tin. X-ray photography, that which is done with the aid of Rontgen or X-rays; now invaluable in the prac- tice of medicine and surgery. 1103 DICTIONARY OF POLO attack, the attempt of players to strike a ball through a goal. B back, player No. 4; usually the most important member of the team; generally guards a goal; sometimes takes the ball forward, leaving No. 3 on guard. back-hander, a stroke made when a player desires to send the ball im- mediately behind him, or to the off or near side, or under his pony's tail. back-line hit, when a ball is hit be- hind the back-line by one of the opposing side it must be hit off without delay from where it crossed the line, but at least 12 feet from the goal post, after giving the opposing side reasonable time to get to the 30 yards line; none of the attacking side to be within 30 yards of the back-line when the ball is hit off. ball, generally made from the willow tree root; not to exceed 334 inches in diameter, nor 53^ ounces in weight. bell, the instrument rung to notify players that an intermission has ex- pired; also, when the ball next goes out of play to indicate the time for changing ponies. See period. boards, planks 11 inches high set on edge end to end along the line; on the infield side the ground is sloped upward to within about 7 inches of the top of the boards, thus forming a sort of cushion. crossing. See interference. dead ball, a fouled ball till the um- pire orders "play." defense, the attempt of players to prevent a hit ball from passing through a goal. delays, all unnecessary delays for- bidden, and, in the case of hitting out a ball, penalized by the umpire ordering the offending side to hit out at once* disability by fouling, where a player has been disabled by a foul the side fouling may be penalized by having the offender designated and retired, after which the game may be continued with three players a side. duration of game, one hour, divided into 6 periods of 10 minutes each, with 3 minute intermission after each period, excepting the third, and then 5 minutes. falls (1) if a pony falls or if a player or pony be injured, the umpire stops the game; (2) if a player falls off his pony, the umpire will not stop the game unless he believes that the player is injured; (3) the umpire decides what constitutes a "fall." forward drive, a strong hit at the ball on the off-side. foul, any infringement of the rules. game won, by the side that gains the most goals. gets back to, phrase meaning that a player resumes his former position as soon as possible after a maneuver is completed, successfully or not. Die 73 1104 Dictionary of Polo giving way, in general, the player following most closely the line of the ball after the last hit must be given way to by other players, unless they can get in front of him without causing a sudden check. goal gained, when a ball passes be- tween the goal posts and over the goal line. goal posts, posts at least 10 feet high, placed 24 feet apart; made of a flexible material, as rolled paper, to reduce dangers of collision. goals, not less than 250 yards apart; each one, 8 yards wide. ground, # area of play; not over 300 yards in length by 200 yards in width, if ground is unboarded, and 300 by 160 yards where ground is boarded. H hooking a stick, in British play, a player is permitted to hook an op- ponent's stick if the latter is in the act of striking at the ball, provided he be immediately behind him or on the same side of his pony as the ball; in American play, hooking a stick is prohibited. interference, a player is not al- lowed to cross another player who is in possession of the ball, excepting at such a distance that the player shall not have to check his pony to avoid a collision. interposing, a player may interpose his pony before an opponent so as to prevent the latter reaching the ball, but see interference. allowed to enter a game or tourna- ment. line of the ball, the line of its course, or its line at the moment of a dispute. lines, markings across the ground at each end parallel to the goal lines, and 30 and 60 yards from them. M mallet, the same as stick. marking, where a player keeps close watch over an opponent to prevent his becoming unguarded. mount, the pony. N near-side stroke, one where the player cannot swing his stick on the right side. No. 1, in British play, the most undesirable position of a player on a team, as he is not allowed to hit the ball unless he has one of the opposing side nearer than himself to the opponent's goal line; American rules make him more important than the British. No. 4. See back. Nos. 3 and 4, the two rear players; they work in unison and on occasion change positions and guard the goal. on-side, a player not in possession of the ball who has at least one opposing player between himself and the goal he is attacking. out-ball, a ball that goes over and clear of a boundary line. left-handed players, where two players are riding from opposite directions to hit the ball, and one of them is left-handed, the latter must give way to the other. In British play all left-handed players must be registered before being penalties for foul play (1) a free hit from the 60-yards line, the fouling side keeping behind the goal line; (2) a free hit from the spot where the foul occurred; (3) a hit by the fouling side from the goal line, the fouling side keeping beyond the 30- yards line; (4) a free hit from the 1105 Dictionary of Polo 60-yards line, the fouling side being not within 20 yards of the ball, and the fouled side disposed at pleasure. period, one of the six divisions of 10 minutes of the hour in whicn the game is played; no period can be ended till the ball goes out of play. players' line, No. 1 in front; Nos. 2, 3, and 4, stretched from No. 1 toward the protected goal; No. 1 marks No. 4 of the opposing line, No. 2 marks the opposing No. 3, etc. pony, the mount, not over 14 hands, 2 inches in height, and well trained to the game. possession of the ball, credited to any player who follows the exact line of the ball from the direction from which it was last hit. prohibitions, no player shall ride dangerously ^ zigzag in front of a player who is on a gallop; bump at an angle dangerous to a player or his pony; pull across or over a pony's forelegs so as to risk tripping the pony;^ use his stick dangerously; use blinkers or spurs with rowels on his pony; intentionally strike his pony with the head of his stick; carry a ball; seize with the hand, strike or push with the head, arm, or elbow; or hit the ball or interfere with the game when dismounted. referee, in important matches, an official agreeable to each side, whose decisions are final when the umpire or umpires disagree or are appealed from. restarting the game, after a goal has been scored, the game is resumed in the same manner as started. riding-off, attempting to impede an opposing "back" from reaching the ball without getting off-side. See interposing. riding-out, a player may ride out an opponent so as to prevent the latter reaching the ball; but see interference. S side-fouling, penalized by the side having to take the ball back and hit it off from behind their own goal line, from the center of goal, none of the side fouled to be within 30 yards of the goal line produced, but the side fouling being free to place them- selves where they please. slice to the off, a hit by which the ball is centered to the players' right. starting the game, after both sides have taken positions in the center of the ground the umpire throws the ball between the lines of players and orders "play." stick, instrument of any desired length or weight with which the ball is struck. striking-head, the cross-piece at- tached to the end of the stick, more or less curved, and turned at right angles to the direction of the stroke; American favorite, cigar-shaped. stroke under pony's neck, a stroke made in front of a goal for scoring or driving the ball out of the danger zone. team, four players on each side, known as Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. three-player-sides, a game con- tinued with three players a side after the designation of any of the players of a side fouling and the retirement of the offender or of- fenders. tie, where a tie occurs the game is continued till a goal is scored. time-keeper, official employed in all games and matches. U umpire, an official for each side unless sides agree to play with one only; his or their decisions final. See referee. W ccorer, official employed in all games whistle, the instrument with which and matches. the umpire declares a ball "dead." DICTIONARY OF STATE NAMES AND MEANINGS Alabama, Indian, "here we rest." Arizona, Aztec; "silver bearing." Arkansas, "Kansas," the Indian name for "smoky water," with the French prefix "arc," bow or bend in the principal river. California, aliente Fornalla, Span- ish for "hot furnace," in allusion to the climate. Colorado, Spanish; meaning "col- ored," from the red color of the Colorado River. Connecticut, Indian; "long river." Delaware, named in honor of Lord Delaware. Florida, named by Ponce de Leon, who discovered it in 1512, on Easter Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores, or "Feast of Flowers." Georgia, in honor of George II. of England. g Idaho, Indian; meaning unknown. m Illinois, from the Indian "illini," men, and the French suffix "ois," together signifying * 'tribe of men." Indiana, Indian land. Iowa, Indian; "beautiful land." Kansas, Indian; "smoky water." Kentucky, Indian; for "at the head of the river"; or "the dark and bloody ground." Louisiana, for Louis XIV. of France. Maine, from the province of Maine, in France. Maryland, for Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England. Massachusetts, place of great hills (blue hills southwest of Boston). Michigan, the Indian name for a fish weir. The lake was so called from the fancied resemblance of the lake to a fish trap. Minnesot, Indian; meaning "sky- tinted water." Missisippi, Indian; meaning "great father of waters." Missouri, Indian; meaning "muddy." Montana, Latin; "mountainous re- gion." Nebraska, Indian; meaning "water valley." Nevada, Spanish; meaning "snow- covered," alluding to the mountains. New Hampshire, from Hampshire county, England. New Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the original gran- tees, who had previously been gov- ernor of Jersey Island. New Mexico, from old Mexico. New York, in honor of the Duke of York. North and South Carolina, orig- inally called Carolina, in honor of Charles IX. of France. North and South Dakota, Sioux Indian; "Lakota," "Nakota," or "Dakota;" "allies." p Ohio, Indian; "beautiful river." Oklahoma, Indian; "red people." Oregon, from the Spanish "oregano," wild marjoram, which grows abun- dantly on the coast. Pennsylvania, Latin; meaning Penn'a woody land. Rhode Island, from a fancied re- semblance to the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Tennessee, Indian; meaning "river with the great bend." Texas, origin of this name is unknown. Utah, Ute Indian; meaning unknown. Vermont, French; green mountain. Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." Washington, from George Washing- ton. West Virginia, former western part of Virginia. Wisconsin, Indian; "gathering of the waters," or "wild rushing channel," Wyoming, Indian; "large plains." 1107 DICTIONARY OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY B aerial, the part of a radio-telegraphic station used for transferring the energy of the transmitter to the ether, or, in the case of a receiving aerial, for collecting the energy from the ether for us^ in the receiver. aerial circuit, the distance between the free or insulated end of the aerial and tue connection with the earth. alternating current, a current which periodically changes its direction of flow. battery, a collection of elements or units, such as voltaic cells and leyden jars. blower, a rotary, motor-driven fan, used for drawing in air at atmos- pheric pressure and delivering it in high pressure blasts; prevents the formation of arcs. Bradfield insulator, ebonite insula- tor strengthened by a metal core, used for leading-in the aerial to the interior of a building; withstands high potentials of transmission. alternator, a generator of alternating bus bar, a broad lead to which the currents. smaller leads from the units of a antenne, another term for aerial. condenser battery are joined. aperiodic, that which has no definite buzzer, small apparatus for produc- individua* period. ing feeble oscillations, used for tests aperiodic receiver, one ready to and calls, respond to all waves, whatever their buzzer, practice, combination of periods might be. buzzer and signalling key for prac- arrester, apparatus with large spark- ticing signalling. ing surface and short air-gap, placed buzzer, tuned, common buzzer with the coils of the electro-magnet shunted by a non-inductive resist- ance. in series with the earth-lead of the transmitter; a lead is taken to the receiving apparatus from the side of the spark-gap remote from the earth; used for controlling signals on circuit, and for keeping the aerial earthed in thunder-storms and other call bell, a device by which incoming disturbances. auto-jigger, a device by which the inductance of the primary circuit is formed from a certain number of turns of the secondary circuit. automatic recorder, apparatus ca- pable of working up to several hundred words a minute; now used in place of original hand mechanism ; signals, especially those of distress, attract the attention of the operator even if he is off duty. capacity, the property by which a condenser stores up electrical energy; measured by the number of cou- lombs the condenser will hold when the difference of pressure between the two extreme plates is one volt. permits an enormously greater speed choking coil, a coil of wire wound in in transmission. automatic transmitter, apparatus substituted for the hand-worked signalling key; insures greater regu- larity and speed. such a way as to have great self- induction. circuits, a circuit in which oscilla- tions are possible and there is no distinct break of continuity is called 1108 Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy a closed oscillating circuit; a con- denser in which the plates are very remote converts a closed oscillating circuit into an open or radiating oscillating circuit. closed oscillating circuit. See cir- cuits. coherer, an imperfect contact or collection of such contacts, so arranged that when brought under the influence of the incoming electro- magnet wave it allows current from a local battery to pass and make some kind of signal. compass, wireless, one of several forms of direction-finders, which enables an operator to get the bear- ings of a station transmitting a signal by turning a handle over a marked scale. commutator, a series of moving or movable contacts by which the direction of the current in a system can be changed. condenser unit, a system composed of two conducting surfaces placed close together and separated by an insulator. coupling, the ratio of the mutual induction between two circuits com- pared with the self-inductance of each circuit. coupling, direct, where one circuit is linked to another in such a way that a portion of one circuit forms part of the other, or where there is direct electrical connection between the second circuit and a point in the first. cut-out, apparatus having the func- tion of a fuse, but not acting by the fusing of a conductor. cymometer, instrument for measur- ing the wave length and frequency of an electro-magnetic wave. cymoscope, instrument which shows the presence of minute currents; a detector; depends. on its rectifying action on a train of oscillations. moving rhythmically, so 89 to gradually reduce the amount of its movements. decrement, logarithmic, a measure or the rate of decay of an electric oscillation under the influence of damping. dielectric, a medium through which electric energy can be transmitted by an electrical strain in the medium. discharger, the device in the primary oscillating circuit at which the spark or arc occurs. earths, the metallic connections of the lower extremities of aerials with ^ the upper crust of the earth. einthoven, an exceedingly sensitive galvanometer for indicating received signals, in which the moving part is a fine stretched conducting string. frequency, term used in connection with any form of rhythmical motion or change, denoting the number of complete^ movements or changes in a given time, usually a second. frequency, high, under the latest demarcation between high and low frequency, a frequency measured in thousands or millions of periods per second. frequency, low, a frequency meas- ured in tens or hundreds of periods per second. • fundamental, the fundamental note, swing, or oscillation of a system is the one which fits in with the formula giving the time-period in terms of those of its properties which affect that period. See time-period. galvanometer. See einthoven. H damping, process of withdrawing harmonics, waves whose frequencies energy from a system, which is bear a definite relation to that of the 1109 Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy fundamental; the first harmonic of an aerial has a frequency three times as great as that of the fundamental; the second harmonic, five times as great, and so on. hysteresis, the lagging of an effect behind the cause producing it; generally due to friction of some inductance, the property of an electric circuit by which it tends to oppose any change in the value of the current flowing therein; the opposition being effected by the pro- duction of an electromotive force in such a direction as to lessen the change producing it. interference, the interaction of two waves of different frequencies, or of two waves of the same frequency but different phase acting m the same circuit, resulting in the for- mation of nodes and loops. See loop. interrupter, < a device for breaking up a continuous current into a succession of pulses more or less rapid. ionization, another term for electrol- ysis. jigger, a form of potential trans- former designed for high-frequency (oscillating) currents, and used both in transmitting and receiving, K key, high-tension transmitting, a device by which the transmitting circuit is made and broken by a switch in the high-tension leads of the transformer, controlled by the ordinary manipulating key. lamp, tuning, a small, low-voltage incandescent-filament lamp, ar- ranged so that it can take a small fraction of the oscillating current induced in the earth-lead of the transmitter. The amount of glow produced by the lamp indicates the total current in the earth-lead, and the lamp is effective in tuning the primary and secondary circuits. loop, a point of maximum potential in a circuit or part of a circuit along which the potential is gradually rising or falling. ^ When the aerial circuit is vibrating freely it will always have a node of potential at the earth and an anti-node or loop at its free end. M mast, steel, a type of mast built up of hollow steel sections of semi- circular shape after a system which enables it to be erected to great heights without any scaffolding. micrometer spark-gap, a small, delicately adjustable spark-gap, used to protect receivers, etc., against atmospheric discharges and other adverse influences. multiple action, a system by which one station can send two or more messages simultaneously to two or more other stations, and receive similarly from them. N node. See loop. note tuning, the syntonization of the receiver to the frequency of the wave-trains, instead of to the frequency of the waves themselves. oscillations, electric, alternating currents of high frequency, such as are produced by the discharge of a condenser through a circuit whose resistance does not exceed a certain value in comparison with the in- ductance and capacity. oscillations, free and forced, an oscillation is free when it has the game frequency as that of the funda- 1110 Dictionary of Wireless Telegraphy mental or one of the harmonics of the circuit, and forced when otherwise. period, in a system undergoing rhythmical change, one complete cycle of change. periodic time, the time of a complet- ed period. plain aerial, term applied to the receiving circuit when the detector is placed directly in series with the receiving aerial and the earth. quenched spark, one which, owing to .the^ nature of its discharger, extinguishes itself rapidly after al- lowing the passage of a few; oscil- lations. This spark, used in the primary circuit, _ produces two fre- quencies in the circuits. rectifier, < a device for converting alternating or oscillating currents into continuous currents, or into pulses of unidirectional current. resonance, the production of vibra- tions in a body or a circuit by the action of a periodic force which has the same period as the natural period of the body or circuit. syntony, the adjustment of one cir- cuit to another or of one transmitter to one receiver so that the time- periods are the same throughout the system. T tapper, a small vibrating hammer used for restoring certain forms of coherer to a condition of non- conductivity on the cessation of time-period, in electrical oscillating circuits, time-periods are ascer- tained by the amount of inductance, capacity, and resistance in the circuit. train of waves, the group of oscil- lations sent out from an aerial at everjr discharge of the primary circuit. U undamped waves, train of, one in which the amplitude of each suc- cessive wave is equal to that of the wave preceding and following it. W wave-length, the distance between any point in a wave and the corre- sponding point in the wave im- mediately preceding and following it. selectivity, the property of a receiv- ing apparatus by which it can select or pick out the waves from the sta- tion which it wants to receive, to the exclusion of an other waves from other stations or from the atmos- phere. x, symbol given to signals generated by atmospheric disturbances or changes in the earth's magnetic condition. x-stoppers, devices for eliminating the effects of atmospheric dis- turbances on the receiving circuits. 