^0 O. oA -7-. / COLTON'S TRAVELER AND TOURIST'S THKOUGH TECE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE CANADAS: THE ROUTES AND DISTANCES ON THE GREAT LINES OF TRAVEL BY RAILROADS, CANALS, STAGE- ROADS, AND STEAMBOATS; ', , TOGETHER WITH " " '., DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEYERAL STATES, AND OF THE PRXNCIPAL CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES IN EACH. ACCOMPANIED WITH A LARGE AND ACCURATE MAP. NEW YORK:. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON & CO., No. 172 TVrLLIAM STREET. 1856. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, Er J. H. COLTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the bouthem District of New York. IITDEX TO THE ROUTES THROUGH NEW ENGLAND, THE MIDDLlE STATES, AND THE CANADAS. No. of Route. Albany, N. Y., to Bennin^on, Vt 167 to Boston, Mass 16(3 to Buffalo, N. Y 179 to Cooperstown 169 to Lake Georo^e 17-1 to Montreal, C. E 176 to Montreal, C. E 177 to Pitisfield, Mass 165 to Riiiland, Vt 168 to Saratog-a Springs 173 to Saraiog'a Srjring-s 174 to Unndilla 170 to Whitehall 173 Allyn's Point, Ct., to Worcester 140 Amsterdam, N. Y., to Sageville 184 Auburn, N. Y., to Cortland 212 to Oswego 213 Augusta, Me., to Anson 16 to Baii^ur 20 to Belfast 18 to Bethel 14 to Fiveluirg 13 to Ph'illips 15 to Quebec 17 to South Paris 12 to Thoma^on 19 Baltimore, Md., to Annapolis 300 to Carlisle 305 to Lancaster 306 to Norfolk 307 to Philadelphia 297 to Philadelphia 298 to Pitishnrg 302 to Pittsburg 303 to Washing-ion 299 to Wheelniir 301 to White SulphurSpa 304 to Winchester .301 Bangor, Me., to Brownsville 24 — - to Castiiie 26 - to East Machias 28 to Ellsworth 27 — to UreenviUe 23 No. o« Route. Bangor, Mc, to Houlton 25 to Norridgewock 22 Batavia, N. Y., to Lockport 207 Bath, Me., to Bangor 21 Bath, N. Y., to Geneva 194 to Rochesier 195 Bellows Falls, Vt., to Arlington 72 Bennington, Vt., to Charlestown 71 Bethel, Vt., to Charlestown 69 Binghamton, N. Y., to Utica 188 Boston, Mass., to Albany 83 to Blackstone 88 to Cohasset 92 to Concord 78 to Concord 79 . to Fitchburg 82 to Gloucester 93 to Lawrence 76 to Lowell 77 to New Bedford 89 to New York 84 to Nevj- York ,. 85 to New York - ... 85 tt. New York , 87 to Plymouth 91 lu Portland 74 to Portland -. 75 to Sandwich 90 to WliiteI»lountains 50 in White Mountains 51 Prattleboro', Vi., to Albany 73 to Derby Line 70 Bridireport, Cl., to Albany 144 to Winsted 145 Buffalo, N. Y., to Albany 206 to Batavia 200 to Chicago 204 to Erie 201 to Niagara Falls 202 to Ogdensburg 205 to Qiieenston, C. W 203 to Youngstown 203 Burlington, Vt., to Boston 53 to Boston. 61 * Tl INDEX TO THE ROUTES. No. of Rouie, Burnn^ton, Vt., to Boston 6^ tu Ueibv Line 56 to PhiUipsburg 55 Canandaiirua, N. Y., to Batavia 211 1 Catskili, N. Y., to Canajoljarie 1/1 10 Unadilla 172 Chamherslnir^, Pa., to VVheeliiig- 287 Cherry Valley, N. Y.,to S>racusg 185 Concord, N. H., to Boston 32 to Boston 33 10 Charlestowu 41 lo Claremonl 40 to Dover 36 10 Haverhill 38 to Keeiie 42 to Monpelier 39 to Ponsmouih 34 tn Portsmouth 35 to S ewarisiovvii 43 10 Wulfboro' 37 Conway, N. H., to Littleton 45 CooperJiowii, N. Y., to Ithaca 186 to lU.aca 187 to UnaUilla 187 East Had.lam, Ct., to Norwich 142 East Machias, Me., to Lubec 29 to Calais 30 Easton. Pa., to Bingfhainion 271 to Harrisburg 274 to Port Jervis 270 to Poitsville 272 to Trenton 273 Elkton, MU., to Snow Hill 303 Ellicotisville.N. Y., to Rochester lyo Fall River, R. I., to Newport 127 Fiichburg-, Mass., to Bellows Falls 102 to Biatileboro' 100 to Greenfield 101 Genesee, N. Y., to Buffalo 199 to Canandaigua 198 Georgelnwn, Del., to Cape Charles. . .295 to Pruicess Anne 296 Great Falls, N. H., to Conway 46 Greenfield, Mass., to North Adams. ..108 Harrisburg, Pa., to Baltimore 275 to Hagerstown 273 to Northumberland 277 Harlforil, Ct., to Boston 130 to Canaan L56 to New Haven 131 to New Haven 129 to New London Ii2 to New Lcindon 133 to New Y'ork 129 . lo Norwich . ...134 to Wesifield 13a Haverliill, Mass., to Newbtirvport 111 Hudson, N. Y., 10 Great Barhiigion. . 162 to New Lebanon Spa 164 10 WesiStockbndge 163 Ithaca, N. Y., to Auburn 191 toHjruellsville 193 No. of Route. Ithaca, N. Y., to Syracuse 190 to Uiica 189 to Waterloo 192 Lancaster, Pa., to Reading 278 Lowell, Mass., to Lawrence 95 Middleburv, Vt., to Troy 64 MiddleioA-n, Ct., to Saybrook 1.39 Montpeher, Vt ., to Derby 59 10 Haverhill 58 to Middlebury 61 to Norwich 57 to St. Alban's 60 Montreal, C. E., to Augusta 234 to Boston 233 to .Mew Y'ork 232 to Quebec 230 10 Quebec 231 Nashua, N. H., to Brattleboro' 43 to Charlestowu 47 Newark, N. J., to Dover 240 New Bedford, Mass., to Edgartown. ..114 to Nantucket 115 to Providence 116 New Brunswick, N. J., to Lambert- ville 242 to Long Branch 243 Newburg, N. Y., to Chester 183 New Haven, Ci., to Farmingion 137 10 New London 138 to New York 128 New London, Ct., to Palmer 141 Newton, N. J., to Easion 241 New York to Albany 157 to Albany 156 to Albany 158 to Albany 159 lo Boston 146 to Boston 147 to Boston 148 to Boston 149 to Boson 150 to Buffalo 181 to Buffalo 182 to Dunkirk 180 to Easton 236 to Easion 237 to Greenport 151 toMilford 238 to Paiersoii 235 to Philadelphia 152 to Philadelphia 153 to Philadelphia 154 to Snmerville 237 to Suffern's 235 to Troy 156 to Washing-ton 155 Norihampion, Mass., to Putsfiekl 109 North Andover, Mass., to Newbury- port 1 10 Northumberland, Pa., to Honesdale.. .282 Ogdensburg, N. Y., n Plattsburg 223 to Rouse's Point 224 Olean, N. Y., lo Genesee 197 Oswego, N. Y., to Rochestei 2U INDEX TO THE ROUTES. vu No. of Koiue. OsTA'ego.N. Y., to Rome 216 Pafersoii, N. J., to Milford 239 Philadelphia, Pd., to Absecum 2^0 10 Baltimore 257 to Baltimore 258 to Berwick 280 to Bncjg'eioii 253 to Cape May 261 to Eastoii 2fi5 to Erie 2»6 to Harrisbiirg 2(30 to Ml. Holley 248 to Nazareth 26-1 to New Yorif 254 to New York 255 to New York 2.36 to Pittsburg- 261 to Pittsburg 262 to Pittsbur? 263 to I'o.t Deposit 281 to PoitsviI.e 266 to Salem 252 to 'i'uckerton 249 to Washino-ion 259 Pittsbursf, Pa., to Baltimore 293 to Cleveland 290 to Krie 2y2 toMiirer 291 — to Sieulieuville 289 to VVlieehna- 2X8 Pittsfield, Mas-s., lo New Y'ork 106 to North Adams 105 Port Jervis, N. Y., to Oweg-o 284 Portland, Me., to Augusta 9 to Augusta 10 to Bath U to Boston 1 to Boston 2 10 Conway 3 to Ea»tpoit 31 to Montreal 7 to Pans 5 10 South Pans 6 to Waierlord 4 • to Waierville 8 to White Mountains 49 Pottsvilie, Pa., to Corning 267 Poug-hkeepsie, N. Y., to New MiII'okI.IdO to West Cornwall 161 Providence, R,. I., to Boston 117 to Fail River 123 to Harilord 120 to Kingsion 124 to New London 125 to Newport 122 to Stonington 121 to Thompson 126 10 Willimantic ..119 — »— -.o Worcester.. 118 No. of Route. Rochester, N. Y., to Lockport 203 to Lockport 209 to Niagara Falls 208 to Weedsport 210 Rome. N. Y., to Cape Vincent 220 to Ogdeiisburo: 222 lo Sackett's Harbor 221 Rutland, Vt., to Albany 66 to Bethel 68 to North Adams 67 Salem, Mass., to Lawrence 94 Sandwich, Mass., to Provincetown.. .112 to Wood's Hole lis South Deerfield, Mass., to Adams .... 107 Sprinarrteld, Mass., to Braltleboro' 103 to New Haven 104 to New York 104 Syracuse, N. Y., to Auburn 217 to Oswego 216 to Watertown. 218 Toronto, C. W., to Amherstburg 227 to Buttalo 225 to Montreal 228 ■ to Montreal 229 to Niagara Falls 225 to Niagara Falls 226 Towandu, Pa., to Erie 285 Trenton, N. J., to Belvidere 2\4 to New York 245 to Philadelphia 246 to Philadelphia 247 Troy, N.Y., to Whitehall 175 Utica, N. v., to Sackett's Harbor. ...219 Vergennes, Vt., to Whitehall 65 Washing-ton, D. C, to Annapolis 310 to Gettysburg 303 tu Hancock 311 to Ridge 312 Wells' River, Vt.. to Danville 63 to Derby Line 62 West Lebanon, N. H., to Lancaster. . 44 Whitehall, N. V., to Rouse's Point. . .178 Wilkesbarre, Pa., to Elmira 283 Williainsjiort, Pa., to Elmira 268 to Hodidaysburg 269 Willimantic, Ct., to Plymouth 143 Wilmington, Del., to Georgetown. . ..294 Worcester, Mass., to Fitchburg 99 to Lowell 97 to Nashua J6 10 Providence 98 York, Pa., to York Sulphur Spa 279 vm INDEX TO THE ROUTES. SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. No. of Route. Alexandria, Va., to Winchester 320 ApHlachicola, Fa., to Columbus 423 Athens, Ga., to Clayton 412 to Dahlone^a 413 Atlanta, Ga., to Chattanooga 390 10 Montgomery 410 Augusia, Ga., to Athens 398 to AUanra 396 to Charleston 397 10 Clarksville 399 Augusta, S. C, to Gillisonvilie 379 10 Greenville 380 Augusta, Ga., to Milledgeville 400 Charleston, S. C.,to Augusta 369 to Camden 372 to Columbia 373 to Darlingion 381 to Georgetown 3^2 to Savaimah 370 to Savannah 3; I Co umbia, S. C, to Augusta 374 !o Fayetieville 375 10 Riiihert'ordion 377 to Salisiburv 376 i.i WarinSprings 378 Coiumbns, Ga., lo Atlanta 407 to Griffin -lOri to Rossville , 408 Covington, Ga., to Newnan 411 Dahlone^a, Ga., toDalton 414 Darieii, Ga., to BainbriJge 395 Edenton, N. C, to Norfolk 357 Farmville, Va., to Greensboro' 333 Fayeiievi:le, N. C, to Charlotte 349 to Cheraw 348 lo Marion 347 to Raleigh 352 to Salisbury 350 to Warsaw 351 Fincastle, Va., to Cumberland Gap. . .341 Georgetown, S. C, to Cheraw 3?4 to Sumterville 3-'5 to Wilmington 383 Greensboro', Ga., to AobeviUe 415 Greensboro', N. C, to Halifax 365 to Wyiheville 366 Griffin, Ga., to Montgomery 4C9 Halifax, N. C, to Plymouth 358 Kanawha, Va., to Point Pleasant 340 Lewisbnr?, Va., to Guyandotte 337 10 Newbern 338 Lvnchlmrg, Va., to Greensboro' 335 -^- to Knnxville 331 — ' ■ to Lewisburg 336 Aicon, Ga., to Athens 404 No. of Route. Macon, Ga., to Atlanta .389 to Chattanooga 403 to Columbus 405 to Darien 402 Milledgeville, Ga., to Macon 401 Newbern, N. C, to Norfolk 355 Norfolk, Va., to Weldon 332 Petersburg, Va., to City Point 331 to Lynchburg 329 lo Suffolk 330 Raleigh, N. C, to Beaufort 355 to Salisbury 359 to Salisbury 360 to Washington 353 to Washington 354 Richmond, Va., to Gordonsville 324 to Hampton 327 to Lynchburg 325 to Norfolk 328 to Tappahannock 326 St. Augustine, Fa., to Darien 416 to Tallahassee 418 to Tampa Bay 417 Salem, N. C, to Knoxville 367 to Raleigh 363 Salisbury, N. C, to Ashville 361 to Cheraw 364 to Warm Springs 362 to YorkviUe .363 Savannah, Ga., to Augusta 391 to Columbus 393 to Macon 388 to Milledgeville 392 to St. Augustine 394 Staunton, Va., to Knoxville 339 Tallahassee, Fa., to Alligatoi 419 to Bainhridge 421 to Mobile 422 to St. Mark's 420 Washington, D. C, to Lynchburg. . ..319 to Norfolk 318 to Farkersburg 31.^ to Siaunton 314 to Virginia Springs 315 to Wheeling 318 to Wilmington 317 Wiimi.iffton, N. C, to Charleston 345 to Fayetteville 345 to Newbern 344 to Norfolk 343 to Washington 342 Winchesier, Va., to Hancock 321 to Harper's Ferry 323 to Siaunton 323 YorkviUe, S. C, to Abbeville 386 to Camden 987 INDEX TO THE ROUTES. IX SOUTH-WESTERN STATES, No. of Rouie. ArVadelphia, Ark., to New Orleans.. .488 Ausun, Tex., to Corpus Christi 508 to Maiao^orda 505 to Ma ta moras 506 . to Natchitoches 604 to Pres. del Rio Grande SO? Batesville, Ark., to Memphis 486 to Memphis 487 Boston, Tex., to Austin 512 Columbus, Miss., to Memphis 475 Florence, Ala., to Rome * 454 Galveston, Tex., to Austin 503 to Hiiiusville 498 toMaia^orda ■'■00 to Matao-orda 601 to New Orleans 497 to Port Lavacca 602 to Washi.io-ton 499 Gunter's Landing, Ala., to Jasper 465 Houston, Tex., to Goliad 509 Jackson, Miss., to Columbus 472 to Dp Kail) 471 to Grand Gulf 469 - — to Natchez 470 to Vicksburj 4'-.3 to Yazoo City 473 Knoxville, Tenn., to Ashville 442 — to Blounlsville 437 to Cumberland Gap 440 to Raleigh 441 to Savannah 443 to .Sulphur Spa 436 to Warm Spruigs 442 Little Rock, Ark., to Boston 480 to Fort Gibson 478 to Fort Gibson 479 to Fort Towson 481 to Hot Sprmgs 483 to Memphis 484 to Montgomery's Point. 477 to New Orleans 476 —— to St. Louis 4So No. of Route. Little Rock, Ark., to Shreveport 482 Matafforda, Tex., to Washington 510 Mobile, Ala., ro Columbus 453 to Montgomery 44o to Montoromery 447 to New Orleans 451 to Selma 419 to Tuscaloosa 443 Montgomery, Ala., to Atlanta 452 to Atlanta 453 to Columbus, Ga 453 to Columbus, Miss 454 to Rome 457 to Tuscaloosa 455 to Tuscaloosa 456 Nacog-doches, Tex., to Boston 511 Nashvdle, Tenn., to Charleston 439 to Columbus 429 to Hickman 423 to HoUv Sprni!?s 4£o to Huntsviile 431 to HuntsviU^ 432 to Jackson 427 to Knoxville 435 to McMmnsviUe 433 to Memphis 424 to Memphis 425 to Savannah 43s to Sparta 434 to Tuscumbia 430 New Orleans, La., to Cincinnati 492 to Furl Gibson 495 I.Galveston 490 Jo Pitisburg 493 toSi.Louil 491 to Shreveport 494 St. Franc isville. La., to Natchez 496 Selma, Ala., to Huntsville 459 Sparia, Tenn., to Huntsville 444 J— to Moniicello 445 Tuscaloosa, Ala., to Columbus 460 to Court land 462 to Florence 463 to Huntsville 461 Tuscumbia, Ala., to Columbus 467 (o Huntsville 465 Vicksburo-, Miss., to Memphis 474 NORTH-WESTERN STATES Adrian, Mich., to Toledo. No. of Route. 571 to Ypsilanti 572 Ashtabula, Ohio, toWellsviUe 543 Baltlecreek, Mich., to Grand Rapids..58I Bloomington, la to La Fevgtie 616 No. of Route. BowlinH- Green, Ky., to Columbus 681 [0 Glasgow 680 Brookville, la., to Cambridge 603 Bucvrus, O., to Mansfield 558 Buffalo, N. Y., to New York 557 Burlingtou, Iowa, to Fort des Moines.. 70i INDEX TO THE ROUTES. Burling-ton, Iowa, to Muscatine 709 Cairo, III., to Si. Louis 645 Chica»-o, 111., to Buffalo 660 Ill Detroit 659 to Dixon 664 ^— to Galena fi6I to Milwaukee 662 10 Ouawa 663 Chilicotlip, O., to Marietta 541 10 Maysville 542 to Pouu Pleasant 640 Cuiciiinati, O., to Cliilicothe 523 to Columbus 527 to Dayton 521 to Davton ."^28 to Katon £25 to li'dianapolis , 616 to New Orleans 515 to Pittsburg 513 10 Pittsburg- 518 to St. Louis 514 to St. Louis 517 to Sandusky Ciiy .520 to Sidney. 526 to Zaiiesville 524 Cleveland, O., to Buli'alo .54t< to Biilialo * S49 to Piiisburg 547 to Toledo .550 to Warren 551 to Wheeling- 546 Columbus, O., to Cleveland 533 to Indianapolis 529 to Lancaster .•^34 to Lower Sandusky 5:i0 to Portsmouth 5.32 to Sandusky City 531 10 Wheeling- 528 Council BUill's to Great Salt Lake Ciiy.733 Davenport, Iowa, to Du Buque 711 to Du Buque 712 Dcti ou, Mich., to Buffalo 586 lo Chicag-o 587 to Fort Wilkins - 588 to Lansing- 563 to Lan-ing .564 • to New Buffalo 561 to Pontiac 566 to Port Huron 665 to Saginaw 567 to Toledo 562 Dixon, 111., to Beloit 665 Dunkirk, N. ¥.,10 New York 658 Edinburg, la., to Rushville 613 EvansviUe, la., to Terre Haute 618 Fort Leavenworth to San Diego 730 Fort Madison, Iowa, to Farinington...7u7 Fori Wayne, la., to Cincinnati 622 Fianktorl, Ky., to Cincinnati 677 — - to Madison 678 Glasgow, Mo., to Fort Leavenworth. .701 — to Hannibal 7U2 Grand Haven, Mich. No. of Route. to Milwat'ikee...589 Hopkinsville. Ky., to Nashville 684 . loPaducah 685 Independence, Mo., to Oregon City. .732 to Sarramenio City 731 Indianapolis, la., to Cincinnati 591 to Cincinnati 692 to Columbus 607 to Covington 601 to Fredoiiia 595 to Green vdle 606 to La Fayeite 603 to La Fayette fi04 to Louisville 594 to Madison 593 to Montezuma 600 to Niles 605 to St. Louis 598 to Springfield 599 to Terre Hauie 597 to Washingion 596 to Wiiliamsport 608 Iowa City, Iowa, to Keokuck 704 to Muscatine 70S Jackson, Mich., to Jonesville. 678 to Toledo 577 Jaiiesville, Wis., to Fond du Lac 725 Janesville, Wis., lo Galena 726 Jefferson City, Mo., to Cape Girardeau 700 to fori Lea'enwonh 698 to Fort Sinuh 699 to Independence 697 Kalamazoo, Mich., to Mottville 583 to Si. Joseph SS4 to Saugatuck 583 Keokuck, Iowa, lo Burlington 706 Lancaster, O., to Mount Vernon 539 Lansing, Mich., to Dexter 574 to Grand Haven... 573 to Jackson 576 to Poniiac 575 La Porte, la., to Joliet 623 Lawrenceburg, la., to Madison 609 Lexington, Ky., to Cincinnati 673 to Kjioxville 675 to Maysville ()73 to Nashville 676 to Owingsvjlle 674 Loganspori, la., lo Toledo t:21 Louisville, Ky., to Cairo 6p7 to Cincinnati 66S to Harrodsbuig 669 to Lexington 671 to Nashville 658 to Orleans 612 to Shawiieetown 670 to Viucennes 611 Madison, Wis., to Galena 713 to Green Bay 716 Madison, la., to Indianapolis 614 to Louisville 610 Madison, Wis., to Milwaukee... .....715 INDEX TO THE ROUTES. No. of Rome. Madison, Wis., to Rockfonl TU Madi.o.i, la., loTerie Hauie 615 Mar..rnec, Mo., to Springfield 703 Marsli.tll, Mich., to Cemreviile 5S0 to Cold water 579 Micliiuraii Ciiv, la., to Indianapolis. . .6:il Milwaukee, Wis., to Chicago 717 to Fund du Lac 720 to JnnesviUe 718 to Shel)oyg-?.n 721 10 Shebovg-an 722 to While" Water 719 Mo.ii-oe, Mich., to Ann Arbor 570 to Cliicag^o 569 Muuiii Cannel, III., lo Fairfield 639 Muiiih 01 Wabash River to La Fayette 617 Muscatine, lowu, to Davenport 710 New Buffalo, Mich., to Chicasro 590 Niles, Mich.,10 St. Joseph. ..' 58.i Ottawa, 111., to St. Charle .658 Paducah, Kv., to Floren-e 686 Painesville, O., to Beaver 5-15 to Canton 5AA Paris, Kv., to Cincinnati 679 Peoria, HI., to Albany 65^ 10 B.iilinalon G53 to Chicag:o 655 lo Covinarion 652 Pern, 111., (o Galena 657 to St. Louis 656 Piltsburg-, Pa., to P hiladelphia 5d0 Pontiac, Mich., to Owasso 568 Quincv, 111., to Galena 651 to Jacksonville 647 to Keokuck 650 to Knoxville 649 to Peoria 648 Racine, Wis., to Janesville 72.3 Riissellville, Kv., to Clarksville 663 10 Nashville 6!52 8t. Lonis, Mo., to Council BlutTs 69C u> Falls of St. Anthony 689 :i fort Leavenworth 694 XI No. of Route. 645 695 St Lonis, Mo., to Jacksonville to Jelfer.-on Ciiv to Jefferson City 695 to Keokuck... .' 691 to Little Rock 698 to New Madrid 693 to New Orleans 688 St. P ani. Mm., to Falls uCSi. Anthonv 729 10 New Orleans .'.728 Salem, 111., to Carmi 640 to Chester 641 Sandusky Citv, O., to Beaver 554 to Buffalo 556 to Chicaofo 555 to Ciiu-iiinan 553 Shawnee'own, 111., to Cape Girardfau.643 to St. Luuis 643 to Vaiidalia 644 Sheb. vg-an, Wis., to Neenah 727 SinnhJand, Kv., lo Nashville 687 Sonthpon, Wis., to Bfloit 724 Spnngtield, 111., to Burlington 631 to Chicago 633 to Cincinnati 625 to Covington 634 to Golcoi'ida 625 to Keokuck 630 to Opwisiown 6.3S to Naples 628 to Quincy 629 to St. Louis 627 Terre Haute, la , to Crawfordsville. ..620 to Logansport 619 Vincennes, la., to Alton 637 to Ciiicago 633 to Si. Louis 635 to Sliawneetown 635 Wheeling, Va., to Baltimore. to New York to Philadelphia Woostir, O., to Warren Zanesville, O., to Marietta 536 to MayBville US ta Woosier iif xm A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The United States, now comprising 31 states and several territorial appendages, occupies by far the most valuable and temperate portion of North America, Confined originally to the shores of the Atlantic ocean, this gi-eat confederacy of republics has extended its empire over the whole region spreading westward to the Pacific, and from the great lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. In breadth it measuj-es 2,800 miles, and in depth 1,700 miles, with an area of 3,221,595 square miles. The frontier line is estimated at 10,000 mUes — 5,120 miles of which are sea coast, and about 1,400 miles lake coast. The colonies planted by England at Jamestown in 1607, and in Ne\r England a few years later, formed the nucleus of these states. The French, Dutch, Swedes, &c., also planted colonies, but these were at an early period relinquished to the British, and at the period of the Revolution the whole country east of the Mississippi river, and as far south as Florida and Louisiana, belonged to that nation. The oppressions of the mother- country now produced a resistance, and ultimately resulted in the forma- tion of the United States, and the acknowledgment of their indepen- dence. At this period the United States consisted only of thirteen constituents. Louisiana, including all the territory between the Missis- sippi river and the Rocky Mountains; Florida; Oregon; Texas; New Mexico, and California are acquisitions of the present century. The political constituents of the present United States are as follows : I. JVezo England States. — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 6 II. Middle States.— Hevf York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, and Maryland, (and the D (strict of Columbia,) 5 III. Southern .Atlantic States. — Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida 5 IV. South-western States.— Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- »na, Texas, and Arkansas, (and the Indian Territory,) Q V. J^orth-westem States.— Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Ken- XIV GENERAL DESCRIPTION". tiicky, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, (and the territories of Minesota, Missouri, and Nebraska,) 8 V[. Pacific States. — California, (and the territories of New Mexico, Utah, and Oregon.) 1 Each of these states has distinct limits and a separate independent government, with a constitution and laws of its own. llie territories belong to the United States, and until admitted as states into the Union, are under the direct surveillance of the federal authorities. These will be described separavered with its primeval forests. The State is well adapted to gi-azinf; and sheep-farming. Tiie crops are in general abundant and excehent, but the shortness of the summer is somewhat prejudicial. Among the fruits, apples, peai-s, plums, and melons succeed well. The fam)T3 are prosperous, and cultivate their lands with skiU and industry. y.a'me has a seacoast of two hundred and thirty miles, which is ia- VH« is the census for 1850. Where not otherwise specified, the population of States and tit*. Jjiougheut this yioit must bs considered as estimated for the lame year. THE STATE OF MAINE. 3 dented by several large bays. Perhaps no State in the Union has so many fine harbors. Its rivers are generally navigable, and many supply valua- ble water-power. In some instances their courses are through the most magnificent scenery. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Saco are the principal. In the interior there are many lakes and ponds, of which Moosehead, thirty-five miles long and from ten to twelve broad, is the largest. The Schoodic Lakes in the east, and Sebago Pond in the southwest, are also considerable bodies of water. The principal bays are those of Penobscot and Casco. Numberless islets lie withii a short distance off the coast, and land-lock many of the fine harbors for which this State is so celebrated. Agriculture employs about four-fifths of the people, and about thirty thousand persons are engaged in manufactures. There are in the State thirty-six woollen factories, and a third that number of cotton mills. Shipbuilding is also extensively carried on : more ships, indeed, are built in Maine than in any other single State. Mining contributes little to the employment of the people ; but the fisheries are a principal source of wealth to the seaboard districts. Commerce is very floui-ishing, and the coasting trade, especially, employs a large tonnage. The trade in lumber is veiy great, and internal trade generally is extending its ramifications with the progress of internal improvements. There are in Maine 501 miles of canal, and the railroads now completed have an aggregate length of 42G miles. Thei-e are also several in progress, and others proposed and settled upon. Portland is the centre of the rail- roads of the State. The principal collegiate institutions are Bowdoin College, at Bnms- wick, to which is attached a medical school, and VVaterville College, at Waterville. There are Theological Seminaries at Bangor and Redfield ; and about ninety academies in various parts of the Stale. The number of common schools is between 4,000 and 4,200, which are supported by the districts in which they are located. Education is general, and few persons are unable to read and write. The State is divided into thirteen counties. The principal cities and towns are Augusta, Portland, Bath, Bangor, &c. Augusta, the capital, lies on both sides of the Kennebec river, forty- three miles from its month, and at the head of sloop navigation. A handsome stone bridge connects the two sections. The State House and Lunatic Asylum are substantial structures ; and the United States' arsenal situated here is a commodious building. The " Kennebec, Bath, and Portland Railroad "terminates here. Population 8,231. Gardiner City, six miles south of Augusta, has several extensive manufacturing estab- lishments, and has lately made great progress in population and wealth. Portland City is situated on an elevated peninsula projecting into Caaco bay. It is the largest and most commercial city in the State, and 4 NEW ENGLAND STATES. the chief centre of railroad travel. It is well laid out, and has seTeral fine buildings. The harbor is deep, safe, and capacious. Population 20,819. Railroads extend hence to Boston, to Montreal, to Bangor, ani to Augusta. Ba.ngor City, at the head of navigation on the Penobscot river, sixty- three miles from its mouth, contains a population of 14,441. The Ken- duskeag river, which affords consmerable water-power, passes through the city. The Penobscot is here spanned by a fine bridge one thousand three liundred and twenty-two feet long. Bangor is one of the most elegantly built places in the Union. Its trade in lumber is immense. Railroads unite it with Oldt'^wn, and also with fVatercille, Danville^ and Portland. Bath is situated on the left bank of the Keimebec river, twelve miles from the sea, and is one of the principal commercial places in ISlaine. The river is here a mile wide, and the hai-bor excellent. Shipbuild- ing is extensively carried on. The town is built on a declivity, and extends a mile and a half along the river. Population 8,002. Saco, on the river of the same name, and at the falls, which have a descent of forty-two feet, has a population of 5.704. York and Wells are seaboard towns, and contain each about 3,000 inhabitants. Bru.ns WICK, on the Androscoggin, has a population of 4,976. VViscasset and Thomastox, are fine ports, between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. Camden, Belfast, Frankfort. Oromo, and Oldtown, on the west, and Castine, Bucksport, Orrington, and Brewer, on the east of the Penobscot, are flourishing towns of 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. Ellsworth, jMachias, Lubec, Eastport, Calais, &c., are towns facing on the Atlantic, between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. Many of these towns are of considerable note, either for their enterprise or the amount of traffic that centres in them. Thomaston is noted for its lime, and Hallowell for its beautiful granite ; while Castine boasts of its fine military position and the excellence of its harbor. The first permanent settlements were made by the English in 1635, from which time it was successively under a propiietary government, and the government of Massachusetts, until the 2d March, 1820, when it was admitted as a State of the Union. Its boundary on the Canada line, long a matter of dispute and cause of a great deal of ill feeling, was not determined until 1842. In that year, a ti-eaty for the settlement of the question was concluded at Washington, between Lord Ashbiuton, Special Envoy from Great Britain, and the Hon. Daniel Webster, then United Stales' Secretary of State. Since this period the State has rapidly progressed in all that contributes to material wealth, and its inhabitants are evincing a determination to lead rather than follow in the march of modern improvement. Maine derives its name from Maine in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was proprietor. THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. THE STATE OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. Area 9,280 square miles. — Population 317,964. New Hampshire adjoins Maine on the west, and lies between 42^ 41' and 45° 11' N. lat., and between 70° 40' and 72° 28' VV. long.: and is bounded N. by I,ower Canada ; S. E. by the A tlantic ocean ; S. by Massa chusetts, and W. by Vermont, from which it is sepai-ated by the Con- necticut river. The Atlantic shore of New Hampshire is but little more than a sandy beach, bordered by salt marshes and indented by numerous creeks and coves; but with the exception of Portsmouth, near the mouth of the Piscataqua river, there is no harbor sufficiently capacious for merchant ships. For 20 or 30 miles from the coast, the comitry is little varie- gated ; beyond this, however, the land gradually rises into hihs, and in many parts of the state swells into Jotty mountains, particidaj-ly in the north, and along the "lieight of land" between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. The highest summits between these aj-e Grand Monadnock, Simapee Mountain, and Mooseheloc. But the White Moun- tains are the grand feature of the state, and with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, are the loftiest in the United States. Mount \Vash- ington, the highest summit of the range, is 6,428 feet in height. Though not a continuous chain, these mountains are sometimes regarded as a continuation of the Alleghanies. Tlie "Notch," a celebrated pass, through which there is a good road, is situated amid the wildest and grandest scenery, and has ever been an object of attraction to the sum- mer tourist. In some places it is not more than 22 feet wide, and pre- sents the appearance of a vast chasm bounded on both sides by lofty and rugged precipices. The general scenery of the state is impressive and in many parts magnificent, and this is especially so from Mount Washington. After climbing its acclivities for some distance, the forest trees begin to diminish in height, till at the elevation of 4000 feet, a region of dwarfish evergreens surrounds the mountain with a foi-midable collar, and above this the bald part of the summit, which is very steep and consists oi' naked rocks, presents a scene of desolation ; but th© labors of the aspirant aj*e fully recompensed, if the sky be clear, by a most noble and extensive prospect. On the S. E. the Atlantic, 05 miles distant, opens on the view ; on the S., the bright waters of Lake Win- nipiseogee ; on the E., the lofty summit of Mooseheloc, and tar away on the verge of the horizon is seen the Grand Monadnock. The barren rocks which extend a great distance from the summit, give a melancholy cast to the grandeui' of the scene ; and the whole, m many respects^ reminds the visiter of the sublime and ever-varying landscape of Swit- zerland. 1* 6 NEW ENGLAND STATES. About 110,000 acres are estimated to be covered -with water. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, the Merrimack, and the Piscataqua ; and several of the rivers which disembogue in Maine have their rise in the lakes and mountains of this state. Among the lakes are Lake Umbagog on the E. state line, and Lake Winnipiseogee near the cen- ter. The latter is a highly pictm-esque body of water, containing many romantic islets. The country ai-ound is mountamous, and abouuds in the most charming scenery. Squam Lake hes a httle northward, and Lake Sinopee to the S. W., between the Merrimack and Connecticut. New Hampshire has but 18 miles of sea-coast. The Isle of Shoals, a gi'oup of eight islets, lies in the ocean 11 miles S, E. of Portsmouth. They consist of bai'ren rocks, and are inhabited by a few fishermen. New Hampshire is naturally an agricultm-al country. The soil on the hills is rich and productive of the finest pastuies. The crops, however, frequently suifer from the shortness of the summers, and the climate requijes, from its severity, the early housing of cattle. From November to May, the country is clothed in a thick mantle of snow, and the rivere are frozen up from then sources. The season of vegetation is necessarily brief. The natural growths are oaks, elms, birch, maples, pines, and hemlocks. A great quantit}' of sugar is manufactured from the juice of the hard maple-tree. Few wild animals now exist, but still the bear, wolf, and moose are frequently met with in the solitudes. Gianite and other building materials are abundant, and copper and iron have been discovered in some localities. The people are actively engaged in every department of productive industiy. Agriculture employs a large majority, and is the most flour- ishing in the hilly regions, where large stocks of cattle and sheep are raised. The wool of this state is excellent. Manufactures are rapidly extending their sphere, and the maimfacture of cotton goods especially, has of late years been greatly increased. Much of the products of New Hampshii-e is exported, but dii-ect Ibi'eign commerce is compaj-atively smaU, the business of the state being mostly conducted at the ports of other states. Internal trade, carried on by means of raihoads, is exten- sive. There ai-e about 12 miles of canal in the state, designed chiefly to overcome falls and rapids in the rivers ; and the railroads now com- pleted have an aggregate length of 488 miles. There are also several in process of construction. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, is the oldest literaiy institution in the state. Attached to this establishment is the New Hampshire ISIedical School. There are Theological Seminaries at Gilmanton, Concord, and New Hampton ; and in various parts of the state, academies to the num- ber of 60 or 70. There are also 2,400 common schools. The number of persons above 20 years of age unable to read and write is very small, being only one-fifth of one per cent, of the population. THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 7 New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties. The. principal cities and towns are Concord, Portsmouth, Nashua, INlanchester, &.c. Concord, the capital, lies on both sides the Merrimack river, which is spajined by two bridges. The city lies chietly on two streets, one of which extends nearly two miles in length. The public buildings are the State House, a Court House, and the State Prison. The State House is a granite building, 126 feet long and 41) feet wide, with a projection on t-ach front, and sm-mounted by a fine cupola. The falls of the Meni- mack at this place, afford the most valuable water-power. Population 8,584, Concord is the centre of a great railroad traffic. Portsmouth, neai- the mouth of the Piscataqua river, is the most commercial town in the state. Its htu-bor is excellent. The town is neatly built, and has about 9,739 inhabitants, who csluj on the coasting trade and fisheries with some activity, and prosecute some branches of manufactujes. The United States' Navy-yai-d at Kittery is on the oppo- site shore. Portsmouth was first settled in 1633, but has several times biuce been destroyed by fire. The city is connected with Grand Island by a bi-idge, and with Kittery by two bridges, one of which is 1,750 feet long, and the other 480 feet. Water lor the supply of the inhabit- ants is bi-ought irom a distance of three miles. Portsmouth communi- tatcs with Portland on the JV., with Boston on the S., ajid Concord on the JV., by railroad. Manchester is a new town on the E. side of the Merrimack river, and on the line of the " Concord Railroad." It is a remarkable instance of the advantages of a right location. Though not counting ten years since its foundation, it has already a population of 18,933, chiefly em- ployed in the cotton business. It is destined to compete in the markets with its great prototype of England. Nashua and Amherst are also thriving towns. The tbrmer is happily situated with regard to means of transport, and must eventually become, as it now is to a certain degree, an importarit station. Other places of note are Exeter, Dover, Somersworth, Keene, Walpole, Peterboro', Clareuiont, Gilmanton, Meredith, Hanover, Haverhill, iltc. The first settlements were made at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. In 1641 New Hampshire was annexed to Massachusetts, but in 1679 it again became a separate province. For the three succeeding years it formed a part of the government of Sir Edmund Andj-os. In 1689, the union with Massachusetts was revived, but another sepai-ation took place in 1692. From 1099 it was united with Massachusetts and New York, and in 1702 to the former alone. A final separation from Massa- chusetts was effected in 1741. The English authority was extinguished in 1775, and in the following year a temporary government was estab- lished, a president being elected annually. In 1792 its present constitu- tion was adopted. 8 NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE STATE OF VERMOXT. ,^rea 10,212 square miles. — Popvlation 313,611. Vermont occupies the northwest portion of New England, anf' is situ- ated between 42° 44' and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 33' and 73° 25 W. long. It is boimded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by New Hampshire, from which it is divided by the Connecticut river ; S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New York, from which it is separated chiefly by Lake Champlain. Vermont is a country of mountains. The Green l\Iountains, from which it derives its name, stretch through the state, traversing it from north to south. The loftiest culminations ai-e Killington Peak, Camel's Rump, and Mansfield R'ountain. Ascutuey is a single mountain, five miles south of Windsor, 3,320 feet high. From every elevation the scenery is grand ; mountains, hills, and valleys, enam- elled with verdure, present a coup cCcbU truly sublime. The moun- tains are one great pasture, where thousands of ca-ttle and sheep find a plentiful subsistence. The climate assimilates that of New Hampshire, and its azure skies and elastic atmosphere have an invigor- ating eflect over the residents, who are generally tall and powerful, and Indicate in their countenances the best of health. Lake Champlain lies on its western borders, and has several good harbors, fi-om which the chief produce of the land is exported. The principal rivers are the Pas- sumsic, the White, the West, and the Queechy, which fall into the Connecticut. Several streams also fall into Lake Champlain. None of these are navigable, but present many excellent mill-sites. Agricultm-e is the principal branch of industry. Manufiictures consist chiefly of dojnestic or home-made goods, such as are produced by every farmer's family. The foreign trade ofVennont iscoufined almost wholly with Canada, but a considerable connection is maintained with the cities of Xew York and Boston. Beef, pork, cheese, live-stock, and pot and pearl ashes are the great export staples. There are some short canals in the state, designed to overcome falls in the Connecticut, White, and Queechy rivers; and the aggregate length of railroads completed is 426 miles. Others are progressing to completion. The "Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad" will pass through the northei-n section of this state. The oldest literary institution is the University, at Burlington, which was founded in 1791. Middlebuiy College was founded in 1800, and Norwich University in 1834. These are all in a prosperous condition. The Vermont Medical School at Woodstock, was founded in 1835. Be- sides these, a number of academies are distributed through the state, and there are about 2,600 common-schools. Literai-y societies for the THE STATE OF VERMONT. 