Class 
 
 Book 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSl'J 
 
[■■■■■■■^ 
 
 ■■■■■■■■■-■■■■■■■■■■■■— 1 
 
 Washington Territory 
 
 THE FAR NORTHWEST. 
 
 Copyrighted. 
 
 By an Old Settler, not in the Interest of Railroads 
 OR Localities. 
 
 A RELIABLE GUIDE FOR ALL. 
 
 Written and Compiled by 
 D. P. BALLARD, OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 ■ASA. 
 
 Travel via the 
 
 MONON ROUTE 
 
 COMING FROM ALL 
 
 LoauTiUt, Haw Albany A Chictigo Ry. Co._H a»' 
 
 Portions of the South and Southea.st, givins; choice of PuUnian car lines via Louisville or 
 Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Chicago. E. O. McCoRMicK, Gen. Pass. Agt., 183 Dearborn 
 Slrtet, Chicago. 
 
 BALLARD & CO., Publishers, 
 
 155 WASHINGTON STREET, . - - CHICAGO. 
 
 I ■ ■-■M. ■■-■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■MBBMBBHW 
 
 KITTR^DQE & FRIOTT, PRINTERS. 82 & 84 MARKET ST., CHICAGO. 
 
To IVjontana, Or<egoii aqd Wa^jington. 
 
 ^*.K^ 
 
 If you are going west bear in mind the following facts: The Northern 
 Pacific Railroad owns and operates '9S7 miles, or 57 per cent, of the intire 
 railroad mileage of Montana; spans the Territory with its main line from east 
 to west ; is the short line to Helena ; the only Pullman and dining car line to 
 Butte, and is the only line that reaches Miles City, Billings, Bozeman, Mis- 
 soula, the Yellowstone National Park, and, in fact, nine-tenths of the cities and 
 points of interest in the Territory. 
 
 The Northern- Pacific owns and operates 621 miles, or 56 per cent, of the 
 railroad mileage of Washington, its main line extending from the Idaho line, via 
 Spokane Falls, Cheney, Sprague, Yakima and Ellensburg, through the center 
 of the Territory to Tacomo and Seattle, and from Tacoma to Portland. No 
 other trans-continental through rail line reaches any portion of Washington 
 Territory. Ten days stop over privileges are given on Northern Pacific second 
 class tickets at Spokane Falls and all points west, thus affording intending 
 settlers an excellent opportunity to see the intire Territory without incurring the 
 expense of paying local fares from point to point. 
 
 The Northern Pacific is the shortest route from St. Paul to Tacoma by 
 207 miles ; to Seattle by 177 miles, and to Portland by 324 miles — time corre- 
 spondingly shorter, varying from one to two days,, according to destination. 
 No other line from St. Paul or Minneapolis runs through passenger cars of any 
 kind into Idaho, Oregon or Washington. 
 
 In addition to being the only rail line to Spokane Falls, Tacoma and 
 Seattle, the Northern Pacific reaches all the principal points in Northern 
 Minnesota and Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Bear in 
 mind that the Northern Pacific and Shasta line is the famous scenic route to all 
 points in California. 
 
 Send for illustrated pamphlets, maps and books, giving you valuable in- 
 formation in reference to the country, ti^aversed by this great line from St. Paul, 
 Minneapolis, Duluth and Ashland to Portland, Oregon, and Tacoma and 
 Seattle, Washington Territory, and enclose stamps for the new iSSg Rand 
 Mc Nally County Ma;p of Washington Territory, printed in colors. 
 
 Address your nearest ticket agent, or Chas. S. Fee, General Passenger and 
 Ticket Agent, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
WASHINGTON TERRITORY 
 
 -a.iTiD 
 
 THE FAR northwest; 
 
 OREGON, IDAHO AND MONTANA. 
 
 Capitalist, Tourist, Sportsman, Prospector 
 AND Home-Seeker, 
 
 CLIMATE. HEALTH, RESOURCES. 
 
 Facts, by an Old Settler, not in the interest of Railroads or 
 
 Localities. 
 
 /? /^aUa te^ 
 
 "I hear the tread of Pioneers. 
 
 Of nations yet to be: 
 The first low wash of waves where soon 
 
 Shall roll a human sea. 
 The elements of Empire here 
 
 Are plastic yet and warm: 
 The choas of a mighty world 
 
 Is rounding into form. 
 Each rude and jostling fragment soon 
 
 Its fitting place shall find; 
 The raw material of the State, 
 
 It's muscle and it's mind." 
 
 BALLARD & CO., Publishers. 
 
 155 Washington Street, 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 PRICE 10 CENTS. 
 
 SOLD BY NEWS DEALERS AND THE PUBLISHERS. 
 

PREFACE, 
 
 n^HE object of this pamphlet is to give general information about the sections 
 _[ named — Oregon, Washington Territory, Idaho and Montana. 
 
 It is not claimed that the whole ground is covered. We have, however, 
 given hints which will be beneficial to the Tourist, Capitalist, Emigrant and 
 Miner. 
 
 We are not in the enploy of any Railroad, Locality, or Boomer. We write 
 of what we have seen, and know to be as herein stated. 
 
 Pens of eloquence, dipped in Railroad ink, have been used to induce the 
 traveler to take particular lines and ride into the Icy North, or the Alligator 
 Sw. ps of the South to hunt Homes, Scenery, Health and Riches. But in this 
 Mttl aif, the reader will find facts stated as they exist, without reference to re- 
 \Ve have given the bitter and the sweet of each section named. Having 
 spent many years in the Far Northwest we write by the card. For some of the 
 matter herein we are indebted to the following periodicals: 
 
 The Post-Intelligence, Seattle, W. T. The Nugget, Chehalis, W. T. 
 
 The Oregonian, Portland, Or. The Inter -Mountain, 
 
 The Tacoma Ledger, Tacoma, W. T. Butte City, Mont. 
 
 The Palome Gazette, Colfax, W. T. The Lewis County Bee, 
 
 The IValla Walla Union, Chehalis, W. T. 
 
 Walla Walla, W. T. The Wardner Nervs, 
 The Revieiv, Roseburg, Or. Wardner, Idaho. 
 
 The East Oregonian, Pendleton. Or. TJie Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 The N'orthwestern III. Magazine, The Washington Standard, 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. Olympia, W. T. 
 
 The Miner, Butte City, Mont. The Review, Spokane Falls, W. T. 
 
 The Statesman, Salem, Or. The Blade, Baker City, Or. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 D. P. BALL.\RD. 
 Chicago, January, iSSg. 
 
HARTMAN MFG. COS PATENT STEEL PICKET FENCE & GATES 
 
 (FACTORIES BEAVE.R FALLS p A .\ I 
 
 ■mM 
 
 ^ ihsal K^ndo. . 
 
 ^m/$ prachcally 
 "^ /if Inde5truchbie 
 
 cheaper than ev^en 
 
 
 ^M' th\eoniv V ' 
 9ood,cheapFei|ceH|dri5 'y^ 
 
 harrriless to slocK- t\^ 
 
 Our LaWnf^nce- U - 
 
 jsthe only PenceHiatprotecls %\ \^ 
 
 aLaWnwifhouUoncealingit ||!\ 9^ 
 
 TIIIH!II1I|.MIH1I1:1 
 
 iiiiiniiiii 
 
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 ninillUIIHIHIUlU . 
 
 IBIIHIIBBiaiHIIHIiii llBB 
 
 nmiiiiiiininiiiiiiHiiiiiiiBi 
 
 IIIUBBBBnBHBBBBBBBi 
 WHBBBIHniHBlillllBnBi 
 
 A<)klhe nearest Dealer for circular & Price -Li'sr or send lo 
 
 Western Sales: Agency, first NAT+otJAi. bank, building- Chicago . kl 
 
 Free. 33?'forAandso/?7e,''a£//ustad/eT/c/Cfr€Ca{enz/er/or''89., send z cent stamp. 
 
 BALLARD S CO.. Publishers. 
 
 JHHE author of this Pamphlet has sought to give general 
 ■- information, fairly and impartially, to the thousands 
 who are now looking towards the great Northwest. All 
 i classes can safely rely upon the data and statements 
 •j contained herein, as to the vast and varied resources of 
 the sections described. For many years he has traversed 
 the Plains, scaled the Mountains, forded the Streams, push- 
 ed through the trackless Forests, and sailed down the 
 water-ways to the Sea. 
 
 During the coming season he will go as Guide for Tour- 
 ists. Capitalists, or Sportsmen. He solicits correspond- 
 ence, or personal interviews. Information FREE. Ko 
 Capitalist, Tourist, Sportsman, Home Seeker, Prospector. 
 Miner or Business Man can afford to do without the fund 
 of information contained herein. 
 
WASHINGTON TERRITORY 
 
 AND THE FAR NORTHWEST. 
 
 BY AN OLD SETTLER. 
 
 The boundless and varied resources of an almost limitless 
 West are now attracting the attention of Capitalists, Tourists, 
 Sportsmen and Home-seekers. Already on the great highway 
 of commerce, the ships of the Maritime Nations of the globe, 
 to and from the Orient, spread their white wings on the waters 
 of Puget Sound, that grandest inland harbor on the Continent, 
 through which the shortest route to Chicago, New York and 
 Liverpool is secured. The rich cargoes from China, Japan, and 
 the Islands of the Ocean are now unloading at the docks of 
 Tacoma and Seattle into the cars of our transcontinental lines, 
 all of which are rapidly building to connect with that great In- 
 land Sea of Washington Territory. With its rich and extensive 
 deposits of mineral wealtJi, with great productive agricultural 
 sections, with immense bodies* of grazing lands, with great rivers 
 sweeping from the mountains to the Pacific, with an inexhausti- 
 ble supply of coal and timber, with sublime mountain chains 
 crowned with eternal snows, where winter looks down into 
 fertile fields and beautiful valleys, while gardens bloom and 
 landscapes smile in their loveliness, and a contented and happy 
 people dwell amid flowers and foliage in the zenith of summer^ 
 The future of this Great Wonderland is no longer doubtful or 
 problematical. 
 
 THE GREAT WEST. 
 
 That portion of our country now attracting more than usua 
 .attention, is often called the "New Northwest," and is composed 
 of Washington Territory, Oregon and Idaho; and Montana is 
 frequently included in the same expression. 
 
6 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 The reader who has not yet visited this section, cannot 
 comprehend its vastness in any better way than by a perusal of 
 the following: 
 
 In square miles 
 
 Washington Territory contains 68,000 
 Idaho « 85,000 
 
 Oregon " 95,000 
 
 Montana " 145,000 
 
 Total 393,000 
 
 Nearly as large -as the French and German Empires com- 
 bined. Larger than seven states like Illinois. Larger than 
 forty-three like Vermont. Larger than 360 like Rhode Island. 
 Larger than Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
 Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina and Indiana combined. Larger than both Italy 
 and France. Larger than England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales 
 and the German Empire combined. 
 
 If the track of the great N. P. R. R. weie laid around this 
 region, the two ends would not meet by 389 miles, and the 
 engine speeding at 30 miles per hour would consume four days 
 in making the circuit of this part of the United States, about 
 which there is so much ignorance in the Mississippi valley and 
 the East. If we omit Alaska with its 575,000 square miles, the 
 country we are speaking of constitutes one tenth of the United 
 States in area, and is capable of supporting forty millions of 
 people. 
 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 Contains a variety of soil, surface and scenery, and has two 
 distinct climatic divisions, separated by the Cascade Mountains. 
 West of these Mountains the climate is as mild as that of Tenn- 
 esse, and in winter, very damp, both owing to the warm Japan 
 current which washes its shores, and the Chinook, or south west 
 ocean winds. These winds prevail from October to May, and 
 
Washing-ton Territory afzd the far Northivest. 7 
 
 during the summer change to the Northwest; thus giving most 
 delightful summers. 
 
 The population of the Territory in 18S8; 275,000. 
 
 Miles of Railway ; 1,000. 
 
 Miles of Inland Navigable Waters; 1,200. 
 
 Lumber exported in 18SS; 706,000,000 feet. 
 
 Tons of Coal mined in 188S; 1,340,000. 
 
 Land set aside for schools; 2,700,000 acres. 
 
 School laws copied from the best in the oldest states. 
 
 West of the Cascade Mountains, the country contains forests 
 of fir, cedar and spruce, estimated to contain one hundred and 
 twenty-five billion feet of lumber; or enough to last one hundred 
 and twenty-five years at an annual yield of one thousand million 
 feet. 
 
 Many thousands of the trees are from five to twelve feet in 
 diameter, and one hundred to two hundred and eighty feet high, 
 with bodies clear of limbs for fifty to one hundred and fifty feet 
 above the ground. Trees are frequently cut and sawed which 
 yield twelve thousand to twenty thousand feet, each, of excellent 
 lumber. The fir is good ship timber, and goes into all the uses 
 that pine does. The spruce is odorless, and is excellent for uses 
 where other kinds of lumber are valueless, on account of the 
 "woody" taste communicated by them. There are many quarter 
 sections (160 acres) which yield eight to twelve million feet of 
 lumber each. This timber can be had of the Government, or of 
 the N. P. R. R. Co., and the settlers. There are five saw mills 
 now cutting two hundred and fifty thousand feet each, per day 
 of lumber, beside a number of smaller mills. Besides these for- 
 ests there are numerous small prairies and bodies of valley lands 
 of great richness. 
 
 Grain, fruit, hops, vegetables and grasses grow to great per- 
 fection. The grape and peach, however, do not do well except 
 in few localities. In this part of the Territory, the Hungarian, 
 Italian, French, German and Turkish prunes do excellently well, 
 and many orchards are being planted by the new settlers. 
 
 The great coal fields, too, are here found, and contain more 
 acres than all the mines of England. Here, too, are great de- 
 posits of lime, marble and iron; as if nature had done her best in 
 putting the iron and the timber for the ships, the lime and the 
 building rock for the mason, in close proximity. In this part of 
 
8 Washingtoti Territory and the far Northwest, 
 
 the Territory, too, are numerous navigable bays, lakes, and the 
 great inland waters of Puget Sound with its two thousand miles 
 of shore line. 
 
 Fatal epidemics are unknown, and malaria prevails in only 
 one section and then to a small degree. The fish industry of the 
 lower Columbia, where the canned salmon mostly come from, 
 being matter of history, will not be mentioned; but Puget Sound 
 promises results, in the fish industry, far greater than those of 
 any other part of the United States. Early in iSSS some Glou- 
 cester, Mass. men, interested in halibut fishing, dispatched two 
 sailing vessels around Cape Horn, to prospect for that fish off 
 the shores of Western Washington. 
 
 In the first forty-eight hours run, one vessel brought in fifty- 
 five thousand, and the other forty thousand pounds. Other sail 
 are now constantly joining the former vessels. Beside the hali- 
 but, the black and white cod, the herring, sardine, smelt, sole, 
 salmon, etc., are found in countless millions. 
 
 Experienced fishermen tell us that the halibut, here found, 
 as well as the black cod, are better than those on the Atlantic 
 Coast; but the white cod are inferior. Beside the fish used for 
 food, the oil producing varieties are large and numerous and 
 would afford a profitable business for persons engaged in that 
 line. Puget Sound is land-locked, and nearly all vessels sail up 
 to the wharves of Tacoma and Seattle without the aid of a tow. 
 Its shores are precipitious, and deep sea ships may receive and 
 discharge cargoes without the aid of wharves. It contains num- 
 erous rich islands, now being settled. The counties of San Juan 
 and Island, are entirely composed of these islands, while other 
 large islands constitute parts of other counties. The port of entry 
 to Puget Sound is Port Townsend, and stands third in order in 
 the number of vessels which enter and clear annually — New 
 York and Philadelphia alone exceeding it. (See Government 
 statistics. ) 
 
 EASTERN WASHINGTON, 
 
 Is a high, rolling country, and has very little rainfall. A 
 large portion of it is destitute of coal and timber. Part of this 
 region will not grown crops without irrigation. In the great 
 
Washing-ton Territory and the far Northwest. 9 
 
 wheat fields here found, however, no irrigation is needed for 
 raising cereals. 
 
 In the Yakima and Walla Walla regions, all the fruits grow 
 well, which are grow in Western Washington. The peach and 
 grape Jo better, while in Yakima fine corn and tobacco are pro- 
 duced. The treeless hills are covered with bunch grass, on which 
 cattle and horses are kept the entire year. 
 
 The sage brush plains and table lands along the Columbia, 
 Snake and Yakima rivers, offer fine opportunities for securing 
 cheap lands, either of the United States or the N. P. R. R. Co. 
 These sage brush lands, whether in one or the other state or 
 territory, are the most fertile lands under the sun. When irriga- 
 ted, they are as prolific as hot beds. We have seen twelve suc- 
 cessive crops grown on the same piece of sage brush— the last as 
 good as any— and all most excellent, and without manure. Fuel 
 is had by shipping on the cars, or by floating wood down the 
 rivers. 
 
 Lumber is higher than it is on Puget Sound, ranging from 
 twelve to twenty-five dollars. Cloudless skies are the rule for 
 nearly three hundred days in a year. Malaria is present in some 
 localities, but fatal diseases are seldom encountered. 
 
 In the Cascade Mountains there are gold, silver and other 
 mines being worked with success as well as in the North part of 
 the Territory East of the Cascades, and new discoveries are con- 
 stantly being made. All over the Territory the winters are 
 short and mild. 
 
