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 -S4 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 E have often wondered why people of 
 conjested cities cling so tenaciously 
 f^^^lt^jl to city life when fertile tracts of land 
 lie waste, that could hring plenty to 
 any one who shirks not work. The Southwest 
 of Texas offers many an opportunity of better- 
 ing your temporal interests whilst it detracts 
 nothing from your spiritual welfare as you can 
 see if you carefully peruse the pages of this book. 
 The author Rev, John Coma, compiled these 
 pages to induce those who wish to better their lot 
 in life to settle in Southwest Texas. He has practi- 
 cally spent his whole life in these regions and conse- 
 quently can give you valuable information concern- 
 ing them. He can moreover direct you to an expert 
 and trustworthy farmer, who will give you the 
 necessary advice in selecting land and cultivating it. 
 You will be told nothing that is not founded on facts 
 or that cannot be demonstrated in every detail. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1915. 
 
 ^y Rev. John Coma. 
 
 and 
 
 lohn Kasrneier 
 
 '>I*X*X*>I*>IO>I*>>I*I*>I*- 
 
 
 >i<*>>>i*i*>>>>x*x*>>>: 
 
 *i*i*i-««« 
 
 FEB -5 1916 
 
<^ 
 
 Rt. Rev. Paul Joseph Nussl)aiini. C. P. D. D. 
 Bishop of Corpus Christi, Texas 
 
HBir m i i iiM | |i| | |Hfi| |||ll iliiiliil | i |ll ill l lll lilil ill il | i M^ 
 
 .^i 
 
 ii'iiiiniii 
 
 p 
 
 What Is Beeville? 
 Where Is Beeville? 
 What Beeville Has! 
 
 i: 
 
 9) 
 
 V ' 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 lieeville is a modern little city witli a i)royr(;',ssive citizrnsliiii 
 numbering 5,000 souls. 
 
 Beeville is a city of beautiful residences; fine climate and un- 
 surpassed iiiissibiliiics as a city of great futvu'e. 
 
 Bee\illc is sui'rounded by a fine farming country; the soil pro- 
 duces diversified crops tliat are revenue-producers. 
 
 Heeville's tributary territory is superior as a cattle-raising 
 country; here a!'e grown the finest cattle in the land. 
 
 Jieeville is loc; 
 
 the <;ulf Coast. 
 
 Iiee\ille"s winfei's are mild; the summers are con!, the (iulf 
 breeze sweepnig o\-er the land makm.t; the nights ideal. 
 
 JJeeville is advantageously located m the centei' of a great coun- 
 try; it is in the center of the south's best section and sui'rounded 
 by a country tbat looks to it as a wholesale centei'. 
 
 liee\ille has two I'aili'oads entering the city with pros[)ect of a 
 third in the neai' future. 
 
 Beeville has inunei'ous industries but is eagei' to locate others 
 still and the citizenship stands ready U> assist in financing such 
 enterprises. 
 
 Jk'e\ile has an excellent educational system; both public and 
 parochial. 
 
 lieeville is a city of religious inclinations; located here are 
 churches of all denominations. 
 
 Beeville, Bee County, Texas, is an excellent place to settle and 
 unbiased information will be furnislied either by Father .John 
 Coma of St. -Joseph's Catholic Church, P. 0. Box 206, or the Young 
 Men's I^rogressive League. A fee of 25 cents will be charged to 
 cover the expense of correspondence involving on Father Coma. 
 
 (G) """" 
 
The San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railway 
 
 If K A C H F S 
 
 Best Towns and Best Lands in Central and Southwest Texas 
 
 CON NEC IS 
 
 With All Important Roads. See The Map! 
 
 For Information Address 
 
 GEO. F. LUPTON, General Passenger Agent J. C. MANGHAM. General Freight Agent 
 
 SAN AMOMO. TEXAS 
 
 ;Fl.Worth> 
 
 Cupthai!c| 
 
 1B/M.i::>s 
 
 '^JK 
 
 -^ 
 
 /t Cli 
 
 -/ 
 
 cnnbthwaito^ 
 
 %yr 
 
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 ^^.viUe 
 
 
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 __u.^ 
 
 ■SSmrriis 
 
 A us™ 
 
 IS 
 
 !c;idding?\Bn 
 
 Kerrviliec 
 
 *0— Color jSo 
 
 r"''k^ 
 
 'Wcaumot^y 
 
 "«fe,... 
 
 .^ Co 
 
 — PU.-,>al,.on<'F»"J,Uso. 
 
 ^t^y-r. % 
 
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 Kenedy. 
 
 
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 oV •-" 
 
 
 yBockjiort 
 Aransas Pass 
 
 ;^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 V 
 
 AAPOF 
 
 6an Antonio 
 
 AND 
 
 ARAN5A6 Pass 
 
 RAILWAY 
 
 AND CONNECTIONS 
 
v: 
 
 'i\ Y. BENAVIDES, President P. K. MIMS, V-Presideiit 
 
 V ! 
 
 First State Bank 
 
 and 
 
 Trust Company 
 
 R. K. MIMS, Cashier N. J. VELA, Asst. Cashier 
 
 J. K. BERRETTA, President 
 
 Laredo National 
 Bank 
 
 B. M. ALEXANDER, V-President 
 SAM W. BROWN, Cashier 
 
?;"-' ''^~^}'- " ■ ; ••4^'^^ XT- ^ 
 
 iCRVICE EffGCO- 
 
 Vvnm left t.) rislit. I'-.p i"\\ -Mi i;ii,i;M. V , I v ( 'nmmii-s-ion. 1 . <' i;. Willi,. mimim, .Mm.m.i. l>;m 
 Ti-.iy. rduntv Cl.ik. IMiddle row: Mr. I'"fniuT, County Survoynr; Rev. Jciliii Ooma. Pastor St. Joseph's 
 Cliunli; c. I'. Kiilsoii, City MarslKill. Bottom row: Stafford Reos, Tax Assessor; J .M. Cox. County 
 Jutlge; Mr. Barber, County Treasurer. 
 
Si 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 MADDERA, Superintendent 
 
 npHE BEEVILLE PUBLIC SC] 
 
 mir© aBTffioiag th<B Iboiit rim itihi© Sftafc® ®iF 
 Tceisaso TUb® B®®^ill<g Miglhi Sella®®! is 
 Sn® Uiffii^eirsiihy ©IF TesssiSo 
 k ®1F th® Eirsfb iraffiiko Tlhi© 
 
 sirs ©©Mrs' 
 
 e®ifflif§®o 
 
 nmmy @im4®F siimy Ujniw©ira 
 
 €®iuiir§® 
 
 (S®iuiir§® sir© 
 iim®ss IlfliF®o 
 
 («. 
 

 District, Count}} & Cit}) Oflficers 
 Beeville, Texas. 
 
 DISTRICT OFFICERS: 
 
 Hon. F, G. Chamblis.s, Judjie; District (^mrt 
 " Z. T. Partain, Clerk; District Court 
 " T. P. Morris, Attorney; District Court 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS: 
 
 
 Hon. T. M. Cox, 
 
 " T. C. Buerger, 
 
 " H. E. May 
 
 " C. I. Swan, 
 
 " Gus. Natlio, 
 
 " Dan Troy, 
 
 " Clias. Troy, 
 
 " W. S. Barber, 
 
 " Thos. Craven, 
 
 " S. E. Rees, 
 
 " J. S. Fenner, 
 
 " J. A. Risenhoover 
 
 " J. A. Tliornton, 
 
 County Judge 
 
 '• Commissioner 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Attorney 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Tax-Assessor 
 
 Tax-Collector 
 
 Surveyor 
 
 Supt. of Schools 
 
 Sheriir 
 
 CITY OFFICERS: 
 
 C. E. Williamson, 
 W. T. Thompson, 
 G. M. Engle, 
 C. P. Eidson, 
 W. G. Gayle, 
 
 Mayor 
 
 Commissioner 
 
 Commissioner 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Secretary 
 
 >I«T*:<*>I<0>>I*I<*>>lt>>>l*>>> 
 
 (9) 
 
 >ltltl*l*I*It>>>>>>>>>>>>^ 
 
>>I<f>I<>>>T'C>->>>''>ICCC*>T<*IOIC^^ 
 
 ilt > 
 
 DOUGHERTY 
 
 : : : AND : : : 
 
 DOUGHERTY 
 
 LAWYERS 
 
 
 V — } 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 HO) 
 
If You Are Interested In 
 
 Bee County 
 
 Subscribe for the 
 
 BeeviUe Picayune 
 
 Bee County's Leading 
 Newspaper 
 
 Established 1890 Subscription $1 .50 A Year 
 
 Write us for any information you desire regarding 
 the price of land, climate, rainfall, etc. 
 
 Barron & Atkins, 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
 Beeville, *:' Texas 
 
 
SUBSCRIBE FOR 
 
 The 
 
 BEEVILLE BEE 
 
 R. W. BARRY, PUBLISHER 
 
 And get First-Hand In- 
 formation about the 
 The Great Beeville 
 Country. The Bee has 
 been working in the 
 midst of this magnifi- 
 cent land for thirty years. 
 
 Sample copies of The BEE 
 cheerfully furnished on appli- 
 
 cation. 
 
 R. B. BARRY, Publisher 
 
 (12) 
 
PRESCRIPTION 
 SPECIALISTS 
 
 We serve the kind of Soda's 
 that folks walk a mile for. 
 
 The right place to buv your 
 Drugs, most co^nplete Stock 
 in Beeville. 
 
 City Drug Store 
 
 A. W. Krueger 
 
 <v 
 

 ri5 
 
 Ballard Drug Store 
 
 ''Our Customer Is Always Right. " 
 
 SOLE AGENTS FOR 
 
 State Adopted School Books 
 School Supplies 
 
 Nyal's Family Remedies 
 
 DRUGS, DRUGGIST'S SUNDRIES, ETC. 
 Prescriptions Filled Da\) or Night 
 
 "Does Quality and Accuracy Count With You"? 
 
 BALLARD DRUG STORE 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 ►*i*I*I*I*I»I*I»I«'I'*>I*I"' 
 
4'> ■s?^.: '^<;>se^: >s^:::^ ^^: •5«< •5e^.:>5^:;>5«<:-5e- 
 
 '»> <^Z' z<» <»> '»> <ii^ysis<'^i^am 
 
 Bee Count}? Cannot Be Surpassed As A 
 
 Gattle Raising Section 
 
 Some of the world's finest herds have had their origin in Bee County 
 Residents of all states, sections and lands come here to buy animals 
 for a starter. 
 
 W. J. Staton, in the cattle business here for twenty odd years, has 
 sent his cattle to all climes. His business has reached magnificent 
 proportions; so large that eveiy week he has at his ranch prospective 
 buyers from other states. 
 
 Mr. Staton makes a specialty of Registered and Grade Red Polled, 
 Durham and Hereford Cattle. 
 
 His cattle are all immune from tick fever and are dipped; and can be 
 shipped to any section. 
 
 DIRH \M 
 
 HKKKF()i;i) 
 
 m 
 
 JHrilHBHilS 
 
 fSl i»l 
 
 HKD P()l.I,El) 
 
 MR. 5TATO^s^ solicits correspondence. 
 
 B3) Inquir>) ^ou xOill find that his here's are vOell knoxvn and KigKtl^) sought after 
 
 (15) 
 

 "♦»»I*» 
 
 KNIGHTS OF 
 COLUMBUS 
 
 The Society of 
 
 Quality 
 
 :«( 
 
 IS 
 
 K*I*I*I*»»»^ 
 
 (16^ 
 
ijki:vimj: missh»\s. 
 
 Top-Ouf Lady of Victory, Hrcvillc. Texas. 
 Middle — Blessed SacManient. .Normaniia, Texas. 
 Bottom— Sacred Heart— Pettus, Texas. 
 
s 
 
 ST. MARY'S ACADEMY 
 
 ^'r. MARYS AiiADIvMV. a boarding school for young ladies and 
 ^ a (lay scIhioI for boys and giiis. inidci' tho direction of the 
 rr_ Sisters (.f Divine Providence. 'I'lie academy is delightfully 
 ;ituated oil Ihe (nitskirts of the city. It affocds the pupils every 
 .ppoi'tuiiity tnr a tlidcouuh and ivfined education. The teachers 
 ire all noi'nial-tranied and hold State certificates. 
 
 l^riniary. iMejiaratoi'y. Hii:h School, Conunercial and Music 
 lepartineiits. 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 nTwrBROWN & COMPANY 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 FIRE. TORNADO. PLATE GLASS AND SURETY 
 
 y< 
 
 Beeville Bank and \ JOHN BURKE 
 
 Trust Company i Land and Cattle Owner 
 
 ED. BURKE 
 
 Land and Cattle Owner 
 
 First National Bank 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 ( IS ) 
 
Wolfman & Katz 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS. 
 
 Ready - to - Wear Garments, 
 Dry Goods and Shoes 
 
 for Ladies, Misses and Children 
 
 I FOR SALE 
 
 370 ACRES 
 
 200 IN CULTIVATION 
 
 5 1-2 MILES FROM BEEVILLE 
 
 BEST LAND IN COUNTY 
 
 THREE WELLS-4 HOUSES 
 
 a B. O'NEIL 
 
 v. O. Box 231 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 v^ 
 
 Commercial National Bank ||^ 
 
 B e e V i 1 1 o . Texas. 
 
 ;♦; 
 
 (I'J) 
 
:<♦»» 
 
 Cox and Cox 
 LAWYERS 
 
 y^.^)\'. 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 Jesse A. Chase 
 
 ALL KINDS OF 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 General Agent 
 
 American Indemnity Co. 
 
 SURETY & CASUALTY 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 Chas. H. Gregory 
 & Brother 
 
 BEEVILLE CASH STORE 
 
 Dry Goods, Clothing, 
 Millinery, Hats, Caps, 
 Boots, Shoes, Ete. 
 
 BEEVILLE, 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 D. A. Barher & Bro. 
 
 Staple and Fancy 
 
 GROCERIES 
 
 BEEVILLE, 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 Cash Grocery 
 
 BOX NO . 49 1 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 Meyer's 
 Variety Store 
 
 Notions, China, Glassware, 
 Housefurnishing Goods 
 
 5c, 10c & 25c Goods 
 Onr Specialty 
 
 P. O. BOX 443 
 
 L SINNOT 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 K^nights Cut Rate Beeville Hospital 
 
 An institution for the 
 
 treatment of Surgical 
 
 and Non- Contagious 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 Operated By 
 
 J. H. LANDER, M. I). 
 
 g 
 
 ( 20 ) 
 
►^♦I*>>IOI<<*I<*I*IO>I<<*I<<*I<>>I<*>I*>>>I^^ 
 
 W: 
 
 8^: 
 
 W. E. McKinney 
 
 Beeville, Bee County 
 Texas 
 
 Kiueg 
 
 er 
 
 Hard 
 
 ware 
 
 Co, 
 
 (INCORPORATKD) 
 
 Dealt 
 
 In 
 
 Shelf and Heavy 
 
 HARDWARE 
 
 Bee Windmill and 
 Plumbing Co. 
 
 Water Supplies 
 Samson & Eclipse Wind mi Hi' 
 
 Plumbing and Tin Work 
 A Specialty 
 
 A. A. Schwab 
 
 THE LEADING 
 
 Watchmaker 
 & Jeweler 
 
 OFBEE^ILLE 
 
 We are also guaranteed 
 OPTICIANS 
 
 J. M. Teague 
 
 Dealers In all Kinds of 
 Wholesale and Retail 
 
 FEED, FIKLD AND 
 GARDEN SEED 
 
 (Carries the Largest Stock South 
 of San Antonio 
 
 B (' (' \ i I 1 e . T r \ a > . 
 
 (21) 
 
 BEEVILLE. 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 Baker & Stroiit 
 LAWYERS 
 
►5*»»»»I* 
 
 m 
 
 J. A. Patton 
 
 Dealer in all kinds of 
 
 House 
 Ftiriiishiii^s 
 
 Beev^ille, 
 
 Texas 
 
 1^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 %y 
 
 DR. EGBERT, President 
 
 W. A. Mussett 
 
 Grocery 
 Store 
 
 For A Friendly CKat See 
 
 Mr. Rees 
 
 Produce Co. 
 
 Keeville, 
 Texas 
 
 Burrows 
 
 Hardware 
 
 Company 
 
 (22) 
 
J. W. COOK \ SOX. |{("e\ille 
 
^♦I*» 
 
 ^A 
 
 Thurston Hospital 
 
 BEEVILLE, TEXAS 
 
 DR. D. M. THURSTON. Founder 
 
 Most modern appointments and Sanitary 
 Equipments in Southwest Texas. 
 
 MRS. D. M. THURSTON, Manager 
 
 
 >il*»l*i*i*i*it>. 
 
 (24) 
 
 .♦I*I*ItI*I*I*I*»»I*^' 
 
{C*I*»I' 
 
 : 
 
 K*>>>I*I*I*>I*>>I*>>I*>>I<*>I*I*>>I*>>I 
 
 »»»»>I' 
 
 Get Acquainted 
 
 WitK 
 
 T. T. Marsden 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 m 
 
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 (25) 
 
 S**' 
 

 >I<*I<*I<*I<0>I*>I*>>I*IC*>>>>I<'>>>^^ 
 
 Baa^nll®, Texas 
 
 Isalkery 
 
 Pamftm^ 
 
 E§tafeli§li]iirini©init 
 
 Th(0)IIMpi 
 hhwerj Sfr 
 
 Sfieplkeinii©!!]! ^ 
 HaMeiiiifals 
 
 AECHITECTS 
 
 EAT 
 
 ET 
 
 k*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!" 
 
 ( 26 ) 
 
Catholic Chapel 
 
 Erected by 
 
 Mrs. James McGloin 
 
 Yougeen, Texas 
 
 Five Miles South of Beeville 
 on S. A. & A P. Railway. 
 
 y>IOI<*>>>IOK*>I*ItAAAAAi.<^: 
 
 (27) 
 
 >>I*>>>>I*I*I*ItK 
 
^:: 
 
 ii 
 
 Skidiiiore, Texas 
 
 Situated in Southwest Texas, Corpus Christi Diocese, 
 on the S. A. & A. P. railroad, and a branch line thereof. 
 It is about eleven miles South of Beeville, Texas. It has 
 grown to its present size within the last six or eight 
 years. Its population is about 1,200. It can boast of 
 three churches for whites, one of them being Catholic. 
 It has productive soil as a general rule. The climate 
 is ideal. At present there is much talk about the 
 finding of oil. 
 
 Obrecht Meat Market 
 
 Beeville, Texas 
 
 V 
 
 k%k*^^A'^A'*'.ATA^A^^ATl^A''^k*'^*'ATAr*'^T^'T^^T^^ 
 
 (28) 
 

 I' 
 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Ursuline Academy 
 
 San Antonio, Texas 
 
 lirsidnil ;uhI Day Ivhicaliniiul Iiisl il iil ion. lor Voiiii.u l.ailics 
 ami :\Iissi-s. I'iic sixly-lirili academic year opens Srplcmbcr, 
 
 l'.)ir). I'finiar,\. i'lvparalory and lli^li Scl !s. Schools (d' 
 
 Music. I'ainlin.i:. Draiiialic Arl. IMain and Ornanirnlal n lie- 
 work. 
 
 The rrsuline .\uns liave slood in San Aidonio lor sixly- 
 roiii- yeai-s. Cor all Ilia! is b.-sl in educalion and cidlure. lnd 
 ahoye all loi' 'I'mlli and Religion. A l.dly conce|i(ion id' life, 
 a lii^li siMHe (d' dut\. a noldc |>pc oT woinanliood, thorougli 
 s(diolarslii|). phxsical lieallli and \ i,i:oi' ai'e the slaiidards set 
 u|. loi' >(iur dauvhiei's. 
 
 Xew. air> and connnodioiis hiiMilini: erecl.'d accopdinj; to 
 (lie lalesi ami nio-^l a|ipi-o\cd li.\-icnic prim-iples. 
 
 Send J or Catalogue 
 
 Rev. Mother Prioress 
 
 n 
 
 S A 
 
 : 
 
 
 (29) 
 
f*I*I*>X*I*I*I*>X*I*I*>I*>I*I*I*I*I<*>I<'^I«w^^^ 
 
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 fill; 1 
 
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 III! 5iid-^ii.*u».^^; ; 1', un^^n^f, , , „ , ,, 
 
 e 
 
 OUR LADY OF THE 
 LAKE COLLEGE 
 
 A SELEC r BOARDING SCHOOL 
 FOR GIRLS AND YOUNG LADIES 
 
 Preparatory, Grammar, High School 
 and College Courses 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO 
 'i\ Music, Painting & Domestic 
 
 : Science : 
 
 AFFILIATION: 
 
 Both Academy and Colleoe affiliated to the Cathohc 
 University of Washington 
 
 CURRICULUM: 
 
 Sohd, Comprehensive and PracticaL 
 
 Complete Laboratories, Physics and Chemistry 
 Well appointed Play-Grounds and Gymnasium 
 
 A 
 
 KQUIPMENT: IV. 
 
 a 
 
 MODERM IMPROVEMENTS: 
 
 ^ii Steam Heating, Electric Lights, etc. etc. 
 
 LOCATION: 
 
 Salubrious and Convenient to City. 
 One block from L & G. N. N. Car Line 
 
 Our aim is to give a most practical Education. 
 
 *^ \ Applications now received tor next Septemder. Send for cur new catalog and 
 
 illustrated year bock. 
 
 SISTERS OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE 
 
 LAKE VIEW : SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 
 
 {-Si) ) 
 
i.AKi:»(>. Ti:x\s 
 
 Top row, Iclt to right— H<'v. Thomas Coma: Ms^r. C .lailh'l: Rov. .1. Montana. 
 Middle I'ow. Irff to right— Rt. Rev. I). Mamicy; lit. Rev. Vrin- Vrcdaguer; Rt. Rev. 
 Jolin <;. Neraz. Bottom row, left to right— Rev. L. Plana; .Msgr. Francis Neinsen; 
 Rev. A. Serra. 
 
L ai«i:do. Ti:xAS 
 
 Top row, left to riKlit— Rev. Eniilio Ylla: Rrv. Alfred K. HcrtlKMu; Rev. E. Coll. 
 Middle row, left to riulit— Rev. C. M. Braclict: Rev. A. Larroque: Rev. A. M. Souchin. 
 Bottom row, left to riyht — Rev. Peter Puig; Rev. Louis Genoliii; Rev. Felipe Caballero. 
 
9<\ 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 
 St. Aiiflnstine Cliurrli. Laredo, Texas, Re\ . Jose Coma, Pastor. 
 
 Laredo, Texas 
 
 LAREDO is 154 miles south of San Antonio; 161 miles west of 
 Corpus Christi, and 168 miles north of Monterey. Its population is 
 18,000. The average temperature is 77 deg. Fh. The property val- 
 uationof Laredo is something like $12,000,000.00. 
 
 Perhaps the best feature of the Laredo country, from a residential 
 standpoint, and what some regard as her greatest resource, is her 
 splendid climate. In summer when the papers are filled with accounts 
 of sunstrokes, etc., and people in other parts are suffering with 
 the sultriness and humidity, we have a breeze all day and the most 
 delightful nights of all the year; in winter when our northern brothers 
 are shoveling snow and ice and shuddering in the cold, the house-wife 
 of Laredo is picking roses. The Pacific Coast, world famed for its 
 mild and pleasing climate, has not an inch the best of us, except (and 
 that temporary) better known and more extensively advertised. The 
 day is not far distant when the tourist of the north and east will come 
 to see us by thousands in both extremes of the year. 
 
 Laredo as a business center has many things to be proud of; she 
 has three strong financial institutions, a daily and several weekly 
 and semi-weekly newspapei-s; she has four railways with twelve 
 l)assenger trains leaving and ai-riving daily, an adequate water supply, 
 a good fire department, twelve churches of various denominations, 
 a splendid school system, many fi-atei-nal oi-ganizations, a competent 
 police force; is oper-ated under a most liher-al charter approaching 
 that of connnission form of government; Laredo has an army post 
 of considci-dtlf impoi'laiicf; many beautiful [ilazas, a fine climate, 
 ami hciuitiful buildings, two ice fact(tries. a planing mill, cotton gins, 
 sevei-al brick |)lants, a steam laundry, street cars, electric lights, 
 natiu-ai gas. railway shops, and vai'ious othei- industries in full swing. 
 She has splendid coal mines adjacent to the city; Laredo's fertile 
 soil and eiiuable climate have madi' thr possibilities of citrus fruit 
 culture very gr'i-at. Laredo shii)s two-tliirds of the "Bernnida" Onions 
 raised in Southwest 'I'exas iuiil a hit: per ceiil of the woi'ld's supply. 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 fc'I*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*^^* 
 
 
 ♦>>>>>>>>>>>>>Iv 
 
Ji>X)>X^*X.*l*l*l*^l<flK*l*l^^ 
 
 K*>>>I*>>I*I»>I*>I*>>>I*> 
 
 m 
 
 
 ►♦.J 
 
 URSULINE 
 ACADEMY 
 
 Kwewiew 
 
 LAREDO, TEXAS 
 
 (34) 
 
I Mercy Hospital | 
 
 I I 
 
 I Laredo, Texas i 
 
 Pi :♦: 
 
 I Laredo's Most Modern Hospital I 
 
 i ^ 
 
 I I 
 
 I , . ':< 
 
 I The Texas -Mexican Railway | 
 
 t*4 Traversing »J 
 
 ^^ 
 
 [:J ''The Land of Opportunities" :♦] 
 
 A 
 
 ^ Oil, Natural Gas, Plenty of Cheap and Good 
 
 ^ Land for Farming and Stock Raising. p^ 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 (35) 
 
t^z*zi^*i*ZKK<>yxK^*iK!ifx^ 
 
 m 
 
 S. N. JOHNSON, Laredo, Texas 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 LAREDO STEAM PKESSED BRICK and 
 
 REISER DRY-PRESSED 
 
 EACE BRICK 
 
 SAMPLES AND PRICES UPON APPLICATION 
 
 The One Price 
 Department Store 
 
 The Up-To-Now Merchandising 
 
 Established on the Sunny Rio Grande. 
 
 Everything to wear for Humans. 
 
 M^IL ORDERS GIVEN PROMPT ATTENTION. 
 
 AUG. C. RICHTER 
 
 Laredo's Most Up-to-Date 
 Dry Goods 
 
 Department 
 Store 
 
 EDWARD CRUZ 
 
 A Deutz 
 
 C. Deutz 
 
 A. Deutz & Brother 
 
 HARDWARE 
 
 Mining and Agricultupral Imple- 
 ments, Machinery and Supplies. 
 
 LAREDO, TEXAS 
 
 S 
 
 (36) 
 
R.'vefeiid Moth 
 
 .Ifaiiiii- 
 
 (ihezard de Matel, Foundress of 
 the Order of the Incarnate Woi'd 
 and BU'ssed Sacrament. Born in 
 Roane. France, Nov Cth, 1596. 
 Died in Paris. September 11th, 
 1870. 
 
 (2) Rev. Motlier Claire, died in 
 1898. 
 
 (3) Rev. Mother St. Ange, died 
 n 1892. 
 
 (3) Sister Domini.j, (L. S.,) died 
 in 1907. 
 
 (5) Sister Ephrem, died in 1912. 
 
 Academy of 
 
 Incarnate Word 
 
 and 
 
 Blessed Sacrament 
 
 Brownsville, Texas 
 
 (37) 
 
r 
 
 g 
 
 I'atiicks CaduMlral, shouiiuj view of interior. Corpus Cliristi, Texas, built 
 l).v Ht. He\. Dominie Vlanuey, First Viear Apostolie of Brownsville. 
 
 Corpus Christi 
 Diocese. 
 
 Corpus Christi, formerly known as the Vicariate of 
 Brownsville, was erected into a Diocese in 1913. It 
 comprises the counties of the Southern triangular 
 point of Texas. It has a population of about 100,000 
 Catholics; the great majority of them are Mexicans. 
 
 The present and first incumbent of the newly created 
 Diocese is Rt. Rev. Paul Joseph Nussbaum, C. P. D. D., 
 consecrated Bishop in the Passionist Monastery Church 
 at West Hoboken, New Jersey, by the Most Rev. John 
 Bonzano, Apostolic Delegate to the United States. 
 