9 general improvement of the people are ntunerous. The Vermont Asy- lum for the Insane, located at Brattleboro', is a noble institution, and is sufficiently extensive to accommodate 300 patients. Vermont is divided into 14 counties. The chief cities and towns are Montpelier, Burllnj^'ton, Brattleboro', Rutland, &c. IMoNTPELiER, the state capital, is situated at the junction of the branches of the Onion or Winooski river, on a plain of moderate extent, sm-rounded by hills. It is a great thoroughfai-e, being on the roads lead- ing from Boston to Burlington. It contains the State House, a Court House, and sevei-al elegant chui-ch buildings. Population 2,ol0. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the largest city in the state. It is built on a line bay, which sets up between two points, on the E. side of the lake, and forms a regular curve. Near the center of the city is the public squai-e on which the Coui't House is buiit, and which is surrounded by brick stores and the principal hotels. Some of the public buildings are elegant and spacious — the chui-ches especially are beautiful in design. The hai-bor is the best on the lake, and is of easy access. It has been much impi-aved, and a breakwater has been erected to protect it from the W. winds. Steamboats stop here daily to take up passengers for Whitehall and St. John's ; and a steam ferry-boat plies between here and Port Kent. The University of Vermont is located here. About a mile and a half N. E. is the flourishing village of Winooski, on Onion river, which has hei'e an almost pei-pendicular fall of 20 feet, and affords great water-power, easily available. The first settlement in Biulington was made after the peace of 1783. Population 7,535. The other principal towns are St. Albans, Swanton, and Ver- GENNES, on Lake Champlain; Middlebury, on the line of the "Rut- land Raihoad," and the seat of a College ; Pittsford, Manchester, Bennington, and Newbury; Brattleboro', on the line of the "Ver- mont and Massachusetts Railroad," and the location of the State Lmiatic Asylum, and of late yeai's celebrated for its successfid water-cure estab- lishment; Rockingham, Windsor, Bellow's Falls, and Woodstock; Norwich, the seat of a University, and Danville. Fort Dummer was the site of the first settlement in Vermont. From 1741 to 1764, New Hampshire claimed the territory, and made several grants of land therein. New York also laid claim to it, and obtained it from Parliament in 17G4. At the commencement of the revolution, Ver- mont declared itself independent; yet on account of the conflicting claims of New York and New Hampshire, the old Congress declined to admit its separate representation in the National council. In this condi- tion Vermont remained neutral, and, as a consequence, suflfei-ed little in the war, — the British hoping to detach it from the revolting states; but neither coercion nor persuasion could tempt the " Green Mountain Boys" into allegiance to the Crown. They remained true to themselves. Lu 10 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 1790 New York relinquished all claim to the territoiy, and in the follow- ing year, all matters being settled, Vermont was admitted as a state into the Union. THE STATE OF ]iIASSACHUSETTS. Area 7,800 square miles. — Population 994,499. AIassachusetts, the parent state of New England, and the chief raanufucturing district of the United States, lies immediately S. of New Hampshire and Vermont, between 41° 23' and 42° 52' N. lat., and be- tween 690 50' and 73° 30' VV. long. ; and is bounded E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ; S. by the Atlantic, and the states of Rhode Island and Con- necticut, and VV. by New York. Several ranges of moimtauis, continued from Vermont and New Hamp- shire, pass through tiiis state from N. to S., into Connecticut. The Taghkanic range occupies the extreme west of the state, and divides the streams which flow into the Hudson from those which empty into the Housatonic river. The Green Mountain range is continued S. be- tween the Housatonic and Connecticut. Other ranges, known as the Mount Tom range and the Lyme range, commence in New Hampshire, in a single chain, and divide a few miles S, of Northampton. The first then crosses the Connecticut, and proceeds in a southerly course on the VV. of that river, and the other continues its course on the E. side. The pai-t of the state E. of these mountains is hilly, except in the S. E. coun- ties, where the surface is level and sandy, and the soil generally poor. Otherwise, Massachusetts has a soil of medium fertility, which, by in- dustry, is made to produce abundant crops. The improvements in agri- culture have, of late years, been great, and the farms around Boston ai'e in the very highest state of cultivation, and supply that city with an exuberance of vegetables and fruits. Among the mineral products are iron, marble, and granite. The greatest elevations are Saddle JMouutaiu, Mount Holyoke, and VVachusetts Mountain. The Peninsula of Cape Cod is sandy and barren, and in many places wholly destitute of vegetation ; yet it is populous, the inhabitajits deriv- ing their support chiefly from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies S. of Cape Cod, and has a light and sandy soil. To the S. E. of this island are the Nantucket Shoals, on which many vessels have been wrecked. They extend about 50 miles in length, and 45 in breadth. Martha's Vineyard lies S. W. of Nantucket, and has a spacious hai'bor called Holmes' Hole. Several other lai-ge islands lie off the coast. Massachusetts has an extensive sea-board facing on the E. and S. E., THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 tvflich is indented by many fine bays and estuaries. Massachusetts Bay, which gives Its name to the state, extends from Cape Ann on the N., to Cape Cod on the S., and includes Boston Bay, and Cape Cod Bay. Buz- zard's Bay, on the S. shore, is 30 miles in length, and includes the fine httrbor of New Bedford. The principid rivers are the Connecticut, the Merrimack, Charles, Neponset, Taunton, *^c. All these streams afiford immense water-power, and their banks are occupied by numerous thriving manufacturing towns and villages. Massachusetts claims pre-eminence as a manufacturing state. In 1845 it possessed 302 cotton and 178 woollen factories. Calico printing and bleaching are also largely carried on. Carpets were made in 17 mills, and 11 establishments manufactured mixed goods. Besides these, which constitute the staples of the state, large houses were engaged in the various mechanic aits, and in the manufacture of vast quantities of useful articles, for domestic use and export. There were also in the state 30 rolling-mills, 152 forges, 4 furnaces for pig-iron, and 91 for cast- ings, 114 machine-shops, &c. Ship-building employs about 1,100 hands. The commerce of Massachusetts centers chiefly at Boston, but no incon- siderable amount of business is transacted at other ports. New Bedford, Salem, Nantucket, &c., are largely engaged in the whale fisheries, and employ an aggregate of 479 vessels in that branch of industry. There are about 100 miles of canal in this state, (now mainly in disuse ;) and the aggregate length of railroads is 1,357 miles. Harvard University is the oldest and best-endowed school in the United States. William's College and Amherst College are also respect- able establishments. At Andovcr, Cambiidge, and Newton, thei-e are Protestant Theological Serainai'ies, and the Roman Catholics have a col- lege at Worcester. Attached to Harvai'd are schools of law, medicine, and divinity. Academies and common schools, free to every child, are very numerous, and conducted on the most approved systems of educa- tion. Every village has its school-house. The state is divided into 14 counties. The principal cities and towns are Boston, Salem, Lowell, Lawrence, Springfield, Fall River, Taimton, Worces'er, Northampton, Greenfield, Pittsfield, Adams, &c. Bo?! ON, the principal sea-port and capital of the state, is beautifully Bituat>-J. principally on a peninsula on Massachusetts Bay, and had in 1850 a population of 136,871 The city consists of three parts,— Old Boston, South Boston, and East Boston. The isthmus that connects it with the main land, is about a mile long, and was originally very narrow, but has been much iraprov ?d, and now forms the main avenue from the city. Bridges are also constructed to connect with Charlestown, Cambridge, &c., and a solid causeway leads to Brookline. The State House is the principal public building. The Merchants' Exchange, Cus- tom House, Athenaeum, Faneuil Hall, &c., are also splendid structures. 12 KEW ENGLAND STATES. Tlie most imposing of tliese, perhaps on account of its associations, is Faneuil Hall, so celebrated in re\olutionary history. It is appropriately termed the " Cradle of Liberty," and is had in almost sacred veneration. Bimker Hill Monument is also an object of great atti-action. As a com- mercial city, Boston is only second in rank to New York. The foreign trade is immense, but the trade by coasters is three or four times as large. The real and personal property in the city was assessed in 1849, at $174,108,900. Boston is the chief center of the New England raihoad Bystem, and from it the iron band diverges to all pai-ts. The city is sup- plied with excellent water from Cochituate Lake, 20 miles to the west. Cambridge, four miles from Boston, is the seat of Harvard Univer- sity, — population 15,215; and about a mile further is the beautiful ceme- tery of Mount Auburn, in a lovely and picturesque situation, and in which rest many of the gi-eat and vuluous sons of New England. Lawrence is a new citj^, 26 miles N. of Boston, with which it is con- nected by a railroad. It is a very floiuishing place, and chiefly engaged in the cotton business. From the numerous facilities, natural and ai-ti- ficial, which it enjoys, it will eventually become one of the largest manu- facturing places in the state. Population 8,233. Lowell is justly entitled the "Manchester of America." The city is situated on the S. side of the Merrimack, below Pawtucket Falls, and the mills are supplied with water from that river, thiough a canal a mile and a half long. The factories employ about 10,000 females, many of whom have devoted their leisure to literature, music, and the fine aits. Population 33,383. Lowell is connected by railroad with the towns in every direction. Springfield is also a veiy important manufacturing place, and in connection with the village of Chicopee, forms one of the great cotton business districts of the state. It is well known as the seat of the U. S. Armory. Population 11,7G6. Sprmgfield is very important as a railroad center. Worcester, 45 miles W. from Boston, has many lai-ge manufacturing establishments, and contains the State Lunatic Asylum and the Ameri- can Antiquarian Society's rooms. It is connected with the capital, Pro^^dence, &c., by railroads. Population 17,049. FiTCHBURG is a tillage on a branch of the Nashua river, and has of late assumed some importimce in connection with raihoad travel. In its "vicinity are large granite quarries. Population 120. Lynn is a sea-port town, and celebrated for its shoe manufacturing establishments. Population 14,257. Nahant, a part of this town, is situ- ated on a peninsula extending into Massachusetts Bay, and is a cele- brated place of summer resort. New Bedford, on Buzziu-d's Bay, is a handsome town, and largely engaged in the whale fisheries, employuig •bout 96,000 tons of shipping h\ that branch alone. Population 16,464. THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13 Plymouth, on the coast, 3G miles S. E. of Boston, is memorable.' as tho spot where the exiled Independents of Yorkshire, usually called the ** Pilgrim Fathers," founded the first settlement in New England. Popu- lation 5,717. Most of these are connected with the capital by railroad. Salem Is an important city and has several excellent hterai-y institu- tions. The ftluseuni of the East India Marine Society contains many valuable Indian curiosities. The shipping belonging to the port in 1849 was 37,523 tons, and the assessed value of property $9,581,895. Popula- tion 20,264. Newburyport is a pleasant town situated at the mouth of the Mer- rimack. The Custom House and several other fine edifices are built of granite. The celebrated preacher, Whitfield, was bui-ied here. The in- habitants are much interested in the fisheries. Population 9^572. Andover, incorporated in 1645, is situated S. of the JMerrimack, and has extensive water-power. It is the seat of several large raanuiiicturuig establishments. There ai'e also in the town a Theological Seminaiy, the oldest and best endowed in the Union, and a highly celebrated academy founded in 1788. Population 0,945. Dedham is one of the most pleasant villages in New England. The streets are lined with elms, which render them cool and shady in the summer season. The Court House, built of granite, is of remarkably pure architectui-e : there are also several elegant churches and other public buildings. Manufactures occupy most of the inhabitants. It ia connected with Boston by railroad. Population 4,447. Fall River Village, formerly Troy, is situated at the i.inion of the Fall and Taunton rivers, and enjoys the benefit of great water-power. Lai-ge factories are estabiished here. Population 11,805. Taunton is also a large manufacturing viUage. Population 10,441. Both places ai'e con- nected with Boston by j-ailru;.d. The piesent slate of Ma.ssaclmsetts, for several years after its fii-st set- tlement, comprised two colonies, styled Plymouth Colony and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. The lirst dates from the landing of the Pilgrims, on the 22d December, 1620, and the last was commenced at Salem, in 1623. The two colonies remained separate mitil 1685-6, when they were deprived of their chajler, and placed under the government of Dudley, and afterwards under that of Sir Edmund Andros. In 1692 they were united, and a new chaiter granted. On the breaking out of the revolution, in 1774, a Provisional Congi'ess assumed the government, and in 1775, counsellors were elected. The constitution was framed in 1780, and as amended in 1811, is yet the political basis of the state goyeiTunent. 14 NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. drea 1,360 square miles.— Population 147,544. Rhode Island, the smallest state of the Union, hes between 41° 22* and 420 03' N. lat., and between 71° 06' and 71° 38' VV. long. It is bounded N. and E. by the state of Massachusetts ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the state of Connecticut. Rhode Island, from which the state takes its name, is situated in Narragansett Bay. This pleasant island has a beautiful climate, and is the resort of invalids. Travellers call it the '■•Eden of America." Ca- nonicut and Block Island lie to the VV. The continental pai't of the state is somewhat hilly and broken in the N., but iu the S. is generally level. The soil is indiflerentiy fertile ; but on the ishmds and country bordering on the bay, the products are very abundant and of the best qualities. The southern part is an excellent grazing country. About one-tenth of the state is covered with the waters of Narragan- sett Bay. The principal rivers are the Pawtucket, which, after its imion with Providence river, is called Seekonk ; the Pawtuxet, and the Paw- catuck. All these rivers have falls and rapids, and ai-e well suited for manufacturing piu-poses. Narragansett Bay is a fine sheet of water, dividing the state into two unequal parts. It is 30 miles long and 15 broad, embosoming the islands above referred to. The northeastern arm is called Mount Hope Bay, the northwestern arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. Into these the rivers disem- bogue. The climate is similar to, but somewhat milder than that of Massachusetts, and is foimd congenial to those suffering from pulmonic affect'.ons. Rhode Island is a gi-eat manufacturing state, and in proportion to its size, has a larger number of cotton and woollen-mills than any other. It has also a number of fm-naces, tanneries, paper-mills, and other similar establishments. The foreign commerce employs about 43,000 tons of shipping, and the domestic trade is also vei-y extensive. Tlie fisheries are carried on with great spirit. Rhode Island has about six miles of canal, and 65 miles of completed railroad. Brown University, at Providence, is the chief educational institution. There is also an Athenaeum at Providence. The number of academies in 1850, was 5-2, and of common schools 334, educating together 27,000 scholars. Liberal provision is made for the Lisane, Blind, and other unfortunates. The state is divided into 5 counties. The principal cities and towns are Providence, Newport, Bristol, &c. Providence and Newport are the capitals of the state, each serving as THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 15 Buch for one year alternately. Providence has an area of nine miles Bquai-e, and is divided by the river of the same name. The public buildings are elegant, especially the State House, University, and Athe- naeura. Its harbor, at the head of Narragansett Bay, is excellent, and important to commerce. Population 41,513. Newport, near the tS. \V, extremity of the island of Rhode Island, has about 9.563 inhabitants. Its hai-bor is one of the best in the United States, but its commerce is lim- ited, the principal part of its wealth being invested in the fisheries. The town is beautifully located, rising gently from the shoi-e, and presenting from the bay a most pleasing aspect. The State House is a handsome building, situated on Washington Square. This town has, of late years, become a place of fashionable resort in the summer season. Bristol, on Warren river, a creek of Providence Bay, is a neat and commercial town, and distinguished for its commerce, coasting trade, and the spirit of its people in the pm-suit of the fisheries. Population 4,G16. Kingston and Greenwich are also towns of some note. Rhode Island was first settled in 1636, by Roger Williams, who located with a small colony at Providencea; nd, in 1638, William Coddington, having fled with 17 others from Massachusetts, settled at Newport. The two colonies were united by Charles II., who granted a charter to the "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." This charter was retained as the basis of the state government imtil 1841, in which yeai- a consti- tution, better adapted to the altered wants of the people, was foi-med ; but not before a serious rebellion had broken out against the "old establishment." THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. jirea 4,674 square miles. — Population 370,791. Connecticut lies between 41° and 42° 02' N. Lit., and between 7I0 20' and 73° 15' W. long. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts; E. by Rhode Island ; S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by the state of New York. The surface, though not mountainous, is traversed by several consider- able hills from Massachusetts. The Blue Hills, in the Mount Tom range, have an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are the highest culminations in the state. The soil is generally excellent, and the intervale lands especially are very fertile. In some parts of the state, however, the ■oil is comparatively thin and barren. Few slates are so well provided with good harbors ; and the rivers 16 NEW ENGLAND STATES. which disembogue in the Sound, ai-e many of thera deep and navigable. The principal are the Housatonic, the Connecticut, and the Thames. All these rivers are celebrated for their shad tisheries. The state is abun- dantly supplied with smaller streams, which afford extensive water-power, and is everywhere watered by brooks and springs of the pui-est water. Connecticut produces some valuable minerals. Iron ore is very plen- tiful, and copper is foimd in several places. "■ Verde antique " marble is found at Milford, and freestone almost everywhere. At Stafford and Suffield there are valuable mineral springs, which are frequented by in- valids and summer visiters. The climate is generally healthy, but near the coast liable to sudden changes. Snow lies on the gi-ound for 3 or 4 months in the winter, and the spring is often backwai'd. Siunmer and autumn, however, are delightful. Agriculture employs about one-half the total population. Manufac- tures are carried on with gi-eat spirit, especially those of woollen and cotton. The iron business is likewise very flourishing. Com)ecticut ia also celebrated for the lai-ge amount of small wares manufactured within its borders, and which are distributed throughout the states by hundreds of pedlers. In point of commercial importance, this state stands third among those of New England. The principal exports ai-e horses, cattle, and farm produce. The coasting trade, chiefly carried on with the southern states, is very valuable, and the fisheries are extensively en- gaged in. There are about 647 mUes of railroad in working order in the state. Education, in Connecticut, is universal. The principal literary insti- tutions are Yale CoUege, at New Haven, one of the oldest establishments in the Union ; Trinity College, at Hartford, and the VVesleyan Univer- sity, at Middletown. The number of common school districts is 1,650, and there is a normal school at Hartford. The Retreat for the Insane and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, are valuable institu- tions, both at Hartford. The State Prison, at Wethersfield, is self-sup- porting, and is a remarkably well-conducted establishment, in which the "reforming principle" is well carried out. The inhabitants of this state are the best educated and most enlightened in the Union. Connecticut is divided into 8 counties. There are sLx cities in the state, viz.. New Haven, Hartford, New London, Noi-wich, Middletown, and Bridgeport ; and a large number of towns and villages, with popida- tions of from 300 to 2,000 or 3,000. New Haven and Hartford are alternate capitals of the state. New Haven lies on the sea-coast, and is a place of considerable commercial and manufacturing importance. It consists of two parts— the old town and the new township. The streets are laid out rectangidarly. It con- tains a number of beautiful public edifices, among which are Yale Col- lege, the State House, General Hospital, and othei-s. There are also THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 1*7 upwards of 20 churches, most of which are built with strict regard to taste and elegance. Population 20,345. Hartford is situated on the Connecticut river, 50 miles from its mouth. The city is beautifully located, but not very regularly built. Hartford has considerable com- merce, and the people are engaged to some amount in manufactu- ring. The State House, Trinity College, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the Asylum for the Insane, are the chief public buildings of note. Hartford has 13 churches and a largo number of school-houses, all wor- thy of attention. The "Old Charter Oak," so celebrated in history, is Btill standing, and is an object of interest to the traveller. The trunk of this venerable relic of colonial times, now measures 24 feet in circum- ference. "• The JVew Haven and Springfield Railroad'''' passes through the city, and a railroad has been lately opened to JVillimantic, and will be carried on to Providence on the E., and to Fishldll on the Hudson river. Population lo,555. New London, with its fine harbor, is situated at the mouth of the Thames river, and is lai-gely engaged in the fisheries. Stonington is also a great dep.,t for whale-ships. Norwich, at the head of steam navi- gation on the Thames, is a manufactm-ing town, and well supplied with water-power. IVIiddletown is a veiy handsome city, and is the seat of the Wesleyan University; and Bridgeport, near the mouth of the Housatonic river, has a good harbor, and a flourishing commerce. Steamboats ply to and from New York, daily, to New London, Norwich, Stonington, New Haven, Hart.brd, and Norwalk, which are all connected with the interior and Boston by railroad. This state comprises the two original colonies of New Haven and Connecticut. The Connecticut colony was first settled at Hartford, by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1635; and New Haven colony, by emigrants from England, in 1638. In 1665 the two wei-e united on the acceptance of a charter from Charles II. This charter was suspended by Sir Edmund Andros, in 1687 ; but was restored in the succeeding year, and formed the basis of the state government until 1818, in which year the present constitution was framed. 18 MIDDLE STATES. THE MIDDLE STATES. This section of the United States comprises the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland; and the District of Columbia. Their geographical position has determined their nomen- clatiu-e. The Middle States are bounded N. by the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence river, and the Provinces of Canada ; E. by the states of New England and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. They are situated between 38^ and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 56' and' 80° 34' W. long. ; and contain an aggregate superficies of 111,856 square miles. The physical conformation of this region is highly favorable to its pro- gress in all dep;u-tments of industry. Its mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, and lakes, indicate its luu-ivaled capacities. Running from N. E. to S. W. are the Alleghanies— a mine of mexhaustible wealth, producing ii-on, coal, and other useful minerals. On the N., the great lakes and the St. Lawrence form outlets for commerce ; and the rivers flowing S. to the Atlantic, convey to the coast the productions of the interior, which are thence transported from the magnificent harbors which indent the shores, to supply the commerce of the world with the varied wealth of this fine region. These natural advantages have conduced much to the prosperity and imi)orlance of the region, and elevated the states com- prised within its borders to a proud pre-eminence. With some exceptions, this territory was formerly known as the "Nieuw Niederiands," and was first settled by the Dutch. On one side was New England, and on the other Virginia, the latter then co-extensive with what are now termed the Southern States. Thus centrally dividing these two great English colonies, and occupied by a nation not always at peace with Great Britain, the interests of the English settlers became identified with the occupation by them of the whole; and as a conse- quence, it was not long before that government determined on taking possession of the countiy, and destroying a competitor and enemy at one and the same time. This act was consummated in 1664, from which period to the Revolution, the whole Atlantic region remained in the imdistm-bed possession of the "mother of nations." The progress which the people have made in everj' depai-tment of life, and the increase of theu- numbers, has been rapid and astonishing. The few who first settled on Manhattan Island, at the conamoncement of THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 19 the 17th centurj', and at Philadelphia and other places, at a later period, have extended tt)eir limits to their present dimensions, and increased to a population of about 0,624,992 souls. They have rapidly pas'^ed from the hardships of settlement and colonial servitude, and are now enjoying all the facilities and conveniences of older nations ; and have in pi'ospect all the glories which are suj-e to attend the progress of a people devoted to liberty, to virtue, and a reciprocal communion with the world at large. THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Jlrea 46,000 square miles. — Papulation 3,097,394. New York, the most populous and important of the United States, occupies the northern portion of the Middle States, and, including Long Island, lies between 40° 30' and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 56' and 79° 56' VV. long. It is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence river, and Canada East ; E. by Vermont, ]\Iassachusetts, and Connecti- cut; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and the states of New Jersey and Penn- sylvania, and W. by Permsylvania, Lake Erie, and Canada West. In a region so extensive, the physical aspect, soil, climate, and produc- tions are necessarily diverse. Tlie whole eastern portion is momUainous. The S. E. angle of the state is traversed by several ridges, one of which crosses the Hudson at the Highlands, presenting a bold and lofty front on both sides of the river. The Catskill Mountains, further N., are the most elevated, and have several culminations, as Round Top, &c., which attain to the height of 3,000 feet ; but the greatest elevation in the state ia Moimt Marcy, in the Adirondack group, which rises 5,467 feet above the sea. The counti-y of Lake ChampVain is hilly, and becomes moun- tainous on approaching the highlands, which form the watersheds be- tween the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. The western part of the state is generally level, and a great portion of it has, in former times, been covered with the waters of Lakes Ontai-io and Erie. Besides the great lakes on the N., and Lakes Champlain and George on the E., there are numerous smaller lakes in the western parts of the state, which discharge their waters mto Lake Ontario, either directly or indirectly through the Seneca and Oswego rivers, and being connected by canals and railroads, afford peculiar facilities to internal commerce. The principal of these are the lakes Oneida, Skeneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Canandaigua, and Chautauque. In the N. are the Ful- ton chain of lakes and others, which form the sources of the Mo- hawk and Hudson rivers. The principal rivers are the Mohawk and the Hudson on the E. ; and the Genesee, the Oswego, and the Black, which 20 MIDDLE STATES. discharge into Lake Ontario. Feveral large streams also fall into the St. Lawrence ; and the Alleghany, the Susquehannah, and Delaware have their sources within this state. The Niagiira connects lakes Ontario and Erie, and separates the northwestern corner of the siate from Ca- nada. The falls of this river, about half-way between these lakes, are perhaps the greatest physical wonder of the world. The waters here have a perpendicular fall of 17G feet, and their roar may be heard many miles, while the vapor which continually rises in clouds fi-om tliC abyss, refracts the sunlight in all the colors of the rainbow. The view from the suspension bridge is magnificent. In the Mohawk, about two miles from its junction with the Hudson, are Cohoes Falls, second only to those of Niagara, and surrounded by the most enchanting scenery. A httle below, a bridge has been thrown across the river, from which the view of the falls is inexpressibly grand. The falls of the Genesee, and Ti'enton Falls are also of considerable magnitude. New York abomids in mineral springs. Those of Saratoga and Balls- ton are the most celebrated in America, and during the summer months, ai'e the resort of the gay and fashionable, as well as invalids from all parts of the Union. The waters, which contain considerable quantities of iodine, afford relief in many chronic diseases. The warm springs of New Jiebauon, S. E. of Albany, are also much frequented. At Salina, &c., ai-e the celebrated salt springs, owned by the state, and which supply sufficient fine salt for the Western States and the Canadas. The climate is much modified by local circumstances. In the S., the influence of the ocean is perceptible, and the weather is changeable; but the annual range of temperature is not so great as in the N. and N. E., nor are either heat or cold so intense. The counties E. of the Hudson river assimilate that of the adjoining New England States. In the W., again the climate is modified by proximity to the great lakes, and is in some degree similar to that of the Atlantic region. As a general result, however, the climate is found to be highly salubrious, and with a few local exceptions, free from endemic diseases. The agricultural resources of New York are immense. A rich soU, adapted alike for grazing and corn-growing, invites the industry of the farmer. Immense flocks and herds are pastured in the western part of the state ; and the production of wool, hides, cheese, butter, and other animal staples is abundant. The grain crops consist of wheat, Indian com, rye, oats, buckwheat, and barley, and a considerable amount of flax and hemp is raised. Fruits of all sorts are cultivated everywhere. Lumber, pot and pearl ashes, tar, pitch, turpentine, &.C., are largely produced, and about 10,000,000 lbs. of maple sugar are annually drawn from the hard maple. About two-fifths of the whole state is devoted to cereal agriculture. Manufactures employ about 200,000 persons, lu the state there are 118 cotton and 345 woollen factories, and several silk-miUSt THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 21 the number of iron -works in 1850, was 502; tanneries 1,414, and ash- eries 7:58. Distilleries, glass-factories, dye and print works, paper mills, and breweries are very numerous. As a commercial state. New York surpasses all others of the Union, and the internal trade is equally ex- tensive. The foreign trade alone employs 4,450,000 tons of shipjiing. The canals and railroads are on a grand scale. The Hudson river and Erie Canal form one uninterrupted water communication trom the ocean to the northern lakes, and the central line is connected by latei-al cianals southwtu-d with the Alleghany, Susquehannah, and Delaware rivei-s, and on the N. with Lakes Ontario and Champlain. The railroads traverse over nearly the same lines, and are especially useful when the canals are closed in the winter season. The total length of canal is 991 miles, and the aggregate length of completed railroad 2,129 miles. Thei-e ai-e also several hundreds of miles of railroad now in progs-ess. The tolia received on the canals amount annually to more than $3,500,000 In 1850, there were in New York 10 colleges, 163 academies, 55 female seminaries, and 22 other institutions of a higher grade. The slate also supports two normal schools, and 13,811 common schools. There were besides, at the same date, 1,569 private schools The funds set apart for educational purposes amounted to $6,145,662, yielding a revenue of $411,202. The wliule amount of public moneys expended on common schools in the year 1850 was $1,035,854 85, The principal colleges are the Columbia College and tiie University, at New York, and Union College at Schenectady. A free academy has been established at New York, and there are also many evening schools in the large cities. Mechanics' Institutes, Lyceums, Libraries, &c., are open to all. New York is divided into 59 counties; 843 townships; 12 cities, (New York, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Hudson, Albany, Troy, iSchenec- tady, [Syracuse, Oswego, Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo) ; 160 incorpo- rated villages, and between 700 and 800 villages not incorpoiated. Many of the incorporated villages are places of extensive trade and com- mercial importance, especially those on the Hudson river and the lakes, and on the lines of the railroads and canals. New York, the commercial capital of the United States, is located in the southern pai-t of the state, on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East rivers. The city is co-extensive with the island, and is 13^ miles long with an average breadth of one mile and three quarters, having an area of 14,200 acres. There are several small islands belonging to the city in the bay and East River. The population in 1850 amounted to 515,507 souls: in 1840 it was 312,714, and in 1845, 371,102. The bay and harboi- of New York is one of the most beautiful and safe in the world, and the surrounding scenery magnificent. Shipping from every maritime nation, and merchantmen of every size, line the 22 MIDDLE STATES. wharves of the city on both sides, for a distance of three miles, pro* Benting a continuous forest of masts and cordage, mingled with the chimneys of numerous steam-vessels. Upwards of 1,000 sail-vessela, 80 steamers, 70 or 80 steam-tugs, and 200 canal-boats may usually be seen in the harbor. In the coldest weather the bay is never obstructed, with ice. The dense and populous part of the city has a circumference of 9 or 10 miles. The lower part of the old city is irregularly laid out, but the streets in the upper or new portion intersect each other at right angles. The public buildings, which are generally of a costly natuj-e, are numer- ous. The City Hall and the U. S. Courts, in the Park ; the City Prison, facmg on Centre-street ; the Custom House, the Merchants' Exchange, and biuik bmidings, in Wall-street, &c., are the most conspicuous. Of the churches, many ai-e superb specimens of architectural taste. Trinity Chm-ch, in Braidway, at the head of Wall-street; Grace Church, on Broadway, corner of 10th street, three miles up from the Battery, and sevej-al others, are magnificent structures. The whole number of chm-ches is not f;xr from 240. The public grounds are the Battery, facing on the bay, and from which the view is extensive and animated; the Bowling Green, the Park, St. John's Park, Washington Square, Tompkin.s' Square, Gramercy Park, and Union Pai-k: all these are adorned with ornomeutal trees and shrubbery, and some with splendid fountains. The city is well supplied with water, wliich is conducted through a magnificent aqueduct from the Croton river, in Westchester county, a distance of 40 miles. New York has numerous scientific, literary, and benevolent institu- tions. It has also several well-regulated theatres, tlie principal of which ai-e the Broadway Theatre, Niblo's Garden, the Bowery Theatre, and the Aster Place Opera House. The Park Theatre, the oldest and most sub- stantial ever established in New York, was burned down in 1848, and has not since been rebuilt. The American I\luseum, in Broadway, is also a jfiace of great resoit, and duiing the summer season. Castle Garden is used for concerts, &c. New York, in short, may be considered as a world within itself. Peo- ple of every nation, kindred, and tongue, and exercising every ai-t and profession known to man, are its inhabitants. Churches of every per- suasion—people of all creeds — institutions of every imaginable shade, and man in all his phases and in every condition, are agglomerated within the circuit of this, the Empu-e City of the western world, and form a most heterogeneous compound of all that is extreme. New Y^ork has suffered much from fire: the great fires of 1835 nnd 1845 are matters of history. The hotels of New Y''ork are very large, and well conducted. The value of real and personal estate in the city, in 1850, was assessed THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 23 at $286,061,816, and the amount of tax levied .