 In high altitudes we have seen the mercury twenty-five 
 degrees below zero for three or four days, but the winter 
 usually begins late in December and ends in January, or before 
 February 15th. No cyclones, no blizzards and no lightnings 
 freeze or kill. All in all Washington Territory is a healthy 
 country, contains a mild climate, boundless resources, and presents 
 a fine field for the tourist, hunter, capitalist and imigrant. 
 
 OREGON, 
 
 Much that has been said of W^ashington Territory is true 
 of this State. It is divided into Eastern and Western Oregon, 
 also by the Cascade Mountains. Each section has distinct char- 
 acteristics. Portland, its chief city, is about the center of the 
 
lo Washnington Territory and the far Northivest. 
 
 rain belt, north and south. The rain fall rapidly decreases 
 as you go South, until in South Western Oregon, some 
 irrigation is required. Western Oregon is timber and prairie. 
 The fir, cedar and spruce are the principal lumber trees, and 
 grow as large as mentioned in the Territory. Its great Willa- 
 mette Valley (pronounced Will-am-mett, with accent on second 
 syllable) is an empire in itself- It is two hundred miles long by 
 an average of twenty-five broad, with a soil and climate unsur- 
 passed in any state. This valley was settled as early as 1845, 
 and is largely owned in great tracts of land, poorly tilled. 
 
 Recently, however, many of these landowners are selling 
 off ten, twenty or forty acre pieces to new comers, who are going 
 into the fruit industry. For fruits of all kinds, this valley \s par 
 excellence^ the chief. Here may be found the finest prune 
 orchards in the United States, just coming into bearing. Many 
 apple orchards put out twenty-five and more years ago, have 
 gone back into the ground, because they wanted care. With 
 proper care, however, an orchard in this valley never fails to 
 yield so bountifully that limbe of trees must be supported to pre- 
 vent their breaking under their load of fruit. No part of the 
 United States is more advantageous for the man of small means. 
 He can go into the fruit, vegetable, or poultry business and make 
 a competency. He has three lines of railway and a line of steam- 
 ers running into Portland, and one railroad and two steam ship 
 lines to San Francisco, over any of which he can reach a good 
 market. 
 
 Other smaller valleys may be found, where fruit, etc. grow 
 luxuriantly. In South Western Oregon and in poitions of the 
 Willamette Valley the peach and grape do finely. For health 
 pleasant climate, convenience to markets, railroads, schools and 
 churches, the Willamette is commended to the home-seeker who 
 wants a small parcel of land. 
 
 EASTERN OREGON. 
 
 Like Eastern Washington, is a high rolling prairie and 
 sage brush country, with large bodies of timber in the extreme 
 Eastern part. Thousands of horses, cattle and sheep live on its 
 
Wasking-ton Territory and the far Northwest. 1 1 
 
 bunch and rye grasses the whole year Large fields of wheat 
 and other grains are grown in various parts. Plenty of land 
 may be had from the United States. 
 
 The Cascades, Blue and Powder River Mountains contain 
 rich deposits of gold, silver, copper and other minerals. Game 
 and fish abound. 
 
 Ail in all Oregon surpasses any other state in natural wealth, 
 grandeur of scenery, excellence of climate and freedom from 
 sickness. 
 
 Its code of laws compares favorably with the older states, 
 and its school fund is ample. 
 
 Miles of Railroad; 1,500. 
 
 Miles of Navigable Inland Waters; Soo. 
 
 Population (estimated) 425,000. 
 
 Of which Portland has 60,000. 
 
 At Coose and Yquinabays, and along the Columbia River, 
 a large lumbering business is carried on, and nearly all the 
 canned salmon are prepared. 
 
 Both in Washington Territory and Oregon, there are quite 
 a number of Chinese. These people however, are gradually 
 returning to their homes; and within a short time none will re- 
 main. The time was when the Chinaman was a necessity on 
 the Pacific slope. Happily that time has passed away. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 This Territory is a vast mountain field, with the exception 
 of about twenty-five thousand square miles in the South West 
 part, covered with grass and sage, and offering a fine agricul- 
 tural and grazing section, with an altitude of three thousand feet 
 above the sea. This region is sparcely settled. Good homes 
 can be found. It is traversed by the Oregon Short Line Rail- 
 road connecting with the U. P., Utah Northern and O. R. & N. 
 
 Winters short. Along the Snake River fruits do well. 
 This river traverses the entire section. 
 
 In Central Idaho are the Salmon and Clear Water River 
 Valleys of considerable extent and great fertility. In the north 
 part of the Territory are numerous small bodies of good land 
 The balance of the country, except a portion of the South East 
 is composed of high hills and mountains rich in gold, silver, lead 
 
12 Washington Territory and the far NortJrx'cst. 
 
 and other minerals. In the North are the great Coeur 'd Alene 
 mines, the yield of which is estimated by Professor Clayton, at 
 one hundred and thirty-five thousand tons per annum for an in- 
 definite period. The ore is argentiferous galena, carrying from 
 twenty to forty-five per cent, in silver and worth sixty to ninety 
 dollars per ton. 
 
 The mines now being worked are the Bunker Hill and 
 Sullivan, the Stemwinder, Emma and Last Chance, owned by 
 Portland, Oregon, capitalists; the Tiger, owned by St. Paul 
 men, the Poorman, Home Stake, Rising Sun, etc., owned by 
 other parties. The Bunker Hill produces ninety tons daily, 
 valued at ninety dollars per ton. 
 
 The galena lies in veins in the mountains and is extracted 
 through tunnels driven into the mountain sides ; thus avoiding the 
 vast expense of hoisting machinery for many 3'ears to come. 
 Claims are six hundred by fifteen hundred feet, and contain, each, 
 twenty acres which will require many years to exhaust. 
 
 Beside the mines now worked, there are over four thousand 
 claims, mostly held by poor men who are not able to work them 
 only sufficient to secure their patents under the Act of Congress 
 of 1S73, requiring one hundred dollars worth of work per 
 annum at five dollars per day. 
 
 These claims, in many cases, are extensions of the mines 
 named, and will doubtless prove to be just as rich. The Bunker 
 Hill and Sullivan were bought by Mr. S. G. Reed and associates, 
 of Portland, at twelve hundred thousand dollars — six hundred 
 thousand dollars gold, and the balance in stock. 
 
 These are to be pushed to full capacity, the company now 
 erecting a concentrator large enough to handle three hundred 
 tons per day. Along side this galena foi'mation is a gold belt, 
 quartz and placer, of marvelous richness. Two quartz mills are 
 running on this belt, and in July last, when the writer was there, 
 were yielding one hundred and two ounces of gold per week. 
 The richness of the placers can best be appreciated by the 
 reader, if, while at Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, he 
 step into the United States Depository and examine the nuggets 
 taken from them, worth from five to five hundred and thirty- 
 three dollars each. 
 
 These placers cover a basin or valley some twenty miles 
 long near Murray in Shoshone County, and other valleys, 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 13 
 
 doubtless, are equally rich. The central part of Idaho is a vast 
 unexplored region, larger than the state of Maine, and, without 
 any doubt is rich in mineral. This region may be easily reached 
 via the Chicago and Northwestern and Oregon Short Line 
 to Boise City, where pack animals artd prospectors outfits can 
 be had. 
 
 Or if its desired to reach any part of Montana, or Wash- 
 ington Territory, Northern Idaho, the Coeur 'd Alene mines or 
 Portland, the Northern Pacific Railroad offers the great scenic, 
 the quickest and best equipped route for all classes. It is the 
 only line running into the Yellowstone National Park. 
 
 Idaho presents an inviting field for the man of muscle, bi'ains, 
 or money. Here, too, the sportsman may find the moose, moun- 
 tain sheep, elk, deer, bear, wolf, cat and cougar, the goose, duck, 
 chicken, grouse and quail, and the fish whose name is legion, 
 until, of sport, mingled with just danger enough to be exciting, 
 he has a surfeit. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Few readers, whose attention has not been called to the fact, 
 realize the vastness of this Territory. 
 
 It contains one hundred and forty-five thousand square miles, 
 and would make sixteen states larger than Vermont. It is larger 
 than Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connec- 
 ticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and 
 Delaware combined. Larger than England, Ireland, Scotland, 
 Wales, Vermont, New Hampshire and Rhode Island combined. 
 It would make four states larger than Indiana, or six largerthan 
 West Virginia, or one hundred and thirty the size of Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 As its name imports, it is mountainous. The Rockies cross 
 its western half, and many spurs and smaller ranges cover its 
 surface. The scenery is magnificent beyond description. The 
 eastern, part contains Aast rolling table or prairie lands, on which 
 one million five hundred thousand cattle graze the year round. 
 Thousands of these cattle are sold to the world renowned firm 
 of Phillip D. Armour & Co., of Chicago, who ship their famous 
 products to every part of the Globe where civilized man resides. 
 
 This part has a milder cliamate than Dakota, Iowa or 
 
14 Washington Territory and the far Northtvest. 
 
 Northern Illinois, for the reason that the Chinook winds find 
 their way through the mountain passes, modifying the winter. 
 
 An occasional winter is severe enough to cause a small per 
 centage of loss among the herds of cattle. Its bunch grass 
 makes the best beef in the West. 
 
 In various portions of the Territory large tracts of excellent 
 land may be secured at low rates, or taken under the land laws 
 of the United States. 
 
 Aside from its yield of beef, its wealth lies in mines. At 
 Helena, Butte, Phillipsburg and other places rich mines of gold, 
 silver and copper are being worked, and large deposits of tin 
 exist. 
 
 The Granite Mountain Mine at Phillipsburg, produces 
 sixty thousand ounces of silver per week, and the Anaconda 
 Copper Mine, near Butte, four hundred tons daily of rock, worth 
 thirty-five to sixty per cent, of copper. Besides these, the quartz 
 and placer fields of gold are rich and extensive. Yet there are 
 vast regions untouched and unexplored. 
 
 The upper waters of Clark's fork of the Columbia, and of 
 Missouli River, together with other streams, the Big Snow, 
 Moccasin, Highwood, Big Horn, Little Rockies, Bitter Root and 
 other mountains contain rich mineral fields. These mountains 
 are from three thousand to eleven thousand feet high, and in the 
 lower altitudes, the pine, spruce, tamarack and hemlock abound. 
 The miner, stockman and lumberman here may find an 
 attractive field. 
 
 The Territory contains two thousand miles of railway. Its 
 code of laws is well systematized, and schools are fostered. 
 
 Life and property are as safe as in older sections. Its people 
 are energetic, intelligent and robust. To do this great Territory 
 justice in the small space alloted us is not possible. Go see its 
 wonders. Seek its healthful regions. Why cross a stormy ocean 
 to gaze upon Alpine heights, when Montana out- Alpines all 
 Europe in grand scenery? 
 
 The Great New Northwest, so lightly touched upon, opens 
 a vast field for men of capital or energy. The writer saw it 
 when the scalping-knife glistened on the plain, and the war- 
 whoop echoed in the forest. These are forever at an end. 
 
 And when the political mounte-banks are driven off the In- 
 dian reservations, and the Red man placed on a level with his 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 15 
 
 white neighbor, to shirk for himself, instead of being fed and 
 clothed in idleness, the Indian problem will cease to trouble the 
 government. 
 
 The writer represents no railway, city or town, land owners 
 or syndicates. He gives the results of his observations for the 
 benefit of such as seek investment, or a home in the regions 
 mentioned. 
 
 Neither does he own lands, lots or mines which are for sale. 
 Hence, allowing for errors of expression and judgment, the things 
 here written may be relied upon. Do not go to the sections de- 
 scribed unless you can command two hundred or three hundred 
 dollars. If you go, do not look for the highest state of civiliza- 
 tion in every locality. If you go to invest, you can realize 
 quicker returns than in any other part of the United States. If 
 you seek a fortune without energy, better stay away. If you are 
 idle and profligate, better not go. If you are a miner, Idaho, 
 Montana, Northern Washington, Eastern Oregon and the whole 
 Cascade Mountains are rich in ores. If you are a stock man, 
 Eastern Montana, Southern Idaho, Eastern Washington and 
 Oregon offer ample room. 
 
 If horticulture be your aim, go to almost any part of Wash- 
 ington or Oregon. 
 
 If grain growing is your wish. Eastern Oregon and Wash- 
 ington offer excellent opportunities. 
 
 Have you a desire to erect a factory? Population now de- 
 mands it. 
 
 Do you seek the coal and iron fields? Go to Western 
 Washington. 
 
 Are you wishing a lumber field ? Go to Western Oregon 
 or Washington. 
 
 Are you interested in the fish industry? Countless millions 
 of the finny tribe await you in Puget Sound, the lower Columbia 
 and along the coast of Oregon and Washington. 
 
 Do you desire to procure a water power? Hundreds are 
 now idle where you may secure a fall of ten or ten hundred 
 feet, with ten or ten thousand horse power. 
 
 Are you a tourist, seeking grand sights? Do you wish to 
 hear Nature's Grand Anthems played by the orchestra whose 
 instruments were fashioned by Almighty Power, whose music 
 has echoed down the ages ever since comets and suns and systems 
 
i6 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 of suns marked the foot prints of God ? Then go into Central 
 Montana, Northern Idaho, Middle, Eastern and Western Oregon 
 and Washington Territory and along the Columbia River; and 
 if you are poet or painter, inspiration will guide your pen or 
 brush. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane Falls, &c. 
 
 Of these Portland, Oregon, stands at the head in population, 
 wealth and present commercial importance. It contains sixty 
 thousand people; is one hundred and twenty-five miles from the 
 sea, on both banks of the Willamette, twelve miles above that 
 river's confluence with the Columbia. At its wharves may be 
 seen ships from all parts of the world. It is five hundred and 
 fiifty miles west of Boise City, Idaho, three hundred and seventy- 
 nine southwest of Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-three south of Seattle and one hundred and 
 forty-five south of Tacoma, and connected by rail with all. It 
 has six railroads centering there, to wit; the O. R. & N. the 
 Puget Sound branch of the N. P., the O. & C. extending the 
 whole length of the east side, and the O. & C. of the west side 
 of the Willamette Valley with two narrow gauge lines, also 
 running into the Willamette Valley. It has motor, cable and 
 horse lines of street cars connecting with suburban towns. Ocean 
 and river steamers also run to the mouth of the Columbia, San 
 Francisco, Alaska, along the Cowlilz, Lewis, Willamette and 
 other streams from her docks. She commands a large part of 
 the trade of Washington Territory and Idaho, as well as Oregon. 
 The city is rapidly growling, and good investments can be made 
 in real estate. Her railway system peneti'ates all parts of Oregon, 
 Washington and Idaho thus covering two hundred and fifty 
 thousand square miles of territory. She has more than a score 
 of millionaires, and they are large owners in her railway and 
 steamship lines, and freely utilize their millions in adding to 
 Portland's prosperity. Beside her wholesale trade, lumber and 
 fishing interests, she is rapidly establishing factories, and building 
 smelting works to handle a portion of the ores from the moun- 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest, 17 
 
 tains of Oregon, Idaho and Washington Territory. One of her 
 R. R. lines penetrates the Coeur 'd Alene mines. 
 
 Seattle stands next. It is twenty-eight miles north of its 
 rival (Tacoma) and possesses an excellent harbor. Population 
 thirty thousand. Ten years ago it contained scarcely four 
 thousand and was hardly known. Back of the harbor frontage 
 two miles may be found the shores of Lake Washington, a body 
 of fresh water twenty-four miles long, from one to five broad 
 and deep enough to float any vessel ever made or to be made. 
 With this lake, by canal and locks now being constructed, con- 
 nection is to be made with Puget Sound. And should a navy 
 yard be built on the lake shore, as is expected, the advantages of 
 Lake Washington, in a national point of view, may be readily 
 seen. The railroad facilities of Seattle are as follows: — 
 
 A line runs to Tacoma, connecting with the Portland system. 
 One to the southeast, connecting with lines into Idaho. One to 
 the east rapidly building to meet the Manitoba system at Spo- 
 kane Falls, one to the British line to meet the Canadian Pacific, 
 and roads of lesser note penetrating the great forests and mines 
 of lumber, coal and iron. 
 
 Seattle exported six hundred and fifty thousand tons of 
 coal in 1S8S, and seven million dollars worth of products — one 
 thousand and sixty-five vessels touching at her docks. 
 
 No more delightful place to reside in can be found on the 
 coast. From its neighboring hill tops may be seen the broad 
 expanse of Puget Sound and Lake Washington, and the snow 
 crowned peaks of the Olympic Range, Rainer, Adams, and St. 
 Helens. 
 
 In a word, here are mingled the "beauty of Switzerland, the 
 sublimity of the Rhine, the ruggedness of Norway, the breezy 
 variety of the Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence, the Heb- 
 rides of the North Sea, the soft toned skies of Italy, the pastoral 
 landscape of England and the tints and colors of New England's 
 Indian Summers." 
 
 Being the gateway to the trade of the oriental nations, 
 Seattle must become the New York of the Pacific slope. Her 
 people are full of "push," and against the descrimination made 
 by gigantic corporations, she has made wonderful progress. 
 