1111 DICTIONARY OF WORDS OF LIKE AND OPPOSITE MEANING An intensely interesting study in philology and one that is too com- monly overlooked is afforded by a large group of words that is divisible into two classes, first, different words that have the same meaning, and, second, words that have a meaning en- tirely opposite to those in the first class. A practical result of a compar- ison of these classes of words is found in a choice suitable to the fancy of the student, and also in the selection of the words that indicate the best form in writing and speaking. Any one who wants "the right word" will here be accommodated. Words in €he first class are known as Synonyms; those in the seoond class as Antonyms. Should the student wish to pursue this study further two other classes are available and inviting, first, Hom- onyms, or words similar in spelling but differing in use, and, second, Homophonous words, or those that are similar in sound, but differ in spell- ing and meaning. The following collection is limited to synonyms and .antonyms, and to those especially that are most prevalent in ordinary usage, and will answer most of the requirements of refined cor- respondence and conversation. abandon, leave, forsake, desert, re- nounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let go, waive. (Keep, cherish.) abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wicked, reprobate, dissolute, profli- gate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. (Cared for, virtuous.) abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, renunciation, defection. abasement, degradation, fall, degen- eracy, humiliation, abjection, debase- ment, servility. (Honor.) abash, bewilder, disconcert, discom- pose, confound, confuse, shame. (Embolden.) abbreviate, shorten, abridge, curtail, contract, condense, reduce.. (Ex- tend.) abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, abandon, forsake, relinquish, quit, forego. abet, help, encourage, instigate, in- cite, stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist.) abettor, assistant, accessory, accom- plice, promoter, instigator, particeps criminis, coadjutor., associate, com- panion, co-operator. (Opponent.) abhor, dislike intensely, view with horror, hate, detest, abominate, loathe, nauseate. (Love.) ability, capability, talent, faculty, capacity, qualification, aptitude, apt- ness, expertness, skill, efficiency, ac- complishment, attainment. (In- competency.) abject, groveling, low, mean, base, ignoble, worthless, despicable servile, vile, contemptible. (Noble ) abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, recall, revoke, retract, renounce. (Maintain.) able, strong, powerful, muscular, stal- wart, vigorous, athletic, robust, brawny, skillfuL adroit, competent, efficient, capable, clever, self-quali- fied, telling, fitted. (Weak.) abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, domicile, home, quarters, lodging. abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abro- gate, < annul, cancel, annihilate, ex- tinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. (Establish, enforce.) abominable, hateful, detestable, odi- ous, vile, execrable. ^ (Lovable.) abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, inoperative, vain, futile. (Effectual.) about, concerning, regarding, relative to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 1112 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning with respect to, referring to, around, account, narrative, description, nar nearly, approximately. ration, relation, detail, recital, mon- abscond, run off, steal away, decamp, eys, reckoning, bill, charge. bolt. accountable, punishable, answerable^ absent, a., inattentive, abstracted, amenable, responsible, liable. not attending to, listless, dreamy, accumulate, bring together, amass, (Present.) collect, gather. (Scatter, dissipate.) absolute, entire, complete, uncondi- accumulation, collection, store, tional, unqualified, unrestricted, des- mass, congeries, concentration, potic, arbitrary, tyrannous, impera- accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, tive, authoritative, imperious. (Lim- truthful. (Erroneous, careless.) ited.) ^ achieve, do, accomplishment, effect, absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, fulfill, execute, gain, win. imbibe, consume, merge. (Eject.) achievement, feat, exploit, accom- absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, plishment, attainment, performance, ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, acquirement, gain. (Failure.) nonsensical, inconsistent. (Wise, acknowledge, admit, confess, own, solemn.) avow, grant, recognize, allow, con- abuse, v.j asperse, revile, vilify, re- cede. (Deny.) proach, calumniate, defame, slander, acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, scandalize, malign, traduce^ dispar- make aware, make known, notify, age, depreciate, ill-use. (Praise, pro- communicate. (Deceive.) # tect.) acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, con- cognizance, fellowship, companion- tumely, obloquy, opprobrium, foul ship, knowledge. (Unfamiliarity.) invective, vituperation, ill-usage. acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, com* (Praise, protection.) ply, consent, give way, coincide with. accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, (Protest.) comply with, agree, coincide, concur, acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge^ approve. (Protest.) set free, clear, absolve. (Condemn^ accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, convict.) forward, quicken, despatch. (Re- act, do, operate, make, perform, playi tard.) enact. accept, receive, take, admit. (Refuse.) action, deed, achievement, feat, ex- acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, grat- ploit, accomplishment, battle, en» ifying, pleasurable, welcome. (Dis- gagement, agency, instrumentality, pleasing.) active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, accident, casualty, incident, contin- nimble, brisk, quick, supple, prompt, gency, adventure, chance. vigilant, laborious, industrious. accommodate, serve, oblige, adapt. (Lazy, passive.) adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) actual, real, positive, genuine, cei> accomplice, confederate, accessory, tain. (Fictitious.) abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrat* associate, particeps criminis. (Ad- ing, piercing, keen. (Dull.) versary.) adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, con* accomplish, do, effect, finish, exe- form. cute, achieve, complete, perfect, addicted, devoted, wedded, attached, consummate. (Fail.) given up to, dedicated. accomplishment, attainment, qual- addition, increase, accession, aug« ification, acquirement. (Defect.) mentation, reinforcement. (Sub» accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. traction, separation.) (Deny.) address, speech, discourse, appeal; accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, oration, tact, skill, ability, dexterity greet. deportment, demeanor. 1113 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning adhesion, adherence, attachment, fi- delity, devotion. (Aloofness.) adjacent, near to, adjoining, con- tiguous, conterminous, bordering, neighboring. (Distant.) adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone. adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, appendency, dependency. adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, adapt, arrange, settle, regulate, or- ganize. (Confuse.) admirable, striking, surprising, won- derful, astonishing. (Detestable.) admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate (Deny ) advantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful.) affection, love. (Aversion.) affectionate, fond, kind. (Harsh.) agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charm- ing. (Disagreeable.) alternating, intermittent. (Contin- ual.) ambassador, erivoy, plenipotentiary, minister. ^ amend, improve, correct, better, mend. (Impair.) anger, ire, wrath, indignation, re- sentment. (Good nature.) appropriate, assume, ascribe, arro- gate, usurp. argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. arise, flow, emanate, spring, proceed, rise, issue. artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in- sincere. (Candid.) artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. association, combination, company, partnership, society. attack, assail, assault, encounter. (Defend.) audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardi- hood. (Meekness.) austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern. (Dissolute.) avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsi- monious. (Generous.) aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance. (Affection.) awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Famil- iarity.) awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, byword, maxim, pioverb, saying, B babble, chatter, prattle, prate. bad, wicked, evil. (Good.) bafHe, confound; defeat, disconcert. (Aid, abet.) base, vile, mean. (Noble.) battle, action, combat, engagement. bear, carry, convey, transport. bear, endure, suffer, support. beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, rout. beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty, (Homely, ugly.) becoming, decent, fit, seemly, suit- able. (Unbecoming.) beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, solicit, supplicate. (Give.) behavior, carriage, conduct, deport- ment, demeanor. belief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) beneficent, bountiful, generous, libe- ral, munificent. (Covetous, miserly.) benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, civility. (Injury.) benevolence, beneficence, benignity, humanity,, kindness* tenderness. (•Malevolence.) blame, censure, condemn, reprove, reproach, upbraid. (Praise.) blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. (Ornament.) blind, sightless, heedless. (Far- sighted.) blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, obliterate. bold, brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, undaunted. (Timid.) border, brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, verge, boundary, confine, fron- tier. bound, circumscribe, confine, limit, restrict. brave, dare, defy. bravery, courage, valor. (Cowardice.) break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze, breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, storm, tempest. bright, clear, radiant, shining. (Dull.) brittle, fragile, breakable. (Solid.) burial, interment, sepulture. (Res- urrection.) business, avocation, employment, en« Dictionary of WorcU oF Like and Opposite Meaning gagement, occupation, art, profes- sion, trade. bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet.) coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. cold, cool, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoical. (Warm.) color, dye, stain, tinge. colorable, ostensible, plausible, spe- cious. combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- command, injunction, order, precept. chance, mishap. (Good fortune.) calm, collected, composed, placid, se- rene. (Stormy, unsettled.) capable, able, competent. (Incom- petent.) captious, fretful, cross, peevish, pet- ulant. (Good-natured . ) care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, heed, attention. (Heedlessness, neg- ligence.) caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buffet.) carnage, butchery, massacre, slaugh- ter. cause, motive, reason. (Effect, con- sequence.) cease, discontinue, leave off, end. (Continue.) censure, animadvert, criticise. (Praise.) certain, secure, sure. (Doubtful.) cessation, intermission, rest, stop. (Continuance.) chance, fate, fortune. (Design.) change, barter, exchange, substitute. commodity, goods, merchandise, ware. common, mean, ordinary, vulgar. (Uncommon, extraordinary.) compassion, sympathy, pity, clem- ency. (Cruelty, severity.) compel, force, oblige, necessitate. (Coax, lead.) compensation, amends, recompense, remuneration, requital, reward. compendium, compend, abridge- ment. (Enlargement.) complain, lament, murmur, regret, repine. (Rejoice.) comply, accede, conform, submit, yield. (Refuse.) compound, complex. (Simple.) comprehend, comprise, include, em- brace, grasp, understand, perceive. (Exclude, mistake.) comprise, comprehend, contain, em- brace, include. conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover.) conceive, comprehend, understand. changeable, fickle, inconstant, muta- conclusion, inference, deduction. ble, variable. (Unchangeable.) character, reputation, repute, stand- ing- charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, fascinate. chastity, purity, continence, virtue. (Lewdness.) cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. (Dear.) cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. (Mournful.) chief, chieftain, head, leader. (Sub- ordinate.) circumstance, fact, incident. class, degree, order, rank. condemn, censure, blame, disap- prove. (Justify, exonerate.) conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, regulate, manage, confirm, corroborate, approve, at- test. (Contradict.) conflict, combat, contest, contention, struggle. (Peace, quiet.) confute, disprove, refute, oppugn. (Approve.) conquer, overcome, subdue, sur- mount, vanquish. (Defeat.) consequence, effect, event, issue, re- sult. (Cause.) consider, reflect, ponder, weigh. clear, bright, lucid, vivid. (Opaque.) consistent, constant, compatible. clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, (Inconsistent.) skillful. (Stupid.) console, comfort, solace. (Harrow, clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) worry.) coarse, rude, rough, unpolished, constancy, firmness, stability, stead- {Fine.) iness. (Fickleness.) 1115 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, taint. contemn, despise, disdain, scorn. (Esteem.) contemplate, meditate, muse. contemptible, despicable, paltry, pitiful, vile, mean. (Noble.) contend, contest, dispute, strive, struggle, combat. continual, constant, continuous, per- petual, incessant. _ (Intermittent.) continuance, continuation, duration. (Cessation.) continue, persist, persevere, pursue, prosecute. (Cease.) contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. (Confirm.) _ cool, cold, frigid. (Hot.) correct, rectify, reform. cost, charge, expense, price. covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Be- neficence.) cowardice, fear, timidity, pusillan- imity. (Courage.) crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- tue.) criminal, convict, culprit, felon, malefactor. crooked, bent, curved, oblique. (Straight.) cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage. (Kind.) cultivation, culture, refinement. cursory, desultory, hasty, slight. (Thorough.) custom, fashion, manner, practice. danger, hazard, peril. (Safety.) dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. (Light.) deadly, fatal, destructive, mortal. dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex- pensive. (Despised, cheap.) death, departure, decease, demise. (Life.) decay, decline, consumption. (Growth.) deceive, delude, impose upon, over- reach, guu, dupe, cheat. deceit, cheat/ imposition, trick, delu- sion, guile, beguilement, treachery, sham. (Truthfulness.) decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, terminate, resolve. decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. decision, determination, conclusion, resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) declamation, oratory, elocution, ha- rangue, effusion, debate. declaration, avowal, manifestation, statement, profession. decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, de- cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. (Growth.) dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. ■ deed, act, action, commission, achievement, instrument, document. deem, judge, estimate, consider, think, suppose, conceive. deep, profound, subterranean, sub- merged, designing, abstruse, learned. (ShaUow.) deface, mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. (Beautify.) default, lapse, forfeit, omission, ab- sence, want, failure. defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blemish. (Beauty, improvement.) defend, guard, protect, justify. defense, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark, rampart. defer, delay, postpone, put off, pro- rogue, adjourn. (Force, expedite.) deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, scanty, incomplete. (Complete.) defile, v., pollute, corrupt, sully. (Beautify.) define, fix, settle, determine, limit. defray, meet, liquidate, pay, dis- charge. degree, grade, extent, measure. deliberate, v., consider, meditate, consult, ponder, debate. deliberate, a., purposed, intentional, designed, determined. (Hasty.) delicacy, nicety, daintiness, refine- ment, tact, softness, modesty. (Boor- ishness, indelicacy.) delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re- fined. (Coarse.) delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nau- seous.) delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happi- ness, transport, ecstasy, gladness, rapture, bliss. (Annoyance.) 