$3,230,085, equal to 113 cents on the $100. The city debt, contracted chietly for the Croton water-worlvs, amounts to $14,646,783, less the sinlving fund $3,025,550. Brooklyn may be considered as a suburb of New York, and next to that place, is the most populous city in the state. The population, in 1845, was 59,566, but in 1850 it had increased to 96.838. Brooklyn is situated immediately opposite New York, on Long Ishmd, and has constant communication by means of five ferries. The East river is here only three-quarters of a mile wide, and, as a consequence, the business of the two cities is much blended. Brooklyn, however, has an extensive commerce of its own, and good wharfage for shipping of the largest class. The Atlantic Dock is a work of great importance to the city. The United States' Navy-yard at the Wallabout, is a large establishment, and from this place many of our largest battle ships have been launched. The new Dry Dock at this station is perhaps superior to any similar work in the world. Greenwood Cemetery, one of the most beautiful burial-places in the Union, is situated in the southern section of the city, a short distance from the bay, and contains an area of 200 acres, diversified by hill and dale, woods, plains, and lakes. There are about 50 churches, and many fine dwellings, chieily inhabited by the merchant princes of the commercial emporium. The City HaU is a beautiful structui-e, and an ornament to the city. From Brookljn Heights and Fort Greene the view is extensive and grand. • Many handsome villages are within a short distance from Nev,- York and may be reached by ferry-boats that are constantly plying. The prin- cipal of these are Richmond, Stapleton, &c., on Staten Island ; Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows ; Astoria and Ravenswood, N. E. of Brooklyn ; Williamsburgh, adjoming Brooklj'B, with a population of 30,786 ; and Jersey City, Hoboken, &c., on the Jersey shore. There ai-e also many others in the upper parts of the island, and in Westchester county. New York is a principal center of raih-oad and steamboat travel. The Long Island R. /?., and the JV. I', and JV. Haven R. R., accommodate the travel to Boston, S,-c. ; and the JV. Y. and Harlaem R. R. and the Hudson river R. i?., extend JV. on the east side of the Hudson river. The JVeio Jer- sey R. K. to Philadelphia, and the Ramapo, and Patcrson and Hudson R. R. commence at Jerseij city, opposite to J\''ew York. The JV. Y. and Erie R. R., which has its eastern terminus at Piermont, on the Hudson river, is reached from JVew York by steamboat. A railroad also extends from South .^mboy to Philadelphia, to and from which place passengers are car- ried by steamboats. Steamboats travel regularly to and from all the ports on Long Island Sound as far as Stonington; and up the JVorth river several times a day to Albany and Troy, stopping at the intermediate places. Albany is the political capital and seat of the state government. It 24 MIDDLE STATES. is situated on the W. bank of the Hudson, 145 miles N. of New York^on a gentle rise of ground, and presents with its gilded domes, an imposing appearance from the river. The Capitol, the City Hall, and the State Ho'Use, are splendid structures, located on the summit of the ascent over- looking the city. Besides these there ai-e several other public buildings, as the Exchange, State Geological Museum, the Medical College, acade- mies, churches, &c. Albany enjoys a large commerce, and is the entre- pAt between the west and the port of New York. Its manufacturing establishments consist of founderies, breweries, &c., and are very exten- sive. Two ferries cross the river : one to East Albany, for the accom- modation of ihe railroads terminating there, and the other to Greenbush ; and numerous steamboats, the largest and most splendid river boats in the world, and an endless array of steam tow-boats ply between this city, New York, and the intermediate places. The average speed of the first- class steamboats is about 16 miles an hour. The steamboat Alida made the passage from New York to Albany on the 1st December, 1849, in 7 hours and 54 minutes, including 13 landings which occupied 48 minutes, — the fastest trip on record, being sometliing over 21 miles per hour. The Erie canal and a chain of railroads extend from Albany to the lakes, and lateral branches of both diverge to the north and south from the main stem, so as to draw to a focus the whole wealth of the adjacent counties. The transportation and travel on these lines are immense. Railroads also connect it with Boston and the whole of New England ; and the city of New York is reached by the Housatonic Railroad, via Bridgeport. The Hudson River Railroad and the N. Y. and Harlaem Railroad will also be extended so as to coimect with this city. Popula- tion in 1850, 50,703. Troy lies on the E. bank of the Hudson, 6 miles above Albany. It ia a thriving city, and even now rivals Albany in business and enterprise. Several railroads center here, connecting with Albany and the N. and W., and also with Boston and New York. Steamboats ply regularly between this and Nevf York, on the Hudson. The State Dam, at the head of Bteam navigation, is a noble work, and ensures sloop navigaSon for a number of miles further up the river. About one-third of the people are employed in the various manufactories. The city is well built, chiefly of brick, and the streets are lined with stores, in many instances, equal- ing those of New York in splendor. The Court House, the Episcopal church, and the Lyceum are handsome structm-es, but otheiwise the city cai boast of no buildings which require especial notice. Tlie hotels are, in general, large and well-conducted establishments. Popula- tion in 1850, 28,785. Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, on the river of the same name, is beautifully situated, and the streets regularly laid out. It has a Court House and several other pubUc buildings. The city is supplied THE STATE OF KEW YORK. 25 with water from Becraft'a mountain, two miles distant. Population 6,2S9. It ia on the luie of the Hudson River Railroad, and the steamboats which ply between Troy and Albany, and New York, stop here. The Hudson and Berkshire Railroad connects it with New England. Schenectady is about 17 miles VV. of Albany, and is pleasantly situ- ated on tlie Mohawk river. It is a great thoroughfare, being the center of railroads to Albany, Troy, Whitehall, and westward to the lakes. The Erie canal also passes through this city. About half a mile from the city. Union College, a celebrated institution, is situated. Schenectady was originally the head quarters of the Mohawk Indians, and in 1690, the French and Indians burnt the place and massacred most of the inliabitants. It was settled by the Dutch in 16'20. Population 8,<322. Syracuse is situated at the junction of the Erie and Oswego canals, and had its rise and retains its importance from this circumstance. It ia also celebrated for the manufacture of salt. Population 22,271. Oswego is situated at the mouth of the river of the same name, and also derives its importance from its location, being an entrepot between Lake Ontario and the canal system of the state. It has 16 flouring-mills, capable of ttirning out 9,000 barrels of flour per diem. Population 12,205. Utica, on the Mohawk, is a well-built city. Among the public edifices the State Liuiatic Asylum is the most conspicuous. The Erie canal passes through the city. It is also a depot on the gi-eat northern line oi' rail- roads. Population 17,642. Rochester, also on the line of the Erie canal and northern railroads, lies on both sides the Cenesee river near its mouth, and enjoys immense water-power, ci-eated by the falls, which have a descent of 215 feet in three successive saults of 90, 20, and 105 feet. The mills on this river are some of the largest in the world. A splendid aqueduct 804 feet in length, has been constructed to carry the canal over the river. The city contains 24 churches, and several public buildings. Population 36,403. Buffalo is advantageously situated on Lake Erie, and is the western terminus of the canals and railroads of the state. Its lake commerce is immense, employing some 100 steamboats, which collect from the lake ports a vast amount of produce, which is conveyed eastward by canal. The city contains 22 churches, and other public buildings, and is laid out in a rectangular form. Buffalo was founded in 1801, but was de- stroyed by the British in the war of 1812. Its progress since that period has been rapid, and its prosperity is assured by peculiar advantages. Population 42,261. Among the larger villages may be mentioned Poughkeepaie, Newburg, Kingston, Catskill, Kmderhook, Lansingburg, Waterford, &c., on the Hudson river; Whitehall, the tenninus of the Washington and Saratoga Railroad, at the head of Lake Champlain; Plattsburg, on the same lake ; Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence river ; Little Falls, Herkimer, 3 26 MIDDLE STATES. Rome, Salina, Skeneateles, Auburn, Waterloo, Canandaigua, Genera, Palmyra. Batavia, Brockport, Lockport, Lewistown, &c., on the line of the great northern avenues ; Goshen, Binghamton, Owego, Elraira, Com- ing, Olean, Dunkirk, &c., on the line of the N. Y. and Erie Raih-oao.; and a number of others in the neighborhood of the central lakes, aa Ithaca, Penn-yan, &c. New York was discovered by Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, then in the service of the Dutch West India Company. He sailed up the river, which still bears his name, m 16G9, and subsequently sold his claim to the country to the Dutch government. A colony of that nation set- tled at Fort Orange, in 1613, and in the following year built some fortifi- cations on the southern part of Manhattan Island. The territorj- claimed by the Dutch extended from Fort Good Hope, on the Connecticut, to Fort Nassau, on the Delaware, and indefinitely northward. To this ter- ritory they gave the name of ''Nieuw Niederlands." The English also laid claim to these lands, and in 1664, Charles II. gi-anted the whole country to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, who dispatched an armament under Col. Nicholls to enforce a surrender and expel the Dutch. The name of Fort Orange was now changed to Albany, and that of Nieuw Amsterdam to New York, the whole territory also taking the latter name in honor of the proprietor. The colony was recaptmed in 1673, and remained in the hands of the Dutch vmtil the ensuing year, when it was restored to the English. During the seven years' war, New iTork suffered severely from hostile incui-sions, and during the revolu- tionary war was the scene of warlike commotion, and of some of the most glorious \ictorics that American valor ever wrested from the foe. It was one of the " thuteen " that formed the original United States. New York city was held by the British, after the battle of Long Island, until the final evacuation of the country on the 25th November, 1783, a day which has ever since been annually celebrated as a national holiday THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Area 8,320 square miles. — Population 489,555. New^ Jersey, situated between the Delaware river and the Atlantic ocean, hes between 380 57' and 41° 2i' N. lat., and between 73° 58' and 75° 29' W, long. : and is bounded N. by New York ; E. by New York and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Delaware bay and river. The Blue Mountains and other elevations give a mountainous charac- ter to the northern section of the state ; but the intervales and slopes THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 27 are well adapted to gi-azing, and the soil is more fertile than in the southern districts. These hills are highly metaliferous, and mining oper- ations are extensively carried on in almost every part. The central sec- tion has an imdulatuag, and in some localities a plane surface, but is agreeably diversified. In this portion several copper mines exist. The southern counties, including ail the coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May, are level, and principally of a bai-ren nature, producing little but scrub- oaks and yellow pines ; of late years, however, these, formerly considered as almost worthless, have come into use for steamboats and the supply of the glass-houses; and, as a consequence, the value of the country where they abound has been much increased. The Highlands of Navesink, near Sandy Hook, are the only elevations of note in this section, and are the first land seen by seamen approaching the coast. In this vicinity and at Cape May are several beautifully located watering-places, which attract during the hot summer mouths large numbers of visiters and invalids. The coast is lined with long, narrow islands, between which and the mainland ai-e shallow bays bordered by salt marshes and swamps ; but there is no good harbor between Saudy Hook and Cape May. The whole coast is very dangerous to navigation, and scarcely a year passes without the destruction of one or more ships. Several of the splendid packets from New York have been stranded in this vicinity. The prin- cipal rivers, besides the Delaware and Hudson, are the Raritan, the Pas- saic, and the Hackensack, none of which ai-e navigable for large ships, but are of inestimable value on account of the water-power they supply for manufacturing pm-poses. The climate is much similar to that of southern New York, but in many places where the land lies low, endemic diseases are prevalent. New Jersey is more an agricultiu*al and manufacturing than a com- mercial state. The farms are highly cultivated, and great care is taken in raising market crops. The cities of New York and Philadelphia re- ceive from this state a lai-ge proportion of their gi-een vegetables, fruits, &c. The manufactures are numerous, and consist of almost every kind of goods. Cotton and woollen-mills are established in many towns, and machinery, hai-dware, glass, paper, jewelry, &c., are largely produced. Leather articles are also manufactm'ed on a large scale: saddlery, boots and shoes, being staple exports. Among the minor articles ai-e earthen- wai-e, fire-brick, &c. The iron mines, in the northern part of the state, ai'e worked with great spirit. Foreign commerce is limited. The length of canal within New Jersey is 148 miles, and of railroad 857 miles. The principal literary institutions are the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, founded in 1738, and Rutger's College, at New Brunswick, founded in 1770, to both of which are attaclied Theological Seminaries, and to the latter a Law School. There are also 66 academies and 1,575 common schools. 28 MIDDLE STATES. The state is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns are Trenton, Newark, Paterson, New Brunswick, Morristown, &c. Trenton, the capital, is situated on tlie E. bank of the Delaware, at the head of steain navigation. The city is regulai-ly laid out. and con- tains many elegant stores and dwelUngs. The State House is a hand- Borae stone building, and there is a magnificent bridge of five arches thi-own over the river. It is connected with New York and Philadelphia by railroads, and a branch railroad connects it with Bordentown. ti miles S. Population 6,466. Bordentown is situated on an elevation over- looking the Delaware, and was the residence of Joseph Bonaparte while in the United Ftates. Population 2,769. Btrlington, 13 miles S. of Trenton, on the Delaware, contains six chiu-ches, and is the official residence of the Episcopal Bishop of the diocese. Population .5,398. Camden, 18 miles further south and oppo- site Philadelphia, is the terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Population 9.479. A branch railroad extends hence to Woodbury, a village of 1,000 souls. Princeton, on Millstone river, 10 miles N. E. of Trenton, with which and New York it communicates by railroad, is noted for its college and theological seminary. It was the scene of one of Washington's victo- ries in 1777. Population 3,029. New Brunswick, on the Raritim river, 16 miles further N. E., is an old town and seat of Rutger's College. It is connected with the Delaware, by a canal to Bordentown, 42 miles long, and is als» an important depot of the New Jersey Railroad. Population 13,337 South Amboy, at the rnouth of the Raritan, is the E. terminus of the Camden and Amboy Raih-oad. Perth Amboy, on the N. or opposite bank of the river, has several manufactures, and is the seat of the Inventor's Institute. Elizabethtown, 35 miles N. E. of Trenton, and 5 miles S. of New- ark, is an ancient borough, and on the line of the New Jersey Raih-oad, and the railroad from Elizabethport to White House passes through it. Population 5,.5S3. Somerville, 24 miles W., is a flourishing place on the Central Railroad. Rah way, on the Rah way river, is 6 miles S. of Elizabethtown, and has considerable raanufactiu-es. Pop 8,306. Newark, on the W. bank of the Passaic river, is the most populous city in the stato, and is celebrated for its manufactures of machinery, carriages, saddlery, &c. Jewelry is also manufactm-ed on a large scale. The commerce of Newark is considerable. Population 3S,894. Morris- town, 23 miles W., is reached by the Mori-is and Essex Rjiilioad. Schooleifs Mountain, about 19 miles fuilher west, is reached by stage. Eight miles E. of Newark is Jersey City, opposite to New York, the E. terminus of the New Jersey Railroad and the Morris canal ; and also of the Paterson and Hudson RaOroad. It is the commencement of south ern ti'avel from New York. Two ferries connect it with that city. Jer THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 29 Bey City is a place of some trade, and has a good water-front on the Hudson, which is deep enough to accommodate the largest ships. The Cunard line of steamships doclc here. Population 6,85fi. Pater son, below the falls of the Passaic river, is a flom'ishing city and chiefly en- gaged in raanufactiu-es, being highly favored with water-power and other local advantages. The Moiwis canal passes south of the city, and raih-oads connect it with New York, and northward with the line of the New York and Erie Raih-oad at Ramapo. Paterson contains a number of beautiful chmxhes, and in the subiu'bs are many elegant private resi- dences. The principal manufactures are cotton goods, machinery, car riages, paper, and firearms. Population ll,:3oS. There are a number of manufacturing villages in the neighborhood, as New Manchester, Pomp- ton, &c. The falls have a descent of 72 feet, and ai-e surrounded by the most magnificent scenery. New Jersey was originally a portion of the "Nieuw Niederlands," and mider Dutch governors, until the capture of New York, in 1664. It waa afterwai-ds included in the extensive grant to the Duke of York, and sub- sequently transferred by him to Lord Berkeley and Sir G. Carteret. In 1665 Philip Carteret was appointed first governor, and in 1676 the prov- ince was divided into East and West Jersey; the former continuing under Carteret, and the latter being attached to tlie government of New York. In 168-2, East Jersey was transferred to William I'enn; and Ro- bert Bai-clay, the celebrated author of the "Apology for the Principles of the Quakers," was appointed governor. A reunion of the prov- inces was effected in 170-2, and the province, now styled New Jersey, ■was placed under Lord Cornbury, the governor of New York: ; but in 1738, this connection was dissolved, and a sepai-ate government insti- tuted, which lasted until the war of the Revolution. William Teuipie Franklin, a son of the celebrated philosopher, was the last royal governor of the province. THE STATE OF PENXSYLYANIA. Area 46,000 square miles.— Population 2,311,786. Pennsylvania, which derives its name from the celebrated William Penn, lies between 39° 43' and 4-io 12' N. lat., and between 74° 44' and 80° 34' W. long. : and is bounded N. by New York and Lake Erie ; E. by New York and New Jersey ; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and Vir- ginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. The Delaware river forms the whole eastern boundaj-y. 3* 30 MIDDLE STATES. Few level tracts of any extent are found in this state, except in t&e N. W. The whole eastei-n and central parts are mountainous. In the S. E., however, the hills subside and the land becomes undulating. The AUeghanies traveree the state from N. E. to S. W. The Blue ISIoun- tains. Sideling Hill, Laurel Hill, &c., ai-e local names for the several ridges that run parallel with the main range. The eastern ascent of the AUeghanies is rugged and steep, but on the W. the elevations sink grad- ually and form an extensive table-land. The soil is well adapted to profitable agriculture. The richest lands occiu- in the S. E. of the moun- tains, extending from the Blue Ridge to the Delaware ; and the tract between Lake Erie and the Alleghany river is exceedingly fertile. Miner- als abound in the mountains ; anthracite coal and u'on-ore are in inex- haustible profusion. Of anthracite coal upwai-ds of 3,500,000 tons are annually produced. On the VV. of the mountains are vast fields of bitu- minous coal, which is used in Pittsburg and other places for manufao- tiu-hig purposes, and has lately come into extensive use for steamboats and locomotives. In this region salt springs also occur, which yield a strong brine. It is calculated that the anthracite beds of Pennsylvania cover an area of 975 squai'e miles, and in some places have a depth of 60 or 70 feet. The area of the bituminous coal region is stated at 21,000 square miles. Both species of coal are frequently foimd in juxtaposition : indeed the one is but the other decarbonized by volcanic action. Pennsylvania has no sea-coast; but the Delaware river, which forms its E. boundary, and is approached by the noble bay of the same name, affords every convenience that could be derived from an ocean front. Otherwise the state has many water facilities, which have been arti- ficially improved. The Delaware is navigable for ships to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton. The Susquehannah and the Alleghany are the other principal rivers. Pennsylvania has also an outlet on Lake Eri(^, which is comiected v/ith the interior by a noble system of canals. The total length of canal navigation is about 1,100 miles, and the length of r;:ilroad between 1400 and 1.500 miles. The climate is generally mild, but depends much on elevation and the direction of the winds. Pennsylvania is largely engaged in all the great branches of mdustry. Her mines are, next to those of England, the most productive in the world : and in the mining, reducing, and manufacturing of iron, an im mense capital is invested. Agriculture occupies about one-half of the population. The grain crops in the western portion of the state are veiy fine, and afford a sm-plus for export. Tobacco and flax are also grown. The annual dairy is valued at three or four miUions of doUai-s, and the amount of wool gathered is estimated at foiu- million pounds. I\'aple su- gar is extensively collected. Pennsylvania has many cotton and woollen- mills, and several in which silk and flax goods ai-e made. Leather, soap, paper, &c., are among the minor manufactures. The great staples, how- THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 31 ever, are machinery, cutlery, firearms, &c. Ship-building is also a prominent feature in the industiy of the state. Foreign commerce em- ploys about '260,000 tons of shipping, and the trade on the canals and railroads is of immense vaUie. The coasting trade is also extensive. The whole number of common schools in Pennsylvania in 1850, was 8,845, and the mnnber of scholars 360,605. The cost of instruction to the state was $609,377. The University and Girard College, at Philadelphia ; Dickinson College, at Carlisle ; Jefferson College, at Canonsburg ; Wash- ington College; Alleghany College, at Meadville; Pennsylvania Col- lege, at Gettysburg; Lafayette College, at Easton ; Marshall College, at Mercersburg ; the Western University, at Pittsburg ; and the College of St. Tliomas, at Villanova, near Philadelphia, are among the institutions for the higher branches of education. There are also 7 Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic Theological Seminaries; one Law School, and 4 Medical Schools in the state, and a large number of private schools. Pennsylvania has a large number of benevolent institutions. The state is divided into 63 counties. The principal cities and towns are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, &c. Harrisburg, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehan- nah. The city is haiidsomely planned, with streets crossing each other at right angles. The State House, on an eminence fronting the river, and the Court House, Masonic Hall, Jail, &.C., are the principal public buildings. There are 13 churches. Considerable manufactures are carried on, and a brisk trade is maintained with the surrounding countiy. Population 8,173. The river is here spanned by a fine bridge 2,876 feet long. The Central Railroad commences here ; also the Cumberland Galley Railroad to Chambersburg^ 56 miles. It is connected by railroad with Philadelphia^ 107 7n;ics. Philadelphia, with the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Gai"- den, Southwark, and Moyamensing, is second only to New York in population and importance. It is situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill, extending from river to river. The city has many substantial public buildings and fine squares. The old State House in which the " Declaration of Independence" was signed, the Custom House, the U. S. Mint, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Giraj-d College, are especially objects of attraction. Several of the churches, of which there are about 160, are imposing structures. The colleges and schools are highly cele- brated for their efficiency; and few cities boast of a larger number of literary, scientific, and benevolent societies. The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill, and the city proper and Kensington have for many years been lighted with gas. The people are actively employed in manufactures, trade, and commerce. Population in 1850, 409,046. Pittsburg, the " Birmingham of America," is situated on the Ohio at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. It is the 32 MIDDLE STATES. chief manufacturing city in the state, and contains a large number of furnaces, foi-ges, and rolling-mills, with several cotton and woollen-mills, tanneries, machine-shops, and hardware and cullei^ factories. The city is supplied with water from the Alleghany, and since 1830 has been lighted with gas. In 1845 Pittsburg suflfered the calamity of a great con- flagration, but the " burnt district" has since been entirely rebuilt in a substantial manner. Few cities are so admirably situated for trade and manufactures, being in the midst of the iron and bituminous coal region, and at the hi'ad of a great navigable river — the highway to the west and New Orleans. In 1840 the population was 24,115, and including its sub- urbs, the adjoining cities and boroughs of Manchester, Birmingham, Laurenceville, &c., 40,000. In 1850 it had increased to 4(5.601. Lancaster, on the line of the Columbia Railroad, is an ancient manu- facturing and trading town, chiefly inhabited by Germans. It was for- raeily the state capital. Franklin College, situated here, was founded in 1789. It contains 13 churches. Population 12,382. Columbia, on the Susquehannah, and York, a few miles further W., communicate with Philadelphia and Baltimore by railroad, and are places of considerable traffic. PoTTsviLLK, in the center of the anthracite region, is an im- portant town with an immense trade. In 1824 there were but five houses in the place ; it now contains 7,9 53 inhabitants. Reading, on the F. bank of the Schuylkill, which is here spanned by two bridges, was laid out in 1784. It is now a considerable town, and has a hu-ge trade. It communicates with Philadelphia by railroad. Population 15,74'?. There are several other important places, among which may be mentioned — Carlisle, the seat of Dickinson College and the United States' Dragoon Barracks; Mauch Chunk and Honesdale, in the coal region; Easton, on the Delaware, noted for its flouring-mills ; Wilkes- barre, in Wyoming Valley, noted for the massacre of its inhabitants by the t<.)ries and Indians in 1778 ; Gettysburg ; Beaver, a manufacturing Tillage; Erie, the chief outlet on the lake coast; Meadville, Canons- burg, Washington, &c. Between 1638 and 16G4, various settlements were made in this state by the Swedes, Dutch, and English. In 1681 the country was granted . to William Penn, the Quaker, and in the yeai- following that philanthro- pist brought over his first colony. Penn died in 1718, but his heirs con- tinued to hold his interests until the Revolution, when they sold their claim to the commonwealth. In 1768, the boundary known as Mason and Dixon's line, was run between Pennsylvania and Virginia. The first constitution of the state was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present in 1838. Delawaie became a part of Penn's patent in 1682, and for a long period formed a portion of the colony; and as such, was known as the " three lower counties on the Delaware." A final separa* Uon was effected in 1701 by the withdrawal of Delaware. THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 33 THE STATE OF DELAWARE. ^reffl 2,120 square miles. — Population 91,535. Delaware, next to Rhode Island the smallest state of the TTiuon, lies between 38° 27' and 39° 50' N. lat., and between 740 50' and 75' 40' VV. long. : and is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania ; on the ]■;. by Dela- ware bay and the Atlantic ocean, and on the S. and W. by Mai7laud. It occnpies the N. E. portion of the peninsula between Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The northern part of the state is somewhat hilly, but in the southern districts so level and low, that large tracts are sometimes inundated. Some fine grazing farms are found in Sussex county, and the grain crops are generally large and valuable. Delaware has its eastern fi-ont on the bay of the same name and the Atlantic. The principal rivers ai-e the Brandywine and Christiana — small streams, indeed, but well remem- bered in history. They afford many valuable mill sites. The Appo- quinimink, Duck creek, Jones' river, Maspillion, Broadkill, and Indian river, fall into Delaware bay. The Nanticoke rises in the southwest- em part of the state and flows into Maryland. The climate assimilates that of southern Jersey, and in many parts, from the miasma that rises from the swamps, is unhealthy. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the counties of Kent and Sussex, and employs about four-fifths of the whole population. The chief products are Indian corn, oats, and wheat; and some cotton and flax is raised. The manufactures of the state, chiefly carried on in Newcastle county, are comparatively extensive, and include woollen and cotton goods, machinery, leather, paper, gunpowder, &c. Commerce and the fisheries are also actively engaged in. About 11 miles of canal and 49 miles of railroad, belong to this state, all in the northern section. Delaware College, at Newark, is the only collegiate institution. There are, however, about 20 academies and grammar schools, and some 200 common schools. The income of the school fund armually disbursed amounts to f 45,239. The state is divided into 3 counties. The principal towns are DovcTi Wilmington, Newcastle, &c. Dover, the capital, is situated on Jones' creek, five miles up from its mouth. It is well laid out, and has a vicinity very picturesque. The State House is a fine building, on the public squai-e. There are three churches in the town. Population 2,200. Wilmington, the principal port and largest city, lies on the Brandy- wine, one mile from its union with Christiana creek. The principal building is the City Hall. It contains 16 churches. A large number of 84 MIDDLE STATES. fiom-ing-mill3 are located on the river. About 0,460 tons of shipping belong to the port, chiefly engaged in the coasting trade. The fisheries are in some degi'ee attended to. Population 13,979. The raihoad from Philadelphia passes through Wilmington, and also through Newark, the seat of Delaware College. Newcastle, on the Delaware, a few miles S. of Wilmington, carries on a considerable trade with Philadelphia. A railroad extends hence to Frenchtown in Maryland. Delaware City is a small place opposite to the fortified island called Pea-Patch, to which the United States has lately substantiated a claim. Lewistown, on Lewis' creek, is celebrated for its salt works. Fieldboro', Kenton, Milford, Bridqe- viLLE, Georgetown, and Washington, are considerable villages. For several miles along the southern borders are extensive cypress swamps which extend into Maryland. Delawai-e was settled by Swedes and Finns in 1627, who built forts at Lewistown and Wilmington. These original colonies were expelled by the Dutch in 1655, and after the capture of New York by the British, the Dutch in their turn were driven off. The province was included in the Duke of York's patent, but in 1682, the Duke relinquished his claim to William Penn, who consolidated it with his colony at Philadelphia. Then, as now, it was divided into three counties, which were styled the " three lower counties on the Delaware." In 1701 the representatives from Delaware withdrew from those of Pennsylvania, and in 1704 ccn- Tened in assembly at Newcastle. After this period it remained separate-, though the same governor presided over both colonies until the Revolu- tion. The first constitution was formed in 1776, the second in 1792, and the present amended constitution in 1838. THE STATE OP HMTLAND. ^rea 9,356 square viiles. — Population 583,035. Maryland is situated between 38° and 39° 43' N. lat., and between 75° 10' and 79° 20' W.long. : and is bounded N.by Pennsylvania; E. by Delaware Jmd the Atlantic ocean, and S. and W. by Vu-ginia. The Chesapeake bay, one of the finest bodies of water in the world, divides the state into two unequal portions. The country on the E. has a deeply indented coast, and a low-lying surface of the same physical aspect as that of Delaware. On the W. below the falls of the rivers, iiie same physical features prevail ; but above these the coimtry gradu- >lJy becomes uneven and hilly, and in the western part of the state is THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 35 mountainous, being traversed by several ridges of the Alleghsmies. The soil is well adapted to wheat and tobacco, and some cotton of inferior quality is raised. Flax and hemp are also produced in the W. The forests abound in nuts, and afford subsistence to vast droves of hogs Iron-ore and bituminous coal are inexhaustibly abundant near the uppei waters of the Potomac, and produce immense wealth to the miners. The Potomac river, which is 7^ miles wide at its mouth, and naviga ble for large ships more tlian 300 miles, and for boats to Cumberland 190 miles further, forms the southwestern boundary of the stale. All tin rivers empty into Chesapeake bay. The rivers flowing from the W are the Pawtuxent, the i?evern, and the Patapsco; and those from thi E. the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke, all of which have their rise in Delaware. The climate is in general con genial and pleasant; but the low regions, which are swampy, emit ? pernicious miasm. In the more elevated regions, however, the inhab- itants enjoy the best of health. The chief wealth of Maryland is drawn from its mines and agricul- tiu-e. Mining is now being carried on with great spirit, and since the completion of the canal and railroad to Curabei-land. operations have been greatly extended. It is a fact worthy of observation, that most of our ocean steamships are using the semi-bituminous coal of this region, and large quantities are used at Pittsburg and for steamboats on the Ohio liver. Furnaces, bloomeries, and rolling-mills for the manufacture of iron have increased wonderfully in number during the last three or four years, and turn out large quantities of cast and bar iron. The piincipal agricultural produce is wool and pork ; wheat, Indian corn, and oats ; and tobacco. The cereal crops yield a fair average, and Maryland stands fourth on the list of tobacco growing states, and is highly celebrated for the excellency of this staple. Its manul'actures are also very valuable. Woollen and cotton factories are established in several parts, and there are others for the manufacture of silk, flax, and mixed goods. The flour of Maryland is highly esteemed in the mai-kets. Ship-building, chiefly carried on at Baltimore, is also an extensive branch of industry. The commerce of the state is large and valuable; and the coasting and inter- nal trade equally flourishing. The coast fisheries employ many hun- dreds of families, and supply not only sufficient fish for the city markets, but also no small amount for export. The internal improvements consist of 192 miles of canal and 527 miles of railroad. There are in the state several highly celebrated schools. The Univer- sity is the principal. St. John's College, at Annapolis, founded in 1784, is the oldest. St. Mary's College, at Baltimore, was founded in 1799; Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmetsburg, in 1830; and St. James' Col- . lege, n'.iar Hagerstown, in 1842. These are all in a flourishing condition. Tliere are Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries at Baltimore and Emmets- 36 MIDDLE STATES. burg, and two medical schools at Baltimore. Besides these the state has about 140 academies and 600 common schools. Maryland is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns are Annapolis, Baltimore, Fredericktown, &c. Annapolis, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of the Severn river, two miles from Chesapeake bay. The State House is the hand- somest building the city contains. There ai-e some interesting reminis- cences connected with Annapolis; it was here the old Congress sat fre- quently during the revolutionary struggle, and it was here that Wash- ington resigned his commission to that august body. Population 4,198, Baltimore, the commercial capital, is situated on the Patapsco river, 14 miles from the bay, and is the third city in point of population, and the fifth in point of commerce in the Union. Baltimore is also cele- brated for its " monuments," and has several colleges, academies, and 47 churches. The Cathedral is a magnificent edifice, and the Exchange, City Hall, &c., are large and fine buildings. The city is supplied with water from Jones' Falls. Tlie commerce of Baltimore is very extensive ; the foreign arrivals in 1849 were 558 vessels and the cleai-ances 698 ves- sels, besides which 1,275 vessels arrived coastwise. Manufactures are becoming very important. It is one of the great flour mai-kets of the Union, and exports Inrgely of this staple. The city was founded in 1729. Population 169,054. Railroads extend from Baltimore to Philadelphia and York, Pa. ; and to Cumberland and to Winchester, Va., with branches to Washington city and Annapolis. Frederick cny, on the INlonocacy river, ranks as second city in the state, and is a principal depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. Popu- lation 6,028. Hagerstown, Williamsport, Bladensburg, West- minster, Cumberland, &c., are all places of some consideration and importance, as entrepots of commerce. Cum.berland lies in the center of the mining districts. The ports of entry, besides Baltimore, are St. Mary's, on the Potomac; Nottingham, on the Patuxent; Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehannah ; Chestertown, on the Ches- ter river; Oxford, on Treadhaven creek; Vienna, on the Nanticoke ; and Snovvhill, on the Pocomoke. Considerable shipping is owned at all these places. The first settlements were made at St. Mary's, by Catholics from Eng- land, in 1634, and the colony, which had been granted to TiOrd Baltimore in 1632, was from that time to the period of the revolution, governed by the heirs of that nobleman, as proprietors of the territory. In the war with England in 1812, this state suffered severely, and was devastated by fire and sword. Baltimore commemorates the patriotism of her bra\^ citizens who fell defending theii' countiy's honor by a splendid moiuunent. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA., 37 THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. Area 60 square miles. — Population 51,687i The District of Columbia, as origiually laid out, and as it remained antil 1846, occupied an area of 100 square miles, on both sides the Poto- mac, 120 miles IVom its mouth, and was ceded to the United States bj Virginia and Maryland in 1789, of which states respectively it had hith- erto formed parts. It was thus granted for the purpose of establishing therein the Federal Capital and seat of the General Government. In 1846 the portion granted by Virginia was retroceded to that state, so that the present District includes only a little more than half its original dimensions, and lies altogether on llie Maryland side of the river. In this are situated the cities of Washington and Georgetown. The gov- ernment of the District is vested solely in Congress. The city of Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated on the E. bank of the Polomac, :a its junction with the Anacosta, and is encompassed by forest-clad hills, from which the view of Ihe country is magnificent. The city is planned out on a grand scale, and if ever com- pleted as designed, will be one of the finest cities of the world. The streets diverw irom several centers, and are very wide. The Ciipitol is finely planted on an eminence, and overlooks the whole city. This building is of white freestone, and occupies an acre and a half of ground. The internal arrangements ai-e plain but substantial. The Senate Cham- ber occupies the north wing of the building, and the Chamber of the Representatives the opposite wing. The Supreme Court sits in a cham- ber under the Senate. The building is siu'mounted by a splendid dome 120 feet high, under which is the rotunda, 95 feet in diameter and 95 feet in height, and on the walls the magnificent national paintings of Trum- bull, Chapman, and Weir, are- hung. The apai-tment is also adorned with various alto relievo groups, each representing some great national event. The colossal statue of W'ashington, by Greenough, is placed in this room. The White House, the official residence of the Presi- dent, is also a freestone edifice of great beauty. Adjoining this are the extensive buildings occupied by the war, na\y, and treasuiy depai-t- ments. The General Post Office is a large and beautiful marble build- ing with two wings, and is highly adorned with large fluted columns of the same material. The Patent Office is also a lai-ge and splendid build- ing, and the building of the Smithsonian Institute is a gorgeous monu- ment of the munificence of its projector. The Navy-yard, about a mile from the capitol, is a fine establishment, and the magazine is replete with all warlike stores. Within the limits of the city are some thirty chin-ches; and niunerous institutions of a benevolent, religious, educational, aad 4 38 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. philanthropic character, dignify the moral aspect of the capital. Tlie thea» tres, aul places of amusement generally, are maintained on a liberal foot- ing. The City HalJ, intended for the accommodation of the municipal authorities, adds much to the beauty of the place. The Congressional cemetery is also a place worthy of note. Here rest many of the "• worthies" of America ; and some of the noblest and bravest of patriots, whose voice» have echoed through the land the watchword of freedom, and whose his- tory is blazoned on the fairest page of their country's annals. Wash ington is connected with the N. and S. by railroads, and is accessible from the Atlantic for the largest ships. During the war of 1812, the British burnt the city, and many of the public records and works of art were either consimied or cairied away. This wanton act of vandalism will ever remain a record of disgrace and infamy on the escutcheon of Britain, which no sophistry can palliate. Washington, however, soon recovered fi-om the disaster, and by the liberiJity of Congress, has risen like a phoenix from its own ashes. Population 40,001. Washington is con- nected, by means of a branch railroad, with the railroad systems of the Eastern and Middle states ; and with the South by means of steamboats to Acquia Creek Landing — the commencement of the great southern line of railroads. Georgetown is divided from Washington by Rock creek, and is distant from the capital three miles. It is beautifully located, and from its elevated position, commands a view of the splendid panorama of the Potomac and surrounding country. It is a place of consider- able commerce and manufactures. The public and private buildings ai-e generally substantial, and have a neat and new appearance. The Roman Catholic College and the churches are especi;illy m.agniflcent. The city is laid out with regulai-ity, and may be considered as a subui'b of Washington. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal commences at George- town. The population had been almost stationary for 20 years: in 1830 it was 7,360, and in 1840,7,312; showing, indeed, a small diminution, but in 1850 it had increased to 8,366. The District of Columbia was selected by General Washington as the fittest locality for the seat of the national government, and the capi- tal was laid out under his direction. The situation is one of the most picturesque nr.d beautiful in the Union, and is every way worthy to ba the QietropoUtan district of a nation of freemen. 39 PRINCIPAL TRAVELING ROUTES THROUGH NEW ENGLAND, THE MIDDLE STATES, AND THE CANADAS. MAINE. (1) Portland to Boston, Via Portland^ Saco, and Ports- mouth R. R. To Scarborough 6 Saco 7 13 Kennebunk 9 i^2 Wells 6 23 North Berwick 5 33 South Berwick* 5 38 Eliott 7 45 Eastern R. R. PoRTSMOUTHf 6 51 Greenland 5 56 North Hampton 2 58 Hampton 3 Gi Hampton Falls 2 63 Seabrook 2 65 East Salisbury t ... 4 69 Neweuryport 2 71 Rowley 5 76 Ipswich 4 80 Wenhara 5 85 Beverly 4 89 Saleral 2 91 Lynn 5 96 West Lynn 2 98 North Chelsea 3 101 Boston 4 105 * Boston and Maine R. R. inter- sects here. t Portsmouth and Concord R. R. intersects here. X Branch to Amesbiuy Mills 3 miles. § Essex Co. R. R. to Lawrence 22 mUes. (2) Portland to Boston. To N. Benvick, (See No. 1) 33 Junction 4 37 Boston and Maine R. R. South Berwick 1 38 Salmon Falls, N. H. 1 39 Somersworth* 1 40 DovERt 3 43 Madbury 4 47 Durham 2 49 New Market 5 54 South New Market 3 57 Exeter 4 61 East Kingston 5 66 Newton 4 70 Plaistow 3 73 Haverhill, Mass 5 78 Bradford 1 79 North Andover 4 83 Lawrence 2 85 Andover 3 88 Bahirdvale 2 90 Wilmington 6 96 Reading 3 99 South Reading 2 101 Stoneham 2 103 Meh-ose 1 104 Maiden 2 106 Somerville 3 109 Boston 2 HI * Gt. Falls and Conway R. R. t Cocheco R.R. to Meredith 45 m. (3) Portland to Conway, N. H. To Sacarappa 6 Gorham 4 10 WestGorham 3 13 Standish 4 17 EastBaldwin 8 25 West Baldwin 6 31 Hiram 3 34 Brownfield 6 40 Fryeburgh 8 48 Centre Conway, N. H. 4 52 Conway 4 56 40 ROUTES IN MAINB. (4) Portland to Waterforu To South Windham 10 Windham 4 14 North Windham 3 17 Raymond 5 22 Naples 8 30 Bridgeton 8 38 North Bridgeton 3 41 Harrison 4 45 South Waterford 2 47 Waterford 1 48 (5) Portland to Paris. {Stage.) To Stevens' Plains 3 Gray 13 16 West Gloucester 7 23 Poland 6 29 Oxford 8 37 Norway 6 43 South Paris 2 45 Paris 3 48 (6) POKTT AND to MONTREAL. Atlantic and St. Lawrence K. R. To Falmouth 5 Cumberl;!nd 4 9 Yarmouth 2 11 Junction 1 12 North Yarmouth 3 15 Webber's 4 19 New (.'loucester 3 22 Cobb's Bridge 2 24 Danville Junction 3 27 Empire Road 1 28 Hotel Road* 4 32 Mechanics' Falls 4 36 Oxford 4 40 North Oxford 5 45 South Paris 2 47 North Paris 8 55 Bryants I'ond 7 C2 Locke's Mills 3 65 Bktukl 5 70 West Bethel 4 74 GUead 6 80 Shelburne 6 86 Gorham 5 91 Berlin Falls 6 97 Milan T 104 West Milan 6 110 Stark 5 lie Norlhuiuberland 7 122 Stratford 8 130 Bl.Kuurield 7 137 Brunswick; 3 140 Wenlock 3 14S Island Pond 6 14S Morgan 6 155 Norton 8 163 State Line 6 169 Stage. Barford 7 176 Barnston 4 ISO Couipton 8 188 Lenoxville 12 200 Sherbroobe 4 204 St Lawrence and Atlantic R. B. Windsor 14 218 Richmond 10 22S Durham 15 243 Acton 8 251 Upton 6 257 St. Hyacinthe 13 270 St. llilaire 13 283 BoucherviUe 6 289 Charron's 8 297 Longueuil 5 302 Montreal 3 305 (8) Portland to Watervillk. Androscoggin and Kennebec R. R. To Danville, (see 6) 27 LewistonFalls 6 33 Greene 8 41 ISIonmouth 7 48 Winthrop 8 56 Readtield .4 60 Belgrade 7 67 West Waterville 5 72 Waterville 10 82 (9) Portland to Augusta. Androscoggin and Kennebec R. R. To Readtield, (see 8) 60 Augusta, (stage) 10 70 (10) Portland to Augusta. Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. To Falmouth 5 Cumberland 4 9 Yarmouth 2 11 Yajinouth Junction 1 12 Kennebec and Portland R. R. Freeport 5 17 Merriman's Road 5 22 Brunswick 4 26 Bowdoinham 9 35 Richmond.. 7 42 Gardiner 11 53 I Hallowell 5 58 lAuausTA 2 60 ROUTES IN MAINE. 41 (11) Portland to Bath. To Brunswick, (see 10) 26 Harding's Station 4 30 Bath 5 35 (12) Augusta to South Paris. To Hallowell Cross Roads • • 4 East VV^inthrop 2 6 Winthrop 4 10 Wayne 5 K North Leeds 4 J 9 Noitli Turner Bridge 3 22 NorthTurner 4 26 South Hartford 2 28 Buckfield 5 33 West Buckfield 4 37 Paris 4 41 South Paris 3 44 (13) Augusta to Fryeburg. To South Paris, (see 12) .... 44 Norway 2 46 Watertbrd 9 55 South Waterford 1 56 Sweden 5 61 Lovell 4 65 Fryeburg Centre 4 69 Fryeburg 5 74 (14) Augusta to Bethel. To Hallowell Cross Roads • • 4 East Winthrop 2 6 Winthrop 4 10 Wayne 5 15 East Li vermore 7 2J North Livermore 4 26 Canton 4 3!» Dixfield 9 39 Mexico 5 44 East Riiraford 3 47 Rumtord 7 54 North Bethel 3 57 East Bethel 4 61 Bethei 4 65 (15) Augusta to Phillips. To Hallowell Cross Ro ids. . 4 East Readfield 4 8 Readtield 4 12 Mount V'eJ-non 5 17 Mt. \'ernon Village 3 20 Vienna 6 26 Farmington Falls 4 30 Farmingtnn 5 35 Strong 11 46 Avon 3 49 Phillips 6 55 (16) Augusta to Anson. To Sidney 9 Waterville 9 18 Fairfield 4 22 Bloomfield 10 32 Skowhegan 2 34 Norridgewock 5 3g Madison 8 47 Anson 4 51 (17) Augusta to Quebec. To Anson, (see 16) 51 Embden 5 56 Solon 3 59 Bingham 5 64 Moscow 12 76 Carritunk 6 82 The Forks 9 91 Jackraan's 19 110 Moose River 10 120 State Line 20 140 St. Charles, (Canada East). .26 166 St. Francis 8 174 St. Joseph 16 190 St. Mary 12 202 Quebec 33 235 (18) Augusta to Belfast. To South Vassalboro' 9 South China 5 14 Palermo 5 19 North Palermo 4 23 Motitville 5 28 North Searsmont 3 31 North Belmont 6 37 Belmont 2 39 Belfast 6 45 (19) Augusta to Thomaston. To Windsor 10 Cooper's Mills 4 14 West Jefferson 4 18 JeflTei-son 4 22 Waldoboro' 9 31 Warren 7 38 Thomaston 6 44 (20) Augusta to Bangor. To Brown's Comers 6 Vassalboro' 5 11 East Vassalboro' 4 15 China 6 21 Albion 5 26 42 ROUTES IN MAINE, Unity Troy Dixmont Newburg Hampden Bangor (21) Bath to Bangor To Woolwich Wiscasset Sheepscot Br Newcastle Nobleboro' Waldoboro' Warren Thomaston East Thomaston West Camden Camden Lincolnville Northport Belfast Swanville North Searsport Frankfort Mills Frankfort North Frankfort Hampden Bangor 8 34 5 39 4 43 8 51 11 62 6 68 3 8 11 5 16 5 21 2 23 8 31 7 38 9 95 2 97 3 100 3 103 6 109 (22) Bangor to Norridgewock. To Hermon 9 Carmel 5 14 Etna 3 17 Newport 7 24 Palmyra 5 29 Pittsfield 6 35 Canaan 7 42 Skowhegan 9 51 Norridgewock 5 56 (23) Bangor to Greenville. On Moosehead Lake. To South Diuton 9 Levant 3 12 East Corinth 8 20 West Charleston 5 25 South Dover 6 31 Dover 5 36 Foxcroft 1 37 Sangerville 8 45 Guilford 2 47 Abbot 4 51 Monson 7 58 Shirley 7 65 Greenville 7 72 (24) Bangor to BRovi'NsvtLLi!. To Jievant 12 East Corinth 8 20 Chai-leston 6 26 South Atkinson 8 34 Atkinson 7 41 Sebec 2 43 Williamsburg 3 45 Brownsville 2 43 (25) Bangor to Houlton. Bangor and Piscataquis R. R. To Steam Mill Turnout .... 4 Half Way Station 2 6 Upper Stillwater 3 9 OldTown 3 12 Stage. Milford 1 13 Sunkhaze 3 16 Greenbush 6 22 Olamon 7 29 Passadumkeag 2 31 South Lincoln 11 42 Lincoln 6 48 Lincoln Centre 2 50 North Lincoln 3 53 Mattawamkeag 8 61 South Moluncas 10 71 Haynesville 19 90 LiniitEus 20 110 Houlton 6 116 (26) Bangor to Castine. To Brewer 1 Brewer Village-. 2 3 Orrington 4 7 "South Oirington 3 10 North Bucksport 5 15 Bucksport 4 19 Orland 3 22 North Castine 11 33 Castine 3 36 (27) Bangor to Ellsworth. To Brewer 1 Brewer Centre 2 3 East Brewer 4 7 North Ellsworth 9 16 Ellsworth 11 27 (28) Bangor to E^st Machias. To Ellsworth, (see 27) 27 North Hancock 6 33 Franklin 7 40 Nairaguagus 13 58 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 43 East Harrington 7 65 Coluratiiu, 4 69 Jonesboro' 7 7G Machias 8 84 East Macuias 6 90 (29) East Machias to Lubec. To Whiting 12 West Lubec 6 18 LuBKC 5 23 (30) East Machias to Calais. To Marion 9 Dennysville 8 17 Pembroke 6 23 Robbinstou 13 30 Calais 12 48 (31) Portland to Eastport. To Bath, [R. 11.,] (see 11) . .35 Belfast, (see 21) 76 111 South Prospect 6 117 Prospect 6 123 Bucksport 5 128 Orland 3 131 Ellsworth 14 145 East Machias, (see 28) 63 208 Pembroke, (see 30) 23 231 Eastport 12 243 NEVT HAMPSHIRE. (32) Concord to Boston. Via Lowell. To Robinson's Ferry 4 Hooksett 4 8 Mai-tin's Feiry 4 12 Manchester 5 17 Goff'^ Falls 4 21 Reed's Ferry 4 25 Thornton's Ferry 3 38 Nashua 6 34 Little's 4 38 Tyngsboro', Mass. 3 41 Chelmslord 4 45 Middlesex 2 47 Lowell 2 49 Billerica Mills 4 53 Biilerica and Tewksbury ... 3 56 Wilmington 4 60 Woburn 5 65 South Wob urn 2 67 Medtord 3 70 Somerville 2 72 East Cambridge 2 74 Boston -- 1 75 (33) Concord to Boston. Via Lawrence. To Robinson's i'erry 4 Hooksett 4 8 Martin's Ferry 4 12 Manchester 5 17 Londonderry 6 23 Dtrry 5 28 Windham 3 31 i?alem 5 36 Methuen, Mass 5 41 Lawrence 2 43 Andover 3 46 Balardvale 2 48 Wilmington 6 54 Readuig 3 57 South l^eading 2 59 Greenwood 1 60 Stoneham 1 61 Melrose i 62 Maiden 2 64 Somerville 3 6T Boston 2 69 (34) Concord to Portsmouth. Portsmouth and Concord R. R. To Suncook 7 Rowe's Corner 6 18 Ctoidia 5 18 Raymond. 6 24 Kpiiins: 6 30 New Market 7 87 :>tratliam 2 89 Greenland 4 43 Portsmouth 4 4T (35) Concord to Portsmoi'th. To Chichester 8 Epsom 4 12 West North wood 6 18 East, Nortliwood 3 21 Nottinirham Turnpike 3 24 Durham 7 31 Newington ^ 37 Portsmouth 7 44 (35) Concord to Dover. To Chichester 8 North Chichester 3 11 Pittslield 5 16 Stratford 11 27 Barrington 6 33 Dover 10 43 44 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. (37) Concord to Wolfboro'. To Loudon 8 Loudon Centre 6 14 Lower C ilmaulon 4 18 Gilmanton iron Works 5 23 Alton 5 28 South WoU boro' 9 37 Wolfboro' 3 40 (28) Concord to Haverhill. Bost., Concorde and Montreal R. R. To Last Concord 2 North Concord 3 5 Canterbury 5 10 Northtield 3 13 Saiibornton Bridge 5 18 Union Bnd'-^e 4 22 Mered ith Bridge 5 27 Lake Village 2 29 Weii''3 4 33 Meredith Village 4 37 Fogg's Road 4 41 Holderness 4 45 Plymouth 4 51 Quincys 6 57 Runinev 2 59 We.-t K'limney 3 62 WentNvorth 5 67 Warreu 4 71 Havkkiiill 11 S2 (39) Concord to MoNTPELiER, Vt. Fia jYorthem R. R. To West Concord 3 Fishersville 4 7 Boscawen 3 10 North Boscawen 4 14 Franklin* 5 19 East Andover 6 25 Potter Place 5 30 West Andover 3 33 Danbury 6 39 Gralton 5 44 Canaan 8 52 Enlie'.d 7 59 East Lebanon 2 (51 Lebanon 4 65 West Lebanon 4 69 Vtriuunt Central R. R. \Yh\ie. River Jiniction 1 70 Wh ite River Village 2 72 Wesi Hartlord 5 77 Sharon 6 83 South Royalton 4 87 Royaltou 3 90 Bethel 5 95 Randolph 7 102 Braintree 6 108 Roxbury 8 116 Northtield 7 123 MONTPELIKR 10 133 * Branch to Bristol 13—32. (40) Concord to Claremont. To West Concord, via R. R. 3 Mast Yard 5 8 Contoocook Village 3 11 Warner 7 18 Bradford 3 21 Newbury 5 26 Newport 10 36 Claremont 10 46 (41) Concord to Claremont. To West Concord 3 Mast Yard 5 8 Contoocook Village 3 11 West Hopkinton 3 14 Henniker 5 19 West Henniker 1 20 Hillsboro' Bridge 5 25 iStage. Hillsboro' •••- 2 27 Washington 9 36 Lempster 8 44 Unity 5 49 Claremont S 57 (42) Concord to Keene. To Hillsboro' Br., (see 41). -25 Stage. Hillsboro' 2 27 Stoddard 9 36 Sulliv;m •••-.. g, 44 Keene 6 50 (43) Concord to Stewartstown. To Plymouth, (see 38) 51 Campion 6 57 Thornton 5 62 Woodstock 6 68 Lincoln 9 77 Franconia 9 86 Littleton 8 94 Piny;reville 5 99 Dalton 7 106 Lancaster 7 113 Northumberland 6 119 Strallbrd 9 128 Columbia 10 138 Colebrook 9 147 Stewartstown 8 155 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 45 (44) West Lebanon to Lancas- ter. To Hanover 4 Lyme 10 14 Orford 7 21 Piennont 5 26 Haverhill. 5 31 North Haverhill 4 35 Bath 9 44 Lisbon 6 50 Littleton 10 60 Pin£i;reville 5 65 Dalton 7 72 Lancaster 7 79 (45) Conway to Littleton. To North Conway 3 Lower Bartlett 3 6 Bartlctt 6 12 Mt. Crawford House 9 21 Willey House 6 27 Notch House 4 31 Mt. Washington House 2 33 Bethlehem 12 45 Littleton 6 51 (46) Great Falls to Conway. To Rochester 10 Chesnut Hill 9 19 Milton 2 21 Union 7 28 Wakefield 5 33 Ossipee 10 43 Centre Ossipee 5 48 West Ossipee 6 54 Eaton 9 63 Conway 6 69 (47) Nashua to Charlestown. ToMilford 11 East Wilton 5 16 South Lyndeboro' 3 19 Greenfield 7 26 Hancock 6 32 Stoddard 10 42 Marlow 8 50 Alstead 7 57 Paper Mill Village 4 61 Langdon 2 63 Charlestown 7 70 (48) Nashua to Brattleboro', Vt. To Milford 11 East Wilton 5 16 Wilton 2 18 Peterboro' 12 30 Dublin 6 36 Marlboro' 8 44 Keene 5 49 Chesterfield Factory 8 57 Chesterfield 3 60 Brattleboro' 8 68 (49) Portland to White Moun- tains. To Conway, (see 3) 46 North Conway 3 49 Lower Bartlett 3 52 Bartlctt 6 58 Mt. Crawford House 9 67 Willey House 6 73 Notch House 4 77 Mt. Washington House 2 79 Mt. Washington 9 88 (50) Boston to White Moun- tains. Via Dover. To Lawrence, (see 76) . . . . 26 Dover 42 68 Cocheco R. R. Gonic 8 76 Rochester 2 78 Walker's Crossing 4 82 Farmington 4 86 New Durham 4 90 Downing's 1 91 Alton Bay 5 96 Steamboat on Winnipiseogce Lake. Centre Harbor 22 118 Stage. Moultonboro' 5 123 Sandwich 3 126 South Tam worth 7 133 Tamworth 2 135 Eaton 7 142 Conway 6 148 White MouNTAiNS,(see 45)33 181 (51) Boston to White Moun- tains. Via Concord. To Concord 73 Meredith Village, (see 38).. 37 110 Stage. Centre Harbor 4 114 Conway 30 144 White MouNTAiNs,(see 45)33 177 46 ROUTES IN VERMONT. VERMONT. (52) BlTRLINGTON to BoSTON. Via Vermont Central R. R. To Wiuooski 3 Essex 4 7 Williston 4 11 Richmond 5 16 Bolton 7 23 Waterbury 6 29 Middlesex 5 34 MONTI'KLIER 6 40 Northtield 10 50 Roxbui-y 7 57 Braintree 12 69 Randolph 2 71 Bethel 7 78 Royalton 5 83 South Royalton 2 85 Sharon 5 90 West Hai-tford 5 95 White River Village 6 101 White River Junction 2 103 Concord 70 173 Lowell 47 220 Boston 26 246 (53^ Burlington to Boston. To White River Junction, C3ee52) 103 North Hartlaud 6 109 Hartland 4 113 Windsor 4 117 Sullivan R. R. Olaremont 8 125 North Charlestown 5 130 Charlestown 5 1 35 South Charlestow^n 4 139 Bellows Falls 4 143 S. Ash burnham, (see 102) . . 54 197 FiTcnBi-RG 11 208 Boston, (see 82) 50 258 (54) Burlington to Bostom. Via Rutland and Burlington R. R. To Shelbui-n 6 Charlotte 5 11 Ferrisbiirg 4 15 Vergennes 6 21 New Haven 5 26 Middlebury 7 33 Messer's 8 41 Whiting 3 44 Brandon 6 50 Pittsford 8 58 Rutland 9 67 Clarendon 3 70 Cuttingsville 7 77 Mount Holly 8 85 Ludlow 7 92 Proctorsville 3 95 DuttonsvlUe 2 97 Gassett's 5 102 Chester 4 106 Bartonville 4 110 Rockingham 4 114 Bellows Falls 6 120 South Ashburnham 54 174 FiTCIlBURG 11 185 Boston, (see 82) 50 235 (55) Burlington to Montreal. Via Vermont Central E. B. To Winooski T Essex Junction 4 11 Colchester 4 15 Milton 7 22 Georgia 4 26 St. Albans 9 35 Swanton 9 44 AlburgSpr. 7 51 Alburg 2 53 WestAlburg 4 57 Rouse's Point 1 58 Ohajtiplain & St. Lawrence B. B. Lacolle 6 64 Stotfs 5 69 Grande Ligne 6 75 St. Johns 6 81 Lacadu 7 88 La Prairie Sta 7 95 St. Lambert 6 101 Ferry. Montreal 1 102 (57) Montpelier to Norwich. To BaiTe 7 Washington 8 15 Chelsea 9 24 Strafford 10 34 South Strafford 2 36 Norwich 10 46 (58) Montpelier to Haverhill. To Barre 7 Orange 7 14 WestTopshara 5 19 East Corinth 4 23 Bradford Centre 3 26 Bradford 6 32 Haverhill 4 36 ROUTES IN VERMONT. 41 ^59) MONTPELIER to DeRBY LiNE. f^ia Danville. To East Moiitpelier 6 Plainfleld 3 9 Marshiit'ld 6 15 Cabot 5 20 Danville 10 30 North Danville 4 34 Wheolock 9 43 Sheffield 2 45 Banon 10 55 Browningtoa 7 62 Derby 9 71 Derby I;iNE 3 74 (60) MoNTPELIER to Sx. AlBANS. To Worcester 8 Elmore 12 20 Morristown 6 26 Hyde Park 5 31 Johnson 5 36 Water ville 7 43 Bakerstield 6 49 East Fuirtield 3 52 Fairfield 4 56 St. Albans 7 63 (CI) MoNTPELIERtoMlDDLEBURY. To Middlesex 6 Moretovvn 7 13 Waitsfield 6 19 Warren 6 25 Greenville 10 35 Hancock 4 39 Ripton 12 51 East Middlebury 3 54 MiDDLEBURY "5 59 (62) Wells River to Derby L. To Mcln ioe's Falls 8 Barnet 3 11 Passumr>.-^ic 7 18 St. Jol;n:.b'iry 4 22 St. Johnsbury Centre 3 25 Lyndon 5 30 Lyndon Centre 2 32 Sutton 7 39 Barton 11 50 Brownington 7 57 Deiby 9 66 DerbyLixe 3 69 (63) Wells River to Danville. To Ryegate 5 Peacham 9 14 Danville 6 20 (64) Middlebury to Troy, N. Y. To CornwaU 4 Whiting., 6 10 ^uttbiiry 6 is Hiibbardton 6 22 Caslleton 9 31 Poultiiey 7 33 <-i';inville JO 48 Hebron 9 57 Salem 8 65 Jackson 6 71 Cambridge 6 77 Buskirk's Bridge 5 82 Prospect Hill 5 87 L msingburg 14 101 Troy 4 105 (85) Vergennes to Whitehall. To Addison 6 Bridport 8 14 Slioreham 6 20 Orwell 6 26 Benson 6 32 West Haven 6 38 Whitehall 8 46 (66) Rutland to Albany, N. T. Vhi Western Venno7it R. B. To Clarendon 6 Wallintrford .3 9 S. Waliingford 4 13 Danby 5 18 Nortli Dorset 4 22 East Dorset 3 25 Manchester 5 30 Snnderland 6 86 Arlington .3 39 Shaftsbury 5 44 !^. Shaftsbury 5 49 North Bennington 2 51 To Albany, (see 167) 3S 89 (67) Rutland to N. Adams, IMass. Clarendon 6 Waliingford 3 9 Danby 9 18 East Dorset 8 26 Factory Point 5 31 Manchester 2 33 Sunderland 3 36 Arlington 3 39 Shaftsbury 8 47 f^outh Shaftsbuiy 3 50 Bennington 4 54 Pownall 9 63 Williamstown 5 68 North Adams 5 73 48 ROUTES IN VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS. (68) Rutland to Bethel. To PiUsR(3ld 15 Stockbridge 4 19 Gaysvitle 3 22 Bethel 5 27 C69) Bethel to Charlestown, N. H. To Barnard 8 Woodstock 9 South Woodstock 4 ReadLiis? 6 Felchville 3 Upperlalls 4 Perkinsville 3 North Springfield 2 Springfield 4 Charlestown 6 (70) Brattleboro' to Derby Stao-e. To Chesterfield 8 Westmoreland 6 Cheshire R. R. Walpole 6 Bellows Falls 4 Sullivan R. R. South Charlestown 4 Charlestown 4 North Chai-lestown 5 Clai'emont 5 Windsor 8 Vermont and Central R. R. Hartland 4 North Hartland 4 White River Junction 6 Connecticut and Passuvipsic R. R. Norwich 5 69 Pompanoosuc 5 74 Thetford •• 5 79 North Thetford 2 81 Fairlee 5 86 Bradford 7 93 Newbury ■ " 100 Wells River 4 104 Stage. Derby Line, (see 62) 69 173 (71) Bennington to Charles- town, N. H. South Shaftsbury 4 Shaftsbury 3 7 Arlington 8 15 Sunderland 3 18 Manchester 3 21 FactorvPoint 2 23 WindliaU 4 27 Peru 5 32 Landsgrove 3 35 Londonderry 2 37 Simonsville 7 44 Chester -• 6 50 Springfield 8 58 Charlestown 6 64 (72) Bellows F's. to Arlington. To Cambridgeport 3 Saxton's River 3 6 Athens 5 Townsend 8 West Townsend 5 North Wardsburo' 5 West Wardsburo' 4 Stratton 4 Sunderland H Arlington 4 (73) Brattleboro' to Albany, N. V. To West Brattleboro' 2 Marlboro' 7 9 Wilmington 9 1« Searsbury 5 23 Woodford 14 37 Bennington 4 41 Hoosick Potter Hill 5 53 Pittstown 4 57 Rayniertown 4 61 Troy 9 >l Albany o 7b * North Hoosick 5—53. MASSACHUSETTS. (74) Boston to Portland. Via Eastern R. R. To Portland, (see 1) 105 (75) Boston to Portland. Via Boston and Maine R. R.^ To Portland, (see 2) (76) Boston to Lawrence, Boston and Maine R. R. To Somerville 2 Maiden* 3 Mehose * Stoneham 1 Greenwood 1 111 South Readmg 1 1^ Reading 2 12 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 49 Wilm'maton 3 15 BaUardvale 6 21 Andover 2 23 Lawrence 3 26 * Bmnoh to Bedford 2—7. (77) Boston to Lowell. To East Cambridge 1 Somerville 2 3 Medford 2 5 South Woburn* 3 8 Woburn 2 10 Wilmington 5 15 Billerica and Tewksbury . . . 4 19 Billericii Mills 3 22 Lowell 4 20 * Br. to Wobum Centre 2—10. (78) Boston to Concord, N. H. Via Lawi'ence. (see 33) — (79) Boston to Concord, N. H. Via Lowell, (see 3-\^ 75 (80) Boston to White Mts, Via Dover, (see 50) 181 (81) Boston to White Mts. Via Concord, N. H. (see 51) 177 (82) Boston to Fitchburg. Fitchburg R. R. To Somerville 3 West Cambridge* 3 6 Waltham 4 10 Stonv Brook 2 12 Weston 1 13 Lincoln 4 17 Concord 3 20 South Acton 5 25 West Acton 2 27 Littleton 4 31 Grotont 4 35 Shirley 5 40 Lunenburg 2 42 Leominster 4 46 FlTCHBlRG 4 50 Branch to Watertown 5 miles. * Branch to Lexington — 12. t Branch to Chelmsl'ord 13 — 48. (r>3) Boston to Albany. Boston and Worcester R.R. To Brighton 5 Newton Corner 2 7 Newtonville 1 8 WestNewton* I 9 Grantville 5 14 WestNeedham 1 15 Natickt 3 18 Framingham:j: 4 22 Ashland 2 24 Southboro' 4 28 Westboro' 4 32 Graftong 6 38 Worcester 6 44 Western R. R. Clappville 9 53 Charlton 4 57 Spencer 5 62 East Brookfield 2 64 South Brookfield 3 67 West Brookfield 2 69 Warren 4 73 Palmer 10 83 Wilbraham 9 92 Springfield 6 98 West Springfield 2 100 Westfield 8 108 Russell 8 116 Chester Village 3 1 19 Chester ractoi7 7 126 Becket Station 9 135 Washington .. 3 138 Hinsdale 5 143 Dalton 3 146 PiTTSriELD 5 151 Shaker Village 3 154 Richmond 5 159 State Line 3 162 Albany and W. Stockbridoe R. R, Canaan 5 167 East Chatham 5 172 Chatham Four Corners 5 177 Chatham Centre 4 181 Kinderhook 3 184 Schodack 8 192 Greenbiish 7 199 Albany 1 200 * Br. to Newton Low. Falls 1-10. + Br. to Saxonville 4—22. X Br. to Milfbrd 12—34. §Br. toMiUbury 4— 42. (84) Boston to New York. To Springfield, (see 83) . .98 JV. Haveiii Hartford., and Spring field R. R. Long Meadow 4 102 ThompsonvlUe 4 106 Warehouse Point 3 i09 Windsor Locks 2 111 Windsor 6 117 5 50 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 5 205 2 207 2 209 4 213 4 217 6 223 11 234 Hartford 7 124 New Britain o '■^i Berlin 3 ]'^,^ Meriden 7 142 Wallingford 6 148 North Haven 5 153 New Haven* 7 160 JVew York and JVew Haven R. R. Milford 10 110 Stratford 4 1/4 Bridgeport ■* ^'° Fairfield 5 183 Soiithport 1 1»4 Westport 4 JSa Norwalk 4H^2 Darien ■^ ^;'^ Stamford 5 200 Greenwich Port Chester Kye Mamnroneck New Rochelle Williams Bridge 32d street. New York New York " -"*J^ * Steamboat to N. York 80—240. (85) Boston to New Y'ork. Fia Jforwich. To Worcester, (see 83).- -44 J\'urwich and Worcester R- /2. Junction 1 45 Auburn ^ 48 Oxford \ f5 North Village 4 59 Webster \ Wilson (86) Boston to New York. Boston and Providence R. R. ToRoxbury 2 Jamaica Plain 2 Readville - 5 Canton Sharon FOXBORO' ISlansfield Tobey's Attleboro' Dodgeville Pawtucket Providence 4 Stonington R. R. Junction Warwick Greenwich Wickford Kingston Carolina Richmond Switch Charleston Westerly 5 8S Stonington 5 iJJ Steamboat. New York 125 218 (87) Boston to New York. Via Fall River. To Dorchester 4 5 14 4 18 4 22 2 24 2 26 5 31 1 32 7 39 4 43 4 47 7 54 3 57 6 63 7 70 fi 76 3 79 4 83 Quincy 3 Fisherville J Mason's 1 Thompson ^ Pomfret 3 Daysville ^ Danielson villa ^ Central Village 6 Plainfield ^ Jewett City Gnieneville 9 102 8 118 Norwich AUyn'a Point* Steamboat New London ^e o^o KewYork 125 243 * Steamboat — To Greenport, N. Y., 32-142. New York, (see 151,) 96—238. South Braintree 3 Randolph 4 East Stough ton 2 North Bridgewater 3 Plahiville 3 Keith's Furnace 1 East and West Bridgewater 1 25 Bridgewater 2 27 Titicut 4 31 Middleboro' 4 Haskln's * Myrick's ^ Assonet ^ Miller's " Fall River •> Steamboat. Newport ;19 '^ New York loJ 2.J8 (83) Boston to Blackstone. JVorfoik Co. R. R. ToDedham 10 Ellis' Station ^ \^ South Dedham A *^* ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 61 Durfee'9 1 15 Plymptoa 2 17 Walpole 1 18 Campbell's Pond 3 21 Norlh VVrentham 2 23 City Mills 2 25 Franklin 2 27 Bellintirham 3 30 Mill River 3 33 Blackstone 2 35 (89) Boston to New Bedford. Boston and Providence R. R. ToRoxbary 2 Jamaica Plain 2 4 Readville 5 9 Canton 5 14 Sharon 4 18 FoxEORo' 4 22 Mansfield 2 24 Taunton Branch R. R, Norton 4 28 Crane 3 31 Taunton 4 35 JVcjo Bedford and Taunton R. R. Myrick's 6 41 New Bedford 14 55 (90) Boston to Sandwich. To Middleboro', (see 87). • .35 Cape Cod Branch R. R. Rock Station 5 40 South Middleboro' 3 43 West Wareham 4 47 South Wareham 1 48 Wareham 2 50 Agawam 2 52 Cohasset Narrows 2 54 Monument 2 56 North Sandwich 3 59 West Sandwich 1 60 Sandwich 2 62 (91) Boston to Plymouth. To Crescent Avenue 2 Dorchester 2 4 Neponset 1 5 Squantum 1 6 Quincy 2 8 Braintree 2 10 South Braintree 1 11 South Weymouth . 4 15 North Abington 3 18 Abington 1 19 South Abington 2 21 North Hanson 2 23 Hanson •.... 2 25 Halifax 3 28 Plympton 2 30 Kingston 3 33 Plymouth 4 37 (92) Boston to Cohasset. To Braintree, (see 91) 10 East Braintree 1 11 Weymouth 1 12 North Weymouth 2 14 East Weymouth I 15 Hingham 2 17 Nantasket 2 19 Cohasset 3 22 (93) Boston to Gloucester. Eastern R. R. To North Chelsea 4 Lynn 5 9 Swarascot 2 11 Salem 3 14 Beverly 2 16 Manchester 9 25 Gloucester 5 30 (94) Salem to Lawrence. Fia Essex R. R. To South Danvers 2 North Danvers 3 5 Middleton 5 10 North Andover 10 20 Sutton's Mills 1 21 Lawrence 1 22 (95) Lowell to Lawrence. To Tewksbury Centre 6 Shed's Crossing 2 8 Lawrence 5 13 (96) Worcester to Nashua, N.H. Worcester and JVashua R. R. To West Boylston 9 Oakdale 1 10 Sterling 2 12 CUntonville 4 16 New Boston 2 18 Lancaster 1 19 Still River 4 23 Harvard 2 25 Groton Junction 3 28 Groton Centre 3 31 Pepperell 5 36 Hollis,N. H 3 39 Nashua 6 45 52 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. (97) Worcester to Lowell. To Grotoii Junction, (see 96) 28 Stony Brook R. R. Forge Village 6 34 Westford 4 38 Factory Village 2 40 Chelmsford 1 41 Lowell 4 45 (98) Worcester to Providence. To Blackstone 25 Providence, (see 118) 18 43 (99) Worcester to Fitchburg. To West Boylston 9 Oakdale 1 10 Sterling Junction 2 12 Sterling 2 14 Leominster 7 21 Fitcuburg 6 27 (100) Fitchburg to Brattle- BORO', Vt. Vermont and Massachusetts R. R. To West Fitch bm-g 2 Westminster 3 5 Ashburnham 6 11 Gardner 4 15 Dadraanville 4 19 Baldwinville 2 21 Royalston 6 27 Athol 6 33 Orange 4 37 Wendall 3 40 Erving 2 42 Montague 6 48 North field Farms 3 51 Northfield 6 57 South Vernon 2 59 Vernon 5 64 Brattleboro' 5 69 (101) Fitchburg to Greenfield. To Montague, (see 100) ....48 Greenfield 7 55 (102) Fitchburg to Bellows Falls, Vt. Via Cheshire R. R. To Ashburnham, (see 100). 11 North Ashburnliam — 4 15 Winchendon 4 19 Fitzwilliam, N. H 9 28 Troy 5 33 Marlboro' 4 37 Kkene 6 43 East Westmoreland 8 51 Westmoreland 4 55 Walpole 6 61 Bellows Falls, Vt 4 65 (103) Springfield to Brattle- boro', Vt. Connecticut River R. R. To Cabotville* 3 Willimansett 3 6 Ireland 2 8 Smith's Ferry 5 13 Northampton 4 17 Hatfield 4 21 Whately 5 20 South Deertield 2 28 Deertield 5 33 Greenfield 3 36 Bernardston 7 43 South Vernon, Vt 7 50 Vernon 5 55 Brattleboro' 5 60 * Br. to Chicopee Falls 2—5. (104) Springfield to New Havkn, Conn., and New York. Via J\rew Haven, Hartford, and Spring-field R. R. To Long Meadow 4 Thompsonville 4 8 Warehouse Point 3 11 Windsor Locks 2 13 Windsor 6 19 Hartford 7 26 Wetherslield 5 31 New Britaui 3 34 Berlin* 3 37 ftleriden 7 44 Wallinuford 6 50 North H aven 5 55 New Haven+ 7 62 Steamboat. New York 80 142 t N. York and N. Haven R.R.— New York, (see 128,) 76—138. * Branch to Middletown 10 m. (105) Pittsfield to N. Adams. To Packard's 3 East Lanesboro' 3 6 Cheshire 3 9 Cheshire Harbor 2 H Maple Grove 2 13 South Adams 1 14 North Adams 6 20 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 63 (106) PiTTSFIELD to NeW YoRK. Stockbrldgc and Pittsjicld R. R. To Umax 8 Lee 3 11 Stockbridge 6 17 Van Dyusenville 6 23 BaiTiiigton 2 25 Iloasatonic R. R, Sheffield G 31 Canaan, Conn 6 37 Falls Village 6 43 West Cornwall 6 49 Cornwall Bridge 4 53 Kent 9 62 Gaylord's Bridge 6 68 New Milford 7 75 Brookfield 6 81 Hawleyville 6 87 Newtown 4 91 Botsibrd 4 95 Stepney 5 100 Bridgeport* 10 110 Steamboat. New York 60 170 * N York and N. Haven R. R — New York, (see 128,) 59—169. (107) S. Deerfield to Adams. To Conway 7 Ashfield 6 13 Plainfield 8 21 Savoy 7 28 Adams 8 36 (108) Greenfield to N. Adams. To Shelburne 4 Shelburne Falls 5 9 Charleraont 8 17 Florida 12 29 North Adams 5 34 (109) Northampton to Pitts- field. To Chesterfield 13 Worthington 6 19 Peru 4 23 Hinsdale 3 26 Dalton 3 29 PiTTSFIELD 6 35 (110) NiRTH Andover to New- BURYPORT. To West Boxford 5 Georgetown 4 9 Byfleld 4 13 Nkwburyport 6 19 (111) Haverhill to Newburt- PORT. To East Haverhill 6 West Amesbury 3 9 Araesbnry 4 13 Salisbury 2 15 Bellevilleport 1 16 Nkwburyport 2 18 (112) Sandwich to Province T. To East Sandwich 6 West Barnstable 4 10 Barnstable 6 16 Yarmouth port 3 19 Yai-mouth 1 20 Dennis 3 23 East Dennis 1 24 West Brewster 4 28 Brewster 2 30 East Brewster 3 33 Orleans 2 35 East Orleans 4 39 Easthain 2 41 NorthEaathara 2 43 South Wellfleet 3 46 Weimeet 4 50 Tnu-o 7 57 North Truro 4 61 Provincetown 7 68 (113) Sandwich to Wood's Hole. To West Sandwich 2 Monument 4 6 Pocassett 3 9 North Falmouth 4 13 West Falmouth 4 17 Falmouth 4 21 Wood's Hole 4 25 (114) N. Bedford to Edgartown. To Wood's Hole 30 Holmes' Hole 8 38 Edgartown 13 51 (115) N. Bedford to Nantucket. Wood's Hole 30 Nantucket 36 66 (116) N. Bedford to Providence. To North Dartmouth 3 Westport 5 8 Fall River 8 16 Swanzey 4 20 North Swanzey 5 25 South Seekonk 3 28 Providence, R. I. 6 34 5* 64 ROUTES IN RHODE ISLAND. RHODE ISLAND. (117) Providence to Boston. Boston and Providence R. R. To Pawtucket 4 Doda;eville 7 11 Attleboro' 1 12 Tobey's 5 17 Mansfield 2 19 FoxBORo' 2 21 Sharon 4 25 Canton 4 29 Readville 5 34 Jamaica Plain 5 39 Roxbury 2 41 Boston 2 43 (118) Providence to Worcester. Providence and Worcester R. R. To Pawtucket 5 Valley Falls , ..1 6 Lonsdale ] 7 Ashton 3 10 Albion 1 11 Manville 1 12 Hamlet 3 15 Woonsocket 1 16 Watertbrd ) o ia Blackstone \ "' ^^ Millville 2 20 Uxbridge 5 25 Whitins 2 27 Northbridge 4 31 Farnum's 2 33 Grafton 1 34 Sutton 1 35 Millbu/y 2 37 Grand Junction 5 42 Worcester 1 43 (11&) Providence to Williman- TIC. Via Plainfield. To South Scituate 11 Mount Vernon 6 17 RiceCitv 2 19 Sterling, Conn 5 24 Plainfield 4 28 Canterbury 4 32 Westminster 3 35 Scotland 3 38 Windham 4 42 WlLLlMANTIC 3 45 (120) Providence to Hartford, Conn. Via West Killijighj. To North Scituate 10 South Foster 6 16 South Killingly 8 24 West Killingly 3 27 Brooklyn 4 31 Howard's Valley 6 37 Windham 7 44 WlLLlM ANTIC 3 47 Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill R.R. South Coventry 4 51 Andover 4 55 Bolton 4 59 Vernon 4 63 Union Village 4 67 East Harttbrd 8 75 Hartford 2 77 (121) Providence to Stonington and New York. Via Stonington R. R. To Junction 4 Warwick 7 11 Greenwich 3 14 Wickford 6 20 Kingston 7 27 Carolina 6 33 Richmond 3 36 Charleston 4 40 Westerly •• 5 45 Stonington 5 50 Steawboat. New York 125 175 (122) Providence to Newport. To Barrington 8 Warren 6 14 Bristol 4 18 Portsmouth 6 24 Newport 9 33 (123) Providence to Fall River. To South Sekonk 6 North Swanzej' 3 9 Swanzev 5 14 Fall River 4 18 (124) Providence to Kingston. To P. wtuxet 5 Warwick 6 11 East Greenwich 3 14 Wickford 8 22 Kingston 10 32 ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. 