 Tacoma. — Regardless of what we have said of Seattle, the 
 City of Tacoma has made most wonderful strides in a short space 
 
i8 Washington Territory and the far JVorth-cvest. 
 
 of time. Olympia, the capitol of Washington Territory, 
 situated at the head of Puget Sound, and forty miles south of 
 Tacoma, was originally selected by the management, as the ter- 
 minus of the Northern Pacific Railway. But owing to the want 
 of harbor facilities, and, perhaps, other things, the present site of 
 Tacoma was selected, where the "Land Company" laid out ten 
 thousand acres, cleared it of its huge trees, and began a city called 
 Tacoma. It is situated on a bluff two hundred feet above its 
 fine harbor, commanding a view of Mount Ranier, the waters of 
 Puget Sound for miles, and the Cascade Mountains. 
 
 Its railway facilities are equal to those of its neighbors, and 
 at its wharves numerous vessels load with lumber for China, 
 Japan, Australia and other places. Large factories, large brick 
 blocks and magnificent residences are constantly building. 
 Opinion is divided as to whether Tacoma or Seattle is destined 
 to be the larger city. Having no personal interest in either, we 
 unhesitatingly say that both will become great marts of trade, 
 and like New York and Philadelphia, have ample resources to 
 make two great cities. Indeed there will be five important cities 
 on Puget Sound — Seattle, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Olympia 
 and Whatcom, with other places of some note. The vast coal, 
 iron, timber and fish industries, when grown to manhood, will 
 engage a million workmen, five hundred millions of capital, and 
 support five million people along the shores of the Sound itself, 
 to say nothing of the millions to be in the interior. 
 
 If Tacoma and Seattle would stop wrangling, and each tell 
 nothing but the truth about the other and itself, the home-seeker 
 and the capitalist would not be so often misled. 
 
 Both cities offer good opportunities to the manufacturef , the 
 speculator and the business man generally. 
 
 As in all new countries, there may be, and is, an excess in 
 many lines. There is often a surplus of labor. Hence the man 
 who is "strapped" better secure a situation in advance, or bide 
 his time until he secures one hundred to three hundred dollars, 
 so he can "view the landscape o're" before he anchors. South 
 of Tacoma for twenty-five miles, the land is very poor, gravel 
 prairies. East for the same distance, the rich fields of the 
 Puyallup, where the great hop farms are found, yet contain 
 many acres of fine lands. West and northwest across the Sound 
 are also large agricultural districts. All these with its railway 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 19 
 
 system, coal and other mining interests, make Tacoma a most 
 important point. Its people are energetic, but have always 
 leaned more or less, on the "Land Company" and N. P. R. R. 
 Co. And these two organizations have done much for the city. 
 In fact, the officers of these organizations named their Transfer 
 Boat across the Columbia, and many other things, "Tacoma," 
 
 They want the state (to be) called Tacoma, and ere long 
 the Western Sea will, perhaps, be christened Tacoma. We 
 cannot blame them, for their city is a marvel. Yesterday it was 
 a wilderness — To-day are nearly twenty thousand people, with 
 scores of huge brick blocks, where in 1873 stood giant fir and 
 cedar trees from ten to eighteen feet in diameter. 
 
 Spokane Falls — This is a city of twenty thousand people. 
 In 1SS3, when the last spike was driven on the N. P. R. R. it 
 contained twenty-two hundred souls. It is situated on the banks 
 of the Spokane River, twelve miles west of Idaho line, and 
 about one hundred miles south of the British. For fifteen to 
 twenty miles around the city are few acres of good agricultural 
 lands. South of the city twenty miles, you enter the great wheat 
 fields of what is called the Palouse Country. These are one 
 hundred and fifty miles long, by an average breadth of twenty- 
 five miles, sparcely settled. They include the Walla Walla 
 region, a section of country around Genesee, in Idaho, and extend 
 south beyond Pendleton, in Oregon, along the western slope of 
 the Blue mountains. So that, by the name Palouse, (perphaps 
 improperly) is intended the portions of Washington, Idaho and 
 Oregon above mentioned. Into this wheat region Spokane 
 Falls has a railroad built one hundred miles. 
 
 West of the city twenty miles, begin the wheat fields of the 
 Big Bend Country. Through these is being built the Seattle 
 Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad to Spokane. 
 
 Nearly East, one hundred miles are the famous Coeur 'd 
 Alene Mines connected with Spokane by rail and steamboat on 
 the Coeur 'd Alene Lake and River. (The railroad is building 
 around the Lake to avoid re-handling of ores.) 
 
 North twenty miles, you enter the vast mineral belt of 
 North Washington. The city is situated on the river of the 
 same name. 
 
 The water power, while not so large in volume, as that at 
 Minneapolis, may be rated at seventy-five thousand horse. It 
 
20 JVaskingtofi Territory a7id the far North-west. 
 
 flows through basaltic rock, over a system of rapids, with a total 
 fall of ninety feet in one quarter mile. Of this city, the St. 
 Paul Pioneer Press says: — 
 
 "The capital of its citizens has been earned from mining 
 and agricultural immigration, and it is now on hand. It has 
 splendid church organizations and fair church buildings. An 
 excellent fire department is in existance also. Here are gas, elec- 
 tric light and water works, telephone lines extending to and 
 covering the Palouse, Coeur 'd Alene and Big Bend countries. 
 Even the parent (Edison) electric light is here, being the only 
 central station west of St. Paul, the plant costing $60,000. Here 
 also you find the messenger boy system, with the wide-a-wake 
 news boy. Street cars and a motor system will soon be com- 
 pleted. The Standard Oil Company has a station here. With 
 a sewerage system as good as any city, commanding excellent 
 drainage ; with large hotels and several of them ; with wholesale 
 and retail houses — the latter in every line, the former in groceries 
 and hardware; with ample banks, an opera house, big business 
 blocks, and splendid fields for investment in more; with daily 
 newspapers — morning and evening, flouring and lumber mills 
 (with room for more); with a big agricultural country tributa- 
 ry, only partially developed now, yet yielding enough alone to 
 support a lively town ; with immense herds of cattle, horses and 
 sheep, with a natural water power having capacity enough to 
 build ten Lowells; with low taxation and no county or city in- 
 debtedness, and with good people bristling with energy, youth, 
 good health and genial hospitality, and with a climate that raises 
 more fruit than ice or blizzards — in fact a climate that only a 
 growler from birth would object to — what can prevent this little 
 giant of a city from becoming a future city of many thousands." 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 The peculiar features of the climates of the regions men- 
 tioned in this pamphlet, find their explanation partly from the 
 effects of the Japan current of hot water from the Indian Ocean. 
 This current, in two parts, flows through the Straits of Malacca 
 and the China Sea, skirts the Eastern coast of the Phillipine Is- 
 lands, and uniting in one channel opposite Japan, it then tends 
 
Washtngto?i Territory atid the far Northwest. 21 
 
 Eastward, striking our coast between Sitka, Alaska and Victoria» 
 British Columbia, and flows along the whole western line of the 
 United States. Its waters are four and one-half degrees warmer 
 thnn the waters just outside the current. This vast volume of 
 heat is expanded along the entire coast, and greatly modifies the 
 climate; making Sitka warmer in winter than Chicago, and 
 giving the climate of Baton Rouge, La., in the cold season to 
 Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, in Washington Territory. 
 
 Beside this, mountain ranges, at distances of fifty to one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles inland, extend from the North line of Wash- 
 ington Territory to the southern part of California, called the 
 Sierra Nevadas in the latter state, and the Cascades in Oregon and 
 Washington. Between this range and the ocean are the Coast 
 Mountains of low altitude, skirting the seashore. Between 
 these ranges are the prairies, forests of timber and foot hills, and 
 where an average annual temperature in Oregon may be put at 
 fifty-one degrees, and in W^ishington Territory at forty-nine 
 degrees. 
 
 This difference in warmth in favor of the more northern 
 region, is owing to the presence of the great Puget Sound, and 
 the Straits of Juan de Fuca. These penetrate Washington 
 Territory for one hundred miles eastward from the ocean, and 
 then turning abruptly to the south, flow one hundred and thirty 
 further on. Whereas, in Oregon, in the relative spot occupied 
 bv Puget Sound, lies the great Willamette Valley with its fer- 
 tile lands. 
 
 The mountains named, fhe Japan current and the Pacific 
 Ocean, give Oregon, Washington Territory, Idaho and Western 
 Montana such a peculiar combination of influences, as to render 
 them very healthy. 
 
 During the hot months, the prevailing winds are from the 
 northwest; but almost daily these change to the west in the 
 middle of the day, giving us an ocean breeze. And as night 
 comes on, the cool air from the mountains rushes down onto the 
 plains, into the valleys and out to sea, giving much east wind at 
 night. 
 
 The result, therefore, is, that this agitation of the atmosphere 
 removes and drives away all disease germs or malaria, which, in 
 other countries, load the air. 
 
 If the reader will trace the isothermal lines established by 
 
22 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 the government, he will find that the line running through St. 
 Joseph, Missouri, runs to the north part of Washington Territory, 
 or runs to the north more than five hundred miles. So that 
 other things being equal, the Missouli Valley in Northwestern 
 Montana, or Spokane Falls in Washington Territory, and North 
 Idaho have the climate of St. Joseph, Missouri. 
 
 Consumptives, or those troubled with thoracic diseases of any 
 kind, should not settle in the West part of Oregon or Washing- 
 ton. Go to the high altitudes of Montana, Idaho, Eastern 
 Oregon or Eastern Washington. 
 
 Persons troubled with abdominal complaints will find West- 
 ern Oregon or Western Washington the better place, owing to 
 the eveness of the temperature. 
 
 We think the medical world agree that extremes of 
 either heet or cold, are inimical to bowel disorders, and that 
 thoracic diseases are aggravted by an excess of moisture. 
 
 Sun stroke, cholera, yellow. fever, the typhus, or typhoid 
 types of fever, are unknown. 
 
 Reader if you are too far gone with disease, do not think the 
 climate will cure you. It may prolong life. If, however, you 
 are young, or middle aged, and feel that your lungs, or general 
 system is invaded, you better go to the mountains and high lands 
 mentioned in this pamphlet, than pay your money to the dealers 
 in patented nostrums. 
 
 SCENERY. 
 
 To describe it would fill volumes. To see it all would take 
 a dozen years. Its endless variety, its measureless proportions, 
 its beauty and grandure can be better appreciated, and more of it 
 seen along the Northern Pacific Railway, than any other route. 
 
 No attempt will be made to pen picture any part, for, in 
 such an effort, even the genius of Hugo and Haggard would 
 fail, and David and Paul could only look on in wonder, and in- 
 volentarily exclaim, "Great and marvellous are thy works Lord 
 God Almighty." 
 
 We, therefore shall content ourselves, by simply calling the 
 readers attention thereto. The great railway along which you 
 go, in spite of political demagogueism, the Scalping Knife, and 
 
Washington Territory and the far N^orthwest. 23 
 
 the "rock ribbel" mountain barriers, has pushed on from Lake 
 Superior to "Pacific's sounding shore," opening a wildernes for 
 mans abode, and bringing Hong Kong and Yokahama fifteen 
 hundred miles nearer to Chicago and New York than by any 
 oki Hnes of travel. This railway originally conceived in the 
 brains of Isaac I. Stevens, the first Governor of Washinton 
 Territory, it was left for Oakes, Sprague, and Villard, to drive 
 the last spike, and put to shame the political demagogues who, 
 worse than the hostile savage, fought it at every step. But get 
 aboard your car, after visiting laughing Minnehaha, and move 
 on across the plains of Minnesota and Dakota, looking out upon 
 wheat farms of twenty thousand acres in one field, growing in 
 Proctor Knott's "Pine barrens," wheat yielding 20, 30, 40 bushels 
 per acre. On you go, crossing the Red River of the North, 
 whose mouth is cased in ice, while gardens bloom along its head 
 waters. You see many towns, cities and villages, where yester- 
 day roamed the buffalo and savage. Crossing the Missouri 
 River, on you fly over the "Bad Lands" of Dakota; a section of 
 country where nature stands on edge, presenting its white-grey 
 black soil, and looking as if creation had just begun its work. 
 
 On you go, until you reach Montana and are journeying up 
 the Yellowstone river. Mountains now begin to loom up around 
 you, and deep caverns are beneath. Looking out you see the 
 great trustle two hundred and twenty-six and a half feet high, 
 across which the engineer moves slowly, giving ample time for 
 examination. You are now drawn by two eighty ton engines 
 which puff, puff, puff, as they climb up, up, up the adamantine 
 "Rockies," the great vertebra of the New World, extending from 
 polar snows to polar snows again. On you go until Livingstone 
 is reached, and your magnificent Pullman is side-tracked, to give 
 you an opportunity to visit the Yellowstone National Park. 
 Here, if you wish, may be a delay for rest, or taking the 
 Northern Pacific branch — the only line entering the Park — you 
 are whirled into the land of wonders, where the waters of the 
 Missouri and those of the Columbia (Snake) are so near each 
 other that a pebble may be thrown from one to the other. Here 
 you stay three or four days, for the sights are endless, grand, 
 sublime. Shall we attempt description? No, for if the pens of 
 Dante, Hugo and Haggard could be united into one, it were 
 futile. Before, and around you, are boiling cauldrons hundreds 
 
24 Washing-ton Territory and the far North-joest. 
 
 of feet in diameter, thousands of feet in depth, set in arches, 
 heated by the eternal fires of God. Thunders roar, Old Earth 
 rocks, and steam hisses and puffs from rocky walls, as if Natures 
 Mighty King had just opened the Throttle Valve which set in 
 motion countless worlds, suns, stars and comets, and made Old 
 Chaos yield obedience to Him who rides upon whirlwinds of 
 vengance and tornadoes of wrath, or smiles in evening zephvr 
 and whispers in balmy breeze. Here are geysers, water falls, 
 petrefactions of reptiles, fish, fowl and beast, springs of eternal 
 youth, so long sought for by Ponce De Leone, and sighing 
 brooklets bidding farewell to the enchanting scene as they begin 
 their journey towards two oceans. 
 
 After you have tired of all this, you return to Livingston 
 in time to witness the west-bound train hitch to your Pullman. 
 Soon your dive through Bozeman tunnel, a thousand feet un- 
 der ground, over three thousand feet long. Gardens, flowers, 
 evergreen trees, fields of wheat, lowing herds, cow boys and 
 " ranchers," are on every hand. And now if you want to see 
 great mines of gold, silver and copper, stop at Helena for a run 
 down to Butte City, or at Drummond for a ride to Phillipsburg. 
 Shortly after you leave Helena, you plunge into Mullen tunnel, 
 two thousand feet beneath the " back bone " of the continent, 
 and begin your travels down Clarks' Fork of the Columbia. 
 Opening to your view are rich valley lands, snow capped moun- 
 tains, and mountains covered with evergreen timber, or being 
 timberless in some localities, one of natures most beautiful 
 grassey lawns climbs up three thousand feet to meet the first 
 morning light, or look at the last rays of expiring day. 
 
 Stopping for refreshments, that man upon whom your 
 safety alone depends, the brave engineer who drives your engine, 
 comes to ask you how the trip is enjoyed. On you go, across 
 the Pan Handle of Idaho, swinging around lake Pen D'Orille, 
 out on to a broad prairie, level as a floor, the iron monster now 
 measuring fifty miles per hour on steel rails which scarcely 
 vibrate under their load of two hundred tons, you soon find your- 
 self at Spokane Falls in Washington Territory. Here the engi- 
 neer and conductor again " side track " your " sleeper," for a few 
 hours, and you exchange a Pullman for the Windsor, or Grand 
 hotel, which are not inferior to the Briggs of Chicago. While 
 here we step into the United States Depository and examine a box 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 25 
 
 of gold nuggets just as they came from the earth in the Coeur 
 d'Alene mines. Again we take the train of the Northern Pacific 
 branch into these famous mines. On our way we take a ride 
 on lake Coeur d'Alene, 3,500 feet above the sea, dining at a table 
 filled with as choice viands as grace the board of Delmonico. 
 
 Stop at the Mission and look at the old church building, 
 more than a half century old, and constructed without nails or 
 any piece of iron. Here you again take rail twelve miles further 
 on and up the Coeur d'Alene mountains, and, leaving the train 
 at Wardner Junction, you are whirled away for two miles by 
 one of those orginal Rocky Mountain stage drivers to Wardner, 
 and dropped down in the midst of the richest galena field ever 
 yet discovered on the globe. Take a look at these, and then 
 return to Spokane Falls, catching a few mountain trout as you 
 pass on. If now you have time, take another Northern Pacific 
 branch into the wheat fields of the Palonse, where sixty bushels 
 per acre are grown, and wheat is harvested, thrashed and made 
 ready for market the same day (so dry is it when ripened), and, 
 ere another sun set taken by this great railway and emptied into 
 a ship's hold at the wharves of Tacoma. 
 
 Soon you are back to the streets of Spokane Falls, the com- 
 ing great inland city of the new Northwest, and, getting aboard 
 your sleeper, you are whirled along over sage brush plain, down 
 rocky cooley, across the main Columbia river, up the valley of 
 the Yakima, and, as you arise from your couch and look out the 
 car window, the valley of Kittitass, mountain girt, and two 
 thousand feet above the sea, full of busy life, waving grain, and 
 happy homes, meets your view, while the city spires of Ellens- 
 burg glisten in the morning sunlight. 
 