 : 
 
 (38) 
 
A I i;\\ (III i;< HIS oi (tuu'is ciiitisii duxksi:. 
 
 lup — Iiiuuac-ulalt' Coiu-t'ijtinn Clmrcli. (ioliad. 'I'fxas: Midtllc. left — ()ui- Lady ol' 
 
 Refuge, Refugio. Texas; Middle, right— St 
 Bottom— St. Gertrude, Kingsville, Texas. 
 
 Franc-is de Paula. San Diego, Texas 
 
li 
 
 m 
 
 
 about Three Miles 
 from Leming in A TASCOSA 
 COUNTY, on the S. A, U. 
 & a R. R., about half in 
 cultivation. Near Church, 
 School and Gin, For descrip- 
 tion, price and terms address. 
 
 JOHN DUNN 
 
 BOX 122 
 
 Corpus Christi, Texas 
 
 Zi 
 
 »»»»»» 
 
 (40) 
 
■|n|i St. liniiilaiT. (H'l'iiiaii-lldliciiiian. Cm; |,ii- ilu i-ti. 'I'rxas. 
 
 Middle— Sixiliii Sauilariuin. Sislci's ul liicaiualc Word, Corpus Christi, iVxa.^ 
 
 Bottom— Corpus Christi Church, Corpus Christi, Texas. 
 
lii 
 
 Academy 
 of Incarnate Word 
 
 and Blessed Sacrament 
 
 Corpus Christi, Texas 
 
 lil 
 
 Boarding and Day School 
 
 (42) 
 
f^!!^f^f^<^*l*ZiiX*l<.*Z*Zi>^^^^ 
 
 VINCENT BLUNTZER, Preside 
 R. GIVEN , 2nd Vice-Prest 
 GEO. J. MERRIMAN, Asst. Gas 
 
 EDWARD R. KLEBERG Is; Vice-Piest 
 GEO. R. CLARK, Cashier 
 GILBERT M.GLOIN. Asst. Cashier 
 
 First State Banl^ 
 
 CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS 
 
 A Guarantee Fund Bank 
 SURPLUS & PROFITS - - $ 80,000.00 
 CAPITAL $100,000.00 
 
 INTEREST PAID ON TIME DEPOSITS 
 
 s 
 
 Qlnrpua QIljnBti Nattnital lank 
 
 The Corpus Christi National Bank invites correspondence or a 
 personal visit from those desiring information regarding the Corpus 
 Christi country. Corpus Christi with its beautiful hotels, delightful 
 climate, magnificent bathing, fishing and hunting, is one of tln> 
 great resorts of America today. We shall be pleased to make hotel 
 reservations for you or your friends. The Corpus Christi National 
 Bank is the oldest and strongest bank in the Corpus Christi sec- 
 tion—Capital and Surplus $350,000.00. 
 
 Maxwell P. Dunne 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 Funeral Director & Licensed 
 
 EMBALMER 
 
 ►Ji I 511 Starr St. Corpus Chrisri, Tex. 
 
 ^.^•1 
 
 I i3 ) 
 
 oioioi<<<oi<oi<<*>>>>>iS 
 
(45) 
 
»<>I<<<»>I<*I<»>>I<.»>>I<<»I'0>I^^^ 
 
 
 have fanned for forty years and have always 
 given farming a study. When m nineteen hun- 
 dred and eleven I was visited by hundreds of 
 farmers and business men to see the wonder- 
 ful results I had in raising a crop, they all 
 admired it, and admitted that farming like this 
 was our only hope for our great nation. But 
 what impressed me more than all the praises 
 that I received was the remark made by Mr. 
 Douglas, president of the First National Bank 
 of Shawnee, Oklahoma When he walked through my crop 
 he took off his hat and said to me, "John this is all beyond 
 my expectation, you surely have made farming a study." 
 This word of Mr. Douglas, 'study,' means so much in refer- 
 ence to large crops, and yet how indifferent in practice are 
 some of us. 
 
 — John Kasmeier. 
 
 ^*zfi<<K!^i*i*z!c*^i*yy'x<.*i*i*i<^^ 
 

 ►l«i, 
 
 y.\ In tUe North the farmer has practically only four months in 
 
 ;♦ 
 
 II Introduction j^j 
 
 V 
 
 The careful reading of this book will give the intelligent and UJ 
 ►'o industrious homeseeker a chance to better his conditions. He will j:^*^ 
 ►J find that nothing is advocatel in these pages that will deceive him !:A 
 
 \.^ and deprive him of the fruits of hard labor. The idea of the whole :;V 
 
 ►J : is to caution against unpremeditated bargains that will cause heart j>*{ 
 f^l breaks rather than bring expected prosperity. We want to caution 
 ,', the buyer to find out all about the land, its profhiction and its cul- 
 
 ^<\ tivation, before he will commit himself to soniftliing lie might regret. 
 If you come to settle, get acquainted with our method of farming. 
 If you do not understand farming sufficiently to have all desired 
 success, we can teach you. ^►J 
 
 [♦<! If you wish to get rich quick, this is no place for you. In fact /^♦J 
 
 ** the day is yet to come when you will find that place where you can \^ 
 get rich without industry. It is the exception rather than the rule, 
 as you know by experience, that a man gets ricn through mere good 
 uck. You will have to earn your bread by the sweat of your brow 
 no matter where you go. But we can make it easier for you in this |^*{ 
 part of Texas, if you follow our advice. >-♦- 
 
 California is praised as tiie land of plenty. Still they must gather 
 many a crop from irrigated desert- lands. Now whilst we are advocates 
 of irrigation, we can at the sanae time boast of better soil in South- 
 western Texas. Besides this we have a large supply of good water 
 gained through windmills and gasoline engines at a depth of 100-125 
 feet and in many places at even a less depth. This we can cause to 
 play on our lands with less expense than California ever could afford 
 to do. 
 
 Southwestern Texas at present writing is still, to a quite large 
 .^- extent, a great expanse of prairie land overgrown with mesquite and 
 
 y cactus. To the ordinary person it would appear a big tract of un- ,„ 
 
 >♦{( productive soil. Hut the initiated knows the wealth hidden in its |y 
 
 bowels. It takes the careful investor to bring it out. 
 ^♦^1 We do not hold that all the soil is e(iually productive, but we can 
 
 point out to you vast tracts of land suitable for any one who does 
 farm on a scientific scale and not in a haphazard way. 
 
 Southwestern Texas could be made the best truck growing country 
 in the United States. You can raise a crop of some kind every month 
 ^♦J5 in the year. The climatic conditions are next to perfect. The rainfall 
 A; reaches the medium in comparison with the other parts of the State. |S 
 
 y And whilst there are a few hot months with little rain they will be JA 
 
 ^♦{; outbalanced by the rest of the year by any one who knows how to v" 
 
 '^ make use of opportunity. y^ 
 
 a: which he can raise a crop and this in the summer months. Here M 
 
 y( you can raise the finest truck in Winter, whilst the North is covered ; A 
 
 with snow and ice. >Ji 
 
 Prospective settlers would do well to consult us, as we can be > ^♦J 
 
 helpful to them in procuring the right kind of land. ►J 
 
 To be absolutely plain with you, we are out for settling the ! W 
 country. But we are after a class of people that will appreciate our 
 good intentions in their regard. We wish to get such settlers as will 
 
 take a liking to this part of Texas, and consequently will remain w-^< 
 
 with us, and keep good fellowship with us. >*<i 
 
 \Ve are offering this booklet to the public, that they may be in :W 
 
 no wise deceived, but by following our advice, they may become a - A 
 
 contented people and form into thriving communities. We want the ! ►J 
 
 settlers, that come, to stay with us. Hence we offer our help. We :>*^ 
 
 can assure them that it will be of benefit to them. «A 
 
 Many have come and left in former years, because they had no 
 guiding hand, or if they had, they were careless in following it and 
 hence their ruin. 
 
 REV. J. .1. STEINES. 
 
 >W 
 
 (48) 
 
UNIVERSAL FARMING 
 
 Jls Vracticed ^y A Scientific Farmer 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Preservation of Rainfall and Moisture. 
 
 TOO much cannot be said of the importancf of cons(M'vinf,^ the rainfall in all 
 sections of the country where corn and cotton are raised. If we stop to 
 consider that we have a rainfall averaginj? 30 to 50 inches annually, we will 
 realize that we have sufficient water to raise the average crop, if the rain- 
 fall is properly distributed throughout the growing season, or can be conserved so 
 that the moisture will be within reach of the growing crops when needed. 
 
 Usually considerable rain falls during the winter. Unless this can be retained 
 in the soil, it is of no benefit to the crops of the succeeding summer when the rain- 
 fall is meager. 
 
 By my method of preparing the ground in the fall with storage furrows to catch 
 the water and hold it till needed, sufficient moisture can be conserved from the 
 winter rains to make a good crop in the driest summer. We usually, even in the 
 driest summers, get one or more rains. One good rain, under my method of farming, 
 as hereafter explained, is sufficient to mature the crop. 
 
 It frequently occurs during the growing season that the farmers cry for rain 
 to save their crops. A good hard rain comes, and then they say that the rain did 
 more harm than good, the ground being wet only a couple of inches deep, the 
 greater part of the rain running off, leaving the field to become a steaming bed, 
 when the hot sun comes out. to wilt and scald the plants. As a matter of fact, if 
 the soil had been prepared according to my method, the rain would all have been 
 caught and stored, and would have been sufficient to insure a bumper crop. When 
 not properly prepared to retain the water the soil is wet for only a slight distance 
 below the surface. Below this is the dry earth. The hot sun, acting upon this 
 combination, causes a hot steam to arise, ruining the crop, not only wilting the 
 plants but penetrating the roots. If the soil is wet deep, as it should be if the proper 
 preparation is made, such results are not seen. This is seen in the case of slow 
 rains, falling for several hours. The slowness with which they fall allows the 
 moisture to penetrate to the sub-moistur(\ cooling the roots of the plant as well 
 as the portion above the surface and having a beneficial effect. My method of 
 holding a heavy rainfall and allowing it to soak in, makes the sudden heavy shower 
 the same as a slow rain, in its effect upon a growing crop. These sudden showers 
 generally last not longer than thirty to sixty minutes, hence the necessity of having 
 the furrows arranged to take care of the water, and prevent it running off. 
 
 On about the 17th day of June, 1911 three to four inches of rain fell in two 
 hours. My fields had been prepared for such a rain. Ten hours after the rain 
 my cotton and tomato patches looked like big lakes, while fourteen hours after 
 the rain there was still water standing in the fields. The next day I examined my 
 field and found that the soil was thoroughly soaked clear to the subsoil. A similar 
 examination made in my neighbor's field adjoining, where no preparation had been 
 made for retaining such a rainfall, showed that the soil had been wet for a depth 
 of not more than two or three inches. The next rain fell July 19th. My field 
 liad again been prepart'd to hold the i-ainfall with the result that I produced approx- 
 imately a bale and a half of cotton to the acre. My neighbor produced between 
 300 and 4'iO pounds seed cotton per acre on the same kind of land. The topography 
 
 (49) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 of both farms boing approximately the same. These two rainfalls and what 
 moisture J had preserved the previous year, made my heavy yields. It is a well 
 known fact that generally other fields had no submoisture or season in the ground 
 at planting time in the year of 1911. 
 
 The principal upon which I work for the preservation of moisture is the 
 preparation of deep furrows in the subsoil, which in the process of putting in the 
 crop are covered with loose earth. These furrows are in consequence made storage 
 i-eservoirs. holding the moisture against evaporation until the furrows are pen- 
 etrated by the plant roots. This produces as much good as possible from all rains. 
 The soil will keep the water of a sudden shower from running off,— the dams holding 
 it until it sinks in, clear to the submoisture. These methods as applied to differeisf 
 crops are fully explained in the succeeding chapters. The writer considers this 
 one of his greatest discoveries. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Subsoiling. 
 
 SUBSOILING has a three-fold use. First, it supplies a loose bed in which the 
 plant roots can be spread in search of moisture and nourishment, which are 
 stored there by methods described elsewhere in this work. Second, by breaking 
 up the hard ground, it allows the water to penetrate and brine; into the loose 
 soil the natural fertility that would otherwise be locked there in such a form as to 
 be of little use in raising a crop. Third, the subsoil furrows which in dry times 
 act as storage reservoirs, in wet seasons act as drains, draw off the surplus 
 water that would otherwise be held by the solid earth to stagnate about the roots 
 of the plants. 
 
 Although not so necessary on rich bottom land, subsoiling is of great service 
 on any kind of land, and work spent with a subsoil plow will always be well repaid. 
 
 The method of susboiling the ground should be used in the preparation of the 
 soil for all crops, grain, gardens, orchards and forests, vineyards, alfalfa and in 
 fact all products of the soil. 
 
 To more clearly illustrate the effect of subsoiling upon plant growth, it is 
 often noticed, the prolific growth of crops, grass or other vegetation at places 
 where old ditches have been covered up, or where stumps have been removed, or 
 at any place where the soil has been disturbed to any great depth. 
 
 The subsoiling should be as deep as possible, — the deeper the better. Don't 
 be afraid of going too deep. The subsoiling is accomplished very successfully with 
 a Georgia stock, using a bull-tongue, or with a potato digger, with the outside 
 prongs removed. 
 
 The special method of subsoiling for the different crops are given in the 
 .succeeding chapters. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Fertilizing. 
 
 HERE is no money spent on a farm which brings greater returns than that 
 spent in fertilizing the land. My favorite artificial fertilizers are cotton 
 seed hulls and meal, with hydrated lime. This combination seems to be 
 about what the soil of our great southern country needs. 
 
 Before going further into this subject, I will suggest that if the methods I 
 detail appear too expensive for general use, they be tried first on a smgle acre. 
 The yield from this acre, in excess of what would have been made without the 
 
 (50) 
 
 T 
 
PRESERVE THE PI:BTII.IXY OP YOUR SOXI.. 
 
 Do not allow torrential rains to wash away your fertile top soil. Catch the rain and make it 
 
 :ubserviant to your crops. We will tell you how to do this. Plow your fields deeply In the fall 
 
 ind early winter, manure them well. The rain that will come then will perculate your ground, 
 tarrying chemicals and moisture with them. 
 
 CIRCI.E DITCHES. 
 
 To prevent the washing away of the fertile toji snil, jilciw circle ditclios and make water furrows, 
 /hich will retain the moisture for the time of drought and preserve the fertility. This is what our 
 loble Southern farmer did before the wai-. Thus he over-filled his granaries and srnoke houses. If 
 ,e had known that the family quarrel in 1860 had turned into a war he could have bought the British 
 ia\y witli his wealth. What can you do Mr. Farmer? 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 treatment prescribed, will pay for the necessary fertilizer for several acres the 
 next year, and by the third year, the farmer should be so thoroughly convinced 
 of the value of the method that he will consider the purchase of fertilizer in 
 generous quantities not an experiment but an investment. 
 
 There are, of course, other valuable fertilizers which go to waste on almost 
 every farm, such as barnyard manure, wood ashes, rotten wood, etc. All such 
 should be saved and applied to the land. Besides enriching the soil it makes it 
 much easier to cultivate and prepare for moisture-storing. When a wood lot is 
 cleared, if the ashes are saved and kept dry until thoy can be applied to a cul- 
 tivated field, they will bring sufficient return to pay for the clearing. 
 
 Of course the best fertilizer of any kind is barnyard manure, as it contains 
 the necessary phosphates and other chemicals needed to promote plant growth and 
 development, and mature the fruit. 
 
 In order that the reader may be fully advised as to the methods ':mployed 
 in fertilizing, the subject will be first taken up in a general way; that is, the methods 
 of applying fertilizers for any kind of crop, will be first outlined, and then the 
 special methods for the different kinds of crops will be taken up separately. 
 
 Barnyard manure, when it is available in sufficient quantities, should be spread 
 broadcast before the ground is broken in the fall or early winter, so that it may 
 be thoroughly mixed with the soil in the process of cultivation, and its strength 
 may be distributed by the water perculating through the soil. 
 
 Artificial fertilizers are always applied cheapest and with best results in fur- 
 rows, the plan for the different crops being described in detail later. 
 
 Barnyard manure when spread broadcast over the ground, should be applied 
 in the fall or early winter, at least sixty to ninety days before seeding. It should 
 be immediately turned under, before it has time to dry out and lose its strength. 
 The land should be turned to a depth of eight to ten inches, and while the plowing 
 is being done, the subsoiler should be run bphind the plow in each furrow. 
 
 Where there is a scanty supply of barnyard manure, the ground should be 
 turned in the same manner, and then lister furrows opened up. The manure is 
 then applied in the lister furrows, and then the subsoiler is used in these furrows, 
 thoroughly mixing the fertilizer with the soil. If the subsoiling does not fully 
 cover the manure, it should be run around a bull tongue, small plow or cultivator, 
 and thoroughly covered. 
 
 If artificial fertilizers are used, or cotton seed meal, it should be applied in the 
 lister furrows after it has been subsoiled, just before planting time. Here it is 
 covered up by the opening of the plant rows. 
 
 In fertilizing it is first necessary to have an analysis made of the soil to ascertain 
 what chemicals are needed. This information can be secured by sending samples 
 of the soil to your nearest experiment station. After it is ascertained what chemical 
 your soil lacks, my method is to use the necessary chemical mixed with cotton 
 seed meal. As much cotton seed meal can be used as desired, the more the better. 
 No matter what the amount of cotton seed meal used, I find it always advisable 
 to use 600 or 800 pounds of phosphate per acre. However, this may vary for the 
 different qualities of soil. The foregoing applies to any and all crops. 
 
 My method of applying the IVi'tilizpr for cotton is to use about four sacks of 
 meal mixed with the amount of chemicals required per acre. This is distributed 
 with a fertilizing machine in the subsoil furrow hereafter described, three to four 
 inches deep, from fifteen to thirty days before planting time. At planting time, 
 when the lister furrows are opened up to receive the seed, the opening up of these 
 furrows will partly cover up the subsoil furrow containing the fertilizer. The 
 
 (52) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 fertilizer should remain undisturbed in tlie lister turrow until after the cotton 
 plant is four to six inches high, or until it has been worked with the harrow or 
 weeder three or four times. Then the fertilizer is thoroughly stirred with a Georgia 
 stock, using a bull tongue six to eight inches wide and about fourteen inches long. 
 This subsoil or fertilizer furrow should be opened or stirred after every cultivation 
 of the cotton, until it is fctund that the spreader ntots liave begun to find their- 
 way into the subsoil furrow. Alter this do not disturb it any more. 
 
 In case cotton is planted flat upon a bed, the fertilizer or subsoil will be 
 entirely covered up as soon as the cotton is worked or weeded. The same operation 
 of stirring siiould be applied to cotton planted in this mannei' as when it is plantea 
 in the bottom of the lister furrow as heretofore described. 
 
 The plain cotton seed meal is also used with tlie planter at the time cotton is 
 planted, the usual combination planter and fertilizer machine being used in this 
 work. The writer find it exceptionally desirable to mix with the cotton 
 seed meal an equal part of dry sand. The using of sand not only causes the fertilizer 
 to work better in the planter, causing a moi'e even distribution of the fertilizer, 
 but in soil containing very little sand, the sand so used in the fertilizer makes a 
 good moisture preserver. About one sack of meal per acre is used in this manner. 
 However, as much meal as desired can be used in the plant rows. I have found it 
 undesirable to use any chemicals or other kind of fertilizer under the plant row 
 of cotton at planting time, except cotton seed meal. Chemical fertilizers of various 
 kinds should be constantly stirred in order that they may be thus distributed 
 through the soil. If such fertilizers are placed under the plant rows it is impossible 
 to properly stir them, and it is often found that a fertilizer when used in this 
 manner has never distributed itself through the soil, but lay there undisturbed 
 and was of no use to the plant, as the roots went on through the fertilizer bed 
 into the unfertilized soil. Only enough meal should be used in the plant row to 
 give the plant a healthy start. After the plant has attained a few weeks' rapid 
 growth, caused by this fertilizer in the plant row, the roots will extend out and 
 enter the subsoil furrow containing the thoroughly mixed fertilizer. It will be 
 readily understood that by applying this method the fertilizer is put where it 
 is reached by the ends of the roots which absorb by far the greatest proportion 
 of the nourishment for the plant, instead of putting it in such a position that the 
 roots pass through the fertilizer into the unfei-tilized ^:round beyond. Tills also 
 applies to other crops. 
 
 Where cotton seed meal or any clienucal fertilizers are used, tiiey nia>- he 
 applied in subsoil furrows, either before or alter ci'ops Ikim' been planted, hut 
 not to be applied after the roots begin to enter the subsoil furrows. As heretofore 
 described, the fertilizer should be stirred after racli cultivating. 
 
 It is deemed best, liowe\er, to ap|il.N the IVi'tilizers helore iilaiiliiir^ time, but 
 it is often the case the fai'mer is behind with his work, and has not the time to 
 apply fertilizers beforehand. Satisfactory results can be obtained b\' applying 
 after planting. 
 
 It hai'iiyard manure is usrd as a terlili/.er il should he distributed in Ih.' listei' 
 furrow before subsoiling. The running of the subsoiler thi'ou;;li the lister fvirrow 
 afterthe manure has been placed in the furrow will thoi'oughly mix and have a 
 tendency to cover it. By fei'tilizing in this manner only one-half tiie usual amount 
 of manure is required. If lime is used it should be placed with the manure in the 
 same furrow and mixed at the time of the subsoiling which thoroughly mixes 
 the manure, lime and earth together. Wlien barnyard manure is used in this 
 manner it should be applied less than thirty days before planting time. This like- 
 wise applies to all other crops. 
 
 The following is an old (iei'iiian method of making and preser\ing manure 
 which is found to be extremely useful, as follows: 
 
 (53) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Cess pools are dug near the barns, and also ditches leading from the barnyard 
 to the cess pools, so that all liquids from the yards will be drawn into the pools 
 and retained. The cess pools should be cemented to hold water. Dry manure 
 is thrown into the pools, where it is allowed to remain until desired for use. This 
 is done in order to keep the manure so wet it will not heat and burn from dryness. 
 
 The writer cannot too highly recommend the use of barnyard manure as a 
 fertilizer, because of the fact that it is not necessary to apply as much phosphate 
 when it is used, as barnyard manure preserved according to the method just 
 described possesses and retains all the elements necessary to promote plant growth. 
 However, it is much better to use 600 or 800 pounds of rock phosphate per acre; 
 the mqrp manure used, the less phosphate required. 
 
 A valuable method of fertilizing where land is plentiful, is to sow cow peas, 
 wheat, i-ye, oats, etc., and turn under just before the crop begins to tnature. The 
 writer has increased his production of corn from twenty to sixty bushels j)er acre 
 by this method. 
 
 Use of Phosphates. 
 
 If the growth of your cotton stalk is excessivi' and does not produce a good 
 yield, use from 800 to 1000 pounds of phospliales to the acre. How do I know that 
 it takes 800 to 1000 pounds of phosphates? Because experience has shown me 
 it takes 150 loads of manure, and that amount of manure contains 800 to 1000 
 pounds of phosphates. 
 
 Had I little more rain the past season I would have increased my yield of 
 cotton per acre to double what it was. Instead of raising 2300 pounds I would have 
 raised close to 5000 pounds pei^ acre. I fully believe that the time will come when 
 we will raise four to five bales to the acre, by using my methods of cultivating 
 and fertilizing. 
 
 In addition to heat, light, and moisture certain ch(^mical compounds, such as 
 calcium, magnesium, sodium and p(tfassiuni. ai'e esseiilial to iihtiit growth. These 
 occur in the soil in the form of sulphates, nitrates and other soluble couTpounds, 
 and are absorbed by plants by means of their I'oot fibres, especially the root hairs. 
 
 It is readily seen that continual cultivation of the soil will eliminatq these 
 essential elements through solution and drainage. This is especially true in regard 
 to tlie phosphorous and niti'ogen. 
 
 It is highly essential, then, that tiiis loss be made good through tiie use of 
 fertilizers. Barnyard manures are especially I'ich in nitrogen and phosphorous, 
 which gives them great value as fertilizers. 
 
 Cotton seed meal contains a iiigh per cent of nitrogen, and should be used 
 I'reely on land that has been cultivated for several years. 
 
 Cotton, corn, or any other plant may have a prolific growth, and look healthy, 
 but not produce a good crop of fruit. In such cases the soil is badly in need of one 
 or more of the above elements. 
 
 It is a good plan to always use a little lime as it is valuable in exterminating 
 insects. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Care of Plant Roots. 
 
 IT IS often noticed by cotton growers that although the cotton plant appears to 
 be flourishing and fruiting well, the early fruit falls off, bushels of them being 
 scattered over the ground, and the cotton is late maturing. This is the result 
 of too deep cultivation. The feeder roots are cut off by the deep cultivating, 
 as fast as they are formed. Consequently, the young fruit has no means of sus- 
 
 (54) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 lenance, and dies. After the cotton is laid by, new feeder roots, however, put out, 
 and new fruit starts, but it is late, and all of the early crop is lost. 
 
 The same is true of corn, potatoes, tomatoes and all other kind of crops. It has 
 often been noticed by any farmer, while cultivating potatoes, sweet or Irish, that 
 
 This iliuitiation shows how deep cultivation cuts off the feedei roots making the crop of cotton short 
 and late. The figure to the left shows how proper cultivation preserves the roots. 
 
 when he reaches the end of a row he has to stop to take the roots off his plow. 
 Now, these roots are the very life of the plant. After they are cut off by deep 
 cultivation, if the season is too dry for new roots to start, the crop is largely or 
 entirely lost. But even if new roots do put out, the crop is either late, or else has 
 not time to mature at all. 
 
 If you want to raise yood crops, >ou nmst yivc >our plants a chance to get all 
 tiie nourishment and moisture possible, and this can be done only by preserving 
 the only means the plant has of securing moisture and nourishment— its roots. 
 Cultivate and save the roots, and the roots will save the plant. 
 
 The writer always preserves the plant roots by shallow cultivating after the 
 plant is up and growing, by constantly turning the soil to the plant. Deep plowing 
 being done before planting time. 
 
 It can be clearly seen the disastrous effect deep cultivation has upon the growing 
 plant. Roots are the only method the plant has to extract its nourishment from 
 the soil. Therefore it is very plain to be seen that if the roots are destroyed, as 
 shown in figure No. 4, the plant will be greatly retarded in its effort to grow and 
 produce a good crop of fruit. The proper way to cultivate is to carefully guard 
 these roots and continually throw dirt to the plant row; instead of the roots being 
 destroyed they will be protected, and the entire plant will have a network of small 
 feeder roots runing through the soil for several feet around the plant, enabling 
 it to extract any moisture and nourishment which may be in the soil. 
 
 By referring back to the preceding chapter, it is noticed the essential chemical 
 compounds necessary to promote plant growth and production. These compounds 
 are not all deposited down deep in the earth, but are mixed thoroughly throughout 
 the cultivated soil. The tap root extending deep into the subsoil, do not provide 
 the plant with the above chemical compounds. They will, however, provide some 
 moisture, and in most cases will produce a stalk or plant, but will not attract and 
 provide enough of the chemicals to give the necessary vitality to the plant. The 
 roots which attract and take up the chemicals and fertilizer necessary to produce 
 vitality, are the small net-work of fibers and spreader roots, which Dranch out 
 and run in all directions near the surface. These are the roots which are destroyed 
 by deep cultivation. The small root, which is generally disregarded, is of vital 
 importance and should be preserved and cultivated and not destroyed. 
 
 (55) 
 
T 
 
 Universal Farming 
 
 CHAPTER v.— Sec. I. 
 Preparation of Soil. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 HE secret of my success in raising all kinds of crops lies in the preparation 
 of the soil before seeding, more than in the cultivation of the grownig crops. 
 The soil should be cultivated just as thoroughly and with as close attention 
 to detail before planting time as possible. 
 
 As cotton is perhaps the most important crop in the C()nsideration of the readers 
 of this book, I will take up first the raising of cotton as typical of my methods, 
 diagrams are used. 
 
 First,, in the late or early winter, as soon as the ground is cleared, it should 
 be broken to a depth of six to eight inches. It is left lying in this state until spring. 
 After each hard, beating rain, the ground should be harrowed or disked two or 
 three inches deep, to produce a mulch. If not enough rain falls to settle and pack 
 the soil at all, it should be harrowed and then rolled. The purpose of packing the 
 soil is to preserve all of the moisture underlying tlie mulch. 
 