55 (125) Providence to N. London. ToNatjck 9 CentreviUe 2 11 Coveniry 2 13 West (jreeuvvich 5 18 Pine Hill 4 22 Brand's Iron Works G 28 Hopkinton 6 34 North Monington, Conn 6 40 Mystic 6 46 Centre Grotou 3 49 Groton 4 53 New London 1 54 (126) Providence to Thompson, Conn. To Fruit Hill 4 Greenville 5 9 Chepacket 7 16 Thompson 11 27 (127) Fall River to Newport. To Tiverton 6 PortsniiKiLli 3 9 Newport 9 18 CONNECTICUT. (128) New Haven to New York. JVew York and JVew Haven R. R. ToMilibrd 10 Stratford 4 14 Bridgeport 4 18 Fairfield 5 23 Southport 1 24 Westport 4 28 Norwalk 4 32 Darien 3 35 Stamford 5 40 Greenwich 5 45 Port Chester 2 47 Rye 2 49 Mamaroneck 4 53 New Kochelle 4 57 Williams' Bridge 6 63 32d street, N. Y 11 74 New York 2 76 (129) Hartford to New York. J^Tew Haveri, Hartford, and Sprintr- field R. R. To Wetherslield 5 New Britain 3 8 BerUn* 3 11 Meriden 7 18 WaUiiigford 6 24 North Haven 5 29 New HAVENt 7 36 New York, (see 128) 76 112 &tea..ibuat. t To New York 80— 116. * Branch to Middletowu 10 ra. (130) Hartford to Boston. To Windsor 7 Windsor Locks 6 13 Warehouse Point 2 15 Thompsonville 3 18 Springfield 8 26 Boston, (see 83) 98 124 (131) Hartford to New Haven. Stao-e. To Wethersfield 4 Rocky Hill 3 7 Upper Middletown 5 12 Middletown 2 14 Durham 7 21 Northford 7 28 Fan-haven 10 38 New Haven 2 40 (132) Hartford to New London. R. R. via WUhmantic. To East Hartford 2 Union Village 8 10 Vernon 4 14 Bolton 2 16 Andover 6 22 South Coventry 5 27 VVillimantic 3 30 Spoflbrdsville 3 33 Lebanon Crossings 5 38 Moi-se's Mills 2 40 Yantic 1 41 Norwich Plains 1 42 Norwich 2 44 Uncasville 7 51 New London 7 58 (133) Hartford to New London. To East Hartford 1 Glastonbury 5 6 Marlboro' 10 16 Colchester 8 24 Salem 6 30 Chesterfield 6 36 Ni-w London 8 44 (134) Hartford to Norwich. To East Hartford 1 Manchester 9 10 56 ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. Bolton 4 14 Auduvt'i- 5 19 Columbia 4 23 LilxTly Hill 4 27 Lebiinon 3 30 Fraul,'ue 3 87 HerraitaKe 4 91 So'ithold 1 92 Greenport 4 96 • Branch to Hempstead 2i— 23i. (152) N. York to Philadelphia. Steamboat, To Jersey City 1 J^eiv Jersey R. R. Newark 8 9 Elizabethtown 5 14 Rahway 6 20 Freemmi's 7 27 New Brunswick 5 32 JV*. Brunsioick and Trenton R. R. Kingston 13 45 Princeton 4 49 Trentoh 10 59 Morrisville, Pa. 1 GO Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. Bristol 9 69 Andalusia -.. 4 73 Cornwoll's 2 75 Tacony 5 80 PhilaAlelphia Depot 7 87 Philadelphia Exchange . 2 89 (153) N. York to Philadelphia. Str-atiiboat. To South Amboy 28 Camden and Amboy R. R. South River 5 33 Spotswood 5 38 West's 4 42 Prospect Plains 3 45 Hightstown 4 49 Centreville 4 53 Newtown 3 56 Sand Hills 2 58 BORDENTOWN 5 63 Kincora 4 67 Burlington 4 71 Rancocas River 6 77 Palmyra 5 82 Camueu 7 89 Steamboat. Philadelphia 1 90 (154) N. York to Philadelphia. To Trenton, (see 152) 59 Bordentowu 7 66 Philadelphia, (see 153,) ..27 93 (155) N. Y. to Washington, D.C. To Philadelphia, (see 152).. 89 Baltimore, (see 257) 97 186 Washington, (see 299) .... 40 226 (156) New York to Troy. Steamboat. To Manhattanville 8 * Fort Lee 1 9 Fort Washington 2 11 Yonkers 6 17 Hastings 3 20 Dobb's Ferry 2 22 *Piermont 2 24 Tarry town 3 27 *Nyack 2 29 Sing Sing 4 33 *Havei-straw 3 36 Verplank's Point 5 41 *Caldweir3 3 44 Peekskill 2 46 Anthony's Nose 1 47 * West Point 5 52 Cold Spring 1 53 * Cornwall 4 57 Fish kill Landing 4 61 *Newburq New Hamburg 6 67 * Milton 3 70 Pocghkeepsie 4 74 *NewPaltz 1 75 HydePark 5 80 60 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Staatsburg 3 83 Rhuiebeck Landing 7 DO * Kingston Landing 1 91 Barry U)wn 4 95 •Saugerties G 101 *CVTSKILL 10 111 Hudson 5 116 * Alliens Coliimbiaville 4 120 *Coxsackie 4 l:i4 Kinderhook Landing 3 127 * New Baltimore 4 131 Schodack 2 133 Coeyinan's T 134 CasUeton 3 137 Overslaugh 5 142 •Albany 3 145 Greeiibush Trov 6 151 Those marked thus ( * ) are on the west side of the river. (157) New York to Albany. JVao York and Harlem R. R. To 32d street 3 Yorkville 3 6 Harlem 2 8 Mottsville 2 10 Morrisania 1 11 Fordham 2 13 Williama' Bridge 1 14 Junction 1 15 Hunt's Bridge 2 17 Underhill's 2 19 Tuckahoe 1 20 Hart's Corners 4 24 White Plains 2 26 Da\is' Brook 3 29 Unionville 3 32 PloasLmtville 2 34 Chapequa 2 36 New Castle 4 40 Bedtord 2 42 Whitlocksville 3 45 Golding's Bridge 2 47 Purdv's 2 49 Croton Falls 2 51 Southeast 4 55 Towners 4 59 Patterson 4 63 Pawlingsville 4 67 South Dover 6 73 Dover Plains 7 80 Amenia 8 88 JMillerton 8 96 Boston Corners 7 103 Hillsdale 9 112 Copoke 3 115 Ghent 13 128 Chatham 4 Corners 2 130 Albany (see 166) 23 153 (158) New York to Albany. Hudson River R. R. To 31st street 3 Manhattanville 5 8 Spuy tende vil Creek 5 13 Yonkers 4 17 Hastings 4 21 Dobbs'Feriy 1 22 Dearman 2 24 Tarrytown 3 27 Sing Sing 6 33 Croton 3 36 Peekskill 7 43 Gan-ison 8 51 Cold Spring 3 54 Fishkill Lauding* 6 60 Cai-thage 4 64 New Hamburg 2 66 Barnegat 3 69 POUGHKEEPSIE 6 75 Hyde Park 6 81 Staatsburg 4 85 Rhinebeck 6 91 RedHook 6 97 Upper Red Hook 3 100 Clemiont 5 105 Livingston 5 110 Hudson 6 116 Stockport 4 mo Stuy vesant 6 126 Schodack 7 133 Castleton 3 136 Greeubush 8 144 Albany - 1 145 Troy 6 150 (159) New York to Albany. f^ia Hovsatonic R. R. To Bridgepoit, (see 146) . . .58 Stepney 10 68 Botsford 5 73 Newtown 4 77 Hawleyville 4 81 Brookfield 6 87 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 61 New Milford 6 93 Gaylord'3 Bridge 7 1 00 Kent 6 106 Cornwall Bridge 9 115 West Cornwall 4 119 Falls Village 6 125 Canaan 6 ]'M Sheffield, Mass. 6 137 Barriusfton 6 143 Van Deusenville 2 1 45 West Stockbridge 8 153 State Line 3 15fi Canaan 5 lO I East Chatham 5 IGG Chatham Four Corners 5 171 Chatham Centre 3 174 Kinderhook 4 178 Schodack 8 185 Greenbush 7 193 Albany 1 194 (160) POUGHKEEPSIE tO NeW MiL- roRD, Conn. To Manchester Bridge 5 Sprout Creek 4 9 Arthursburg 2 11 Beekman 4 15 Poughquag 2 17 Pawliiigs 7 24 Quaker Hill 3 27 Sherman, Conn 3 30 New Milford 6 36 (161) POUGHKEEPSIE tO WeST Cornwall, Conn. To Pleasant Valley 7 Washington Hollow 5 12 Washington 3 15 Dover 6 21 South Amenia 6 27 Araenia Unicm 3 30 Sharon, Conn 5 35 West Cornwall 6 41 (162) Hudson to Great Barring- ton, Mass. To Claverack 4 Smoky Hollow 4 8 Hoffman's 4 12 Hillsdale 4 16 South Egremont, Mass 7 23 Great Barrington 5 28 (163) Htdson to West Stock- bridge, Mass. Hudson end Berkshire R. R, To Claverack 3 Mellenville 4 7 Ghent 5 12 Chatham Four Comers 4 16 Chapman's 5 21 Edwards 6 27 State Line 3 30 West Stockbridge 3 33 (164) Hudson to N. Lebanon Spa, To Edwards, (see 163) 27 Staffe. New Lebanon 6 33 New Lebanon Springs 1 34 (165) Albany to Pittsfi2!:ld,Mas3. To Greenbush 1 Schodack Centre 5 6 Nassau 6 12 Brainard's Bridge 4 16 ?.!oftit'3 Store 3 19 Lew Lebanon 4 23 New Lebanon Springs 1 24 Pittsfield, Mass 9 33 (166) Albany to Boston. Albany and W. Stockbridge R. R. To Greenbush 1 Schodack 7 8 Kinderhook 8 16 Chatham Centre 3 19 Chatham Four Corners 4 23 East Chatham 5 28 Canaan 5 33 State Line 5 38 Western R. R. Richmond 3 41 Shaker Village 5 46 Pittsfield 3 49 Dalton 5 54 Hinsdale 3 57 Washington 5 62 Becket Station 3 65 Chester Factoiy 9 74 Chester Village 7 81 Russell 3 84 Westfield 8 92 West Springfield 8 100 Springfield 2 102 Wilbraham 6 108 Palmer 9 117 Warren 10 127 West Brookfield 4 131 South Brookfield 2 133 East Brookfield 3 136 Spencer 2 138 6 62 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Charlton Clappville Wo R( ESTER Boston and fVorcestcr R. Grafton Westboro' South boro' Ashland Framingham Natick West Neodham Grantville West Newton Newtonville Newton Corner Brighton Boston 5 143 4 147 9 156 R. C 162 6 168 4 172 4 176 2 178 4 182 3 185 1 186 5 li)l 1 192 1 193 2 195 5 200 (167) AT.BANT to Bennington, Vt. Tioy and Boston R, R. To Trov 6 Deepikfll 7 13 Schaghticoke 5 18 Biiskirk"s Bridge 9 27 Eagle Bridge 2 29 North Hoosick 4 33 Waloomsac 1 34 State Line 2 36 North Bennington 2 38 Bennington 4 42 (163) Albany to Rutland, Vt. Via Rutland <& Washi?igion R. R. To Eade Bridge, (see 167). .29 Waifs'Corners 2 31 Cambridge 3 34 Shusiian 6 40 Salem 7 47 West Rupert 6 53 Rupert 2 55 Pawlet 7 62 Granville 3 65 Poaltney 8 73 Cast'eton 7 80 Clarendon Spa 7 87 Rutland 4 91 (169) Albany to Cooperstown. To Guilderland 9 Dunnsville 6 15 Duanesburg 8 23 Espernnce 6 29 Sloansville 4 33 j Carlisle 6 39 Sharon 4 43 Leesville 6 49 Cherry Valley 6 55 Middlefield Centre 7 62 Cooperstown 7 69 (170) Albany to Unadilla. To Guilderland 9 Guilderland Centre 3 12 KnowersviUe 4 16 Knox 5 21 Gallopville 6 27 Schoharie 5 32 East Cobleskill 5 37 Cubleskill 5 42 Richmondville 5 47 East Worcester 6 53 Worcester 4 57 Schenevus 5 62 Maryland 4 66 CoUiersville 7 73 Oneonta 6 79 Otego 9 88 Creeksville 6 94 Unadilla 4 98 (171) Catskill to Canajoharie. To Leeds 4 Cairo 6 10 Acra 3 13 Winansville 4 17 Durham 6 23 Preston Hollow 4 27 Livingstonville 4 31 Franklinton 3 34 Middieburg 6 40 Schoharie 5 45 Central Bridge 5 50 Sloansville 3 53 Charleston Four Corners • • . 5 58 Root 5 63 Spraker's Basin 4 67 Canajoharie 3 70 (172) Catskill to Unadilla. To Leeds 4 Cairo 6 10 Acra 3 13 South Durham 3 16 Union. 6 22 Windham Centre 2 24 Windham 3 27 Ashland 2 29 PrattsviUe 6 35 Moorsville 4 39 Stamford 8 47 Hobart 4 51 South Kortright 4 55 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 63 Bloomville 5 60 Dklhi ••• 7 67 West Meredith 7 74 Grotou 2 76 Franklin 5 81 Sidney 10 91 Unadilla 1 92 (173) Albany to Saratoga Springs and Whitehall. Mohawk and Hudson R. R. To Schenectady 16 Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. Rexford Flats 4 20 Burnt Hills 4 24 Ballston Centre 4 28 Ballston 3 31 Saratoga Springs 7 38 Saratoga and fVashingtun R. R. Gansevoort's 10 48 Fort Edward 7 55 Dunham's Basin 3 58 Fort Anji 9 67 Comslock's Landing 5 72 Whitehall 6 78 (174) Albany to Saratoga Springs and Lake George. To Troy 6 Rensselaer and Saratoga R. R. Waterford 4 10 Mechauicsville 8 18 BallstonSpa 13 31 Saratoga Spa 7 38 Saratoga and Washington R. R. Gansevoort's 10 48 Fort Edward 7 55 Stage. Sandy Hill 2 57 Glenn's Falls 3 60 Caldwell 9 69 (175) Troy to Whitehall. Stage. To Lansingbuj-g 4 Schagticoke ..-10 14 Easton 7 21 North Easton 3 24 Greenwich 5 29 South Argyle 7 30 Argyle 4 40 North Argyle 4 44 South Hai-tl'ord 5 49 Harttord 2 51 North Granville 9 60 Whitehall 8 68 (176) Albany to Montreal, C. E. Summer route. To Saratoga Springs 38 Whitehall, (see 173) 40 78 Steamboat on Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga 24 102 Crown Point 10 112 Port Henry 10 122 West Port 11 133 Essex 12 145 Burlington, Vt 15 160 Port Kent, N. Y 10 170 Plattsburg 14 184 Rouse's Point 26 210 Isle aux Noix 11 221 St. John's, C.E 14 235 Railroad. La Prairie Sta 14 249 St. Laniliert u 255 Montreal. 1 256 (177) Albany to Montreal. Via Wiiitehidl and Burlington. To Whitehall, (see 173) ... .78 State Line 6 84 Fair Haven 2 88 Hydeville 2 83 Castleton 3 91 Kiuland 9 100 Burlington, (see 54) 67 167 Montreal, (see 55; 102 269 Albany to Montreal. Via Rutland & Washington R.B. Salem, (see 168.) 47 To Castleton 33 80 Rutland 11 91 Burlington, (see 54) 67 158 Montreal, (see 55) 102 260 Albany to Montreal. Via Western Vermont R. R. To N. Bennington, (see 6(5), 33 Manchester 21 54 VVallincford 21 80 Rutland • 9 S9 Burlington, (see 54) 67 156 Montreal, (see 55) 12 253 (178) Plattsburg to Montreal. Via Plattsburg <& 3Iontreal R. R. To Beokmantown West Chazy 64 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Sciota Mooers-Village Mooers Junction* Hemmingford Sherrington Pigeoniere St. Keiui Isidore Ciiiighnawaga Ferry. Lachine MONTIIEAL * Junction with Ogdensburg E. E. (179) Albany to Buffalo. Mohawk and Hudson R. R. To Schenectady 16 Utica and Schenectady R. R. Hoffman's 9 25 Craufsville 3 28 Amsterdam 4 32 Tribes Hill 5 37 Fonda 6 43 Spraker's 8 51 Palatine Bridge 3 54 Fort Plain 3 57 Palatine Church 3 60 St. Johnsville 3 63 Little FaUs 10 73 Herkimer 6 79 Schuyler .. 7 86 Utica 8 94 Syracuse and Utica R. R. Whitesboro' 3 97 Oriskany ■• 4 101 Rome 7 106 Verona Centre 9 117 Oneida Depot 4 121 Wampsville 3 124 Canastota 3 127 Chittemmgo 6 133 Manlius 4 137 Syracuse 10 147 Auburn and Syracuse R. R. Geddes 2 149 Camillus 6 155 Elbridge 8 163 Skaneateles Junction 1 164 Sennet 4 168 Auburn 5 173 Jluburnand Rochester R. R. Cayuga Bridge 10 183 SenecaFalls 5 188 Waterloo 4 192 Geneva.... 7 199 Oak's Corners 5 204 taijt Vienna 3 207 West Vienna 1 208 cut ton Springs 3 211 .•-hurt's iMills 5 216 Chapiusville 3 219 Canandaigua 3 222 Victor 9 231 Piitslord 12 243 Brighton 4 247 Rochester 4 251 Tonawanda R. R. Chiu-chvilie 14 265 Bergen 4 269 Byron 7 276 Batavia 7 283 Alexander 8 291 Attica 3 294 jittica and Buffalo R. R. Darien 6 300 Alden 5 305 Lancaster 10 315 Buffalo 10 325 (180) New York to Dunkirk. Steamboat. To Piei-mont, (pier) 24 Mew York and Erie R. R. Piermont, (town) 1 25 Blauveltville 4 29 Clarkstown 4 33 Spring Valley 2 35 Mousey 2 37 Sufferns 5 42 Ramapo Works 2 44 Sloatsburg I 45 Monroe Works 6 51 Wilkes' 3 54 Turnei-'s . . 3 57 Monroe 3 60 Oxford 2 62 Chester* 3 65 G oshen 5 70 New Hampton 4 74 Middletown 3 77 Howell's 3 80 Otisville 5 85 Shin HuUow 7 92 Port Jervis 6 98 Stairway Brook 9 107 Fund Eddy 2 109 Barry ville 7 116 Lackawaxen 1 120 Mast Hope 126 Nanowsburg 6 132 * Branch to Newburg, (see 183.) ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 65 Cohecton 8 140 Calicoon 5 145 Haiikiiis 7 152 Equiniuik 11 lf,3 Stockport 6 1C)9 Chebocton 4 173 Deposit, 13 181) Gulf Summit 8 194 Lanesboro' 8 '202 Great Bend 9 2ll Windsor 9 220 BiNGHAMTON 5 225 Union 9 234 Campville 6 2-10 OwEGO 7 247 Tioga Centre 6 253 Smith boro' 4 257 Barton 2 259 Factoryville 7 260 Chemur.a: 4 270 Wellsburg 6 276 Elmira 7 283 Big Flats 9 292 East Painted Post 4 296 Corning 3 299 Painted Post 2 301 Cooper's 4 305 Campbelltown 6 311 Mud Creek 5 316 Bath 6 322 Kenned ysville 4 32() Goff's Mills 5 331 Howard 3 334 HORNELLSVILLK 9 343 Almond 5 348 Bakei's Bridge 4 352 Andover 8 360 Genesee 9 369 Scio 4 373 Phillipsville 4 377 Belvidere 3 38i) Friendship 5 385 Cuba 9 394 Hinsdale 5 399 Clean 7 406 Alleghany 4 410 Nine Mile Creek 4 414 Great Valley 8 422 Little Valley 11 433 Albion 6 439 Dayton 9 448 Perrysburgh 3 451 Smitli's Mills 7 458 Forestville 4 462 Dunkirk 8 470 (181) New York to Buffalo. Via JVcjo York and Erie R. R. To Elmira, (see 18U) 283 Junction 4 287 Ilorseheads 1 288 Millport 8 296 Havana 6 302 Jefferson 3 305 Rock Stream 6 311 Starkey 5 316 llemroiis 4 320 Milo Centre 3 323 Penn Yan 4 :i27 Benton •••• 4 331 Bellona 3 334 Gorham 5 339 Hopewell 4 .343 Canandaigua 8 351 Rochester, (see 179) 29 380 Attica , 43 423 Buffalo 31 454 (181i) New York to Buffalo. Via Owego and Ithaca. To Owego (see ISO) 241 Cayuga and Siisquehatiiut R. E. South Candor 5 252 Cundor 5 257 Wilseyvillo 4 261 Pugsleys.. 5 266 Ithaca 13 279 Steamboat on Cayuga Luke. Cayuga 37 316 Buffalo, (see 179; ... 142 458 (182) New York to Buffalo. Via Buffalo and X. Y. Citt/ E. E. To Hornellsville, (ISO). .343 Burns 9 352 Wliitney"s Valley 4 356 Numia 11 367 Portasce • • 6 373 Ca-tile 4 377 Gainesville 4 381 Warsaw 6 3S7 Middlebury 5 392 Linden 4 396 Attica 7 403 Darien City 5 408 Uarien 2 410 Alden 5 415 Town Line 5 420 Lancaster 5 4ii5 Buffalo 10 4:35 6* 66 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. (183) Newburq to Chester. J^''ewburg Branch R. R. Vail's 6 Salisbniy 4 10 Washingtonville 2 12 Craisville 5 17 Chester 2 J9 (184) Amsterdam to Sageville. To Perth 6 Vail's Mills 3 (1 Broadalbin 1 10 Union Mills 4 14 Northampton 5 19 Osborne's Bridge 6 25 NORTHVILLE 3 28 (185) Cherry Val. to Syracuse. To East Springfield 4 Spriniifield 2 6 Wanvn 3 9 Richfield 4 13 Winfield 8 21 Bridgewater 5 26 Saijgerfield 7 33 Madison 9 42 Morrisville 7 49 Nelson 7 56 Cazenovia 4 60 Gran 6 66 Manliiis 2 68 Fayetteville 2 70 Dewitt 3 73 Syracuse 5 78 (J86) CooPERSTOWN to Ithaca. ToOaksville 5 Bnrlinston 6 11 Wesi Burlington 3 14 Edmeston 3 17 Columbus 9 26 Sherburne 6 32 Smyrna 4 36 Otselic 11 47 De Ruvter 9 56 Cuvler" 4 60 Truxton 8 68 Homer ..10 78 Cortlandt 2 80 McLean 6 86 Drvden 4 90 Varna 8 98 Ithaca 4 102 (187) CoOPERSTOWN to UNADILtA and Ithaca. To Harwick Seminary 4 Milford 4 8 Miltbrd Centre 6 14 Colliersville 4 18 Oneonta 6 24 Otego 9 33 Unadilla 10 43 Sidney Plains 5 48 Bainbridge 5 53 Coventryville 7 60 Coventry 3 63 Greene 6 69 Geneganslet 3 72 Whitney's Point 8 80 Lisle 3 83 Centre Lisle 3 86 Richland 8 94 Caroline 6 100 Slatersville 3 103 Ithaca 9 112 (188) Binghamton to Utica. To Chenango Forks 11 Greene 7 18 Oxford 14 32 Norwich 8 40 North Norwich 6 46 Sherburne 5 51 Earlville 5 56 Hamilton 6 62 Madison 7 69 Waterville 9 78 Paris 6 84 New Hartford 6 90 Utica 4 94 (189) Ithaca to Utica. To Varna 4 Dryden 8 12 McLean 4 16 Cortlandt 6 22 Homer 2 24 Truxton •••• 10 34 Ciivler 8 42 De Ruvter 4 46 New Woodstock 7 53 Erieville 5 58 Eaton 7 65 Madison 6 71 Waterville 9 80 Paris 6 86 New Hartford 6 92 Utica 4 96 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 67 (190) Ithaca, to Syracuse. To Vaj-aa 4 Drydea 8 12 Mcbeaa 4 llj Cortlaadt 6 22 Homer 2 24 Little York 4 28 Preljle 3 31 Tally 5 3G Tuhy Valley 4 40 Cardiflf 3 43 Onoadaga Hollow 8 51 Syracuse 4 55 (191) Ithaca to Auburn. To South Lansiag 8 Ludiowville 2 10 Laasiagville 3 13 Five Corners 3 IG Kin,''s i^'erry 5 21 Ledyard 2 23 Popl.ir Ridge 3 26 ShL'rwood's Corners 2 28 Scipioville 1 21) The -quare 3 32 Fleming 3 35 AuiiUKN 4 39 (192) Ithaca to Waterloo. To Jacksonville 8 Truaansburg 3 11 Covort 3 14 Farmer 4 18 Lodi 5 23 Ovid 5 28 Romulus G 34 Variclc •••■ 3 37 VVestFayette 4 41 Waterloo 6 47 (193) Ithaca to Hornellsville. To Enfield 6 Mecklenburg 6 12 Reynoldsville 4 16 Burdette 6 22 JeCferson 5 27 Re.idmg 3 30 Pine Grove 4 34 Tyrone 4 38 Urb mna 9 47 BArH 8 55 Keiiaedysville 4 59 Goif'sNiills 5 64 Howard 3 67 Hornellsville 10 77 (194) Bath to Geneva. To Urbanna 8 Wayne 9 17 Barrington 6 23 Pknn Van 9 32 Benton 8 40 GKNi;vA 8 48 (195) Corning to Batavia. Buffalo, Corning, and N. Y. E. R. To Painted Post 2 Coopers Plains 2 4 CaiHj.bell 5 9 Bath 11 20 Kennedy ville 4 24 Avoca 4 28 Wallace's 3 31 Liberty 5 86 Wavland 10 46 Spring Water 6 52 Gonesus 5 57 (196) Ellicottville to Roches- ter. To Franklinville 13 Farmersville 5 18 Rushtord 7 25 Centre viUe 7 32 Pike 8 40 East Pike 4 44 Castile 4 43 Perry 6 54 Moscow 7 61 Geneseo 6 67 South Avon 6 73 Avon 2 75 West Rush 5 80 Rush 3 83 llearietta 5 88 Rochester 7 95 (197) Olean to Geneseo. To Hinsdale 6 Cuba 7 13 Friendship 8 21 Hobbie ville 5 26 Angelica 5 31 Allen 6 37 Grove G 43 Nunda 8 51 Oakland 3 54 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Brookes' Grove 5 59 Mount Morris 7 G(i Genlcseo . 6 72 (198) Gknkseo to Canandaiqua. To LukevUIe 6 Livonia 4 10 Richmond MUla 4 14 Allen's iMiUs 3 17 Bristol 5 2-2 Canandaigua 9 31 (199) Geneseo to Buffalo. To Moscow 6 Perry 7 13 Perry Centre 2 15 Warsaw 8 23 Orangeville 6 29 Julmsonburg 4 33 Sheldon 4 37 Wales 7 44 VVillink. 6 50 East Hamburg 6 5(5 Bltffald 12 6d (200) BcFFALO to Bat AVI A. To VVilliamsville 10 Chii-eiice 8 18 Newsiead 4 22 Pembroke 4 2G East Ptiu broke 6 32 Batavia 7 39 (2i!l) Buffalo to Erie, Pa. Bafdlo and State Line li. It. To Kodsers Road 10 ISMileCreek 5 15 Evans Center 7 22 Laiiranse 7 29 Silver .>eek 2 31 Dunkirk 10 41 Centerville 10 51 "\Ye;-tville. 6 57 Quinc'v. 8 ('S StateLine. 4 G9 E-ie and North East B. E. Forth East 4 73 Hart. or Creek 7 80 Erie 8 SS (202) Buffalo to Niagara Falls and YouNGSTOWX. Bufalo and Niagara Falls R. R. To"BlackRock 3 Tonawanda 8 11 Niagara Falls 11 23 Lockport and jYiagara Falls R. R Junction Lewistou R. R 6 28 Lewistou 3 31 Stage. YOUNGSTOVVN 6 31 (.203) Buffalo to Qoeenston C, W. Steamboat. ToChippewa 20 Railroad. Niagara Falls 3 23 Drummondsville 1 24 QUEENSTON 6 30 (204) Buffalo to Chicago, III. Steamboat. To Dunkirk 43 Erie, Pa. 48 91 Conneaut, Ohio 30 121 Ashtabula 14 135 Fairport 33 168 Cleveland 30 198 Huron 45 243 Sandusky 14 257 Amhersiburg, C. W. 52 309 Detroit, Mich 20 329 Fort G ratiot 70 399 Point au Barques 85 484 Thunder Bay 70 554 Presque Isie 80 C34 Mackinaw 65 699 Beaver Islands 50 749 Manitou Islands 45 794 MiLWAUKiE, Wis. 150 944 Racine 25 969 Southport 13 982 Chicago 57 1039 (205) Buffalo to Ogdknsburg. Railroad. To Lewiston, (see 202) 31 Steamboat. Rochester 90 121 Oswego 55 J76 Sackett's Harbor 40 216 Kingston, C. W. 30 246 Clayton, N. Y. 22 268 Alexandria 15 283 Morristown 23 306 OSDKNSBURQ 12 318 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 69 (20(5) Buffalo to Albany. Attica and Buffalo R. R. To Lancaster 10 Aklen 10 20 Dariea 5 23 Attica 6 31 Tonawanda R. R. Alexander 3 34 Batavia 8 42 Byron 7 49 Ber-en 7 56 Church ville 4 GO RocnKSTER. 14 74 Aahwra and Rochester R. R. Bri-hton 4 78 Pitts ord 4 82 Victor 12 94 Cantuidaigua 9 103 Chapinsville 3 10(5 Short's Mills 3 109 Clilton Springs 5 114 West Vienna 3 117 East Vienna 1 118 Oak's Corners 3 121 Geneva r» liG Waterloo 7 133 Seneca Falls 4 137 Cayuga Bridge 5 142 Auburn 10 152 Auburn and Syracuse R. R. Sennet 5 157 Skaneateles Junction 4 IGl Elbridge 1 1(52 Caniillus 8 170 Geddes 6 176 Syracuse 2 178 Syracuse and Uiica R. R. Manli'iis 10 188 Chittenango 4 192 Canastota 6 198 W^ampsville 3 201 Oneida Depot 3 204 Verona Centre 4 208 Rome 9 217 Oriskany 7 224 Whitesboro' 4 228 Utica 3 231 Ut/ca and Schenectady R. R. Schuyler 8 239 Herkimer 7 240 Little Falls 6 252 St. Johnsville 10 262 Palatine Church 3 265 Fort Plain 3 268 Palatine Bridge 3 271 Spraker's 3 274 Fonda 8 282 Tribes Hill 6 288 Amsterdam 5 293 Cr.inesville 4 297 Hoffman's 3 300 Schenectady 9 309 Mohawk and Hudson R. R. Albany 16 325 (207) Batavia to Lockport. ToOakfield 8 Alabama 6 14 Royalton 13 27 Lockport 8 33 (208) Rochester to Lockport and Niagara Falls. Rochester, Z., and ^, F. H. B To Spencerport 10 Adams Basin 2 12 Brockport 5 17 lloUey 5 22 Murray o 25 Albion 5 30 Medina 10 40 M iddleport 5 45 Mabee's 4 49 Orangeport 2 51 Lockport 5 56 Tonawanda Pokin 10 66 Suspension Bridge 8 74 Niagara Falls 2 76 Buffalo, (see 202) 22 98 (209) Rochester to Lockport. To Greece 6 Pu-ma 5 11 Clarkson 7 13 Murray 7 25 Gaines 9 34 West Gaines 4 38 Oak Orchard 3 41 Ridgeway 3 44 Johnson's Creek 7 51 Hartland 3 54 Wright's Corners 7 61 Lockport 4 05 (210) Rochester to Weedsport. To Brighton 3 Pittsford 4 7 Egypt 6 13 Macedoa 8 21 70 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Palmyra 4 25 EastPalmyra 4 29 Newark 4 33 Lyons 6 39 Clyde 7 46 Montezuma 11 57 Port Byron 5 62 Weedsport 3 65 (211) Canandaigua to Batavia. To Centrefield 3 East Bloomfield 5 8 West Bloomfield 6 14 Lima 4 18 East Avon 5 23 Avon 4 27 Caledonia 7 34 LeRoy 7 41 Stafford 7 48 Batavia 6 54 (212) Auburn to Cortlandt. To Owasco 8 Niles 5 13 Moravia 7 20 Locke 3 23 Summer Hill 6 29 Homer 8 37 Cortlandt 2 39 (213) Auburn to Oswego. ToSennet 5 Weedsport 3 8 Cato 8 16 Cato Fom- Corners 2 18 Ira 4 22 Hannibal 8 30 Kinney's Corners 3 33 Oswego 8 41 (214) Oswego to Rochester. To North Sterling 12 Little Sodus 3 15 Red Creek 6 21 Wolcott 5 26 Huron 5 31 Alton 6 37 Sodas 4 41 Williamson 5 46 Ontario 5 51 Webster 9 60 Rochester 13 73 (215) Oswego to Rome. To Scriba 4 New Haven 6 10 Mexico 5 15 Uni(m Square 4 19 Albion 7 26 Williamstown 6 32 West Camden 6 38 Camden 5 43 McConnellsville 4 47 Pine 7 54 Rome 10 64 (216) Syracuse to Oswego. Via Oswego and Syracuse R. R. To Baldwins villa 12 5 17 7 24 11 35 Lamsou's Fulton Oswego (217) Syracuse to Auburn. To Geddes 2 Camillus 6 8 Marcellus 4 12 Skaneateles 6 18 Auburn 7 2S (218) Syracuse to Watertown. ToSalina 2 Cicero 8 10 Breweiton 4 14 Central Square 3 17 Hastings 6 23 Colosse 3 26 Union Square 3 29 Ricliland 8 37 Sandy Creek 6 43 Mansville 5 48 Fierrepont Manor 2 50 Adams 5 55 AdamsCentre 3 58 Appling 4 62 Watertown 6 68 (219) UTICAtoSACKETT'sHARBOR. To South Trenton 9 Trenton* 4 li Remsen 4 17 AlderCr.-ek 5 2> Bonneville 9 31 Leyden 6 37 Turin • 5 43 Houseville 4 48 Martinsburg 4 50 liowville 3 53 Stowe's Square 3 56 Denmark 6 6? \ Champion 6 68 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 71 Rutland 6 74 Watertown 6 80 Brownville 4 84 Sackett's Harbor ... 8 92 * Trenton Falls 2 miles. (220) Rome to Cape Vincent. To Stokes 8 West Branch 5 13 Ava 4 17 West Levdeu 5 22 Constubleville 6 28 Turin 5 33 Houseville 4 37 Martinsburg 4 41 Lowville 3 44 Stowe's Square 3 47 Denmark 6 53 Champion 6 59 Rutland 6 65 Watertown 6 71 Bi-ovvnville 4 75 Dexler 3 78 Limerick 1 79 Chaumont 6 85 Three Mile Bay 3 88 Cape Vincent 8 96 (221) Rome to Ogdensburg. To Denmark, (see 220) .... 53 Carthage 6 59 Wilna 5 C4 Antwerp 12 76 Somerville 7 83 Gou verneur 5 88 Richville 7 95 De Kalb 8 103 Heuvelton 8 111 Ogdensburg 7 118 (221J) Rome to Watertown. Rome and Watertown R. R. To Pine 6 McConnellsville 7 13 Camden 5 18 WestCamden 5 23 Williamstown 5 23 3 31 Sand Banks 6 37 Richland 5 42 Fierrepont 12 54 Adams 5 59 Watertown 13 72 (222) Rome to Sackett's Harbor. To Lee 7 Taberg 4 11 Florence 9 20 Redfield 10 30 1-oraine 18 49 Adams 5 53 North Adams 7 60 Sackett's Harbor 5 65 (223) Ogdensburg to Platts- BURQ. To Flackville 8 Canton 10 18 Potsdam II 29 Makine 37 66 Chateau2;ay 12 78 WrightsviUe 8 86 Hlleiiburg 5 91 Farrel I lace 15 106 Plattsburg 12 118 (224) Ogdensburg to Rouse's Pt. Fia Morthern R. R. To T-isbon 9 Madrid 8 17 Potsdam 8 25 Stockholm 3 28 Brash er's Falls 7 35 Lawrence 6 41 Moira 6 47 Brush's Mills 2 49 Bangor 6 55 Malone 6 61 Bmke 8 69 Chait-augay 4 73 EUenburg 16 89 Chazy 6 95 Centreville 8 103 I Mooers 3 106 Champlain 8 114 i Rouse's Point 4 118 72 THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Thkse immense regions occupy almost the whole of North Amejica lying north of the United States, and are divided into several distinct governments. It is not necessary in this connection, however, to de- scribe others than those lying on the immediate boundary of our Union; viz., the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c. To these alone is there any general travel. The Canadas (Upper and Lower) lie on both sides of the St. Law- rence river, and on the north shores of lakes Ontario and Eric. These united provinces contain an area of about 350,000 square miles, and a population of nearly 1,855,312. Tlie whole country is exceedingly well adapted to agricultm-e and commerce. The lands of Upper Canada are rich and fertile ; and the climate, though severe, is much milder than in the lower province. The settlements are as yet almost wholly con- fined to the shores of the great lakes and the river St. Lawrence. The people of tlie two provinces ai'8 different in origin, manners, and re- ligion. In Upper Canada the majority is of British origin, and conform to the rites of the Chiu'ch of England; while in Lower Canada the people are descendants of the old French colonists, and profess the Ro- man Catholic faith. The political union of the two races has led to feuds and constant ferment, and so bitter has national antipathy become of late yeaj-s as to threaten civil war. The Canadians have a parliament of ttieir own, but the Crown exercises the chief executive through a Governor-General. The commerce of the Canadas is already very valu- able, and that carried on with the United Slates is daily increasing. The exports consist chiefly of breadstuff, furs, lumber, &c. ; and the imports, of mauufactiu-es. Several railroads and canals facilitate transit; the lat- ter, hov/ever, are used solely to overcome falls and rapids in the rivers, but are of inestimable value. Toronto is the seat of government. It has a fine harbor near the western extremity of Lake Ontario. Kings- ton., at the eastern extremity, is the royal naval station on that lake, and has a deep and well-sheltered harbor. Prescoit and Cornwall on the St. Lawrence, and By-Town on the Ottawa river, at the north terminus of the Rideau canal, are also important towns. These are iji the Upper Province. Quebec, " the Gibraltar of America," on the north side of the St. Lawrence, Montreal, on an island of the same name in the same river, and La Prairie, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, aie the chief towns in Lower Canada, and are intimately connected with the trade between the British Possessions and the American Union. Railroads from New England and New York are almost completed to these points. Several Unes of telegraphs have already been built, and are in successful operation. THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 73 New Brunswick has an area of 27.000 square miles, and an (stima- ted population of 198,216. It lies east of the St. Croix river and the State of Maine. Its surface is chiefly undulating, and covered to a great extent with magnificent forests. The people are engaged almost wholly in lumbering and the fisheries, and are chiefly settled on the St. John river, or near the sea-coasts. Fredcrickton^ at the head of sloop-navi- gation on the St. John, is the capital. St. John., at the mouth of the river, however, is the chief trading-port. Bathurst., Dalhousie^ Chatham., and Liverpool., are ports on the northeast of the province. The executive is vested in a lieutenant-governor, and the legislative power in a council and assembly. Nova Scotia (including Cape Breton) has an area of nearly 20,000 square miles, and a population of 270.117. It is a peninsula southeast of New Brunswick, and in its genera! physical character resembles that province. It has many fine harbors. Halifax., the capital, is tlie chief naval station, and the British North American depot of the Cunard Line of steamships sailing between Liverpool and Boston, and between Liv- erpool and New York. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in mining, fishing, and navigation. The bituminous coal of Nova Scotia is exten- sively used by steamships. Pictou., on the north, and Sidney., on the island of Cape Breton, are the chief depots for this mineral. The gov- ernment is similar to that of New Brunswick. Prince Edward's Island, north of the above, forms a separate gov- ernment, and has a population of 62,678. Its capital is Charlotte. ROUTES IN CANADA. (225) Toronto to Niagara Falls j Queenston 15 99 and Buffalo. Steamboat. To Niagara 36 Queenston 7 43 Niagara 7 106 * Niagara 13—97. (227) Toronto to Amherstburg. To Hamilton, (see 226) 47 Ancaster 7 54 Railroad, Drummondsville 49 NiagaraFalls 1 50 B,:;;,;tf{;rd !"! "i"! ^!' ' '!" ! "i7 71 Chippewa....... 3 53 p^^f^^^j j,^ g^ Steamboat. „ j Woodstock 17 98 Pufpalo 20 73, Oxford 10 108 (22G) Toronto to Niagara. | London 22 1.30 Stao-e. I Westminster 6 136 ToCooksville 16 ' Delaware 6 142 Trafalgar 7 23 Ekfrid 11 153 Palermo 7 30 Mosa 12 165 Hamilton 17 47 Thamesville 15 180 StonyCreek 6 53 Chatham 15 195 Beamsvlile 16 69 Windsor 52 247 Jordan 7 76 , Sandwich 2 249 St. Catharines* 8 84 , Amherstburg 15 264 u ROUTES IN CANADA. (228) roRONTo to Montreal. Steamboat. To Cobiirg 80 Kingston 105 185 Brocksville 55 240 Ogdeiisbm-g 13 25.3 Cornwall 60 313 Lachine 62 375 Montreal 9 384 (229) Toronto to Montreal. ToScarbro U Pickering 11 22 Dai-lington 20 42 Clarke 10 52 Port Hope 11 63 Coburg 7 70 Colbonie 15 85 Brighton 8 93 River Trent 10 103 Belleville 12 115 Napanee 25 140 MiUCi-eek 12 152 Kingston 13 165 Gananoque 20 185 Yonge 23 208 Brockville 9 217 Maitlaiid 6 223 Prescott 7 230 Matilda 15 245 West Williamsburg 8 253 East Williamsburg 8 261 Dickinson's Landing 9 270 Cornwall 11 281 Coteau Landing 34 315 Cedars 10 325 Lachine 28 353 Montreal 9 362 (230) Montreal to Quebec. Steamboat. To Varennes 15 William HeniT 35 50 St. Fnincis . . .' 32 82 Tliree Rivers 8 90 St. Ani.e 25 115 Richelieu Rapids 20 135 Cap S;inl(^ 15 1.50 Point au Trembles 10 160 Cape Rouge 13 173 Quebec 8 181 (231) Montreal to Quebec. Stage. To Apertigny 18 La Valtrie 14 33 Berthier 18 50 Maskinonge 16 66 R. du Loup 8 74 Yamachiche 5 79 Three Rivers 17 96 Champlain 13 109 Hatiscan Bridge ]0 119 St. Anne ; 8 127 (irondines 9 135 Deschambault fi 140 PortNeuf fi 149 Cap Sante 7 155 Point au Trembles 12 167 Quebec 20 187 (23'2) Montreal to New York. To St. Johns, (see 55) 21 Rouse's Point. N. 1^ 2:i 44 Burlington, Vt. 5S 102 Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 Trov, N. Y., (see 66) 83 252 Albany 6 258 Hudson, (see 158) 20 287 Poaghkeepsie — 41 32S NewIork 75 403 (233) Montreal to Boston. To St. John's, (see 55) 21 Rouse's Point, N. Y". 23 44 Burlington, Vt .5S 102 Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 Fitchburg 113 287 Boston 50 837 (234) Quebec to Augusta. To St. Maiy 33 St. Joseph 12 45 St. Francis 16 61 St. Charles 8 69 State Line, Me 26 95 I^'oose River 20 115 Jackman's 10 125 The Fork's 19 144 Carritunk 9 153 Moscow 6 159 Bingham 12 171 Suion 5 176 Embden 3 179 Ans(m 5 184 Norridgewock 12 196 Bloomfield 7 203 Waterville 14 217 Augusta 18 235 ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. ^5 NEW JERSEY. (235; New York to Paterson and Sijffern's. Paterson and Hudson River R. R. To Jersey City 1 Seacaucus 4 5 Boiling Spring 4 9 Passaic Bridge 2 U Aquackanonk; 1 12 Ackennan's 1 13 Paterson 4 17 Paterson and Ramapo R. R. River Road 2 19 Rock Road 2 21 Godwinville 1 22 Hohoiais 2 24 Allendale 2 26 Ramsey's 2 28 Wanmaker's 3 31 Suffern's 1 32 (236) New York to Easton, Pa. f^ia Morristown. To Jersey City 1 Newark 8 9 Morris and Essex R. R. Orange 5 14 Millville 6 20 Summit 3 23 Chatham 3 2(5 Madison 2 28 Morristown 5 33 Staffe. Mendham 7 40 Chester 6 46 German Valley 4 50 Schooley's Mountain 2 52 Pleasant Grove 3 55 Anderson 5 60 Mansfield 2 62 New Village 6 68 Stewartsville 2 70 Easton 6 76 (237) New York to Easton, Pa. Via Somermlle. To Jersey City* 1 Newark 8 9 Elizabethtown 5 14 Central R. R. Cranesville 5 19 Westfield 2 21 Feltville 2 23 Scotch Plains 1 24 Plaiufieid 2 26 New Market 3 29 Boimd Brook 4 33 SOMERVILLE 5 38 North Branch 4 42 VVhitellouse 5 47 Stage. Lebanon 5 52 Clinton 3 55 Perryville 3 58 Bethlehem 3 61 Bloomsburg 4 65 StillVaUey 3 68 Easton, Pa 4 72 * Steamboat to Elizabethport 15 miles. Elizabethtown 2 — 17. (238) New York to Milford, Pa. To Morristown, (see 236). . .33 Suckasunny 10 43 Stanhope 5 48 Lockwood 2 50 Andover 4 54 Newton 6 60 La Fayette 5 65 Augusta 3 68 Branchville 2 70 Tuttle's Corner 5 75 Hainsville 5 80 Montague 4 84 Milford,Pa. 2 86 (239) Paterson to Milford, Pa. To Pompton 9 New Foundland 9 18 Stockholm 4 22 Hamburg 9 31 Deckertown 5 36 Libertvville 3 39 Montague 12 51 Milford, Pa 2 53 (240) Newark to Dover. To Bloomfleld 5 West Bloomfleld 2 7 Caldwell 3 10 Pine Brook 4 14 Parsippany 4 18 Dennville 4 22 Rockaway 1 23 Dover 2 25 (241) Newton to Easton, Pa. To Freedom 4 Gratitude 3 7 Johnsouburg 5 12 76 ROUTES IX NEW JERSEY. Hope C 18 Sarepta 5 23 Belvidere 4 '27 Rocksburgh 4 31 Harmony 2 33 Easto.n 6 39 (242) New Brunswick to Lam- BERTSVILLE. To Six Mile Run 6 Rocky Hill 6 12 Blawenbm-g 4 Ifi Hopewell 4 20 Woodsville 4 24 Lambertsville 6 30 (243) New Brunswick to Long Branch. To South River 5 Old Brid-e 2 7 Middlelown Point 9 16 Key Port 2 18 Middlelown 5 23 RedBank 5 28 Shrewsbury 2 30 Eatonton 1 31 Long Branch 3 34 (244) Trenton to Belvidere. To Pennington 8 Woodsville 5 13 Rinwe's G 19 FleminLrton 6 25 Qujikertown 6 3! Pitisluwu 2 33 Sidney 2 35 Clinton 2 37 Clarksville 5 42 New Hampton 2 44 Mansfield 3 47 Oxtord Furnace 3 50 Belvidere 5 55 (245) Trenton to New York. Railroad, To New York, (see 254) 59 (246) Trenton to Philadelphia. Via Bristol, Pa. To Philadelphia, (see 254) 30 (247) Trenton to Philadelphia. Via Burlington. ToBordentowo 7 Philadelphia, (see 256) 27 34 (248) Philadelphia to Mt. Holly. ToCamden ■ 1 Moorestown .... 9 10 Rancocus 6 16 Mount Holly 4 20 (249) Philadelphia to Tucker- ton. To Camden 1 Moorestown..- 9 10 Marlton 2 12 Medlord 5 17 Atsion 12 29 Sooy's Inn 10 39 Bass River Hotel 8 47 Tuckerton 5 52 (250) Philadelphia to Absecum. To Camden 1 Haddonfield 6 7 Long-a-comiug 9 16 Winslow 10 26 May's Landing 19 45 Bargaintown 14 59 Smith's Landing 3 62 Absecum 4 66 (251) Philadelphia to Cape May. ToCamden 1 Woodbury 8 9 Carpenter's Landing 3 12 Glassboro' 7 19 Malaga 8 27 Millville 12 39 Port Elizabeth 6 45 Leesburg 5 50 Dennis Creek 7 57 Goshen 4 61 Cape May C. H 4 65 FishingCreek 5 70 Cold Spring 8 73 Cape Island 2 80 (252) Philadelphia to Salem. To Camden 1 Westville 4 5 Woodbury 4 9 Clarksboro' 4 13 Sweedsboro' 6 19 Sculltown 4 23 Sharpstown 4 27 Woodstown 7 34 Salem 4 38 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 11 (253) Philadelphia to Bridgkton. To Camd.'U i Westvilie 4 5 Woodbury 4 9 Carpenter's Liinding '.i 1- Mullico Hill 5 17 Pitt's Grove 9 26 Deerfield " 33 Bridgkton 6 39 PENNSYLVANIA. (254) Philadelphia to New York. PhiLadeipkia and Trenton R. R, To rhiladelphia Depot 2 Tacoiiy 7 Corn well's 5 14 Aiiduliisia 2 Hi Bristol 4 21) Morrisville 9 29 J^ew Brunswick and Trenton R.R. Trenton 1 30 Princeton 10 40 Kingston 4 44 Dean's Pond 4 48 New Brunswick 9 57 JVew Jersey R. R. Freeman's 5 62 Rahway 7 69 Elizabethtown 6 75 Newark 5 80 Jersey City 8 88 Stea.mboat. New York 1 89 (255) Philadelphia to N. York. Steamboat. To Camden 1 Cnmdcn and Amhoy R. R. Brick Station House 5 6 Palmyra 2 8 Rancbcus River 5 13 BnrliriG^ton 6 19 Kincora 4 23 Bordentown 4 27 Sand Hiils 5 32 Newtown 2 34 Centrevuie 3 37 Hightstown 4 41 Prospect Plains 4 45 West's 3 48 SpotswDod 4 52 South River 5 57 South Ainboy 5 62 Steamboat. NbwYork 28 90 (256) Philadelphia to N. York. To Bordentown, (see 255) . . .27 Trenton 7 34 New York, (see 254) 59 93 (257) Philadelphia to Baltimork. Phiiadelphia., Wilmington., and Bal- timore R. R. To Gray's Ferry 3 Lazai-etto 7 10 Chester 4 14 Marrus' Hook 3 17 Naaman's Creek 2 19 Wilmington 8 27 Newport 4 31 Stanton 2 33 Newark 6 39 Elkton 6 45 North East 6 51 Charlestown 3 54 Cecil 5 59 Havre De Grace 1 60 Hall's Cross Roads 5 65 Perryman's 4 69 Gunpowder 8 77 Harewood 3 80 ClKise's 1 81 Stenimer's Run 6 87 Canton 7 94 Baltimore 3 97 (2.58) Philadelphia to Baltimore. Steamboat. To Fort Mifflin 9 Lazaretto 5 14 Chester 4 18 !V!arcus' Hook 4 22 New Castle 13 35 J^\w Castle and Frenchtown R. R, Frenchtown 16 51 Steamboat. Turkey Point 15 66 PdoI's Island 21 87 North Point 15 102 Fort McHenry 10 112 Baltimore 3 115 (259) Philadelphia to Washing- ton, D. C. To Baltimore, (see 257) ... 