 Twenty-two miles beyond this you pass the (own of Clealum, 
 whose streets, lots and hillsides are little else than iron ore, and 
 where the Moss Bay Company are getting out tons to be 
 transformed into steel rails. Here attain a " Double Header," 
 begins the ascent to the Great Cascade, or Stampede tunnel, 
 over which the famous " Switch back " was built. Look out 
 for the water fall, which, here coming from an altitude of two 
 thousand feet above the track, drops its great volume of water 
 just out of your reach, at the very mouth of the two mile 
 gateway, opened through the mountain wall, which extends from 
 California to Alaska. As you enter this great apperture, wo 
 
26 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 shade of sable here mantles the train, for advancing science has 
 bridled the light of the sun and hung the tunnel's walls with 
 its electric beams, lighting up earth's caverns two thousand feet 
 below the roots of the great trees above. 
 
 Leaving the great tunnel you enter another, 600 feet long 
 within a few rods of the one you just left, and start down the 
 great mountain chain. You are only sixty miles from Tacoma, but 
 you must decend more feet in that distance than you ascended in 
 your last 260 miles fram Pasco Junction. Ponderous locomotives 
 and faithful crews are at the helm. On you sweep, down, down, 
 down. To right and to left, and below you a 1,000 feet are 
 seen steel rails, over which the train will be gliding after loops 
 shall be run, high trestles crossed, and vast hills circled, zig- 
 zagged and decended. 
 
 Great mountains tower above you imtil their summits 
 are lost amid fleecy clouds. You are now going down Green 
 river; the color of its waters giving to it its name, and yet clear as 
 crystal, otherwise. This stream is, or was, the home of the 
 mountain trout, you cross and re-cross it sixteen times before 
 climbing over the divide, separating it from the Puyallup. 
 Having passed Over the last divide, you plunge downward at 
 thirty miles per hour, and soon find yourself spinning along 
 among the hop fields, which here cover thousands of acres. 
 Crossing the Puyallup Indian reservation, you look out the car 
 window at Tacoma, which like Rome proudly stands upon its 
 seven hills inviting the ships of all nations to her docks, while 
 the broad expanse of Puget Sound opens to view, on the waters 
 of which ere many decades will float the commerce of Asia, 
 Europe and America, discharging its mighty cargoes into ^the 
 box cars of every transcontinental line, each and all of which are 
 to-day "heading" for'this Great Oriental Gateway of America. 
 At Tacoma you find a hotel of the same name (Tacoma) and 
 scarcely inferior to the Grand Pacific of Chicago. From its 
 verandas you get an enchanting view of Mount Tacoma, which 
 though sixty miles away, looks not more than a few hundred 
 rods. 
 
 Here you visit the great saw mills, and see saw logs fifty to 
 one hundred feet long, and two to seven feet diameter, cut up 
 into lumber nearly as fast as you can count. Then take the fine 
 steamers for a ride to Olympia, forty miles south, and at the 
 
Washington Territory and the far North'west. 27 
 
 head of the Sound, visiting the Tumwater falls and other 
 places of interest around the capital. Returning to Tacoma you 
 again take passage by Sound steamers to Seattle. Climb its 
 hills and look west at the grandest sight you ever beheld, the 
 Olympic mountains. 
 
 Visit Lake Washington and Union, and then get aboard, on 
 a clear day, and take a trip to Victoria, if you wish to travel on 
 great waters at the very feet of a thousand snow-capped 
 mountains, which are on every side glistening in the sunlight 
 like those gems in the banner of the skies, through which God 
 seems to smile upon us with millions of eyes of love. At Vic- 
 toria you visit Squimalt, the govenor's palace, and the great 
 eighty ton guns with which John Bull keeps control of the two 
 fine water-ways entering Vancouver Island. Returning to Ta- 
 coma, you take the Northern Pacific again for Portland, Oregon. 
 You ascend its hills or enter the observatory on the custom house, 
 and look to the north and east. Before you in eternal white 
 clad robes rise Hood, Adams, St. Helens, Tacoma, and other 
 snow peaks. 
 
 Now if you wish to behold river scenery, before which that 
 along the Hudson or Rhine dwarfs into insignificance, take 
 steamer for the Cascades. Going down the Willamette twelve 
 miles you enter the Columbia River and turn sharply eastward 
 and up the stream, some of whose waters you saw bubbling, 
 leaping, laughing and dashing along in the National Park, more 
 than a thousand miles away. 
 
 Passing Vancouver and other smaller towns, for the first 
 twenty miles you see little of interest. Soon however the moun- 
 tains begin to show their very sides at your cabin door, until 
 reaching out you can pluck vine, twig or flower. 
 
 You are here, and now ascending a vast chain of mountains, 
 and yet are comfortably seated in as grand a steamer as ever 
 plowed the waters from New Orleans to St. Louis. 
 
 The Columbia is the only river in the United States which 
 cuts entirely through this great mountain chain. As you pass 
 along. Bridal Veil and other waterfalls are leaping down a 
 thousand feet at one plunge. Bold rocks, hundreds of feet above 
 the water, seem to stand in the steamers path. Your craft is a 
 most powerful one, and her two mighty engines overcome the 
 force of all the streams, here united into one, from a watershed 
 
28 Washington Territory and the far North-jcest. 
 
 which is fifteen hundred miles long and a thousand miles broad. 
 Reaching that part of the mighty stream where it leaps over the 
 mountain tops, and where mighty rocks weighing a thousand 
 tons have been hurled from their former beds, by this raging, 
 roaring and wrathful river in its rush toward old ocean, you take 
 the cars on the Washington Territory side and, after a six miles 
 ride, enter another palatial steamer bound for the city of The 
 Dalles, Oregon. Before reaching the vessel you pass a block 
 house, where in 1855 Little Phil Sheridan kept the bloody sav- 
 age at bay, and saved the settlement, then at the lower Cascades, 
 from annihilation. 
 
 Seated in your steamer, you now descend the mountains, on 
 to the table lands of Eastern Oregon and Washington, while 
 you are, mfact^ ^'^^^^ "P the mighty river which here has piled 
 its waters from a depth of 6,000 feet, until thus halted in its first 
 rash to the sea, it finally leaps over the mighty mountain barrier, 
 laughing at rock and tree, and digs its own channel to the 
 briny deep. 
 
 Arriving at The Dalles, if you now wish to see the grandest 
 Cyclorama ever painted by the Great Artist, one which is 100 by 
 150 miles, and every portion visible to the human eye, get some 
 " livery rigs," and, in June, July, August or September, when 
 the morning is clear, start out early as three o'clock a. m., and, 
 by an easy road ascend to the summit of the Klickitat Hills, six 
 miles north of The Dalles, in time to see the sun rise. We can- 
 not describe it. Even the pen from the Isle of Patmos, 
 were a weak instrument with which to paint this spot, yet 
 untouched by the tourist. Arrived at the summit, you behold 
 the " golden keys of morn, as they unlock the silver gates of the 
 East," and, as they turn upon their hinges, you watch and wait 
 for God's great ball of fire. Looking to the East 150 miles, you 
 see the dark outlines of the Blue mountains, kissing the brow of 
 morning. At their feet are the great Walla Walla, Palouse and 
 Snake river valleys, filling up with homes of thrift. These 
 homes you do not see, for you are watching for the first golden 
 ray to fly its arrow against Mount Hood, fifty miles southwest 
 from where you stand. Instinctively you turn toward the grand 
 old glacier. It comes at last, and the Great Sun gives its morn- 
 ing kiss to Oregon's grand old mountain king. Another 
 and still another, and the beams of morning leap from crag to 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 39 
 
 crag, down, down the mountain to light up the plains below. 
 
 Still looking to the left of Hood, you see four more of 
 Oregon's grand snow white sentinels. These are Jefferson and 
 and the Three Sisters. Do not dwell too long here, but turn to 
 the Northwest. Before you is Adams, only 5,000 feet less than 
 Hood, waiting, too, for its eternal snows to be smiled upon by 
 the common friend of all. To the left you see beautiful sugar 
 loafed St. Helens. Beyond Adams you see Rainer (Tacoma) 
 14,444 feet and still beyond, the great Baker, set as a sentinel at 
 the very line of Brittania's American possessions. 
 
 Beside these you see a thousand lesser white crowns, all 
 watching for their morning caress. You now turn toward the 
 East and here you see the " Inland Empire" of Oregon and 
 Washington, 150 by 250 miles of rolling table lands on which 
 hundreds of thousands of cattle, horses and sheep are grazing. 
 The sun is now high enough for you to turn to the North. 
 Before you, and 24 miles away, the village of Goldendale, 
 nestled at the feet of the Simcoe mountains, and the broad farms, 
 school houses, barns and residences cover a magnificient valley 
 24 by 60 miles. 
 
 But you are wearied, and we return to The Dalles and rest, 
 until we are prepared for our homeward start over the Oregon 
 Railway and Navigation Company's Line, the Oregon Short Line, 
 Union Pacific and Noi'th Western, after first visiting Western 
 Oregon, together with a trip to Alaska, all of which will appear 
 in the second edition of this pamphlet to be issued within sixty 
 days. We shall endeavor, also in that edition, to give the reader 
 an account of a tour over the great Santa Fe Line into the land 
 of the cave dwellers, over the Colorado Midland, and a trip 
 through Central Idaho. 
 
 Come and investigate the vast unoccupied areas of the 
 country mentioned in this little book. If you have catarrh, neu- 
 ralgia, rheumatism, general debility, come with the author, climb 
 the mountain, ford the stream, traverse the plain, catch the trout, 
 hunt the deer, and obtain health, wealth and long life. 
 
 For particulars as to route of travel, etc., write or visit 
 the publishers. 
 
30 Washington Territory and the far Northwest 
 
 HUNTING. 
 
 To the sportsman who desires a successful and exciting 
 chase for large game, as well as small, or who loves angling 
 for fish of one or forty pounds weight, let him come with the 
 writer to the mouth of the Columbia river, where it pours its 
 vast volume of waters into the teeth of eternal tides and west- 
 ern winds, where the angry waves of old ocean, white with 
 foam, and mountain high, rush upon the great river, here ten 
 miles wide, as if to drive its waters back into the caverns of the 
 mighty mountains from whence they came. 
 
 Let us stop at Astoria, the spot where John Jacob Astor 
 laid the first plans for great wealth, nearly one hundred years 
 ago. Stopping at the Occident hotel, kept by Megler & Wright, 
 where we get a meal of fish, oysters, clams, fowl, flesh, and all 
 the delicacies found at any Bon Ton restaurant, we start out. 
 We go for a long trip. Weeks or months, as you please. The 
 reason we go to this locality is because the glorious spring is 
 upon us while yet the rivers of the East are slumbering under 
 their cover of ice. The time is February. We have rubber 
 boots, coats and hats, and rubber coverings for our fire-arms, 
 fishing tackle, and the paripharnalia of the hunters outfit. 
 
 We are in a land dotted with lakes and resonant with dash- 
 ing brooks. Tillamook Head in Oregon, and Cape Hancock in 
 Washington, lift up their mighty rocky sides and hurl back 
 angry waves, which chase each other to and fro, as if in fear of 
 these two sentinels at the rivers mouth — sentinels fashioned by 
 Almighty Power, who, as guards, have watched the river's 
 mouth ever since the earth pursued its trackless orbit around the 
 Great Central Sun of the Universe. 
 
 Among the lakes, ponds, inlets, estuaries and streams of 
 both Oregon and Washington, the Duck, Goose, Swan, and 
 Brant, we find not in tens and hundreds, but in millions. Flying, 
 sitting, lighting or rising, over and around on every side, you 
 may see them, but it takes stealthy caution and expert cunning 
 to get some of the choice game you seek. It rains more or less 
 every day, but in your excitement and under your water proof 
 clothing, so arranged that not a drop can touch the skin, you 
 push out. It is too early in the year for many kinds of game, 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 31 
 
 but when tired of chasing the birds whose homes are upon the 
 water, let us take a trip North, twenty miles, along the ocean 
 beach to Oysterville on Shoal water Bay in Washington. On 
 our way we shoot sea-lions and seals, the pests of the fishermen, 
 and wing a few great white eagles, that measure eight feet from 
 tip to tip. We will also, using large charges of the smallest 
 shot made, well "rammed home," take down some snipe, a hun- 
 dred birds at a single shot with one barrel. These birds are ex- 
 cellent food, very small, and go in flocks. During the ebb of 
 the tide they follow the receding waters, and gather their food 
 which flood tide has deposited for them. We have known 
 hunters to kill ninety to one hundred and ten at a single shot — 
 shooting just as they rise. At Shoal Water Bay, we get the 
 Oyster, Clam and other shell fish for almost nothing, of the In- 
 dians and Whites who cultivate them. Crossing Shoal Water 
 Bay, eighteen miles to North Cove, a fine summer resort, kept 
 by Frank Peterson, we rest a day, or again attack the ducks and 
 geese. 
 
 At this point is a life-saving station, in charge of Captain 
 Brown, and you may have the opportunity of seeing him fire a 
 cannon shot, tied to a cord a mile long, over the rigging of some 
 stranded vessel, and soon bring crew and passengers safely to 
 shore. Just above the station, to the north is a quick sand, into 
 which a wide board laid flat, and weighing but a feather would 
 quickly sink out of sight. 
 
 Look out for this, and one or two other like localities. You 
 are now on a peninsula where bear and cougar are plenty, and 
 though the time of year would not permit of use of the bear for 
 food, you will do the settlers a favor by killing them, as the poor 
 pig and the innocent lamb constantly fall victims to both. These 
 bears are black, and are great cowards, unless when wounded, 
 and in close quarters. 
 
 Take your repeater and hunt them and the Cougar, both 
 with hounds — always carrying a heavy sheath knife for use in 
 case of close quarters. The Cougar is diflicult to hunt without 
 hounds as he is very wary. Even the dogs often loose the scent, 
 for the animal will leap ten feet up the side of a tree, and, spring- 
 ing again ten or a dozen feet on to another, will thus throw the 
 dogs off the track, when he drops on to the ground again, and 
 scampers off. 
 
32 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 While at the Cove, if you are not timid, take a sail in a 
 plunger during a "sou wester," when the waves roll just enough 
 to run over the gunwales a little, and far enough out to see the 
 mountains of white caps from the sea rush over the harbors bar. 
 Do not go alone unless you are expert in the use of lines, jibs, 
 and main-sails. After you tire of sport at this place, although 
 the time of year is unpropitious, you may penetrate the foot- 
 hills and take an elk, and secure a pair of the great antlers they 
 wear. If, now, you are satisfied with your early spring hunt, 
 and are willing to take a trip in the warmer part of the year, 
 after high waters of June are over, and the snow has disappeared 
 from the foot-hills; wait until after you have done your duty in 
 celebrating the Great Natal day, which marks an epoch when 
 tyrany began to wane, and liberty to grow, and then go into 
 Eastern Oregon or Washington, Northern or Southern Idaho, 
 Eastern or Western Montana, where the prairie chicken, and 
 timber grouse, afford fine sport, and are numerous. In addition 
 to these, the Coyote, sage hen and jack rabbit, may be had, in 
 the sage brush plains. 
 
 Leaving the chicken and grouse, you now can begin to as- 
 cend the mountain chains. In Idaho and Montana you are liable 
 to find a few "grizzlies" and in all the territories named, as well 
 as in Oregon, the Cinnamon and the Black Bear, the deer and 
 mountain goat may be had. As you slowly ascend the moun- 
 tains, perhaps making only three or five miles between camps, 
 you find the streams so alive with trout, that while one cares for 
 the horses, another starts a camp-fire, a few are out a little way 
 looking for game, your best angler can secure trout enough for 
 a meal of ten. If you hunt either the cinnamon or grizzly bear 
 better go in strong force, armed with heavy repeaters, as it often 
 takes twenty-five bullets to kill one of these monsters. The lion 
 of Africa, would be no match for these monarchs of the great 
 Northwestern mountains. Keep your wits and only shoot with 
 steady hand. When your first ball hits, he does not flee, but 
 starts towards the spot from whence the attack comes. Now 
 hold your fire for easy range. Do not get excited and miss your 
 mark, or you may take a journey to another clime without the 
 presence of either a fashionable preacher or undertaker. If still 
 the bear does not fall, wait until fifty feet away, he rises on his 
 feet, and prepares to embaace you, when a few shots well up in 
 
Washington Territory afid the far Northwest. 33 
 
 the breast will cause him to make his last bow to his new 
 acquaintances. 
 
 Should it happen that you suddenly come upon one with her 
 cubs, you must not get scared, as before you have had much 
 time to solve the problem, she is after you. If you can reach 
 the place where the butcher's knife seeks the life of the hog, 
 you may get in a fatal shot. But if you cannot do this, then 
 wait for the first preparations of the embrazing position, and let 
 go all the artillery of the party, until the work is done, when you 
 may easily secure the cubs, either for food, or if very young, for 
 sale to some menagerie. If the cubs cry, then look out for the 
 old mate — in the meantime re-charging all the chambers of your 
 peices — for, when he comes, in answer to the cry of the young, 
 his approach will he worse than that of an Iowa blizzard. 
 
 If, however, you do not care to face this kind of game, or 
 have not the requisite nerve, leave the lower levels, where berries 
 and bears are plenty, and go into the higher grounds, and more 
 open woods, and hunt the deer, which are very numerous. 
 