 Thirty days before planting time, furrows should be opened with a 14-inch 
 lister. These furrows should be four to five feet apart, according to the fertility 
 of the soil. It will be noted that this furrow takes out all of the worked soil to the 
 bottom of the first plowing, or about eight inches. These furrows are opened for 
 two purposes, to allow deeper subsoiling and to provide a place for putting the 
 fertilizers. 
 
 The subsoiling should be done, running a Georgia stock (or a potato digger 
 with the prongs removed) through the furrows made with the lister. The subsoiling 
 should be carried as deep as possible, in order to preserve all of the moisture 
 derived from any rains. In case fertilizers are used, they should be placed on top 
 of the subsoil furrow about thirty days before planting time. Manure, if used, 
 should be put in the furrow before subsoiling. Thus the subsoil furrow is made 
 a rich moist bed which attracts the roots of the cotton plants, forming a trough 
 from which they may be fed. 
 
 Just before planting time rows should be opened with a 14-inch iisier. These 
 rows are opened half way between the subsoil furrow, and should not be opened 
 until ready to plant. The soil is thrown out of these furrows into the subsoil 
 furrows, effectually sealing the moisture and fertilizers in these furrows, where 
 it is found by the spreading roots of the cotton plant. The loose soil above these 
 furrows prevents evaporation of the moisture. In dry seasons, the cotton seed 
 should be planted at the bottom of these new fiu-ruws, on the hard ground. After 
 the ground has been turned in fall or winter if hard beating rains should fall and 
 the ground becomes packed, care should bf taken when opening plant rows to not 
 allow the lister to throw all loose soil from the furrow. Enough loose soil should 
 remain in bottom of furrow to cover seed, care being exercised to see that the 
 seed is planted on hard ground in bottom row. The method for wet seasons is 
 given elsewhere. 
 
 After the plants have begun to grow, the dirt should be filled in aroand tnem 
 with a weeder or harrow. This operation should be repeated until the ground 
 is again level. After this, start to work with the cultivator, but at no time cutting 
 deeper than 1 to 2 inches, throwing the dirt gradually to the plant. 
 
 Shallow cultivation is essential, as it prevents the falling off of the fruit and 
 promotes early maturing of cotton. It preserves the feeder roots, shown illustration 
 No. 4, (which depicts the cotton as laid by) which are the roots which give the 
 
 (56) 
 
■|hi> i.i.tmr shows ...iiiMi roots entering the subsoil furrow. The stalk at the right was not 
 grown in the spot shown, Init had been pulled up and placed there to show the length of the roots. 
 The long root shown was over 7 feet in length. The other stalk was grown in the exact position 
 sliown. Tlie picture also shows the heavy yield of cotton. 
 
 This picture sliows anotlier view of cotton roots running along near the surface and entering 
 subsoil furrow. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 growth to the fruit. Under tlie old method of cultivating, cutting down a con- 
 siderable depth, these feeder roots are cut off, while under my metiiou, they are 
 left intact, as shown in figure No. 4. 
 
 Where on-half bale of cotton has been produced per acre, under favorable 
 conditions and seasons, the same amount or more can be produced on the same land 
 under unfavorable conditions, without the use of fertilizers, provided the same 
 
 This 
 
 lustration shows cotton after laying by. It shows also the formation of the roots near the surface 
 of the ground, running down into (he subsoil furrows. 
 
 method of subsoiling, moisture preservation, care of plant roots and cultivation is 
 carried out as set forth in this book. This also applies to all other products. 
 
 We desire to impress upon the reader the importance of planting cotton seed 
 on the hard soil in the bottom of the furrow, assuming, of course, that the cotton 
 is to be planted in furrows, instead of flat or beds. It is noticed that when cotton 
 is planted it often fails to make a stand. This is especially true where the soil is 
 dry and there has not been enough rainfall to put a season in the ground, in the 
 winter and early spring. The lint around the cotton seed acts as an insulator, and 
 it takes plenty of moisture to break through this insulation and germinate the 
 seed, causing it to sprout. The hard unworked soil lying underneath the worked 
 ground is always moist, provided, n\ ciuirsc, tlnM-c is any moisture in the earth 
 at all, and by planting the seed on top ol' this ground, and covering iwo or three 
 inches deep, the seed will attract and draw enough moisture from ihe liara ground 
 underneath, to germinate the seed, and will always produce a good stand, providing 
 the seed is good. 
 
 As an example to show what the above method will do, the writer planted 
 cotton on the 7th day of June, 1911, on ground where a potato crop had been raised 
 and gathered the same year. The ground was hot, dry and loose, and contained 
 no moisture whatever as deep as it had ht'<Mi worked. Aflci' the potatoes were dug, 
 furrows were opened and cotton seed plaiitc(| on lop ol' the hard unworked ground 
 in the bottom of the furrows. The gruund was so dry and loose that it was very 
 nard to open the furrows, as the loose, dry soil would slide back into the furrow, 
 filling it up again behind the plow. The seed was covered two or three inches 
 deep. Neighbors and friends laughed and ridiculed, saying nothing would come ui) 
 in such ground, but they were entirely mistaken, for in seven days this cotton was 
 up and thriving, and produced a doublf stand, which was later thinned out. Three 
 days later a good rain fell, washing the loose soil over and completely covering the 
 cotton four to six inches deep. The plant rows and field had been prepared to 
 retain any rain fall. A few days later a small "V" shaped harrow was run over the 
 rows and the cotton was uncovered. On the I9th of July another rain fell. This 
 field produced 1200 pounds of cotton per acre, and if the frost had not killed the 
 plant, it would have produced at least one bale per acre. 
 
 (58) 
 

 
 
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 This Picture sliows a party of business men in si)ecting Mr. Kasmeier's fields, and also studying 
 his methods of farming. These men unanimously approve of his system. This picture was taken 
 before the second picking. 
 
 
 
 
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 Tlie above photograph depicts John Kasmeier, Jr., calling the young boys and girls attention to 
 five bales of cotton, which was raised by his father on three acres of land, during the dry season of 
 UUl. Young Mr. Kasmeier says, when he grows up to l)o a man. he is going to raise this many bales 
 upon two acres of land, by using his father\s method of i-hiwing. fertilizing and cultivating. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 This cotton was thinned out leaving stalks from 14 to 20 inches apart, and one 
 stalk only in a place. In dry seasons especially, care should be taken to leave only 
 one stalk every fourteen to twenty inches on land without fertilizers. On highly 
 fertilized land stalks should be spaced two to three feet apart depending upon the 
 fertility of the soil. This gives the one stalk the chance to secure all of the moisture 
 and nourishment in the ground around the plant, which will be enough to sustain 
 the plant and mature all the fruit on the stalk. Whereas if two stalks had been 
 allowed to grow where only one should have been, the moisture and plant nourish- 
 ment existing in the ground would have been divided between the two stalks, with 
 the result that neither would have received enough nourisliment to properly make 
 mature its fruit. Better to have one stalk with a few good large bolls than to have 
 two stalks producing nothing. 
 
 Two Bales pei- Acre. 
 
 If we want eggs for Christmas, we set our incubators in January, February or 
 March. Chickens hatched then will lay in October, November and December. 
 
 So, if you want to raise two bales of cotton td the acre, you must get an early 
 start. Try this method. 
 
 First, fertilize and furrow five feet apai't, 30 to 60 days before planting time. 
 Use two thousand pounds of cotton seed hulls, three hundred pounds hydrated 
 lime, to the acre. Put your hulls in the lister furrows first, then mix the lime with 
 200 pounds of fine dry sand and 300 pounds of wood ashes. Mix it all thoroughly. 
 It must be perfectly dry when mixed, so that the fertilizer distributor will distribute 
 it evenly. This mixture should be distributed in the lister furrow, where the hulls 
 have been previously placed. Then take a heavy Georgia stock with a bull tongue 
 from three to four inches wide, and from twelve to fourteen inches long and and 
 go through the lister furrow which contains the hulls, lime and ashes, as deep 
 as the team can pull it. Then with a walking or riding cultivator or Georgia stock, 
 thoroughly cover the fertilizer. Wait until you get a good rain, then with your 
 Georgia stock and bull tongue, go through the fertilizer furrow again, and cover 
 again in the same manner as the first time. Then a week before planting time, 
 about May 1st for the district between the 33rd and 37th parallels, take four hundred 
 pounds of cotton seed meal, 800 to 1000 pounds ground rock phosphate and about 
 400 pounds of dry sand, mix thoroughly, again open the furrow containmg the hulls, 
 lime, sand and ashes, and distribute the cotton seed meal phosphate and sand 
 with the fertilizer distributor in this same furrow, and cover up as before. 
 
 This method will make you, on land where you formerly raised about a hundred 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, a bale to a bale and a half to the acre; and on 
 land that formerly brought you half a bale to a bale to the acre, two bales to the 
 acre and upwards. Your furrows must be five feet apart, on land that formerly 
 produced a hundred pounds; and on land that produced more than that, three feet 
 apart. The stalks ought to stand in tlie rows fourteen inches to eighteen inches 
 apart, and one stalk only remember, only one stalk in a place. In the cotton planted 
 with the rows five feet apart, there should be one stalk,— just one stalk and no more, 
 every two feet. 
 
 I cannot impress upon the intelligent citizens, fai'iners and truckers too strongly 
 to save every bit of manure and wood ashes they possibly can. Wood ashes are 
 safest kept in galvanized or other meatal containers, and should be kept carefully 
 covered, as ashes for fertilizer should be kept perfectly dry. Whenever you clear 
 an acre of ground and burn up the brush and logs, take the ashes home wnile they 
 are dry. With that amount of ashes, hulls, lime and meal applied as above to a 
 worn-out acre of ground, you will have two acres instead of one, in amount of 
 product. The only difference of cotton or whatever you plant on the ground being 
 that the worn-out acre will have the best product. So save youv ashes and save 
 them while they are dry. Also save rotten logs and decayed leaves. By using 
 
 (60) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 such things you will not have to use so much of tlie hulls. If we all used these 
 methods throughout our groat American cotton belt, instead of planting close to 
 forty million acres and getting only from ten to fourteen million bales, half of which 
 is only shoddy cotton for which we get shoddy prices, we would raise from lifteen 
 to twenty million bales of the finest staple on twelve to fifteen million acres of 
 land, and could put the remaining twenty to twenty-five million acres in corn, a 
 few potatoes, sweet potatoes, wheat and feed with which to fatten our hogs, cattle 
 and sheep. If we farmers will do that, we will have oui' billion dollar cotton crop 
 as money in the bank, and you bet we can live at home and when you young men and 
 women marry you need not start a poor house. And when you young farmers 
 unite, what a mightly giant you will be! All business will be basea upon you and 
 you will then be monarchs indeed. 
 
 Prepai'Miy Wet Land for Cotton. 
 
 The method of preparing low or wet land for the raising of cotton. The ground 
 is first turned, then beds or rows thrown up six to eight feet apart. A 
 subsoiler is run through the middle of the furrow between the rows. These 
 
 This illustration shows the method of preparing bed* in low, wet lands (or planting cotton. These 
 
 beds are also used on other lands in exceptionally wet seasons. This cut shows the subsoil furrow 
 
 between rows, which contains the fertilizers. 
 
 furrows not only provide a moisture preserver and fertilizer bed for dry 
 periods, but in case of too much rain they act as drain ditches to carry away 
 surplus water. Planting should be done on top of these beds. In the case of wet 
 bottom land these beds need not be destroyed, but can be used from year to year 
 for cotton, planting on top of the beds and cultivating as usual, and keeping the 
 subsoil furrows open. This form of beds should be used on high land as well as low 
 land in wet, rainy seasons. 
 
 Sec. 2. 
 
 CORN. 
 
 In the cultivation of corn, it is \ri\ inii)ortant that the land be carefully 
 prepared, as corn will not stand hot winds of the south as well as cotton. The 
 writer has secured satisfactory results in raising corn even in dry years when others 
 have failed, by carefuly prepai'ing and working the ground before planting in 
 accordance with the following two methods:— 
 
 First, wlit'ir subsoil furrows are used not only brtween rows but in the plant 
 rows. 
 
 Under this metlidd we will niiisidcr the raising of covn with and without 
 fertilizers, as follows: 
 
 (61) 
 
ut?.^ 
 
 
 h^~ 
 
 
 
 This gives you an idea what fertilizer will do. Alter four years labor and fertilization Mr. Kasmeier raised 41 tons 
 
 of cane on one acre of land besides one and one-half tons of fodder. Still how indifferent we are with 
 
 our^fertilizer. We burn it up to get rid of it. 
 
 
 (a) For corn break your land deep and fertilize it well. Before planting use a harrow or a disk. Then lay 
 off youg field three feet apart, plant two feet in the drill and one stock to the hill. The first 
 ploughing should be as deep as possible, the remaining shallower. Stocks of corn in 
 photo are 14 inches high, the roots 38 inches high. 
 
(b) The same crop of corn after maturing 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 The method of subsoiling- and fertilizing where a sufficient amotait of manure 
 cannot be obtained to spread broadcast but where manure or chemical fertilizer 
 and cotton seed meal are used is as follows: The ground is turned in the same 
 manner and at the same time as above described, eliminating the use of the sub- 
 soiler at the time of the turning. After the ground is turned, lister furrows should 
 be opened as for cotton. If manure is used, it should be spread in this furrow, 
 after which the subsoiler is used. This mixes and turns under the manure. If 
 chemicals and cotton seed meal are used it should be applied in furrows after 
 subsoiling is done or about planting time. When the planting furrow is opened up 
 with the lister, the subsoil furrow containing the fertilizer will be partially or 
 wholly covered up. Before planting, a subsoil furrow is run in the bottom of the 
 plant row. This shows the subsoil furrow under the plant row and also between 
 rows. The use of subsoil furrow in the planting row gives a loose seed bed. It is 
 a good plan to apply cotton seed meal in the planting row after subsoiling. 
 
 Where no manure or fertilizers are used the ground should be broken and 
 prepared in the same manner as above, using the same method of subsoiling both 
 in the plant rows and between the rows. 
 
 Too much cannot be said regarding the subsoil method, as subsoil furrows are 
 exceedingly valuable not only to retain the moisture but to retain the substance 
 of the fertilizers which is carried down by the percolation of water tlirough the 
 loose, well worked soil. These furrows are especialh \alrial)le where the land is 
 I'olling and such fei/tilizing material is liable to be canifd out of the soil by water 
 percolation at the time of heavy rains. 
 
 Second, where corn is planted flat. Under this method we also consider the 
 raising of corn with or without fertilizci's as follows: 
 
 Where manure is spread broadcast over the ground, and turned under as more 
 fully described under "Fertlizing," it can be further stated that the subsoiling 
 should be done at the time the ground is turned. At planting time the usual lister 
 furrow between the plant rows is opened up and subsoiled. If artificial fertilizers 
 are to be used they should be used in this furrow as more fully described elsewhere. 
 Before corn is planted, the rows should be laid off with a subsoiler, subsoiling about 
 14 inches deep. The operation leaves the ground practically flat, after which the 
 corn is planted four to five inches deep on this subsoil furrow. If cotton seed meal 
 is used in this furow, it is used with the planter, using the usual attachments. 
 
 In raising corn without fertilizers, the usual subsoil furrows are run in the 
 bottom of lister furrows between rows, thirty to sixty days before pianiing time. 
 At planting time the plant row is also laid off with the subsoiler in the same 
 manner as described above. This subsoiling is done to provide moist beds to 
 receive the corn roots. 
 
 In cultivating the usual harrow is used before the corn comes up, after which 
 cultivation is carried on in the usual methods from three to four inches deep while 
 the corn is still young, continually throwing the dirt to the corn. The cultivation 
 of the corn by this method will cover up the lister furrow between rows containing 
 the moisture. After the corn is four to six inches high, deep cultivation should be 
 discontinued, and the corn should be cultivated to a depth of only one to two inches. 
 The subsoil furrow should be kept open until it is found that the roots of the corn 
 have begun to enter into it, after which it should not be disturbed. 
 
 Sec. 3 
 IRISH POTATOES. 
 
 In preparing land for Irish potatoes, if manure is to be used broadcast, the land 
 should be prepared and fertilized as described elsewhere. The land should be 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 turned from ten to twelve inches deep and tlir sanir lurllidd of I'unning the subsoiler 
 behind tlie turning phiw should be used. If the farmer has not tiie facMlities to 
 work liis land in this manner, the writer finds it advisable and agreeable to co- 
 operate with iiis neighbor, one to do the plowing, the (jther following close behind 
 with the subsoiler. This work should be done as early as possible or ai least sixty 
 to ninety days before planting. If the ground is prepared in this way, as stated 
 before, tlif subsoilei' is not U'^rd at the time the land is fiuMicd. In the case manure 
 is disti'ibulrd in tli.' subsoil furrow and it is not entirely covered by the subsuiler. 
 a bull tongue should be run around tlif furrow and manure fully covered. This 
 is especially necesary if chemicals aic usrd. When potato planting time arrives, 
 the furrow containing the manure or fertilizer- should be thoroughly stirred by 
 opening up with a shovel plow or sweep. This also |)id\i(l<'s a furr-ow to I'eceivc 
 the seed potato. Afti'r the potatoes are planted 18 to -'() inches ai)ai't, the seed 
 should he coNcrrd r. to (•) inches deep by running around with a bull tongue or small 
 |)low. After the |)otato has sprouted and all danger of frost is past, a liglit harrow 
 should be nui o\rr the lop of the row to take about two incli.'s of soil off the toj) 
 of the plant. Ilari'owin^; lietwcrii I'ows should be done to keep down weed gi'owth. 
 Dur-ing cultivation, the soil should he constantly added to the plant by running 
 around the I'ow with a hull tongue. (;ar(^ should be taken not to disturb or tear 
 up the i)lant bed. This operation will, after the plant has reached a good growth, 
 r-esult in forming a bed with a furrow between rows. In case of dry weather and 
 when going through the furrow the last time, or at any time, if conditions become 
 (U-y and rain is needed, the sweep should Im' lifted up (n-ery five to ten feet, thereby 
 making a small dam across the fui'row which will catch and retain any rain which 
 may fall. 
 
 Befoi-e gathering time the furrows between the rows in which dams iiave been 
 constructed, should be opened, if rain has been plentiful and the pi'ouiid is wet. 
 so that the i)otato beds may dry out as thorough l>- as possible, before the crop 
 
 is gathervd. 
 
 Sec. 'i. 
 
 ALFALFA, UHFAT AM) OATS 
 
 In the raising of alfalfa, wheat, oats. etc.. a gi'eal increase in stand and pro- 
 duction can be obtained by cai'efiilly preparing the soil, using the same methods 
 employed in preparing soil foi' cotton, except that e\i'ry fui'row should be subsoiled. 
 Before the seed is planted the land should be turned deep and eacdi furrow sub- 
 soiled as deep as possible. This plan pro\ ides a vast field of moistui'e preservers 
 consisting of subsoil fui-rows wlii(di recei\c the I'oots and promote gr-owth, which 
 in the case of alfalfa is \ei'y essential, the success id' the crop deiieiidiiiL: upon a ;^ood 
 stand the fir'sf year. 
 
 Sec. ."). 
 
 TOMATO AM) SWFF I POI AIOLS. 
 
 In the cuIti\ation and raising of tomatoes ami swcej potatoes liie wi'iter finds 
 great results by jirepai'ing the ground in the same maimer as for irisli potatoes 
 and if manure or fertilizer is used this is also ai)plied in the same manner. When 
 |)lanting time arrives the fertilizer or subsoil furi'ows are ojiened up in the same 
 nianner as for Irish iiotatoes, aftei' which the fertilized soil is turned hack into the 
 same furrow. This is done merelx to stir and mix the fertilizer with the soil and 
 for-ms a ricdi mellow bed for the |.lants. 
 
 Ill Ihe planting of tomatoes the subsoil furrow is op''ii''d and lui'iied back again 
 as described above. This forms a small rich Ix-d to recei\e the tomato plants. The 
 .>ame method of constantly turning: the soil to the plant is used, forming the same 
 
 I 65) 
 
I .,jjmmimm^«''^mw**'''i>'*mmBm ^ i m 
 
 § ^^. 
 
 iFTlBiTiiil 
 
 Picture showing potatoes and cotton; the rows oi pot.iKes Mie six uei ajjarL. The land for these 
 potatoes was prepared in January. It was listed and fertilized, and subsoiled eighteen inches deep, 
 Potatoes were planted "in dark of moon' in February. They were dug the last part of June and 
 yielded 120 bushels per acre, six feet apart. 
 
 ~3 « ^ 
 
 After tlie liari'owiiiK. put.i t ncs .'is sliown in this picture, leaving the cottmi six feet aiiart ami tlic 
 ground in fine shape, no furrow, no vines, no weed. In a good season the blanches of the cotton will 
 interlock across, this stretch of six feet. If you don't believe it. try the system. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 furroyvs between rows. Small dams should also be constructed between rows as 
 more fully described in other articles, to retain the rainfall. The advantage of 
 these small dams and the subsoil furrow between the plant rows can be readily seen. 
 The water retained by the dams will filter through into the subsoil furrow, which 
 forms a vast bed of moist rich soil for the reception of the plant roots. One or 
 two rains will be sufficient to make a good cr-op provided care has been exercised 
 to follow the above method. 
 
 During the season of 1911, which is known to have been an exceptionally dry 
 year, the writer obtained excellent results in the raising of tomatoes and sweet 
 potatoes, by this metliod where all others failed. 
 
 How to F)i(| and Care for Sweet l*otatoes. 
 
 Great care should be used in digging and storing sweet potatoes to prevent 
 bruising and freezing. The writer finds it a good plan to never dig potatoes while 
 the ground is wet and if dug while the ground is wet or damp, the potatoes should 
 be allowed to remain in the field until they are tlioroughly dried, before placing 
 in cellar or ricks in field. If potatos are stored while wet, the wet soil adhering to 
 the potato will cause black spots to form which later develop into dry rot. 
 
 Sweet potatoes if stored in cellars should be piled upon shelves made of slats 
 to allow for circulation of air, the shelves to be placed in vertical rows about one 
 foot apart. Another good plan, to keep potatoes in cellars, is to pack them in dry 
 sand in layers one foot thick. 
 
 In storing in ricks in fields, a successful method is to first make a flooring ol 
 logs or long fence posts. Then lay crosswise on top of this a flooring of corn stalks. 
 This forms a flooring which permits air circulation. The potatoes are then placed 
 on the floor in shape of a mound, covering them first with corn stalks, after which 
 the rick is covered with enough earth to prevent freezing. An opening should 
 be left on top of rick to provide for air circulation. The ends of the logs in floor 
 should be left uncovered to allow the air to enter under the floor and pass through 
 (he potatoes and out at the top. In case of extremely cold weather cover ends of 
 logs and also top to keep out cold freezing air. The potatoes will go through a 
 process of sweating when first racked. The bottom vents should remain open until 
 the potatoes stop sweating after which the bottom vents can be permanently closed. 
 
 In transporting potatoes from field, wicker baskets should be used, instead 
 of wire baskets as the latter bruises the potatoes. The handling of potatoes in 
 sacks also injures and bi-uises tlie potato. 
 
 It is very important that the potatoes be harvested before the vines are touched 
 hy the frost, as a very light frost on the vines before the potatoes are harvested 
 will cause them to rot soon after being stored. In case that the frost should touch 
 the vines before the potatoes are dug, the vines should be immediately cut off or 
 pulled up before the effect of the frost injurs the potatoes. 
 
 Sec 6. 
 ORCHARDS AND FORESTRY. 
 
 The system of subsoiling as described elsewhere in this book may be and is 
 extremely valuable for orchards and also for planting forests. In orchards the 
 rows of trees should be planted flat or above the subsoil furrow. The subsoil 
 furrows from one and one-half to two and one-half feet deep or as deep and wide 
 as possible should be made under the row before the trees are set out, and also 
 between rows. The orchards should be kept clean by cultivating and the subsoil 
 furrow between rows should be opened or re-subsoiled every year in the fall. As 
 
 (67) 
 
flic same 
 
 th 
 
 eory 
 
 of subsoiling useful 
 
 ainoiiiit 
 
 (it 
 
 moist 
 
 uff, especially with 
 
 OSS til.' fl 
 
 iri'i 
 
 IIWS. 
 
 Tile roots of trees 
 
 listvilT be: 
 
 in^: 
 
 ni()!'< 
 
 ■ useful at the ends 
 
 Tliis su^;^ 
 
 est 
 
 ion is 
 
 especially valuable 
 
 interested 
 
 in 
 
 fores 
 
 itry. Where forests 
 
 Universal Farming 
 
 it is usually the custom to place oi'chards on hill-sides, it is deemed advisable to 
 lay off rows around the hill so the drainage will not be too heavy, but should be 
 so located that the orchard will drain in case of excessive rainfall. The roots of 
 the trees will run along the ground to the subsoil furrow where in case of ex- 
 ceptionally dry weather, a sufficient amount of moisture will be found. A good 
 plan is to place in these subsoil furrows dead leaves, rotten wood, corn stalks or 
 anything which will have a tendency to enricii the soil and hold the moisture. This 
 forms a fertilized bed from which the trees receive a gi-eat amount of nourishment. 
 
 Those desii'ing to put in forests will find 
 as it would insure the preservation of a great 
 the assistance of small dams constructe.i acr 
 will eventually hunt low moist |)laces. the mi 
 of the roots than near tin' body of the tree. 
 for railroads and other's who are more vitally 
 are put out or planted on a large scale, a traction engine should be used in plowing 
 and subsoiling, the subsoil furrows being carried down as deep as possible. 
 
 You have often, perhaps, wonde-red why it is that large forests do not grow 
 in parts of Oklahoma and Texas, and on the great plains and why it is difficult 
 to grow orchards. The soil is just as rich as where trees of all kinds flourish, and 
 the weather is even more favorable. A long study of the (juestion has convinced 
 me that these are the reasons: First, there is not surticieiit moisture to make the 
 trees flourish; second, the rain that does fall is not propei'ly conserved, rimning 
 off before it has time to penetrate, on accounts of the winds keeping the grovmd 
 clear of leaves that would otherwise i)reserve the moisture. 
 
 Such trees as do g<'t a start, svu'h as <nu- trees in central and western Oklahoma, 
 have roots going straight down to the suhmoistiu'e. These roots are barely sufficient 
 to keep the tree alive and give it a mcaj^re growth, but the feeder roots, that make 
 a tree flourish and grow large, are almost entirely lacking, on account of th absence 
 of moisture in the soil where the feeder roots would naturally grow. 
 
 I am convinced that if forests were tri'ated in the same manner as orchards 
 according to the methods I have described above, we could raise Just as good forests 
 on the uplands of the territory between the 20tli and ■2^^\\\ mei'idians as in the river 
 bottoms of this district or in any other state. 
 
 If our prairie countries were planted in forests and cultivated by methods 
 discussed in this book, practically the entii'e rainfall would be retained, preventing 
 the great overflows of our rivers and streams, th.n'eby saving immense tracts of 
 land from overflow. 
 
 Wluit F()resti'.\ Has Done. 
 
 "Many people in this country think that foresti'y had nevei' been tried until 
 the Government began to ]»ractice it upon the National Forests. Yet forestry is 
 practiced by every civilized country in the world, excejjt China and Turkey. It gets 
 results which can be obtained in no other way. and which are necessary to the 
 general welfare. Forestry is not a new Ihin^. It was discussed two thousand years 
 ago, and it has been studieil and a|i|>li<'d with increasing thoroughness ever since. 
 The principles of forestry are e\ei'ywliere the same. They rest on natural laws, 
 which are at work ever-ywliere and all the time. It is simply a question of how 
 best to apply these laws to fit local needs and conditions. No matter how widely 
 countries may differ in size, climate, population, industry, or government, provided 
 only they have forests, all of them nnist come to forestry some time as a matter 
 of necessity." 
 
 (68) 
 
A grove of young trees in the Author's front yard, Beeville, Texas. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 "The more advanced and progressive countries arrive first and go farthest 
 in forestry, as they do in other thing. Indeed, we might almost take forestry as 
 a yardstick with which to measure the height of civilization. On the one hand, 
 the nations which follow forestry most widely and systematically would be found 
 to be the most enlightened nations. On the other hand, when we applied our yard- 
 stick to such countries as are without forestry, we could say with a good deal of 
 assurance, by this test alone, 'Here is a backward nation.' " 
 
 "The countries of Europe and Asia, taken together, have passed through all 
 tlie stages of forest history and applied all the known principles of forestry. They 
 are rich in forest experience. The lessons of forestry were brought home to them 
 by hard knocks. Their forest systems were built up gradually as the result of 
 hardship. They did not at first spin fine theories and then apply those theories 
 by main force. On the contrary, they began by facing disagreeable facts. Every 
 step of the way toward wist forest use, the world over, has been made at the sharp 
 spur of want, suffering, or loss. As a result, the science of forestry is one of the 
 most practical and most directly useful of all sciences. It is a serious work, 
 undertaken as a measure of relief, and continued as a safeguard against future 
 calamity." 
 