97 Washington, (see 299) 40 137 7* 78 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVAKIA. (260) Philadelphia, to Harris- Bl EG. Columbia and Philadelphia R. R. To Head of Inclined Plane. . 4 White Hall 7 11 Morgan's Corner 3 14 Reesville 5 19 Westchester Turnout* 2 21 Paoh 3 24 Whiteland 6 3U Downingtown 4 34 Coatesville 7 41 Parkesburg 5 46 Penningtonville 3 49 The Gap 4 53 Kinzie's 3 56 Paradise 4 CO Enterprise 3 63 Lancaster 7 70 Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. Landisville 7 77 Moiuit Joy 5 82 Elizabeth town 6 d8 Conewago Creek 4 92 Middletown 5 97 High Spire 3 lUO Harrisbcrg 7 107 * Branch to Westchester 10—31. (261) Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Via Harrisburg and HoUidays- bvTfr, To Harrisburg, (see 260) . .107 Central R. R. Rockville 6 113 Cove 5 118 Duiicannon 4 122 Aqueduct 3 125 Bailey's 5 1.30 Newport 4 134 Millerstown 6 140 Tuscarora 7 147 Perryville 6 153 Mifflintown 3 156 Lewiston 12 168 Anderson's 7 175 McVevtown 5 180 Hamifion 10 190 Mt. Union 3 193 MUl Creek 6 199 Huntingdon 5 204 Petersburg 7 iill Spruce Creek 6 217 Tyrone 7 224 Fostoria G 2J0 Aliona 8 238 Hollidaysburg 6 244 .Alleghany Portage R. R. Plane No. 9 4 248 Plane No. 8 2 250 Summit 4 254 Plane No. 4 3 257 Plane No. 2 3 260 Jefferson 4 264 Halt-way House 4 268 Viaduct 3 271 Tunnel 3 274 Pennsijlvania R, R. Conemaugh 2 276 Johnstown 2 278 Ninevah 10 288 New Florence 5 293 Lockport 5 298 Hoiivar 2 300 Blairsville Junction 5 305 Hill Side 4 309 Derry 5 314 Latiobe G 320 Turnpike 2 322 Turtle Creek 26 348 Wilkinsonburg 5 353 Liberty 5 358 Pittsburg 5 363 (262) Philadelphia to PIagers- town, iMd. To Harrisburg (see 260). . .107 Cumberland Valley R. R. Bridgeport 5 112 Mechanicsburg 3 115 Carlisle 10 125 Newville 12 137 Shippensburg — 10 147 Green Village 6 153 Chambersburg ... 4 157 Franklin R. R. Green Castle 11 168 Hagerstown, Md 22 190 (263) Philadelp. to Chambersbg. Columbia R. R. To Lancaster, (see 260) 70 Dillersville 1 71 Hemptieid 3 74 Mount Pleasant 4 78 Columbia 4 82 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 19 Wrightsville 1 83 York and Wrightsville R. R. Hoover's 6 89 York 6 95 Stage. Farmer's 9 104 Abbottstowu 5 109 New Oxtord 4 113 Gettysbiu-g 10 123 Cashtowu 8 131 Fayetleville 9 140 Chambersburg 7 147 (264) Philadelphia to Nazareth. To Rising Sun 4 Germiintovvn 3 7 Chesnut Hill 3 10 White Maish 3 13 Upper Dublin 2 15 Montgomery ville 6 21 Line Lexington 5 26 Bunker Hill 9 35 Quakertown 3 38 Coopersburg 6 44 Bethlehem 9 53 Hecklovvn 6 59 Nazareth 4 03 (265; Philadelphia to Easton. To Rising Sun 4 Milestovvn 3 7 Jenkintown 4 11 Abington 1 12 Willow Grove 2 14 Horsham 3 17 WaiTington 5 22 Doylestown 3 25 Danboro' 3 28 Piumsteaclville 2 30 Ottsville 8 38 Bucksville 3 41 Reiglesville 4 45 Raubsviile 6 51 Easton 4 55 (266) Philadelphia to Potts- VILLE. Philadelphia^ Readivg, and Potts- ville R. R. To Inclined Plane 5 Manayunk 2 7 Spring Mill 5 12 Norristown 5 17 Valley Purge 6 23 Phoenixville 4 27 Royer's Ford 4 31 Pottstown 9 40 Douglassville 4 44 Baumstown 5 49 Reading 9 53 Althouse's 8 66 Mohrsville 2 68 Hamburg 7 75 Port Clinton 3 73 Scotchman's Locks 5 83 Orwigsbm-g 3 86 Sch uylkill Haven 3 89 PoTTsviLLE 4 93 (267) POTTSVILLE to CoRNING,N.Y. Fountain Spring 12 Bear Gap 12 24 Paxinos .5 29 Sunbury 12 41 Northumberland 1 42 Chillisquaque 8 50 Milton 4 54 McEwensville 4 58 Muncy 10 68 Montui-esville .10 78 Williamsport 4 82 IVilliamsport and Elmira R. R. Trout Run 15 97 Ralston 10 107 Stage. Blossburg 15 122 Corning and Blossburg R. R. Covington 5 127 Mansfield 5 132 Tioga 8 140 Lawrenceville 7 147 Lindleytown, N. Y 3 150 Erwin Centre 3 153 Corning 9 162 (268) Williamsport to Elmira. Williamsport and Elmira R. R, To Trout Run 15 Ralston 10 23 Stage. Canton 20 45 Alba 4 49 Troy 6 55 Columbia Cross Roads. — 4 59 South Creek 10 69 Southport. N. Y 8 77 Elmira 2 79 (269) Williamsport to Holli- daysburg. To Linden 9 Jersey Shore 6 15 80 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. WestBi-anch 5 20 Duniisbur--- 6 2(5 Lock Hiiven .2 28 Mill HaU 3 31 Lamar 5 36 Hublersburg 8 44 Bellefonte 4 48 Buffalo Run 6 54 Hall Moon 8 62 Warrior's Mark 10 72 Birmingham 5 77 Union Furnace 4 81 Water Street 3 84 HOLLIDAYSBURG 19 103 (270) Easton to Port Jervis. To Martin's Creek 8 Richmond 5 13 Mount Bethel 4 17 Slate Ford 2 19 Dulotsburg .5 24 Experiment Mills 1 25 Stroudsburgh 4 29 Craig's Meadow 5 34 Coolbaugh's 4 38 Bushkilf 4 42 Delaware 6 48 Dingman's Ferry 6 54 Millord 7 61 Port Jervis 8 09 (271) Easton to Binghamton. To Nazai-eth 8 Jacobsburg 3 11 Wind Gap 4 15 Shater's 7 22 Mount Pocono 8 30 Stoddarlsville 12 42 Bear Creek 8 50 WiLKESBARRE 10 60 Kingston 1 61 Wyoming 4 C5 Exeter 9 74 North Moreland 6 80 Eaton 6 86 Tunkhannock 2 88 Lynn 11 99 Sprinsville 4 103 Dimock 4 107 Montrose 7 114 Lawsville Centre 9 123 Binghamton, N. Y 12 135 (272) Easton to Pottsville. To Hecktown 6 Bath 4 10 Petersville 5 15 Cherryville 4 19 Lehigh Gap 5 24 Parrysville 5 29 Lehighton 3 32 Mauch Chunk 4 36 Summit Hill 8 44 Tamaqua 5 49 Blythe 4 53 Middleport 4 57 Port Carbon C 63 Pottsville 2 65 (273) Easton to Trenton, N. J. To Raubsville 6 Reiglesville 4 10 Upper Black Eddy 5 15 Erwinna 2 17 Point Pleasant 6 23 Lumberville 2 25 New Hope 7 32 Brownsburg 4 36 Taylorsville 2 38 Yardlevville 4 42 Trenton, N.J. 3 45 (274) Easton to Harrisdurg. To Butztown 9 Freemansburg 2 11 Bethlehem 4 15 Allentown 6 21 Trexlertown 8 29 Kutzlown lO 39 Rhiiden Creek 9 48 Reading 8 56 Sinking Spring 5 61 Womelsflorf 9 70 Myerstown 7 77 Lebanon 7 84 Annville 5 89 Palmyra 5 94 Hummellstown 5 99 Harrisburg 9 108 (275) Harrisburg to Baltimore Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. To Bridgeport Goldsboro York 25 GladCelter's 10 35 Smyser's 11 36 Strasburg 8 44 Summit 2 46 Piukton 8 54 Monkton 5 59 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA, 81 Phoenix Factory 5 64 Ashhiiui rumace 2 C6 Cockevsvillo 1 67 New Texas 2 69 Kelay House 6 75 Baltimore 7 82 (270) Harrisburg to IIagers- TOWN, Md. Via Oettysburrr. To Shiremanton • . . . 4 Shepherdslown 5 9 Dillsburg 4 13 York Sulphur Springs 8 21 Heidlersburg 4 25 Gettysburg 10 35 Fairfield 8 43 Fountain Dale 4 47 Waynesboro' 10 57 Leitersburg, Md 5 62 Hagerstovvn 6 68 (277) Harrisburg to Northum- berland. To Dauphin 8 Benvenue 7 15 New Buffalo 4 19 Montgomery's Ferry 5 24 Liverpool 5 29 McKee's Half Falls 12 41 Chapman 2 43 Selin's Grove 9 52 Sharaokin Dam 4 50 Sunbury •••• 2 58 NO'::iTHUMBERLAND 1 59 (278) Lancaster to Reading. To NefFsville 4 Litiz 4 8 Ephratah 8 16 Reamstown 4 20 Adamstown 5 25 Reading 9 34 (279) York to York Sulphur Springs. To East Berlin 12 l''0RK Sulphur Springs-.. 8 20 (280) Philadelphia to Berwick. Via Allentown. To Coopersburg, (see 264). .44 Allentown 8 .52 North VVhitehaU 8 60 Lehigh Gap 10 70 ParrysvUle 5 75 Lehighton 3 78 Mauch Chunk 4 82 Lausanne 8 90 Beaver Meadows 3 93 Hazleton 4 97 Conyngham 6 103 Nescopec .10 113 Berwick 1 114 (281) Philadelphia to Port De- posit, Md. To Kingsessing 4 Darby 2 6 Gibbons' Tavern 3 9 Nether Providence 2 11 Lima 2 13 Joy Mills 3 16 Concordville 2 18 Chadd's Ford 4 22 Hamorton 2 24 Kennett's Square 3 27 Avon Dale 4 31 West Grove 3 34 New London Cross Roads. . 5 39 Brick Meeting House, Md. . 8 47 Farmington 4 51 Port Deposit 6 57 (282) Northumberland to Hones- dale. To Danville 12 Catawissa 10 22 Bloomsbm-g 3 25 Espy 3 28 Berwick 10 38 Beacli Grove 6 44 Shickshinny 10 54 Nanticoke 5 59 WiLKESBARRE 8 67 Plainsville 5 72 Pittston Ferry 4 76 Lackawanna 4 80 Hyde Park 4 84 Providence 3 87 Blakely 3 90 Carbondale 6 96 Waymart. 6 102 HONESDALE 10 112 (283) WiLKESBARRE tO ElMIRA, N. Y. To Kingston 1 Wvoming 4 5 Exeter 9 14 Noith Moreland 6 20 Eaton 6 26 82 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. Tunkhnnnock 2 28 SterlinsviUe 10 38 Braintree 4 40 Skiiiiier's Eddy 3 45 Wyaliising 8 53 Runnerfield Creek 6 59 Standing Stone 3 62 VVysox 4 66 Towanda 2 68 Burlington 10 78 Eastfmithfield 7 85 Nortli Smithfield 2 87 Ridgelniry 8 95 Wellsburg, N, Y. 5 100 Elmira 5 105 (284) Pout Jervis to Owego, N.Y. ToMilford 8 Darlingsville 12 20 Tafton' 10 30 Honesdale 9 39 Proni[)ton 5 44 Wayuiart 6 50 Carbo.ndale 6 56 Dundaff 8 64 Lenox 8 72 Brooklyn 9 81 Montrose .7 88 Forest Lake 6 94 Friendsville 6 100 Warrenliam 8 108 Owego 9 117 (285) Towanda to Erie. To Burlington 10 West Burlington 4 14 Troy C 20 Sylvania 5 25 Sullivan 6 31 Covinsfton 8 39 Charleston 8 47 Wellsboro' 3 50 Pine Creek 12 62 Pike Mills 14 76 Sweden 12 88 Lymansville 4 92 CoinERSPORT 3 95 RouU'tie 9 104 Port Alleghany 5 109 Smithpor't 12 121 La Fayette 12 133 Kenjua 16 149 Warren 13 162 Irvine 7 169 Youngsville 3 172 Spring Creek 14 186 Cook 8 194 Union Mills 8 202 Waterford 8 210 Erie 14 224 (286) Philadelphia to Erie. To Lewistown, (see 261) . .168 Reedsville 5 173 Valley 4 177 Potter's Mill 7 ]84 OldFort 4 188 Bellefonte 9 197 Milesburg 2 199 Phillipsburg 26 225 Clearfield Bridge 15 240 Curwinsville 5 245 Luthersbiu-g 13 258 Brookville 23 281 Corsica 6 287 Strattonsville 7 294 Clarion 4 298 Shippenville 4 302 Cranberry 19 321 Franklin 3 324 Canal 8 332 Sugar Creek 4 336 Meadville 12 348 Woodcock 9 357 Rockdale 3 360 Waterford 10 370 Erie 14 384 (287) Chambersburg to Wheel- ing, Va. To Bedford, (see 262) 56 White Horse 23 79 Somerset 14 93 Donegal 18 111 Mount Pleasant 10 121 McKean's Old Stand 5 126 West Newton 7 133 Gamble's 4 137 Monongahe'a City 3 140 Diinningsville • . • " 10 150 Washington 10 160 Claysville---- 10 170 West Alexander 7 177 Triadelphia, Va 4 181 Wheeling 10 191 (288) Pittsburg to WnEELiNG,VA. To Herri otts\i lie 10 Cannonsburg 8 18 Washington 7 25 Wheeling, (see 287)...... 31 56 ROUTES IX PENNSYLVANIA. 83 (289) PiTTSBURa to Steuben- VILLE, O. To Fayette 13 North Slar 6 19 Bavingtou 3 22 Florence 4 2G Paris 5 31 Holliday's (Jove, Va 4 35 Steubenville, 3 38 (290) Pittsburg to Cleveland, O. To Allea,iiany 1 Sewickly Bottom 14 15 Economy 3 18 Freedom 7 25 Beaver 3 28 Darlinston 12 40 Euon Vallev 4 44 Petersbars<,'0 6 50 New Middletown 4 54 Poland 5 59 Boardman 3 62 Caiifield 6 68 EUsworth 6 74 Frederick 6 80 Palmyra 5 85 Edinburg 5 90 Ravenna 6 9(5 Franklin Mills 6 102 Stow 4 106 Hudson 6 112 Twinsburg 5 117 Bedford 7 124 Newbmg 6 130 Cleveland G 13G (291) Pittsburg to Mercer. Via Beaver, To Beaver, (see 290) 28 Fallston 2 30 Brighton 2 32 Irish Ripple 10 42 Mount Jackson 2 44 Cross Cut 5 49 New Custle 5 54 New Bedford 10 64 Pulaski 4 68 New Wilmington 6 74 Mercer 7 81 (292) Pittsburg to Erie. To Alleghany 1 Bakerstown 16 17 Glade Mills 6 23 Butler 9 32 Forest 12 44 Slippery Rock 4 48 Nonh Liberty 4 52 Mercer 12 04 Culbertson's 15 79 Meadville 15 94 Woodcock 9 103 Rockd;ile 3 106 Waterford 10 116 Erie H 130 (293) Pittsburg to Baltimore. Steamboat, ToMcKeesport 16 Elizabeth town 8 24 Monongahela City 9 33 Bel Vernon 12 45 Brownsville 12 57 Stage, Uniontown 12 69 Farmington 13 82 yoraeriield 8 90 Addison 5 95 Grantsville, Md 13 108 Shade Mill 9 117 Frostburg 4 121 Cumberland 10 131 Baltimore, and Ohio R. R. Pattei-son's Creek 8 139 Little Cacapon Creek 13 152 Paw Paw Tunnel 4 156 Doe Gully Tunnel .12 168 Great Cacapon Creek 9 177 Hancock 9 186 Walnut Bend 5 191 Back Creek Viaduct 7 198 - H edges ville Depot 4 202 Martinsburg 7 209 KernevsviUe 8 217 Dutfieid's 5 222 Harper's Ferry 6 228 Knoxville 3 231 Berlin 3 234 Point of Rocks 6 240 Frederick 8 248 Monocacy Bridge 3 251 Ijamsville 5 256 Monrovia 4 260 Mount Aiiy 6 266 W^oodbine 6 272 Sykesville 6 278 Marriottsville 3 2S1 Eiysville 8 289 Ellicott's MiUs 6 295 Ilchester 2 297 Relay House 4 301 Baltimore 9 310 8'i ROUTES IN DELAWARE MARYLAND. DELAWARE. (294) Wilmington to George- town. To New Castle 5 Saim George's 10 15 IMcDoiioiigh 3 18 CaiitWfll^Bridge 4 22 Hkick Bird 6 28 Smynia 6 34 Dover 12 46 Camden 3 49 Canterbury 5 54 Fredrica 5 59 Millord 8 67 Wilton 12 79 Georgetown 8 87 (295) Georgetown to Cape Charles, V^a. ToMillsboro' 8 Dogsboro' 5 13 St. Martin's, Md 10 23 Berlin 8 31 Newark 8 39 Snow Hill 8 47 Sandy Hill 9 56 Horntown, Va 6 62 Accotnan 7 69 Modest town 9 78 Acco.MAcC H 10 88 Onaiicoclv 8 96 Punguteagiie 4 100 Bellehaven 6 106 Franktown 7 113 Eastville 12 125 Capeville 12 137 (296) Georgetown to Princess Anne. To Concord 12 Laurel 6 18 Salisbury, Md 15 33 Forktown 4 37 Princess Anne 11 48 MARYLAND. (297) Baltimore to Philadel- phia. Philadelphia^ JVilmington^ and Baltimore R. R. To Canton 3 Stcninier's Run 7 10 Chase's 6 16 H&rewocd 1 17 Gunpowder 3 90 Ferryman's 8 28 Hall's Cross Roads 4 32 Havre de Grace 5 37 Cecil 1 38 Charlestown 5 43 North East 3 46 Elktown .6 52 Newark 6 58 Stanton 6 64 Newport 2 66 Wilmington 4 70 Naaraan's Creek 8 78 Marcus' Hook 2 80 Chester 3 83 Lazaretto 4 87 Gray's Ferry 7 94 Philadelphia 3 97 (298) Baltimore to Philadel- phia. Steamboat. To Fort McHeury 3 NorthPoint 10 13 Pool's Island 15 26 Turkey Point 21 49 Freuchtow n 15 64 JSTcio Castle and Frcnchtoion R. R. Newcastle 16 80 Steamboat, Marcus' Hook 13 93 Chester 4 97 Lazaretto 4 101 Fort WifHin 5 106 Philadelphia 9 115 (299) Baltimore to Washington, DC. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. To Relay House 9 IVashina-ton Branch R. R. ElkridKC Landing 1 10 Jessup's Cut 5 15 Annapolis Junction 3 18 Savage Factory 2 20 Laurel Factory 1 21 "White Oak Bottom 4 25 Beltsville 3 28 Paint Branch 2 30 Bladensburg 3 33 Washington 7 40 (300) Baltimore to Annapolis. Railroad. To Relay House 9 Elkridge Landing 1 10 ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 85 Jessup's Cut 5 15 Annapolis Junction 3 18 Patuxt'iit Forge 4 22 Millersville 6 28 Annapolis 11 39 (301) Baltimore to Wheeling, Va. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. To Relay House 9 Avalon 1 10 Ilchesler ... 3 13 EUicotl's Mills 2 15 Klysville 6 21 Putney's Bridge 3 24 Woodstock 1 25 Marriottsville 4 29 Sykesville 3 32 Hood's Mills 3 35 Woodbine 3 38 Mount A iry 6 44 Monrovia 6 50 Ijamsville 4 54 Reel's Mill 4 58 Monocacy Bridge 1 59 Frederuk 3 62 Doup's Switch 4 66 Point of Rocks 4 70 Catoctin Switch 2 72 Berlin 4 76 Knoxville 3 79 Hari'er's Ferry 3 82 Peach er's MiU 2 84 Duffield's 4 88 Leetown Road 3 91 Kernevsville 2 93 Drake's 4 97 Martinsbijrg 4 101 Warm Spring Road 2 1 03 Tabb's . 1 104 Hedgesvile Depot 2 106 Back Creek Bridge 4 110 Runner's Ferry Road 2 112 Licking Water Station 5 117 Walnut Bend 2 119 Hancock 5 124 St, John's Run 5 129 Great Cacapon 4 133 RockweirsRun 7 140 Doe Gully Tunnel 2 142 ' Water Station 9 151 Paw Paw Tunnel ■ . ., 3 1 54 Little Cacapon 4 158 Green Spring Run 7 165 Patterson's Creek 6 171 North Branch Viaduct ... 2 173 Cumberland 6 179 BradysMill 7 186 Rawlins Station 6 192 New Creek ..10 202 Piedmont — 5 207 Frankville 9 2l6 Altamont 8 224 Oakland 9 233 Cr. Summit ^j 243 Rowlesburg 11 254 Tunnelton 7 261 Independence 8 209 Thornton 5 274 Fetterman 8 282 Nazum's Mills 9 291 Benton'-s Ferry 8 299 Fairmount 4 303 Barrackville 5 308 Farminirton 5 313 ManniniTton 7 320 Glover's Gap 7 327 Littleton 11 333 Bellton ... •••• 7 345 Welling Tunnel 5 3.50 Cameron 2 852 Moundsville 17 369 Wheeling 11 380 (303) Baltimore to Pittsburg. To Hookstown 5 Pikesville 3 8 Owing's Mills 4 12 Reistertown 4 16 Finksburg 5 21 Westminster 7 28 Union Mills 7 35 Littlestown, Penn 7 42 Gettysburg. 10 52 Cashtown 8 60 Fayetteville 9 69 Chambersburg 7 76 Pittsburg, (see 262) 151 227 (3041 Baltimore to Winchester and White Sulphur Springs, Va. To Harper's Ferry, (see 301)82 Winchester and Potomac R. R. Halltown 6 88 Charlestown 4 92 Summit Point 7 99 Stephenson's Depot 10 109 Winchester 5 114 Stng-e. Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 122 8 86 ROUTES IN MARYLAND. Middletown 5 127 Strasbiirg 5 ]32 Tom's Broot 6 138 Woodstock 6 144 Edinburg 5 149 Red Banks 4 153 Mount Jackson 4 157 New Mai-ket 7 164 Spartapolis 8 172 Harrison burg 11 183 Moiuit Crawford 8 191 Mount Sidney 6 197 Staunton 11 208 Bufifalo Gap 13 221 Deerfield 15 236 Cloverdale Hotel 9 245 Green Valley 7 252 Warm Springs or Bath C. H.14 2G6 Hot Springs 5 271 Morris Hill 14 285 Callaghan's 8 293 White Sulphur Springs .14 307 (305) Baltimore to Carlisle, Pa. To Hookstown 5 Pikesviile 3 8 Owing's Mills 4 12 Reistertown 4 16 Upperco 5 21 Hanlstead 5 26 Manchester 4 30 Hanover, Pa. 12 42 Hampton 10 52 York Sulphur Springs 6 58 Papertown 8 66 Carlisle 6 72 (306) Baltimore to Lancaster, Pa. Baltimore and Susqitehannah R.R, To Woodberry 3 Melvale 1 4 Washington Factory 2 6 Relay House 1 7 Ryder's Lane 3 10 Tiraonium 2 12 Clark's Station 2 14 Cockeysville 1 15 Ashland 1 16 Westerman's Mills 2 18 Love's Station 3 21 Monkton Mills 2 23 Whitehall 4 27 Parkton 2 29 Freeland's 5 34 Summit 2 36 York and Maryland Lin^ R. R. Strasbm-g 2 38 Heathcote's 4 42 Smyser's 5 47 Glatleller's 2 49 Tunnel 1 50 York 7 57 JVrightsville and York R. R. Heaston's Mills 7 64 Wrightsville 6 70 Columbia 1 71 Columbia R. R. Mount Pleasant 4 75 Hempfleld 4 79 Dillersville 3 82 Lancaster 1 83 (307) Baltimore to Norfot^k,Va, Steamboat. To Fort McHenry 3 North Point 10 13 Sandy Point 14 27 Thomas Point 10 37 Curtis Point 5 42 Holland Point 10 52 Sharp's Island = .. 8 60 Cove Point 17 77 Cedar Point 8 85 Point Lookout, mouth of the Potomac River 17 102 Windmill Point, mouth of Kapjiahannock River 32 134 Old Point Comfort 45 179 Norfolk, Va 15 194 (308) Elkton to Snow Hill. To Warwick 15 Head of Sassafras 3 18 Georgetown Cross Roads... 5 23 Chestertown 16 39 Church Hill 6 45 Centreville 9 54 Wye Mills 8 62 Easton 14 76 Trappe 9 85 Cambridge 7 92 Hicksburg 8 100 Big Mills 6 106 Vienna • 4 110 Barren Creek Springs 5 115 Sidisbmy 11 126 Snow Hill 20 146 ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 87 (309) Washington to Gettys- burg, Pa. To Georgetown 2 Tennally Town 2 4 Rockvilie 11 15 Middle Brook 10 25 Clarksburg 3 28 Hyattslowu 4 32 Urbanna 4 3G Frederick 7 43 Utica Mills 8 51 Creagerstown 4 55 Gracehara 3 58 Emmittsburg .... 7 65 Green Mount, Pa 5 70 Gettysburg 5 75 (310) Washington to Annapolis. Long Old Fields 9 Upper Marlboro' 8 17 Queen Anne 9 26 Davidsonville 4 30 Annafolis 9 33 (311) Washington to Hancock. To Frederick, (see 309) 43 Middletown 8 51 Boonsboro' 8 59 Fiinkslnw!) 8 67 Hagerstown 2 69 Clear Spring 11 80 Park Head 8 88 Hancock 7 95 (312) Washington to Ridge. To Palmer's Tavern 10 Piscataway G 16 Pleasant Hill 10 26 Port Tobacco 6 32 Allen's Fresh 9 41 Newport 3 44 Chaptico 8 52 Saint Clement's Bay 6 58 Leonardtown 6 64 Great Mills 12 76 Saint Inegoes 6 82 RiDOB 5 83 THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. Under this head are included the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Geoi-gia, and Florida, which occupy a tei'ritory of more than 900 miles in length, or from Rlason and Dixon's line to the south- ernmost point of the peninsula of Florida. Their geogi-aphical position is between 40° 43 and 25° N. lat.; and between 75° and 88' W. long. They are boimded N. by Pennsylvania : N. E. and E. by Mary- land and the Atlantic (jcean ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by that Gulf and the states of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio ; and include an aggregate area of 248,120 square miles. The surface of this section of the United States exhibits several dis- tinct and different physical conditions. Along the Atlantic coast is an extensive level tract, having its western limits marked by the rocky ledge over which the i-ivers fall, and to the loot of which, in several in- stances, the tides penetrate. Morasses and swamps, sluggish streams and wide arms of the sea, stretching far inland, are among the featiu-es of this plain, which slopes gently eastward, and is continued under the sea. Succeeding this, a table-land, with an elevation of 800 or 1,200 feet above the sea-level, intervenes to the mountains. The AUeghanies form the background, but do not attain the great elevation which distin- guishes them in the more northern parts of the range. Black Moun- tain, 6,476 feet high, is the loftiest culmination. Vii-ginia is the only one of these states that extends beyond the mountains. The soil, climate, and products of these several divisions are essentially different each from the other. On the Atlantic plain the soil and chmate are suitable for the growth of tobacco, cotton, and rice — the latter of which is chiefly grown in the Pouth Carolina swamps. The elevated plateau succeeding this low region, is well adapted to cereal agriculture, while the moun- tains and theu- intervals are appropriate for grazing and sheep-farming. The whole range of the AUeghanies abounds in minerals— coal, iron, granite, &.C., being the chief products; and at the eastern base of the mountains, considerable deposites of gold have been discovered. Be- yond the mountains in Virginia, bitummous coal and iron are very abun- dant, and find a ready mai-ket in the manufacturing estabhshments in the neighborhood of the mines, and for steamboats plying on the Ohio and other western rivers. The southern states hav ^ hitherto been almost wholly devoted to ag« THE STATE OF VIRGINIA.. 89 riculture ; but of late years, manufactures of several oescriptions have been established in various sections. The manufacturw of cotton goods has especially been advanced, and there is a fair prospect of ultimate success in this new branch of southern industry. The woollen business has also received a similar impetus, and many planters ju-e turning their attention to these and like manixfactures, with a view to supply their home-market with materials hitherto imported. The direct foreign commerce of the southern states is by no means proportionate to the amount of products furnished by the agricultmlst ; but the coasting- trade with the northern ports is immense ; and internal traffic, facilitated by the advance of railroad communication and steam navigation on the rivers, is rapidly increasing in amount and value. Within the past ten years, indeed, mdustry in these states has been completely revolutionized, and capital been diverted to a hundred dilTereut employments, hereto- fore never thought of by the people. THE STATE OF YIRGINIA. Jirea 61,352 square miles. — Population 1,4^1,661. Virginia is situated between 36° 33' and 40<3 43' N. lat., and between 75° 25' and 83^ 40' VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland ; E. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Norih Cai-oUna and Tennes- see, and W. by Kentucky and Ohio. It is the lai'gest of the Atlantic states, and has been the longest time settled by Europeans of any portion of the Union, with the exception of those parts settled by the Spaniards. Several ridges of the Alleghany mountains from Pennsylvania pass through this state in a southwestern direction, into North Carolina and Tennessee. The most easterly is known by the name of the Blue Ridge. On the west the Laurel Mountain andChesnut Ridge extend from Penn- sylvania, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland Mountains oc- cupy the western border. There are other ridges, as Greenbrier, North Mountain, Back Bone, Iron Moimtain, Great Flat Top, &c. The loftiest summits are the Peaks of Otter, 4,250 feet high. The state is watered by a great number of rivers, among which may be mentioned the Poto- mac, Rappahannock, Yoi-k, James, and Staunton, on the east side of the mountains, and the Ohio, Kanawha, &c., on the west side. The south- em part of Chesapeake Bay belongs to this state ; and by its depth and extent, and the numerous fine rivers it receives, is of the highest value to navigation. Most of the large towns ai-e situated a considerable dis- tance up the rivers. The estuary of James' river forms a spacious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads are strongly fortified, and 8* 90 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. the entrance is impracticable to an enemy. A peninsula, about 60 miles long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay, and is bordered towards the sea by a string of low, sandy islets. The ■waters of the Chesapeake enter the sea between capes Charles and Hen- ry, forming a strait about 15 miles in width. From the Atlantic to the head of tide-water in the rivers, the coimtry is low, flat, and swampy, and has a meager, sandy soil, covered with pines and cedars, except on the margins of the streams, which are loamy and rich, and in these parts the vegetation is abundant and luxurious. This territory is alluvial, and beneath the surface exhibits strata of ma- rine deposites. In the valley between the Blue Ridge and the main ridge of the Alleghanies, we come to a limestone countiy ; and here, the soil restmg on a bed of that rock, is very fertile. In some parts the soil is chalky. Between the mountains and the Ohio river the surface is much broken, and the soil indiiferently fertile ; but occasionally lai-ge tracts of good land are met with. The most remarkable natural features in Virginia are, Weir's Cave, the Rock Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the Passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry. The Rock Bridge has been formed by the bursting of accumulated waters through a wall of rock more than 200 feet in height. The bridge is CO feet m width, with perpendicular sides. A road passes over the top, and the scenery from this is exceedingly grand and romantic. Weir's Cave, in Augusta coun- ty, extends 1,260 feet into the earth, and contains upwards of 80 lai'ge chambers, glittering with stalactites and stalagmites in the shape of col- umns, thrones, statues, petrified water-falls, and other fantastic figures. The Passage of the Potomac presents the appearance of an immense rent, three quarters of a mile wide, through a stupendous mass of rock. The broken fragments of the moimtain which lie scattered all around, and its craggy front torn down to its base, attest the violence of the dis- ruption, and forcibly remind the spectator of the period when the moim- tain opposed a barrier to the stream, and when its collected waters swelled to such a volume as to tear away the mountain from its founda- tion. In the S. W. corner of the state there is a natural tunnel, winding like an S in the solid rock, 450 feet long, and from 50 to 150 feet wide, and from 70 to 80 feet high, through which runs a branch of Clinch river, 400 feet below the summit of the hill that thus crosses it. These chance works of nature are frequently visited by the tourist ; and certainly few places in the United States present more impressive or imposing objects for contemplation, while the buoyant atmosphere and the grand scenery around, ai-e alike prolific in health and that species of /ecreation so con- genial to the summer traveler seeking forgetfuhiess of the eveiy-day cares of hfe. In the mountainous and western part of the state is an abundance of THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 91 iron, lead, and bituminous coal. Gypsum is also fomid in the same re- gion. At the eastern foot of the mountains, between the Potomac and James' rivers, gold has been discovered near the surface, and consider- able quantities have been obtained by washing the earth. Since 1827 a large amount of this gold has been annually coined at Philadelphia. Almost every part of the state W. of the mountains abounds in salt springs; and in the mountains is also a gi-eat number of mineral spi-ings. The principal are the White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier county, and the Warm and Hot Springs in Bath county. The Sweet Springs of ]\]onroe, and the baths of Berkley county, ai-e also much frequented by- invalids. Virginia is essentially an agricultural state, and produces the finest tobacco. The cultivation of this staple is chiefly confined to the region E. of the mountains, in thB valleys between the ridges of the Alle- ghanies, the staples are wheat and Indian corn ; while cattle, hogs, and other live-stock are reared in abundance in the western sections of the state. Cotton, flax, hemp, &c., are also cultivated ; and upwards of four million ]>()unds of wool are gathered annually. The manufactures of the state are comparatively small, but are rapidly increasing, espe- cially those of iron, wool, and cotton. Virginia had in 1849 about 40 cotton factories. Leather, glass, earthenware. &c., are also manufac- tured. As a commercial state, Virginia ranks the eighth in importance. The exports consist of tobacco, cotton, and some other staples. The coasting trade is also very extensive, and employs a large tonnage. The shipping employed in the foreign trade is about 75,000 tons. The fish- eries are little attended to, except those on the immediate coast. The length of railroad in the state is 578 miles, and of canal 211 miles. Education in Virginia is confined to the white population. William and Mary College at Williamsburg, founded in 1692, is the oldest in- stitution of the kind in the southern states. There are nine or ten others in the state, which have from three to ten professors each, and libraries containing frotn 1,200 to 7,000 volumes. The number of poor schools in 18r)0 was 3.<;()4, and the total number of children educated 31,655 ; the amount expended for tuition was $6rf,135. The children of the wealthy are generally taught at the academies, (of which there are about 500,) at private schools, or at home by private teachers. Virginia is divided into two districts, Eastern and Western; and con- tains 137 counties. The chief cities and towns are Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, &c. Richmond City, the capital, is beautifully situated on the N. bank of James' river, 150 miles from its mouth, immediately below the falls. It is a great commercial depot, having an extensive back .country abound- ing in tobacco, wheat, hemp, and coal, which is reached by the James' river Canal and branches. The flouring-mills of Richmond have a 92 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. world-wide celebrity. The city itself has many handsome buildings; among which the Capitol is the cynosure. The City HalU the Armoiy, the Penitentiary, churches, &c., are all substantial and fine buildings. The private residences are equal to any Oj'"the same description in other large cities. Three large reservoirs supply the city with water. Manu- factures of various kinds are rapidly increasing; and within the last two or three years several cotton-mills have been erected, and ;u'e now in profitable employment. Richmond has many facilities for this spe- cies of industry, which must ultimately become advantageous to the whole neigh borht)od. The river is navigable to its raouih, and travel, north and south, is maintained by railroad. Population 27,4f<3. Man- chester is a flourishing village on the opposite bank of the river, and is chiefly noted for its manufactures. It is comiected with Richmond by two bridges. Norfolk, the chief sea-port, is situated on the N. bank of Elizabeth river, just below the confluence of its two branches, 8 miles above its entrance into Hampton Roads, and 32 from the ocean. It has a safe and commodious harbor, the entrance to which is between Oid Point Com- fort and a sand-bar called the Rip-Raps, and which is de ended by Fort- ress Monroe and Fort Calhoun. These fortifications completely com- mand the entrance from Hampton Roads. Population 14,321). Oppo- Bite to Norlblk is Portsmouth, with 8,456 inhabitants, and immediately above it Gosport, the site of one of the most important naval stations in the United States, and where a splendid dry-dock has been con- structed of hewn granite. On Washington Point, between the E. and. W. branches of Elizabeth river, about one mile from Norfolk, is the U. S. .Marine Hospital. The Dismal Swamp Canal comiects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound through Pasquotank river, and opens an extensive water communication to the south. Norfolk owns about 24,2U0 tons of shipping, and has more foreign commerce than any other port in Virginia. The site of the city is low, and there are marshes in the vicinity. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad commences at Ports- mouth, and nms westward as far as Newsom's depot, 49 mdes, and will be further continued to Welden and Gaston. Steamboats run from Norfolk to City Point, and a branch railroad thence commmiicates with the great southern line. Petersburg, on the Appomatox, below the falls, and 12 miles from its mouth, is a depot for the staples of the surroimding country. It is connected with the N. and S. by railroad, and the river is navigable to the city for vessels of 100 tons. Population 14,010. Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, below the falls, 100 miles from its mouth, and at the head of navigation, is a depot for the corn, flour, and tobacco of the neighborhood, and has several manufactm-ing establishments driven by water-power. Population 6,000. Other places THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 93 of note in the tide-water section of the state are— Yorktown, famous for the surrender of Cornvvallis to Washington; Williamsburg, the seat of the oldest college in Virginia, and formerly the c;ipital; and James- town, on an island in James' river, the first settlement made in Virginia by the English. Wt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is noted for the home- stead of Washington, and his final resting-place. Alexandria, for- merly in the District of CoUimbia, but now in Virginia, is a place of commercial activity. Population 8,752. In the region between the Blue Ridge and the tide-water region are also several important places. Charlotteville is the seat of the University of Virginia; and Monticello, about 3 miles thence, is fa- mous for the home and grave of " Thomas Jefferson^ author of the Dec- laration of Independence^ and founder of the University of Virginia^^* Lynchburg, on the S. bank of James' river, is one of the largest tobacco markets in the world. Harper's Ferry, the seat of the U. S. Armory; Winchester, 32 miles from Harper's Ferry by railroad ; and Staunton, 94 n\i:C-s b" stage from Winchester, the seat of the State Lunatic Asy- lum, are situated in the central valley. These are all important centers, from each of which several great lines of travel diverge. West of the AUeghanies, the chief towns are — Wheeling, a flourishing manufactur- ing town on the E. bank of the Ohio, at the head of low-water navi- gation; Parkersburg, near the mouth of the Little Kanawha; and Charleston, at the head of steam navigation on the Kanawha, near the great salt-works in that vicinity. Several other towns of considera- tion are found on the Ohio. Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent settlement form- ed by Europeans within the original territory of the United States. The country was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth, who named it Virginia, in honor of his virgin sovereign ; but the grant was vacated by the execution and attainder of Raleigh, under James I., who gave the country to the London Company. Jamestown was then set- tled. The early history of the colony is replete with romance, and many highly affecting incidents occurred during the Indian wars. The colony was originally governed by a council of seven, and a president chosen from that body by themselves ; but afterwards by a governor appointed by the Crown. Shortly after the war of the Revolution broke out, a provisional government was appointed, and in 1776 a constitution was foiTned, which, until 1830, when the present constitution was adopted, was the fundamental law. Virginia has produced a number of eminent statesmen: among whom are Washington, Jefferson, Mom-oe, and Mad- ison,— all of whom have been presidents of the United States ; Patrick Henry, and the late Chief-Justice Marshall. Many of ovu- most illustri- ous living statesmen are also natives of this state. * Such is the inscription on a granite obelisk placed over his grare. 