1116 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pro- nounce, give, hand over. (Retain.) demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. depart, leave, quit, decamp, retire, withdraw, vanish. (Remain.) deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. derision, scorn, contempt, contumely, disrespect. derivation, origin, source, beginning, cause, etymology, root. describe, delineate, portray, explain, illustrate, define, picture. desecrate, profane, secularize, mis- use, abuse, pollute. (Keep holy.) deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. design, n., delineation, sketch, draw- ing, cunning, artfulness, contrivance. desirable, expedient, advisable, valu- able, acceptable, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, good. desire, n., longing, affection, craving. desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain, forbear. (Continue, per- severe.) desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted, wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. (Pleasant, happy.) desperate, wild, daring, audacious, determined, reckless. despised, degraded, worthless. (Ad- mired.) destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. destructive, detrimental, hurtful, noxious, injurious, deleterious, bale- ful, baneful, subversive. (Creative.) desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. (Maintenance.) ^ desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, unmethodical, superficial, unsettled, erratic, fitful. (Thorough.) detail, n., particular, specification, minutiae. detail, v., particularize, enumerate, specify. (Generalize.) deter, warn, stop, dissuade, terrify, scare. (Encourage . ) detriment, loss, harm, injury, dete- rioration. (Benefit.) develop, unfold, amplify, expand, en- large. device, artifice, expedient, contrivance. devoid, void, wanting, destitute, un- endowed, unprovided. (Full, com- plete.) devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, dedicated. dictate, prompt, suggest, enjoin, or- der, command. dictatorial, imperative, imperious, domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, overbearing. (Submissive.) die, expire, depart, perish, decline, languish, wane, sink, fade, decay. diet, foods, victuals, nourishment, nu- triment, sustenance, fare. difference, separation, disagreement, discord, dissent, estrangement, vari- ety. different, various, manifold, diverse, unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar.) difficult, hard, intricate, involved, perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Easy.) m diffuse, discursive, prolix, diluted, co- pious. dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, exalt, advance, promote, honor. (De- . grade.) dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, distend, enlarge, descant, expatiate. dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, be- hindhand, lagging, dawdling. (Prompt.) diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed, industry. (Negligence.) diminish, lessen, reduce, contract, curtail, retrench. (Increase.) disability, unfitness, incapacity. discern, descry, observe, recognize, see, discriminate, separate, perceive. discipline, order, strictness, training, coercion, punishment, organization. (Confusion, demoralization.) discover, make known, find, invent, contrive, expose, reveal. discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, disreputable. (Credit- able.) discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, judicious. (Indiscreet ) discrepancy, disagreement, differ- ence, variance. (Agreement.) discrimination, acuteness, discern- ment, judgment, caution. Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning disease, complaint, malady, disorder, do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, ailment, sickness. finish, transact. disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dis- docile, tractable, teachable, corn- honor, shame, odium. (Honor.) pliant, tame. (Stubborn.) disgrace, v., debase, degrade, defame, doctrine, tenet, article of belief, discredit. ^ (Exalt.) ^ creed, dogma, teaching. disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, doleful, dolorous, woebegone, rueful, abomination, abhorrence. (Adrnira- dismal, piteous. (Joyous.) tion.) doom, n., sentence, verdict, judg- dishonest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, ment, fate, lot, destiny. deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrong- doubt, n., uncertainty, suspense, hes- ful. (Honest.) _ itation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer- dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, tainty.) daunt, appal, dishearten. (Encour- draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, inhale, age.) sketch, describe. dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright, dread, n., fear, horror, terror, alarm, (Assurance.) dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance.) dismiss, send off, discharge, discard, dreadful, fearful, frightful, shocking, banish. (Retain.) awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, dress, n., clothing, attire, apparel, dissipate. (Collect.) garments, costume, _ garb, livery. display, show, spread out, exhibit, drift, purpose, meaning, scope, aim, expose. (Hide.) tendency, direction. dispose, arrange, place, order, give, droll, funny, laughable, comic, whim- bestow, sical, queer, amusing. (Solemn.) dispute, v. y argue, contest, contend, drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, question, impugn. (Assent.) overwhelm, engulf. dispute, n. t argument, debate, con- dry» a., arid, parched, lifeless, dull, troversy, quarrel, disagreement. tedious, < uninteresting, meagre. (Harmony.) (Moist, interesting, succulent.) dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (As- due, owing to, attributable to, just, sent.) fair, proper, debt, right. distinct, clear, plain, obvious, dif- dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, ferent, separate. (Obscure, indis- commonplace. (Bright.) tinct.) > dunce, simpleton, fool, ninny idiot. distinguish, perceive, discern, mark (Sage.) out, divide, discriminate. durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, distinguished, famous, glorious, far- continuing. (Ephemeral, perishable.) famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, Un- celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, or- ger, tarry. dinary.) dwindle, pine, waste, diminish, de- distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, crease, fall off. (Grow.) concentrate.) distribute, allot, share, dispense, ap- E portion, deal. (Collect.) disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, eager, hot, ardent, impassioned, for- rouse, interrupt, confuse, trouble, ward, impatient. (Diffident.) annoy, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, disuse, discontinuance, abolition, de- achieve. suetude. (Use.) ; m earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, divide, part, separate, distribute, solemn, warm. (Trifling.) deal out, sever, sunder. earnest, n , pledge, pawn. divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sa- ease, 1$, comfort, rest. (Worry.) cred, a parson, clergyman, minister, ease, to ■ calm, alleviate, allay, miti- 1118 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis- encounter, attack, conflict, combat, burden, rid. (Annoy, worry.) assault, onset, engagement, battle, easy, light, comfortable, unconstrain- action. ed. (Difficult, hard.) encourage, countenance, sanction, eccentric, irregular, anomalous, sin- support, foster, cherish, inspirit, em- gular, odd, abnormal, wayward, par- bolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, ticular, strange. (Regular, ordinary.) impel, stimulate. (Deter.) economical, sparing, saving, provi- end, n., aim, object, purpose, result, dent, thrifty, frugal, careful, nig- conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, gardly. (Wasteful.) termination, extremity, sequel. edge, border, brink, rim, brim, mar- endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, gin, verge. aim. efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, endurance, continuation, duration, wipe out, cancel, erase. fortitude, patience, resignation. effect, n., consequence, result, issue, endure, v., last, continue, support, event, execution, operation. bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit effect, v., accomplish, fulfill, realize, to, undergo. (Perish.) achieve, execute, operate, complete, enemy, foe, antagonist, adversary, effective, efficient, operative, service- opponent. _ (Friend.) able. (Vain, ineffectual.) energetic, industrious, effectual, effi- efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, cacious, powerful, binding, stringent, instrumentality. forcible, nervous. (Lazy.) efficient, effectual, effective, compe- engage, ^ employ, busy, occupy, at- tent, capable, able, fitted. tract, invite, allure, entertain, en- eliminate, drive out, expel, thrust gross, take up, enlist. out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, engross, absorb, take up, busy, oc- banish, proscribe cupy, engage, mobilize. eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declama- engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, tion. drown, submerge, bury, entomb, elucidate, make plain, explain, clear overwhelm. up, illustrate. enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, pre- clude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. scribe. embarrass, perplex, entangle, dis- enjoyment, pleasure, gratification, tress, trouble. (Assist.) (Grief, sorrow, sadness.) embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, enlarge, increase, extend, augment, beautify, deck. ^ (Disfigure.) broaden, swell. _ (Diminish.) embolden, inspirit, animate, encour- enlighten, illumine, illuminate, in- age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. struct, inform.^ (Befog, becloud.) (Discourage.) enliven, cheer, vivify, stir up, animate, eminent, distinguished, signal, con- inspire, exhilarate. (Sadden, quiet.) spicuous, noted, prominent, elevated, enmity, animosity, hostility, ill-will, renowned, famous, glorious, illustri- maliciousness. (Friendship.) ous. (Obscure, unknown.) enormous, gigantic, colossal, huge, emit, give out, throw out, exhale, dis- vast, immense, prodigious. (Insig- charge, vent. nificant.) emotion, perturbation, agitation, enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance. trepidation, tremor, mental conflict. (Want.) m employ, occupy, busy, take up with, enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. engross. (Pacified.) employment, business, avocation, en- enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, gagement, office, function, trade, pro- captivate, bewitch. (Repel.) fession, occupation, calling, vocation, enroll, enlist, list, register, record. encompass, v., encircle, surround, enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, gird, beset. venture, energy. 1119 wp Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning enthusiasm, earnest, devotion, zeal, F ardor. (Ennui, lukewarmness.) enthusiast, fanatic, visionary. fable, apologue, novel, romance, tale. equal, equable, even, like, alike, uni- face, visage, countenance. form. (Unequal.) facetious, pleasant, jocular, jocose. eradicate, root out, extirpate, exter- (Serious.) minate. factor, agent. erroneous, incorrect, inaccurate, in- fail, to fall short, be deficient. (Ac- exact. (Exact.) complish.) error, blunder, mistake. (Truth.) _ faint, feeble, languid. (Forcible.) especially, chiefly, particularly, prin- fair, clear. (Stormy.) cipally. (Generally.) fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. (Unfair.) establish, build up, confirm. (Over- faith, creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.) throw.) faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faith- esteem, regard, respect. (Contempt.) less.) estimate, appraise, appreciate, es- faithless, perfidious, treacherous. teem, compute, rate. (Faithful.) estrangement, abstraction, aliena- fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) tion. fame, renown, reputation. eternal, endless, everlasting. (Fi- famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- nite.) trious. (Obscure.) evade, equivocate, prevaricate. fanciful, capricious, fantastical, even, level, plain, smooth. (Uneven.) whimsical. _ event, accident, adventure, incident, fancy, imagination. occurrence. fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. (Slow.) (Good.) fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vig- exact, nice, particular, punctual. (In- or.) exact.) fear, timidity, timorousness. (Brav- exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. (Hum- ery.) ble.) feeling, sensation, sense. examination, investigation, inquiry, feeling, sensibility, susceptibility. research, search, scrutiny. (Insensibility.) exceed, excel, outdo, surpass, tran- ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, bar- scend. (Fall short.) barous. (Mild.) exceptional, uncommon, rare, extra- fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, ordinary. (Common.) productive. (Sterile.) excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir fiction, falsehood, fabrication. (Fact.) up. (Lull.) figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. symbol, picture, type. execute, fulfill, perform. find, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, exempt, free, cleared. (Subject.) overlook.) exercise, practice. fine, a., delicate, nice. (Coarse.) exhaustive, thorough, complete, fine, n., forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, pen* (Cursory.) alty. exigency, emergency. < fire, glow, warmth, heat. experiment, proof, trial, test. firm, constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, explain, expound, interpret, illus- stable. (Weak.) trate, elucidate. first, foremost, chief, earliest. (Last.) express, declare, signify, utter, tell, fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. extend, reach, stretch. (Abridge.) m fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodi- flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. gal. (Parsimonious.) flat, level, even. Die. 74 1120 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning ' flexible, pliant, pliable, ductile, sup- stiff, methodical, affected. (Xnfor- pie. (Inflexible.) mal, natural.) flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay.) former, antecedent, anterior, pre- fluctuating, wavering, hesitating, os- vious, prior, preceding, foregoing. cillating, vacillating, change. (Firm, forsaken, abandoned, forlorn, desert- steadfast, decided.) ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unem- forthwith, immediately, directly, in* barrassed, ready. (Hesitating.) stantly, instantaneously. ^ (Anon.) folks, persons, people, individuals. fortitude, endurance, resolution, fear- follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, iessness, dauntlessness. (Weakness.) pursue. fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, follower, partisan, disciple, adherent, prosperous, successful. (Unfortu- retainer, pursuer, successor. ^ nate.) folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecil- fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, ity, weakness. (Wisdom.) destiny, property, possession, riches. fond, enamored, attached, affection- foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, ate. (Distant.) nurture. (Neglect.) fondness, affection, attachment, kind- foul, impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, un- ness, love. (Aversion.) clean, denied. (Pure, clean.) foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, fractious, cross, captious, petulant, hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cau- touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splen- tious.) m etic. (Tractable.) foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brain- fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. less, imbecile, crazy, absurd, prepos- (Strong.) terous, ridiculous, nonsensical. (Dis- fragments, pieces, scraps, leavings, creet, wise.) chips, remains, remnants. fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, pup- frailty, weakness, failing, foible, im- py, jackanapes. (Gentleman.) perfection, fault, blemish. (Strength.) forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. frame, v. t construct, invent, coin, force, n. f strength, vigor, dint, might, fabricate, forge, mold, feign, make, energy, power, violence, army, host. compose. force, v., compel. (Persuade.) franchise, right, exemption, immu- forecast, forethought, foresight, pre- nity, privilege, freedom^ suffrage. meditation, prognostication. frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. easy, familiar, open, ingenuous, foregoing, antecedent, anterior, pre- plain. (Tricky, insincere.^ ceding, previous, prior, former. frantic, distracted, mad, furious, rav- forerunner, herald, harbinger, pre- ing, frenzied. (Quiet, subdued.) cursor, omen. fraud, deceit^ deception, duplicity, foresight, forethought, forecast, pre- guile, cheat, imposition. (Honesty.) meditation. freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fab- caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, resolu- ricate, counterfeit. tion.) forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, ac- free, a. f liberal, generous, bountiful, quit, excuse, except. bounteous, mumficent, frank, art- forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, desert- less, candid, familiar, open, inde- ed, desolate, lone, lonesome. pendent, unconfined, unreserved, un- form,n., ceremony, solemnity, obser- restricted, exempt, clear, loose, easy, vance, rite, figure, shape, conforma- careless. (Slavish, stingy, artful, tion, fashion, appearance, represen- costly.) tation, semblance. free, v., release, set free, deliver, res- form, v., make, create, produce, con- cue, liberate, enfranchise, affranchise, stitute, arrange, fashion, mould. emancipate, exempt. (Enslave, bind.) formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, freedom, liberty, independence. ume- 1121 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning straint, familiarity, license, fran- gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, chise, exemption, privilege. (Slav- infer, collect. (Scatter.) ery.) gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, frequent, often, common, usual, gen- glittering, bespangled. (Somber.) eral. (Rare.) gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, friendly, amicable, social, sociable. lean, thin. (Well-fed.) (Distant, reserved, cool.) gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, sprightly, blithe. (Solemn.) direful, terrific, awful, horrible, hor- generate, form, make, beget, produce. rid. generation, formation, race, breed, frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. stock, kind, age, era. (Serious, earnest.) generous, beneficent, noble,honorable, frugal, provident, economical, saving. bountiful, liberal, free. (Niggardly.) (Wasteful, extravagant.) genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joy- fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, ous. (Distant, cold.) abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar- genius, intellect, invention, talent, ren, sterile.) m taste, nature, character, adept. fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, genteel, refined, polished, fashion- bootless, unavailing, without avail. able, polite, well-bred. (Boorish.) frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disap- gentle, placid, bland, mild, meek, point. tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth.) fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete, genuine, real, true, unaffected, sin- fully, completely, abundantly, per- cere. (False.) fectly. m m gesture, attitude, action, posture. fulsome, coarse, gross, sickening, of- get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, pro- fensive, rank. (Moderate.) cure, achieve. furious, violent, boisterous, vehe- ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, ment, dashing, sweeping, rolling, im- shocking. petuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, angry, raging, fierce. (Calm.) shade, phantom. futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, use- gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, less. (Effective.) taunt, deride. giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. G (Steady.) gain, n ., profit, emolument, advan - gift, donation, benefaction, grant, tage, benefit, winnings, earnings. alms, gratuity, boon, present, facul- (Loss.) ty, talent. (Purchase.) gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, vast, prodigious, immense. (Dimin- realize, reach. (Lose.) utive.) gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, im- fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, fear- part. less. glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, glad- galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. some, gratified, cheering. (Sad.) (Soothing.) gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, game, play, pastime, diversion, sport, flash. amusement. glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovial- gang, band, horde, company, troop, ity, joy, hilarity. (Sorrow.) crew. glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. cleft, crevice, rift, chink. glimpse, glance, look, glint. garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, deck, decorate. radiate. 