 Sec. 7. 
 CULTIVATION OF HIGHLY MANURED SOIL. 
 
 By following my method of farming, immense crops may be raised on highly 
 manured land. I raised a heavy crop of cotton on a portion of a cattle pen worked for 
 the first time, upon which others, including an expert farmer, had made a failure 
 under their method, although under much more favorable conditions. This land, 
 though covered with manure 4 to 6 inches deep, produced under my theory of farm- 
 ing over one bale of cotton to the acre, this being the first time the soil was cul- 
 tivated. Some of the most expert farmers of the state attempted to demonstrate cot- 
 ton raising on highly manured land, but only produced two bales off of four and one- 
 half acres. This four and one-half acres had been farmed four years prior to this 
 season, but had been used as a feeding pen in the past. My experience with this crop 
 disproved the theory that too much manure is detrimental. It may, however, be 
 injurious to crops to use too much manure if the land is not properly' cultivated. 
 
 Sec. 8. 
 
 PREPARING VEGETABLE BEDS. 
 
 Land for the raising of all kinds of vegetables should be well fesrtilized with 
 manure, if same is obtainable, and carefully prepared, by deep plowing iqi the 
 winter, the same as 'for other crops, using a little lime at the time of turning 
 land, About 2 or 3 weeks before planting time, or long enough time to allow the 
 ditches, reaching the plant from beneath, and thereby preventing wilting even in 
 the hottest weather. 
 
 All small vegetables, such as radishes, lettuce, turnips, onions, etc., should be 
 planted on these beds in rows, six to eight inches apart. This is done to allow the 
 surface of the bed to be .worked very shallow and kept loose, allowing the moisture 
 contained in the- biedto be dr awn- near ^ the surface, wh^re- it is^-i'^&a^ied-by the 
 roots. In hot climates water should always be applied on the roots, and never on 
 the plants. The planting in rows allows space for applying, commercial fertilizers 
 and cotton seed meal. About 20 pounds of cotton seed meal and 10 pounds of potash 
 should be used in a row, say 100 feet long. This fertilizer should be applied between 
 every row, three to four inches deep, and covered. The use of cotton seed meal 
 
 (70) 
 
A CABBAGZ: PATCH IN FEBRUARY IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS. 
 
 (Jai-deii scene neai- Hecn-ille. Texas, on the S. P. and S. .\. & .A. 1'.. cdnneclins: link.s with the 
 other States in tlie Gulf Coast district, the wintei- liot house of the United States. This was taken 
 in January, 1915. The cabbage is as solid as a rock, tlie avei-age weight is 10 pounds, the speci- 
 mens shown wegh lb to 20 pounds. What do you think of the chubby children? 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 provides a good supply of nitrogen, whicli gives iiealth and vitality to the plants. 
 The fertilizer used in this manner should be stirred and worked often, care benig 
 used not to distui'b roots of plants. 
 
 Cabbage should be planted, cultivated and fertilized in the same manner as 
 tomatoes and sweet potatoes, that is, by fertilizing early in lister furrows that have 
 been subsoiled, and opened up and stirred at planting time, which makes the plant 
 row in the same row containing the fertilizer. 
 
 Peas, beans, etc., should be planted in rows two feet apart, the land for same 
 having previously been prepared in the same manner as for other crops. When 
 ready to plant, a furrow is run, as deep as possible, with a Georgia stock and bull 
 tongue. Cotton seed meal (and hulls if obtainable), and potash are then applied 
 in these furrows and then covered up. The beans, peas, etc., are then planted flat, 
 half way between these rows containing the fertilizer, about the same amount of 
 meal and potash, as above issued. 
 
 Too much cannot be said in regard to preparing and fertilizing the land before 
 planting time, and if you expect to get good results in gardening, select only the 
 best of seed, r.'^ai'dless of the price. Money invested in good seed is money well 
 spent. Deal directly with reputable seed house, and always keep a complete record 
 of all seed plante'd, by so doing you can soon learn the best quality of seed to buy. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 A Word ol" Ad\ ice to Fannei's. 
 
 Kind reader, I would re(|uest your kind attention, and a close study of every 
 word in this little book, which deals with systematic and scientific gardening and 
 farming, and also the care of orchards, vineyards, forests and small fruits of all 
 kinds. 
 
 Before going further I would like to call your attention to the method of 
 farming, soil and water preservation of the noble southern farmer of sixty years 
 ago, who was in those days conmionly called by the plantation negroes "Old Massa." 
 When this good old Massa settled upon a tract of virgin land in the beautiful south 
 and cleared from the land the niii^lily InirsI, lie planned and de\clo|)e(| a system 
 for preserving every furr'ow of the ixecinus soil. He constructeil ciicular ditches 
 and water furrows to take care df tln' heavy rains in such a nianiiei- as would 
 preserve the soil. When the tourist in these days visited the Sunny South, he 
 noticed the wonderful progress of our great cotton belt. Where before had stood 
 the forests covering the hills and the valleys, appeared a scene of prosperity. The 
 conditions then were brought about by the employment of scientific methods of 
 holding and tilling the soil. This "Old Massa" was, in other words, a business 
 farmer with a system, and this kind of farming, just Hke any other business run 
 on a system, was bound to succeed. The world at large in those days would call 
 the cotton industry a golden treasury. All this was through him, the "Old Massa," 
 being a business farmer. 
 
 But what happened since tliosr days? Has your father or yourself, deai' reader, 
 practiced this "Old Mnssa's" inelhoils or inllowcd in his fnotsteps? Have you made 
 the same success at. |■al■nlin^;? We must Imw mir heads ni soituw, — we have not! 
 Look at the hills that a( one lime tdwercd. monuments to prosperity! Look at 
 them now, robbed of tlieic erown (if jirosperity, devastated by haphazard farming 
 methods, done by rooters rathei' than farmers. 
 
 Now, kind reader, it matters not in what walk of life you may be, whether a 
 railroad president, an oil king, a banker, merchant or farmer, we should get together. 
 Let us practice and continue to improve our farming along scientific methods 
 instead of pursuing our course of murdering soil. We shape our own destiny. 
 
 (72) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Our future progress and pi'ospci-ity (Icpciid npnii cd-dpfraliiui and impi'oved methods 
 of cultivating the soil. 
 
 Drar lirotli.'i' lai'niri'. we d<i imt ap|.n'ciatr and have brcii shjw to accrpt tlir 
 a<sistaiicr (hat lias Ihmmi (dTci-rd lix our Lidvcrnnicnt and husiness organizations. 
 Look at oui' cxpcrinicnt stali(.ns that ha\c hccii cstalilishcd throughout tii.' .'idii-r 
 rountry and the d.'iuoiisl rat ion ti'ains run hy the I'aih'oads. Arc lln-sr for tin- 
 beiud'it <d' I'aih-oads and business inni aloii.-? No. thry arc foi' tlic farmer also. 
 They ti'.\- to iin|iro\f and help him in his work, but thr lai'nirr is slow to accept. 
 These stations aiT backed by the railroads an. I the business ijeojde. and not by the 
 farmei's. The expei'ts at these stations Iraidvly a.lmit that they do not know all 
 about fai'ming. — but neither do we. We can. b\- co-oix-rating with these stations 
 and usinu iniproNcd methods, .ureally increase our |iroduction upon land that we 
 ha\e in the ])ast pronounced worthh'ss. 
 
 You may look about you and >(iu will se.- fanners selliu- theii' blooded 
 stock. Why? Because they just natui'ally have not made enough feed (o keep 
 them and they themselves seek a country where it rains regularly, and ai-e again 
 disappointed. The result is you hear the familiar cry, "High cost of living." 
 Therefore, let our se\en million fai'inei-s and gardeners get together and co- 
 operate wdth our Inisiness men siudi as I lia\e mentioned above, and I am con- 
 fident that we will reduce the high cost of living. It will then be a pleasure to 
 tarm and mai-ket our products. System is what we most need. Without system 
 none of our railroads, factories or govei'iunents could have succeeded. If system 
 succeeds with a lar-ge concern, then it will succeed with the farmer. 'l"he union 
 Pacific railroad employs 25.()()() men. Suiijtose the jiresident of this I'oad should 
 throw the reins with which he conti'ols the system, into the hands of his L'.l.nnn 
 employees to manage. Do you belie\c that tin' ti'ains would be i-un on time? We 
 are compelled to admit there would soon be no lailroad. So it is with our vast 
 army of farmers who ha\e no systi'Ui and no li\in,u. and blame oui' railroads ami 
 banks and merchants as the cause, (in the other hand 1 am confident that if you 
 fai-mers without a system would get to^;etli."i' and employ improved methods in 
 your fai-ming and systematicall,\ mai'kel and handle your |)i'oducts, you would then 
 cease to blame the large concei'ns, and would woi'k to,i:elh."r with them.- then what 
 a mighty power you would be! 
 
 The fai'mer, with his uji-lo-dati' im|»lements and iua(diini'r\ . Iia< not made 
 the same progress that has marked other lines (d' business, in faid. his methods 
 will not compare with tli(»se (d the farinei' w itii the wooden plow of sixty or seventy 
 years ago. 
 
 (.ll.M'TKIt VII. 
 A Fi:\v I si:i I I. MKTHOnS. 
 
 To .Make I- ruil a Sure (imp. 
 
 TO insui'c a crop (d' all kinds (d' fruit e\er.\ year. I use a method that I leai'ned 
 fr,,m an neighbor in noi'theiMi .\labama. lie had always raised fi'uit. (d' ^;ood 
 size i|ualit\. even when others raised none. His method was this: Afti'r a 
 haid \'\'r,-/.i- in the winter, when the gi'ound had been chilled to a considerable 
 depth, he would haul leaxcs and scattei- deep over the ground for a radius of about 
 five or six feet about the tree and weight them down with brush or chunks (d' 
 wood. This would keep the frost in tlu' ground, and also the moisture. When the 
 warm days came, even though the ends of the i-oots would be livened up. the sap 
 would not :^iart, on account of the roots m-ai' the free still being C(dd and the bloom 
 would be kept ba.dv until all dan,:;er id' fiost was ov.m'. The result was that when 
 tlie sap did start and the tree bloomed, the blossoms stayed on. and pi'oduced fruit. 
 The moistui'e preser\ed in the ^;round by the leaves helped to de\i'loi» the fruit 
 
 (73) 
 
Blossoming Time In Southwest Texas 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 and a fine crop always resulted. Foi' the same purpose I have used cotton seed 
 iuills, spoiled hay, straw and other things of the kind. It is a good treatment for 
 apples, peaches, plums or any kind of fruit. 
 
 The writer has improved upon the method of his neighbor in northern Alabama. 
 He has not only studied fruit culture in the sand hills, but also in the river bottoms. 
 It will be noticed that wherever tlie frost is retained in the ground around the 
 roots, the bloom is always late, consequently the fruit is not killed by the frost. 
 Where orchards are located on sides of sand hills, and where the ground has been 
 frozen in the winter, a mulch is formed in the sand one to three inches deep when 
 the ground begins to thaw. This mulch acts as an insulator on the frost below 
 the mulch, and retains it there long enough to hold the sap down, thereby pre- 
 venting an early bloom. This same theory likewise applies to gumbo districts, 
 that is, when the thaw starts it forms a mulch one to three inches deep on top of 
 the ground and holds the frost the same as on the sandy hillsides. Where orchards 
 ai'e locat^'d in sandy loam, this will not be the case, as the ground thaws out much 
 faster, and furthermore never freezes as deep. It is very essential to use the leaves 
 and hay around the trees after a hard freeze to keep the frost in the ground. This 
 should be applied usually in January or February. If hard freezes continue after 
 this has been applied, this insulation should be removed, allowing all the frost 
 possible to enter the ground, after which it should be covered again, and left until 
 the trees bloom. 
 
 As to smutty corn for feeding. Never feed whole. In shucking, be very careful 
 to throw out all the worst ears, or don't shuck them at all. Then take this corn, 
 shell it and have it ground into chops. For feeding take three parts of corn chops 
 and one part of cotton seed meal, and moisten same. This will prevent blind 
 staggers. 
 
 Another feed the value of which I would like to impress upon the intelligent 
 farmers and truckers is wheat straw. We should all try to sow a few acres of 
 wheat. In the first place, you will save many a dollar on flour, for which you 
 now pay a dollar and a quarter to a dollar and a half for forty or fifty pounds. 
 You can easily raise in Oklahoma and Texas from ten to fifteen bushels of wheat 
 to the acre. By doing so, an acre w^ould net you from fifteen to twenty dollars, and 
 in addition would produce from one to one and one-half tons of feed. On the 
 same land can then be planted June corn, Kaffir corn, or a crop of sweet potatoes 
 can be raised by planting runners from the vines planted early in the spring. 
 
 The wheat straw should be carefully stacked so as to keep it from spoiling, 
 and in the fall take your feed cutting machine, which is driven by a small gasoline 
 engine, and chop up and store the straw away in youi- barn. To feed, mix three 
 parts of corn chops, one part of cotton seed meal, and the straw chops. Add a 
 little salt, if desired, and sprinkle over it enough water at feeding time for each 
 ft'ed, to keep it from being dusty. Feed just enough so there will be none left in 
 the trough. Use good tight troughs, made of wood. By using this feed, you will 
 need no hay. This feed is good for- horses, mules, cows, sheep, etc. To fatten 
 steers, use 3 parts cotton seed meal, 1 part corn chops and the straw chops. 
 
 Every good farmer should own a gasoline engine. It is a cheap power and the 
 invention of the gasoline engine has made it possible for every farmer to grind 
 his own feed as it should be ground, at a minimum cost. All feed should be ground 
 on the farm. 
 
 (75) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 MY DEAR READER: 
 
 You can readily see that it takes moistui^e and fertility to raise a crop. We 
 see large and flowery advertisements describing the beauties and fertility of the 
 soil. And this is occurring all over the country to induce people to go to the farm. 
 Let anyone who seeks to imigrate to the farm, first investigate the land, see 
 what the climate is, the length of the season, and the productiveness of the soil. 
 If it will produce twenty-five bushels of corn or more, fifteen or twenty bushels" 
 of peas or beans per acre, it will be worth twenty-five dollars per acre. 
 
 If it will produce fifty to seventy-five bushels of corn feterita, or beans per 
 acre it is worth a hundred dollars or more. Always find out what kind of water 
 and how deep to it. Be sure that the water is good for irrigation, then you should 
 bear in mind that you must irrigate to make farming a success. And by the system 
 set forth in this book, by preserving the moistui'e in the early fall and winter it 
 would only require from fifty to a hundred thousand gallons of water per acre, 
 and make a full crop. 
 
 Irish potatoes would yield from two to tlu'ee hundred bushels per acre. Sweet 
 potatoes from three to five hundred or more bushels per acre. Corn from one 
 Imndred to two hundred bushel per acre. Wheat, oats, rye, peas, beans, from 
 twenty-five to seventy-five bushels or more. Mangel-Wurzel from forty to one 
 hundred tons per acre. Sorghum for silage, from twenty to sixty tons per acre. 
 Cotton from one to two bales per acre. Or anything else you plant will make a 
 full crop or perhaps twenty-five times as much as it is made on an average without 
 the water or fertility and fertilizing. 
 
 Now we can tell you from the very best authorities that in the semi-arid belt 
 it takes on an average of eighty acres to n>ake a car load. But in following our 
 system i. e. by improving the land through fertilization and irrigation, you can 
 produce a carload from 1-2 acre. 
 
 Now we want to give you this information concerning the present system of 
 farming to prevent thousands of people coming into the country and settling under 
 such a condition as will discourage them and ruin them and throw them back into 
 the cities. 
 
 Under the system set forth in this book, millions of acres could be turned into 
 propsperous homes. Take pains in plowing the land in the fall or early winter from 
 ten to fourteen inches deep; keep the surface rough by using the cultivator, and at 
 intervals, raise it to create little ditches. Then before planting in the spring it 
 should be plowed again from five to eight inches deep, not disturbing the subsoil. 
 After the first planting the cultivation should be from six to eight inches and deeper, 
 the second, third, fourth, fifth, and more or less should be from three to four inches 
 deep so as not to disturb the roots. This will place your field in a level condition. 
 But the land must be kept clean. 
 
 When ii'rigating allow the water to run in the centei' between the rows, 
 whether it is corn, cotton or potatoes or whatever it should be. If your land should 
 be sloping you should first go through the center with a large sweep or cultivator, 
 raising up said cultivator at intervals, according to the slope of your land. This 
 will create a little dam. You may then allow your water to run down to the far end. 
 To do this you will have to cut the little dams in the center to allow tlie water to 
 reach the last dam and when the first to the second is filled then close your second 
 dam and so on till they are all filled and closed. 
 
 (76) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Tlif land pui'cliasrr should invosti^ati' the land that In- iiitrnds \o buy to see 
 what underlies the land. You can easily <l(t this by taking: a tiling: si)ade or a post- 
 hole digger. Hard])an oc waxy clay will imt allow the watrr to penetrate 
 and nothing can be gi'owii on such land. Sec wlicthrr tlir soil contains alkali 
 or not. There are two kinds of alcali. solid white and black. This land is of no 
 benefit and is worthless. Also be sure to sec that the land has not too many wash- 
 outs as such land is hard to build up. 
 
 Our Government is puzzled to know how to reduce tln' iiigh cost of living and 
 it will be puzzled as long as they woik luider tiie old system of farming. . .1. Hill, 
 the great railroad magnate and Missouri Farmer always ends his speeches by 
 saying, "What are we going to feed those millions with, the growing population." 
 We say under our system, "Don't Worry." All we want is co-operation with the 
 Government in marketing our product direct to the consumer-. 
 
 Therefore we invite our brothers to co-oi»erate with us in this great work 
 in revolutionizing our farming industry. And by so doing, reduce the cost of 
 high living. 
 
 After studying this little book you can raise an> thing for youi' home or kitchen, 
 iet us can all that is possible and if you have a gof^d receiy)t tell yoiu' neighbor. 
 Here are a few receipts of value in canning and pi'esei'ving: 
 
 Chow Chow receipt: Twelve (|uarts of tomatoes; six (luarts of cucumbers; one 
 dozen sweet peppers; three heads of cabbage; one dozen onions; I gallon of vinegar; 
 two boxes of mustard, one tablespoon full of black pepper ground; one-half cup 
 of sugar; let vinegar come to a boil, mix mustard in a little bowl and stir smoothe 
 with water and then stir it into boiling vinegar. 
 
 Tomatoes: Remove the skins from the tomatoes by boiling a few in clear 
 water. Take one pound of sugar to one pound of fruit, and thin slices of lemon, 
 and let all stand together over night. Pour off the juice and let boil, skimming 
 well, then put in tomatoes and let boil for half an houi'. Take out the tomatoes 
 in a dish and let cool. When syrup has thickened jtut the tomatoes in jai's, and 
 pour over them the syrup. 
 
 Sausage: Here is a receipt that you may find very useful to make sausage. 
 Eighteen pounds of lean and twelve pounds of fat pork, nine tablespoons of salt 
 and six of pepper and four of sage. Gi-ind in sausage grinder. 
 
 If you should desire more good receipts in canning and preserving of fruits 
 and vegetables, get the Capitol Cook JJook, published by Von Beeckman .hines, 
 Printers, Austin, Texas. 
 
 THE SYSTEM OF FARMING IN A Nl TSHELL AND WHAT TO PLANT. . . 
 
 First break the land in the ear'ly fall or winter. There are six elements essential 
 to successful farming. 
 
 First: Presei'vation of the fei'tilily of the soil, by making circle ditches and 
 water fur-rows, and ridiies \\\i:\\ euont^h to i-etain the Iiea\y rainfall. These l'ui-i'o\\s 
 and ditches are hu-aled so as to |ii-e\eiit water- I'idrn washing: the soil a\\a.\. 
 
 Second: l'r-eser'\ ation of i-ain fall and moistiu-e. 
 
 Third: Fer-tilizing. 
 
 Four-tli: Sub-soiling. 
 
 Fifth: Care of plant root, by shallow cultivation. 
 
 Sixth : Pure seed. 
 
 Remarks: 
 
 177) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Legame crops, use nitrogen or hydrated lime, they are soil buillers, take care 
 of the fertility of the soil, and the soil will make you prosper and be content. 
 
 What to plant. Soy beans, early yellow if grown for seed, plant rows three 
 feet apart, two to three plants to the foot in the drill. Inoculate your beans 
 with nitrogen before planting, also all peas, beans, clover and alfalfa, cultivate 
 beans with weeder before they come up. Several cultivations should be given after 
 they are up. 
 
 Field corn. Oklahoma White Wonder, Thomas corn or Boone County Corn, 
 plant corn as early as possible, first cultivation as deep as possible and the other 
 shallow. 
 
 Cotton. Rouden Big Bowl. Simpkins Prolific, Russell B. B. Prolific, Hawkins 
 extra Early Prolific. These are Mr. Kameier's favorites and we are sure they 
 will be yours. 
 
 Potatoes. The Red Triumph, Early Ohio or Extra Early Bovee and Irish 
 Cobbler. 
 
 All crops should be cultivated as mention<-d above. For pasture, sow inoculated 
 hairyvetch, between the corn rows at the last plowing of the corn, it will furnish 
 you with pasture throughout the fall, winter and spring, but where you are building 
 up worn-out land it should not be pastured, but plowed under when sowed in 
 February or March, it can be cut in June for hay, second growth for pasture during 
 summer. Soy beans planted in March, two and one-half feet apart, it takes about 
 four pecks of seed to the acre, cultivate three times after they are up, this will 
 make one of the finest hays on earth. Harvest Soy beans as soon as pods are 
 formed. Soy beans for silage. One row of beans and one of corn, the required 
 amount of seed to the acre is two pecks of corn and two pecks of beans, this also 
 applies Feterita for planting, with the beans and also black hull white Kaffir corn. 
 Ked Top Cane and late Mammoth Soy beans also are good for silage. 
 
 Here are the greatest producers known for silage under favorable season and 
 irrigation, tonnage per acre. Soy beans and corn, thirty tons, Kaffir corn and beans, 
 twenty-five tons; seed ribbon and mammoth Soy beans, forty tons. Mangel Wurzel, 
 non-silage, one hundred tons and more. 
 
 Vegetables for each farmer to plant to furnish his own kitchen; Carpinteria 
 Pole Lima Beans, Earliest Red Speckled Valentine, Hodson Green Pod, Early Burpee's 
 Stringless, Currie's Rust-Proof Wax, Dwarf Prolific, Bush Lima, Keeney's Rust- 
 less Golden Wax Beans, Glory of Enkhizen Cabbage, a comparatively new Cabbage 
 from Holland. 
 
 The Brimmer Tomato, the Matchless, and tlie Pondorosa Tomato. 
 
 Table Beets. Crosby's Early Egyptian, Early Model. This beet is a perfect 
 globe shape and small tap roots and in flavor it cannot be beat and splendid for 
 pickling purposes. 
 
 Carrots. Cgantenay, the best carrot for table use. Be sure and get this carrot. 
 It is also a stock feed. 
 
 Cauliflower. King of the Market, or Early Danish Snowball. 
 
 Lettuce. California Cream and Butter. 
 
 Mushmelon. Defender. Watermelon. The Tom Watson, Alabama Sweet, 
 Rocky Ford, Seminole. 
 
 Onions. Southport White Globe, Bermuda. 
 
 Parsley. Dwarf Perfection. 
 
 (78) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Peas. Alaska, a varictj- ol' remarkable earliness 
 Sweet Potatoes. The Pride of Kansas, The Vineless. 
 
 Pumpkins. Tennessee Sweet Potato, a good variety for making pies and for 
 other cooking purposes. And tiie Common V\eU\ or the Big Tom. 
 Spinach. The True YictoiMa. and tiie New Zealand. 
 
 Brussels Spr'duts, anotiier iiieinbci' id' tiie cahha^c family. Copenhagen, a new 
 early cabbage. AIsi tlie Early .lersey Wakefield. I'iie Solid South, All Head Early, 
 Sure Head, I.ate Flat Dutch, and the American I'erlertion Drumhead Savoy. 
 
 Cuciunber. Improved Long Green, Cireen I'i'dlific Picdding. 
 
 Peas and beans for the field. Mammoth Yellow So.ja. It is not necessary to 
 feed corn, cotton seed meal or any oil food whatever when feeding Soja beans. It 
 is the only crop that furnishes a balance ration in one crop, it's drought resisting, 
 it is impossible for any weed to gi-ow wliere the SoJa bean is growing. The Whip- 
 porwhill, Red Ripper, and Taylot. 
 
 The Jerusalem Artichokes are very pi'olific and the l)est iiog fe(-d tiiat I know of. 
 
 Try a peck of Virginia corn. It often grows to a height of sixteen feet. It 
 and Soja beans produce 40 tons per acre. 
 
 Mangel Wurzel, Mammoth Prize Long Red, Golden Tankard, and the Silesian 
 Sugar. Also try the Large Yellow Belgian Carrot for stock feeding. 
 
 Plant in .liun' oi- .July the white Navy bean. Never cultivate your beans when 
 they are in bloom. Always cultivate beans and peas of all kinds shallow, and 
 never work them while the dew is on them. 
 
 If you use tobacco we would recommend the following: 
 
 For Cigarettes. Improved Long Leaf Gooch, <;ranville County Yellow, Improved 
 Hester, and the Hyco and Bradley Broadleaf. 
 
 For cigars. Florida Sumatra, Imported Havana, Vuelta de Abajo and the 
 Choice Havana. The above mentioned are good for both cogars and pipe tobacco. 
 
 For the tobaco plant bed. Fix same as you would your cabbage plant bed. 
 The plant should be highly fertilized and should be prepared a month before the 
 seeds are planted. Said bed should be co\ered aboid, foui- to six inches deep with 
 rough barnyard manure or straw. It should be thoroughly soaked with water if 
 it is dry. Leave it in that condition until seeding time comes, ahoid the first of 
 February, in the light of the moon. 
 
 Then r-ake off the barnyard manure and sow yovu- seed, rake them in about 
 a half inch, then spread ovei' some old .sacks weighted down with about 
 an inch oi' two of rough straw. In about six or eight days examine the bed 
 by raising up the sack which is covei-ed witli straw. If you find said bed dry 
 sprinkle water' over' the top of the str'aw. Look after them every day or so and 
 if you notice the plants are coming up take off the sack and the straw and only 
 
 cover' them uj) in case of a luu'd I'ain and a fr'ost. All s Is should be soaked in 
 
 iuke-war'm water' twenty-four' hour's bid'or'e plarding. 
 
 Seed beds for- cabbage, tomatoes, cauliflower-, and all r'eplanting plants the 
 beds should be pr'epar'ed in tiiat marmer. Pr-epardng your' tobacco patch, fertilize 
 said patch heavy with hog mairure. Break up said patch about a month before 
 planting, tluMi losen up said patch about four or five inches deep in a nice smooth 
 condition, then plant. First cultivation shoidd be from four to five inches deep, the 
 other cultivations should be shallows Always cultivate your tobacco patch and 
 all other crops with a small oval-shap bed around the plant. 
 
 Tobacco does well throughout the cotton belt and there is no other fertilizer 
 that will give tobacco the fine Havana flavor as hog manure. This is a study of 
 forty years. Try it. Don't foi'get to plant all the beans and peas that you can. 
 They are soil builders and money makers. Try the Yelvet beans, the famous forage 
 and soil building plard. The only trouble is that there is no plow that will turn 
 twenty-five tons; seed ribbon and mammoth Soy beans, forty tons, Mangel Wutzel, 
 
 (79) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 under said velvet beans, but by writiuf: me a letter and enclosing 1^5.00 I will send 
 you a device whereby you can turn the most rankest growth under, even corn 
 that is ten or fifteen feet high. By making up a club of five members and sending 
 me five dollars I will send you this device. 
 
 You should never fail to plant a half acre of the Mammoth Russian Sunflower, 
 which is one of the best egg producers known and it will make you all the bean 
 jjoles that you want. They should be pointed while they are green and so that 
 they will not get wet. 
 