 Then, if you want to hunt for animals who live from 
 seven to ten thousand feet above the sea, where the timber line 
 ceases, and that of eternal snow begins, select some vast moun- 
 tain peak, whose dark lines just above the timber indicate that 
 the snows have melted away on its southern slopes for quite a 
 distance below its great glacier head cover. 
 
 Leave your horses, cook, and all camp equipage, save 
 only a couple of blankets for each man, and food for twenty- 
 four hours. Strap all these onto A^our back, like a soldier's knap- 
 sack. Do not be so silly as to carry your cosmetics, tooth brush, 
 comb, soap, towel, shoe blacking, etc., for an ounce becomes a 
 pound, and a mile, longer than a journey. You now ought to 
 have a guide. Begin the ascent at early morn, and if you are 
 unusually "luckey," some game may be "bagged" and the 
 night spent in camp. But the chances are, you will sleep a mile 
 from camp and five thousand feet above it. 
 
 Nerve yourself to the task of traveling along the margins of 
 chasams, where a single misstep might send the hunter into an 
 abyss a thousand feet below. You approach the haunts of the 
 animal from the northerlv slopes, and are liable to encounter ice 
 fields in lower altitudes. To cross these, it may become neces- 
 sarv for vour guide to cut niches for vour feet. Hence, a hatchet 
 
34 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 is needed for this purpose, and for securing scrubby bushes for 
 fire, if you are obliged to camp for the night. Your guide will 
 not forget matches, even if you have. When you reach about the 
 altitude bordering the lower level of the regions, usually occupied 
 by the sheep (called goat or sheep), it will be a good plan to divide 
 your forces, one party going to the right, the other to the left, tak- 
 ing bearings before starting, and seeking to keep at altitudes, dif- 
 fering three or four hundred feet. Having done this, move noise- 
 lessly around the mountain. Take advantage of emminences, 
 bunches of scrubby bushes, etc., to hide your approach, for the 
 chieftain of the flock stands guard, nver sleeping on his post. 
 When you decry the flock, let them feed along until hidden by 
 a rocky point or other object, then move up nearer. Do this 
 until you are within rifle shot, when you take the animals on the 
 run. If they are near the upper part of the grass belt, (in such 
 places the grass grows like Jonah's gourd), they will fly up and 
 around the mountam, when the other party can get a shot. Or, 
 if at upper edge, they will leap down precipices twenty feet or 
 more, and seek the lower edge when they encounter the second 
 shower of bullets. Having secured some and removed the skin 
 and horns to carry home, you take the " saddles " to camp. 
 
 If now night is coming on, do not begin the descent to camp, 
 unless ample time intervenes, to give you all day light^ for the 
 descent is more perilous than the ascent. Better drop down into 
 the timber on the side of the lower parts of the peak, build fire, 
 cook a part of your " saddle," and await another sun. 
 
 The hunter for this game must be brave, resonably fair in 
 health, and willing to " rough " it a little. No matter how much 
 you are exposed, colds, reheumatism, nor any other ailment can, 
 or does attack a person in these high altitudes. We have slept 
 on the snow many times with only two blankets. 
 
 WHERE TO GET LANDS. 
 
 Large bodies of excellent agricultural iands may be secured 
 in the Yakima Valley in Central Washington, Northern Mont- 
 ana, Southern Idaho and Eastern Oregon. 
 
 Much of this requires irrigation, the surest mode of crop 
 raising. No crop failure is ever experienced in these sections. 
 
. Perfection • Glue • 
 
 One of the most Valuable and Important discoveries of 
 recent years, to Furniture Manufacturers and others requiring a 
 
 Strong and Thoroughly Reliable Adhesive 
 
 was made by Prof. J. F. Martin, a few years ago, and which he 
 has given to the public under the very appropriate name of 
 
 PERFECTION CLUE. 
 
 This article is composed of the best sinew glutin and other adhesives, 
 80 compounded that it renders the glue impervious to dampness or 
 atmospheric changes. 
 
 Decomposition and decay, which is the natural tendency of all animal 
 matter, — and consequently the bane of and ultimate destruction of al- 
 most, if not entirely all glues now in general use, — has been entirely 
 overcome by Professor Martin in the preparation and comiiounding of 
 this article, by the addition of materials, which, not only add greater ad- 
 hesive strength to the glue than can possibly be obtained from purely 
 animal matter. Thus rendering it & perfect glue w cement, but which, also 
 •preserves the glutin from decomposition or decay, and thus gives the glue a 
 body which renders it as indestructible as the tcood or other materials upon 
 which it is used. 
 
 The use of this article by a large number of Furniture Manufacturers 
 and other wood working establishments, has demonstrated hy practical use, 
 and the most severe tests to which a glue can be svlyected, that it is the only glue 
 that improves with age after use and which is not affected by dampness. 
 In obtaining this statement of fact, we entirely disregarded and ignored all 
 assertions, and gathered the information, for ourselves and for the 
 benefit of our readers, from parties who had tested and are now using 
 this glue. 
 
 Among other Establishments, we visited the Furniture Factories of 
 Messrs. Salter & Bilek, 40 North Union St.; Niemann, Weinhai-dt & Co., 
 392 to 40(5 North Wood St. ; F. Herhold & Sons, 150 West Erie St. ; Keller 
 & Co., 30 North Jefierson St. ; The Wolff Mfg. Co.. 180 West Erie St.; 
 Charles Lawrence & W. E. Blair, 173 Madison St.; and many others in 
 the City of Chicago, all of whom we found using Perfection Glde. 
 
 From the information thus obtained, we are satisfied, and feel confi- 
 dent in saying, that when this article becomes generally known to the 
 trade ami Manufacturers, and is tested by them, it will rival, if not al- 
 most entirely supercede all other articles of gkie now m use. 
 
BEHOLD! 
 
 MEDICAL LAKE, WASHIN&TON TERRITORY. 
 
 MEDICAL LAKE SALTS 
 
 Cures Dyspepsia, lndia;estion, Chronic Constipation, Rheumatism, Paralysis, Dropsy, 
 Gout, Malaria, Insomnia, Nervous Debility, Kidney troubles and all Diseases of the 
 Blood, and Skin. It is a Specif iCi the Cheapest Remedy ever offered to the public. 
 
 One Package of Medical Lake Salts, Sent by Mail for $ I .OO. 
 Win Medicate Twenty Gallons of Water. 
 
 MEDICAL LAKE TOILET SOAP 
 
 Cures Chapped Hands and Lips, Pimples, Sunburn, removes Tan, beautifies the Complex- 
 ion, softens the Skin, makes the Hair Soft and Glossy, and Cures all forms of Skin Dis- 
 eases. Especial attention is called to it for the positive cure of Salt Rheum; and it is far 
 Superior to any Soap ever used for the dressing- of wounds, old sores, ulcerations, car- 
 buncles, boils, burns and all external diseases that the skin .and "flesh is heir to." As a 
 shampoo, it cleanses the scalp of crusts, scales and dandruff, and destroys the g-erm of in- 
 fectious disease and animal parasites in the most effiaacious manner. It promotes the growth 
 of the hair by assisting in the removal of those diseases and parasites which tend to destroy it. 
 
 Medical Lake Anti-Dyspeptic Baking Powder 
 
 is not inade to enter the field as a competitor with burned alum and phosphatic mixtures, 
 but comes more to ameliorate the suffering for which they are largely responsible. But no 
 dyspeptic person will ever eat biscuit made with other than Medical Lake Anti-Dyspeptic 
 Baking Powder who can afford to purchase it. Price, $i per pound by mail. 
 
 Medical Lake Salve 
 
 Cures Corns, Bunions, Burns, Bruises ane sores of all kinds. Price by mail, 50 cents. 
 
 Call on your druggist for the Totem of Health Remedies, and if he does not keep them 
 send us his and your address and we will send you, for $2, one box of Medical L.ake Salve, 
 three cakes of Medical Lake Toilet So.ap and one-half pound can of Medical Lake Anti- 
 Dyspeptic Baking Powder and one large package of Medical Lake Salts. 
 
 We will be glad to have the names of persons suffering from Paralysis, Rheumatism, 
 Kidney troubles, Dj'spepsia, Sick Headache or diseases of the Skin. 
 
 Agents Wanted. Prcfitable emyl.ayment without canvassing or capital. Address, 
 
 TOTEM OF HEALTH COMPANY, 
 
 4 13 "W^a-loeLsli A.ven-u.e, 
 
 CSilOAOO, IIjILi. 
 
Washington Territory and the far North-jccst. 35 
 
 In fact, there has been no failure in any part of the regions men- 
 tioned in this pamphlet, after a trial of ten and fifteen years. In 
 the counties of Malheuer, Crook, Grant, Lake and Klamath, in 
 Eastern Oregon, are large sections of government lands ready 
 for the home-seeker. In portions of these, good corn may be 
 grown. The country is prairie, and in some' localities timber can 
 only be had from the distant mountains. Large numbers of 
 sheep, horses and cattle are raised here. 
 
 No railroads penetrate this section as yet, but the Oregon 
 Pacific is rapidly building eastward from the coast, and before 
 July, 1S90 the settlers will hear the iron horse. And the time is 
 not distant when some company will begin at Winnemucca, in 
 Nevada, and build a line Northwest to Puget Sound, crossing the 
 Oregon Patific at some point in Grant County, and meeting the 
 Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line at Hepner in 
 Morrow County. 
 
 In Western Oregon ana Washington, the homesteader or 
 preemptor can find bodies of excellent timbered lands. In the 
 Big Bend country westward from Spokane falls are large bodies 
 of unoccupied lands. In Northern Idaho are small portions of 
 very rich prairie and timber lands. There are a few choice lo- 
 cations on unsurveyed lands along the Missouli in Western 
 Montana. There are many other localities where more or less 
 good farming and grazing lands may be had. 
 
 And when it is remembered that agricultural lands situated 
 in mountainous countries are always more valuable than those in 
 states like Illinois or Iowa, the reader can see the importance of 
 securing a portion now. 
 
 BOISE CITY, IDAHO, 
 
 Persons suffering with asthma should go to the above city. 
 We do not know what it is, but something in the cliamate cures 
 all who try. The city is on the south side of the great central 
 mountain belt overlooking the plains of the Snake river for a 
 hundred miles to the South. Clear skies, pure air, mountain 
 waters of crystal brightness, good hunting and fishing grounds, 
 good drives, live people, and a cit}- full of shades, flowers and 
 fruit, make it a delightful place in which to dwell. 
 
36 Washington Territory and the far Northwest, 
 
 POWDER RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 Baker City is the principal town of Eastern Oregon, and is 
 situated in the above valley. Fine agricultural lands, rich min- 
 ing districts, and valuable timber are convenient. Climate ex- 
 cellent, scenery grand, and opportunities for investment good. 
 
 CRANBERRY LANDS. 
 
 West of the Coast mountains near the ocean in both Oregon 
 and Washington are fine bodies of cranberry lands, some of w^hich 
 yet belong to the Government. M ost excellent fruit is produced 
 though not yet enough for "home consumption." One large 
 tract, at the head of the South arm of Shoal Water Bay, is 
 being cultivated by a party of San Francisco men. They have 
 harvested tv\'o excellent crops. Their plant is seven miles north 
 of the mouth of the Columbia. Still north of them for tw^enty 
 miles to the mouth of the bay, and for fifteen miles further beyond 
 the bay on Peterson's Point extending to Grays harbor as well as 
 at other places on both the bay and harbor may be found large 
 bodies of land where those engaged in that industry, can get ex- 
 cellent locations. The same class of lands may be had in the 
 vicinity of Yquina, Coose and other bays in Oregon. 
 
 We think it safe to say that more than one hundred thous- 
 and acres of these lands may be had, in Oregon and Washing- 
 ton, from the government. No frosts are ever seen from 
 March to November, and no failure of crops ever known. 
 
 Along the coast, these lands are contiguous, lying between 
 the outer ridge of sand, and another like ridge, inland from one- 
 fourth to two miles. Between these ridges and on the inner one, 
 trees, timber and grass have formed during the centuries that the 
 Pacific has been, as it now is, receding from this continent. 
 
 Being so situated, one ditch could be made by the labors of 
 the settlers, to drain any number of claims. All the lands are 
 contiguous to water-ways and steam boat lines, and thc^ markets 
 of the world can be easily reached. To those engaged in cran- 
 berry culture, no finer opening can be found in the world than 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 37 
 
 the places indicated. Unlike the marshy regions of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, there is no malaria. Mosquitoes are the only pests, 
 except the eagle, bear and cougar who will make war on your 
 flocks. 
 
 Plenty of timber and pasturage, excellent building spots, 
 garden and fruit grounds, and the finest beach road are at the 
 command of all. 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 We have been asked about lime, cement, &c., in the sections 
 named. In -parts of Oregon and the Territories, none has yet 
 been discovered. But in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, both 
 lime and cement are plenty, as also in the San Juan country, and 
 the Kittitass in Washington. They are also found in Idaho and 
 Montana. And in all of the sections, are the finest building 
 rock and fire clay. 
 
 GARDENING. 
 
 In any portion of the great section of country mentioned in 
 this pamphlet, gardaning can be profitably carried on. Good 
 localities can be found near Helena and Butte, Montana, Spokane 
 Falls, Yakima, Walla Walla, Colfax, Ellensburg, Port Towns- 
 end, Whatcom, Seattle and Tacoma, Washington Territory, 
 Boise City, Wardner, and Lewiston, Idaho, and Baker City, 
 Huntington, Le Grand, Pendleton, Heppner, The Dalles, Port- 
 land, Astoria, Mc Minville, Eugene, Roseburg and Jacksonville, 
 Oregon, as well as in any section where mining, milling, and 
 other large enterprises are carried on. The vicinity of The 
 Dalles and Yakima, offers the finest field for growing melons 
 we ever saw in any country. We shall not name size or weight, 
 as the reader who does not live there, or has not seen the melons, 
 will not believe the truth. 
 
 How to obtain Mineral Land. 
 
 Title to these lands is based upon discovery. The United 
 States Statutes provide that any native or naturalized citizen, or 
 person having declared his intentions ("got first papers") may 
 
38 Washingto7i Territory and the far Norih'west. 
 
 locate a ledge 600x1,500 feet, doing $500 worth of work there- 
 on at the rate of at least $100 per year, when he may apply for 
 a survey and patent. He must then pay fees and five dollars 
 per acre. 
 
 Coal lands are obtained in a similar manner. These cost 
 $20 per acre, if within ten miles of a completed line of railroad, 
 or ten dollars, if at a greater distance. 
 
 Important to the Afflicted. 
 
 Medical Lake, near Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, 
 destined to become the greatest health resort in the world, is, 
 indeed, one of the great wonders of the age. Our friends and 
 neighbors who have been afflicted with cutaneous diseases, neu- 
 ralgia, rheumatism, salt rheum, and other maladys, after spend- 
 ing ten days to a month, bathing in its waters, and otherwise 
 using the same, have come away as completely well as the leper, 
 whom the great Nazerene healed. Besides their curative pro- 
 perties, the waters of this lake, when united with grease, make 
 the finest of soap, without the use of ashes or any other ingredi- 
 ent. The salts, taken from the lake, are i^apidly finding favor with 
 the medical profession. 
 
 No words, recommendatory of this lake and the virtues of its 
 waters, can be too strong. We do not hesitate to say, that the 
 cures performed by its use, exceed those of any lake, spring, 
 river or spot on earth. For ages it has been the Mecca of the 
 Indians of the Northwest, and to the use of its waters may be 
 attributed the exceeding longevity and health of the Red Man, 
 before his white brother drove him from this life-saving fountain. 
 
 MONTANA AGAIN. 
 
 Although received at a late hour, we insert the following. 
 
 The people of this territory have through their hard toil 
 and in the midst of great privations, during the last tw^enty 
 years, contributed to the golden wealth of the United States not 
 less than $400,000,000, and are now more than ever increasing 
 this stream of their rich offerings. The territory is a great em- 
 pire — larger than great Britain and Ireland, and is almost as 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 30 
 
 large as all the New England States, including the states of 
 New York and Pennsylvania. Within this vast area of country 
 there arc many of the most beautiful and growing towns and cities, 
 each one of which is in the immediate surroundings of the rich- 
 est soil, large rivers and other fountains of contributing wealth, 
 assuring to each the position of a great center of commerce. 
 