1122 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, blackness, dullness, sadness. (Light, tribulation. (Joy.) brightness, joy.) grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) sad, glum. (Bright, clear.) grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, ex- baleful, unhappy. alt. grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, glorious, famous, renowned, distin- afflict. guished, noble, exalted. (Infamous.) grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghast- glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, ly, dreadful. (Pleasing.) grandeur. (Infamy.) gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, shameful, indelicate. (Delicate.) block up. group, assembly, cluster, collection, go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. clump, order, class. God, Creator, Lord, Almighty, Jeho- grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. vah, Omnipotence, Providence. grow, increase, vegetate, expand, ad- godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, vance. (Decay, diminution.) religious. growl, grumble, snarl, murmur, corn- good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, plain. boon. (Evil.) grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, hatred, aversion. just, true. (Wicked, bad.) gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant.) gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, guile, deceit, fraud. _ (Candor.) - splendid. (Plain, simple.) guiltless, harmless, innocent, govern, rule, direct, manage, command, guilty, culpable, sinful, criminal, government, rule, state, control, sway. , ** graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, habit, custom, practice. . beautiful. (Awkward.) hail, accost, address, greet, salute, gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. welcome. gradual, slow, progressive. (Sudden.) happiness, ; beatitude, blessedness, grand, majestic, stately, dignified, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness.) lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, harbor, haven, port. gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sub- hard, firm, solid. (Soft.) lime, pompous. (Shabby.) ■ hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) grant, bestow, impart, give, yield, harm, injury, hurt, wrong, infliction. cede, allow, confer, invest. (Benefit.) grant, gift, boon, donation. harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent. graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, (Hurtful.) vivid, pictorial. harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grap- morose. (Gentle.) pie. hasten, accelerate, dispatch, expedite, grateful, agreeable, pleasing, wel- speed. (Delay.) come, thankful. (Harsh.) hasty, hurried, ill-advised. (Delib- gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, erate.) delight, reward. (Disappointment.) hateful, odious, detestable. (Lov- grave, a., serious, sedate, solemn, able.) sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy.) hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancor. grave, n., tomb, sepulchre, vault. (Friendship.) great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Mod- grand, noble, august. (Small.) esty.) greediness, avidity, eagerness, vorac- haughty, arrogant, disdainful, super- ity. (Generosity.) cilious. proud. 1123 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning hazard, risk, venture. healthy, salubrious, salutary, \vhole- some. (Unhealthy.) heap, accumulate, amass, pile. hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm. (Insincere.) heavy, burdensome, ponderous, weighty. (Light.) heed, care, attention. heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, raise. heinous, atrocious, flagitious, fla- grant. (Venial.) help, aid, assist, relieve, succor. (Hinder.) heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismat- ic, dissenter, non-conformist. hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly. (Beau- tiful.) high, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) hinder, impede, obstruct, prevent. (Help.) . . hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, insinuate. hold, detain, keep, retain. holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. holy, devout, pious, religious. homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful) honesty, integrity, probity, upright- ness. (Dishonesty.) honor, v., respect, reverence, esteem. (Dishonor.) hope, confidence, expectation, trust. hopeless, desperate. hot, ardent, burning, fiery. _ (Cold.) however, nevertheless, notwithstand- ing, yet. humble, modest, submissive, plain, unostentatious, simple. (Haughty.) humble, degrade, humiliate, mortify, abase. (Exalt.) humor, mood, temper. hunt, seek, chase. hurtful, noxious, pernicious. (Ben- eficial.) husbandry, cultivation, tillage. hypocrite, dissembler, ; mposter, canter hypothesis, theory, supposition. I idea, thought, imagination. ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual.) Idle, indolent, lazy. (Industrious.) ignominious, shameful, scandalous, infamous. (Honorable.) ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, infamy, reproach. ignorant, unlearned, illiterate, unin- formed, uneducated. (Knowing.) ill, n.y evil, wickedness, misfortune, mischief, harm. (Good.) ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis- eased. (Well.) ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, acrimonious. (Good-natured.) ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. (Good-will.) • illegal, unlawful, illicit, contraband, illegitimate. (Legal.) illimitable, boundless, immeasur- able, unlimited, infinite. illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, un- taught, uninstructed. (Learned, ed- ucated.) illusion, fallacy, deception, phan- tasm. illusory, imaginary, chimerical, vis- ionary. (Real.) illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. illustrious, celebrated, noble, emi- nent, famous, renowned. (Obscure.) image, likeness, picture, representa- tion, effigy. # imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. (Real.) imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think, presume. imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, counterfeit. immaculate, unspotted, spotless, un- sullied. (Soiled.) immediate, pressing, instant, next, proximate. immediately, instantly, forthwith, directly, presently. immense, vast, enormous, huge, pro- digious, monstrous. immunity, privilege, prerogative, ex- emption. ^ impair, injure, diminish, decrease. impart, reveal, divulge, disclose, dis- cover, bestow, afford. impartial, just, equitable, unbiased. (Partial.) impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, vehement, intense. 1124 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, impulse, incentive, incitement, mo- censure, tive, instigation. impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, pre- impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, vent. (Help.) violent. (Deliberate.) impediment, obstruction, hindrance, imputation, blame, censure, re- obstacle, barrier. (Aid.) proach, charge, accusation. impel, animate, induce, incite, insti- inadvertency, error, oversight, blun- gate, embolden. (Retard.) der inattention, carelessness, negli- impending, imminent, threatening. gence. imperative, commanding, despotic, incentive, motive, inducement, un- authoritative, pulse. imperfection, fault, blemish, defect, incite, instigate, excite, provoke, vice. stimulate, encourage, urge, impel. imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize, inclination, leaning, slope, disposi- imperious, commanding, dictatorial, tion, tendency, bent, bias, affection, authoritative, imperative, lordly, attachment, wish, liking, desire, domineering, overbearing. (Aversion.) impertinent, intrusive, meddling, of- incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, inso- bend, turn, bias, dispose, lent. inclose, surround, shut in, fence hi, impetuous, violent, boisterous, furi- cover, wrap. ous, vehement. (Calm.) include, comprehend, comprise, con- impious, profane, irreligious, godless. tain, embrace, take in. (Reverent.) incommode, annoy, plague, molest, implicate, involve, entangle, embar- disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Ac- rass, compromise. commodate.) imply, involve, comprise, infold, im- incompetent, incapable, unable, in- port, denote, signify. # # adequate, insufficient. (Competent.) importance, signification, signifi- increase, v., extend, enlarge, aug- cance, avail, consequence, weight, ment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, gravity, moment. _ enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. imposing, impressive, striking, ma- (Diminish.) jestic, august, noble, grand. (In- increase, n., augmentation, accession, significant.) addition, enlargement, extension. impotence, weakness, incapacity, in- (Decrease.) firmity, frailty, feebleness. (Power.) incumbent, obligatory. impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, n- indefinite, vague, uncertain, unset- feebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong.) tied, oose, lax. (Definite.) impressive, stirring, forcible, excit- indicate, oint out, show, mark, ing, affecting, moving. indifference, # apathy, carelessness, imprison, incarcerate, shut up, im- listlessness, ^sensibility. (Applica- mure, confine. (Liberate.) tion, ssiduity.) imprisonment, captivity, durance, indigence, want, neediness, penury, improve, amend, better, mend, re- poverty, destitution, privation. (Af- form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, fluence.) employ. (Deteriorate.) m indignation, anger, wrath, ire, re- improvident, careless, incautious, sentment. imprudent, prodigal, wasteful, reck- indignity, insult, affront, outrage, less, ash. (Thrifty.) # obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig- impudence, assurance, impertinence, nominy. (Honor.) confidence, insolence, rudeness. _ indiscriminate, promiscuous, indis- impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, im- tinct, chance, confused. (Select, pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, chosen.) immodest, shameless. indispensable, essential, necessary, 1125 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, inordinate, intemperate, irregular, supernumerary.) disorderly, excessive, immoderate. indisputable, undeniable, undoubt- (Moderate.) ed, incontestable, indubitable, un- inquiry, investigation, examination, questionable, sure, infallible. research, scrutiny, disquisition, ques- indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. tion, query, interrogation. indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (De- inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, ny.) # # peering. ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, insane, mad, deranged, delirious, de- fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Ef- mented. (Sane.) fective.) insanity, madness, mental aberra- inequality, disparity, disproportion, tion, lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equal- insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, in- ity.) fuse, introduce, ingratiate. inevitable, unavoidable, not to be insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, avoided, certain. vapid, inanimate, lifeless. (Bright, infamous, scandalous, shameful, ig- sparkling.) nominious, opprobrious, disgraceful, insolent, rude, saucy, pert, imper- (Honorable.) tinent, abusive, scurrilous, opprobri- inference, deduction, corollary, con- ous, insulting, offensive. elusion, consequence. inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devil- cheer, breathe, inhale, isb, hellish. instability, mutability, fickleness, infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. mutableness, wavering. (Stability, infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Ro- firmness.) bust.) instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, inflame, anger, irritate, enrage, chafe, incite, urge, stimulate, encourage, incense, nettle, aggravate, embitter, instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, in- exasperate. (Allay, soothe.) # sinuate. influence, t>., bias, sway, prejudice, instruct, inform, teach, educate, en- prepossess. m lighten, initiate. influence, n., credit, favor, reputa- instrumental, conducive, assistant, tion, character, weight, authority, helping, ministerial, sway, ascendency. insufficiency, inadequacy, incompe- infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, tency, incapability, deficiency, lack, break, transgress, violate. insult, affront, outrage, indignity, ingenuous, artless, candid, generous, blasphemy. (Honor.) open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty.) insulting, insolent, rude, saucy, im- inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, bar- pertinent, abusive. barous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious, integrity, uprightness, honesty, pro- (Humane.) bity, entirety, entireness, complete- iniquity, injustice, wrong, grievance. ness, rectitude, purity. (Dishonesty.) injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, intellect, understanding, sense, brains, wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, sully. (Benefit.) m m genius. (Body.) injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious, intellectual, mental, ideal, meta- deleterious, noxious, prejudicial, physical. (Brutal.) wrongful, damaging. (Beneficial.) intelligible, clear, obvious, plain, injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. _ distinct. (Abstruse.) (Right.) intemperate, immoderate, excessive, innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Tem- inoffensive, innoxious. (Guilty.) perate.) finnocuous, harmless, safe, innocent, intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fer- (Hurtful.) vid, burning, vehement. 1126 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning intent, design, purpose, intention, invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, drift, view, aim, purport, meaning. refer, implore, beseech. intercourse, commerce, connection, involve, implicate, entangle, compro- intimacy, acquaintance. mise, envelop. interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, irksome, wearisome, tiresome, tedi- proscribe, debar, restrain from. ous, annoying. (Pleasant.) (Allow.) irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, rail- interfere, meddle, intermeddle, inter- lery. pose. irrational, foolish, silly, imbecile, interminable, endless, interminate, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Ra- infinite, unlimited, illimitable, bound- tional.) less, limitless. (Brief, concise.) irregular, eccentric, anomalous, in- interpose, intercede, arbitrate, medi- ordinate, intemperate. (Regular.) tate, interfere, meddle. irreligious, profane, godless, impi- interpret, explain, expound, eluci- ous, sacrilegious, desecrating. date, unfold, decipher. irreproachable, blameless, spotless, intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, ex- irreprovable. press, signify, impart, tell. irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. intimidate, dishearten, alarm, fright- irresolute, wavering, undetermined, en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, brow- undecided, vacillating. (Determined.) beat. (Encourage.) irritable, excitable irascible, sua intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, ceptible, sensitive (Calm.) insupportable, unendurable. irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fear- madden, exasperate. less, dauntless, undaunted, coura- issue, v., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gal- spring, emanate. lant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cow- issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, ardly, faint-hearted.) offspring, progeny. intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, combination, artifice, ruse, amour. «* intrinsic, real, true, genuine, ster- jade, harass, weary, tire, worry. ling, -native, natural. (Extrinsic.) jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, jarring, conflicting, discordant, in- vacate, nullify, annul. m consonant, inconsistent. invasion, incursion, irruption, in- jaunt, ramble, excursion, trip. road, aggression, raid, fray. jealousy, suspicion, envy. invective, abuse, reproach, railing, jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. censure, sarcasm, satire. jest, joke, sport, divert, make game invent, devise, contrive, frame, find of. out, discover, design. * journey, travel, tour, passage. investigation, examination, search, joy, gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.) inquiry, research, scrutiny. joyful, glad, rejoicing, exultant. inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malig- (Mournful.) nant. (Inchoate.) judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. invidious, envious, hateful, odious, judgment, discernment, discrimina- malignant. tion, understanding. invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, justice, equity, right. Justice is strengthen, fortify. (Enervate.) right as established by law; equity invincible, unconquerable, impregna- according to the circumstances of ble, insurmountable. each particular case. (Injustice.) invisible, unseen, imperceptible, im- justness, accuracy, correctness. palpable, unperceivable. invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, *> attract, solicit. keep, preserve, save. (Abandon.) 1127 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning kill, assassinate, murder, slay. kindred, affinity, consanguinity, re- lationship. knowledge, erudition, learning sci- ence. (Ignorance.) labor, toil, work, effort, drudgery. (Idleness.) lack, need, deficiency, scarcity, insuf- ficiency. (Plenty.) lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Re- joice.) language, dialect, idiom, speech, tongue. lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, lewd, lecherous. (Chaste.) last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) laudable, commendable, praisewor- thy. (Blameable.) laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. (Serious.) lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Il- legal.) lead, conduct, guide. (Follow.) lean, meager. (Fat.) learned, erudite, scholarly. (Igno- rant.) leave, v., quit, relinquish. leave, n., liberty, permission, license (Prohibition.) life, existence, animation, spirit, vi- vacity. (Death.) lifeless, dead, inanimate. lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Low- er.) light, clear, bright. (Dark.) lightness, flightiness, giddiness, lev- ity, volatility. (Seriousness.) likeness, resemblance, similarity. (Unlikeness.) linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. (Hasten.) little, diminutive, small. (Great.) livelihood, living, maintenance, sub- sistence, support. lively, jocund, sprightly, vivacious, merry, sportive. (Slow, languid, sluggish.) long, extended, extensive. (Short.) look, appear, seem. lose, miss, forfeit. (Gain.) loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. (Gain.) loud, clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low, quiet.) love, affection. (Hatred.) low, abject, mean. (Noble.) lunacy, derangement, insanity, man- ia, madness. (Sanity.) luster, brightness, brilliancy, splen- dor. luxuriant, exuberant. (Sparse.) M machination, plot, intrigue, cabal, conspiracy. (Artlessness.) mad, crazy, insane, delirious, rabid, violent, frantic. (Sane, rational., quiet.) madness, insanity, fury, rage, frenzy. magisterial, august, dignified, ma- jestic, pompous, stately. make, form, create, produce. (De- stroy.) malediction, anathema, curse, im- preciation, execration. malevolent, malicious, virulent, ma- lignant. (Benevolent.) malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, ill- will, grudge, animosity. (Benignity.) malicious, see malevolent. manacle, v., shackle, fetter, chain. (Free.) manage, contrive, concert, direct. management, direction superinten- dence, care, economy. mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, cripple, maim. mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, exhibit, display, show. manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, open, apparent, visible. (Hidden, occult.) manifold, several, sundry, various, divers, numerous. manly, masculine, vigorous, coura- geous, brave, heroic, (Effeminate.) manner, habit, custom, way, air, look, appearance. manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.) march, tramp, tread, walk, step, space. 