 Try a peck of White Velvet Okra. Tlie pods are perfectly round, smooth 
 and of an attractive white velvet appearance. 
 
 Sow close to your corn and cotton patch some buckwheat. It is a great blossom 
 plant and then keep a few bee hives. These bees and buckwheat will help you 
 make a prolific crop, and also a few pounds of honey which should be in every 
 household. 
 
 To every hundred tons of silage you should have at least twenty tons of pea 
 hay, and oats hay. When fed it should be chopped up fine. Also four tons of 
 cotton seed meal or corn meal. Tiiis will make you one of the finest fattening 
 rations kno^ m. Also to every hundred tons of Mangel Wutzel use the above in- 
 gredients. Plant beans and peas; they will make you independent With the feed 
 mixture dampen enough water which is sweetened with molasses and salt to taste. 
 This will prevent blind staggers and many other diseases. 
 
 Always keep a package of Bug Death. This preparation is sure death to the 
 potato bug. 
 
 The time required for garden seed to germinate. Beans, beets, corn, cucumber, 
 cauliflower, lettuce, onions, peas, radish, tomatoes, and turnips, if the ground is 
 warm, from five to six days. Carrots, celery, parsnips, pepper, from ten to fifteen 
 days. If the ground is cold it will take again as long and ninety per cent of them 
 will decay and won't come up. 
 
 Maturing of different garden crops. Beans, peas, anl lettuce from forty to 
 sixty days. Beets, cabbage, cauliflower, egg-plant, watermelon, mushmelon, pepper, 
 onions, radish, squash, tomato, and turnips, from forty to one hundred and sixty 
 days. 
 
 Number of plants and trees to the acre at given distances: 
 
 Tn rich and highly fertilized soil and for irrigation and where no irrigation 
 is used plant about one-thinl this amount. This table is for irrigation: 
 
 Different planls Inches in row. Inches in drill. 'So. of plants 
 
 Cora c!6 12 14,250 
 
 Cotton 36 36 4,480 
 
 Sweet corn 36 12 14,520 
 
 Fetarita 36 3 58,030 
 
 Cabbage 36 20 7,500 
 
 Cauliflower 36 24 7,290 
 
 Carrots 18 4 144,000 
 
 Table beet 18 4 144,000 
 
 Mangel 30 12 18,000 
 
 Turnips 18 12 29,000 
 
 Pop corn 36 12 15,000 
 
 Sweet potato - 36 18 9,680 
 
 Watermelon 192 192 170 
 
 Concord grapes 120 72 726 
 
 Blackberries 60 36 2,900 
 
 Burbank plum 192 192 170 
 
 Peach and apples 192 192 170 
 
 (80) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Corn and soy beans, the early yellow, mature about the same time, for silage. 
 
 Here is a standard variety of sweet corn. Adams, Mohawk, Mammoth and 
 Mexican. 
 
 Rhubarb and pie plant culture. Sow in drills eighteen inches apart and one 
 inch deep. Thin out the plants to six inches apart. In the fall prepare the per- 
 manent bed by trenching two feet deep, mixing a liberal quantity of manure with 
 the soil. Into this set the plants about five feet apart each way. The stalk should 
 not be cut until the second year. One ounce should give about five hundred plants. 
 
 Plant more beans, but try the Tepary bean, the most drought resisting bean 
 known. 
 
 Inoculation. Formogerm High-bred Nitrogen gather bacteria, discovered in 
 (886 by HellricRel, a noted German scientist. This scientist proved nitrogen is 
 taken out of the air. 
 
 Do not forget that cooking adds twenty-five to fifty per cent to the value of 
 cookable feeds, such as Mangel and other root crops, especially corn and cotton seed 
 meal. Do not buy worn-out land. If you should buy worn-off land the fertilizer 
 factories will surely reap the benefit of your labor, and you will be a pauper all 
 your life, and it will take four generations to build up this worn-out land. Now 
 kind reader, listen. Land that you have to fertilize at the expense of five dollars 
 per acre, taking four generations at twenty-one years to the generation, this 
 would make sixty-four years, you have then fertilized your acre sixty-four times, 
 which would bring up your land to three hundred and twenty dollars per acre, 
 besides the first payment. Now, what is worn-out land worth? 
 
 If you are looking for good land, come and see us at Beeville. We will acquaint 
 '-0U with our expert. 
 
 (81 
 
SUFFLE/AENT 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 THE WHY OF THE SILO. 
 (From tilt' Kansas Experiment Station.) 
 
 Permanent farm prosperity can come only in proportion to the amount of live 
 stock carried on our farms. This is the history of the world's operations. The silo 
 will enable every farmer to carry three times as much live stock as he is now 
 keeping- and will relieve him of the uncertainty hcri'tol'ort' fxisting in fct'd supply. 
 
 The silo is not new and untried. Silage is not an experimental feed. For 
 fifty years silos and silage have been used in the old countries, and for twenty-five 
 years have been regarded as a necessity in tliose sections of th United States in 
 which it has become necessary to exercise economy in the sa\ ing of feed grown, and 
 in the most economical feedinar of all kinds of live stock. 
 
 The economy of the sil(» is apparent when it is realized that one ton of cured 
 forage will make three tons of silage, so that on fai'ms where the forage has here- 
 tofore been cut and cured the quantity and feeding value has diminished two-thirds 
 in original quantity and value as compared with the same feed placed in the silo. 
 Consequently a field providing cured forage foi' twenty head of stock will provide, 
 in silage, feed for sixty head. 
 
 The important economy, however', in silage lies in its superior feeding value 
 as compared with the cured feed. Silage retains all of the food constituents together 
 with all of the succulence and the palatability of the green crop. Every farmer 
 knows the value of green corn fed to the dairy cow, the fattening steer, the sheep 
 horse or hog, when pastures are dry and short. This indicates the value of an equal 
 quantity of silage given the animal in mid-winter. Good silage is in feeding value 
 the equal of the green crop. 
 
 Silage, in fact, is the equal of June pasture. Isn't it wonderful that by means 
 of the silo it is possible to supply live stock in the winter with the pasture of June? 
 The Indiana experiment station has established the value of silage compared with 
 pasture. In these experiments milch cows and steers were alternately pastured 
 on clover and timothy and blue grass and feci silage in a dry lot. The result, in 
 each instance, showed silage the ecpial of the pastui'es named. 
 
 Experience of eastern farmers has demonstrated how the silo takes the place 
 of pasture where land is too high-priced for pasture, also in sections where native 
 grasses have been exterminated and where no pastui-e substitute has been found. 
 The silo is as valuable for sunnuer feeding as I'oi' winter feeding. 
 
 Summarizing the advantages of the silo and silage, the facts are: The silo 
 saves all the feed by making use of the entire crop; stores economically and safely; 
 provides a succulent feed the equal of the green plant; red\ices cost of ration; 
 stimulates the milk flow; produces growth anil beef cheaply; and reduces to a 
 minimum the labor of saving feeii and feeding. 
 
 Crops tor Silajie. 
 
 .Numerous crops are available for silage. Any cr-op makes good forage cured 
 can be more or less successfully siloed. Corn is the king of Silage crops. In sections 
 where other crops outyield corn in grain and forage or are of more certain yield, 
 such can be safely depended upon for filling tiie silo. In Kansas, Oklahoma, 
 Nebraska and Colorado, Kaffir, cane and milo are tiie jtrincipal silage crops. Ex- 
 perience has proven these the equal of corn, and many farmers are now filling 
 their silos with these in preference to corn. The more crtain yield of thes drouth- 
 resisting crops makes it safe to say that the silo can be filled every year. 
 
 (86) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 The Kansas experiment station fed dairy cows corn and cane alternately with 
 results establishing the equality of cane to corn silage in the production of milk. 
 On cane silage the herd increased in weight and lost that increase when put back 
 onto corn silage. This would indicate that cane silage has a greater value than 
 corn silage in beef feeding. 
 
 Cowpeas and oats either separately or in combination are successful silage 
 crops, although on account of the smaller tonnage than that of other crops named 
 they are not generally grown for silage except as they may be used as catch crops. 
 
 Alfalfa is successfully siloed. However, hay cut at the right time and properly 
 cured is so good that it is not considered profitable to place it in the silo, except 
 in case it may have become wet and consequently difficult or impossible to cure, 
 when it may be saved to the best advantage in the silo. The first crop of alfalfa 
 is on many farms saved in the silo when it has been rained on in the windrow 
 or cock. Alfalfa so siloed may be fed during the summer and early fall and gotten 
 out of the silo before the corn, Kaffir or milo is ready. 
 
 Siloing Corn Fodder. 
 
 In numerous instances the silo lias proved its value on farms on which fattening 
 cattle are fed through the cutter as is the green crop, and through the blower of 
 the cutter is run a sufficient quantity of water to thoroughly wet the cutfodder. 
 This, packed in the silo, makes the corn stalks soft and palatable, increases the 
 digestibility, and easily doubles the feeding of the corn fodder. In Kansas, Nebraska, 
 Missouri and Illinois, this has become a common practice. The silos are first filled 
 with the green feed and when emptied are filled with corn fodder as above described. 
 
 When to Cut for Silage. 
 
 For best results mature crops should be siloed. Cut corn when it is in the 
 dent stage, Kaffir, cane and milo when just past the dough stage. These are ideal 
 conditions under which to silo these crops. However, should the weather be so 
 unfavorable that the crop is rapidly drying up, either of these crops can at this 
 stage be siloed, saving thereby the largest possible tonnage and the fullest possible 
 feed value. It must be realized, however, that no immatur crop has reached its 
 fullest feeding value, and for this reason should be allowed to stand until the food 
 constiuents exist in the largest quantity, which is just before the liardening of 
 the seed. 
 
 The silo appears to great advantage in the economical storing of feed from one 
 year to another. Silage put up this year and not fed is as valuable for feeding 
 next year, or for that matter five years hence, as it was the year of filling. This 
 is an important feature in that in years of plenty crops may be siloed and held for' 
 feeding during the lean years. It is in this respect that the silo is an insurance 
 policy on the feed required for the live stock. Live stock farming cannot be 
 successful unless a sure and certain method of feeding accompanies it. The silo 
 furnishes this. 
 
 Storage Economy in Silos. 
 
 The economical storage of feed is a strong point in favor of the silo. A ton 
 of silage in a silo thirty feet higli occupies forty feet. A ton of hay in a mow 
 four hundred cubic feet. A ton of hay, therefore, occupies ten times as much 
 space as an equal quantity of silage. The silo affords the most economical structure 
 in which to store and house feed. The cutting, curing and hauling of hay into the 
 mow costs $1.50 per ton. To place silage in the silo costs 60 to 75 cents per ton. 
 
 (86) 
 
TURNIPS IN FEBRUARY IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS. 
 
 CARROTS OROWN IN WINTER IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Principle of tlie Silo. 
 
 The silo is a receptacle for the storing of green feed, the successful storing of 
 which necessitates the exclusion of air by the structure itself and through the 
 settling of the mass. It is for this reason that silos are built air-tight and pro- 
 portioned so that the height is twice the diameter. The pressure from above is 
 necessary in the air exclusion and as an aid in bringing about the change necessary 
 for the preservation of the silage. The top of the silo Is sealed air-tight as a result 
 of the rotting of eight to ten inches of the surface silage between the time of filling 
 and the time of opening at the beginning of the feeding period. The sides of the silo 
 must be smooth and perpendicular, permitting the unobstructed settling of the 
 silage. The preservation of the green crop with all its original succulance and 
 palatability for the live stock is parallel with the canning and the preserving of 
 fruit, and the same essential principles prevail. 
 
 Silo Makes Feed Saving Easy. 
 
 The daily hauling of feed through wind and mud and the chopping of feed 
 out of snow and ice is the most expensive operation on the farm. The silo does 
 away with all this. The winter's feed is placed in the silo in a few days in the fall 
 of the year while the weather is fine. Instead of mowing, raking and forking the 
 sorghum into cocks in which the feed dries out, leeches and rots from the rain 
 and snow, the feed is placed on the wagon and hauled to the silo. In the silo it is 
 protected from the weather, is handy for feeding, and tlie acme of convenience 
 and economy is accomplished. With the silo the winter's feed saving is completed 
 at one operation. The silage is fed in bunks or in the barn, and all of it is eaten. 
 One beef man reports feeding 1,500 steers with one team and two men. What other 
 method feeding can result in such economy of labor? 
 
 Size Silo to Meet Requirements, 
 
 To feed silage in the best possible condition after the silo is opened and feeding 
 has once begun, it is necessary that one and a half to two inches of silage be fed 
 from the entire surface of the silage daily. It is necessary, therefore, that the 
 size of the silo be such as will permit feeding this amount for the feeding period. 
 When the silo is so large that this amount cannot be fed, then there is depreciation' 
 in the value of the feed on account of continued exposure of the silage to the air. 
 
 A silo thirty feet deep will permit the feeding of 1 1-2 inches in depth per day 
 for 240 days. A silo 24 feet deep will allow the feeding of 1.2 inches per day for 
 the same time. The diameter must therefore conform to the size of the herd 
 if 1 1-2 to 2 inches of silage is to be fed per day. The mean weight of silage per 
 cubic foot for a silo 30 feet deep is 39.6 pounds, and allowing 40 pounds of silage 
 will feed one cow one day. If the silo is 24 feet deep there will be required 1.11 
 cubic feet of silage to give the desired weight. 
 
 The following table shows tlie ratio between diameter of silo and number of 
 cows to be fed: 
 
 Diameter of silo in feet 10 12 14 16 18 
 
 .Number of cows to be fed 12 17 23 30 38 
 
 The table shows the amount of silage which will be consumed per day for a 
 
 feeding season of 240 days: 
 
 No. 40 Lbs. 30 Lbs. 20 Lbs. 10 Lbs. 
 
 Cattle Per day. Per day. Per day. Per day. 
 
 10 48 tons 36 tons 24 tons 12 tons 
 
 20 96 tons 72 tons 48 tons 24 tons 
 
 30 144 tons 108 tons 72 tons 36 tons 
 
 40 192 tons 144 tons 96 tons 48 tons 
 
 50 240 tons 180 tons 120 tons 60 tons 
 
 (88) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Cost or Filling Silo. 
 
 The cost of filling the silo involves cutting the green feed, hauling to the cutter, 
 the power required for operating the cutter, and the cost of the labor involved in 
 each operation. It will be apparent that the cost of hauling from the field to the 
 silo will depend upon the distance the feed must be hauled; upon the acres of 
 ground to be cut over; the necessary help and teams hired — in fact, wholly upon 
 the conditions existing on each particular farm. The economical and convenient 
 way of filling is for the farmer to exchange work with his neighbors as he does 
 in haying or threshing. 
 
 At the Iowa station for a period of eight years it has cost from 00 to 75 cents 
 per ton to fill the station silos. The higher cost was due to a long haul of and 
 rainy weather when the hauling and loading were more difficult. These figures 
 include every item of cost, including interest on investment in teams, wagons and 
 machinery. 
 
 The following statement, furnished by a very successful dairy farmer, gives 
 a fair idea of the cost of filling the silo: "We hire an extra man or two and make 
 long days with the regular help during the filling season. We have our own outfit, 
 silo cutter and engine (16-horse gasoline), also corn binder. We use our regular 
 low wheel flat rack wagons and have two pitchers in the field. 
 
 Four teams and drivers $16.00 
 
 Corn binder, man and team 10.00 
 
 Cutter and engine with one man 15.00 
 
 Two extra men to pitch 5.00 
 
 Two men in the silo 5.00 
 
 Thirty gallons of gasoline 3.60 
 
 Total cost per day $54.60 
 
 "This crew will put in from 85 to 90 tons per day, thus it costs around 00 to 
 65 cents per ton to fill the silo." 
 
 Men who make a business of furnishing the power and cutting machinery for 
 filling silos write Kansas Farmer that they take filling contracts at 25 to 35 cents 
 per ton. These figures include no expense for labor except a man to look after 
 engine and cutter. 
 
 Silo for Suniinei' Feeding. 
 
 On many farms there is no pasture, ami (ui many niorr tliert- is a scarcity of 
 pasture, and in either case is precluded the pttssibility of keeping the live stock 
 the farm owner desires. On such farms silage will take the place of pasture. The 
 use of silage is cheaper and much less laborious than soiling methods. The summer 
 silo will supplement short pastures and maintain the milk flow or keep the calves 
 and young cattle growing. On thousands of laniis the sunnner silo has become 
 a necessity, and while in the mitldle west farmers generally may not yet be 
 thinking nmcli about the summer silo, it nevertheless holds for them possibilities 
 of which many have not thought. 
 
 Size of Silo and .Acres Hequired to Fill. 
 
 The relation of the size of the silo to the amount of silage to be used daily and 
 the number of acres of crop required to fill the silo and to feed the dairy herd of 
 from 14 to 50 cows at the rate of 30 pounds of silage per day is shown in the table 
 following: 
 
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Universal Farming 
 
 Number 240 days at Acres of corn 
 
 of 30 pounds At 15 tons Inside Depth of 
 
 cows. Per day. Per acre. Diameter. Silage 
 
 10 36 tons 21/2 to 3 acres 10 ft. 24 ft. 
 
 20 72 tons 41/2 to 5 acres 12 ft. 30 ft. 
 
 30 108 tons 7 to 8 acres 14 ft. 34 ft. 
 
 40 144 tons 9 to 10 acres 18 ft. 29 ft. 
 
 50 - 180 tons 11 to 12 acres 20 ft. 30 ft. 
 
 It will be noted from the foregoing table that the smallest silo considered has a 
 capacity of 36 tons for feeding 10 cows 240 days. 
 
 The above tables are figured on the basis of a feeding season of 240 days, or 
 approximately eight months. This may be considered generally a long season, 
 but many years the season is this long. The object of the silo is to improve the 
 feeding operations and to do so feed must be provided when it is needed. In other 
 words it is urged that in the silo enough feed must be placed to meet every possible 
 requirement of the farm live stock. 
 
 Erroneous Ideas About Silos. 
 
 It is not unusual to receive an inquiry asking if it is a fact that the acid of 
 silage is injurious to the digestive organs of the animal and if silages does not 
 cause cattle to lose their teeth, etc. These are mistaken ideas, and wholly without 
 foundation in fact. Silage is not detrimental to the health of animals. On the 
 other hand, it is advantageous. Good silage is only slightly sour. The mild acid 
 is extremely palatable and in general is highly beneficial. The feeding of silage 
 is not experimental. 
 
 Silo Pays for Itself Annually. 
 
 An investment in a silo will pay one hundred per cent dividend per year. Many 
 silo users have written that their silos paid for themselves the first year. It saves 
 the forty per cent of the corn crop which heretofore has each year gone to waste. 
 It saves all feed in the most palatable condition and with its highest feeding value. 
 Silage keeps the herd thrifty and growing throughout the feeding season, whereas 
 ordinary winter feeding methods do not accomplish this. The feeder with a silo 
 has butcher-beef in his herd for sale at any time. 
 
 Silaye for the Steer. 
 
 At the Kansas experiment station a herd of 2-year-(tl(i steers was selected and 
 divided into three lots. One lot was fed silage, alfalfa, vovn and Kaffir; the second 
 did not receive silage; the third had Kaffir roughage in tiie place of silage. Each 
 lot was finished with the addition of cottonseed meal to the grain ration. The 
 results of the test showed that the fii'st lot fed silage made 100 pounds of gain 
 at a cost of $4.91; the second lot, which received the same kind of feed except the 
 silage, made 100 pounds of gain at a cost of $5.44; and the third lot, in which Kaffir 
 roughage was substituted for silage, made gains at a cost of $6.68 per hundred; 
 lot 2 at 4.70; and lot 3 at $4.50. These results show the value of silage in the fattening 
 of beef cattle. 
 
 Silage vs. Grain for Milch Cows. 
 
 The farmer who milks cows — like the beef feeder — does not so keep his records 
 as to show the actual comparative results obtained from feeding a ration composed 
 largely of silage as compared with his former feeding methods. He knows, however, 
 
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Universal Farming 
 
 that the silage-fed cow produces a lar^:.'r milk flow than the cow eating dry forage, 
 and that the cow milks longer and that his cream check is larger. These are the 
 essential results to him. 
 
 The Ohio experiment station ohtaincd 96.7 pounds of milk and 5.U8 pounds of 
 butter fat per hundred pounds of dry matter, when fifty per cent of the dry matter 
 was derived from silage and 18 per cent derived from grain. The cows produced 
 81.3 pounds of milk and 39 pounds of butter fat per hundred pounds of dry matter 
 when 57 per cent of the dry matter was derived from grain, no silage fed. The 
 average net profit per cow— over cost of feed— was $.1.86 with the silage ration, 
 and $2.40 with the grain ration. These are figures showing the extent to which 
 silage can be made to take the place of grain IVd to milch cows. For practical 
 purposes a ration of 30 to 35 pounds of silage per day with 6 to 7 pounds of alfalfa 
 hay— whicli is all the hay a cow eating the above quantity of silage will consume— 
 is a satisfactory I'ation for milk production. 
 
 Silaye Consuined by Dilt'erent Kinds of Stock. 
 
 Winter calves, eight months old, will eat 15 to 25 pounds of silage per day. 
 Winter breeding cows, 30 to 50 pounds. 
 
 Beef ranging in age from 18 to 22 months will eat during the fii'st period of 
 fattening 20 to 30 pounds of silage, and duriiii: the fiinshing stage, 12 to 20 pounds 
 per day. 
 
 Milch cows will eat 30 to 50 pounds of silage per day, depending upon the weight 
 of the animal and amount of milk produced. 
 
 Winter breeding sheep will eat 3 to 5 pounds per day. Fattening lambs require 
 2 to 3 pounds, and fattening sheep 3 to 4 pounds. 
 
 Hogs will eat 3 to 5 pounds per day, varying, of course, with the size of the 
 hog. It should be kept in mind that silage will enter into the winter feeding of the 
 hog to the same extent only that pasture does in the summer season. 
 
 Horses not at work can be fed 15 to 20 pounds of silage per day, safely, and 
 horses at work 10 to 12 pounds. 
 
 Lyons. Ok la.. Nov. 10, 1912. 
 Gentlemen — Sirs — To whom it may concern: As to silo. I lia\c had ont^ 
 for twenty-two years, filled every year but two. Reason for not filling the two, 
 I thought I had more feed than I needed — but to (juite an disadvantage — not so much 
 milk, and more grain. Spring came, feed all f^one. No man can feed steers or cows, 
 or sheep, as cheaply on pasture as with a silo, by one-third to one-lialf. On silage, 
 with 20 acres of land, good land — if not good, cows will make it so — twenty head 
 can be kept, on same. The cost foi' filling here is about 35 ccMits per cow per 
 month, taking corn on hill. Can fill with cowpeas, etc. The kind of silo I woidd 
 recommend would be cement. There are three kinds, solid wall, hollow wall, of 
 blocks, and a cement plank, 3 inches thick, in inches wide. ;<() inches long, joints 
 broke and hooped. Foi' a wai'in climate, cenn'nt will not give trouble from slu'ink- 
 ing when empty, and will stand wind better. With a balanced i-ation milk cows 
 will keep fat, for beef I have been acquainted with silos since 1878. 
 
 Kaffir Makes Good Ensilage. 
 
 Kaffir will make a very good silage. I have seen Kaffir silage from quite a 
 number of silos tins year, and have found it to be almost if not quite as good 
 as corn silage. The addition of cowpeas to Kaffir will make it almost ideal. If you 
 
 (91) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 have your Kaffir planted rather thickly, the cowpeas might not make a very rank 
 growth. The practice of growing cowpeas in the same field with corn is very 
 generally practiced in the South, with splendid results and is well worth a trial.— 
 G. C. Wheeler, Kansas Agricultural College. 
 
 A Silo Makes the Farm Larger. 
 
 Anyone who keeps as many as eight or ten cows cannot afford to be without 
 a silo. Siloing such crops as corn, Kaffir, milo and cane means the keeping of 
 more cows on the same acreage. The silo furnishes the best method possible for 
 storing and feeding the wasting of forty per cent of the total crop grown. When 
 crops are put into the silo they furnish a green feed for the winter and this serves 
 the same purpose as the grass does in the summer. In this way the farm animals 
 can be furnished with the best of feed during the entire year. Silage will take the 
 place of pasture during the dry summer or when the pastures are short. A cow 
 usually eats from 30 to 40 pounds of this feed per day. — 0. E. Reed, Kansas, Station, 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Sorghum for Silage. 
 
 Ten years ago six of the beef cattle finishers in Boyle county, Kentucky, erected 
 seven silos, 34x40 feet, with a five-foot foundation, each having a capacity of 850 
 tons. We all filled them at first with corn grown from grain, checked about 3 
 feet 10 inches each way. The second year I filled my silo with redtop sorghum 
 which had matured the seed and saw no difference in the feeding value between 
 the sorghum and corn silage. By the sixth year everybody had quit the use of corn 
 and was using redtop sorghum. There are a great number of silos throughout 
 this section now, and practically every one of them is filled each year with sorghum. 
 
 Last season I filled my silo twice and fed out two bunches of cattle. I can see 
 no difference in the feeding value of the corn and the sorghum silage, but I can 
 raise three times the tonnage of sorghum per acre as of corn grown for grain. 
 
 If there is a telephone line in reach of you, have a phone put in your house. 
 If there is none, get together with your neighbors and build one. — J. K. 
 
 Kaffir Corn as a Food, 
 
 (Prize Letter.) 
 
 Kaffir corn ground into meal makes excellent bread and is very healthful. 
 Make as you would Indian corn bread. Use eggs, sour milk, soda, salt, and meal 
 to make a batter not too stiff. Dissolve the soda in water and stir in last, then 
 bake. It will be found to have a fine flavor. Kaffir corn also makes a very appe- 
 tizing breakfast food. Cook as mush and eat with sugar and cream. For ginger- 
 bread use half Kaffir meal and half wheat flour. — Mrs. J. L. Ratekin, Goldtwaite, 
 Texas. 
 
 Kansas Horse Plague. 
 
 The Kansas horse plague is nothing else but what they call throughout the 
 cotton belt, the blind, the sleepy and the wild staggers. It originates from smut in 
 
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Universal Farming 
 
 dry ears or in drouth-striokfii districts. It Keiicrally is tlio worst. This fine smut 
 accumulates on corn and in pastures. Tliey inhale said smut through their nostrils 
 and that affects their brain and thore is no cure for the same. 
 
 An old southern veterinary told this to my father and I have not heard of any 
 cure. Here is a preventive: As soon as you hear of horses dying of this disease, 
 take them in off the pasture and try feeding them with hay of any kind wiiich 
 has been sprinkled with water containing iialf a pint of sorglumi anrl a tahh'spoonful 
 of salt to a gallon of water. Whei-e you liavr a clKipping luachinc clmi) up yonr 
 !iay and add to same corn chops or bran. 
 
 Plant Some Roots for tlie Stock. 
 
 Better plant a few rdofs lor I't'cd this winter. About half an acre of man- 
 gels and rutabagas. All kinds of stock seem to relish the mangels, and they keep 
 good all winter in the root cellar. This year intend to plant a piece to mangels 
 and stock carrots. The carrots are better for horses than any other kind of roots, 
 and they like them better. The mangels and rutabagas are fine for milk cows. 
 Sheep need something of the kind, and brood sows will almost winter on them. 
 So many can be raised to the acr'e that they make a very ciieap feed. — A. B. J., 
 Dalbo, Minn. 
 
 Row Ciiltme for Alfalfa. 
 
 For growing alfalfa seed row culture is undoubtedly the best, and it has many 
 advantages for hay and in dry-farming. Alfalfa in rows 24 inches apart if kept 
 free from weeds will have three times the moisture it would have at 8 inches. 
 This gives it a better chance to establish itself. A deep furrow can be opened 
 with the lister,,^ heavy bull tongue run through afterward, and the ground then 
 cross-harrowed till it is smooth. The smoother the ^lound the less moivsture will 
 evaporate. By this method on a loam soil or a soil with a compact subsoil a deep- 
 tilled bed is secured for the roots, to which the surplus moisture naturally drains. 
 In row culture a depression of a couple of inches would save the plants from getting 
 the full effect of the harrow teeth. — Norbei't B. liehl. Kit Carson, Colo. 
 
 Why Wo Should Plow Deep. 
 
 (By E. R. Parson, Color'ados Diy-Far-ming FApert.) 
 