94 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. THE STATE OE NORTH CAROLINA. Jirea 45,000 square miles. — Population 868,903. North <,'a.rolina lies between 33° 53' and 36° 33' N. lat., and between 750 25' and 84° 20' VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Virginia ; E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee. Except in the extreme W., where the Blue Ridge from Virginia crosses the country, the greater part of the state is level, and the soil mainly sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts. There are, how- ever, fertile tracts here and there, and the margins of the rivers are gen- erally productive. The soil in the western part is much the best. The Btate is watered by the Chowan and Roanoke, which rise in Virginia and flow S. to Albemarle Sound ; by Cape Fear river, which empties into the sea in the southern part of Ihe state ; by the Pamlico and the Neuae, which flow into Pamlico Soimd, and by the Yadkin, which passes into South Carolina. A number of low, sandy islands are scattei-ed along the coast, and enclose several large sounds; but the entrances to these and the mouths of the rivers ai-e so obstructed with shoals that no good har- bors are found in the state; and N. of Cape Lookout, the only navi- gable pass for sloops is Ocracoke Inlet. This want of harbors has driven the trade of North Carolina to the more favored states N. and S. of it. The climate in summer is hot and unhealthy in the low regions, but in the mountainous country of the W. the air is more elastic and bracing. The winters are very mild. The Dismal Swamp in the N. E, is pregnant with every evil to which humanity can be exposed. A great part of the country is covered with forests of pitch-pine. In the low parts this tree is almost exclusively the natural growth of the soil, and its products constitute one-half of the exports of the state. Several valuable medicinal plants are produced, as snake-root, ginseng, Beneca, &c. The rich intervals ure overgrown with canes, the leaves of which continue green through the winter, and afford good fodder for cattle. The mineral region of the state is chiefly situated between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers. Cold is found near the surface in graina among the sand and gravel, and is obtained by washing the earth. The grains are in general small, but several large lumps have at diflerent times been found — one weighing 28 lbs. Iron, coal, salt, and granite, are also among the minerals found in this state. North C;u-olina is mainly an agricultural state. The products of the lov/ country are tar, turpentine, and lumber. Tobacco, wheat, and In- dian corn, !ire grown chiefly in the middle counties ; while cattle, and other live-siock, aj-e the staples of the upper comitry. Cotton and rice «m produced largely. Wool-growing is also becoming an important THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 95 branch. Manufactures are as yet in their infancy ; but, in common with the other Atlantic states, mucli of the capital of this state has of late years been diverted to the manufacturing of cotton fabrics; and, in 1850, at least 28 mills were in full ^oration. Foreign commerce is almost unknown, but the coasting-trade is carried on briskly. The exports consist altogether of raw staples. Pome fisheries are prosecuted along the coast, and a small capital is invested in the whale-fisheries. Within the state are 354 miles of railroad, and about 30 miles of ciuial. Withiy the last '.iO or 25 years, education has received great encour- agement. In 1804, there were only two academies in the state, and in 1820 not .50. The number at the present time is 173. The University at Chapel Hill, founded in 1789, is the oldest college : there are two oth- ers of recent date, viz., Davidson College, in Mechlenburg county, and Wake Forest College, both founded in 1838. The University has nine Professors, and is very flourishing; the other two have each three Pro- fessors. The primary and common schools number about 700, and edu- cate about 20,000 scholars. The wealthy are educated at the academies, and privately at home. The state is divided into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns ai'e Raleigh, Newbern, Wilmington, Fayetteville, &c. Raleigh, the capital, is pleasantly situated near the S. bank of the river Neuse, and about the middle of the state. It contains a respecta- ble State-House, built of granite, and other public buildings. There are also 5 or 6 chui-ches. Remoteness from navigation has been its greatest drawback, but it has lately been connected with the Roanoke by railroad, and may now become an important center. Population 3,000. Newbern is also situated on the Neuse, 30 miles from its entrance into Pamlico Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and secures to it a considerable commerce in the exportation of flour, naval stores, and lumber. It was once the seat of the state government. Population 4,000, Kingston, Waynesboro', and Smithfield, higher up the river, are places of some importance. Wilmington, on the E. bank of Cape Fear river, 35 miles from the sea, is the largest and most commercial town in the state. The shipping belonging to the port amounts to 15,198 tons. It enjoys a large coasting- trade, and exports great quantities of naval stores, &c. Population 6,200. Washington is situated on the N. bank of Tar river, at the head of navigation. It has considerable commerce. Population 2,600. Regular lines of packets sail between it and New York. Fayetteville, at the head of steam navigation on Cape Fear river, is next in population and commercial importance to Wilmington, and has considerable trade with the neighboring coimtiy. Population 5,000. Beaufort, in Carteret county, and near Cape Lookout, has an excel- lent harbor. Charlotteville, in Mechlenburg comity, is the chief 9b SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. town in the " gold region." Gaston, Welbon, and Halifax, on the Koanoke, are important only as railroad stations. Veiy early alter the discovery of North America, several attempt* were made to settle on the coasts of Carolma, but without success. The first permanent colony was planted by refugees from Virginia, between 1640 and 1650. In 1663, Charles II. granted the Cai-olinas to the Earl of Clarendon and others, who had charge of it until 17:i9, when the coun- try was pmchased by the Crow«n, and divided into North and South. Dming the Revolution, North Cai-olina took an active pail in the strug- gle tor independence ; and, in 1776, adopted a constitution, which, with the excej)tion of a few amendments made in 1835, is still that under which the government is organized. THE STATE OE SOUTH CAEOLIM. ^rea 24,5C0 square miles. — Population 66P,507. South Carolina lies between 32° 02' and 35° 10' N. lat., and between 78° 24' and 83^ 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. \V. by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah river. The whole sea-coast is low and level, and towards the south is skirted by a multitude of islands, divided fi'om the mainland by narrow channels. These islands, like the neighboring mainland, are low and flat, but cov- ered with forests of live-oaks, pines, and palraettoes, and many of them are now imder cultivation. The long, sandy beaches which border these towards the sea, are the resort of thousands of water-fowl. The tide- water region of the state is also chiefly covered with pitch-pines, inter- spersed with swamps and morasses. The staple of this section is rice. Beyond this is a parallel belt of territory, called the JNliddle Country, consisting of low- sand-hills, resembling the waves of an agitated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a lew straggling pine-trees, and sometimes a field of Qorn or potatoes. Succeeding this is another belt, called the "Ridge," where the country rises by a steep and sudden ascent, and afterwards continues gradually to ascend ; and beyond this the surface exhibits a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. The Blue Ridge, from North Carolina, forms the boundary on the ex- treme west. King's Moimtain, a solitary elevation on the N. state line, is the highest land in the country. Several large rivers flow in a S. E. direction through the state, the principal of which are the Great Pedee, a continuation of the Yadkin from North CaroUna ; the Santee, formed THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 97 by the union of the Wateree and Congai-ee, and the Savannah, which washes the southern boiindaiy. These fall into the Atlantic, but none of them have good harbors. The only harbor of consequence on the ■whole coast is that of Chaiieston, which receives the Ashley and Cooper rivers. The climate varies in these several regions. Along the coasts the atmosphere is moist and warm, and in the hot season intolerable. The winters here are of short continuation, and veiy mild. Higher up the country, the air becomes cooler, and in the N. W., where the land is elevated, the climate is generally salubilous, with a drier atmosphere, and a cold winter. The soil is very indifferent, except near the rivers. The western highlands, however, are generally productive, and aflbrd a plentiful supply of grasses. South Carolina has but few useful min- erals. Gold has been foimd in various parts, and this probably exists in considerable quantities. Domestic salt is abundant. There are sev- eral mineral springs, which are frequented by tourists and invalids. South Carolina is an agricultural state, the great staples of which are cotton and rice; the former cultivated chiefly on the margins of the rivers, and the latter in the swamp lands near the coast. Wheat and Indian corn are produced in the regions above tide-water, and cattle and sheep are numerous in the west. A'anufactures have scarcely a footing in this state. The export of cotton forms an important item, and that of rice is equally great. Commerce, however, is carried on chiefly by northern shipping. The length of railroad is 5S3 miles, and of ctmals 52 miles. The College of South Carolina, founded in 1804, is the most important literary institution in the state, and has attached to it a theological sem- inary; but the oldest is the college at Charleston, founded in 1785. Erskine College, in Abbeville District, is also a valuable institution. In 1850, these colleges had an aggregate of 391 students. The Theolo- gical Seminary at Lexington, and the Furman Seminary in Fairfield District, are also flourishing institutions, and the Medical College at Charleston is a school of high repute. Besides these, there are about 130 academies and grammar-schools; and the number of free schools in 1850 was 1023, attended by 9,122 children. These schools are under the superintendence of commissioners appointed by the legislature. The state is divided into 29 districts, and these are subdivided into parishes. The principal cities and towns are Columbia, Charleston, Georgetown, &c. Columbia, the capital, is situated on the Congaree, below the tmion of Broad and Saluda rivere. It is a handsome and regularly built town. The f^tate House is a plain wooden building, but the College of South Carolina, here located, is a tine and spacious edifice. The city has cou' eiderable trade with Charleston, and several manufactmes. The river 98 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. is naviiorated by steamboats ; and a branch raikoad connects it with the South Carolina Railroad. Population 6.0G0. Charleston, situated at the confluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, 7 miles from the sea, is the most commercial and populous city m tLo state. It is pleasantly located, but so low that parts of it have some- times been inundated. The principal buildings are the City Hall, Ex- change, Coiu-t House, Custom House, &c. ; besides which, there are several handsome chiu-ches. About 33.292 tons of shipping belong to the port. The hai-bor is spacious, and well protected by fortifications. Charleston is connected with New York and Philadelphia by regular lines of steamboats and packets, and with the west by the South Caro- lina Railroad, which is completed to Hamburg on the Savannah river, where it connects with the Georgia lines to Chattanooga, and thence to Nashville, Tenn. The population of the city proper in 1850 was 26,451, but with the suburb St. Philip's, it is about 42.9S5. A canal, 22 milea long, from the head of Cooper river, connects the harbor with the San- tee, 50 miles to the north. Georgetown, on Winyaw Bay, near the mouth of the Pedee, is 13 miles from the ocean, and well situated for trade, being backed by a fertile country. There is a bar at the entrance of the bay, however, which prevents vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water from entering. Population about 4,600. The other principal towns are — Hamburg, at the head of steam navi- gation on the Savannah, and the depot of the N. W. part of the state ; Cheraw, on the Pedee, at the lower falls; and Beaufort, on Port Royal Island, which has a fine anchorage. Eutato Springs^ King^s Mountain. Coicpens, and Camden, are famous for victories of the Amer- icans in the revolutionary w'ar. The first permanent settlement in this state was made on Port Royal Island, in 1670 ; but the emigrants soon after removed to the present site of Charleston. Until 1729, when it became a Crown colony, the settlement was under a proprietary government. In 1776, the British authority was thrown ofif, and in 1790 a constitution was framed. It baa since been several times amended. THE STATE OF GEORGIA. ^rfffl 58,000 square miles. — Population 905.999. Georgia is situated between 30° 19' and 35° N. lat., and between 80° 50' and 85° 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee and North Cai-oUna ; N. E. by South Carolina ; S. E. by the Atlantic ocean S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 99 The southern part of the state is generally level ; but in the N. sev- eral ridges of the Alleghanies pass from Tennessee and North Carolina into this state, all of which, however, terminate before reaching the 33d pai-aJlel of N. latitude. The soil is of various characters, and near the coast there is much swamp land. The Savannah washes almost the whole of the N. E. boundary. The Ogeecliee and Alatamaha rivers have their whole course m the state, imd the Flint and Chattahoochee pass south into Florida, the latter forming part of the western border. The coast is lined by a chain of islands, which for fertility are unequal- led, and on which is produced the finest cotton in the world, well known in the markets as the '• sea island staple." The land here, and along the coasts, consists of marshy tracts or hummock lands. On the Florida border is the great swamp of Okefinokee, and beyond, a belt of pine bar- rens, interspersed with swamps ; still fm-ther the country becomes sandy, but towards the hilly region the soil is strong and productive. There are many large forests, which supply timber for exportation. In those parts which are flooded by the rivers, the laud is devoted to rice culti- vation. The low country has an agreeable and healthy climate for seven or eight months in the year; but in the latter part of summer and in the fall, it is sickly, except on the sea islands, which are comparatively healthy. The climate of the upper countiy is temperate ; and in the N. W., at the foot of the mountains, it is esteemed one of the healthiest in the Atlantic states. Georgia has a number of valuable mineral springs. The mineral resources of the state are inconsiderable : some few mines of iron have been discovered, and coal is said to be abundant. Gold, in large quantities, however, has been from time to time found in the northern parts, and this metal is annually sent to Dahlonega (or coinage in various amounts. Granite is also quarried to some extent. The great agricultural staples are cotton and rice, and some tobacco is gi-own. In- dian corn is more cultivated than any of the cereals, and wheat and oata ai'e grown largely in the uplands. Cattle, sheep, and swine are numer- ous ; and wool-growing has long been a favorite employment in the mountains. Georgia is making rapid progress in mauutactures. Large cotton-mills have lately been established at Columbus, Augusta, Gran- iteville, &c. ; and other branches of this species of industry are spring- ing up in various parts of the state. The number of cotton-mills in 1850 was 3.5, being an increase since 1840 of 16. These are as yet employed in the manufacture of heavy goods; as osnabm-gs, drillings, and similai- fabrics. The Georgians do their own carding, spinning, and weaving ; and as they also grow their own cotton, and have a home-market for their goods, enjoy many advantages over the northern manufacturers. AH the machinery is driven by water-power. Georgia has also several large tanneries and leather factories, and will soon manufacture its own 100 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. Bhoes, boots, harness, &c. The state has also a large number of floiLing* mills. The exports I'rora Georgia to foreign countries are of considera- ble value, and consist of the agricultural staples peculiai- to the state. The coasting and internal trade are also in a floui'ishing condition, and are being daily increased in importance by the extension of railroads, and the establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and coasts. The total length of railroad in the state is 842 miles, and of canal 28 miles. The principal educational institutions are Franklin University at Ath- ens, (founded 1785,) Oglethorpe College at Milledgeville, Emory College at Oxford, Mercer Ujuversity at Penfield, and Christ College at Montpe- lier. These have from four to eight Professors each, and an aggregate of 400 students. There are Theological Seminaries at Montpelier and Penfield, and a medical school at Augusta. Besides these, there are about 200 academies and grammar-schools, and some 700 common- schools, scattered over the state. Georgia is divided into 94 counties. The chief cities and towns are — Milledgeville, Savannah, Augusta, Columbus, &,c. MiLLKDGEviLLE, the Capital, is situated near the center of the state, on the W. bank of the Oconee. It contains the State House, Penitentiary, Arsenal, &c., and, being at the head of steam navigation, has an exten- eive business with the back country. Population 3,200, Indian Springs are 50 miles N. VV. from this. Savannah, the largest and most commercial city, is built on a sandy plain on the S. bank of the Savannah river, 18 miles from its luouth. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water can come up to its wharves, but thoso of a larger size are obliged to anchor three miles below. The streets and buildings are regular and well planned, and the streets being lined with trees, the city has a rural appearance. The Exchange, City Hall, Com-t House, Hospital, &c., are the principal pubhc buildings. Churches are numerous, and generally built in excellent taste. The trade of Geor- gia centers here, and the greatest portion of cotton and rice grown in the state is exported hence. Railroads extend from Savannah to Chatta- nooga on the Temiessee river, 428 miles, and will ultimately be carried on to Nashville. Population 16,0(50. Augusta, on the VV. bank of the Savannah below the falls, 145 milea from the sea, is the entrepot of the produce of a lai-ge district, which la sent down the river to Savannah in steamboats, or to Charleston by rail- road. Population 7,400. The Georgia R. R. extends hence to Atlanta. Columbus, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Chattahoochee, is an important place, and has lately commenced manufacturing cotton goods on a large scale. In 1828 it was a wilderness; it now contains 7,000 inhabitants. Sunbury, Brunsvvicic, and St. Mary's, are small ports S. of Savannah. Darien, on the Alatamaha, 12 miles frcma its moutb , is a place of trade, and a depot for the produce of the river val« THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 101 ley. Among the interior towns not before mentioned, the most impor- tant ai-e — Athens, the seat of Franklin University ; Macon, at the head of steam navigation on the Oclvinulgee, and an important point on the Central Railroad; Decatur, on the Georgia Railroad, and Dal ton, a new and thriving village on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. At all these places a large amount of business centers. Dahlonega, in the "gold region," is the seat of a branch of the United States' Mint. A number of new towns have of late sprung up along the lines of railroad, and are rapidly increasing in population and importance. Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original states. Previous to 1732, it was a wilderness. At this period tlie territory was granted to a company whose object was to transport gratuitously such persons as were unable to earn a subsistence in England. In honor of the grantor, George II., it was called Georgia. In November of that year, 160 per- sons arrived, under Gen. James Oglethorpe, and the town of Savannah was then settled. Emigrants from Scotland and Germany arrived at successive periods, Georgia was retroceded to the Crown in 1752, and a regular civil government was established in 1755. From this period the colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and population. During the revolutionary war, it was several times overrun by British troops, and immediately after the termination of that, suffered much from the incursions of the Seminoles. In 1795 its present constitution was formed. In 1802 the state ceded all its lands W. of the Chattahoo- chee river to the United States; from which, at a subsequent period, the states of Alabama and Mississippi were formed. The recent history of Georgia is barren of important events, but the state is making rapid strides m all that is conducive to prosperity and permanent wealth. THE STATE OF FLORIDA. Area 59,208 square miles. — Population 87,401. Florida, the most southerly of the United States, is situated between 25° and 31° N. lat., and between 80° and 87° 30' W. long. : and is bound- ed N. by Georgia and Alabama; W. by Alabama and the Gulf of Mexi- co ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by the Atlantic ocean. This state occupies two distinct territories— the one the southern part of the mainland of the United States, and the other a long, narrow pe- ninstila, lying between the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Rlexico. The greater portion of both these sections consists of swamps and hum- mock.s, overgrown with oaks and other valuable timbers. Much of the 9* 102 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. soil is a rich alluvium, but there are also extensive tracts of sandy wastes. The climate is such that vegetation is perennial, and tropical fruits ixrow luxuriantly. From October to June it is generally mild and pleasant, but the summer months are extremely hot and sultry, and in the low and swampy parts very unhealthy. San Augustine and the isl- ands, however, enjoy an excellent climate, and ai-e often resorted toby those suflferiug under pulmonic affections. The shores are indented by bays and lagoons, and aJong the south- ern point of the peninsula a siring of small islands, very dangerous to navigation, stretch fai- away to the south-west. The principal rivers ai-e the St. IMary's and St. John's, emptj'ing into the Atlantic, and the Apalachicola, formed by the \mion of the Flint and Chattahoochee riv- ei-s, which falls into the Gulf. The Withlacoochee, Escambia, Suannee, Oscilla, Ocklocony, and the Chocta watch ie, are also considerable streams. The Pei'dido divides the state from Alabama. There are sev- eral lakes in the interior, some of which arc noted for the q.uiet beauty of their scenery. The natural productions of Florida are live-oak and other timbers of great value. The fig, orange, date, &c., are among its fruits. Its min- erals are unimportant. Cotton, sugar, rice, and indigo are the staples of its agriculture ; but much of the land is devoted to pasture and cattle- rearing, which is a business with many of the settlers. Very little grain is grown in the state. Manufactures are chiefly of a domestic natiu-e, or of a minor character. Foreign commerce is very hmited, the produce being exported coastwise. The fisheries, however, are actively cai-ried on, and are increasing in importance. Owing to the unsettled condition of the country, and to the Indians that still infest several districts, indus- try of all kinds is retarded, and but few undertakings of permanent value are attempted ; nor has much as yet been done towards facilitating in- tercommunication. Perhaps the most needed improvement is a canal across the northern part of the peninsula, so as to direct oiu- commerce through a safer passage than by the Florida Channel, or the intricate labyrinth of islands which forms the eastern boundary of the Gulf of Mexico. No great obstacle opposes such an enterprise, and its realiza- zation would be of incalculable value to navigation. The total length of railroad in Florida is 54 miles. Of the public lands of Florida, only 942,248 acres had been sold up to IstJauuaiy, 1849; and the total, including all other disposals, entered upon, was only 4,487,136 acres, or about one-ninth of the whole. Florida is divided into five districts, each composed of several coun- ties. The principal towns ai-e San Augustine, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Jacksonville, &c. Tallahassee, the capital, lies in the northern part of Leon coimty, upon an elevated site. It contains the State House, a Jail, and several THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 103 chiirches. The permanent population numbers about 2,000 ; but in the winter season it is much augmented by casual \isiters. A railroad, 26 miles long, extends to Port Leon on Appalachee Bay. San Augustine, the chief town in East Florida, is the oldest one in the state, and has a population of about 2,993. It is situated about two miles from the Atlantic on the S. side of a peninsula protected from the ocean by Anastasia island. Its climate is pure and healthy, and the town is embosomed in orange groves. The public buildings are the U. S. bai-racks, the Land Office, and several churches. As in all old places, the streets are narrow. Fort Marion, standing at the mouth of the har- bor, protects the town. Pensacola, in Escambia county, is the most westerly of the Florida towns. It lies on Pensacola Bay, 10 miles from the Gulf, and is accessi- ble to vessels drawing 8 feet of water. The U. S. Navy Yard, at this place, is the principal station for the Gulf squadron. Population 2,000. Jacksonville, on the St. John's; Apalachicola, on the river of the same name ; and St. Joseph's, on St. Joseph's Bay, have good harbors, and maintain considerable commerce. Lancaster, Smyrna, and some other settlements, locally important as depots for their immediate neighborhoods, will ultimately rank high. Key West, one of the islands of the southern point of the penin- suhi, has a fine harbor, and is important as a naval station. The Wreck- ers' Court, established here, adjudicates in salvage cases. The wreckers of Key West are a hardy set of men, and have done much in rescuing goods and passengers from vessels stranded on the shoals, which beset the northeastern entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. The number and value of ships lost in this section has annually increased: in 1845, 24 vessels were adjudicated upon; in 1849, the number was 46. In the latter year the value of property rescued was $1,304,600, upon which the salvage amounted to $127,870, and the incidental expenses to $219,162. This increase may perhaps be owing more to the increase (»f commerce in the Gulf, than to any increased ratio of disaster; but on this point no reliable information is accessible. The late Dr. Samuel Forry recom- mended this island as a residence for invalids, and preferred it even to far-famed Malta for those suffering under pulmonic diseases. Florida was discovered by Cabot in 1496. It was first visited by the Spaniards in 1512, and in 1562 we find the Spaniards and Frenci. eon- testing its possession. Subsequently the English from Georgia and Carolina attempted to gain it, but misuccessfully. In 1763 it was ceded to England in exchange for Cuba, which had been captured from Spain the year previous. Spain recovered it in 1781, and at the peace of 1783 its possession was confirmed to that nation. The United States pup- chased the tei'ritory in 1819, and, after the usual territorial probation, Florida was admitted as a state of the Union in 1845. 104 ROUTES IN THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. VIRGINIA. (313) Washington to Parkers- burg. To Gooi-getown, D. C 2 Pros|M'ct Hiil, Va. 10 12 DruiH'Sville 9 21 Belinoiit 8 29 Leeslmrg 6 35 Hamiiton 6 41 Purceli's Store 4 45 Hnickersville 8 53 Snicker's Ferry 6 59 Berryville 4 G3 ^VlNCUKSTER 12 75 Back Creek Valley 13 88 Cauou Bridge 8 96 Hanging Rock 5 101 ROMNEY 10 117 Burlington 10 127 Rid'-reville 5 132 Clavsvillo 6 138 HuVsburg 14 1.52 Glade Valley 9 161 German Settlement C 167 Evansville 24 191 Three Forks 7 198 Prunlvtuwu 8 206 Brid'/eport 10 216 Clarksburg 6 222 New Salem 14 236 West Union 16 252 Pennsljoro'. 12 264 Schurala 21 2t<5 Parkkrsburg 20 305 (314) Washington to Staunton. Via Cidpeper C. H. To Alexandria 7 Fairiax Court House 14 21 Centreville 7 28 Grovelon 7 35 Buckland 7 42 New Baltimore 3 45 W'arrenton 6 51 Wai Teuton Springs 5 56 Jeffersonton 5 61 Rixeyville 6 67 Culpe|)er Court House 9 76 Col vin's Tavern 4 80 LocustDale 8 88 Orange Court House 8 96 Gordonsville 8 104 Everiltsville 15 119 Charlottesville 6 l25 Hardin's Tavern 8 133 Yancey's Mills 8 141 Brookville 4 145 Waynesboro' 7 152 Fishersville 5 157 Staunton 6 163 (315) Washington to the Vir- ginia Springs. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md. 7 i.4 RJount Vernon 2 16 Crane Island 6 22 Sandy Point — 12 34 Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 Railroad. Fredericksburg 14 .sa Stage. ChancellorsviUe 10 68 Wilderness 5 73 Locust Grove 5 78 Verdiei-sville 6 84 Orange Court House 12 96 Gordonsville 8 104 Everiltsville 15 119 Charlottesville 6 125 Hardin's Tavern 8 133 Yancey's Mills 8 141 Brookville 4 145 Waynesboro' 7 152 FishersviUe 5 157 Staunton 6 163 Buffalo Gap 13 176 Deerlield 15 191 Cloverdale Hotel 9 200 Green Valley 7 207 ROUTES IN VIRGIKIA. 105 Warm Pprings or Bath C.H. 14 221 Hot Spiiiigs 5 2-26 Morris Hill 14 240 Callaglian's 8 248 White Sulphur Springs* 14 '■2{y2 Levvisburght 9 271 Bluk Sulphur Springs... 13 284 * Sweet Springs ..17—279, t Second Creek. . 13—282. Union 9-291. Salt Sulphur Spa 3—294. In. iiau Creek: 9-303. Red Sulphur Spa 8-311. (31G) Washington to Frederick. Stage. Georsretown 2 Tenuallv Town 2 4 Kofkvil'e . 11 15 MitMJL' Brook 10 25 Clarlisburg 3 23 Hyattstown 4 32 Urbanna.... 4 36 Fkeueuick . — 7 43 (3164) ErcHMOND to Staunton. Virginia Central R. B. To Storrs. 6 Crenshaws 1 T Atloy's 2 9 Peake's 6 15 Hanover C. 11 •••. 3 18 Wyekliains 9 2T Junction 3 30 Andersons 8 33 Noel's 2 35 Hewietts. 5 40 Beaverdam . • • — 5 45 Bnmpass 5 50 Frederick's Hall 6 56 Tollersnlle 6 62 Louisa C. H. 5 67 Treviilians 9 76 Gordonsville 5 81 Lindsay's Turnout 2 S3 Keswick 7 90 Bhadwell 3 93 Charlottesville 4 97 University 1 98 Woodville 6 104 Mechum's Eiver 3 107 (317) Richmond to Keesetillr. RiuhmDiid and Danville R. R. To Kobios 10 Coalfiel.l 3 13 Tumaliawk 4 17 Powliattan 5 22 Mattoax 5 27 ScotfsShop 6 33 Amelia C. H. 3 36 Wyanoke 7 43 Jenninss Ordinary 7 50 Haytokah 4 54 Liberty Cliurch 5 59 Mehlierrin 6 65 Keeseville •• 8 73 (317i) Washington to Wilmino TON, N. C. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md. 7 14 ftlount Vernon 2 16 Crane Island 6 22 Sandy Point 12 34 Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 Richmond., Fredericksburg.^ and Potomac R. R. Fredericksburg.., 14 58 Gurney's Depot 12 70 Milford Depot H 81 RutherGlen 10 91 Junction, (Louisa R. R.) . . • 6 97 Taylorsville 2 99 Hungary Station 13 112 Richmond 8 120 Richmond and Petersburg R. R. Manchester 2 122 CloverHiU H 133 Port Walthall 3 136 Petersburg 6 142 Peter shuro- and Roanoke R. R. Stony Creek Warehouse • . .21 163 Jarrett's 9 172 Hicksford 10 183 Pleasant Hill, N. C. 11 193 Gareysburg 6 199 Weldon 5 204 Wilmina-ton and Wddon R. R. Halifax... 7 211 Enfield 11 222 Battleborough 1 1 233 Rockv Mountain 8 241 JoyneVs 9 250 106 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. Tossnot 7 Black Creek 6 Nahunta 7 Goldsborough 11 Dudley 9 Faison's 12 Warsaw 8 Strickland's 8 Teachy's -. 10 South Washington 9 Bergaw 7 Rocky Point 8 Wilmington 14 (318; Washington to Norfolk. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md 7 14 Mount Vernon, Va 2 16 Crane Island 6 22 Sandy Point 12 34 Aquia Cieek Landing 10 44 Boyd's Hole 10 54 Matthias Point 8 62 Cedar Point, Md 7 69 Swan Point 4 73 Piney Point 25 98 Point Lookout 13 111 Smith's Point, Va. 12 123 Windmill Point, mouth of Rappahannock River 22 145 Point no Point 15 160 New Point Comfort 7 167 Back River Point 12 179 Old Point Comfort 11 190 Norfolk 15 205 (319) Washington to Lynch- burg. To Charlottesville, (see 315) 125 Garland's 14 139 Covesville 7 146 Lovin'j;ston 15 161 Rose Mills 9 170 New Glasgow 5 175 Amherst Court House 5 180 Lynchburg 15 195 (320) Alexandria to Winches- ter. To Fairfax Court House. ... 14 Chantilly 6 20 Pleasant VaUey 4 24 Ai-cola 5 29 Aldie 6 35 Middleburg 5 40 Upperville 8 48 Paris 4 52 Berry's Feny 5 57 Millwood 2 59 Winchester 11 70 (321) Winchester to Hancock. To WhitehaU 8 Oakland 19 27 Berkley Springs 10 37 Hancock, Md 6 43 (322) Winchester to Stai nton. Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 Middletown " " Strasburg Tom's Brook Woodstock 6 Edinburg Red Banks < 4 Mount Jackson New A'arket Spartapolis Harrisonburg Mount Crawford Mount Sidney Staunton 5 13 5 18 6 24 6 30 5 35 4 39 4 43 7 50 8 58 11 69 8 77 6 83 11 94 (323) Winchester to Karper's Ferry. Winchester and Potomac R. R, To Stephenson's Depot 5 Summit Point 10 15 Charlestown 7 22 Halltown 4 26 Harper's Ferry 6 32 (324) Richmond to Gordonsville. Richmond, Fredericksburg; and Potomac R. R. To Hungary Station 8 TaylorsviUe 13 21 Junction 2 23 Louisa R. R. Beaver Dam Depot 13 36 Frederickshall 12 48 Tolersville 6 54 Louisa Court House 6 60 Gordonsville 14 74 (325) Richmond to Lynchburg. To ]\Tanchester 2 Coal Mines 13 15 Hallsborough 3 18 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 107 Flat Rock 8 26 ScottsviUe 7 33 Macon 7 40 Ballsville 8 48 Cumberland Court House . . 9 57 Laughorue's Tavern 5 62 Raines 8 70 Farmville 5 75 Prospect 10 85 Walker's Church 6 91 Clover Hill 7 98 Spout Spring 8 1-06 Concord 3 109 Lynchburg 14 123 (326) Richmond to Tappahannock. To Old Church 15 Ayletts 13 28 Fleetwood Academy 8 36 Miller's Tavern 4 40 *Tapi'ahannock 10 50 (327) Richmond to Hampton. To Frazier's Tavern 17 New Kent Court House • • • • 13 30 Barhamsviile 10 40 Burnt Ordinary 8 48 WilHamsburg 12 60 York TOWN 12 72 Halfway House 12 84 Hampton 12 96 (328) Richmond to Norfolk. Steamboat. To Warwick 7 City Point 40 47 Gniysviile 5 52 Williamsburg Landing 30 82 Burwell's Bay. 13 95 Norfolk 30 125 (329) Petersburg to Lynchburg. South Side R. R. To Sutherland's 10 Ford's 10 20 Wilson's 8 28 Wellville 3 31 Blacks and Whites 6 37 Nottoway C. H.... 6 43 Burkvdle ....9 52 Rice's 10 62 Farmville 6 68 Prospect.... --lO 78 Clover Hilt ....13 91 Spout Sprins; •••• 8 99 Concord 3 102 Ly^;cubukg 14 116 (330) Petersburg to Siiffolk. To Prince George's C. H.. . . 7 Garrysville 10 17 Cabin Point 9 26 Surry Court House 12 38 Bacon Castle 8 46 Burwell's Bay 6 52 Smitutield 6 58 Chuckatuck 10 68 Suffolk 10 78 (331) Petersburg to City Point. By Railroad 12 (332) Norfolk to Weldon, N. C. Portsmouth and Roanoke R. R. To Portsmouth 1 Sufifolk Court House 17 18 Carrsville 14 32 Franklin 5 37 Newson's Depot 12 49 Boykin'g Depot 5 54 M.u-garettsviile, N. C 9 63 Gareysburg 12 75 WeXdon 5 80 (333) Farmville to Greensboro', N. C. To Prince Edward C. H. . . . 7 Midway Inn 8 15 Roanoke Bridge 6 21 Charlotte Court House 7 28 Midland 10 38 Mount Laurel 7 45 Halifax Court House 12 57 Bioomsburg 13 70 Cimningham's Store, N. C. . . 13 83 Milton 10 93 Yancey ville 13 106 Slades 9 115 Lenox Castle 7 122 High Rock 3 125 Munticello 8 133 Greensboro' 13 146 (334) Lynchburg to Knoxville. Virginia and Tenn. R. R. Halsey's 5 C'lav's Crossing 3 8 Forest Depot 2 10 Poindexter's 3 13 Goode's. 3 16 Lowry's Crossing 3 19 Liberty 6 25 Oakmulga 4 20 108 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. Lisbon 3 82 Buford's Gap 5 37 Fluke's 5 42 Bonsack''s 5 47 Big Lick 6 53 Salem 7 60 Chr IstiaBsburg 25 85 Newbern 20 105 Wytheville 28 133 Warion 27 160 Glade Spring 18 178 Abingdon 11 ]89 Sapling Grove 13 202 Blol'ntsville, Tenn. 9 211 Eden's Ridge 9 220 Kingsport (3 226 New Canton 9 235 Lyon's Store 7 242 Yellow Store 3 245 Roi^ersviJle 8 253 Red Bridge 10 263 Rijcky Spring 7 270 Bean's Station 4 274 Rutledge 9 283 Blair's Cross Roads 14 297 Academia 9 306 Knoxville 10 316 (335) Lynchburg to Greensboro', N. C. To Campbell Court House. .12 Yellow Branch 5 17 Castle Craig 5 22 Ward's Bridge 5 27 Chalk Level 13 40 Robertson's Store 5 45 Pittsylvania Couit House • • . 7 52 Danville 20 72 Graves, N.C 9 81 Rawlingsburg 8 89 Reidsville 9 98 Troublesome 4 102 Monroeton 4 lOG Hillsdale 5 111 Martinsville 6 117 Greensboro' 7 124 (330) Lynchburg to Lewisburq. To New London 11 Otter Bridge 7 18 Liberty 8 26 Blue Ridge 8 FlNCASTLE 14 8 34 Craig's Creek 10 66 Middle Mountain 10 76 Potl'sCreek 4 80 Sweet Springs 4 84 White Si lphur Springs .17 101 Levvisburg 9 110 (337) Lewisburg to Guyandotte. To Clintonville 10 Seweli's Mountain 19 29 Locust Lane 10 39 Mountain Cove 9 48 Gauley's Bridge 14 62 Loop Creek 5 67 PaintCreek 10 77 Kanawha Saline 16 93 Kanawha Court House ..6 99 Coalsraouth 12 111 Mount Salem 9 120 Long Level 6 126 Cabell Court House 12 138 Guyandotte 7 145 (338) Lewisburg to Newbern. To Second Creek 10 Union 9 19 Salt Sulphur Springs 3 22 Indian Creek 9 31 Red Sulph ur Springs 8 39 Peterslown 9 48 Giles Court House 9 57 Poplar Hill 10 67 Newbern 12 79 (339) Staunton to Knoxville, Tenn. To Greenville 12 Steel'sTavem 6 18 Fairfield 6 24 Timber Ridge 6 30 Lexington 5 35 Fancy Hill 8 43 Natural Bridge 7 50 Pattonsburg 10 60 FlNCASTLE 12 72 Amsterdam 6 78 Cloverdide 3 81 Big Lick 9 90 Salem, (see 334) 5 95 Christiansburg 25 120 Wytheville 48 168 Abingdon 55 223 Blountsville 22 245 Knoxville 105 350 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 109 /340) Kanawha to Pt. Pleasant. To Mouth of Pocotaligo .... 16 Walnut Grove 4 20 Redhouso Shoals 6 26 Buffalo 6 32 Arbuckle 7 39 Point Pleasant 16 55 (341) Fincastle to Cumberland Gap. To New Castle 17 Sinkhii,' Creek 12 29 Newport 18 47 Giles Court House 13 60 East River 16 76 Bio; Spring 12 88 Blue Stone 15 103 Tazewell Court House 14 117 Maiden Spring 11 128 Horton's Valley 14 142 Elk Garden 11 153 Lebanon 9 162 Dickinsonville 11 173 Osborne's Ford 14 1 87 Clinch River 9 196 Pendleton 11 207 Stock Creek 5 212 Powell's Mountain 10 222 Jouesville 14 236 Rose Hill 18 254 Walnut Hill 8 262 CUiMBERLAND GaP, Ky 9 271 NORTH CAROLINA. (342) Wilmington to Washing- ton, D. C. Wilviington and fVeldon R. R. To Rocky Point 14 Bergaw 8 22 South Washington 7 29 Teachy's 9 38 Strickland's 10 48 Warsaw 8 56 Faison's 8 64 Dudley 12 76 Goldsborough 9 85 Nahunta U 96 Black Creek 7 103 Tossnott 6 109 Joyner's 7 116 Rocky Mount 9 125 Battleborough 8 133 Eafi'ild 11 144 Halifax 11 155 Weldon 7 162 Petersburg and Roanoke R. R. Gareysburg 5 167 Pleasant Hill 6 173 Hicksford, Va. 11 184 Jarrett's 10 194 Stony Creek Warehouse ... 9 203 Petersburg 21 224 Richmond and Petcrsbum- R. R. Port Walthall 6 230 Clover HUl 3 233 Manchester 11 244 Richmond 2 246 Richmond, Fredericlcsburg, and Potomac R. R. Hungary Station. 8 254 Taylorsville 13 267 Junction (Louisa R. R.) • . . . 