1128 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning margin, edge, rim, border, brinkj mend, repair, amend, correct, better, verge. ameliorate, improve, rectify. mark, w., sign, note, symptom, token, mention, tell, name, communicate, indication, trace, vestige, track, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, in- badge, brand. form, acquaint. mark, v., impress, print, stamp, en- merciful, compassionate, lenient, cle- grave, note, designate. ment, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.) marriage, wedding, nuptials, matri- merciless, hard-hearted, cruel, un- mony, wedlock. merciful, pitiless, remorseless, unre- martial, military, warlike, soldier-like. lenting. (Kind.) marvel, wonderful, miracle, prodigy, merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, hilarity. (Sorrow.) amazing, miraculous. m merry, _ cheerful ? mirthful, Joyous, massive, bulky, heavy, weighty, pon- gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo- derous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy.) vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, mastery, dominion, rule, sway, as- jolly. (Sad.) cendency, supremacy. metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, un- symbolical. paralleled, peerless, incomparable, method, way, manner, mode, process, inimitable, surpassing. (Common, order, rule, regularity, system. . ordinary.) < mien, air, look, manner, aspect, ap- material, a., corporeal, bodily, physi- pearance. cal, temporal, momentous, impor- migratory, roving, strolling, wander- tant. (Spiritual, immaterial.) ing, vagrant. (Settled, sedate, per- maxim, adage, apothegm, proverb, manent.) saying, by-word, saw. mimic, imitate, ape, mock. meager, poor, lank, emaciated, bar- mindful, observant, attentive, heed- ren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich.) ful, thoughtful. (Heedless.) mean, a., stingy, niggardly, low, ab- miscellaneous, promiscuous, indis- ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con- criminate, mixed. temptible, vulgar, despicable. (Gen- mischief, injury, harm, damage, evil, erous.) hurt, ill. (Benefit.) mean, v., design, purpose, intent, con- miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. template, signify, denote, indicate, miserable, unhappy, wretched, dis- meaning, signification, import, ac- tressed, afflicted. (Happy.) ceptation, sense, purport. miserly, stingy, niggardly, avari- medium, organ, channel, instrument, cious, gripping, means. misery, wretchedness, woe, destitu- medley, mixture, variety, diversity, tion, penury, privation, beggary. miscellany. (Happiness.) meek, unassuming, mild, gentle, misfortune, calamity, disaster, mis- (Proud.) hap, catastrophe. (Good luck.) melancholy, low-spirited, dispirited, miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) mitigate, alleviate, relieve, climinish, mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma- abate. (Aggravate.) ture.) moderate, temperate, abstemious, melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, sober, abstinent. (Immoderate.) dulcet, sweet. (Discordant.) modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, re- memorable, signal, distinguished, served. (Immodest.) marked. moist, wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.) memorial, monument, memento, monotonous, unvaried, dull, undiver- commemoration. sified, tiresome. (Varied.) memory, remembrance, recollection, monstrous, shocking, dreadful, hor* menace, »., threat. rible, huge, immense. 1129 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning monument, memorial, record, re- reputation, character, fame, credit, membrancer, cenotaph. > repute. mood, humor, disposition, vein, tern- narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, per. describe, enumerate, rehearse, re- morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, cite. corrupted. (Normal, sound.) nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, in- morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, decent, impure, gross, vile. crabbed, crusty. (Joyous.) nation, people, community, realm, mortal, deadly, fatal, human. state. motion, proposition, proposal, move- native, indigenous, inborn, vernacular, ment. _ natural, original, regular, normal, motionless, still, stationary, torpid, bastard. (Unnatural, forced.) stagnant. (Active, moving.) near, nigh, neighboring, close, adja- mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, cent, contiguous, intimate. (Dis- climb, scale. tant.) mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, necessary, needful, expedient, essen- grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy.) tial, requisite, indispensable. (Use- move, actuate, impel, induce, prompt, less.) instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, pro- necessitate, compel, force, oblige, pel, push. necessity, need, occasion, exigency, multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, emergency, urgency, requisite, swarm. need, n., necessity, distress, poverty, murder, v., kill, assassinate, slay, mas- indigence, want, penury, sacre, dispatch. need, v., require, want, lack. muse, v., meditate, contemplate, re- neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, fleet, think, cogitate, ponder. overlook. music, harmony, melody, symphony neglect, n., omission, failure, default, musical, tuneful, melodious, harmo- negligence, remissness, carelessness, nious, dulcet, sweet. slight. musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, neighborhood, environs, vicinity, ad- sweet.) jacency, nearness, proximity. mute, dumb, silent, speechless. nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, dis- new, fresh, recent, novel. (Old.) figure. news, tidings, intelligence, informa- mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tu- tion. multuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obe- nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, dient, orderly.) precise, fine, delicate. (Careless, mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, cor- coarse, unpleasant.) relative. (Sole, solitary.) nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, mysterious, dark, obscure, hidden, quick, agile, prompt. (Awkward.) secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, un- nobility, aristocracy, greatness, gran- accountable. (Open, clear.) deur, peerage. mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle, noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, (Clear, explain.) great, grand, lofty. (Low.) noise, cry, outcry, row, clamor, din, N uproar, tumult. . (Silence.) nonsensical, irrational, absurd, silly, naked, nude, bare, uncovered, rude, foolish. (Sensible.) unclothed, rough, simple. (Covered, notable, plain, evident, remarkable, clad.) signal, striking, rare. (Obscure.) name, t>., denominate, entitle, style, note, n., token, symbol, mark, sign, in- designate, term, call, christen. • dication, remark, comment. name, n., appellation, designation, noted, distinguished, remarkable, re» denomination, title, cognomen, nowned, eminent. (Obscure.) 1130 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning notice, n., advice, notification, intelli- opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) gence, information. open, candid, unreserved, clear, fair. notice, v., mark, note, observe, at- (Hidden, dark.) tend to, regard, heed. opinion, notion, view, judgment, be- notify, v., publish, acquaint, apprise, lief, sentiment. inform, declare. opinionated, conceited, egotistical. notion, conception, idea, belief, opin- (Modest.) ion, sentiment. oppose, resist, withstand, thwart. notorious, conspicuous, open, obvious, (Give way.) ill-famed. (Unknown.) option, choice. nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, sup- order, method, rule, system, regular- ply. (Starve, famish.) ity. (Disorder.) nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, origin, cause, occasion, source, begin- nutrition. ning. (End.) novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, un- outlive, survive. used, strange, rare. (Old.) outward, external, outside, exterior. noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, (Inner.) deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial.) over, above. (Under.) nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, re- overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. peal, quash, cancel. (Affirm.) overbear, bear down, overwhelm, nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, overpower, subdue. nourishment. overbearing, haughty, proud, arro- gant. (Gentle.) O overflow, inundation, deluge. overrule, supersede, suppress. obdurate, hard, callous, hardened, overspread, overrun, ravage. unfeeling, insensible. (Tractable, overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, yielding.) subvert. (Establish, fortify.) obedient, compliant, submissive, du- overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. tiful, respectful. (Obstinate.) obese, corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. P (Attenuated.) obey, v., conform, comply, submit, pain, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, (Rebel, disobey.) anguish. (Pleasure.) object, 7i., aim, end, purpose, design, pallid, pale, wan. (Florid.) mark, butt. part, division, portion, share, frac- object, v., oppose, except to, contra- tion. (Whole.) vene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent.) particular, exact, distinct, singular, obnoxious, offensive. (Agreeable.) odd, strange. (General.) obscure, undistinguished, unknown, patient, passive, submissive, meek. (Distinguished.) (Obdurate.) obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) riot, trouble, turbulence.) occasion, opportunity. peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. offense, affront, misdeed, misdemean- (Troublesome, riotous.) or, transgression, trespass. penetrate, bore, pierce, perforate. offensive, insolent, abusive, obnox- penetration, acuteness, sagacity. ious. (Inoffensive.) (Dullness.) office, charge, function, place. people, nation, persons, folks. offspring, issue, progeny. perceive, note, observe, discern, dis- old, aged, superannuated, ancient, an- tinguish. tique, antiquated, obsolete, old-fash- perception, conception, notion, idea. ioned.. (Young, new.) peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) omen, presage, prognostic. permit, allow, tolerate. (Forbid.) 1131 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning persuade, allure, entice, prevail problematical, uncertain, doubtful, upon. dubious, questionable, disputable, physical, corporeal, bodily, material. suspicious. (Certain.) (Mental.) prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, picture, engraving, print, representa- amazing, astonishing, remarkable, tion, illustration, image. astounding, surprising, wonderful. piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. (Joy- (Insignificant.) ful.) profession, business, trade, occupa- pitiless, see merciless. tion, vocation, office, employment, pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruel- engagement, avowal. ty.) proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, ten- place, 7i., spot, site, position, post, der. situation, station. profligate, abandoned, dissolute, de- place, v., order, dispose. praved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, plain, open, manifest, evident. (Se- demoralized. (Virtuous.) cret.) profound, deep, fathomless, penetra- play, game, sport, amusement. (Work.) ting, solemn, abstruse, recondite. please, gratify, pacify. (Displease.) (Shallow.) pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lav- plentiful, abundant, ample, copious, ish, improvident, excessive, copious, plenteous. (Scarce.) plentiful. (Succinct.) poise, balance. prolific, productive, generative, fer- positive, absolute, peremptory, de- tile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren.) cided, certain. (Negative.) prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedi- possessor, owner, proprietor. ous, tiresome, wordy, verbose, pro- possible, practical, practicable. (Im- saic. (Concise, brief.) possible.) m m prominent, eminent, marked, impor- poverty, penury, indigence, need, tant, conspicuous, leading. (Ob- want. (Wealth.) scure.) power, authority, force, strength, do- promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, in- minion. discriminate, mingled. (Select.) powerful, mighty, potent. (Weak.) prompt, see punctual. praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) prop, v., maintain, sustain, support, prayer, entreaty, petition, request, stay. suit. propagate, spread, circulate, diffuse, pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. disseminate, extend, breed, increase. prevailing, predominant, prevalent, (Suppress.) general. (Isolated, sporadic.) proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, prevent, obviate, preclude. equitable, honest, suitable, fit, decent, previous, antecedent, introductory, meet, becoming, benefitting, adapted, preparatory, preliminary. (Subse- pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong.) quent.) prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility.) thrive, advance. (Fail.) principally, chiefly, mainly, essen- prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, tially. happiness, good luck. (Poverty.) principle, ground, reason, motive, proxy, agent, representative, substi- impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in- tute, delegate, deputy. tegrity. prudence, carefulness, judgment, dis- privilege, immunity, advantage, fa- cretion, wisdom. (Indiscretion.) vor, prerogative, exemption, right, prurient, itching, craving, hankering, claim. longing. probity, rectitude, uprightness, hon- puerile, youthful, juvenile, boyish, esty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. childish, infantile, trifling, weak, (Dishonesty.) silly. (Mature.) 1132 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning punctilious, nice, particular, formal, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill-will, precise. (Negligent.) spite. (Forgiveness.) punctual, exact, precise, nice, partic- rank, order, degree, dignity, nobility, ular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory.) consideration. putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, de- ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, cay. explore, plunder. puzzle, v., perplex, confound, embar- ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys- rant, bombast, fustian, cant. tify. (Enlighten.) rapacious, ravenous, greedy, vora- cious, grasping. (Generous.) Q rapt, ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) quack, impostor, pretender, charla- rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, tan, empiric, mountebank. (Savant.) bliss. (Dejection.) quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, rare, scarce, singular, uncommon. fanciful, odd, singular. rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, vaga- qualified, competent, fitted, adapted. bond, scamp. (Incompetent.) rash, hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, quality, attribute, rank, distinction. adventurous, heedless, reckless, care- querulous, doubting, complaining, re- less. (Deliberate.) pining, fretting. (Patient.) rate, value, compute, appraise, esti- question, query, inquiry, interroga- mate, chide, abuse. tory. ratify, confirm, establish, substan- quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, pre- tiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) varicate, shuffle. rational, reasonable, sagacious, ju- quick, lively, brisk, expeditious, im- dicious, wise, sensible, sound. (TJn- petuous, adroit, fleet, rapid swift, reasonable.) sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp, ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, despoil, destroy. active. (Slow.) ravish, enrapture, enchant, charm, quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. delight, abuse. raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, R ruin, dismantle. (Build up.) reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. arrive at. (Rational.) ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, race, course, match, pursuit, career, adroit, handy. (Slow, dilatory.) family, clan, house, ancestry, lin- real, actual, literal, practical, posi- eage, pedigree. tive, certain, genuine, true. (Un- rack, agonize, wring, torture, excru- real.) ciate, distress, harass. (Soothe.) realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. radiance, splendor, brightness, bril- reason, n. y motive, design, end, proof, liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dull- cause, ground, purpose. ness.) reason, v., deduce, draw from, trace, radical, organic, innate, fundamental, infer, conclude. original, constitutional, inherent, en- reasonable, rational, wise, honest, tire, complete. (Superficial. In a fair, right ? $ust. (Unreasonable.) political sense, uncompromising; an- rebellion, insurrection, revolt. tonym, moderate.) recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. rancid, fetid, rank, stinking, sour, recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) receive, accept, take, admit, enter- rancor, malignity, hatred, hostility, tain. 1133 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning reception, receiving, levee, reoeipt, reproduce, propagate, imitate, repre- admission. sent, copy. recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, repudiate, disown, discard, disavow, intermission. renounce, disclaim. (Acknowledge.) recreation, sport, pastime, amuse- repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. ment, play, game, fun. (Agreeable.) redeem, ransom, recover, rescue, de- repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, liver, save, free. disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive.) redress, remedy, repair, remission, respite, reprieve, interval, stop. abatement, relief. revenge, vengeance, retaliation, re- reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, quital, retribution. (Forgiveness.) shorten, conquer. revenue, produce, income, proceeds, refined, polite, courtly, polished, cul- fruits, wealth. tured, genteel, purified. (Boorish.) reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, reflect, consider, cogitate, think, pon- veneration, deference, homage, wor- der, muse, censure. ship. (Execration.) reform, _ amend, correct, better, re- revise, review, reconsider. store, improve. (Corrupt.) revive, refresh, renew, renovate, ani- reformation, improvement, reform, mate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, corn- amendment. (Corruption.) fort. refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, copi- shelter, retreat. ous, ample, abundant, exuberant, refuse, v., deny, reject, repudiate, de- plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, cline, withhold. (Accept.) gorgeous. (Poor.) refuse, n.^ dregs, dross, scum, rub- rival, n., antagonist, opponent, coin- bish, leavings, remains. petitor. refute, disprove, falsify, negative, road, way, highway, route, course, (Affirm.) path, pathway, anchorage. regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, roam, ramble, rove, stray, wander, view, consider, respect. stroll. regret, n., grief, sorrow, lamentation, robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- repentance, remorse, ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- regular, orderly, uniform, customary, bodied. (Puny.) ordinary, stated. (Irregular.) rout, v., discomfit, beat, defeat, over- regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, throw, scatter. organize, govern, rule. (Disorder.) route, road, course, march, way, path, reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, in- journey, direction. demnify. rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, unpol- relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appro- ished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, im- priate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) pudent, saucy, flippant, insolent, reliance, trust, hope, dependence, churlish. (Polished, polite.) confidence. (Suspicion.) rule, sway, method, system, law, max- relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alle- im, precept, guide, formula, regula- viation. tion, government, standard, test. relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, surrender, quit, leave, forego. (Re- bruit. tain.) remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, specific, reparation. remorseless, pitiless, relentless, mer- ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. (Merciful, humane.) remote, distant, far, secluded, indi- rect. (Near.) ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman, merciless, remorseless, re- lentless, unrelenting. (Considerate.) sacred, holy, hallowed, divine, conse- crated, dedicated, devoted. (Pro- fane.) 1134 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, show, v., indicate, mark, point out reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) exhibit, display. sanction, confirm, countenance, en- show, n., appearance, exhibition, pre- courage, support, ratify, authorize. tence, profession, sight, spectacle. (Disapprove.) sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, mor- sane, sober, lucid, sound, rational. bid. (Healthy.) (Crazy.) sickness, illness, indisposition, dis- saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, ease, disorder. (Health.) insolent, flippant, forward. (Mod- significant, a., expressive, material, est.) important. (Insignificant.) scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, ca- signification, import, sense, meaning. lumniate, vilify, revile, malign, tra- silence, speechlessness, dumbness. duce, defame, slander. ' (Noise.) scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, silent, dumb, mute, speechless. (Talk- slender, meager. (Ample.) ative.) scatter, strew, _ spread, disseminate, simile, comparison, similitude. disperse, dissipate, dispel. (Col- simple, single, uncompounded, plain, lect.) artless. (Complex, compound.) secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, simulate, dissimulate, dissemble, pre- sly, underhand, latent, private. tend. (Open.) sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, genuine, real. ^ (Insincere.) abduct, inveigle, deprave. ^ situation, condition, plight, predica- sense, discernment, appreciation, per- ment, state, position. ception, view, opinion, feeling, sen- size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, di- sibility, susceptibility, thought, sig- mension. nification, judgment, import, signifi- slavery, servitude, enthrallment, cance, meaning, purport, wisdom. thralldom. (Freedom.) sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. sober, sound, conscious, aware, sleepy, somnolent. (Wakeful.) (Foolish.) slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast.) settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con- smell, fragrance, odor, scent, per- clude, determine. fume. several, sundry, divers, many, vari- smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) ous. soak, drench, imbrue, steep. severe, harsh, stern, stringent, un- social, sociable, friendly, communica- mitigated, rough, unyielding. (Le- tive. (Unsocial.) nient.) soft, gentle, meek, mild. (Hard.) shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiv- solicit, importune, urge. er, quake. solitary, sole, only, single. shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight, sorry, grieved, poor, paltry, insignifi- (Deep, thorough.) cant. (Glad, respectable.) shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) soul, mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed shameful, degrading, scandalous, dis- to body, mind to matter.) graceful, outrageous. (Honorable.) sound, a., healthy, sane. (Unsound.) shameless, immodest, impudent, in- sound, n., tone, noise, silence. decent, indelicate, brazen. space, room. shape, form, fashion, mold, model, sparse, scanty, thin. (Luxuriant.) share, portion, lot, division, quantity, speak, converse, talk, say, tell, confer. quota, contingent. special, particular, specific. (General.) sharp, acute, keen. (Dull.) spend, expend, exhaust, consume, dis- shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. sipate, waste, squander. (Save.) short, brief, concise, succinct, sum- sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, mary. (Long.) prevalent.) 1185 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning spread, disperse, diffuse, expand, dis- temporary, a. fleeting, transient, seminate, scatter, transitory. (Permanent.) spring, fountain, source. tenacious, pertinaceous, retentive. staff, prop, support, stay. tendency, aim, drift, scope. stagger, reel, totter. tenet, position, view, conviction, stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tar- belief. nish. term, boundary, limit, period, time. state, commonwealth, realm. territory, dominion. sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) thankful, grateful, obliged. (Thank- stifle, choke, suffocate, smother. less.) stormy, rough, boisterous, tempest- thankless, ungracious, profitless, un- uous. (Calm.) grateful, unthankful. straight, direct, right. (Crooked.) thaw, melt,dissolve,liquefy. (Freeze. ) strait, a. narrow, confined. theatrical, dramatic, showy, cere- stranger, alien, foreigner. (Friend.) monious, meretricious. strengthen, fortify, invigorate, theft, robbery,depredation,spoliation. (Weaken.) theme, subject, topic, text, essay. strong, robust, sturdy, powerful, theory, speculation, scheme, plea, (Weak.) hypothesis, conjecture. stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless, therefore, accordingly, consequently, (Clever.) hence. subject, exposed to, liable, obnoxious, thick, dense, close, compact, solid, (Exempt.) coagulated, muddy, turbid, misty, subject, inferior, subordinate. (Su- foggy, vaporous. (Thin.) perior to, above.) subsequent, succeeding, following. (Previous.) substantial, solid, durable. (Un- substantial.) suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) superficial, flimsy, shallow, untrust- worthy. (Thorough.) superfluous, unnecessary, excessive. (Necessary.) thin, slim, slender, slight, flimsy, at- tenuated, lean, scraggy. think, cogitate, consider, reflect, pon- der, contemplate, meditate, muse, conceive, fancy, imagine, appre- hend, hold, esteem, reckon, con- sider, regard, deem, believe, opine. thorough, accurate, correct, trust- worthy, reliable, complete. (Super- ficial.) surround, encircle, encompass, envi- thought, idea, conception, imagina- tion, fancy, conceit, notion, sup- position, care, provision, considera- tion, opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, deliberation. thoughtful, considerate, careful, re- flective, cautious, heedful, contem- plative, provident, pensive, dreamy. (Thoughtless.) thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, im- provident, precipitate, heedless. tie, v. bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, secure, unite, join. (Loose.) ron. sustain, maintain, support. symmetry, proportion. sympathy, commiseration, compas- sion, condolence. system, method, plan, order. systematic, orderly, regular, method- ical. (Chaotic.) take, accept, receive. (Give.) talkative, garrulous, communicative, tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. loquacious. (Silent.) taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Taste- lessness.) tax, custom, duty, impost, excise, toll. tax, assessment, rate. tease, taunt, tantalize, torment, vex. time, duration, season, period, era, age, date, span, spell. tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, permit, let, endure, abide. (Oppose.) top, summit, apex, head, crown, sur- face. (Bottom, base.) 1136 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning torrid, burning hot, parching, scorch- umbrage, offense, dissatisfaction, dis- ing, sultry. pleasure, resentment. tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, indirect. arbiter. torture, torment, anguish, agony. unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, touching, tender, affecting, moving, concord. (Discord.) pathetic. unanimous, agreeing, Hke-minded. tractable, docile, manageable, amen- unbridled, wanton, licentious, disso- able. lute, loose, lax. trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, oc- uncertain, doubtful, dubious, ques- cupation, employment, office. tionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu- traditional, oral, uncertain, trans- ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. mitted. uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful, traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in- disobliging, rude. (Civil.) tercourse. unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. trammel, n v> fetter, shatter, clog, (Clean.) bond, chain, impediment, hindrance, uncommon, rare, strange, scarce, tranquil, still, unruffled, _ peaceful, singular, choice. (Common, ordi- quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) nary.) transaction, negotiation, occurrence, unconcerned careless, indifferent, proceeding, affair. apathetic. (Anxious.) trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles. uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, un- t ravel, trip, ramble, peregrination, ex- gainly. (Graceful.) cursion, journey, tour, voyage. uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, bare, invest. (Hide.) disloyal, faithless, false-hearted, per- under, below, underneath, beneath, fidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, subordinate, lower, inferior. (Above.) faithful.) understanding, knowledge, intellect, trite, stale, old, ordinary, common- intelligence, faculty, comprehension, place, hackneyed. (Novel.) mind, reason, brains. ;. triumph, achievement, ovation, vie- undertake, engage in, embark in, tory, conquest, jubilation. (Failure, agree, promise. defeat.) _ undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unf as- trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivo- ten, destroy. lous, unimportant, insignificant, uneasy, restless, disturbed, unquiet, (Important.) stiff, awkward. (Quiet.) true, genuine, actual, sincere, true- unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, hearted, unaffected, honest, upright, insufficient. (Even.) veritable, real, veracious, authentic, unequaled, matchless, unique, novel, exact, accurate, correct. new, unheard of. tumultuous, turbulent, riotous, dis- unfair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. orderly, disturbed, confused, unruly. (Fair.) (Orderly.) m unfit, a., improper, unsuitable, incon- tune, tone, air, melody, strain. sistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit.) turbid, foul, tnick, muddy, impure, unfit, v., disable, disqualify, incapaci- unsettled. tate. (Fit.) type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, let- unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, ter, sort, kind. < unlucky wretched, unhappy, mis- tyro, novice, beginner, learner. erable. (Fortunate.) ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumber- U ing, uncouth. (Pretty.) unhappy, miserable, wretched, dis- ugly, unsightly, plain, homely, ill- tressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, favored, hideous. (Beautiful.) drear, dismal. (Happy.) 1137 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning uniform, regular, symmetrical, even, 'useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, equal, alike, unvaried. (Irregular.) profitless. (Useful.) uninterrupted, continuous, perpet- usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, ual, unceasing, incessant, endless. habitual, wonted, customary, gene- intermittent.) ral. (Unusual.) union, junction, combination, alii- usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, ance, confederacy, league, coalition, assume. agreement, concert. (Disunion, sep- utmost, farthest, remotest, utter- aration.) most, greatest. unique, unequal, uncommon, rare, utter, a., extreme, excessive, sheer, choice, matchless. (Common, ordi- mere, pure, nary.) utter, v., speak, articulate, express, unite, join, conjoin, combine, concert, pronounce, issue, add, attach, incorporate, embody, utterly, totally, completely, wholly, clench, merge. (Separate, disrupt, quite, altogether, entirely, sunder.) universal, general, all, entire, total, V catholic. (Sectional.) unlimited, absolute, boundless, un- vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, denned, infinite. (Limited.) thoughtless, unthinking. (Occu- unreasonable, foolish, silly, absurd. pied.) unrivaled, unequaled, unique, unex- vagrant, n., wanderer, beggar, tramp, ampled, incomparable, matchless. vagabond, rogue. (Mediocre.) vague, unsettled, undetermined, un- unroll, unfold, open, discover. certain, pointless, indefinite. (Def- unruly, ungovernable, unmanage- inite.) able, refractory. (Tractaole, docile.) vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worth- unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, less, inflated, proud, conceited, un- uncommon, remarkable, strange, ex- real, unavailing. (Effectual, hum- traordinary. (Common.) ble, real.) uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, sup- valiant, brave, bold, valorous, cour- port, vindicate. (Desert, abandon.) ageous, gallant. (Cowardly.) upright, vertical, perpendicular, just, valid, weighty, strong, powerful, ef- erect, equitable, fair, pure, honor- ficient, sound, binding. (Invalid.) able. (Prone, horizontal.) i valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, uprightness, honesty, integrity, fair- bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) ness, goodness, probity, honor, vir- value, v., appraise, assess, reckon, ap- tue. (Dishonesty.) preciate, estimate, prize, treasure, urge, incite, impel, push, drive, insti- esteem. # (Despise, condemn.) gate, stimulate, press, solicit, in- vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve, duce. vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-con- urgent, pressing, important, impera- ceit, affectedness. tive, immediate, serious, wanted, vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. (Unimportant.) (Sparkling.) usage, custom, fashion, practice, pre- vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam, scription. variable, changeable, unsteady, shift- use, n., usage, practice, habit, custom, ing, inconstant, wavering, fickle, fit- avail, advantage, utility, benefit, ap- ful, restless. (Constant.) plication. (Disuse, desuetude.) variety, difference, diversity, change, use, v. employ, exercise, occupy, ac- diversification, mixture, medley, mis- custom,' practice, inure. (Abuse.) cellany. (Sameness, monotony.) m useful, advantageous, serviceable, vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, un- available, helpful, beneficial, good. mense, enormous, colossal, gigantic (Useless.) huge, prodigious. (Confined.) 1138 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning vaunt, boast, brag, puff, hawk, ad- waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, vertise, nourish, parade. ' destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, wasteful, extravagant, profligate, reverend. (Economical.) venial, pardonable, excusable, justifi- wave, breaker, billow, surge. able. (Grave, serious.) way, method, plan, system, means, venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, malignity. process, road, route, track, path, venture, n. speculation, chance, peril, habit, practice. stake. weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong.) venture, v., dare, adventure, risk, weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, ener- hazard, jeopardize. vate, invalidate. (Strengthen.) veracity, truth, truthfulness, credi- wearisome, tedious, tiresome. (In- bility, accuracy. (Falsehood.) teresting, entertaining.) verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. unwritten. (Refresh.) virdict, judgment, finding, decision, weight, gravity, heaviness, burden, answer. load. (Lightness.) vexation, chagrin, mortification, well-being, happiness, prosperity, (Pleasure.) welfare. vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, whole, entire, complete, total, inte- undulate, thrill. gral. (Part.) vice, vileness, corruption, depravity, wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Vir- pollution, immorality, wickedness, tuous.) guilt, iniquity, crime. (Virtue.) will, wish, desire. vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. bad, contrary, unruly, demoralized, (Unwillingly.) profligate, faulty. Virtuous, gentle.) win, get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose.) dupe, gull. winning, attractive, charming, fasci- victuals, viands, bread, meat, repast, nating, bewitching, enchanting, daz- provisions, fare, food. zling, brilliant. (Repulsive.) view, prospect, survey. wisdom, prudence, foresight, saga- violent, boisterous, furious, impetu- city, far-sightedness. (Foolishness.) ous, vehement. (Gentle.) wit, humor, satire, fun, raillery. virtuous, upright, honest, moral, wonder, v. admire, amaze, astonish, (Profligate.) surprise. vision, apparition, ghost, phantom, wonder, n. marvel, miracle, prodigy. specter. word, n. expression, term. voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. work, labor, task, toil. (Play.) vote, suffrage, voice. worthless, valueless. (Valuable.) vouch, affirm, asseverate, aver, as- writer, author, penman. sure. wrong, injustice, injury. (Right.) W y wait, await, expect, look for, wait for. yawn, gape, open wide. wakeful, vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.) yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, crave. stroll. yell, bellow, cry out, scream. want, lack, need. (Abundance.) yellow, golden, saffron-like. wary, circumspect, cautious. (Fool- yelp, bark, sharp cry, howl. hardy.) yet, besides, nevertheless, however, wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, tint, ultimately, notwithstanding, still stain. at last, so far, thus far. 1139 Dictionary of Words of Like and Opposite Meaning yield, bear, give, afford, impart, com- ture, decrepit, decayed, venerable, municate, confer, bestow, abdicate, antiquated, superannuated.) resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, relax, quit, forego, give up, let go, Z waive, comply, accede, assent, a'c- zeal; energy, fervor, ardor, earnest- quiesce, succumb, submit. (With- ness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (In- draw, withhold, retain, deny, refuse, difference, apathy, torpor, coldness, vindicate, assert, claim, disallow, carelessness, sluggishness.) resist, dissent, protest, struggle, zealot, partisan, bigot, fanatic, devo- strive.) tee, visionary, enthusiast. (Traitor, yielding, conceding, producing, sur- deserter, renegade.) rendering, supple, pliant, submis- zealous, warm;, ardent, fervent, en- si ve, accommodating, unresisting. thusiastic, anxious, eager, earnest, (Firm, defiant, stiff, hard, unyield- steadfast. (Bold, indifferent, dis- ing, resisting, unfruitful.) passioned, apathetic, passionless, yoke, v., couple, link, connect, conjoin, phlegmatic, platonic.) enslave, subjugate (Dissever, di- zenith, height, highest point, pinnacle, vorce, disconnect, liberate, release, summit, culmination, maximum, manumit, enfranchised (Depth, lowest point, minimum.) yore, long ago, long since. (Recently, zephyr, mild breeze, west wind, gen- today, now.) tie wind. (Gaie, furious wind.) youth, boy, lad minority, adoles- zero, nothing, naught, cipher. (Some- cence, juvenility (Old, ancient, thing.) antiquated, elderly, senile, patriar- zest, flavor, appetizer, gusto, pleas- chal, primeval, time-honored, olden.) ure, enjoyment, relish, sharpener, youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, enhancement. (Distaste, disgust, girlish, puerile. (Aged, senile, ma- disrelish, detriment.) 