 Tlie ordy humus wm' have in the soil comes from the sod. This is the gold 
 of agricultur'e, and there is only one way to save it. Plow it under as deejdy as 
 possible. The evils of surface farming can be seen in eastern Colorado today. The 
 humus is gone into the atmosphei-e. Her<' and lliei-e a field is i-uined until even 
 fodder will not grow on it. 
 
 Pershing. Farrel, Gr-een, an(i all the successful pioneer dry-farmers of a quarter 
 and half a century ago will tell you their baid< accouids came from deep plowing. 
 G. L. Farrel, who last year made is'j.OOO on 100 acres of wheat by feeding it to hogs, 
 is farming on a 12-inch precipitation. He is a bona-fide dry-farmer in every sense 
 of the word; he plows eight to nine Indies and often subsoils down to fifteen. 
 
 Which is better, to hold youi' moisture on the suidace when the evaporation 
 is sometimes five per cent a day, or to plow deej) and get into the subsoil where 
 
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Universal Farming 
 
 it is less tlian five per cent a month? In thirty-five years I have never lost a crop 
 by drought or bought a pound of hay for my stock. I can understand though that a 
 peculiar combination of the weather with other elements might possibly affect 
 this record; but that is how it stands today, and all my neighbors know it. Deep 
 plowing did it. 
 
 The Ideal Seed-Bed for Wheat. 
 
 A well-pulverized, compact furrow slice, with a thin layer of fine, loose soil 
 over the surface, presents conditions that are favorable for the conservation and 
 proper movement of the soil moisture. When the furrow slice is well pulverized 
 and compact it makes good contact with the subsoil and offers conditions favorable 
 for the rise of the moisture from below. The fine, loose layer at the surface, 
 favorable to the development of the young plant roots, readily absorbs light rains, 
 and helps to prevent the escape of moisture by evaporation at the surface. 
 
 To secure an ideal seed-bed, plow early and follow very closely with the roller 
 and harrow. It is a good practice to roll and harrow, each morning, the land plowed 
 the day before. The disking of stubble land before plowing is frequently a decided 
 help in the preparation of ground for wheat. A common rotation in Ohio requires 
 that corn ground should be seeded to wheat. The best results are obtained by 
 plowing and fitting the ground, if the soil is heavy and compact, but if light and 
 open it may be prepared by thoroughly disking and harrowing. — Professor A. G. 
 McGall. 
 
 As a general proposition it may be said that the sow that has pigs before she 
 is a year old will disappoint her owner. 
 
 Clover silage makes excellent hog feed in winter. They eat every bit of it. 
 Some waste in feeding corn silage to hogs. 
 
 Cut the silage into one-half inch pieces. 
 
 Distribute thoroughly in silo and pack well. 
 
 Keep bees at any rate. They are no trouble. 
 
 Corn cut too early makes sour, watery silage. 
 
 Corn cut for silage when kernels begin to glaze. 
 
 Good farming is impossible without good teams. 
 
 A little wet straw with oats sown on it seals the silo effectively. 
 
 Fertilizer Faets Worth Knowing. 
 
 The three main plant foods are ammonia or nitrogen, phosproric acid and potash. 
 
 The use of complete fertilizer involves a waste in all cases where the soil 
 already contains enough of any of the elements of plant food. This suggests the 
 importance of knowing your soils. This can be determined by a series of tests 
 with complete fertilizers and incomplete ones. It may generally be accepted that 
 
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Universal Farming 
 
 soil that has recoivcd liht-rally of barnyard manure nv crdps, particuhuiy clover, 
 turned under, and if it produces a large firowlh nf straw and fodder but light yields 
 of grain, needs phosphoric acid, the cheapest n[ liic tiiree chief fertilizer elements. 
 
 The same plant food that will produce thirty bushels of wheat is sufficient 
 to produce 165 bushols of potatoes or other vegetables in proportion, or several 
 hundred bushels of fruit. Where there is a scant supply of fertilizer it is well 
 to know this, so it may be used to the best advantage. Thirty bushels of wheat is 
 worth, we will say. thii'ty dollars, but 165 bushels of potatoes might sell for $80 
 or more, and the vegetables or fruit might sell for- a couple nf hundird dollars. 
 
 For early ci'ops use highly available fei'tiiizers well I'utted manure, avail- 
 able phosplirii'ic acid and nitro'-en. Tiiese can he taki-n by the |)lants frecdy as long 
 as the ground is moist, if for trees, gi'apr \ iii-s. shrubs, permanent pastures, etc., 
 the slowM'r acting bone fertili/ei's ai^e I'ecommended. They should be put on more 
 liberally, though, because they become available slowly, by the action o ftbe mois- 
 ture in the soil, and besides they are intended to give benefits for years. 
 
 I'liosjiorif acid, as iMd'envd to in frrl ili/.crs. in Soulli Carolina ro(d< the rock is 
 in otiier soutih'rn states also., treated witli sulpiiui'lc acid to make it available. It 
 is also called phosphates and super i»liosi)hates. Nitrogen corresponds with nitrate 
 (d' soda or sulphate of annnonia. Potash to sulphate of potash and muriate of 
 potash. Common saltpeter is a combination of nitrogen and potash. Bone meal 
 furnishes nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Barnyard manure is a complete fertilizer 
 having ammonia potash and phosphoidc acid in varying pi'i'centages. 
 
 If plants come with a rich, dark green color and gi'ow luxuriantly, we may 
 conclude that the soil has enough nitrogen. If they are sickly and yellow, with good 
 weather conditions, it is a sign that nitrogen is needed. If potatoes grow large tops 
 and scant tubers, it indicates enough nitrogen but deficiency of potash. Plenty of 
 straw or stalk and light grain yield betrays presence of nitrogen in sufficient 
 quality but a deficiency of phosphoric acid. We feel safe in saying that three- 
 fourths of the land put in wheat this season should have 200 to 300 pounds of 
 phosphate per acre, and it would show astonishing results next harvest in earlincss 
 of maturity, soundness of grain and increased yield. 
 
 How Lime is .Applied. 
 
 In using lime on soils that need it, it need not be harrowed or plowed in mdess 
 the work of planting is soon to begin. Usually it is best to apply the hydrated lime 
 broadcast some weeks before the crops are to be planted. Wlien this is done the 
 lime will sink into the soil as it has a tendency to do. 
 
 Lime on cloddy, low oi' soui' land may be used in amounts ranging from iOO 
 pounds to a ton. or even moi'e in some instances, depending of course upon the 
 character of the soil. Euroi)ean fai-mers use lime freely and it might not be out 
 of place here to remark tliat lli.'ir averai^e yields on some of the stai.le erops are 
 much greater than ours. 
 
 One good wav to t.dl whrtliei' or not lime is n J.-d in tlic soil is by the litmus 
 
 paper t.'st. Take' a pieer of blue litnnis paper, placr in .-ontact with a ball of moist 
 soil and if the blue paper turns pink the soil is arid and i)rol)abiy needs hme. 
 However, it may need lime and still not be in an aciii condition. 
 
 (95) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Sow Covvi)eas— Stop Buyiiiy Feed. 
 
 No complaint of the prices paid for dairy products in the last six months is 
 justified from the producer, but in too many cases the high prices received have 
 been paid out largely for feed, especially for mill deed. And this is not necessary, 
 for there is no farm in the West on which protein feeds cannot be grown with 
 which to balance the corn. In some sections, clover does well and in others alfalfa; 
 in some sections neither is a success, but where this is the case cowpeas can be 
 grown. If you are tired of paying $1.50 per hundred for bran, why not get some 
 cowpea seed at once and plant it in rows like corn, giving two cultivations, leaving 
 the ground level so mowing can be done easily. Planted within the next few days 
 either New Era or Whippoorwill cowpeas will mature and make an immense amount 
 of feed equal to alfalfa.— J. K. 
 
 When -cooking beets or mangel and feeding same to your brood sow always put 
 scraps of meat or fat bacon with it. It will take the place of tankage.— J. K. 
 
 OHIO FARMER IS FARMING ON THIRTY ACRES OF GOOD GROUND. 
 
 Andrew Brown is Maknig a Success on a Small Area— Pro\es What Can be Done- 
 Not So Much the Number of Acres as Wav Each Acre is Made to Produce. 
 
 It has been said, "People of moderate means should not farm too much land. 
 A man can start on twenty acres; forty acres will do; eighty is enough; 160 an 
 abundance; .320 a misfortune; and 640 a calamity." One criticism of the American 
 farmer is that he has tried to farm too much land. He has worked on the principle 
 *hat to increase his income he must increase the area of his farm, and the con- 
 sequence is that he has spread his efforts and probably has not made as much 
 real profit as he would have made by concentrating the same amount of labor 
 on fewer acres. With the increase in the value of land and the growing scarcity 
 of farm labor, the young man of limited means had much better start with a small 
 farm, say 20 to 80 acres, and practice intensive agriculture than to undertake to 
 pay for a larger area. It is not so much the number of acres that count as it is 
 the way each is made to produce. 
 
 The experience of Andrew Brown, a successful Ohio farmer, is an excellent 
 example of what can be done on a small farm. Mr. Brown is 76 years old, and has 
 been farming a 30-acre farm for over forty years, long enough to prove that it is 
 possible to make a good living on a few acres, well tilled. He began in 1869, on his 
 father's farm, and has lived there ever since. His land is well drained and fairly 
 fertile, producing from 50 to 60 bushels of corn, the same of oats and from 20 to 
 25 bushels of wheat. An interesting thing about this man's experience is that he 
 has always followed straight grain farming and has kept up the fertility of his 
 soil without the use of much commercial fertilizer. The only live stock he keeps 
 is two horses, two cows and a few hogs, depending upon his grain for most of his 
 income. He has his farm divided into seven fields of four acres each. His crops 
 are corn, oats, wheat and grass. All barnyard manure is carefully saved and applied 
 to the land and occasionally a crop of clover is plowed under. By having only a 
 few acres to care for, crops are well tended, weeds are kept down and fences are 
 kept in good repair. He has been able to do his own work with the help of his boys, 
 consequently he has not been obliged to depend upon hired labor. He has a work- 
 shop and all repairs of farm implements are made right at home, thus saving ex- 
 pensive repair bills. 
 
 (96) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 This farm is practically a self-sustaining: institution, the farm, orchard and 
 garden furnishing the living for the family. The old log house lias been remodeled 
 into a very comfortable modern farm house. The noticeable thing about the farm 
 buildings is that, while they are only ordinai-y, they arc well cared for, and there 
 is an air of neatness about the place. 
 
 Mr. Brown has not only made a good livin;: for liimsrir and family, but lias 
 been able to save enough money to loan to his neighboi-s. He has raised five 
 children, four boys and a girl, and given them a high school education. They have 
 all lived happily and well, on a thirty-acre farm. — T. L. Wheeler, College Agriculture, 
 Ohio State University. 
 
 Diflcster Tankafje. 
 
 In making up a r'alion lor any domestic animal, some considrrat ion should be 
 given to the diet of the animal in its wild state. I'oc instance, the hog in its wild 
 state, when it selected its own ration, fed upon animals as well as vegetable food. 
 Nuts, roots, etc., with grubs, wnirms and occasionally car-i-ion. made u[) the balanced 
 ration, for which the hog had a natural craving. I'nder domestic conditions, the 
 hog is genei-ally forced to subsist upon a sfraiMht vegetable i-ation. This is an 
 unnataral condition, ai'il tlic drsicf for meat I'ood is shown in ri'c(|ii.'nt attacks upon 
 poulfrv and also eating oi liie y.,unf: by the sow. 
 
 The lio'.;",- '■afion sli(»nli| cenfair. some animal mallei', l-'or this purpose there 
 is nothing eoual to Digestif' 'J'ankage. This feed is made IVom sci'aps and bones 
 from city markets and butcher shops. This material is cooked uiidei- high pres- 
 sure, and afterwards the grease is pressed out and the residue is gi'ound. screened 
 and placed in bags ready for feeding. 
 
 Diuester Tankage can be fed in any of several ways. At the Ohio Experiment 
 Station, very satisfactory results wei-e obtained by feeding Tankage in the form 
 of a thin sloj). Some feeders make a slop compos(>d of Tankage, corn-meal and 
 middlings, while others feed it dry in feed-trou^zhs. 
 
 The effect of feeding Digester Tankage to hogs can be readily seen in their 
 general appearance. They have a sleek glossy coat during the winter months, just 
 as they would have if running on a clover field. Then too. Digester Tankage 
 contains considerable Bone Phosphate of Lime, which goes to the building up of 
 the framework of the hog. Digester Tankage keeps the hogs in good healthy con- 
 dition, develops the fram-work, and makes a big sa\ing in tlu^ cost of producing 
 pork.— T. L. Wheeler, College of Agriculture. Ohio State fniversity. 
 
 Select seed corn in the field before harvesting. — J. K. 
 
 The Sornlniin Crop lor the l)r> harms in (he Southwest. 
 
 iWi'itten by A. H. Leidigh, Assistaid Pcotessoi' (d' Cro|) Culture, Kansas State College 
 
 of Agricultiu'e, .Maniialtaii. Kansas.) 
 
 The sorghums are adapted to witlistan<l heal ;uid s|i,.ita,LM' of moisture. They 
 are capable of lying dormant durnij^ Ion;; dry siiells and then producing a splendid 
 ;ji(twtli ui)on receiving rain late in the season. Sorghums i-eadily adapt themselves 
 to till' conditions pi-culiar to Kansas and other southwestern states, and are among 
 liie most reliaMe and profitable siunmer crops to grow. 'I'hey are quite as well 
 
 I 97 ) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 adapted to almost every part of the state as corn, and if grown will be found to be 
 very close competitors of corn, even in the best corn sections, while in the western 
 part of the state they produce larger yields than corn. In feeding value, their 
 grain, hay, and silage compare favoi'al)ly with other crops. 
 
 The general term "sorghum" includes not only those sweet sorts erroneously 
 called "cane," but also the kaffirs. broom corn, and several others. Those having 
 sweet juice which is comparatively lacking in sweetness are called non-saccharine 
 sorghums. 
 
 Sjjcchai'ino Sorghums. 
 
 The saccharine sorghums are used for hay. silage and syrup. Our best varieties 
 are Black Amber, Orange, and Buniac. Black Amber is an early sort, and because 
 of this fact it is especially wfU ada])tc(l ti» the wfstci-ii jiart i)f the state. Orange, 
 a medium late variety, is extensively ^rdwn IIii'oukImuiI Ihc state Simiac, a slightly 
 later variety, is becoming very popular in cmti'al and southeastern Kansas. 
 
 The non-saccharine varieties are grown foi' grain, hay and silage. Kaffir and 
 milo, of which there are many types, are the sorts ^rown most extensively in Kansas. 
 Kaffir may be successfully grown in all parts of the state, except in the extreme 
 northwestern counties, where it is not a ri'liablc crop. The BlackhuU White is the 
 most popular variety. 
 
 Milo is an early grain sorgluiin. It is adapted only to the western one-third 
 of the state. Dwarf yellow is the only milo we recommend. Milo will mature in 
 less time than Kaffir; it also stands more dry weather and is as good a yielder. In 
 feeding value kaffir and milo grain are about equal, but kaffir fodder is the better. 
 Experiments sliow that kaffii' oi' milo is about 90 per cent as good as corn in 
 feeding value. 
 
 Soil Rpquirenionts and Seed Bad. 
 
 While the sorghums are adapted for growing on almost any kind of soil, they 
 produce best on fairly heavy, well-drained loams rich in humus; but when grown 
 on gumbo, hard-pan. sandy or other poor soils, they are more successful than 
 most other crops. 
 
 These crops usually yield well witli little care. A thin top-dressing of barn- 
 yard manure applied to the field pre\ ious to planting would increase the yields 
 materially. Sor^:liums are excellent to plant on prairie sod or alfalfa sod. On land 
 which has been cropped for a number of years, the sorghum needs deep, thorough 
 preparation of the soil. The lower part of the seed bed should be well settled 
 and the surface soil quite loose. This condition can be best secured by fall plowing. 
 If the land is apt to blow, instead of plowing, fall listing is advisable. 
 
 Feed In its. 
 
 Feed Units — On a unit basis the relative feeding values of the chief nutrients. 
 Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates (as determined by the leading investigators) are 
 reduced to common terms and made into a direct ratio. One pound of protein is 
 considered of the same value as two and one-half pounds of Carbohydrates, and 
 one pound of fat is equal to two and one-quarter pounds of carbohydrates. 
 
 To find the feed units, multiply the protein content hy 2.^ and the fat content 
 by 2.25 and add these to th(> carbohydrates content. 
 
 To find the nutritive ratio, divide total digestible cai'boliydrates. plus the total 
 digestible fat, multiplied by 2.25. 
 
 (98) 
 
As an example to show how ovir land is wasted. Germ-iny willi all her CujHHi.rHiii ix-oiih' rnuhl 
 H\e in Oklahoma and the entire population of the I'nited Statrs could lixi.' and prosiier in the Slate 
 of Texas and would have products to export if the proper scientific metlKxls and care were used in 
 farming the soil. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Illustrations below are based on Hulletin Xo. !1 of T'nited States Department 
 ol" Agriculture. 
 
 Conipapati\ p PprTontarjo of FppcI I nits In 
 
 COTTON SEED MEAL 51.76 Per Gent 
 
 One-half the weight is nourishment. 
 
 WHEAT BRAN 19.49 Per Cent 
 
 Ons-fifth only is nourishment. 
 
 CORN MEAL 13.34 Per Gent 
 
 One-eighth only is nourishment. 
 
 Conij)arativp Cost Per Kped I'nit. 
 
 CORN MEAL at $1.00 per 100 pounds, 
 6 1-4 cents per feed unit. 
 
 WHEAT BRAN at $1.25 per 100 pounds. 
 6 1-4 cents per feed unit. 
 
 COTTON SEED MEAL at $1.50 per 100 pounds. 
 
 3 cents per feed unit. 
 
 Cottonsped Mpal and Hulls — A (iood, Chpap and Sufficient Horse and MuIp Fppd 
 
 in Thpinsp|\ps. 
 
 According to the Wolf-Lelunan standards of feeding, which are accepted as 
 authoritative the whole world over, a horse or a mule of one thousand pounds 
 weight doing moderate work, should ha^•e every day a ration, containing not less 
 than twenty-four pounds of dry matter, and it should contain at least: 
 
 0.6 Digestible Fat 
 2 lb. Digestible Protein 
 11 lb. Digestible Carbohydrates. 
 0.6 lb. Digestible Fat 
 
 A daily ration consisting of 
 
 5 lb. Cottonseed Meal 
 15 lb. Cottonseed Hulls 
 
 Contains: 
 
 2.31 lb. Digestible Protein 
 .86 lb. Digestible Fat 
 
 Thus in these two really important components fully and liberally conforming 
 to the standard. The dry matter and carbohydrates necessary to balance the ration 
 are not deemed vitally important, since in the South these are almost always 
 abundantly supplied by some pasturage, or by any of the cheap hays and grasses 
 grown at home and thus advantageously utilized. 
 
 Cotton Seed \Ipal for Poultry. 
 
 The superiority of Cottonseed Meal as a food for cattle, Horses, Mules and Hogs, 
 either as a fat and flesh producer or for milk and butter has so long passed the 
 experimental stage as to admit of no discussion. Its use as a most valuable hog 
 feed, giving growth, flesh development and fecundity is also established beyond 
 controversy. That is equally valuable as a supplemental grain ration for horses 
 
 (100) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 and mules under all .sorts of cunditidiis, and especially so Tor brood mares and 
 young colts, is also acknowledged by all who lia\e ^iven it a fair trial. 
 
 So, too, its use as a most superior lood for all kinds of fowls is being dem- 
 onstrated in the yards of many poultrymen who have learend by experience and 
 test to give it first place as an egg producer, and for' fat. flesh and condition. 
 
 For, as will be at once seen, the .same lii;:li albuminoid content wliich produces 
 flesh and milk in cattle, development and recundity in lio^s, bone, muscle and 
 endurance in horses will give eggs, vigor and c I it ion \n fowls. 
 
 As in other cases, it should always be fed to poultry as a supplemental ration 
 only, and mixed always with some less highly concentrated food— corn chops, corn 
 meal, wheat bran, shorts or small grain, or with cottonseed hulls, if wet and soured. 
 Mixed in this way, about one-third to one-half cottonseed meal, it may be fed either 
 dry or wet into a thin dough, and llie result will be (luickly siiown in added vigor, 
 rapid growth, glossier plumage and in increased ej:^ pi'oduction. 
 
 In fact, as with hogs, it seems to act almost entirely as a preventative of nearly 
 all diseases, and instances are absolutely uidvuown where any epidemic prevailed 
 in flocks having it as a habitual ration. On the contrary, numerous cases can be 
 cited where they have remained entirely immune and healtiiy while neighboring 
 flocks not having it have been destroyed by cholera and kindred diseases. 
 
 Professor W. A. Henry, dean of the Wisconsin A^iicultural Colle;.;!'. and perhaps 
 the greatest practical animal feeder in the world, undei' the lu'ading, "Cottonseed 
 Meal for Horses," quotes approvingly Gebek, a recognized authority on horse feeding 
 as follows: "Draft horses do well on a ration containing two parts of cottonseed 
 meal." He then adds on his own account: "The use of cottonseed meal for horses 
 win be greatly extended at the South if experiments reveal equally good results." 
 May this prophetic utterance be fulfilled. Numei'ous experiments have revealed 
 and confirmed these very results. 
 
 In truth cottonseed meal as a feed for horses has passed far beyond the stage 
 of experiment. To put cottonseed meal into the inside of an animal seems to me 
 to be a direct insult to a bountiful Providence. If our farmers were to take tlieir 
 own freight free, cottonseed meal, feed it first to their farm animals, and next to 
 their farm lands — oh, what would come of it? 
 
 There are in the fifteen producin>; states U) day ."j.OHS.l l i head of horses, :.',r);)i.,i)i» 
 head of mules; each one of these should eat at least ouv pound a day or four. sacks 
 of cottonseed meal annually. This would mean a biand new demand on the cotton- 
 seed meal market alone; in the states where it is produced, of 1,(558.402 tons per 
 annum, or .500,000 tons more than is actually made. 
 
 The value of commercial fertilizei's is determined by the amount and value of 
 their three ingredients, ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash, in the same way 
 the value of a horse feed may be ascertaineil by determining- the amount and value 
 of its three principal components — protein, Carboiiydrates and other extract. One 
 of the latest estimates, based on the value of many diffi'iMMd. animal feeds, places 
 their value as follows: Protein one and one-half cents per pound. carholi\-drales 
 one cent per pound and ether extract ri\e cents |ier pound. Let us now in the 
 light of these conservative valuations, compare corn. i»re-eminen(l> the leading 
 horse feed of the South — of America — with cottonseed meal. 
 
 .\ Ton of (ioi'ii Coiitain.s 
 
 10 per cent, or 200 pounds of protein, wortii $ 3.00 
 
 70 per cent, or 1400 pounds carbohydrates, wordli 14.00 
 
 5 per cent, or 100 pounds ether extract, wortli 5.00 
 
 Giving a total value of $22.00 
 
 (101) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Now One Ton of Cottonseed Meal Contains 
 
 40 per cent, or 800 pounds protein, wortli $12.00 
 
 30 per cent, or 600 pounds carbohydrates, wortli 6.00 
 
 13 per cent, or 260 pounds ether extract, worth 13.00 
 
 Giving a total value of $31.00 
 
 In an official report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, 1904, the State 
 chemist, Mr. John M. McCandliss, on the subject of "Horse and Mule Feeds," writes: 
 "When the Georgia farmer has failed to raise sufficient corn for his mules, the 
 cost of feeding his work stock, when he has to buy Western corn at ruling high 
 prices, must make a ruinious inroad on the net sum he gets for his cotton crop. 
 Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn and 10 pounds of fodder 
 (blades) and think they are feeding them in the best manner. As a matter of fact 
 the poor mule gets out of this ration only two pounds of protein, when he should 
 at hard work, have nearly three; and gets over 19 pounds of carbohydrates when 
 a rational standard of feeding would only call for about 13, the nutritive ratio of the 
 corn and fodder ration being 1 9.6, when it should approximate 1 5.4. A comparison 
 of cottonseed meal with corn as to its feeding value shows the great superiority 
 of cottonseed meal." | 
 
 With such unequivocal endorsements from the highest sources, cottonseed meal 
 must cNciitually come into its own as a horse feed. Mr. McGandless then gives the 
 followiii,^ Liiaiii ration formulas: "Light work, 8 pounds ground corn and oats, 1 
 pound cottonseed meal; average work 10 pounds corn and cob meal, 2% pounds 
 cottonseed meal; hard work; iO pounds corn and cob meal, 41/^ pounds cottonseed 
 meal." 
 
 Let us give, in a word, my experience, rather than my views and conclusions, 
 on the horse feed problem: Several years ago, when I was a cotton crusher on a 
 small scale, (I am not now even remotely connected with that worthy calling) it 
 was at certain times better to do anything with meal than to sell it. Tliere came 
 into my stock family unexpectedly two colts. Just like a baby, is never wanted until it 
 comes, and then iinm(MHately the household goes crazy over it; just so I took on 
 about my colts. At that time oats were about $36 per ton, and corn about $26.00. 
 I began feeding my mares on these expensive grains ground with a little cottonseed 
 meal dust in. They took to it all right, and before the colts were six weeks' old 
 they were nibbling at their mother's feed. Since more colts have come. The 
 oldest, now five years old, and none of them have ever passed a day in their lives 
 without eating some cottonseed meal. They have never been out of fix. The older 
 ones weigh 1100 pounds and are 16 hands high — decidedly larger than dams or sire. 
 They have carried me fifty miles a day without breathing deep. 
 
 Here is a clean-cut decisive example of cottonseed ineal a»s a component part 
 of a horse's ration. 
 
 I will simply add to the above testimony that for the past five years my stable 
 has consisted of 10 pleasure and ^ork animals — one a mule that could pull a lion 
 out ofhis den — and every one of them have been fed with one pound or more of 
 cottonseed meal. I have never seen a sick one in that time, or one that was not 
 ready for work. I have had the good fortune to win some blue ribbons and silver 
 cups, and I may be pardoned for adding, and I do so m the interest of truth only, 
 that when I drive up to the church grounds the people' look up and saV, "Who 
 comes?" HENRY C. HAMMOND, 
 
 Augusta, Georgia, June 20, 1907. 
 
 (102) 
 
UN I VERSAL Farming 
 
 .\itroj}en in I.eyiiines. 
 
 Some of the points established by science and confirmed by practice are: Tliat 
 legume bacteria gives us nitrogen from an inexhaustible supply, that these bacteria 
 do not thrive in acid soils, and that such soils are sweetened by limestone, which 
 is also in inexhaustible supply. It is a matt<'r of common knowledge that legume 
 may be grown on any soil Mint is sweetened and contains sufficient mineral elements 
 of plant food. Another truth of science is that on<' product of crop residues and 
 other vegetable matter is humus, and that humus in the soil is the best means of 
 securing some control over what arc called the uncontrollable factors in crop pro- 
 duction, heat and moisture. 
 
 The leguminous crops, such as clover and alfalfa, are not equal to grasses as 
 soil protectors, but are superior to grasses as soil fertilizers, since they increase 
 the total available supply of nitrogen in the soil. This is due to the action of 
 bacteria which are found on the roots of leguminous plants, and which take free 
 nitrogen from the air in the soil and make it available for the use of plants. More- 
 over, perennial legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, are very deep feeders and 
 take a part of the mineral elements of their food from the soil below the depth 
 of the feeding ground of ordinary crops. 
 
 Cottonseed lYleal for Hoys. 
 
 Texas l-lxperimcnl Station. 
 
 A good growing ration may be based ou ont' pound of diy mixture per hundred 
 pounds of live weight, f'or quick fattening ttiis may be dnulilcd. 
 
 When ready to feed, add fresh water to the feeding I'ation sufficirnt to bring 
 a thin slop, about the consistency of buttt'nnilk and ;;i\(' the iiogs all they will 
 clean up. 
 
 All hogs eat it greedily and all tlu'ive on it IVum the hu'dly iieud cf the herd 
 to the tiniest grunted. But for "piggy" nv suckliii.i; sows it is especiiill.\ \:iiuable. 
 giving to the pigs both befoi'e and after f a i' rowing: a ^I'dwlh and \i,i:(U' allaiiiaiile 
 with no other feed on earth. 
 