 The city of Butte, in Silver Bow County, is already the 
 largest and most populous city west of Denver, between the 
 Mississippi river and the Pacific coast, and is the largest mining 
 camp in the world. In this city, men of courage have quietly 
 and steadily persevered in the use of skill and energy, and the 
 ready help of honest laborers, opened the mountains, measured 
 their depths, and have in less than ten years given to the country's 
 circulating wealth more than $100,000,000. The force of cap- 
 ital and labor concentrated there is increasing every vear, and 
 the rewards fully demonstrate the fact that this wonderful home 
 of gold, silver, copper and other minerals has been but partially 
 disturbed. Butte City, in Montana, the richest mining camp in 
 the world, is the pride and boast of this commonwealth, and no 
 state or people in this nation of wealth can fail to appreciate the 
 brightness of this silver star. The most enthusiastic and extra- 
 vagant calculator does not pretend to estimate the great future 
 of these vast mountains, so full of sleeping wealth. Butte, 
 with its teeming thousands of busy, intelligent people — laborers 
 and men of every laudable avocation — turning out to the world 
 every year its many millions of money, and a commerce the 
 volume of which can be estimated only by tens of millions, and 
 having daily railroad transportation in every direction, needs to 
 have, and the government of the United States needs to have 
 there, commodious and well supplied public buildings for post 
 office and for the public officers. The people there are cramped 
 and inconvenienced already for want of such provision. No 
 other city or town in the United States having the commerce 
 and population equal to Helena or Butte, in this territory, has 
 failed to get the favor of congress and be supplied with a United 
 States building to meet the class of wants herein suggested. It 
 is no immodest request that is now made by Montana's people, 
 that these two cities shall have the notice of congressional justice 
 and liberality, and be supplied with this much needed help. The 
 annual output of our mines ten years ago was estimated at 
 
40 Washington Territory and the far Northtvest 
 
 $7,000,000 ; now it is over $34,000,000. The total value of taxable 
 property in the territory w^as $13,000,000; now it is $70,000,000 
 (not counting the value of mining property.) The number of 
 cattle in the Territory then was 220,000, now it is 1,500,000; 
 number of sheep then was 120,000, now it is over 2,000,000; 
 number of acres of land then under cultivation was 265,000, now 
 there are over 2,000,000 acres appropriated and settled for farm- 
 ing purposes; then the commerce of the whole Territory was 
 $20,000,000, now it is $40,000,000, then there was but a dozen 
 or so miles of railroad, now there are over 2,000; then the pop- 
 ulation 30,000, now it is 140,000: then the Territory was in debt 
 $112,000, now it is out of debt and there is plenty of money in 
 the treasury ; then taxes were high, now they are low ; then the 
 contest for the mastery of the country between the Indian and 
 White Man was red with human blood, and every household 
 trembled in anxiety for the triumphs of peace and of rest, now 
 all is quiet, and the hostile foe has laid down his battle-ax, put 
 on ti.e robes of civilization, and treads the path of industry side 
 by side with the white man. 
 
 By its treaty with the Blackfeet Indians last year. Congress 
 opened to settlement 17,616,640 acres of grazing, mining and 
 agricultural lands, which, it is estimated, will increase the Terri- 
 tory's area of arable lands to 30,000,000 of acres, susceptible of 
 producing immense crops of all the cereals and vegetables of the 
 " Eo-ypt of America." The farmers of Montana will, for all 
 time to come, enjoy an advantage not enjoyed by the farmers of 
 any other pait of the United States. The mining and reduction 
 of the precious and base metals with which it abounds will 
 always give employment to a greater jDopulation than is engaged 
 in agriculture; the consumers will, therefore, naturally always 
 be in the majority, and a ready market is assured to the producer. 
 By a kind dispensation of providence or nature, the mining and 
 agricultural lands are so located as to be contiguous to each other, 
 thus assuring a convenient source of supply for the one and a 
 market for the productions of the other. Prices for farm pro- 
 ducts will always be higher here than in the east or extreme 
 west, and the profits accruing to the husbandman will be pro- 
 portionately larger. The soil of the Territory is wonderfully 
 productive, the average yield of wheat and other cereals, as well 
 as root crops, is greater than that of any other Territory or State, 
 
Washing-io)i Territory and the far N^orthwest. 41 
 
 and in some instances being double that of some of the greatest 
 farming states east of the Mississippi. The streams in all of 
 the valleys insure a constant supply of water for irrigation and 
 other purposes, and a failure of crops on account of drought is 
 something never known. Millions of acres await the coming of 
 the farmer, and can be entered in the usual ways provided by the 
 Government. The schools of the Territory are as good as can 
 be found anywhere; a climate unsurpassed, fuel in abundance, 
 excellent water, a sociable and law abiding people, churches and 
 social organizations and thrifty towns; nowhere in the world 
 can be found the place which offers superior inducements to the 
 farmer in quest of a happy, comfortable home where he will be 
 free from epidemics and other causes that produce depressions 
 and make the life of the farmer one of drudgery and ill paid 
 labor in other localities. To the dairyman the field is equally 
 inviting, as the grazing in the mountains is unequaled, while 
 springs of crystal water burst from the foot of almost every 
 mountain, insuring excellent facilities for the maintenance of 
 cows and the preservation of milk and butter. 
 
 In a word, Montana to-day, and for all time to come, is, and 
 will be, the queen among queens, the land where want is never 
 known, and where honest toil and industry are rewarded to their 
 fullest need, and where there is still room for new comers. 
 
 IRRIGATION. 
 
 Irrigation gives life and verdue, and beauty, and productive- 
 ness to plant, and shrub, and tree, garden and flower, orchard and 
 landscape. By its agency, the arid desert, and wild sage brush 
 waste of portions of Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington, 
 are made to bloom like Eden's God enriched land. Like the rod 
 of Moses, it brings, waters from rock and stream, from hill and 
 mountain. It is the oldest system of cultivation known to man. 
 Tlie mighty empires of antiquity were seated on hill and plain, 
 where irrigating canals carried their waters, giving life to 
 Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Persia and the Levantine 
 countries. 
 
 The method of irrigation is simple, and this mode of water- 
 ing fields and gardens makes the farmer independent of the 
 
42 Washington Territory and the far North'west. 
 
 clouds, and, when once accustomed to it he would not, if he 
 could, exchange it for any other mode. If you want a good 
 home, go and secure some sage brush land. 
 
 Mr. D. P. Thompson, than whom probably no man on the 
 coast has a more accurate acquaintaince with the topography and 
 general character of the land in Oregon, says that the arid lands in 
 southern central Oregon embrace a district about eighty miles east 
 and west, and seventy-five miles north and south, or about 
 4,000,000 acres. In this district there are only four springs. The 
 land lies high above the level of Crooked river on the north and 
 Klamath on the south. He says that while it would be impos- 
 sible to conduct water over this immense district by canals, it is 
 not unlikely a large part of it could be redeemed by the boring 
 of artesian wells. This is the only plan by which water could 
 be supplied for irrigating purposes. 
 
 The desert lands in Washington TeiTitory are much more 
 favorably located as to a very large extent. Water can be sup- 
 plied by ditches from the rivers. The chief pait of the desert 
 lands in this territory are within the boundaries of what geolog- 
 ists have determined was an anicent lake. Generally speaking, 
 the land within the original limits of this lake is lower than the 
 surrounding countr}', and therefore it may be readily understood 
 upon what favorable conditions irrigating [canals could be oper- 
 ated. The land along the shores of this ancient lake is to a cer- 
 tain extent susceptiable to cultivation without irrigation. The 
 original boundaries of this ancient lake, extended on the west, 
 nearly to Ellensburg, and on the east to Walla Walla, although 
 those boundaries do not now accurately indicate the limits of 
 the land which require irrigation. The desert lands in Wash- 
 ington Territory will aggregate more than the district in Ore- 
 gon. The rapid fall in the Yakima river, and the sudden fall 
 in the Columbia, render it possible to divert almost an unlimited 
 quantity of water on these desert districts in Washington. It is 
 well known that experimental artesian wells are now being 
 bored in this arid district. 
 
 In Idaho the sage brush plains all admit of being reclaimed, 
 by reason of the Boise, Payette, Weiser and other mountain 
 streams. Indeed, much of this land has already been redeemed 
 by the aid of private enterprises, and much has been taken up 
 in expectation of the construction of new water ditches. 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 43 
 
 RAIN. 
 
 Much is said about the rain-fall in Western Oregon, and 
 
 Washington, and we submit the following from the Signal 
 Corps of the United States. 
 
 Inches of rain in 1SS4 — inches. 
 
 Portland, Or. 55-04 
 
 Boston 48.28 
 
 New York 43-58 
 
 Philadelphia 4i-o7 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 56,23 
 
 New Orleans 64.36 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 53-66 
 
 Chicago 37.34 
 
 FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 W. M. Lee, practical gardener and fruit grower, furnishes 
 the following interesting facts: 
 
 All fruits that thrive in a temperate climate are grown suc- 
 cessfully in Washington Territory. The Western portion of 
 the territory, or Puget Sound basin, has some advantages over 
 middle and eastern Washington. This is due to its moisture and 
 more equable climate produced by the proximity of the ocean 
 and the tempering breezes that bring with them the warm breath 
 of the Japan current. The mild and even climate, together with 
 a soil especially adapted to fruit culture, make Washington Ter- 
 ritory as fine a fruit country as can be found in the United States. 
 This remark does not apply to tropical fruits, but to the hardier 
 fruits — apples, pears, plums, quinces, prunes, cherries, and all 
 kinds of berries and small fruits. Peaches thrive in the eastern 
 part of the territory, where the summers are hotter than in the 
 Puget Sound basin. They are also grown successfully in favored 
 spots west of the mountains. 
 
 Prunes of several varieties, including the Italian, French, 
 German, Cross and Silver, have been grown here for several 
 years with marked success. The trees are healthy and vigorous 
 
44 Washington Territory and the far Northivest. 
 
 and bear enormous crops of large fruit of excellent quality. The 
 Italian, the prune of commerce, has netted orchadists in this 
 vicinity from $400 to $Soo per acre. My best French prunes 
 yielded last season from 200 to 400 pounds per tree. The trees 
 and fruit are free from blight or insect. 
 
 A. W. Hidden, Vancouver, W. T., receives a net yearly 
 income of $1,800 from his three acre prune orchard. All vari- 
 eties of plum thrive and produce equal to the prune. 
 
 Pears of all varieties thrive. The trees are healthy and bid 
 fair to live a century. They bear young and produce bountifully. 
 The fruit grows large and is of excellent quality, Bartletts often 
 weighing a pound each. The Washington Horticulturist society 
 exhibited a single twig, twenty-four inches long, containing 
 seventy-one pears. 
 
 Chei'ries do remarkably well, and there is probably no place 
 on the continent where they can be grown more abundantly or 
 of better quality. All varieties of sweet and tart cherries are 
 brought to perfection. The trees are very thrifty and bear en- 
 ormous crops of large and highly flavored fruit. To give an idea 
 of the productiveness of cherry trees in the Puget Sound 
 country, we will state that Mr. Taylor, sold from an eight- 
 year-old tree a single picking of fruit for $27.50. I. Biles, of 
 Olympia, W. T., produces from 300 to 500 pounds yearly to each 
 tree. His trees are twelve years old, and he receives a net pro- 
 fit of from $25 to $45 per tree. Fifty of these large trees will 
 cover an acre. The soil and climate of this territory are beyond 
 doubt adapted in all respects for the home of the cherry. 
 
 Apples are also produced in abundance. The trees bear 
 young and abundantly. The fruit attains a large size and has 
 that delightful acid quality peculiar to fruit grown in high lati- 
 tudes. All leading standard varieties succeed here. 
 
 Strawberries are successfully grown on almost every variety 
 of soil here. The fir upland, however, is peculiarly adapted to 
 their culture, and 3'ields heavier and better crops than the rich 
 valley land. The fruit grows to a large size, often measuring 
 five to six inches in circumference. It is a paying crop, and will 
 net from $150 to $500 per acre. 
 
 Blackberries and raspberries grow almost without care. Of 
 the former, the varieties known as the Lawton and Kittatinny 
 are most common. The stalks often grow to a height of twenty 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northtvest 45 
 
 feet. They bear heavily, and the fruit is of excellent quality. 
 The crop is profitable. 
 
 Currants and gooseberries are in their element. Both reach 
 perfection. They produce abundantly, and the fruit is well 
 flavored and free from mildew. Taking everything into consider- 
 ation, this is the best country on the continent for the growth of 
 the fruits named, and all hardy and half hardy fruits. This broad 
 claim has been amply verified by the experience of many per- 
 sons in various parts of the territory, and on both sides of the 
 mountains. Fruit growing is destined to become one of the 
 greatest and most profitable industries in the territory, already 
 noted for the extent and variety of its resources. 
 
 If there is anything the soil and climate of Washington 
 Territory are better adapted to than fruit growing, it is the rais- 
 ing of hops, grain, grass and vegetables. Everybody knows 
 that we beat the world on hops. We raise them cheaper than 
 they are grown in New York or in England, and of a much 
 better quality than those grown in California. The crop never 
 fails, and the fair average yield is 1,700 pounds per acre, being 
 more than double the average yield in New York and England. 
 
 No element or constituent of the soil or climate of Wash- 
 ington Territory is wanting to produce the following vegetables 
 in a high degree of perfecton, viz : Cabbage, cauliflower, pota- 
 toes, beets, onions, turnips, parsnips, radishes, letuce, beans, rhu- 
 barb, carrots, peas, and a long list of other vegetables too numer- 
 ous to mention. E. Meeker, of the Puyallp valley, raised 500 
 bushels of potatoes per acre, also twenty tons of beets and carrots 
 per acre. R. Ecke, of Hilburst, raised over 500 bushels of po- 
 tatoes per acre on upland, and thirty tons of cabbage to the acre. 
 In a word, the agricultural and horticultural capacities of Wash- 
 ington Territory have been tamely told. This country is also 
 adapted to grazing; white clover and all the leading grasses 
 thrive; the rich valleys and lands produce from three to five tons 
 of hay per acre, which is woth $20 per ton^ Stock of all kinds 
 is raised profitably throughout the territory. Bees do well here. 
 The natural floral capacity is large, comprising a list of plants 
 too numerous to state; white clover is the main dependence 
 for honey, which is worth in the market twenty-five cents per 
 pound (i.e.), the best comb honey. One hive of bees will yield 
 from thirty to seventy-five pounds of surplus honey. The 
 
46 Washing-ton Territory and the far JVorthzvest 
 
 average yield is fi'om forty to fifty pounds. If any more testi- 
 mony is needed it is furnished by hundreds of farms within a 
 few miles of Tacoma, on both upland and valley land, where 
 large fields can be seen devoted to the growth of the various 
 kinds of vegetables mentioned, from almost any spot of which 
 specimens can be taken as fine as any that can be found on the 
 globe. 
 
 Another industry in the great Polouse country yet in its 
 infancy, but destined to attain an important place among the 
 many other industries, is that of fruit growing. For quite a 
 number of years after the first settlement many fruit trees were 
 put out, and but few succeeded, owing to the lack of experience 
 which then existed. A great many of the trees put out upon 
 unfavorable localities died, and many became discouraged and 
 quit the business. Others persevered in their efforts, and, after 
 numerous trials and many disappointments, a few succeeded in 
 raising a limited quantity of the hardy varieties apples, pears, 
 plums, prunes, etc. This induced others to renew their efforts, 
 and it was finally demonstrated that there is scarcely a single 
 quarter section of land in the whole Polouse country but will 
 produce, in great profusion and with certainty, the hardy vane- 
 ties of fruit. This was amply proven by the exhibition of fruits, 
 the products of Withman county alone, that was exhibited at the 
 County Fair of that county in October, 1887. 
 
 In the whole upland region small fruits attain a perfection 
 excelled in no other section of the United States. The straw- 
 berry, though ripening late, is of fine size and exquisite flavor. 
 Currants are everywhere abundant and excellent, while the 
 gooseberry and all the red varieties of the raspberry cannot be 
 excelled. It was not until long after the first experiments with 
 raising fruit on the uplands that it was thought possible to pro- 
 duce the more tender fruits, such as peaches, apricots, nectarines, 
 etc. An adventurous individual on a Snake river bar first put 
 out a few peach tr«es. These grew and prospered, until his 
 example became contagious, and to-day there are hundreds of 
 acres along the banks of that river devoted exclusively to the 
 raising of the tender varieties of fruits, as well as of foreign 
 varieties of the grape, so that, at this time, it may be safely pre- 
 dicted that the Palouse country will produce all of the hardy 
 fruits and much of the tender varieties that will be necessary 
 
Washington Territory and the far Islorthzvest, 47 
 
 to supply the present and increasing demand of the country. 
 Along the foothills in all the eastern portions of the country 
 the certainty with which plums and jDrunes are produced, as well 
 as the great f ruitfulness of the trees, is destined, in the near future 
 to make the raising and drying of these varieties of fruit one of 
 the leading industries of the country. In a green state the rais- 
 ing and marketing of these fruits is a profitable business, but 
 when the products shall have been increased, so that the over- 
 supply of the green article is produced, it will be found profitable 
 to establish canning and drying establishments in order to dis- 
 pose of the surplus products, and thus supply our less favored 
 neighbors north and east — Idaho, Montana and Dakota — with 
 their dried plums and prunes. 
 
 The abundant crop of peaches produced along the Snake 
 river during the past six years, and the excellent quality of the 
 fruit, has already caused those engaged in that branch of fruit 
 growing to discuss the project of establishing a cannery some- 
 where on that stream. The discussion was brought about by the 
 lack of transportarion, especially railroad transportation to the 
 east and north. The long distance which peach growers have 
 had to go to find a market for the little surplus which they could 
 not dispose of in the local markets has, up to a recent day, been 
 a great drawback to the more extensive growing of the peach, 
 but now the Northern Pacific railroad has built a branch line of 
 its road within easy distance of the peach-producing section of 
 country, and the result will be to greatly increase the production 
 of that luscious fruit. 
 
 Among the varieties of berries grown in favored localities, 
 we ommitted to mention the blackberry. This luscious berry, 
 although not indigenous, grows to perfection and produces most 
 wonderful crops, two hundred bushels per acre being about the 
 average production. The average price per bushel is about 
 $3.60, making the cultivation of this berry very profitable. 
 
 A GREAT GRAIN COUNTRY. 
 