1140 DICTIONARY OF YACHTING A abaft, behind; toward the stern, abeam, in a line at right angles to the keel. about, to tack. aft, toward the stern. after sails, those set behind a mast. amidships, the middle part of a yacht. astern, toward the back part of a yacht; also behind it. athwart, transversely; from one side to another. avast, a command to stop, hold, desist from. B beating, sailing against the wind by tacking. belay, to fasten a rope to a cleat or pin. bending a cable, fastening it to the anchor. bending a sail, fastening it to the spars. bilge, the bottom of a yacht's floor, where water collects from leakage. binnacle, the receptacle of the com- pass, directly in front of the steering apparatus, and fitted with glass windows so that the compass is constantly visible. blocks, the nautical name of pulleys. bobstay, a chain, rope, or wire that ties the bowsprit end to the stem to resist the upward strain of the forestays. boom, a spar used to extend the foot of certain sails. bowsprit, a large spar extending for- ward over the bow; supports the jib-boom and the flying jib-boom. by the head, when a yacht sinks deeper in the water at the stem than at the stern. by the stern, when a yacht sinks deeper at the stern than at the stem. cat-boat, a yacht designed for smooth water sailing; has a wide and shallow hull, large rudder hung beyond the transom, large center- board, a single mast well forward, and a single sail on a gaff and boom; usually from 12 to 40 feet in length. centerboard, ^ a wooden or metallic slab working in a well at amidships; extending longitudinally and verti- cally through the keel, and capable of being lowered and raised at will; designed to give a yacht greater stability. clew, a corner of a sail. clewline, the rope by which a sail is drawn together for furling. close-hauled, a yacht sailing as close to the wind as possible. cockpit, the open deck space near the stern. cutter, a yacht with a single mast stepped about amidships and two headsails, a fore staysail in addition to a jib. cut-water, the prow of a yacht. davits, the iron stanchions, curved at the upper end and extending over a yacht's bow, to which the small boats are raised to be swung aboard. downhaul, the rope by which a sail is lowered. draught, the depth of water to which a yacht sinks by its own weight; the depth necessary for it to float. falling off, the movement of the head of a yacht away from the wind. 1141 Dictionary of Yachting fin-keel yacht, one having a very shoal body to which is attached a deep stationary fin of metal. foot of a sail, its lower edge. fore-and-aft, the entire length of a yacht. forestay, a rope or wire reaching from the head of the foremast to the end of the bowsprit to support the mast. furled, a square sail when tied close to a mast. gaff, a spar that extends the upper edges of a fore-and-aft sail. garboard strakes, the rows of planks nearest to and on each side of the keel. gaskets, the short lengths of rope by which furled sails are bound close to the gaffs or yards. gooseneck, the metallic 5oint which connects a boom with a mast. gripe, when a yacht's bow is forced upward in the wind. guy, a rope or wire to swing or steady a spar. H halyards, the ropes or tackle for raising a sail or flag. hanks, the rings of wood or metal to which the after edge of a fore-and- aft sail is fastened to enable the sail to slide easily on the mast or stay in raising and lowering. head of a sail, its upper edge. heeled, tipped or sailing on the wind. hove-to, a yacht made stationary by arranging the sails so that one part forces it forward and another part forces it backward. jib, in general, a large triangular sail; specifically, one of various types named according to their position and use, as inner-jib, outer-jib, standing-jib, flying-jib, spindle-jib, storm-jib, jib-of-jibs, etc. jib-boom, a spar extending beyond the bowsprit, on which is set the jib •in large craft and the flying-jib in small ones. jib-iron, the hoop attached to a jib and sliding on its boom. jibing, passing a boom sail across a yacht when sailing off the wind. jury-mast, a reserved mast for use when the standing one is damaged. lead, a plummet attached to a rope held by hand, thrown overboard to ascertain the depth of water. leech of a sail, its after edge. leeside, the side of a yacht opposite to that from which the wind blows. leeward, the direction toward which the wind blows. long leg, the longest distance on a single tack; also the longest side of a racing course. luff, the shifting of the head of a yacht toward the wind; also the fore edge of a sail. lying-to, a yacht brought close to the wind for ease in heavy weather. port, the left hand side of a yacht when looking toward the bow. reefed, a sail reduced in size by being rolled up and having a part of it tied down to a spar. S schooner, a yacht with a fore and a main mast, the latter carrying the largest sail, and bowsprit and head sails rigged like those of a cutter. sharpie, a long, flat-bottomed yacht, having a shoal draught, long rather than deep centerboard, stern ex- tended and with round end, a fore- mast at the bow and a mainmast abaft the center of the boat, and carrying leg-o'-mutton sails. 1142 Dictionary of Yachting sheer, in sailing, to deviate from the proper course. sheet, a rope attached to a sail to extend or control it. short leg, the least distance on a single tack. shrouds, a set of ropes or wires sup- porting a mast or bowsprit and attached to the rail. sloop, a yacht with hull similar to that of a cat-boat, boom and gaff mainsail, and a large jib. sounding, rinding the depth of water by the lead. sprit, a small spar that raises diag- onally the upper outer corner of an extended sail. stand-by, an order to be ready for another order or quick action. starboard, the right hand side of a yacht looking toward the bow. stays, ropes which support or control a spar in a fore and aft direction. sternboard, a yacht sailing back- wards. stowed, any sail that lowers down, when tied close to a boom. tack, the lower forecorner of a sail. tacking, changing the course of ^ a yacht by shifting the position of its sails; advancing toward the wind's eye. taunt, lofty. taut, tight, stretched, secured. throat, on a triangular sail, the upper fore corner. tiller, the lever which controls the rudder. topping lift, a tackle by which the end of a boom is raised and held. truck, the upper extremity of a mast through which the halyards are rove. U unbend, to untie, release, cast off; opposite of bend. veering, paying out a cable W wake, the foamy track on the water left by a moving yacht. watch, a division of a crew; also the period during which a part of a crew are on duty on deck. wear, in sailing, to turn a yacht from the wind; the opposite of tacking. weather-helm, a tiller pressed to windward to keep a yacht from fly- ing into the wind. weathering, passing to windward of a vessel by close sailing. weatherside, the side of a yacht on which the wind blows. wind's eye, the direction from which the wind blows. windward, same as wind's eye. yacht, a sailing or steam vessel built for pleasure and combining speed and more or less luxury. yaw, when, despite the rudder, a yacht moves vigorously from its course. yawl, a sloop-rigged yacht with a short main boom and a second and smaller mast stepped back of the stern post, and carrying a mizzen, leg-o'-mutton, or lug sail. 1143 Facts Worth Knowing Earth, Facts about the Everyone His Own Weather Prophet Flowers, Language of Flowers, State Foreign Coins, Value of Metric System, the National Parks in the U. S. Time and Its Variations 1144 VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY (Proclaimed by Secretary of the Treasury Oct. 1, 1914, and subject to changes from time to time be* cause of the European war.) Country Argentina . Austrla-H. . Belgium . . Bolivia ... Brazil British Col- onies in Aus. and . Africa . . Canada . . . Cent. A.mer. States: B. H'nd's Cos. Rica Gua'mala Hond'ras ; Nlca'gua Salvador Chile China Colombia . Denmark . Ecuador . . Egypt Finland . . France Germany ; Gt. Britain Greece Haytl . India . . Italy .. Japan . Liberia Mexico Neth'lands N'foundi'd Norway . . Panama . . Paraguay Persia Peru Philip. Isl. Portugal. . Rumania . Russia . . . 8. Domingo Servia . . Siam . . . Stand- ard Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Silver. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Silver. Gold. Crown Franc , Boliviano Milreis . . Pound sterling Dollar Dollar Colon Monetary Unit Peso Cordova Peso Tael. . , Dollar, ! Shanghai Haikwan Canton . Crown Sucre Pound (100 piasters) Mark Franc Mark Pound Sterling. Drachma Gourde Rupee Lira ., Yen .. Dollar Peso... Florin . Dollar . Crown Balboa Kran Straits Set . Sweden Swltz'land . Turkey . . . Uruguay . . Venezuela . Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold, Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold, Libra . Peso. . . Escudo Leu . . . Ruble . Dollar Dinar , Tlcal . , Peseta Dollar . Crown Franc . Plaster Peso. . . Bolivar Value in U.S. Gold Dollar $0.96,5 .20,3 .19,3 .38,9 .54,6 4.86,65 1.00,0 1.00,0 .46,5 .39,8 1.00,0 .39,8 .36.5 .59,6 .66,4 .65,0 1.00,0 .26,8 .48,7 4.94,3 .19,3 .19,3 .23,8 4.86,65 .19,3 .96.5 .32,4 .19.3 .49,8 1.00,0 .49.8 .40,2 1.01,4 .28,8 1.00,0 .39,8 .17.0 4.86,65 .50,0 1.08,0 .19,3 .51,5 1.00,0 .19,3 3.71.0 .19.3 .56,7 .26.8 .19,3 .04,4 1.03.4 .19.3 Currency: depreciated paper, convertible at 44 per cent, of face value. Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. 12 1-2 bolivianos equal 1 pound sterling. Currency: Government paper. Exchange rate about $0.25 to the milreis. Currency: Inconvertible paper, exchange rate 16 to 18 pesos — $1.00. Currency: bank notes. Currency: convertible Into silver on demand. Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, $0.14 Currency: Inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, $102 paper to $1 gold. The actual standard Is the British pound ster- ling, wnich is legal tender for 97 1-2 piasters. Member of Latin Union; standard. gold Is the actual Member of Latin Union; gold Is the actual standard. Currency: inconvertible paper; exchange rate approximately, $0.29,41. (15 rupees equal 1 pound sterling.) Member of Latin Union; gold is the actual standard. Currency: depreciated silver token coins; cus- toms duties are collected in goid. Mexican exchange rate fluctuating and uncer- tain. Currency: depreciated paper, exchange rate. 1,550 per cent. This is the value of the gold kran. Currency Is silver circulating above its metallic value; exchange value of silver kran, approximately. $0.08,75. Currency: Inconvertible paper; exchange rate, approximately, $0.93,94. Valuation is for the gold peseta: currency Is silver circulating above its metallic value; exchange value, approximately, $0.17,94. Member Latin Union: gold is actual standard, 100 piasters equal to the Turkish L. 1145 LANGUAGE OF THE FLOWERS A cluster of flowers can be made to express any sentiment if care is taken in the selection. If a flower is offered reversed, its original signification is contradicted, and the opposite implied. A rosebud divested of thorns, but retaining leaves, conveys the sentiment, "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, it signifies, * l There is nothing to hope or fear. ' ' A full-blown rose, placed over two buds, signifies ' ' Secrecy. ' ' "Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips; "No," by pinching off a petal and casting it away. "I am" is expressed by a laurel leaf twined arounct the bouquet; "I have, ' ' by an ivy leaf folded together ; "I offer you, " by a leaf of Virginia creeper. SINGLE FLOWERS Arbor Vitse — Unchanging friendship. Camelia, White — Loveliness. Candy-Tuft — Indifference. Carnation, White; — Disdain. China Aster — Variety. Clover, Four-Leaf — Be mine. Clover, White — Think of me. Clover, Red — Industry. Columbine — Folly. Daisy — Innocence. Daisy, Colored — Beauty. Dead Leaves — Sadness. Deadly Nightshade — Falsehood. Fern — Fascination. Forget-me-not. Fuchsia, Scarlet — Taste. Geranium, Horseshoe — Stupidity. Geranium, Scarlet — Consolation. Geranium, Rose — Preference. Golden-rod — Be cautious. Heliotrope — Devotion. Hyacinth, White — Loveliness. Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. Ivy — Friendship. Lily, Day — Coquetry. Lily, Whiter — Sweetness. Lily, Yellow — Gayety. Lily, Water — Purity of heart. Lily of the Valley — Unconscious sweetness. Mignonette — Your qualities surpass your charms. Monkshead — Danger is near. Myrtle — Love. Oak — Hospitality. Orange Blossoms — Chastity. Pansy — Thoughts. Passion Flower — Faith. Primrose — Inconstancy. Rose — Love. Rose, Damask — Beauty ever new. Rose, Yellow — Jealousy. Rose, White — I am worthy of you. Rosebud, Moss — Confession of Love. Smilax— -Constancy. Straw — Agreement. Straw, Broken — Broken Agreement. Sweet Pea — Depart. Tuberose — Dangerous Pleasures. Thistle — Sternness. Verbena — Pray for me. White Jasmine — Amiability. Witch Hazel— A spell. IN COMBINATIONS Moss Rosebud, Myrtle. Mignonette, Colored Daisy. Lily of the Valley, Ferns. Yellow Rose, Broken Straw, Ivy. Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower,' Purple Hyacinth, Arbor Vitae. Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel, Colored Daisy. White Pink, Canary Grass, Laurel. Golden-rod, Monkshead, Sweet Pea, Forget-me-not. ) A confession ) of love. "I Your qualities surpass /your charms of beauty. }Your unconscious sweet- ness has fascinated me. ) Your jealousy has broken ( our friendship. \ I trust you will find con- solation, through faith, > in your sorrow ; be as- j sured of my unchanging [ friendship. I Your folly and coquetry have broken the spell of your beauty. ) Your talent and perse- > verance will win you ) glory. Be cautious; danger is near ; I depart soon ; for- get-me-not. 1146 EVERYONE HIS OWN WEATHER PROPHET Almanac predictions can be nothing but conjecture, the earth's subjection to many unknowable and undeterminable forces rendering such calculations impossible. It is practicable, however, by the following rules, drawn from actual results during very many years and applied with due regard to the subjects of solar and lunar attraction with reference to this planet, to foresee the kind of weather most likely to follow the moon te change of phase. PROGNOSTICATIONS If New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon or Last Quarter happens Between midnight 2 md 10 " midnight In Summer Fair (1 and 2) Cold and showers... Rain Wind and rain Changeable Frequent showers (3) Very rainy (4) Changeable - Fair Fair if wind N. W. Rainy if S., or S*. W._ Fair In Winter Frost, unless wind is S. W. (7) Snow and stormy. Rain. Stormy. Cold rain if wind W., Enow if E. Cold and high wind. Snow or rain. Fair and mild. Fair. Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. Rain or snow if S. or S. W. Fair and frosty. Observations. — 1. The nearer the moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter to midnight, the fairer will be the weather during the next seven days. 2. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night till two next morning. 3. The nearer to midday or noon the phase of the moon happens, the more foul or wet weather may be expected during the next seven days. 4. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the forenoon to two in the afternoon. These observations refer principally to summer, though they affect spring and autumn in the same ratio. 5. The moon's change, first quarter, full and last quarter happening during six of the afternoon hours, i. e., from four to ten, may be followed by fair weather, but this is mostly dependent on the wind, as is noted in the table. 6. Though the weather, from a variety of irregular causes, is more uncertain in the latter part of autumn, the whole of winter and the beginning of spring, yet, in the main, the above observations will apply to these periods also. 7. To prognosticate correctly, especially in those cases where the wind is concerned, the observer should be within sight of a vane where the four cardinal points of the compass are correctly placed. 1117 FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH According to Clark, the equatorial semi-diameter of the earth is 20,926,202 feet=3,963.296 miles, and the polar semi-diameter is 20,854,895 feet= 3,950.738 miles. One degree of latitude at the pole= 69.407 miles. One degree of latitude at the equator =68.704 miles. POPULATION OF THE EARTH BY CONTINENTS (From estimates by the National Geographical Society) Area in S'q. Miles Inhabitants Continental Divisions Number Per Sq. Mile 11,513,579 8,037,714 6,851,306 17,057,666 180,000,000 130,000,000 35,000,000 900,000,000 16 17 5.2 52.76 3,456,290 3,754,282 6,970,268 8,000,000 450,000,000 300,000 2.31 Europe Polar Region 121 0.05 Total __ _ 57,641,102 1,732,000,000 30 Ravenstein's estimate of the earth's fertile region, in square miles, is 28,269,200; steppe, 13,901,000; desert, 4,180,000; polar regions, 4,888,800. The population of the earth at the death of the Emperor Augustus, esti- mated by Bodio, was 54,000,000. The population of Europe hardly exceeded 50,000,000 before the fifteenth century. — Mulhall. The area and cubic contents of the earth, according to the data of Clark, given above, are: Surface, 196,971,984 square miles; cubic contents, 259,944,- 035,515 cubic miles. Murray-Challenger expedition states the greatest depth of the Atlantic Ocean at 27,366 feet; Pacific Ocean, 30,000 feet; Indian Ocean, 18,582 feet; Southern Ocean, 25,200 feet; Arctic Ocean, 9,000 feet. The greatest depth of the Pacific Ocean yet found was obtained by the TJ. S. collier "Nero'* on No- vember 14, 1899, when soundings near the island of Guam showed 31,614 feet. The Atlantic Ocean has an area, in square miles, of 24,536,000; Pacific Ocean, 50,309,000; Indian Ocean, 17,084,000; Arctic Ocean, 4,781,000; Southern Ocean, 30,592,000. The highest mountain is believed to be Deodhunga, one of the Himalayas, 29,002 feet. Of the 1,732,000,000 inhabitants of the globe, about 600,000,000 speak the principal European tongues, the English leading with 160,000,000; and of the total number it is estimated that about one-third are Christians. 1148 THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES MEASURES OF LENGTH Metrio Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use Myriameter 10,000 meters Kilometer 1,000 meters Hectometer 100 meters ..... fi.21 27 miles. 0.62137 mile, or 3,280 feet and 10 inches. 328 feet and 1 inch. Dekameter 10 meters 393.7 inches. Meter 1 meter 39.37 inches. Decimeter t^ of a meter Centimeter T ^ of a meter Millimeter x^Vo of a meter 3.937 inches. 0.3937 inch. 0.0394 inch. MEASURES OF SURFACE Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use Hectare 10,000 square meters Are 100 square meters Centare 1 square meter 2.471 acres. 119.6 square yards. 1,550 square inches. MEASURES OF CAPACITY Metric Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denominations in Use Names No. of liters i Cubic Measure Dry Measure Liquid or Wine Measure Kiloliter... or Stere. Hectoliter. Dekaliter.. Liter Deciliter. . Centiliter.. Milliliter. . 1,000 100 10 1 1 p A0 1000 1 cubic meter -nr of a cubic meter . . . 10 cubic decimeters . . . 1 cubic decimeter. . . . to of a cubic decimeter. 10 cubic centimeters.. . 1 cubic centimeter. . . 1.308 cubic yards. . 2 bu. and 3.35 pks.. 9.08 quarts 0.908 quart. 6.1022 cubic inches. 0.6102 cubic inch. . 0.061 cubic inch . . . 264.17 gallons. 26.417 gallons. 2.6417 gallons. 1.0567 quarts. 0.845 gill. 0.338 fluid oz. 0.27 fluid dram.. WEIGHTS Metrio Denominations and Values Equivalents in Denom- inations in use Names Number of grams. Weight of what quantity of water at maximum density Avoirdupois Weight Millier or Tonneau* 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 p TFo iooo 1 cubic meter 2,204.6 pounds. 220.46 pounds. 22.046 pounds. 2.2046 pounds. 3.5274 ounces Quintal 1 hectoliter Myriagram. . . . Kilogram or Kilo. . Hectogram Dekagram Gram 10 liters 1 liter 1 deciliter 10 cubic centimeters 1 cubic centimeter -nj- of a cubic centimeter. . . 10 cubic millimeters 1 cubic millimeter 0.3527 ounce. 15.432 grains. 1.5432 grains. 0.1543 grain. 0.0154 grain. Decigram Centigram Milligram 1149 TIME BETWEEN ] AND ITS VARIATIONS Points at which the principle railroads change time iASTERN AND CENTRAL STANDARD TIME ZONES. Time-breaking points. Railroads. Longitude west of Greenwich. Minutes of time east or west of normal time breaking line. Minutes by which local mean time differs from stand- ard time. Buffalo, N. Y New York Central Michigan Central; Grand Trunk; Wabash. Pennsylvania Lines Baltimore & Ohio do do o / 78 51 83 01 80 00 81 09 80 45 80 24 80 09 83 09 84 10 81 34 82 34 82 26 82 16 82 37 82 12 82 32 81 05 84 23 81 09 81 58- 14| E 2, W 10, E 5|, E 7, E 8f,E 9|, E 2|W 6|, W 3f, E a, W I.E 1,E A, W 1, E 44| fast of Central. 32 slow of Eastern. 40 fast of Central. 35| fast of Central. 37 fast of Central. 38 | fast of Central. 39| fast of Central. 32 1 slow of Eastern. 36| slow of Eastern. 33% fast of Central. 30| slow of Eastern. 30| fast of Central. 31 fast of Central. 30| slow of Eastern. 31 fast of Central. 30 fast of Central. 35! fast of Central. 37| slow of Eastern. 35| fast of Central. 32 fast of Central. Detroit, Mich Pittsburgh, Pa Holloway, Ohio Wheeling, W. Va New Castle Junction, Pa. Erie, Pa Pennsylvania Lines Erie Marion, Ohio do Parkersburg, W. Va Kenova, W. Va Baltimore & Ohio do Huntington, W. Va Williamson, W. Va Norton, Va Chesapeake & Ohio Norfolk & Western N. &W.;L. &N N. & W.; Southern Southern Seaboard Air Line Southern; Seaboard A. C. L.: Southern Ga.; Cent, of Ga.; South- ern; C. & W. C Bristol, Tenn.-Va Asheville, N. C Columbia, S. C Atlanta, Ga Si, E 7|, W Si.E 2, E Central Junction, Ga. . . . Augusta, Ga BETWEEN CENTRAL AND MOUNTAIN STANDARD TIME ZONES. Portal, N. Dak Williston, N. Dak. . Mandan, N. Dak.. . Mobridge, S. Dak. . Rapid City, S. Dak. Pierre, S. Dak Long Pine, Nebr. . . Alliance, Nebr Curtis, Nebr McCook, Nebr Phillipsburg, Kans. . Tucumcari, N. Mex. North Platte, Nebr. Plainville, Kans. . . . Ellis, Kans Hoisington, Kans. . . Scott City, Kans. . . Dodge City, Kans. . Clovis, N. Mex Pecos, Tex Sixela, N. Mex £1 Paso, Tex Do M., S. P. & S.St. M. Great Northern Northern Pacific. . . . C. M.