 As to the feeding value of cottonseed meal cimipaied with curii. cheniical 
 analyses, confirmed by years of practical tests, answer this. A iiundi'ed piuiiid-^ nf 
 corn contains from six to ten ixuinds of protein, four to six pounds (if I'at and about 
 sixty-five to seventy pounds ol carbohydrates. 
 
 A hvnidi'ed pounds of cottons I meal coiilanis li'oni rorty-five to fifty pounds 
 
 of protein, from eight to twelve pounds of fat and ahoiil twenty-five pounds of 
 carbohydrates. 
 
 The agricultural exiieriment stations and the ai:rieultural hooks all teach us 
 these things: 
 
 First. To feed a Italanced ration. 
 
 Second. That a balanced ration is one in which the three important feed ele- 
 ments, protein, fat and carbohydrates are combined in such |»roporlions as to meet 
 the needs of the body in the best way at the lowest cost. 
 
 Third. That protein is the mo.-t \aluable food constituent. sui)|tlyin;: growth, 
 muscle, bone and lean meat, and by it the value (d' all feed is measui'ed. 
 
 Fourth. That fat in f(!ed suiqjlies heat antl energy and builds up fat in the 
 body, but makes no muscle or flesh. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Fifth. That under the general term carbohydrates are classed the starch and 
 sugars present m all feeds forming the cheapest and most abundant feeding material 
 and, like fat, giving heat and energy, but making no flesh, bone or muscle. 
 
 Sixth. That a balanced ration for hogs should contain about one pound of 
 protein to every five pounds of fat and carbohydrates. 
 
 Now, keeping these truisms in mind it is easy to see from the figures already 
 given that corn is seriously deficient in protein, is not properly balanced and is an 
 expensive and insufficient ration when fed alone; that cottonseed meal in protein 
 and fat combined is about five times, and in protein alone about six times as val- 
 uable as corn and while too rich in protein to be fed by itself when combined with 
 corn or cottonseed hulls in proportion of about two parts corn and one part cot- 
 tonseed meal, gives a ration which, with ordinary grazing, almost exactly fulfills 
 the scientific requirement for a balanced hog feed, and of which the committee 
 appointed by the Texas Swine Breeders' Association to report upon the feeding 
 of cottonseed meal, after a thorough investigation, say in their formal report, "is 
 the most economical ration of which we have any record." When it is remembered 
 that this is the solemn and deliberate verdict of a committee of expert and scientific 
 swine breeders and feeders these words ring with importance to the whole bunch. 
 For they mean that in cottonseed meal and hulls, supplemented by her unques- 
 tionable climatic advantages and cheaper lands, the South can produce cheaper 
 pork than the great corn belt of the Northwest, and this can but mean the ultimate 
 transfer of the hog-producing center of the country from the Northwest to the 
 South, and an aded wealth and prosperity to our whole country. 
 
 (iOttoiiseed Meal and Hulls (loinpared With Whole Cottonseed. 
 
 The Tennessee Experimental Station, in Bulletin No. 2, on "The Rational Use 
 of Feeding Materials," issued April, 1903, gives together with many other materials, 
 the composition of seven of those foods most commonly used in this country and 
 then, using the basis of three cents per pound for digestive fat, the same for 
 digestible protein and five-eighths of a cent a pound for carbohydrates, find the 
 following valuable table of relative values: 
 
 c;rude Crude Carbo Value 
 
 Protein Fat Hydroits Per Ton 
 
 Mixed Meadow Hay 3.0 U 43:1 8.24 
 
 Whole Corn 8.2 3.4 67.5 15.38 
 
 Oats 8.1 4.1 44.7 13.50 
 
 Corn Meal - - 5.3 3.5 59.3 12.68 
 
 Wheat Bran 12.0 2.8 44.5 14.44 
 
 Whole Cotton Seed 10.2 16.4 30.9 19.82 
 
 Cotton Seed Hulls - 2.2 1.6 33.5 6.46 
 
 Cotton Seed Meal - 35.3 10.9 20.1 30.23 
 
 These figures are significant and easily understood, but it must be kept in mind 
 that in addition to the amount of the various food elements contained there is also 
 to be considered their availability. This is particularly true in the case of whole 
 cottonseed. For, while it is extremely rich in food elements, it will be noticed 
 that the proportion of fat carbohydrates is so large as compared to the protein, 
 that there must necessarily be a large waste of fat in feeding. How, then, can these 
 valuable food constituents be utilized? The question is at once answered by a 
 glance at the elements of cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal,' the one rich in 
 carbohydrates and the other supplying in magnificent liberality the valuable protein 
 with a sufficiency of fat to balance the ration. This naturally brings up the ques- 
 tion as to whether the farmers may, with economy, exchange his seed for an equiv- 
 
 (104) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 alent in feeding materials in the more available form of hulls and meal, and freed 
 from the more objectionable preponderance of fat. Upon this point that standard 
 agricultural journal, "The Southern Farm," of Atlanta, Ga., in its issue of Novem- 
 ber 15th, says, in reply to a correspondent 
 
 Of Nitrogen 61 lbs. 
 
 Of Phosphoric Acid 20 lbs. 
 
 Of Potash 23 lbs. 
 
 One ton (2000 lbs.) of Cotton Seed Meal contains 
 
 Of Nitrogen 163 ibs. 
 
 Of Phosphoric Acid 65 lbs. 
 
 Of Potash 46 lbs. 
 
 Allowing that the farmer carries his seed to the mill and gives the oil as toll, 
 he should carry back with him the resulting product, in meal about 750 lbs., and 
 about 900 lbs. of hulls. 
 
 It is a common question whether this is a profitable exchange fur the farmer. 
 
 It is an accepted fact that the oil has no value as a food. It is pure carbon, and 
 beyond supplying a little temporary heat has no other effect. 
 
 But undoubtedly a farmer can feed more economically in using meal and hulls 
 than in feeding purely the raw seeds. 
 
 In exchanging the seeds for the meal the farmer does not dispose of any of 
 the valuable elements — nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. The 750 pounds of 
 meal contains within a small fraction all the nitrogen that was in the ton of seeds. 
 
 What price, then, should cottonseed command when cottonseed meal is held 
 at $16.00 per ton? 
 
 The 750 lbs. of Meal from the ton of seed at 75c per 100 lbs $5.62 
 
 Add 900 lbs. of hulls from this ton of seed, at 15c per 100 lbs. $1.35 
 
 Gash value of the ton of seed $6.97 
 
 At these relative values tlie mill would get the product of oil (30 or 35 gallons) 
 to pay for the cost of grinding. At 20c per gallon this would give the mill $6.00 
 to $7.00 margin to cover all its expenses and profits. 
 
 Protein and Kat Constituents of Filty American Ft'etlinn Materials \\ i(h I'heir Itaiik 
 
 in Feeding Values. 
 
 From Experimental Station Bulletin No. 11, United States Department of Agri- 
 culture, compiled from many analyses by E. H. .Jenkins, I'h 
 Ph. D.: 
 
 Ni. 
 
 Pure Cotton Seed Meal 50.81 
 
 Pure Linseed O. P. Meal 28.90 
 
 Buckwheat Feed 32.90 
 
 Grano Gluten Feed 29.40 
 
 Gluten Meal, Al 29.41 
 
 Fresh Dried Brewers' Grain 19.90 
 
 Clean Malt Sprouts 23.20 
 
 ( 105 ) 
 
 I)., and 
 
 A. L. W 
 
 inton. 
 
 Ph. 
 
 J'ro. 
 
 Fat 
 
 18.01 
 
 68.82 
 
 1 
 
 7.10 
 
 36.00 
 
 3 
 
 7.90 
 
 40.80 
 
 2 
 
 6.30 
 
 35.70 
 
 4 
 
 6.26 
 
 35.67 
 
 5 
 
 5.60 
 
 25.50 
 
 6 
 
 1.70 
 
 24.90 
 
 8 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Oat Feed 16.00 7.10 23.10 8 
 
 Winter Wheat Bran 16.00 4.00 20.00 10 
 
 Medium Fine White Middlings 15.60 4.00 19.60 11 
 
 Clean Standard Wheat Bran 15.40 4.00 19.40 13 
 
 Standard Hominy Feed 9.80 8.30 18.10 14 
 
 Germ Meal - 9.80 7.40 17.20 15 
 
 Clean, Coarse Wheat Bran 12.90 3.50 16.40 18 
 
 Clean Wheat Screenings - 12.50 3.00 15.50 19 
 
 Clean Barley Screenings - - 12.30 2.80 15.10 20 
 
 Corn and Oat Chops No. 1 Straight 9.60 4.40 14.00 23 
 
 Fancy Heavy Wheat Middlings 10.48 2.07 12.55 25 
 
 Corn Meal 9.17 3.17 12.34 26 
 
 Hye Feed 10-39 1.71 12.10 29 
 
 Winter Wheat Middlings !0.68 1.22 11.90 30 
 
 Clean Corn Bran 6.94 3.97 10.91 32 
 
 Cotton Seed Hulls 4.76 3.80 8.53 37 
 
 Fresh Wet Brewers' Grain 5.40 1.60 7.00 39 
 
 GRAINS 
 
 Cow Peas 20.75 1.44 22.10 9 
 
 Oats 11-80 4.96 16.76 16 
 
 Barley 12-37 1.84 14.21 22 
 
 Wheat 11-8^ 2.09 13.96 24 
 
 Buckwheat 10.02 2.24 12.26 27 
 
 Hye 10.58 1.66 12.24 28 
 
 Corn 6.83 3.34 10.17 34 
 
 GREEN FODDER 
 
 Alfalfa Lucern 4.84. .97 5.81 42 
 
 Red Clover 4.41 1.13 5.54 43 
 
 Kentucky Blue Grass 4.12 1.30 5.42 44 
 
 Timothy 3.06 1 .19 4.25 46 
 
 Orchard Grass 2.61 .90 3.51 48 
 
 Corn Silage 1-67 .79 2.46 49 
 
 Corn Fodder 1-82 .54 2.36 50 
 
 HAY. 
 
 Cow Pea Hay 16.57 2.90 19.47 12 
 
 Alfalfa Lucern 14.28 2.15 16.43 17 
 
 Red Clover 12.32 2.32 14.64 21 
 
 Mississippi Bermuda Grass 9.16 1.83 10.99 31 
 
 Orchard Grass 8.09 2.60 10.72 33 
 
 German Millet 7.46 2. 2 9.08 35 
 
 Kentucky Blue Grass 5.84 3.02 8.86 36 
 
 Timothy 5.87 2.47 8.34 38 
 
 Oat Straw 3.42 1.30 4.72 45 
 
 Corn Fodder 4.47 1.57 6.04 41 
 
 Wheat Straw 3.42 1.30 4.72 45 
 
 Rye Straw 2.98 !.22 4.20 47 
 
 NOTE— PROTEIN is the nitrogen-containing albumen-like substance of plants, 
 
 similar in composition and character to the white of an egg. It is the most costly 
 form of food. and. generally speaking, has for its function the formation of FLESH 
 AND MUSCLE. 
 
 FAT is the Fat or Oil of the material, and its office is the production of fat 
 and heat in the animal system. 
 
 Whether this is too much for the mill is a question we cannot answer. If 
 
 called upon for an opinion, we would say it was not from the fact that we would 
 rather have the 750 lbs. of meal and 900 lbs. of hulls, either for feeding or fer- 
 
 (106) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 tilizing purposes, than the original ton i 
 (he separate materials. * * * A satv 
 milch cows depends somewhat, updii th 
 periment stations G to 7 Ihs. has hem !( 
 
 s I. It is easier to adjust a ration with 
 
 iiKJ jiiiiper ration of Cottonseed Meal fo^ 
 size (if the animal. At some of the ex- 
 williout had effect. 
 
 ADDITIO.NAL TESTIMONY. 
 
 At a meeting of the South Carolina Liv( 
 S. C, on February 8th an<i Dtli. an addres; 
 scientific knowledge, was delivered by the e 
 C, on "Practical Stock Feeding in the Soutli.' 
 
 Stock Association held at Columbia, 
 
 full of i)ractical advice, backed by 
 
 niiieiit !)!•. Tait Butler of Raleigh, X. 
 
 ])r. l'>iitler is a recognized authority 
 
 on feeds and feeding and what he says shovdd have a s|jecial w^eight and influence 
 throughout the entire South, and that part of his discussion touching the feeding 
 of horses, mules and colts is of special importance to the Southern breeder. 
 
 In the official report of the .general dis( 
 address, this occurs, Di'. iiutler was asked: 
 
 "You speak of feeding 
 forming properties of cotton 
 
 ■ed meal. 
 
 ill which followed Dr. Hutler's 
 
 'd meal, \\liat about, tiie muscular 
 animal compared to corn and oats?" 
 
 Dr. Butler: "There is enough known about feeding horses cottonseed meal 
 for me to state that if you had a horse tiiat you were feeding 14 pounds of corn 
 daily, that you could take out four pounds of that corn and put in two pounds 
 of cottonseed meal and get better results. .Not because corn is not. the best feed 
 we have for supplying beat and energy, but there is another thing needed. When 
 that horse supplies you muscular energy he is burning up his muscles just as you 
 burn coal in a furnace to supply energy to run the machinei-y in your factoi'ies, 
 and he has got to have something to build up those wasted muscles, and corn does 
 not contain it in sufficient quantity. A little cottonseed meal is better than an 
 additional amount of corn. When you ai'e already feeding your horse clover and 
 ten pounds of corn, I would r'athec lia\c two pounds of cottonseed meal added 
 than four' pounds of corn. 1 wo\il(l rathei' lia\e two pounds id' cottonseed meal 
 
 added than four pounds of oats. Corn is a splenijid iioi'se f 1. hut we are wasting 
 
 two tnilii(tn dollars a year in South Cai'oiina feeding an all corn ration." 
 
 "In what i)roportion would you feed corn and cottonseed meal?" 
 
 Dr. Butler: "That will depend upon your hay." 
 
 "Plenty of hay?" 
 
 Dr. Butler: "An avei'agi" I'ation for a tliousa 
 work, is about 15 pounds of grain and 1- to 15 i)ou 
 of fodder and 15 pounds of corn. I would take fi\e 
 pounds of clover and then add ten ixiunds of coi 
 meal, and get better results, if I liad oats to le^ 
 
 clover hay, I do not think I would f I any cotton 
 
 to feed unless jfou can mi.\ it with something els 
 or clover hay, I would cei'tainly put some cofton^ 
 
 id pound horse, doing real hard 
 ids of lia>-. Instead of 15 pounds 
 [lounds of peavine hay and 7 to 8 
 n and two pounds of cottonseed 
 d and had some peavine bay or 
 eed lueal at all, because it is bad 
 . If I diii not have any peavine 
 'ed meal in the i-ation of a hard 
 
 working horse. 
 
 I bail y)lerdy of oats 
 
 ■st 
 
 nd they wei'e cheap 
 
 'i'liis is im|)ortaiit testimony lioni the lii::liest authority, and should ml. 'rest .'very 
 farmer and horse owiiei' in the South. We send thousands of dollars into the 
 .Northwest every yeai' for corn: we send into the .Noi'thwi'st evei-y year- thousands 
 of dollars worth of cottonseed meal. Nohoih is benefitted Ity this. If we keep our 
 cottonseed meal at home to feed it will help us. and Dr. Hutler says it will help 
 our horses — and Dr. Butler knows. 
 
 ( 107) 
 
Universal Farming 
 feeding cotton seed meal to dairy cows. 
 
 So much, all of it commendatory, has been written about cottonseed meal as 
 a dairy food, indeed the greatest of them all, that I need not do more than refer 
 to the fact. 
 
 Prof. Henry of Wisconsin, the greatest friend of the dairy cow, says: "Not 
 only is dairying the leading animal industry of our country at this time, but so it 
 must continue indefinitely for the reason that the cow is a more economical pro- 
 ducer of food for human beings than is the ox or the pig." Very recent experiments 
 at the South Carolina Station prove that for indefinite periods a ration of as much 
 as six pounds of cottonseed meal a day may be fed, the results being wholly ben- 
 eficial to the animal and her products. Half this amount fed daily to the 3,337,000 
 milch cows of the South would clean up our 1,400,000 tons of cottonseed meal in 
 nine months. 
 
 COTTON SEED MEAL AS A FLESH PRODUCER. 
 
 The next use of cottonseed meal is in feeding it to cattle and hogs for the 
 production of flesh. By this commendable use of meal we lose only 10 per cent 
 of its manurial value and gain the increased weight and the better quality of the 
 animal. 
 
 Booker, in Flour and Feed, gives the following statement, based on a report 
 of Jenkins of the Connecticut station, showing the relative value of nitrogen, phos- 
 phoric acid and potash in wheat bran, corn meal, linseed meal and cottonseed meal: 
 
 Pounds ■ 
 
 Nitrogen Phos. Acid Potash 
 
 Wheat bran contains 47.4 G0.2 32.0 
 
 Corn Meal contains - - 20.0 12.8 8.0 
 
 Linseed Meal contains - - 106.0 33.8 20.2 
 
 Cottonseed Meal contains 134.6 60.6 25.8 
 
 Taking the nitrogen at 17c per pound, phosphoric acid at 6c per pound, potash 
 at 4M.'C per pound (all of which are low values), gives the following as manurial 
 values: 
 
 Wheat bran - $13.03 per ton of 2000 Lbs. 
 
 Corn meal - 6.04 per ton of 2000 Lbs. 
 
 Linseed meal - - - - 21.55 per ton of 2000 Lbs. 
 
 Cottonseed meal 28.04 per ton of 2000 Lbs. 
 
 In feeding, the animal retains from 5 to 20 per cent. of tlie above elements, so 
 that, taking 20 per cent from the above values, and taking: 
 
 Wheat bran at $22.00 per ton 
 
 Corn meal at 24.00 per ton 
 
 Linseed meal at - 28.00 per ton 
 
 Cottonseed meal at - - 27.00 per ton 
 
 It costs to feed 
 
 Wheat bran $11-57 per ton 
 
 Corn meal 19-16 per ton 
 
 Linseed meal - - 6.45 per ton 
 
 Cottonseed meal - 4.56 per ton 
 
 when the manurial value is utilized or realized. 
 
 ( 108 ) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 U. S. Consular ropnrt of ((ctobrT 9. 190(). says: '"Hh" laci that Cormany, Don- 
 mark and the United Kingdom impni't .sl2.()()().()0() woi'th ..t .•nlt..nseed cako and meal 
 from the United States annually is evidence enough as to its worth because tliey 
 are the expert cattle feeders of the world." T do not believe, gentlemen, that any 
 one in any country can use cottonseed products (meal and hulls) so cheaply as 
 you can, if you use it scientifically. You i-aise your stock, you own your land, and 
 can get the nutritive value first at a nominal cost and can utilize the manurial value. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing statements that cottonseed meal contains by a 
 large percentage a greater amount of nitrogen (protein) than any other food. It 
 is, in fact, the most concentrated, cheapest and most nutritious of foods, and in 
 feeding, mixing it with hulls, bran, hay or other feeds it produces an ideal food. 
 There is nothing doubtful or experimental in this wlwn flic proper ration is given. 
 It would be wasting time to talk to you about the woiidcis (>r cottonst'ed-meal as a 
 food for animals. Its praises are sung by the clicinist in iiis laboratory as he 
 proves its marvelous analysis and by the skilled feeder in the competitive tests. 
 The story is told in a thousand agricultural and expei'iniental reports and in 
 innumerable woi-ks on luitrition an<i ft-eds. 'I'liccr is hut ono side to the casi'. 
 
 I do not wish to worry you with details, hut I cannot rrfrain from placin;; 
 cottonseed meal and a few other foods side by side, that you may at a glance com- 
 pare the mountain and the mole hill. 
 
 DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL l.\ IKEDSTUFFS. 
 
 Dalrymple, in the Louisiana station, i^ives the rollowiiit: tahh'. showing the 
 digestible material in ten pounds of each of liir following fi-cdstuffs: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 I'roti'in Carbohydrates Fat 
 
 1.21 1.02 .27 
 
 93 3.75 .36 
 
 3.72 1.69 1.22 
 
 Wheat bran 
 
 Oats 
 
 Cottonseed meal 
 
 "Of course, every one knows that protein and fat ai'e flif idi'nients that count 
 and that cost. Carbohydrates are all right, but 'tin- woods aiT full of it." We find 
 it in every old feedstuff." 
 
 Lamborne based the statement ujion many acluai li'sts liiat oni' pound of 
 cottonseed meal is equal to 1 3-4 pounds of corn, a ton oi' 2000 i)ounds of cottonseed 
 meal is equal to .3500 pounds of corn, hence when corn is worth 50c iter bushel, a 
 ton of cottonseed meal is worth $31.50. When corn is worth 60c a bushel, a ton of 
 cottonseed meal is worth $37.50. When corn is worth 70c a bushel a ton of cotton- 
 seed meal would be worth $43.75. When corn is woi'th HOc a bushel, a ton of cot- 
 tonseed meal would be worth $50.00. 
 
 I am not taking a shot at coi-n. the world's gcati'st crn-al: I am only domandnig 
 for cottonseed meal that constitutional right accor.lr.l rvcry cili/.rn. a fair trial and 
 an honest verdict. 
 
 The dearest, the scarcest, fin' most nrccssary rlmirnl in plaid life is nitrogen. 
 There are silver, gold and diamond nunes in various parts of the globe, but alas, 
 only one nitrogen mine in all the world think of it -and tli." .piantdy is grownig 
 less and less every day. 
 
 Distinguish. Ml chemists are working day and night trying to produce nitrogen 
 on a conun.Tcal basis. To date all their efforts ar,- fut.l... The plants only know 
 the secret They steal tin- illusive, volatile niln.g.'o from the an-. Ih.- wafrr. Ilu' 
 .soil and the greatest nitrogen catcher ni' th.-m all is the cotton |.lanl. All th.' 
 nitrogen the animals g.d. the jtlants first found and gave them. 
 
 (109) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 The Soutli is not a grain cnuntry, they say. Maybe not, maybe we are so busy 
 making cotton to clothe the world that we haven't time to bother with grain; but 
 while we are making humanity's raiment the Lord is showering down upon us a 
 manna richer than that which He made to fall upon the Jews on their pilgrimage 
 from Egypt to Jerusalem. 
 
 TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND INCREASE THE QUANTITY OF BUTTER. 
 Heat a quantity of GOOD DEODORIZED COOKING COTTONSEED OIL to about 
 blood heat, and just before beginning to churn, add to the milk, using about one-third 
 of a teacupful to each gallon of milk, and proceed as usual. 
 
 Good Cooking Oil can be bought from any progressive grocer at about sixty 
 cents or less per gallon, which is about 8 cents per pound. 
 
 A three-gallon cluuMiing of rich milk will take about half a pound of Oil. It will 
 hasten the coming of the butter, assist in its better collection, improve the quality 
 of both it and the buttermilk, and being returned as buttfi- will give with the better 
 collection of the butter fat an .increased yield slightly in excess of the weight of 
 the oil added and profit equal to the difference between the selling price of the 
 butter and the cost price of the Oil. But this is by no means the major advantage 
 of the practice. This is to be found in the decreased time and labor in churning 
 and in the improved flavor and softened texture of the butter and buttermilk. 
 
 NOTE — The quantity of oil to be used will be influenced by tlie percentage of 
 butter fat in the milk and the temperature of the weather. Hence, the richer the 
 milk, and the colder the weather the greater the quantity of Oil. It must be remem- 
 bered too that under the operation of that disgrace to American legislation, "the 
 Oleomargerine law" butter so treated is classed as "manufactured butter," and 
 cannot be sold except as such. 
 
 CORN AND COWJ^EAS A FINE SILAGE. 
 
 We filled one silo last year with corn and cowpeas. It took 11 acres to fill a 
 120 ton silo and the silage is the best I have ever used or seen anywhere. The corn 
 and whippoorwill cowpeas were planted in the same row. In planting, corn was 
 put in one box and cowpeas in the other. We drove through and came back the 
 same rows, thus planting both kinds of seed in each row. When the corn was 
 right for siloing there were ripe cowpeas, green pods and blossoms all on the same 
 vines. We cut this crop with a six-foot mowing machine, taking two rows. The 
 cornstalks averaged twelve feet high with good ears that would have made thirty 
 bushels to the acre, and the pea vines were as tall as the corn. Another job of 
 filling was done with a late crop of corn and cowpeas planted the same way, but 
 cut with a corn binder. We then went over it with a mower anl raked up what 
 was left. This proved to be a cheaper way than cutting, and we expect to follow 
 this plan hereafter. We consider corn and cowpeas handled this way to make as 
 near a balanced silage ration as can be had. Fed with a small amount of hay or 
 shredded fodder it would make an ideal food. — C. S. Perkins, Oswego, Kans. 
 
 LAXATIVE FOR COWS. 
 
 If the cows need a laxative, oilmeal is better than any kind of salts. Like 
 ensilage and roots, it is a natural laxative and helps to keep the cow in healthy 
 condition. When an animal is run down from, wrong feeding a medicine has little 
 value. It is only by right feeding and clean, well-ventilated quarters and good care 
 that health and vigor may be restored. 
 
 (110) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 TO Avom scorns i.\ pios. 
 
 A good i'ciikmI.n- foi' scour-s in jiij^s consists in dissdUiiig a cliiink nf iiuickiiint' 
 as big as your two fists in a bucket of watci-. Stir well and allow it. to settle, (iive 
 from one to two quarts of tlie clear liquid to eacli sow at feeding time, twice a 
 day if necessary. Begin soon after- fai'i'owin.Lr time .and give two or three times 
 a week as a preventive. 
 
 now HOGS ARE SAT/F POISONED. 
 
 It is an accepted fact thai salt is poison to pi^:s. and pretty deadly, too, if taken 
 in any material quantity. But often d(,'atlis ai'e assi^^ned to other than the true 
 causes in cases where salt is the agent. It will he said, jterhaiis. thai no brine oi 
 salt in any form has been disposed of from the bouse foi' a considei-ahle iiei'iod 
 before deaths may have occurred, and that any mortality may not be attributed 
 to the poison. It, bow^n'er, often happens in this way: Salt is occasionally care- 
 lessly put in the hog tub or may be b"ine with salty sedimeids. The slowly solubl<> 
 salt settles at the bottom of the tub, so that it is only when the dregs are taken 
 out (iiat the poisoning takes place. Some tubs and cisterns are nor really emi)ti''d 
 for months, and then is the time that salt poisoning may occur. 
 
 THE HOO AS A SOIL RESTOHKR. 
 
 It is usually thought to be a bad tiling: to sell grain off the farm and the man 
 who feeds all tln^ grain lie raises is praised as one who is keeping up his farm. 
 But when this grain is fed to hogs in a dry lot is it true that much good results 
 to the soil? We cannot see wliere any fertility gets back to the fields from which 
 the grain was taken. But should the grain be fed to hogs that have the run of the 
 fields the soil is being kept up if not actually increased in fertility. We may say 
 that we cannot get something for nothing but it is a fact that corn may be raised 
 year after year on a field and if that corn is "hogged dow n" or fed where it gi-ew 
 the .soil will gain in fertility and will produce larger crojts at the iMid of a series 
 of years than at the beginning. To keep up the soil on the farm where the most 
 of the grain is fed to hogs it is necessai-y that tlie fii'lds b(^ fenced hog tight, and 
 that the hogs have the run of them wiienext'c jiossihle. 
 
 The fertilizing value of hog manui-e is above that of all other manu-'es. A 
 300-pound hog produces manui'e of a total yearly value of $S.()0. Hence you see 
 the Ity -r)roduct is almost as valuable as the Img. Rememibei-. the L;rea! Iiaisls mi.il<- 
 their monev chieriy out of t)y-iir(Hlucts. You can ilo the same 
 
 Keep a drove of lio^is. say about fwi-nty. in a i|\iartei' id' an acr • in close; never 
 tui:i them out. Oiv.' them ^ood shelter and en.dos,' the shelter and have it lii.Ldi 
 and dry. A Iiok nevei' likes to lie out in the rain or cold winter or sunnner- wealhei'. 
 U'his neglect i-obs the liiited Stales (d' many nullions (d' lio;:s ('\er> year, -lohn 
 
 ivasmeier. 
 
 SHEEP "FIMSII" RAPIDLY. 
 
 Sheei) may he put thi'ough a f 1 lot and made in condition for the hutcliei- 
 
 in ninety days, but with cattle it is a loll^;er process. .\d othe'^ stock will make 
 the same showing that sheep wdl wiili ilie --ame caif in the same time. 
 