 Hon. Phillip Ritz, the well known horticulturist and farmer 
 of Walla Walla, arrived here yesterday from Ritsville. He re- 
 ports the crops in that section good beyond all expectation and a 
 surprise to everybody. In several places sixty bushels of oats 
 
48 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 to the acre was raised an land which hereto had been considered 
 worthless for the culture of oats. Crops throughout the Big 
 Bend country also exceed expectations, and everybody is encour- 
 aged. " You may say that this holds good for the entire Co- 
 lumbia River basin," said Mr. Ritz to a Post-Intelligencer re- 
 porter, "and while I am on the subject of agriculture, I would 
 like to be put on record as making a prediction. In 1874, or 
 thereabouts, after I had taken a good look at the Inland Empire, 
 I said that it had a capacity for producing 100,000,000 bushels 
 of grain annually. Many people regarded the statement as a 
 wild fancy. Since that time we have found that a great deal of 
 land will produce grain which was then thought to have no 
 value for agricultural purposes. After carefully looking over the 
 field again, I am satisfied that the producing capacity of the In- 
 land Empire is more than 200,000,000 per annum." 
 
 " How much of the Columbia River basin do you include 
 in the 'Inland Empire?'" asked the reporter. 
 
 " Only the part of the basin which lies w^est of Blue Moun- 
 tains and east of the Cascades," answered Mr. Ritz. " This 
 district is 250 miles wide and 400 miles long. The ' Columbia 
 River basin ' is too sweeping, because it must include part of 
 British Columbia, a large section in Montana, Southern Idaho, 
 and Southeastern Oregon. By the ' Inland Empire,' I mean the 
 Big Bend country, the Walla Walla valley, the Palouse region, 
 and both banks of the Columbia River as far down as the 
 Dalles. I don't include the Grand Ronde valley in Eastern 
 Oregon, and I would like to add that in my opinion the gi^eater 
 portion of the product of the Inland Empire will find its way 
 to market by way of Puget Sound, and I believe the enterpris- 
 ing people of Seattle need no advice as to their duty in the im- 
 mediate future." 
 
 We add the following from Wardner News., a spicy paper 
 published at Wardner, Idaho, and in the rich mining fields re- , 
 f erred to in this pamphlet.: — 
 
 Our civilization has arrived at such a pitch in all eastern 
 cities that the system of etiquette in what is called good societ}^ 
 necessitates so many expenditures on behalf of its members that 
 a majority of young men cannot afford to keep pace with the 
 demands. The public schools and colleges of the United States 
 are turning out an innumerable amount of students every year 
 
Washington Territory and the far North-west. 49 
 
 who help to swell the already over-crowded ranks of the business 
 and professional classes. They disdain trades that would offer 
 them better renumeration for their services, and prefer as they 
 have to, to deprive themselves of actual necessities so long as 
 they are not called upon to soil their hands to earn the pittance 
 they get for their labor. Could some of these young men take 
 a peep at the great northwest and see the thousands of oppor- 
 tunities that are open to them here, where by overstepping the 
 strict rules of etiquette and by the pursuit of a little honest and 
 honorable labor they could lay a foundation on which to build a 
 fortune. Here they would find all things congenial, and among 
 their associates would encounter no social or financial disqualifica- 
 tion in entering a society, which to the man of sense is fully as 
 good as any existing where money is the only charm that unlocks 
 the gates of entrance. The advice of the sage old philosopher 
 Horace Greeley, is never out of place. Let the young and am- 
 bitious men of the east turn their steps westward, and they will 
 behold the promised land so often pictured in their dreams. 
 They can enter as it were, upon a new life and enjoy its blessings 
 and emoluments without struggling in a weary pilgrimage to 
 reach what is almost hopeless to obtain in an overcrowded 
 community. 
 
 MANUFACTORIES. 
 
 Any one aquainted with Washington's varied resources re- 
 alizes that it will be a great manufacturmg center. No re- 
 source exists within its borders that cannot find every essential 
 necessary to its development. And every industry has the world 
 for its maket. The leading manufactories now are lumber and 
 flour, although beginnings have been made in a great variety of 
 industries too numerous to mention. The leading ones men- 
 tioned, both represent products of the soil in their simplest trans- 
 formations. The development of both has reached enormous 
 proportions. The total capacity of the saw mills of the terri- 
 tory is estimated at 1,043,596,000 feet, and of the flouring mills 
 at over 500,000 barrels a year. Unquestionably these two pro- 
 ducts represents the employment of more capital and labor than 
 probably all the rest of the industries in the territory combined. 
 But the reason why they have progressed so rapidly and the 
 
50 Washington Territory and the far Northivest. 
 
 other industries relatively so slowly is due to the general demand 
 for those products, not only for home consuption but for export. 
 The same reasons which led to the vast trade in those two 
 articles, will lead to the development of others, to an extent be- 
 yond computation. In only the most general way can the gross 
 value of manufactured articles be estimtaed. 
 
 It is impossible to give figures. But the increase in the 
 valuations of taxable property, of the grain product, of land 
 under cultivation, of the product of the mills, coal mines, etc., 
 indicate enormous increases which cannot be considered without 
 associating with them the ordinary directions to which the ener- 
 gies of an increasing population, living in the midst of them are 
 given. The wants of over 200,000 people, require hundreds of 
 conveniences and sources of supply that inevitably attract manu- 
 factories. 
 
 The main reasons for the increase of manufactories are not 
 the local demand, but the existence of unlimited natural resources 
 and material, the facilities for developing them, power, and 
 the trade relations have sprung up in all directions opening up 
 a commercial field unlimited in extent and wealth. Industries in 
 a new country usually develop in inverse proportion to the 
 amount of capital represented in their finished products. The 
 advantages manufactories demand are the convenient presence 
 of material, and either natural power or the means of creating 
 artificial power. Washington's manufactories are located in the 
 midst of unlimited resources with respect to all of these. Milli- 
 ons of bushels of grain, thousands of acres of timber, over a 
 billion feet of manufactured lumber, hops, fish, marble, lime- 
 stone, iron ore — all these afford a general ida, but not a complete 
 one, of the material at hand for manufacturing purposes. For 
 artificial power, as will appear elsewhere, unlimited deposits of 
 coal are available, besides an unlimited supply of wood. Aside 
 from these are the great water power, conveniently supplied by 
 nature at various points throughout the territory. Significant 
 examples of these are found in the manufactories in Spokane, 
 Walla Walla, Olympia, Ellensburg, Yakima and various other 
 places. Snoqulamie Falls would turn the wheels for a thousand 
 mills, if fully utilized, and the various rapid mountain streams 
 as well as the falls and rapids in the Columbia river afford inex- 
 haustable opportunities for manufactories. Such an extraordi- 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 51 
 
 nary supply of material, occupied with such economic, natural 
 and artificial power, are some of the inducements offered manu- 
 facturers. 
 
 The facilities for shipping products to the consumer are 
 established in all directions, and are limited only by the ends of 
 the earth. Washington Territory wheat is now manufactured 
 into flour in Europe. Washington Territory flour is eaten in 
 China. Its lumber is carried to Australia; its fish all over the 
 world ; its gold and silver and lead everywhere. It is not sur- 
 prising that manufatories are rapidly increasing in number, and 
 that more than tentative steps have been taken to establish those 
 which require enormous capital, such as iron and steel works, 
 smelters and the like. The reader can now realize why there 
 should have been the extraordinary increase in the number of 
 manufactories in the territory during the past year. As a matter 
 of fact, the increase has been extraordinary. 
 
 A GIRL MAIL CARRIER. 
 
 Oregon has a woman mail carrier. Her name is Miss 
 Minnie Westman, and she carries Uncle Sam's mail from the 
 head of navigation on Siuslaw River over the Coast Range 
 Mountains, following up the river to Hale's post-ofiice station, 
 within fifteen miles of Eugene City. 
 
 Her route is twenty miles long, and is situated right in the 
 heart of the mountains, where all the dangers and adventures 
 incident to such an occupation abound. She carries the mail 
 night and day, and fears nothing. She rides horseback and 
 carries a trusty revolver. 
 
 Miss Westman is a plump little brunette, and is twenty 
 years old. Her father and uncle operate a stage line and have a 
 contract for carrying the mail. At Hale's station Minnie meets 
 her father and gets the mail from Eugene City and starts on her 
 round. 
 
 Miss Westman has never met with a serious accident in the 
 performance of her duty. On one of her trips last year she found 
 three good sized bears in the road right in front of her. The 
 horse on espying them became frightened, threw his rider to the 
 ground, and turning around ran back the road he came. 
 
52 Washington Teri'itory and the far Northwest. 
 
 Miss Westman with great presence of mind, started after 
 the runaway, and overtaking him, remounted and rode right 
 through the savage cordon, and, strange to say, she was not at- 
 tacked. Meeting some friends, she told them of what she had 
 seen, and they went to the place and killed the bears. So far 
 this year Miss Westman has met two bears, which did not 
 molest her. 
 
 PENDLETON. 
 
 The chief town of Umatilla county, and the second largest 
 town in all that portion of Oregon east of the Cascade range, is 
 Pendleton. From its past growth and present development and 
 its favorable location, it is evident that Pendleton is destined to 
 be the metropolis and commercial center of its section. It is sit- 
 uated near the geographical center of the county, being about 
 thirty-six miles in a direct line from the Columbia river at 
 Umatilla, about fifty-five miles from the northeastern corner, and 
 fifty-three miles from the Grant county line on the south. 
 
 It is also a center in a topographical and more important 
 sense, all portions of the country around naturally converging to 
 this point, making easy and natural grades for roads. The town 
 is situated on the Umatilla river, and is, as before stated, just at 
 the edge of the Umatilla reservation, the sale of which, it is ex- 
 pected, will double the present population within the next two 
 or three years. 
 
 STOCK RAISING. 
 
 Next to wheat growing, stock raising is the most important 
 industry in the Palouse country, the advantages presented for 
 this line of business being unexcelled anywhere in the world. 
 These advantages are found in the natural bunch grass pasturage, 
 which affords all the elements of nutriment necessary for bone, 
 muscle and flesh, animals raised on it being well rounded, hard 
 and solid; the short and mild winters, during which but little, 
 if any feeding is necessary, thereby allowing the largest margin 
 for profit ; the abundance and availability of good water, and the 
 remarkable absence of contagious diseases and insects that annoy 
 and pester stock. Horses raised in this region are noted for their 
 
Washitigtofi Territory and the far Northivcst. 53 
 
 early maturity, strength, speed, soundness of body and limb and 
 general exemption from disease, points not lost upon experienced 
 buyers. Horned stock and sheep thrive equally well with horses 
 and all are undergoing a rapid improvement in quality by the 
 constant introduction of the best blood obtainable. Sheep 
 husbandry is one of the great and most profitable industries here, 
 carried on under the most favorable conditions of climate and 
 range, varying from the warm wintering places on Snake river 
 to the convenient and unexcelled summer range in the foothills 
 of the adjacent mountains, with their abundance of pasturage 
 pure water and shade. There are now in the county over 
 150,000 head of sheep, and the yearly per centage of increase is 
 very large, with only nominal loss. Stock raising is carried on 
 mainly in the western part of the county, other sections being 
 devoted principally to agriculture, and while stock is diminishing 
 numerically, to make room for tillers of the soil, the aggregate 
 value is steadily increased by the improvement in grade. All 
 things considered, the Palouse country cannot be surpassed for 
 fine stock raising and the future has in store great things for 
 this industry. 
 
 SAN JUAN COUNTY. 
 
 Tourists who visit Puget Sound miss, from lack of facilities, 
 the most beautiful and romantic portion of the country. Once let 
 a passenger steamer thoroughly open up this group of islands 
 to travelers, and it will be one of the sights which none will 
 miss seeing; more than this, it would immediately become the 
 favorite summer resort of the Pacific Coast, and large numbers 
 of people from California, Oregon and Washington would build 
 here their summer residences. Outside of the Thousand Islands 
 of the St. Lawrence, there is not in the whole of the states so 
 beautiful and romantic a spot. The most mountainous island is 
 Orcas, and from the top of its highest mountain, 2,440 feet, can 
 be had a magnificient birdseye view, not only of the Sound 
 country, but also of the mountains of British Columbia; from 
 Mount Hood on the south, to the north end of the gulf of 
 Georgia, all the intervening and surrounding country can be 
 easily seen; snow-clad peaks rise on every hand, and at one's feet 
 the hundred isles of the Archipelago and of the Vancouver 
 
54 Washing-ton Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 group lay in beautiful confusion. The island is divided into two 
 halves by a sound, seven miles long by about a mile wide, called 
 East Sound, with mountains on either side, and two other deep 
 inlets, called West Sound, and Deer Harbor still further break 
 the outlines of the island; and on all of these inlets, nature has 
 made most beautiful spots for I'esidences. Amongst the moun- 
 tains on the east side are three lakes, two at an elevation of about 
 350 feet and over, the largest, about 1,200 feet above sea level; 
 the latter is one of the most beautiful little lakes in the world, 
 hemmed in by mountains and cliffs. On San Juan island there 
 are historical and romantic spots well worth a visit; the Ameri- 
 can and English armies held joint occupation of the island, pend- 
 ing the settlement of the dispute as to ownership. The English 
 camp was situated on a most lovely bay on the northwest side, and 
 many of the old buildings still stand. Several Californians will 
 next spring make an extensive tour through the Archipelago, in 
 view of making purchases for summer residences. A through 
 passenger steamer for tourists and residents would soon make the 
 islands as well known as the Grecian Archipelago. 
 
 The Wilamette University. 
 
 The Wilamette university comprises a college of medicine 
 a college of liberal arts, a college of law, a woman's college or 
 ladies boarding school, a conservatory of music, an art depart- 
 ment and the university acadeiny. Beside these departments 
 there are four correlated academies, viz: Sheridan academy, 
 .Sheridan, Or.; Santiam academy, Lebanon, Or.; Umpqua, 
 academy, Wilbur, Oregon, Drain academy, Drain, Or. ; and the 
 Wasco academy. The Dalles, Or. At Salem the school has five 
 buildings for instruction and boarding, in connection with which 
 is a fine library, cabinet and museum of natural history, to prop- 
 erly illustrate the various courses taught in this school, while its 
 two lai"ge literary societies, reading rooms and philosophical ap- 
 paratus afford the best facilities for the practical work of the 
 school. The woman's college provides a home for lady students 
 from a distance, where all the studies of the university can be 
 pursued. It affords a place of residence for young lady students, 
 under careful supervision and amid refined and orderly 
 surroundings. 
 
Washington Territory and the far Northwest, 55 
 
 NORTH YAKIMA. 
 
 North Yakima is rapidly taking her place as one of 
 the most enterprising cities of Washington Territory. The 
 coming season will be a new era for the great Yakima country. 
 
 North Yakima being centrally located, and having immedi- 
 ately tributary to it a large and rapidly developing farming 
 country, is considered by its citizens as the coming city of Central 
 Washington, and the most suitable place for the capital of the 
 mighty state of Washington. Already men of large means 
 from North, South, East and West are making large investments 
 here, believing that when the great undeveloped area of country 
 around North Yakima is put under cultivation, it will be a city 
 of from fifteen to twenty thousand. 
 
 Already manufaturers are here securing locations, as we 
 have a water power second to none in the territory, excepting 
 Spokane Falls. A large creamery, cold storage and canning 
 company have located here, which, when in operation, will spread 
 Yakima's fame all over the Union for vegetables, large and small 
 fruits. A large beef -packing company has been formed and will 
 operate this coming season, thereby giving the people of Wash- 
 ington Territory the finest beef grown, and making North Ya- 
 kima the market for an immense cattle country. This industry 
 alone will more than double its population. 
 
 VANCOUVER. 
 
 Clarke county has not been behind the other counties of this 
 great territory in progress and development. The year just 
 closed has seen more of actual development than any half dozen 
 that preceeded it. Settlers have been pouring in rapidly ; hund- 
 reds of acres of timber land have been cleared and set out in 
 prune and other fruit trees, and the prospects are most bright for 
 a very large immigration in 1S89. 
 
 It is an unquestioned fact that in natural resources and ad- 
 vantages of situation. Clarke county is not excelled by any 
 other county in this territory. The Columbia river flowing 
 westward from Wallula, turns almost due northvvard from the 
 mouth of the Willamette, forming the entire southern and west- 
 
56 Washington Territory and the far Northivest. 
 
 ern boundary of Clarke county, giving it fifty miles of shore 
 line, and thirty miles of the Lewis river is navigable for river 
 steamers, making for Clarke county at least eighty miles of cheap 
 transportation, w^ithin a few hours of the Portland docks and 
 easily accessible to the greater part of the county. 
 
 There are large stretches of rich wheat or grain producing 
 prairies; others of bunch-grass grazing land; and others with a 
 loose sandy soil. All kinds of cereals, and vegetables grow to 
 perfection in Clarke county, generally producing remarkable 
 crops. The great pride of Clarke county is, however, the fruit- 
 producing quality of its soil and climate, and in that it certainly 
 can " stump the world." Apples, pears, peaches, German and 
 Italian prunes, apricots, plums, cherries, mulberries, and all the 
 varieties of small fruits are raised in their highert state of per- 
 fection. Strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, dewberries, etc., 
 all grow to an immense size and in the greatest profusion. 
 