&St. P ....do Chicago & North Western ....do C. B. &Q ....do ....do C, R. I. &P ....do Union Pacific. . . ....do ....do Missouri Pacific. A., T. &S. F. . . ....do ....do A., T. & S. F.-Tex. Pac. Colo. So.-F.,W. &D. C. Texas Pacific Gal., Har. & San A 102 103 100 100 103 100 99 102 100 100 99 103 100 99 99 98 100 100 103 103 103 106 106 20|, W. . 24|, W.. 13|, W.. Hi. W.. 23, W. . . Ill, W.. & l A, W.. 21|, W.. 12, W... 12|, W.. 71, W... 25, W... 13, W... 7, W.... 81, W... 5, W.... 13|, W.. 10, W... 23, W... 24, W. . . 22, W... 36, W. . . 36, W... 50| slow of Central. 54| slow of Central. 43 1 slow of Central. 41 1 slow of Central. 53 slow of Central. 41 1 slow of Central. 38| slow of Central. 51| slow of Central. 42 slow of Central. 42 § slow of Central. 37| slow of Central. 55 slow of Central. 43 slow of Central. 37 slow of Central. 38| slow of Central. 35 slow of Central. 43! slow of Central. 40 slow of Central. 53 slow of Central. 54 slow of Central. 52 slow of Central. 66 slow of Central. 66 slow of Central. BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES. 115 114 117 54 47 16 13!, W.... 9, W 19, W 43 ! slow of Mountain. 39 slow of Mountain- Huntington, Oreg Oregon Short Line-O. R. &N. w., 49 slow of Mountain. 1150 — Mi Points at which time changes- — Continued BETWEEN MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STANDARD TIME ZONES— Continued. Time-breaking points. Railroads. Longitude west of Greenwich. Minutes of time east or west of normal time breaking line. Minutes by which local mean time differs from stand- ard time. C, M. &St. P 115 48 111 59 111 31 114 31 112 50 114 17 114 37 13. W 2.E 2§, E 8, w.:.... 1£, W 7, W 8^, W 43 sIqw of Mountain. 32 fast of Pacific. 3 2 §fast of Pacific. 38 slow of Mountain. 3 1 \ slow of Mountain. Ogden, Utah Salt Lake City, Utah .... Caliente, Nev Seligman, Ariz Union Pacific; So. Pac. . . D. &R. G.;West. Pac... S. P.. L. A. & Salt Lake.. A..T.&S.F do TIME DIFFERENCE Between the City of New York and the Principal Foreign Cities Later than New York Antwerp 5 13 . 5 Berlin 5 49 . 5 Bremen 5 31.0 Brussels 5 13 . 4 Buenos Ayres 1 2.4 Calcutta 10 49 . 2 Constantinople 6 51 . 9 Dublin 4 30 . 5 Edinburgh 4 43 . 2 Geneva 5 20 . 5 Hamburg 5 35.8 H.M. Liverpool 4 43 . 6 London 4 55 . 9 Madrid 4 41 . 1 Paris 5 5.2 Rio de Janeiro 2 3.2 Rome 5 45 . 8 Petrograd 6 57 . 1 Valparaiso 9.3 Vienna 6 1.2 Halifax 41.5 Earlier than New York H.M. Havana 33.5 Hong Kong 11 27 . 4 Melbourne 9 24. 2 H.M. Mexico, City of 1 40. Panama 22. Yokohama 9 45. STATE FLOWERS Alabama Golden Rod Arizona Ocotillo Arkansas Apple Blossom California Golden Poppy Colorado Columbine Connecticut Mountain Laure 1 Delaware Peach Blossom District of Columbia Nasturtium Florida Orange Blossoms Georgia Cherokee Rose Idaho Syringa Illinois The Native Violet Indiana Carnation Iowa Wild Rose Kansas Sunflower Kentucky Golden Rod Louisiana Magnolia Maine Pine Cone and Tassel Maryland Black Eyed Susan Michigan Apple Blossom Minnesota Moccasin Mississippi Magnolia Montana Bitter Root Nebraska Golden Rod New Jersey Golden Rod and Violet New Mexico Cactus New York Rose North Dakota Wild Rose Ohio Scarlet Carnation Oklahoma Mistletoe Oregon Oregon Grape Pennsylvania Daisy and Violet Rhode Island Violet South Dakota Anemone Patens Tennessee Golden Rod Texas Blue Bonnet Utah Sego Lily Vermont Red Clover Washington Rhododendron West Virginia Rhododendron Wisconsin Viole* Wyoming Blue Fringed Gentian Hawaii Lehua 1151 r z o I o h a B o w H 2 D a H U« O CO a: < < o I OS e X u a 2 t-o oo OM (DO 100 co co to OO rH Midland, Pa 5,452 Miles City, Mont 7,937 Milford, Conn 10,193 Milford, Mass 13,471 Millbury, Mass 5,653 Millvale, Pa.. 8,031 Millville, N. J 14,691 Milton, Mass 9,382 Milton, Pa 8,638 Milwaukee, Wis 457,147 Miaden, La 6,105 ■Hi MHi warn PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES Mineral Wells, Tex... 7,890 Minersville, Pa 7,845 Minneapolis, Minn.. .380,582 xMinot, N. D 10,476 Mishawaka, Ind 15,195 Missoula, Mont 12,668 Mitchell, S.D 8,478 Moberly, Mo 12,808 Mobile, Ala 60,777 Modesto, Calif 9,241 Moline, 111 30,734 Monessen, Pa 18,179 Monmouth, 111 8,116 Monongahela, Pa 8,688 Monroe, La 12,675 Monroe, Mich 11,573 Monrovia, Cal 5,480 Montague, Mass 7,675 Montclair, N. J 2S,810 Monterey, Cal 5,479 Montgomery, Ala 43,464 Montpelier, Vt 7,125 Moorhead, Minn 5,720 Morenci, Ariz. . . 5,100 Morgan City, La 5,429 Morgantown, W. Va. . 12,127 Morristown, N. J 12,548 Morristown, Term 5,875 Moultrie, Ga 6,789 Moundsville, W. Va.. .10,669 Mount Carmel, III 7,456 Mount Carmel, Pa 17,469 Mount Clemens, Mich. 9,488 Mount Oliver, Pa 5,575 Mount Pleasant, Pa... 5,862 Mount Vernon, 111 9,815 Mount Vernon, Ind. . . 5,284 Mount Vernon, N. Y.. 42,726 Mount Vernon, Ohio. . 9,237 Muncie, Ind 36,524 Munhall, Pa 6,418 Munising, Mich 5,037 Murfreesboro, Term.. . 5,367 Murphysborc. LI 10,703 Muscatine, la 16,068 Muskegon, Mien 36,570 Muskegon Heights, Mich 9,514 Muskogee, Okla 30.277 Nampa, Idaho 7,621 Nanticoke, Pa 22,614 Nantyglo.Pa. 5,028 Napa, Cal,. 6,757 Nashua, N. H 28,379 Nashville, Tenn 118,342 Natchez, Miss 12,608 Natick, Mass 10,907 Natick, R. 1 5,480 Naugatuck, Conn 15,051 Navasota, Tex 5,060 Nebraska City, Neb.. . 6,279 Needham, Mass 7,012 Neenah, Wis 7,171 Negaunee, Mich 7,419 Nelsonville, Ohio 6,440 Nevada. Mo 7,139 New Albany, Ind 22,992 Newark, N.J 414,524 Newark. N. Y 6,964 Newark, Ohio 26,718 New Bedford, Mass. .121,217 Newbern, N. C 12,198 Newberry, S. C 5,894 New Brighton, Pa 9,361 New Britain, Conn 59,316 New Brunswick, N. J .32,779 Newburgh,N. Y 30,366 Newburyport, Mass. . . 15,618 Newcastle, Ind 14,458 Newcastle, Pa 44,938 New Haven, Conn... . 162,537 New Iberia, La 6,278 New Kensington, Pa.. .11,987 New London, Conn.. . .25,628 Newman, Ga 7,037 New Orleans, La 387,219 New Philadelphia, Ohio 10,718 Newport, Ky.. .v 29,317 Newport, R.I 30,255 Newport News, Va 35,596 New Rochelle, N. Y.. .36,213 Newton, la 6,627 Newton, Kas 9,781 Newton, Mass 46,054 New Ulm, Minn 6,745 New York City, N. Y. 5,620,048 Niagara Falls, N. Y.. . . 50,760 Niles, Mich 7,311 Niles, Ohio 13,080 Nogahs, Ariz 5,199 Norfolk, Neb.. 8,634 Norfolk, Va 115,777 Normal, 111 5,143 Norman, Okla 5,004 Norristown, Pa 32,319 North Adams, Mass.. .22,282 Northampton, Mass. . .21,951 Northampton, Pa 9,349 North Andover, Mass. . 6,265 North Attleborough, Mass 9,238 North Braddock, Pa. . . 14,928 Northbridge, Mass 10,174 North Chicago, 111 5,839 North Little Rock, Ark 14,048 North Plainfield, N. J. 6,916 North Platte, Neb 10,466 North Providence, R. I.. 7,697 North Tarrytown, N. Y. 5,927 North Tonawanda, N.Y 15,482 Norwalk, Conn 27,743 Norwalk, Ohio 7,379 Norwich, Conn 22,304 Norwich, N.Y 8,268 Norwood, Mass 12,627 Norwood, Ohio 24,966 Nutley.N/J 9,421 Oakland, Cal 216,261 Oak Park, 111 .39,858 Oelwein, la 7,455 Ogden, Utah 32,804 Ogdensburg, N. Y 14,609 Oil City, Pa 21,274 Oklahoma City, Okla.. 9 1,295 Ckmulgee.Okla 17,430 Oldforge, Pa 12,237 01dtown,Me 6,956 Olean, N. Y 20,506 Olympia, Wash 7,795 Olyphant, Pa 10,236 Omaha, Neb 191,601 1165 Oneida, N.Y 10,541 Oneonta, N. Y 11,582 Ontario, Cal 7,280 Orange, Mass 5,393 Orange, N. J 33,263 Orange, Tex 9,212 Orangeburg, S. C 7,290 Oregon City, Ore . 5,685 Orlando, Fla 9,257 Oshkosh, Wis 33,162 Oskaloosa, la 9,42 7 Ossining, N. Y 10,739 Oswego, N. Y 23,626 Ottawa, 111 10,816 Ottawa, Kas 9,013 Ottumwa, la 23,003 Owatonna, Minn 7,252 Owensboro, Ky 17,421 Owosso, Mich 12,575 Paducah, Ky 24,735 Painesville, Ohio 7,272 Palatka, Fla 5,102 Palestine, Tex 11,039 Palmer, Mass 9,896 Palmerton, Pa 7,168 Palo Alto, Cal 5,900 Pana, 111 6,122 Paragould, Ark 6,305 Paris, 111 7,985 Paris, Ky 6,310 Paris, Tex 15,040 Parkersburg, W. Va... .20,050 Parsons, Kas 16,028 Parsons, Pa 5,628 Pasadena, Cal 45,354 Pascagoula, Miss 6,082 Passaic, N.J 63,841 Paterson, N. J 135,875 Pawhuska, Okla 6,414 Pawtucket, R. 1 64,248 Peabody, Mass 19,552 Peekskill. N. Y 15,868 Pekin, 111 12,086 Pendleton, Ore 7,387 Pennsgrove, N. J 6,060 Pensacola, Fla 31,035 Peoria, 111 76,121 Perry, la 5,642 Perth Amboy. N. J... .41,707 Peru, 111..... 8,869 Peru, Ind 12,410 Petaluma, Cal 6,226 Petersburg, Va 31,012 Petoskey, Mich 5,064 Philadelphia, Pa... 1,823,779 Phillipsburg, N. J 16,923 Phoenix, Ah 5,432 Phoenix, Ariz 29,053 Phoenixville, Pa 10,484 Picher, Okla 9,676 Pine Bluff, Ark 19,280 Piqua, Ohio 15,044 Pitcairn, Pa 5,738 Pittsburg, Kas 18,052 Pittsburgh, Pa 588,343 Pittsfield, Mass 41,763 Pittston, Pa 18,497 Plainfield, N.J 27,700 Plattsburg, N. Y 10,909 Pleasantville, N. J 5,887 Plymouth, Mass 13,045 Plymouth, Pa 16,500 Pocatello, Idaho 15,001 V V PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES Pomona, Cal 13,505 Ponca City, Okla 7,051 Pontiac, 111 6,664 Pontiac, Mich .34,273 Poplar Bluff, Mo. 8,042 Portage, Wis 5,582 Port Angeles, Wash.... 5,351 Port Arthur, Tex 22,25 1 Port Chester, N. Y.. . . 16,573 Port Huron, Mich 25,944 Port Jervis, N. Y 10,171 Portland, Ind 5,958 Portland, Me 69,2 72 Portland, Ore 258,288 Portsmouth, N. H 13,569 Portsmouth, Ohio 33,011 Portsmouth, Va 54,387 Pottstown, Pa 17,431 Pottsville, Pa 21,876 Poughkeepsie, N. Y... .35,000 Pratt, Kas 5,183 Prescott, Ariz 5,010 Presque Isle, Me.. .... 5,581 Princeton, Ind 7,132 Princeton, N. J 5,917 Princeton, W. Va 6,224 Providence, R. 1 237,595 Provo, Utah 10,303 Pueblo, Col ...43,050 Pulaski, Va 5,282 Punxsutawney, Pa. . . . 10,311 Putnam, Conn.. 7,711 Puyallup, Wash 6,323 Quincy, III 35,978 Quincy, Mass 47,876 Racine, Wis 58,593 Rahway, N.J 11,042 Raleigh, N. C 24,418 Ranger, Tex 16.205 Rankin, Pa.... 7,301 Rapid City, S. D 5,777 Raton, N.M.......... 5,544 Ravenna, Ohio 7,219 Reading, Mass 7,439 Reading, Pa 107,784 Red Bank, N.J 9,251 Redlands, Cal 9,571 Red Oak, la 5,578 Red Wing, Minn 8,637 Reidsville, N. C 5,333 Reno, Nev 12,016 Renovo, Pa 5,877 Rensselaer, N. Y 10,823 Revere, Mass 28,823 Rhinelander, Wis 6,654 Richmond, Cal 16,843 Richmond, Ind 26,765 Richmond, Ky 5,622 Richmond, Va 171,667 Ridgefiell Park, N.J. . 8,575 Rid S ewood, N. J 7,570 Ridgway, Pa 6.037 River Rouge, Mich 9,822 Riverside, Cal 19.341 Roanoke, Va 50,842 Rochester, Minn 13,722 Rochester, N. H 9,673 Rochester, N. Y 295,750 Rochester, Pa 6.957 Rockford, Hi 65.651 Rockhill. S. C 8.809 Rock Island, 111 35,177 Rockland, Me 8,109 Rockland, Mass 7,544 Rock Springs, Wyo.... 6,456 Rockville, Conn 7,726 Rockville Center, N. Y 6,262 Rocky Mount, N. C. . 12,742 Rome, Ga, 13,252 Rome, N. Y 26,341 Roosevelt, N. J 11,017 Rosedale, Kas 7,674 Roselle, N. J 5,757 Roseilc Park, N. J. 5,438 Roswcll, N.M 7,052 Royal Oak, Mich 6,007 Rumford, Me 7,016 Rush viilc, Ind. .. . 5,498 Rutherford, N. J 9,497 Rutland, Vt 14,954 Rye,N.Y .. 5,308 Saco, Me 6,817 Sacramento, Cal 65.908 Saginaw, Mich 65,648 St. Albans, Vt 7,588 St. Augustine, Fla 6,192 St. Bernard, Ohio 6,312 St. Charles, Mo. 8,503 St. Clair, (Allegheny Co.), Pa 6,585 St. Clair, (Schuylkill Co.), Pa 6,495 St. Cbud, Minn 15,873 St. Johnsbury. Vt 7,163 St. Joseph, Mich 7,251 St. Joseph, Mo 77,939 St. Louis, Mo 772,897 St. Marys, Ohio 5,679 St. Marys, Pa 6,967 St. Paul, Minn 234,698 St. Petersburg, Fla.. .. 14,237- Salamanca, N. Y 9,276 Salem, Mass 42,529 Salem, N.J 7,435 Salem, Ohio 10,305 Salem, Ore 17,679 Salina, Kas 15,085 Salisbury, Md 7,553 Salisbury, N. C 13,884 Salt Lake City, Utdi..ll8,110 San Angelo, Tex 10,050 San Antonio, Tex 161,379 San Benito, Tex 5,070 San Bernardino, Cal.. .18,721 San Diego, Cal 74,683 Sandusky, Ohio 22,897 Sanford,Fla 5,588 Sanfoid,Me... 10,691 San Francisco, Cal... .505,676 San Jose, Cal 39,642 SanLcandro,Cal 5,703 San Luis Qbicpo, Cal.. . 5,895 San Mateo, Cal 5,979 San Rafael, Cal 5,512 Santa Ana, Cal 15,485 Santa Barbara. Cal. . . 19,441 Santa Clara, Cal „ 5,220 Santa Cruz, Cal 10,917 Santa Fe, N. M 7,236 Santa Monica, Cal 15,252 Santa Ro^a, Cal 8,758 Sapulpa, Okla 11,634 Saranac Lake, N. Y... 5,174 Saratoga Springs, N.Y.13, 181 Saugus, Mass 10,874 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 12,096 Savanna, 111. .. , 5,237 Savannah, Ga 83,252 Sayre.Pa 8,078 Schenectady, N. Y 88,723 Schuylkill Haven, Pa. . 5,437 Scottdale,Pa 5,768 Scotts Bluff, Neb 6,9 12 Scran ton, Pa 137,783 Seattle, Wash 315J12 Secaucus, N. J 5^423 Sedalia, Mo 21,144 Selma, Ala 15,589 Seneca Falls, N. Y 6,389 Seymour, Conn 6,781 Seymour, Ind 7,348 Shamokin, Pa 21.204 Sharon, Pa 21,747 Sharpsburg, Pa 8,921 Shawnee, Okla... .15,348 Sheboygan, Wis 30,955 Sheffield, Ala 6,682 Shelby, Ohio 5,5/8 Shelby viilc, Ind 9,701 Shelton, Conn 9,-75 Shenandoah, la 5,255. Shenandoah, Pa 24,726 Sheridan, Wyo 9,175 Sherman, Tex ...15,031 Shrevepcrt, La 43,874 Sidney, Ohio 8,590 Sioux City, la 71,227 Sioux Falls, S. D 25,202 Skowhegan, Me 5,981 Solvay, N. Y 7,352 Somersworth, N. H... . 6,688 Somervillc, Mass 93,091 Somerville, N. J 6,718 South Amboy, N. J... . 7,897 South Bend, Ind 70,983 Southbridgc, Mass 14,245 South Hadley, Mass. . . 5,527 Southington, Conn. . . . 5,085 South Kingstown, R. I. 5,181 South Milwaukee, Wis. 7,598 South Norfolk, Va 7,724 South Omaha, Neb.. . .26,800 South Orange, N. J 7,274 South Pasadena, Cal... 7,652 South Portland, Me. . . 9,254 South River, N.J 6,596 South St. Paul, Minn.. 6,860 Spartanburg, S. C 22,638 Spencer, Mass 5,930 '. Spokane, Wash 104,437 ' Springfield, III ...59,183 Springfield, Mass 129,614 ' Springfield, Mo 39,631 Springfield, Ohio 60,840 Springfield, Vt 5,283 Spring Valley, 111 6.493 Stamford, Conn 35,005 Statesville, N. C 7,895 Staunton, III 6,027 Staunton, Va 10,623 Steelton, Pa 13,428 Sterling, Col.. 6,415 Sterling, 111 8,18? Steuben ville, Ohio 28,5oc Stevens Point, Wis 11,3' 1 Stillwater, Minn 7,735 Stockton, Cal 40,296 Stoneham, Mass 7,87," Stoughton, Mass 6.865 1160 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF UNITED STATES Stoughton, Wis 5,101 Streator, 111 14,779 Stroudsburg, Pa 5,278 Struthers, Ohio 5,847 Sturgis, Mich 5,995 Suffolk, Va 9,123 Sulphur Springs, Tex.. 5,558 Summit, N. J 10,174 Summithill, Pa 5,499 Sumter, S. C 9,508 S -anbury, Pa 15,721 Superior, Wis 39,671 Swampscott, Mass 8,101 Swissvale.Pa 10,903 S .voyersviile, Pa 6,876 Syracuse, N. Y 171,717 Tacoma, Wash. ..... .96,965 Talladega, Ala 6,546 Tallahassee, Fla 5,637 Tamaqua, Pa. 12,363 Tampa, Fla 5 1,008 Tarentum, Pa 8,925 Tarry town, N. Y 5,807 Taunton, Mass 37,137 Taylor, Pa 9,876 Taylor, Tex 5,965 Taylorvilb, III 5,806 Temple, Tex 11,033 Tenafiy.N.J. 5,650 Terre Haute, Ind 65/ 83 Terrell, Tex 8,349 Texarkana, Ark. 8,257 Texarkana, Tex 11,480 The Dalles, Ore 5,807 Thomasville, Ga 8,196 Thomasville, N. C 5,676 Thompsonville, Conn.. 5,900 Three Rivers, Mich 5,209 Throop,Pa 6,672 Tiffin, Ohio 14,375 Titusville, Pa 8,432 Toledo, Ohio 243,164 Tonawanda, N. Y 10,068 Topeka, Kas 50,022 Torrington, Conn 20,623 Traverse City, Mich.. . 10,925 | >enton,Mo. . .' 6,951 enton.N.J 119,289 inidad, Col 10,906 oy, Ala 5,696 roy, N. Y 72,013 Proy, Ohio 7,260 Tucson, Ariz 20,292 Tulsa, Okla 72,075 Tupelo, Miss 5,055 I Turners Falls, Mass. . . 5,850 Turtle Creek, Pa 8,138 ""scaloosa, Ala 11,996 in Falls, Idaho 8,324 'o Rivers, Wis 7,305 ler.Tex 12,085 rone, Pa 9,084 fob, N. J 20,651 tfl >an,S. C 6,141 Uhlpntown, Pa 15,692 University , Mo 6,792 Urfcma, III 10,244 Urbana, Ohio 7,62 1 T* -hsville, Ohio 6,428 :a.N.Y 94,156 •ridge, Mass 5,384 !osta, Ga,,, 10,783 Vallejo, Cal 21,107 v alparuiso, Ind 6,518 Van Buren, Ark 5,224 Vancouver, Wash 12,637 Vandergriit, Pa 9,53 1 Van Wert, Ohio 8,100 Venice, Cal 10,385 Vernon, Tex. ......... 5,142 Vicksburg, Miss 18,072 Victoria, Tex 5,957 Vincennes, Ind. ..... .17,160 Vineland, N. J 6,799 Vinita, Okh 5,010 Virginia, Minn 14,022 Visalia.Cal 5,753' Wabash, Ind 9,872 Waco, Tex 38,500 Wakefield, Mass 13,025 Waklen, N. Y 5,493 Walla Walla, Wash... . 15,503 Wallingford, Conn. . . . 9,648' Wallington, N. J 5,715 Walpole.Mass 5,446' Waltham, Mass 30,915 Wapakoneta, Ohio. . . . 5,295 Ware, Mass 8,525 Warren, Ohio. 27,050 Warren, Pa 14,272 Warren, R.I 7,841 Warsaw, Ind 5,478 Warwick, R.I 13,481 Washington, D. C... .437,571 Washington, Ind, 8,743 Washington, N. C 6,314 Washington, Pa.. 21,480 Washington Court House, Ohio 7,962 Waterbury, Conn 91,715 Waterloo, la 36,230 Watertown. Mass 21,457 Watertown, N. Y 31,285 Watertown, S. D 9,400 Watertown, Wis 9,299 Waterville, Me 13,351 Watervliet, N. Y 16,073 Watsonville, Cal 5,013 Waukegan, 111 19,226 Waukesha, Wis 12,558 Wausau, Wis 18,661 Wauwatosa, Wis 5,818 Waverly, N. Y 5,270 Waxahachie, Tex 7,958 Waycross, Ga 18,068 Waynesboro, Pa 9,720 Weatherford, Tex 6,203 Webb City, Mo 7,807 Webster, Mass 13,258 Webster City, la 5,657 Webster Grove, Mo... 9,474 Weehawken, N. J 11,450 Wellesley, Mass 6,224 Wellington, Kas 7,048 Wellston, Ohio 6,687 Wellsville, Ohio 8,849 Wenatchee, Wash 6,324 West Allis, Wis 13,745 Westborough, Mass... 5,789 Westbrook, Me 9,453 West Chester, Pa 11,717 Westerlv, P. 1 9,952 Westfield, Mass 18,604 Westfield, N. J 9,063 1167 West Frankfort, 111.... 8,478 West Hammond, 111.. - . 7,492 West Hartford, Conn.. 8,854 West Haven, Conn 12,400 Westllazleton, Pa 5,854 West Helena, Ark 6,226 West Uoboken, N. J.... 40,074 West New York, N. J ..29.926 Weston, W. Va 5,701 West Orange, N. J. 15,573 West Palm Beach, Fla 8,659 West Park, Ohio 8,581 West Pittston, Pa 6,963 West Springfield, Mass. 13 ,443 West Tampa, Fla 8,463 West Warwick, R. L. .15,461 Weymouth, Mass 15,057 Wheeling, W. Va 56,203 Whitehall, N. Y 5,258 'White Plains, N. Y. . .21,031 Whiting, Ind 10,145 Whitman, Mass 7,147 Whittier, Cal 7,997 Wichita, Kas 72,217 Wichita Falls, Tex 40,079 Wilkinsburg, Pa 24,403 Wilkes-Barre, Pa 73,833 Williamson, W. Va 6,819 Williamsport, Pa 36,198 V/illimantic, Conn 12,330 W'lhnar, Minn 5,892 Wilmerding, Pa 6,44 1 Wjtmette,Ili 7,814 Wilmington, Del 110,168 Wilmington, N. C 33,372 Wilmington, Ohio 5,037 Wilson, N. C 10,612 Winchendon, Mass.. . . 5,904 Winchester, Ky. 8,333 Winchester, Mass 10,485 Winchester, Va 6,883 Windber, Pa 9,462 Winfieid; Kas 7,933, Winnetka, 111 6,694 ' Winona, Minn 19,143 Winsted, Conn 8,248 Winston-Salem, N. C. 48,395 Winthrop, Mass 15,455 Winton, JPa 7,583 Wisconsin Rapids. Wis. 7,243 Woburn, Mass 16,574 Woodbury, N.J 5,801 Woodlawn, Pa 12,495 Woodstock, 111 5,523 Woonsocket, R. 1 43,496 Wooster, Ohio 8,201 Worcester, Mass 179,754 Wrightstown, N. J 5,283 Wyandotte, Mich 13,851 Xenia, Ohio 9,110 Yakima, Wash 18,539 1 Yankton, S. D 5,024 j Yazoo, Miss 5,244 Yoakum, Tex 6, 184 ! Yonkers, N. Y 100,176' York, Neb 5,388 York, Pa 47,512 Youngstown. Ohio. .. 132,358 Ypsilanti, Mich 7,413 Zanesville, Ohio 29,569 Zion, 111 5,580 POPULATION PRINCIPAL CITIES OF CANADA Compiled from the 1921 Census figures ALBERTA Calgary Edmonton Lethbridge Medicin6 Hat. A BRITISH COLUMBIA Nanaimo New Westminster Point Grey Prince Rupert Vancouver Vancouver North Vancouver South Victoria MANITOBA Brandon Portage La Prairie St. Boniface Winnepeg NEW BRUNSWICK Campbelltown Fredericton Moncton Sackville St. John NOVA SCOTIA Amherst Dartmouth Glace Bay : Halifax New Glasgow New W T ?t?rford North Sydney Sydney Mines , Sydney Truro Yarmouth ONTARIO Armprior Barne Belleville Brantford Brojkville Chatham Cobalt Cobourg Col mgwood Cornwall Dundas Eastv ; ew Fori City Fort William Gait Goderich Gueiph Hamilton Jn^ersoll Kerora AUG -0 191*2 • 63,117 58,627 11,055 9,575 9,025 14,440 13,654 6,376 116,700 9,987 32,182 38,682 15,359 6,748 12,816 178,364 5,569 8,081 13,167 6,625 46,504 9,975 7,904 16,992 70,203 8,959 5,613 6,583 8,328 22,527 7,651 7,062 4,053 6,992 12,163 29,372 9,057 12,301 4,440 5,330 5,869 7,382 4,976 5,327 5,860 20,521 13,210 4,099 18,019 113,894 5,118 5,407 Kingston . 23,0i 21 6 Kitchener Lindsay 7,5 London - 53 5 Midland 6 9 Niagara Falls North Bay 14,6 10,6 8,9 11,5 107,1 12,1 7,8 20,9 16,1 4,4 5,4 19,6 15,9 14,6 21,2 6,8 15,9 Orillia Oshawa Ottawa Owen Sound Pembroke Peterborough Port Arthur Port Hope. . . . .* Preston St. Catherines St. Thomas Sarnia Sault Ste Marie Smith's Falls Stratford Sudbury 8.. 5 Toronto 519,2 Trenton 5,8 Walkerville 7,0 Waterloo 5,8 Welland 8,6 Windsor 38,5 9,6 ^D 12,3 6,7 Woodstock PRINCE EDWARD ISLA1 Charlottetown QUEBEC Cap de La Madelaine Chicoutimi 8.9 f raserville 7,7 Granby 6,7 Grandimere Hull 7,6 23, So. 9,01 A Joliette Lachine 15,41 La Tuque 5,6C V 10.47' Montreal 607,06 O ^tremont 12,93:'. 94. ( hi Quebec St. Hyacinthe l6,st? St. Jean 9.83'- 10.P.C 22.0SV Sorel 8,05 7,81- Three Rivers Vallevfield 22,3 ti 9,1$ 1 24,8k 16,, ; n 19, .ir SASKATCHEWAN 7.5J : 34,4| Sackatoon 25,7l 1168 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Nov. 2006 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Dr