 (ill) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 THE MULE COMPARED WITH OTHER STOCK. 
 
 The mule is the most, valuable animal on the farm, no matter liow he may be 
 compared. In growth and development he beats the horse; in service the mule 
 team heats the horse team; in cheapness of keep he comes out ahead of the horse, 
 and he does also in ability to stand rough care and hard usage. 
 
 In average selling price he excels everything on the farm. The average value 
 of the hog on the market is $6.55; that of the sheep is $;^.i;^: that of a beef animal 
 is $17.49; that of a milch cow is $32.36; that of the Ik use is si),s.r)i, v.i'ile the mule 
 stands above them all with an average value in this cdunliy of 8l(i7.H4. A team 
 of first-class heavy mules often sell- for- $500. And it does not >"ost so much to 
 raise a mule as it does to raise a horse. 
 
 Mr. R. A. Moore of the Wisconsin experiment station i-erommends the following 
 rotation: Glover, one year; timothy and clover, one ycav. ])eas, one year; small grain, 
 one year, and back again to clover. Or the timothy and clover may be omitted and 
 cultivated crop substituted. When this is done the manure should be applied to the 
 cultivated crop, otherwise apply it to the timothy and clover. Where peas are to be 
 sold directly from the farm, it is advisable to feed the other grain crops on the 
 farm. Continuous cropping with peas encourages bad weeds and fungous diseases. 
 
 In the case of new land, however, it is advisable to raise peas twice in suc- 
 cession, so that the ground may become rich in the bacteria that aid in the best 
 development of the pea crop. As a rule, these bacteria are lacking in new soils, 
 but will be present in unlimited numbers the second year the field is cropped to peas. 
 
 When seeding new lands it is well to scatter a load of soil per acre taken from, 
 a field wliere peas have been successfully grown. This will enable the plants to 
 develop the nodules which contain the beneficial bacteria. Under normal con- 
 ditions of continuous cropping, grow the peas in rotation with other crops. 
 
 Always sow close to your hog lot in the fall a good patch of wheat or oats. 
 This gives you a fine grazing for your pigs, hogs oi' brood sows. In the middle of 
 June throughout the cotton belt if you desii'e break up said pasture good and deep 
 and plant it in sorghum, Kaffir corn or Mexican June corn. This will make you 
 under favorable season a full crop. — J. K. 
 
 CRUDE PETROLEUM. 
 
 Crude petroleum is a good paint for the iron work of wagons, machinery and 
 tools. It is almost as cheap by the barrel as water. 
 
 The U. S. Department of Agriculture well knows the evils of surface farming; 
 so do some of our first agricultural states, and they have been trying to encourage 
 good agriculture by offering prizes for corn contests. Who won these contests? 
 Was it the six-inch plowers? From 102 to 205 bushels of corn were raised by the 
 new generation who are taking these lessons to heart and plowing from 12 to 21 
 inches. 
 
 VALUE OF THE TOAD. 
 
 The prodigious appetite of tlu' toad is advocated for the sure cure for the 
 scourge of grasshoppers in Uie far west. A Scotchman near Greely, Colorado, pro- 
 poses to start a toad farm on his ranch and sell the products. He asrerts this is a 
 common practice in Europe. 
 
 (112) 
 
This illustraliiiii is tiinii an actual ijliot<)^:ra|>ii o\' a truck ^ai'ilrii in tli 
 ( iulf Coast Country of Texas. 
 
 ^f4 
 
 -Jlk-^ 
 
 
 
 
 - r»->~"«^"; .^^, v 
 
 Legumes of all kinds grow wonderfully in the (iulf C.>a>t Cuuiilrx .4 T.\a.-: 
 as evidenced by above pliotograpli. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 We iicvci- know tlic worth of water till tlio wfll is dry. nor the worth of food 
 tiie cost of living is liif^h. 
 
 SALT Ff)R COLICKY CALVES. 
 
 Calves should lie allowed to run on pastures as much as possible. It provides 
 (\\ereise, and they do much better than if kept ui». Many a good calf has been 
 I'uined by under feeding, and this is no less true <d' omt feeding. That is the reason 
 we have adopted a medium ration and stick to it. Ilaiidfed calves sometimes have 
 colic but it is not often fatal. Two tablespoonsful n( common salt in a pint of 
 water used as a drench never fails to give i)rompt relief. 
 
 Plainview, Colo. 
 
 HOT WATER FOR INFLAMED FDDER 
 
 When the cow comes fresh if (he \idder is sN\dllen or' inflamed bathe it in 
 water as hot as the hand can bear, it will reiies'e hei', and she can be more easily 
 milked. Try this, too. sometime, when she holds up her niilk. It almost always 
 works. 
 
 (irouse. Ore. MRS. GUS SMITH. 
 
 STARVING RUSSIANS EAT OWN CHILDREN. 
 
 St. I^etersburg, March 13, 1911. — Horrifying stories are reaching this city from 
 (lie famine zone in Central Russia where nearly 4,000,000 persons are starving. 
 In one of the communities the situation has become so desperate that mothers 
 and fathers have killed and eaten their own children. Gaunt, starving peasants 
 and women, emaciated and frenzied from suffei-ing, fight over crusts and bones. 
 All the public granaries are empty despite government measures. No general relief 
 is in sight. 
 
 SUBSOIL THE GRASS LANDS. 
 
 'Hie grass in that upland meadow is not doing what it should. The sod is so 
 hard that but little of each rainfall |)enetrates it. 
 
 JM'oni two to five times as much ^rass or hay coidd be produced by going over 
 it with a subsoilei'. the kind that makes a slot in the sod and soil 15 to 20 inches 
 deep- -it d(ies not throw up any earth- -merely pi'csst^s it aside. These slots should 
 he ti'om IJ to 20 inches apart and cut across the slope or grade, keeping the bot- 
 tom of the slot as near level as possible so as to I'etain all of the w^ater. 
 
 Run the subsoiler as deep as your power will draw it. Don't be afraid of get- 
 iin.i: (he bottom of this furi'ow oi' slot down into the clay. The grass roots will go 
 (o the bottom of it and idtimately convert this clay into soil. 
 
 ft will cost- you about .$1.00 per acre to subsoil your meadow or prairie lands 
 ■,[]\i\ the results will last from three to six years, when you should again subsoil. 
 
 If you are not satisfied with that [irairie grass you are now raising, then attach 
 a seeder to the subsoiler and put in blue grass or Bermuda grass, either of which 
 V, ill jiredominate within a year or so. 
 
 In some respects this is the most important subject treated in this book. Not 
 oidy should every farmer try it on his upland grass and meadow lands, but it is 
 ajiplicable to all of the public domain where grass grows or can be made to grow. 
 
 The Pr(^sident of the United States has suggested the expenditure of $50,000,000 
 OI- more, to pi'event the overflow of the Mississippi river. If the government would 
 use i)arl of this sum subsoiling its western prairies and plains, as outlined here, 
 
 (114) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 the assistance it would jict in tlif work on tin- i)ai't ot tlir vafious slal.-s. railroads, 
 great corporations and individuals, would within a tew years cl'lVclually cin'ck any 
 more flood flows from llie w.-st. 'I'lic inri'i'us.'d -^i-ass growth thus crrah'd w-nild 
 feed all the cattl<> of a fdntinnit. 
 
 This may look a stupiMKious undcrlakinL; dn the |)art ot lln- .u<.\ .-rnniful. it 
 Lncle Sam had not "shook his fisC at so many n[ Ihr larur (M.rporatiniis. tli.-y w.iuld 
 be glad to take this whole task .iir his hands, pay me handsomely for <li(.win;i tlnMii 
 this opportunity, and not <iiily make billion- of |.i(di: bu' t lifmsrlvi-s but fMi-iiish 
 us plenty of meat, as cheai) as twenty-five ycar^^ a^:o. 
 
 If by subsoiling. 1 am able to make juairie ^rass ^row tlirei' and four feel hi-h 
 on my farm, instead of six to II' inches, where not sr.b.idled. Ilien the same inci'ease 
 (d' grass crop can be had in all the we- tern ^rass n'^^ions. The ,uo\crnment or -real 
 corporations could subsoil much moi'e cln ai)l.\- than I. because they would \\<c the 
 traction engines with gangs of subsoilers. Here is a eonser\ation p'an that i- \er\ 
 .simple and easy of application. It would gi\e tllo;!^ands of men |iernianent emp'o. - 
 ment and I'esult in an abundance n\' ini-at for ever>l)ody. 
 
 Fellow farmers, the above is ^ood advice lor lncle Sam. but he usually laki s 
 a longtime to think and talk o\er such an in:io\ation. ami besides, it i-; an ok'alioma 
 method — ultra-American -at present liicle Sam is looking, and sending commis- 
 sions, to Europe to leai'n how to fai'ni. financ'. ^o\ri'ii. and do nearly e\e,-> huma'.i 
 activity, in the meantime we farmers should su!);o;l on' ;iass lands and gel Ib.c 
 ■'cream" off of the business before I'ncle Sam gets into it. Ui'm<'mber by subsnijing 
 you can raise good alfalfa on yom' uplands. — John Kasmeiei'. 
 
 SEWER a(;e. 
 
 To (be liMted Stales and to (be Siates: 
 
 You must put an immediate stoj) to >our iminici|ialities wasting and de- 
 stroying the sewage, the most id' which woidd niake a fei't ili/e;' i>[ 'Tcal \alue. 
 You snake the foundations of the g.'vernni.'.;! lellinii the trusts and fMh'-.ad- >-. hal 
 they must do and not do. bvit jjei'mil \(iur ciiie- to continue a mo;-e lUiporta it in- 
 fraction of law, economic law. than those other corpoi•alion^. 'l"he farmer needs (hi-; 
 by-product of the city; the raili-oad needs the back 1 aul and v.-e will pa>- for (he 
 fertilizer. I will buy it, my neighbors and those using my mediods will b,iy. The 
 demand is unlimited. 
 
 PIT SILOS. 
 
 Make them id' cement the sami' as a cistern. They will be found mxahi.able i)\ 
 all fruit and vegetable raisers. 
 
 Ai)ples and potatoes should bi- ground hid'ore putting in the silo. I'eaidies ma> 
 he [)\\\ in whole. 
 
 I presume you need noi be told that this silage will fatten your lio-s q licke;- 
 llian ibslill.'ry slops. 
 
 To remove silage for' feeding use an elc\ator. 
 
 TO I' HE KA.NKEKS. 
 
 Vou have often been nnsundei'stnod and nnsjudged h> the farmers an I p d)lic 
 in geiu-ral. who do not see or understand the conditions \ou have to im el. Klerna! 
 vigilance is the price you pay for being ready to withstand a contracdion or a 
 l)anic. In turn, many of you have misundei<tood (he conditions and |»roblem< (hat 
 
 , llo 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 confront the farmer. The most of >-nu are coHege men. and all of you are students, 
 hence should lend a hand and help to solve some of the farm problems, not only 
 to be able to help the farmers, but to help yourself financially, ijliysically and 
 morally. 
 
 You should own and operate a fai'ni. and it should be the best operated farm in 
 your community. If you follow my method it will lie a scientific experimental 
 station convenient to every farmer in the comity and will pay you a better direct 
 retui'n on your investment than the most of those notes in \dur vaidts. 
 
 Don't fail to teach youi' cliildi'en, both boys and gii'ls. j.i'actical farming. They 
 will live to see the day \\iien the best fai'mers will, financially and socially, rank 
 above what we now call the learne(j and business i)rofessions. 
 
 Government statistics show that the foodstuffs imported liy the I'nited States 
 in the eight montlis ending with February 1910, were valued in the a^:>:regate at 
 i*;262,000,000, as compared with *244.00(],000 for the same- perio(t of 1911 and with only 
 ^145,000,000 for the same pei'iod of 1902. This shows that such imports have almost 
 doubled in value in ten yeai's. 
 
 I'art of this ai)i)ai'ent increase in the American aj^pefile for foreign foods is 
 due to the increased cost .d foiMlstviffs in all the markets of the woi'ld but in great 
 measui'e is due to the inci'ease of our city-dwelling poijulatii'n and the i'clati\-e de- 
 crease in the production of our farms. In the item of l)i'eadstuffs. the ini|.)orts have 
 tri{)led in value in the ten years. 
 
 This means that we are no longer an agricultinal nation engaged in feeding 
 the world. Our exijorts of raw products ai'e still very lai'ge. but they deci'case 
 steadily, and our exi)oi'ts of manufactured wai'(\s as steadily increase. This is the 
 thing that is working many of the vital changes in our social constitution that are 
 so puzzling to some statesmen. 
 
 FOR SNAKE lUTES. 
 
 In case of snake bite catidi a (diicken, a black one is best. Don't kill U, but take 
 a sharp knife and split at the breast back and put it ovei' the snake bite. The 
 chicken will turn ^I'een. Repeat this process with fresh chickens until they fail 
 to turn green. 
 
 THE INDIAN RUNNER DUCK. 
 
 There is no duck so hardy for the farm as this breed. They lay large white 
 eggs, rich in -protein conteid, valuable for food or cake baking, and readily sellers 
 on the market. The middle of May is plenty early to have the yotmg ducklings 
 appear. They grow fast and weigli from 4 to 5 pounds in 8 or iO weeks and may 
 be marketed while the price is good, and young duck roasts are in demand in the 
 city restaurants. All surplus stock should be marketed as soon as mature, for a 
 duck will soon eat up its indfil when growth ceases. The market is poor for the 
 overfat or the old flabb> fat duck. 
 
 S'V\'EET WCKLED GREEN TOMATOES. 
 
 1 bushel green tomatoes, 1 peck small white onions, 10c mustard seed, 10c all 
 spice, 5c cloves (whole), 5c bruised ginger 10c whole mace, broken small, 4 table- 
 spoonsful ground ciimamon, 4 tablespoonsful celery seed 1 gallon cider vinegar, 
 1 gallon water, (or enough to cover well the vinegar and water) ; sweeten with 
 brown sugar, about 2 pounds, or enough to taste good. 
 
 (116) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Cut up tiic tomatiM's in slices about l-'i incli lliick. nniuns sani.'; jiul in lln' 
 spices; covci' with xini'i^ar ami siipar: IhmI Iwn dv Ihicc lnuii-s slowlx until \ rry 
 tender. Can while hot. 
 
 SUCCESS IX FEF:DIN<i LAMIiS. 
 
 During tlio few years I have been feedinu westei-n lambs I have been led to 
 Uie conclusion that the foundation upon which the most successful operations must 
 rest is grass. ]-5y this I mean not only bluegi'ass. l)ut clo\er and alfalfa as well. 
 It is not only beneficial to tbe lambs, but grass feedint: is tlie best wa.\ to keeji up 
 
 the fertility of the soil oi' to ini|)rove a wor-nout fai in. SI p nKu.ure juit on with 
 
 a spreadei' is (piite stimulating to ^I'ass. and ,i^ooi| sod turned nndei' in its turn 
 brings good ci'o|is (d coi'n and wheat. !'"oi' bi'si residts in InindlinL: the lamb- they 
 must be prote(ded from the wind, fed ha>- and ,L:rain re,-ulai'l\- twice ;i da\. .just a 
 little less than will be eaten up clean, and v;i\en all the clean, i)ni'i' watei' lhe\- will 
 
 drink. They n I a littl.' salt daily, and the I. .Is should he k.'i't dean with plenty 
 
 (d" bedding,- IV 1). CemeiM. Si'veranc. Kans. 
 
 One of the important functions (d' lime that is often oveidooked is that it i)i'e- 
 pares land for leguminous ci'oiis. 'I'hei'e aic man>- types of soil not adai)led to 
 growing such ci-ops as alfalfa, clovei-. xctidi. soy beans, etc.. because of the acid 
 condition of the land oi' because (d' the lack of micro-(.i,-anisms that are essential 
 for leguminous croi)s. Often b.\- the use of lixdr'ated lime the smi may be prejiared 
 for these bacteria and hence the legumes grown. Lime is a xcry usefid amendment 
 (d' stimulant for soil and its use ou^;bt to be more connnon. 
 
 Most of the methods of "breaking: up" hens fidiu setliiiL: are crutd and tir-e and 
 distress the imioceid hens who are not to blame for their instincd. The kindest way 
 is the followin.i:: When it is necessai'y to stop the iiKdination. place the hen in a 
 nice clean coop, alone, with fresh grass, and all tli.' fresh meat cut fine thai she 
 will eat. The meat immediately increases the e-- nourish meid. and while the hen 
 is having a really good time, she is fast preparing her-el! to coninii'nce laying eggs. 
 It will take but two oi' thive days b(d"oiv she torpids all aboid sitrinu:. having other 
 affairs to attend to. 
 
 The quail is tln^ farmer's friend and shoidd be proteided b\- him. ni<lead 
 being slaughtered, as the>- are the best e\ternnnalors (d woians and inseids 
 the fields . 
 
 Helen (lould has brou;;hl about, throu.^h the le-islalure in several stales, laws 
 for'biddin^ the killing: of (|uail for five years. This should be adopt,.,! lhrou^:lio\d 
 ih,' fiuteil States th,Mi watch tli.' ins,'(d .l:o. it \\:\< b,.,Mi tii:ur,.,i ,uit that tln-y 
 destroyed in ,ine •■astein stale alon,- :{.L'(I(I t,.ns ,.f ins,-,ds. Thanks I,. Il,d,'n (iouM 
 and watch those birds litdp us make a crop.- .1. K. 
 
 Now. kind Header', if w,' stu,ly ami i.i-ndic' this littl,- bo,.k ami ask tli,- Almighty 
 Creator for his blessings and for Mini \>> ,iw,.|l w ith us. w,- an^ then hound to prosper, 
 for Christ says, "Wliatever you shall ask my i'alln'i' in My nam,-, it shall be 
 granted." 
 
 (117) 
 
The two seasons: HuntinK and ,uar(l('iiiii>z. 
 of Texas will tell you how to liiint I'abhits in 
 the Northener will look upon tlif snow-clad 
 Here is sport for young and old. 
 
 'I'his crack shot of the Gulf Coast 
 tliH cabbage liclds of January, when 
 patch of ground behind his house. 
 
 <!nif Cuast of Texas, the paradise oF the slate, wlieiv .-ood old ".Sol" does tin 
 work without expense to you. Is it any wonder that the I'oses l)looin perpetually 
 'J'his clergyman thinks there is no better recreation in leisure moments than tendin? 
 a little garden patch. Notice his singular way of tightening the garden fence. 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 An ai)i)i'oi)['iat(' prayer fm- anyoiir, im maltrr what (iccnpat inn lie is (MipaKf'fl in.: 
 
 A HAILROAD MANS I'UAVKU. 
 
 '■Oh. Ldi'd. now llial I ha\r ria^:;;r(l Tl , lilt n|i my tVrt off tiir r..u^:li ma.l 
 
 and plant tiirni safely on I he i)latl'(>rni (.1 the train nt salvation. Let me use thf 
 safety lamp known as piudeiice, make all the couplings on the tcain witli tlie strong 
 link of Thy love and lei n)y lian<l lam]) be the Bible: and. heaveidy Fathei-. kepj> 
 all the switches closed that lead oft on sidiii^:s. es|.ecially those with a blind end. 
 Oti. Lord, if it be Thy pleasniv. have evei'y seinaphoce li-ht alon;: the hue show the 
 white llL:ht of hope, thai I may make the r'un of life without st(.ppnc^. And Lord, 
 ,uive us the Ten Commandments for a schedule; and when I have finished the run 
 on .schedule time, |iulled into the j^reat dai'k station of Death, may 'I'lmu. the 
 Superintendent (d the 1 iu\cise. -ay, 'Well done, thou ^;ood and faithful sei'vaid. 
 come and si;:ii the pa.\coll and I'eceive a check foi- Eternal llappine.s.s." " 
 
 rilK HKSr SKKI) A NHCKSSriY. 
 That the liesi crops are ^irown fi'om tli<" Itest si'ctl. every one Ixdieves. Yet how 
 indiffereid in piactice are some of us t(i the necessity of securing the best seed- 
 corn for our own u-e. an indifference thai is pi'obably the most costly of all our 
 faults. 
 
 NOTKS OF IM KHICST. 
 
 'j'he fn'st, tai'iff was ni \1H\1 
 Silk was fii'st made in ISoO. 
 
 Homeopathy was iidi'oduced in 1825. 
 Women first \oted in W yomini.: in 1870. 
 The iihono^^raph was first heai'd in 1H77. 
 
 Sewing: machines were first used in 1846. 
 
 The iiateid rii:lit law was enacded in 1790. 
 Th.' fnst steamboat idied the Hudson in 18(17. 
 The first adoption of standai'd time was in 88;i. 
 
 ihe .'apilal was established at Wasbin^^toii. I8(i<i. 
 The first canal was opened in 80-4, in Connecticut, 
 'j'he first dental (dfice was opened in .New York in 1)88. 
 The fwsl assay (dfice was establish. •.! at New York m 18:,',. 
 The Department (d' Agriculture was made an executive one in 1888. 
 
 In I7()7. William Lyle. (d' New York, made the first hot-air furnace. 
 The fir-st I'l'esident. Washini^ton. was inaugurated April ;.{(), 17811. 
 
 V 1 lit ) 
 
Universal Farming 
 
 Cotton was first raised in Virginia in l()21. and fii-st exported in 1747. Tlie first 
 cotton mill was operated in New Hamiishirc, IS(13. 
 
 The first discovery of petroleum was in 1860, in Pennsylvania. 
 Iron was discovered in Yiruiiiia in 1715. and Kold in Califoi'nia in 1848. 
 
 The first ship to carry (tur flay around the world was the shii) Columbia, 1780- 
 
 1790. 
 
 The first woman to write M. 1). after her name was Elizabeth Blackwell. in 849. 
 
 The first woman lawyer was Miss Mansfield, who liun?-; out lu>r shingle in 869. 
 
 The first ayricultui'al fail' was held at (Tcorgidown, District of Columbia, in 18 0. 
 
 The first telegraph mes.-aia' was sent from WashiuKton to Baltimore, May 
 1844. 
 
 Vaccination was iidroduccd into the I'nited States in 1800 by Dr. ^^'aterhnuse, 
 of Harvard Cnivci'sity. 
 
 To Comiecticut belon.us tlic honor of establishing the I'irst cxiM'rimcidal station. 
 This was in 1875. 
 
 The first State to add a star to the constitution of thirteen was Illinois, admitted 
 December 3, 1818. 
 
 The first bi'idye of any kind ei'ccted across the Mississi[)pi River was com- 
 pleted in .lanuary, 1855, at Minneapolis. 
 
 The fii'st hospital was ei'ected in Pennsylvania, February 7, 1751. The Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital it was called. 
 
 The fii'st ])atent on a <tove foi' hrn'oin;-', anthracite coal was takeii out by 
 Anthonv Sava'-ve. of PottsviUe, I'emisylvania. in 1830. 
 
 The first voya^ie of an .\merican vessel around the world wa.s made by the ship 
 Cr.lumbia, fr'om Boston, starting- September .30, 1787. 
 
 Edison's hdephone was fii'st used at the World's Fair, Philadelphia, 1876, but 
 it was two y(^ars later before there was one in public use. 
 
 The fii'st steamer, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic, from Sa\annali to Liver- 
 jiool, in 1819, starting May 24 and crossing in twenty-five days. 
 
 The Weather liureau was established in 1870, Increase Lajiham and Henry 
 i'aine framini: the law which established the signal office at Washington. 
 
 As an example to show how our land is wasted, Germany with all her 60.000.000 
 people could live in Oklahoma and the entire population of the United States could 
 live and prosper in the state (d' Tei-as and would have products to export if the 
 iiroper scientific methods and cai'e were used in fai'ming the soil. 
 
 The quail is the farmer's friend and should be proteided by him. instead of being 
 slaughtered, as they are the best exterminators of worms and insects in the fields. 
 
 ( 120 ) 
 
Universal Far m i n g 
 
 Kind Hrail.T. Iliis IxH.k sliows you that tli.-rc air millions of acrrs (.r lan.i 
 ruiiird all (111 account nf tlir ne-lccl dj' Inclr Sam in nnj takinu up llic sysb-m ()i' 
 ilir iK.blr Sduthci'ii rarmcr. liduiv the Cixil Wai'. Win. took caiv of tlir i)i-('cious 
 
 <.m1 l)\ makinu ciirlr ditcli.-s and watci' iuri-o\vs. so in' could f I liis |.r.-s.-iil po|)- 
 
 Mlatioii. and tlir luluiv ;:cniM'at ion<. by' pivsccN in^: tli.' IVrtilr soil, lie knew that 
 it was only a |)a|.ci' tillr that lir Indd on this land. S,. when he w.Mit to Ins r|..|-iial 
 I'.'st Ih' could tui'ii over this land to his inheritance, .just as he I'eceiwd it IVom the 
 Almi.Lzhty land ownei'. Ihat shows that he was not only a lMi>Jnes< lainiei' hut als.. 
 a Clii'i.stian larmei'. r>ut what has ha|ipened since then, our (ioxei'iimenl has made 
 no comi)ulsion and you no douht have helpe.l to sUuii^hter the fertile sml. So i^ 
 there any wonder at the cost (d' lii,::h living:. .Now kind immi.::i'aloi' to the sod. .d' 
 such land w.- want to ;:uard you. We are suiv that if you will come to the Culf 
 Coast of Texas, in the Diocese id' ('.or|)Us Chidsti or San .Vntoiiio^ we can show \du 
 tiiousaiids (d' aci'es of \'ii',L:in soil, that will |)i'oduce most aii\-tliin.i: nhu plant and a 
 .stock food that will yield fi'oiu tweiity-fivi' f.) one hundred tons per acre. 
 
 You must take into consideration, if you intend immiui'al iii^ to the farm, that 
 
 you wdl (dten lia\c to contend with fl Is and droUi:ht<. 'I'liis occuri'ence has pi-e- 
 
 vailed throu.Ljhoul the history of the W(wld. 
 
 ■These conditions ha\e jirexailed up to the present time, as mentioned above. 
 
 i''or instance, two of I he I\mpires of Kui'ope. one Ihissja. and tl Ihei' (iermany. 
 
 Ilussia. in nineteen eleven. tliroUL:li cru.le farmini: and <lrouL;ht. lo<t throu^di star- 
 \atioii, o\-er fi\e million jieojile. (Iermany on the other hand had o\er V: million 
 Ions (d' |)erisliable and stai)le pi^oduid. and all tlii'ou,L:li scientific fai'iiiin.u and fer- 
 tilizing. 
 
 If you ai'e contemplatiii,:: on leaxin;.: >-our present location before \du ^o else- 
 wliei'e. come and si'e us In Texas ami especially, in the Diocese cd' Corpus Cludsti, 
 and San Antoni(.. Whei^evei' you desire to locate look u|t the ads in tliis book. \\> 
 have in these <li(.ces,.<. .omc of the finest ami mo.-t fertile Ian. I in the Ciiited States, 
 wiiicdi can be gotten at reasonable prices. 
 
 .lOti.N KASMKIKH. 
 
 ( 121 
 
In Conclusion 
 
 IN concluding tliis little treatise, I desire to express my appreciation of the fact 
 that my theories will not perhaps be received enthusiastically everywhere. It may 
 be that some of my readers have far different ideas, — others may have tried approx- 
 imately the same method that I propose, without success. Far different con- 
 ditions exist in different parts of the counti-y. Some conditions mi^lit not be suit- 
 able for the application of the m»'thod that I advise. Some farmei's after trying 
 some of my methods, may declare them to be a failure. I would respectfully ask, 
 howevei', tliat before my methods are condemned that they be tried out fully 
 and in every detail. The first trial may not be entirely satisfactory. — some 
 little essential detail may be oveiiooked.— but I am confident from my (iwn ex- 
 perience that a careful study and application of these methods will bring sure 
 results. I have tried them in widely varying soils, under different climatic con- 
 ilitions, and in various parts of the South. I liave no apology to offer for sub- 
 mitting them to the public, as I have been successful with farming, using these 
 methods, whei'e my neighbors, using otiier methods, have failed. My friends 
 and the business men who are familiar with my work know that I have made 
 a success of it, and urged me to present my views to the public. I ha\<' now 
 done so, and if the kiiowli'dgc submitted iiei'ein benefits only a few ot my i-eaders, 
 then I feel that this book will be (he success that farming has been with me. under 
 the tiieories herein set forth. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 JOHN KASMEIEH. 
 
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