 Immediately north of Vancouver, extending to the Cascade 
 mountains, lies what is conceded by all to be the finest timber 
 belt on the Pacific coast. Thousands of acres of the finest red 
 and white fir, cedar, alder, larch and oak, are now beginning to 
 yield to the ax of the settler and lumberman, and will soon be 
 brought into the market over the Vancouver, Klickitat & Ya- 
 kima railroad, which is now an assured fact; no longer a paper 
 corporation. During the past few months fully twelve miles of 
 this railrord have been graded and the track is now being rapidly 
 laid. The first locomotive that ever ran on Clarke county soil 
 was placed on the road at its Vancouver terminus a few weeks 
 ago, and by the ist of February cars will be running regularly. 
 This road will be rapidly extended to the northeast over the 
 mountains, through the great wheat region of the Columbia 
 river basin in Klickitat and Yakima counties, and connect with 
 the Northern Pacific railroad at North Yakima, so that a very 
 large proportion of the wheat crop from Eastern Washington 
 will ultimately be shipped via Vancouver. 
 
 WALLA WALLA. 
 
 The assessment valuation of the county, on a basis of forty 
 per cent, of the real value, amounts to $7,000,000. The true 
 value of the property is nearly $18,000,000. The rate of taxa- 
 
Washington Territory and the far North-west. 57 
 
 tion is 13 mills, deriving a revenue of nearly $100,000, more 
 than sufficient to pay all expenses. Warrants are at par, and are 
 readily accepted as legal tender. The population of the county 
 is about 9,000, and the per capita valuation is $2,000 a better 
 showing than that of any other county. The county has 2,200 
 taxpayers, an average valuation to each of $S,ooo, We have 
 105 business firms who pay taxes on over $10,000 each, the av- 
 erage valuation of business firms being $30,500. 
 
 ELLENSBURG. 
 
 EUensburg is one of the four towns in the territory which 
 are growing with astonishing rapidity, Seattle, Tacoma and 
 Spokane Falls being the other three. Propoi'tionately speaking, 
 EUensburg is growing faster than either of her sister cities 
 whose progress has been well advertised. Within two years it 
 has grown from a quiet frontier town of 800 inhabitants to a 
 progressive city of over 3,000, of whom i,Soo have been added 
 since October, 1SS7. Her trade increased over 50 per cent last 
 year. EUensburg was founded early in the '70s by John A. 
 Shoudy, who still resides there and was named after his wife. 
 He maintained a trading station there for a number of years and 
 built a little log cabin not far from where the Northern Pacific 
 depot is now located. The pioneer house still stands, but the 
 stockade which Mr. Shoudy built around it to keep hostile Ind- 
 ians at a respectable distance, is gone. 
 
 Ten years ago it was still a trading station, but built up 
 slowly as settlers made their homes in the vicinity. Since the 
 Northern Pacific line was built to the city in 1SS5, thus furnish- 
 ing a market for the products of the rich Kittitas valley, it has 
 made rapid strides. Its population in October, 1SS5, was com- 
 puted at 600; October, 18S6, 800; October, 1SS7, 1,200; Decem- 
 ber, 1 888, 3,000. At the congressional election in November, 
 64S votes were cast in the city, which multiplied by five the ratio 
 which obtains in nearly all cities gives a population of 3,240. 
 Many of the newcomers not having been residents of the terri- 
 tory for six months, were not entitled to vote and no allowance 
 is made for them. 
 
 EUensburg is a modern city in every respect, possessing all 
 the essential conveniences found in large places. It has good 
 
58 Washington Territory and the far Northwest. 
 
 wide streets, sidewalks, waterworks, factories, banks, electric 
 street lights and incandescent lights in stores. Some of the 
 evidences of the frontier life still remain, but are surely and 
 steadily being relegated to their proper obscurity. 
 
 The Olympic Mountains and Indian 
 Traditions. 
 
 In his annual report to the Secretary of the Interior, Gover- 
 nor Semple of Washington Territory says: 
 
 Looking at the Olympic range from the eastern shore of 
 Puget Sound one can easily conceive how .superstitious ideas 
 could be fostered by them, in the minds of Indians and trappers 
 who have to contend with the elements as well as with fanged 
 and muscled beasts of prey that glare in their paths and menace 
 their advance. Red men and white men have gone all around 
 this section as bush men go all around a jungle in which a man- 
 eating tiger is concealed, but the interior is incognita. In tradition 
 alone has man penetrated its fastnesses and trod the aisles of its 
 continuous woods. Superstition lends its aid to the natural ob- 
 stacles in preserving the integrity of this grand wilderness. The 
 Indians have traditions in regard to happenings therein, ages ago, 
 which were so terrible that the memory of them has endured 
 until this day with a vividness that controls the actions of men. 
 In those remote times, say the aborigines, an open valley existed 
 on the Upper Wynooski, above the canon, in the heart of the 
 Olympic range. This valley was wide and level, and the moun- 
 tains hedged it in on every side. Its main extent was open land, 
 matted with grass and with sweet flowers, while the edge of the 
 river and foot of the hills were fringed with deciduous trees. 
 
 This place was held sacred as a neutral ground by the tribes 
 that hunted each other with murderous intent over every foot of 
 the Northwest country. Here peace was enshrined and the 
 warriors of different ti'ibes congregated once every year to en- 
 gage in friendly rivalry in the games that were known to them, 
 and to traffic with each other in such articles of commerce as 
 they possessed. Coming from various directions at the appointed 
 seasons, the bands of Indians threaded the mountain trails to the 
 summits, gazed for a moment upon the entrancing scene below, 
 
Washington Territory a7td the far North'west. 59 
 
 then, throwing down their spears and dismissing the frowns 
 from their brows, went forward with confidence and joy to re- 
 pose upon the bosom of the valley. There they engaged in feats 
 of strength and skill and in contests requiring courage and en- 
 durance akin to the Olympic games of the ancient Greeks, with 
 whom they may have been nearly contemporary. 
 
 No account exists of any violation of the neutrality, but a 
 great catastrophe occured long, long ago during the continuance 
 of one of their festivals, from which only a few of the assembled 
 Indians escaped. According to the accounts of the Indians, the 
 great Seatco, chief of all evil spirits, a giant who could trample 
 whole war parties under his feet, and who could traverse the air, 
 the water, and the land at will, whose stature was above the 
 tallest fir trees, whose voice was louder than the roar of the 
 ocean, and whose aspect was more terrible than that of the fier- 
 cest wild beast, who came and went upon the wings of the 
 wind, who could tear up the forest by the roots, heap the rocks 
 into mountains, and change the course of rivers with his breath, 
 became offended at them and caused the earth and waters to 
 swallow them up — all but a few, who were spared that they 
 might carry the story of his wrath to their tribes, and warn them 
 that they were banished from the happy valley forever. 
 
 Doubtless an earthquake had opened chasms in the land and 
 blocked the exits of streams, thus spreading death among tne 
 peaceful delegations. Since then the river has again eroded a 
 way through the rocks, and the upper valley of the Wynooski 
 has resumed its beauteous aspect, but the dreadful warning of 
 the great Seacto has been passed from mouth to mouth of the 
 uncounted generations, and the lake of the happy valley has not 
 since reflected the image of an Indian. The white hunter and 
 trapper not only acquires from the Indian his methods of taking 
 game and his woodcraft, but also imbibes his superstition, and 
 he, too, has avoided the happy valley, so that the elk and the 
 deer roam there undisturbed to this day. The next person to 
 stand upon the scene of the ancient convulsion will be the all- 
 conquering "average man" of the Anglo-Saxon race, who will 
 tear up the matted grass and the sweet flowers with his plow, 
 and deprecate the proximity of the snow-clad peaks because they 
 threaten his crops with early frosts and hiibor the coyote that 
 tears his sheep. 
 
6o lVas/nn£-ton Territory and the far JVort hives t. 
 
 In addition to what is said by the governor about the above 
 named superstitions, w^e add: The numerous tribes in Washing- 
 ton Territory and Oregon, believe in the existence of a " stick 
 si wash " (Indian of the woods), who possesses all the attributes 
 ascribed to the famous Seatco above mentioned. According to 
 this superstition, the " stick siwash " comes and goes with the 
 speed of light. The Indian, if on the end of a log, sees this 
 dread visitor quietly sitting on the other end of the same log ; if 
 beside the brook, his image is reflected from a neighboring tree 
 top ; if on the hunting path this wizard either directs the hunters 
 step to the game, or, if displeased with the hunter, drives the 
 game away. In a word, this will o'the wisp is consulted on all 
 occasions, with that firm belief, characteristic of the devout 
 christian, in prayer. It is safe to say that ninety per cent, of the 
 Indians of the Northwest are Spiritualists. Their faith in this 
 religion knows no bounds. 
 
 In the winter of 1878-9 the writer was snow-bound in 
 Kittitass valley at the residence of F. M. Thorp, the oldest white 
 settler in the Yakima basin. During this time a son-in-law of 
 my host, was absent on business. Thinking him lost, Mr. Thorp 
 consulted an Indian medium. This medium located the absent 
 one at the residence of another son-in-law near Seattle. Subse- 
 quently the writer instituted inquiry, which resulted in full proof 
 of all the assertions and declarations of the medium. This is 
 but one, of scores of instances, where this and other, of these 
 Indian mediums, have located their friends when far away, with 
 the same certainty that John of Patmos saw and described those 
 things not visible to the natural eye. The comparison we deem 
 no sacrilege, for these children of God, worship the Spirit of all 
 created things, as much as did the writer of the Book of 
 Revelations. 
 
 Note — That the reader may not be mislead regarding want 
 of timber in Eastern Washington we add — The Simcoe moun- 
 tains, extending along the south part of Yakima and the north 
 part of Klikitat counties have a belt of timber some twenty-five 
 by forty miles, while in Spokane and other counties there is 
 more or less. The timberless region referred to, includes large 
 portions of Kittitass, Yakima, Klikitat, Walla Walla, Franklin, 
 Lincoln, Adams, and Douglas counties. These counties include 
 the sage brush plains. 
 
DIRECTORY. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 Portland, 
 Tacoma, 
 Seattle, 
 Olympia, - 
 Spokane Falls, 
 Boise City, 
 
 Portland, 
 Seattle - 
 Tacoma 
 Spokane Falls 
 Olympia 
 Boise City 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 St. Charles or Esmond 
 
 - " The Tacoma " 
 
 Occidental 
 
 Carallton, or Youngs 
 
 - Grand 
 
 Central 
 
 Oregon National 
 
 Dexter, Hornton & Co. 
 
 National Bank of Commerce 
 
 Spokane Falls National Bank 
 
 - First National 
 
 First National 
 
 REAL ESTATE DEALERS. 
 
 Portland 
 Seattle - 
 Tacoma 
 Spokane Falls 
 Olympia 
 
 Portland 
 Seattle 
 Tacoma 
 Spokane Falls 
 Olympia 
 
 Portland Real Estate Co. 
 Denny & Hoyt 
 
 - Allen G. Mason 
 Spoor, Fowler & Co. 
 
 - R. G. O'Brien 
 
 ATTORNEYS. 
 
 Mitchell &. Tanner 
 
 J. B. Metcalf 
 
 John P. Judson 
 
 George Turner 
 
 Chirles H. Ayer 
 
DRS. 
 
 For Consumption 
 Asthma . 
 Bronchitis 
 Dyspepsia 
 Catarrh . 
 Hay Fever 
 Headache 
 
 STARKEY Sl PALEN'S 
 
 TREATMENT BY INHALATION. 
 TRADE MARK' ,^ REGISTERED. 
 
 For Debility . . . 
 Rheumatism 
 Neuralgia . . 
 All Chronic . 
 . . . and . . 
 Nervous . . . 
 . . Disorders 
 
 1629 Arch Street. Phileid'a. Pa. 
 
 1529 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 "The Compound Oxygen Treatment," Drs. Starkey & Palen, No. 1529 
 Arch Street, Philadelphia, have been using for the last twenty years, is a scien- 
 tific adjustment of the elements of Oxygen and Nitrogen magnetised, and the 
 compound is so condensed and made portable that it is sent all over the world. 
 ' COMPOUND OXYGEN" being taken into the system, the Brain, Spinal 
 Marrow, and the Nerve-Ganglia — "Nervous Centres" — are nourished and made 
 more active. Thus the Fountain Head of all activity, both mental and physi- 
 cial, is restored to a state of integrity, and the nervous system, the organs, and 
 the muscles all act more kindly and efficiently. 
 
 When "Compound Oxygen" is inhaled, the heart has imparted to it in- 
 creased vitality. That organ sends forth the blood with more force and less 
 wear to itself; the vital currents leave on their circuit new deposits of vital 
 force in every cell of tissue over which they pass, and return again to the lungs 
 for a new supply. This is a rational explanation of the greatest advance 
 medical science has yet made. 
 
 Office Patients are under our personal inspection and care, visiting the 
 office daily, or as frequently as their cases may require. We have a corpse of 
 six physicians, including ourselves, one of whom is a lady of large and varied 
 experience, who is in constant attendance. Call, see, and judge of this treat- 
 ment by inhalation. Consultations FREE. 
 
 Drs. Starkey & Palen have the liberty to refer to the following named 
 well-known persons who have tried their treatment: 
 Hon. Wm. D. Kelley, Member of Congress, Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 Rev. Victor L. Conrad, Editor Ltei/ieran Observer, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Rev. Charles W. Cushing, D.D., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Hon. Wm. Penn Nixon, Editor Inier-Ocean, Chicago, 111. 
 W. H. WorthIxNGTON, Editor A^ew South, Birmingham, Ala. 
 Judge H. P. Vrooman, Quenemo, Kan. 
 Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, Melrose, Mass. 
 Judge R. S. Noorhees, New York City. 
 Mr. E. C. Knight, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Hon. W. W. Schuyler, Ea^-ton, Pa. 
 Mr. Frank Siddal, Merchant, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Edward L. Wilson, 833 Broadway, N. Y., Ed. P/iil. Photographer. 
 Mrs. Emma Cooper, Utilla, Spanish Honduras, Central America. 
 Fidelia M. Lyon, Waimea, Hawaii, Sandwich Islands. 
 Mrs. Manuel V. Ortega, Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Mexico. 
 Alexander Ritchie, Inverness, Scotland. 
 J. Cobb, Casablanca, Morocco. 
 M. V. ASHBROOK, Red Bluft", Cal. 
 
 Jacob Ward, Bowral, New South Wales, 
 And thousands of others in every part of the Woi^ld. 
 
 "COMPOUND OXYGEN— Its Mode of Action and Results," is the tide of a 
 new brochure of two hundred piiges, which sjives to all inquirers full information as to this 
 remarkable curative agent, and a record of several hundred surprising cures in a wide 
 range of chronic cases — many of them after being abandoned to die by other physicians. 
 Will be mailed free to any address on application. Read the brochure! 
 
 152© Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
SUPERB TRAIN SERVICE, 
 GOOD CONNECTIONS, FAST TIME 
 
 —AND—- 
 
 CAN ALL r.K Sr.i-URKD l;Y TAKINc; THE 
 
 NOETHEEN 
 PACIFIC H. E. 
 
 BETWEEN THE EAST AND 
 
 Dakota, Manitoba, Montana, 
 
 Idaho, Washington Territory, 
 British Columbia, 
 
 Oregon and California. 
 
 THIS IS THE 
 
 ' YELLOWSTONE mif\m \ CUR ROOIE." 
 
 The NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD is the SHORT 
 LINE to HELENA', TACOMA, SEATTLE, and PORT- 
 LAND, OR.; is the ONLY LINE running PULLMAN 
 SLEEPING CARS to FERGUS FALLS, GRAND 
 FORKS, GRAFTON, WINNIPEG, FARGO, 
 HELENA and BUTTE CITY, and is the ONLY 
 LINE reaching JAMESTOWN, BISMARCK, 
 MILES CITY, BILLINGS, BOZEMAN, 
 MISSOULA, SPOKANE FALLS, 
 TACOMA and SEATTLE. 
 
 Pullman Sleepers, Dining Cars P Fiee Colonist Sleepers 
 
 ON EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY, 
 
 This Line offers Special Attractions to California Tourists. 
 
 For full information concerning Rates, Time, Etc., call on or address your 
 nearest Ticket Agent, any Traveling Passenger Agent of this company, or 
 
 CHAS. S. KEE, 
 
 Gen. Passenger and Ticket Agent, N. P. R. R., 
 ST. PAUL, MINN. 
 
— KOR— 
 
 OR EGON 
 
 AND 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 
 IT OFFERS PASSENGERS THE 
 
 CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES, via 
 
 St. Paul and | ^^ / Council Bluffs 
 Minneapolis 1 ( and Omaha, 
 
 RUNNING FIVE TRAINS DAILY, 
 
 Making close connections in Union Depots with through 
 
 trains for 
 
 ALL NORTHERN PACIFIC COAST POINTS. 
 
 ALL TRAINS CARRY 
 
 Sleeping and Dining Cars 
 
 AND AFFORD AI.I. COMFORTS AND CONVENIENCES INCIDENT TO 
 FIRST-CLASS SERVICE AND EQUIPMENT. 
 
 Rates and Information furnished on application to any Ticket 
 Agent, or to the General Passenger Agent, C. & N. W. Ry., 
 at Chicago, 
 
 J. M. WHITMAN, H. C. WICKER, 
 
 General Manager. Traffic Manager. 
 
 E. P. WILSON, 
 
 General Passenger Agent.