2 269 RutherGlen 6 275 Milford Depot 10 285 Gurney's Depot 11 296 Fredericksbitrg 12 308 Aquia Creek. Landing 14 322 Steamboat, Sandy Point ID 332 Crane Island 12 344 Mount Vernon 6 350 Fort VVashinsjton, Md 2 352 Alexandria, Va 7 359 Washington City 7 366 (343) Wilmington to Norfolk, Va. Via Wilmington and Raleigh R.R To Gareysburg,. (see 342). .167 Portsmouth and Roanoke R. R. Margaretsville 12 179 Boykins, Va. 9 188 Newson's Depot 5 193 Franklin 12 205 Carrsville 5 210 Suffolk Court House 14 224 Portsmouth 17 241 Norfolk 1 242 (344) Wilmington to Nkwbern. To Strickland's, (see 342). . .48 Stage. Kenansville 10 58 Hallsville 8 66 Richland 20 86 Market Place 9 95 Trenton 10 105 Nkwbern 20 125 10 110 ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA. (345) Wilmington to Charles- ton, S. C. Steamboat. To Smith ville 30 CuARJKsroN 140 170 (346) Wilmington to Fayettk- VILLE. To Robinson^ 16 Westbiook 15 31 Elizabethtown 17 48 Prospect Hall 17 65 Fayktteville 21 86 (347) Fayetteville to Marion CctuRT House, S. C. To Little Rock 6 SLPaiifs 9 15 Lumberton 16 31 Leesville 11 42 Gaddvsville 10 52 Marion C. H. 23 75 (348) Fayetteville to Cheraw, S.C. To Davis' Springs 14 Randailsville 12 26 Montpei.ei- 6 32 Laurel Hill 8 40 Brightsville, S. C 18 58 Cheraw 12 70 (349) Fayetteville to Char- lotte. To Davis' Springs 14 Randailsville 12 26 Montpelier 6 32 Rockinuhara 25 57 Tindalsville 11 68 Lilesville 5 73 Wadesboro' 5 78 Lanesboro' 13 91 Jenkin's ?=tore 13 104 Cobuni's Store 9 113 Orrville 5 118 Maxwell's Store 5 123 Charloite 7 130 (350) Fayetteville to Salisbury. To Pearson's Mills 14 JohnsunviUe 9 23 Carthage 16 39 Peets' 12 51 Caledonia 6 57 Sugg's Bridge 6 63 Hili'sStore 15 78 Mount Lebanon 8 88 Healing Springs 8 94 Salisbury 18 112 (351) Fayetteville to Warsaw. To Owensville 20 Clinton 15 35 Springvale 8 43 Warsaw, (on railroad) 6 49 (352) Fayetteville to Raleigh. To Averysboroiigh 25 MiddleCreek 23 48 Raleigh 12 60 (353) Raleigh to Washington, D G. Raleigh and Gaston R. R. ToNeuse 9 Forestville 6 15 Frnnklintoa 11 26 Staunton 11 37 Henderson 7 44 Ridgeway 13 57 Macon Depot 10 67 Littleton 11 78 Gaston 9 87 Orecnville R. R. Rnland's,Va. 10 97 Hicksford's 11 108 Washington, (see 342). ..182 290 (354) Raleigh to Washington, N. C Via Rocky J\Iount, To Eagle Rock 12 Wakefield 8 20 Stanhope 13 33 Nashville 12 45 Rocky Mount (on railroad) .16 61 Tarboro' 17 78 Sparta 8 86 Falkland 8 94 GreenvUle 9 103 Pactolus 13 116 Washington 13 129 (355) Raleigh to Beaufort. Via TVnynfsboro'' and JSTcwbern. To Gulley's Store 9 Smithfield 18 27 Boon Hill 10 37 Waynesborough 14 51 Goldsboro' (on railroad) — 1 52 Moselv Hall 11 63 Kioaton 16 79 ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA, 111 Trenton 26 105 PoUoksviUe 12 117 Nkvvbern 8 125 Craveasville 17 142 Beaufort 31 173 (356) Nevvbern to Norfolk, Va. Via Plymouth and Edenton. To Swift Creek Bridge 17 Washington 18 35 Plymouth ••••... .35 70 Edenton, (by steamboat) . . .20 90 Hertford 12 102 Woodville 11 113 Elizabeth City 10 123 New Lebanon 12 135 Deep Creek 25 160 Norfolk 10 170 (357) Edenton to Norfolk, Va. Via Currituck C. H. To Hertford 12 Woodville 11 23 Elizabeth City 10 33 Camden 5 38 Shiloh 6 44 Indianto wn 6 .50 Currituck Court House 10 60 N. W, River Bridge, Va . • .15 75 Great Bridge 14 8fl Norfolk 10 99 (358) Halifax to Plymouth. Via IViUiainston, To Scotland Neck 22 Palmyid 7 29 Roanoke 5 34 Hamilton 8 42 Williamston 13 55 Gardner's Bridge 11 66 Plymouth 11 77 (359) Raleigh to Salisbury. Via Greensboro''. Moringsville 20 Chapel Hill 8 28 Hillsborough 12 40 Mason's Hall 9 49 Haw River 11 60 Albright's 6 66 AUemance 6 72 Greensboro' _ 13 85 Jamestown ". U 96 BrummeU's 10 106 Rich Fork 6 112 Lexington 8 120 Salisbury 17 137 (360) Raleigh to Salisbury* Via Ashboro\ To Grove 20 Hackney's Cross Roads 7 27 Pittsborough 8 35 St. Lawrence 12 47 Marley's Mills 10 57 Ashboro' = 16 73 Carraway 9 82 Spencer 8 90 Cotton Grove 11 101 Salisbury 16 in (361) Salisbury to Ashville. Via Lincolnton. To Miranda 14 Mount Jlourne 12 2tv Bealtie's Ford 8 .34 Catawba Springs 4 38 Vesuvius Fui'nace 4 42 Lincolnton 10 52 Wilsonville 13 65 Garner's Ford 7 72 Rutherford ton 23 95 Fairview 29 124 Ashville 12 136 (362) Salisbury to Warm Springs. Via Morgantown and JishviUe. To Cowaiisville 16 Statesville 11 27 PoplarGrove 9 36 Newton 5 41 Chestnut Oak 11 52 Drowning Creek 11 63 Morgantown 15 78 Marion Court House 26 104 Old Fort 10 114 Swannano 12 126 Ashville 13 139 Lapland 20 159 Warm Springs 17 176 (363) Salisbury to Yorkvillf, S. C. To Concord 20 Harrisburg 12 32 Charlotte 7 39 White Hall 8 47 Ranaleburg 8 55 Yorkvile, S. C 17 72 (364) Salisbury to Cheraw, S.C. To Rockville 15 Kendall's Store 10 25 Albemarle 3 28 112 ROUTES IN N. CAROLINA- CAROLINA. Norwood 12 40 Cedar IJill 5 45 Beverly 6 51 Wadesboro' 6 57 Morven 10 67 Sneedsboro' 4 71 Cheraw, S. C 10 81 (365) Greensboro' to Halifax, Va. Monticello 13 High Rock 8 21 Lenox Castle 3 24 Slade's •••• 7 31 Yanceyville 9 40 Milton 13 53 Cunningham's 10 63 Bloomsburg 9 72 Halifax 13 85 (366) Greensboro' to Wythe- VILLE, Va. To New Garden 6 Friendship 3 9 Kernersville 7 16 Salem 11 27 OldTown 6 33 Bethania 3 36 Little Vadk in 9 45 Olive iMoimt 6 51 Tilmont 6 57 Mount Airy 11 68 Good Hpur, Va 22 90 Hillsvihe -... 8 98 Jackson's Ferry 9 107 WVTHEVILLE 13 120 (367) Salem to Knoxville, Tenn. To Panther Creek 11 Huntsville 10 21 Hamptouville 18 39 Chapell's Cross Roads 6 45 Dennyville 5 50 VVilkesboro' 16 66 Reddy's River 13 79 Jeflerson 17 96 North Fork 12 108 Taylorsville, Tenn 14 122 Moore's Iron Works 9 131 Dagger's f-'erry 9 140 Elizabethtown 13 153 Jonesboro' 18 171 Leesburg 5 176 Rheatown 10 186 Hendt:rson's Mills 4 190 Greenville 6 196 Gustavus 13 209 Cheek's Cross Roads 14 223 Morristown 6 229 Panther Springs 5 234 Mossy Creek 8 242 New Market 4 246 Strawberry Plains 9 255 Knoxville 16 271 (368) Salem to Raleigh. To Kernersville U Friendship 7 18 New Garden 3 21 Greensboro' 6 27 Alleraance 13 40 Albright's 6 46 Haw River 6 52 Mason's Hall H 63 Hillsboro' 9 70 Chapel Hill : 12 84 MoringsvUle 8 92 Raleigh 20 112 SOUTH CAROLINA. (369) Charleston to Augusta, Ga. Via South Carolina R. B. To Sineath's 13 Ladson's 5 18 Summerville 4 22 Inabnet's 9 31 Ross's 6 37 St. George's 1 1 48 Branchville 14 62 Ed isto Turnout 4 66 Midway 6 72 Graham's 9 81 Blackville 9 90 WiUiston 9 99 Windsor 8 107 Johnson's 8 115 Aiken 5 120 Marsh's 8 128 Hamburg 8 136 Augusta, Ga 1137 (370) Charleston to Savannah. Steamboat. To Sullivan's-Island 6 North Edisto River 28 34 St. Helena Sound 15 49 Port Royal Entrance 20 69 Savannah River 20 89 Savannah 18 107 ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 113 (371) Charleston to Savannah. To Jacksoiiboro' 32 Ashepo Ferry 9 41 Blue House 9 50 Collins Cross Roads 10 60 Pocotaligo 4 64 GillisonviHe 5 69 Grahamsville 10 79 Perrysburg 15 94 Savannah, Ga 18 112 (372) Charleston to Camden. To Camden Junction, (see 373) 106 Camden Branch R. R. Camden 44 150 (373) Charleston to Columbia. Via South Carolina R. R. ToSineatli's 13 Ladsun's 5 18 SummerviUe 4 22 Inabnel's 9 31 Ross's 6 37 St. Geori?e's 11 48 Branchville 14 62 Cohanbia and Branchville R. R. Orangeburg 18 80 Semerson's fi 86 Lewisvilie 5 91 Fort Motte 8 99 Camden Junction 7 106 Gadsden 5 111 Hopkins 8 119 Woodlands 5 124 Columbia 5 129 (374) Columbia to Augusta, Ga. To Lexington Court House. 12 Leesville" 18 30 Ridge 10 40 Edgefield Court House 17 57 Hamburg . . 18 75 Augusta — . 1 76 (375) Columbia to Fayetteville, N.C. To Camden 33 Tiller's Ferry 25 58 Cheravv 34 92 Brightsville 12 104 Laurel Hill, N. C. 18 122 Montpelier 8 130 Randallsville 6 136 D avis' Springs 12 148 Fayetteville 14 162 (376) Columbia to Salisbury, N.C. To Cookham 20 Winsboro' 9 29 Yonguesville 12 41 Blackstock's 5 46 Chester Court House 11 57 Brattonsville 12 69 (iuthriesville 3 72 Yorkville 7 79 Ranaleburg 17 96 White HaU 8 104 Charlotte 8 112 Harrisburg 7 119 Concord 12 131 Salisbury 20 151 (377) Columbia to Rsstherford- ton, N. C. To Cedar Creek 12 Thompson's 12 24 McMeekin's 4 28 Monticello 3 31 Glympville 6 37 Maybintown 5 42 Goshen Hill 8 50 Beaverdam 5 55 Unionville 12 67 Bogansville 11 78 Glenn Springs 5 83 Spartansburo 12 95 Damascus 9 104 Buck Creek 7 111 Island Ford, N. C 6 117 RUTHERFORDTON 15 132 (378) Columbia to Warm Springs, N.C. Via Oreenville. ToOakville 13 Pomaria 13 2G Newberry Court House 16 42 Pagesville 9 51 Huntsville 7 58 Holland's 5 63 Lauren's Court House 9 72 Greenwood 11 83 Fountain Inn 9 92 Greenville C. H 15 107 Traveller's Rest 10 117 Orleans 8 125 Verrittsville 5 130 FlatRock,N.C 13 143 Hendersonville 7 150 10* 114 ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA. Mud Creek 5 155 Limestone 5 160 ashville 10 170 Warm Springs 37 207 (379) Augusta, Ga., to Gillison- VILLE. To Silverton, S. C 17 Four Mile Branch 9 26 Speedwell 32 Lower Three Runs 10 .42 Erwinton 11 53 KingCrcek 6 59 Robertsville 28 87 GiLLISONVILLE 12 99 (380) Augusta, Ga., to Green- ville. To Hamburg 1 Edgefield 18 19 Duntonsville 9 28 Longmire's 9 37 Winter Seat 5 42 Fraziersville 9 51 Abbeville Court House .... 9 60 Temple of Health 10 70 Varennes 10 80 Anderson Court House 5 85 Steel's 9 94 Pendleton 7 101 Double Branches 8 109 PickensviHe 8 117 Greenville 13 130 (381) Charleston to Darlington Court House. ToPineville 51 Kingslree 23 74 Camp Bridge 13 87 Effingham ....13 100 Darlington, C. H 20 120 (382) Charleston to George- town. To Georgetown 60 (383) Georgetown to Wilming- ton, N. C. To Bucksville 35 Conwavboro' 9 44 Little River 28 72 Shallotte, N. C 22 94 Bmithsville 21 115 Wilmington 30 145 (384) Georgetown to Cheraw. To China Grove 24 Lvnch's Creek 19 43 Jeffrey's Creek 23 66 Mars' Bluff 7 73 Darlington C. H 13 86 Society Hill 15 101 Cheraw 15 116 (385) Georgetown to Sumtkr- VILLE. To China Grove 24 IndianTown 13 37 Kinsstree -...13 50 Salem 14 64 Bradlevville 14 78 Sumterville 10 88 (386) YoRKviLLE to Abbeville. To Blairsville 10 Pinckney ville 10 20 Decatui- 9 29 Unionville 7 36 Cedar Grove 6 42 Cross Keys 6 48 Huntington 8 56 Lauren's Couj-t House 12 68 Waterloo 11 79 Stony Point 5 84 DeadFall 7 91 Abbeville 10 101 (387) YoRKviLLE to Camden. To EbenezerA'ille 13 Coates' Tavern 8 21 Landsford 10 31 Catawba 12 43 Long Street 3 46 Drv Cieek 4 50 Russell Place 8 58 Liberty Hill 8 66 Red Hill 6 72 Camden 16 88 GEORGIA. (3S8) Savannah to Macon. Central Railroad. To Eden Depot 20 Reform 10 30 Armenia J6 46 Halcyondale 4 50 Scarborough 20 70 Millen....". 10 80 Midville 10 90 ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 116 Holcomb 10 100 | Davisborough 22 12-2 Tenville 14 13G Oconee 11 147 Emmeti 5 152 Gordon 18 170 Larksviile 10 180 Macon II 191 (389) Macon to Atlanta. M'lcon and Western R. R. To Howard's 6 Prattsviile. 11 17 Forsylh 7 24 Collier's G 30 Goggau's 5 3.5 Barnesville 5 40 Milner's 7 47 Griffin 11 58 Fosterville 15 73 Jouesboro' 7 80 Tucker's Cabin 7 87 PoolesviUe 3 90 Atlanta 11 101 (390) Atlanta to Chattanooga. Western and Atlantic R. R. To Bolton ville 8 Marietta 12 20 Acwonh 15 35 AUatoona 5 40 Cartersville 10 50 Hamilton 5 55 Kingston 5 60 Adairsville 10 70 Oothcalo'^^a 9 79 Oostanuula 5 84 Dalton 15 99 Tunnel 7 lOG Ringold 7 113 Tennessee Line 7 120 Chattanooga 16 136 (391) Savannah to Augusta. ToMillen, (see 8S8) 80 Augustd and Waynesboro R. R. Lumpkins 10 90 Thomas 5 95 Waynesboro 6 101 Augusta 30 131 (392) Savannah to Milledge- ville. ToEmmctt 152 Stage. MiLLKDGEVILLE 22 174 (393) Savannah to Columbus. To Macon, (see 388) 191 Columbus, (see 405) 94 285 (394) Savannah to St. Augustine, Vk. To Old Court House 17 Riceboro' 17 34 South Newport 9 43 Darien 19 62 Bethel 18 80 VVaynesville 12 92 Langsburg 7 99 Jeffei'sonton 18 117 St. Mary's 22 139 Kirkland 20 159 Jacksonville 30 189 St. Augustine 40 229 (395) Darien to Bainbridqe. To Bethel 18 Wavnesville 12 30 VVaresboro' 55 85 Allapaha 48 133 Troiipville 22 155 Sharp's Store 12 167 Okapilco 10 177 Thomasville 26 203 Cairo 22 225 Bainbridge 20 245 (396) Augusta to Atlanta. Georgia R. R. To Belair 10 Berzelia U 21 Lorabaniy 8 29 Thompson 9 38 Camac 9 47 Double Wells 5 52 Camming 5 57 Crawfordsville 8 65 JeflFerson Hall 6 71 Union Point 5 76 Greensboro' 7 83 Buckhead 13 96 Madison 8 104 Rutledge 8- 112 Social Circle 8 120 Covington 10 130 Conyer's 11 141 Lithonia 6 147 Stone Mountain 8 155 Decatur 10 165 Atlanta 6 171 116 ROUTES IX GEORGIA. (397) Augusta to Charlestox, ToHamburjj..^.'..' 1 Marsh's 8 9 Aiken 8 17 Johnson's 5 22 Windsor 8 30 VViliiston 8 38 Blackville » 47 Graham's 9 56 Wedway 9 65 Edislo turnout 6 71 Branchville 4 75 St. George's 14 89 Ross's 11 100 Inabnet's 6 106 Summerville 9 115 Ladson's 4 11!) Sineath's 5 124 Charleston 13 137 (398) AuGiSTA to Athens. To Union Point, (see 396) . .76 ,'ltlicns Branch R. R. Woodville 5 81 Bairdstowu 3 84 Maxev's 4 88 Salmunville 5 93 Lexint,'ton Depot 5 98 Athens 18 116 (399) Augusta to Clarksvili.k. To Darby's 12 Culbreattrs 10 22 Eubank's 6 28 Double Branches 3 31 Lincolnton 10 41 Goshen 6 47 Petersbiug 8 55 Cook's LaV Office 14 69 Elberton 9 78 Eagle Grove 19 97 Bowersville 12 109 Fairview 5 114 Carneriville 6 120 Bancroft 7 127 Clarksville 20 147 (400) Augusta to Milledge- VILLE. To Camac, (see 396) 47 Warrenton • 4 51 Mayfield 10 61 Sparta 12 73 Devereaux's Store 8 81 MlLLEDGEVlLLE 15 96 (401) MiLLEDGEVILLE tO MaCON. To Wallace 16 Macon 15 31 (402) Macon to Darien. To Rutland G Websterville 5 11 Busbavville 6 17 Perry.' 12 29 Hayneville 10 39 Hawkinsville 12 51 Copeland 26 77 Temperance 8 85 Jacksonville 15 100 Lumber City 23 123 Boxville 6 129 Colquit 7 136 Perry's Mills 11 147 Surrency 16 163 Fort Barrington 45 208 Darien 12 220 (403) Macon to t 'hattahoochee. South Western B. R. Echecnnnee 12 Mule Creek 8 20 Fort Yallev 8 28 Marshalville T 35 Marthn^ville 7 42 Montezuma 6 43 Oglf.thokpe 2 50 Americus 23 74 Slarkville 25 99 Palmyra 12 111 Albany 5 116 Newton 25 141 Bainbridge 38 179 Chattahoochee 25 204 (404) Macon to Athens. To Clinton 15 Blountsville 10 25 Cloplon's Mills 7 32 ?=tanibrdsville 5 37 Eatontou 11 48 Madison 20 68 Salem 10 78 Farmington 5 83 WatkinsviUe 7 90 Athens 7 97 (405) Macon to Columbus. To Warrior 11 Echoconna 3 14 Knoxviile 11 25 Fraucisville 6 31 ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 117 Union 7 38 Davistiiii 1-2 50 Talbothm 12 62 EUerslie 16 78 Columbus 16 94 (40G"> Columbus to Griffin. To Harrison 9 Catawba G 15 Hamilton 7 22 King's Gap 8 30 White Sulphur Springs-... 6 36 Farmersvillo 5 41 Greenville 6 47 Texas 14 61 Erin 4 65 Mount Mourne 11 76 Griffin 8 84 (407) Columbus to Atlanta. To EUerslie 16 Waverly Hall 7 23 Blufif Springs 3 26 Bellevue 7 33 Pleasant Hill 5 38 Double Bridges 5 43 Thomaston.. 10 53 Union Hill 11 64 Barnesville 7 71 M cun and fVestern R. B, Milner's 7 78 Griffin 11 89 Fosterville 15 104 Jonesboro' 7 111 Tucker's Cabin 7 118 Poolesville 3 121 Atlanta 11 132 (408) Columbus to Rossville. To Harrison 9 Catawba 6 15 Hamilton 7 22 Cochran's Cross Roads 5 27 Carlisle 5 32 Cane Point 4 36 La Grange 8 44 Corinth 15 59 Willow Grove 6 65 Newnan 9 74 Lodi 9 83 Rotherwond 4 87 Carrollton 12 99 Tallapoosa 2» H9 Cedai-town 18 135 Courtesy 13 148 Rome 10 158 Dirttovvn 16 174 Summerville 8 182 Islandtown 5 187 La Fayette 17 204 Rock Spring 8 212 RossviLLE 13 225 (409) Atlanta to Montgomery. Fia La Grange R. R. To Junction 6 Fairburn 12 18 Palmetto. 7 25 Newnan 15 40 Hogansville 19 59 La Grange 13 72 Long Cane 10 82 West I'oint - • • 5 87 Montgomery and West Point R. R. Opelica 21 108 Auburn 7 115 Loachapoka 7 122 Notasulga 5 127 Chehaw 8 135 Franklin 7 142 Montgomery 33 175 (410) Griffin to Montgomery. To Mount Mourne 8 Greenville 29 37 Mounlville 10 47 La Grange 9 56 Long Cane 10 66 West Point 5 71 Montgomery, (see 409) . . .97 168 (411) Covington to Newnan. To Oak Hill 11 McDonough 12 23 Fosterville 11 34 Fayetteville 9 43 Kidron 11 54 Newnan 12 66 (412) Athens to Clayton. To Diniplsville 20 Madison Springs 6 26 Carnesville....^ 12 38 Bancroft 7 45 Clarksville 20 65 Clayton 19 84 118 ROUTES IN GEORGIA FLORIDA. (413) Athens to Dahlonega.. To Jefferson 17 Cunningham's Store 9 20 Gainesville 14 40 Lucksville 6 46 New Bridge 12 58 Auraria 4 62 Dahlonega 5 67 (414) Dahlonega to Dalton. To Amicolola 16 Prince Edward 12 28 EUijay 11 39 Coosawattee 16 55 Spring Place 10 65 Dalton 8 73 (415) Greensboro' to Abbeville, S.C. ToWood-^ille 8 Woodstock 8 16 Washington 15 31 Danburv 10 41 Petersburg 13 54 Calhoun's Mills, S. C. 8 62 Lebanon 6 68 Abbeville 6 74 FLORIDA. (416) St. Augustine to Darien, Ga. To Jacksonville 40 Kirkland 30 70 St. Mary's, Ga. 20 90 Jeffersonton 22 112 Langsburg 18 130 Wavnesville 7 137 Bethel 12 149 Darien 18 167 (417) St. Augustine to Tampa Bay. To Fort Peyton 9 Pilatka ^ 20 29 Orange Springs 20 49 Fort King 25 74 Long Swamp 15 89 Okahumpka 18 107 Fort D:ide 40 147 Fort Foster 20 167 Tampa 21 188 (418) St. Augustine to Talla- hassee. ToPicolata IS Carey's Ferry 23 41 Fort Harlee 25 66 Newnansville 21 87 EUisville 17 104 Alligator 18 122 Little River P. O. 15 137 Lower Mineral Springs .... 14 151 Columbus 17 168 Madison Court House 13 181 Talofa 7 188 Fort Hamilton 10 198 Maiion ^ 22 220 Lipona 10 230 Tallahassee 14 244 (419) Tallahassee to Alligator. Via Monticello. To Miccosukee 20 Monticello 18 38 Cherry Lake 30 68 Woodland 10 78 Benton 6 84 Jasper 16 100 ^V'hite Springs 17 117 Alligator 15 132 (420) Tallahassee to St. Marks. To St. Marks 22 (421) Tallahassee to Bain- ERIDGE, Ga. To Salubrity ...12 Quincy 12 24 Bainbridge 24 48 (422) Tallahassee to Mobile, Ala. To Salubrity 12 Quincy 12 24 Chattahoochee 21 45 Marianna 31 76 Webbville 10 86 Campbellton 13 99 Geneva 24 123 Almirante 53 176 Milton 45 221 Floridatown 9 230 Pens AC OLA 14 244 Blakely 58 302 Mobile 14 316 ROUTES IN FLORIDA. 119 (423) Appai.achicola to Colum.- Bl'S, Ga. !Sl.ea III boat. To Fort Gadsden 24 lola 28 52 Blouiitstown 40 92 Ochesee 15 107 Chattahoochee 16 123 Brown's Ferry 30 153 WoodvUle, Ala 18 171 Columbia 16 187 Fort Gaines, Ga. 35 222 Eufaula, Ala. 30 252 Roanoke, Ga 23 275 Fort Mitchell, Ala 48 323 CoLUMBua, Ga 13 336 120 THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. The states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisianaj find Texas, are comprised in tiiis division of the Union. They are bound- ed N. by the southern line of Virginia and Kentucky, and the parallel of 36° 30' N. lat. ; VV. by New Mexico and the Rio Grande , S, by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina. This section lies between latitudes 26° and 36° 42 N., and between longitudes 81° and 103° W. from Greenwich; and includes an area of 459,428 square miles. These states are situated in the lower valley of the Mississippi, and in the bashi of the Gult of Mexico. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas are m-ostly within the latter; while Tennessee and Arkansas, with the northern poi-tions of the other states, are drained by the tributaries of the Mississippi river. The rivers of the south fall into the Gulf, and have generally a dii'ect southern descent. Considerable diversity of soil, climate, and productions obtains in the several states: in the north the land is generally elevated, but with trifling exceptions not mountainous; and has a rolling surface, and a climate much cooler than that of the south. The southern section is low and level, and in many parts swampy. The climate here is almost tropical, and in the lower regions Veryimhealthy. The varied productions of these states, however, form Bome of the great staples of the Union, and contribute largely to th» an- nual aggregate enrninLrs of American industry. The social institutions of these states are much akin each to the other, and slavery, in a greater or lesser degree, is common to all. ' With the exception of a few scattered settlements along the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, the commencement of the present century found the whole of these states a wilderness, inhabited only by the In- dian, and the wild animals of the forest and prairie. The i-apidity of settlement, and the progress of population since that period, though not so great as in the north-west, have been wonderful. The chief part of that wilderness is now mider cultivation, and the population which then numbered only 30,000, has now swelled to upwards of 3,000,000 : while the material wealth of the settlers has been developed with astonishing THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 121 Except Texas, which formed a part of the Vice-royalty of New Spain, the country now divided into the several states above named belonged originally to the French. That portion E. of the INlississippi was ceded to Engkmd in 1763, and reverted to the United States by the terms of the treaty of 1783 ; and Louisiana, mider which title was included all the lands W. of the Mississippi as far north as the British Possessions, (49P N. lat.) was piuchased of France in 1803. Texas became a part of thtf Union in 1846. THE STATE OE TENXESSEE. Area 45,600 square miles. — Population 1,002,625« Tennessee, once a part of North Carolina, lies between 35° and 360 42' N. lat., and between 81° 30' and 90° 10' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Kentucky and Virginia ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and INlissoiiri, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. The Cumberland IVlountains traverse this state centrally from north- east to south-west, and divide the temtory into two unequal paits. The eastern section is mountainous, being intersected by several ridges ; the elevated valleys between which ai'e very fertile, and the climate con- genial to the perfection of the cereals and fruits which flourish in the middle latitudes. The western section is chiefly level, but towards the central range of hills becomes first imdulating, and then more abrupt and elevated. In this region the soil, especially on the margins of the rivers, is deep, rich, and fertile. Tennessee produces cotton, tobacco, hemp, and a variety of other staples, both of the North and South. The state is watered by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivtrs, the first of which rises in the eastern section of the state, traverses it from north to south, and thence has its course in Alabama, from which it again emerges W. of the mountains, and then passes northward through the state to the Ohio, into which it empties. The Cumberland rises on the W. side of the mountains in Kentucky, and traverses the nui-them part of the western section, and also falls into the Ohio a few miles E. of the mouth of the Tennessee. These are large rivers, and navigable for a great distance. Several small streams belonging to this state, fall into the Mississippi. The climate is generally healthy, and vegetation commences from six to seven weeks earlier than in the New England States. Cattle reqture BO housing in the winter. Like the state of Kentucky, Tennessee has numerous caves, some of 11 122 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. Vhich contain human skeletons, and the bones of various animals. Ona «ave has been explored for a distance of 10 miles. In the Cumberland Mountains are some very singulai- impressions of the feet of men, horses, and other animals, as distinctly marlied in the solid limestone as if made in moist clay. Petrifactions of various kinds are found in m:uiy places : petrified trees and animals ai-e abundant ; and among these are the bones of the Mastodon, and the organic remains of animals long since extinct. Immense banks of oyster-shells, of enoi'mous size, have been found in the southern part of the state. The mineral pi-oductions of Tennessee are iron, bituminous coal, and some small amounts of lead and gold. Granite and salt are also ob- tained. The immense water-power afforded by the rivers gives to the state great advant;iges for manufactming, and these advantages are being developed by artificial improvements, and the erection of factories and mUls on the courses of the streams. Great progress has been made in the manufacture of cotton goods, and the woollen business is also be- coming extensive. But as yet agriculture is the chief employment of the people, cotton and tobacco being the great staples. Wheat, oats, and Indian corn are the chief cereal products, scai'cely any rye, barley, or buckwheat being grown. Flax and hemp are also largely cultivated. The direct foreign commerce is very small, but no inconsiderable amount of produce finds its way to New Orleans for exportation. The internal trade is considerable, but is much impeded from the want of good roads. Of railioads 2S7 miles only are built, but in a few years many more now in progress will pass through the state, uniting the western rivers with the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. There are two universities and six colleges in Teimessee, each having from two to seven professors, and an aggregate of some 500 students. A Roman Catholic seminary has been established at Nashville, and a Presbyterian seminary at Maiyville. At Memphis there is a medical college, and at 1 .ebanon a law school. There are also about 170 acad- emies and grammar schools, attended by 6,000 students, and about 1,200 primary and common schools, attended by 28,000 scholars. This is but a small number in so lai'ge a population. Education, however, is liber- ally pi-ovided for, and it seems to depend more on the people them- selves than on their governors, that it is not more generally diffused. The Slate is divided into three districts, viz. the Eastern. Jliddle, and Western, and into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns are — Nashville, Knuxville, Fayetteville, Memphis, &c. Nashvillk, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland river, at the head of steam navigation, 122 miles from its mouth. The city is built on an elevated site, and the streets are laid out in regular equares. The public buildings are the State House, Lunatic Asylum, Penitentiary, 3 banks, 13 churches, the University buildings, &c. Water THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 123 l8 raised by a steam-engine from the river for tlie supply of the city. Numerous steamboats ply between Nashville and Cincimiati, and other places. The city is rapidly rising to importance, and Us prosperity will be much enhanced when the projected railroad to Chattanooga is com- pleted, as it will then have an miintenupted access to the Atlantic sea- boai-d at Charleston and Savannah. Owing to its healthy situation, Nashville is much resorted to in the Summer season by people from the lower country. The population is 10,478. Carthage, Lebanon, Gal- latin, Franklin, and Clarkksville, in the valley of the Cumberland, are thriving villages. Knoxville, on the N. bank of the Holston river, a few miles W. of its junction with French Broad river, and at the head of sfcam navi- gation, is a considerable town, and was formerly the state capital. East- ern Tennessee college is located here. The population amounts to between 4,000 and 5,000. A railroad is in progress from this place to miite with the Western and Atlantic, by which the town will enjoy the advantages of two ports on the Atlantic. The vicinity is thickly settled, and a number of large villages occupy the surrounding country. Chattanooga, on the S. bank of the Tennessee, is a thriving vil- lage, and derives importance from being the present terminus of the Western and Athmtic Railroad, which is to be continued to Nash- ville. Kingston, on the Tennessee at its junction with the Holston, is also a thriving place. The other places of note in the sta*i.e are— Fay- etteville, at the head of navigation on the Elk river; Savannah, Reynoldsburg, and Perrysburg, on the Tennessee; Columbia, on Duck creek; INIurfreesboro', on Stone river, formerly the capital, &c. Memphis is the most important place on the J ississippi. It is situated on the site of old Fort Pickering. The commerce of the city ia perhaps more extensive than that of any other in the state. The Uni- ted States have a rope factoiy at this place. Population 6,000. Bolivar, Randolph, Covington, and some other extensive villages, lie to the N. of Memphis. Temiessee was originally included in North Carolina. Fort Loudon was built on the Little Tennessee in 1757, but in 1760 the garrison and settlers were massacred by the Cherokees. The first permanent settle- ment was eiffcted in 1768 by emigrants from Virginia. The territoiy was ceded by North Carolina to Congress in 1790, when it was erected into a separate government. In 1796 the inhabitants Ibi-nied a constitu- tion, and the state was admitted as an independent member of the Union. Tennessee has given two presidents to the United States, in the persons of Andrew Jackson and James Knox Polk. 124 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. THE STATE OF ALABAMA. ^irea 50,722 square miles. — Population 771,671. Alabama is situated between 30° 17' and 35° N lat., and between 84° 58' and 88° 26' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Tennessee; E. by Georgia ; S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi. The noi-thern districts, being penetrated by several ridges of the Alle- ghanies, are mountainous, but the remaining portions of the state are generally level, sloping towards the Gulf of Mexico. The soil, climate, and products of these two sections are essentially diffei-ent. In the north the soil is fertile, and covered with immense forests of oak, hickory, elm, ash, cedar, and poplar. The center of the state is com])aratively sterile ; and here the pine flourishes in luxuriancy. The soil of the south is rich and deep, and the natural gi-owths are cypress, swamp-oak, holly, and live-oak. Here also the olive, the orange, and lemon, come to per- fection ; and the climate is proper for the cultivation of cotton, sugar, and rice. The country between the Tombigbee and Alabama is the best portion of the state. Alabama is traversed by several fine rivers. The Tennessee drains the country northwest of the mountains. The south is drained by the Alabama and Tombigbee, which about 31° N. lat. unite and form the Mobile, which, after a short course, falls into Mobile Bay. The Ala- bama is formed by the miion of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, which unite in 32° 30' N. lat. The Tombigbee rises in the state of Mississippi, and before its junction with the Alabama, receives many considerable streams : the Black Warrior, one of its tributaries, is navigable almost to its source. The Pordido separates the state from East Florida. The bay of Mobile, which receives the maui body of the waters of the state, is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and affords some of the best harbors on the Gulf of Mexico. The waters, except at its entrance, are deep, and the anchorag'e safe. The moiuitainous regions of the north are rich in minerals. Iron and coal are abundant: the gi-eat coal region is in the neighborhood of Tus- caloosa. Gold is found in Randolph and Tallapoosa counties, in the north-eastern portion of the state. Besides these, granite, marble, lime, and gypsum are abundant. Salt is made in several parts. The prod- ucts of agricuUm-e are the various cereals, and the staples peculiar to the south, as tobacco, sugar, cotton, rice, &c. The forests yield lumber, with laj-ge amounts of resin and tm-pentine. In manufactures, the state Is rapidly increasing ; and several cotton-miUs have lately been erected. There are also lai'ge numbers of tanneries, and some minor manufactures. THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 125 Alabama eoioys an extensive foreign commerce, of which Mobile is the center. Thete are 143 miles of railroad in this state. The University at Tuscaloosa, founded in 18'28, is the chief collegiate institution ; it has 9 professors and about 100 students. The colleges at La Grange, Spring Hill, and Marion are also well attended. Attached to the Univeisity is a law school, and there are theological seminaries at Spring Hill and Marion. There are in the state about 130 academies and grammar schools, and between COO and 7U0 primary and common schools. Education, however, is far from being miiversal even among the white population. Alabama is divided into 52 counties. The principal cities and towns are — Tuscaloosa, ftlobile, Montgomery, &c. Montgomery, the state capital, at the head of steam navigation, on the east bank of the Alabama, is situated on a high bluff, and commands an extensive prospect. A large trade is carried on in this city, it bemg the center of an extensive cotton region. It is connected by railroad with West Point on the Georgia line, and steamboats ply regularly hence to Mobile. Population 6,400. Mobile, the most important place in the state, is situated on the west bank of Mobile river, at its entrance into the bay. It is built on a shghtly elevated plain, and has a splendid prospect. The commerce of the whole state centers here, and as a cotton mart, Mobile ranks next to Charleston. Immense quantities of this and the other staples from the upper districts, and also from western Georgia and eastern Mississippi, are brought down the rivers in steamboats, and exported hence to the northern ports and foreign countries. The city is supplied with water brought for a distance of two miles through iron pipes. The harbor, though dilHcult of access, is good, and well protected. The port is situated on a low simdy point, at the mouth of the bay, opposite to Dauphin Island. Mobile was founded by the Spaniards in 1700, but did not become a place of importance until captiued in 1811 by the Americans. A number of regular steam and sailing vessels ply between this port and the principal cities in the Gulf and the Atlantic coasts ; and a railroad is projected to extend to the Ohio river, and ultimately to Chicago. Blake ley, opposite Mobile, on the Tensaw, has many advantages as a commercial point, but has never been able to supersede Mobile, although it enjoys a finer climate, and is perlectly healthy. The population of Mobile in 1840 was 12,672, and is at the present time about 20,513. Tuscaloosa, the fonner capital, is situated on Black Warrior river, at the head of navigation. It is a small, but thriving lown, being the center of an extensive agricultural and mining district. The University and old State House are the principal public buildings. The other principal places south of the mountains ai-e — St. Stephen'*! 11* 126 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. on the Tombigbee ; Cahawba, at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahawbu rivers ; Wetumpka, at the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers ; and several floiu-ishing towns besides St. Stephen's ai'e found on the Tombigbee. HuNTsviLLE, Florence, and Tuscumbia are flourishing villages in the northeru pai't of the state. The latter is connected with Decatur by raihoad. The natural outlet of this section is the Tennessee river, which la navigated by steamboats to Florence dui-ing the seasons of high water. The first settlement was made by the Spaniards at Mobile in 1700, at which period the southern part of the state formed a portion of Flori- da ; but it was also claimed by the French as a portion of Louisiana^ After the pm-chase of the latter by the United States, the Spaniards still held possession, and not imtil 1811 was the American claim to the coun- try south of 31° N. lat. enforced. In that year an expedition was fitted out, and the city captured; and the territory, which extended from the Eio Perdido to Pearl river, was subsequently divided between Alabama and Mississippi, which ensures to each a considerable seaboard. At tho time it came into the hands of the United States, very few inhabitants were found in all the district. In 1817, Alabama, within its present lim- its, was erected into a separate territorial government, and in 1820 be- came an independent state of the Union. That p;irt of the state N. of 31° was originally a portion of Georgia, and so remained until ceded to the United States in 1602. THE STATE OF inSSISSIPPI. Area 47,156 square viiles. — Popidation 60G,555. Mississippi lies between 30° 10' and 35° N. lat., and between 88° IC and 91° 35' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alaba- ma; S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by Louisiana and the Mississippi river. The southern part of this state, for 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is almost a dead level, and chiefly composed of swamps and marshes, overgrown with pines and cypresses. Further north, the country rises, and in some places is hilly and broken, but nowhere becomes moun- tainous. A range of bluffs stretches along the Mississippi, sometimes reaching almost to the margins of the river : these are an extension of the table-lands, which cover a portion of the state, and which have gen- erally a fertile soil. The low alluvial is the richest land, but this is not nnfrequently overflowed duiing the floods. The lands bordering on the THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 127 Yazoo are especially fertile, being a fine black mould. The great staple of Mississippi is cotton, but Indian corn, tobacco, indigo, &.C., are also lai-gely cultivated. The natural growths consist of valuable timber, with a great vai-iety of spices and fruits. The Gulf of Mexico skirts the southern shore of the state for 70 or 80 miles, and a chain of low and sandy islands line the coast. The princi- pal of these are Cat and Ship islands. The Bay of Pascagoula, lying between these and the mainland, is 65 miles long, and from 7 to 8 wide, and forms an inland navigation from Mobile bay to Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchartrain. No harbor admitting vessels of more than eight feet draught is found in all this distance. The Mississippi river winds along the western border for 520 miles. The Yazoo is the largest river entirely within the state, and is navigable foi- 50 miles. The Big Black is also a large river, but not so capacious as the Yazoo. The other riv- ers emptying into the Mississippi are small, and, except the Homochitto, not navigable. The Pascagoula and the Pearl flow S. into the Gulf of Mexico. The climate of this state is more mild and agi-eeable than Louisiana, except along the S. coast, where the atmosphere is uncomfortably hot and every way unhealthy. In these regions, however, the Ume and the orange flourish luxuriantly. In the N. the temperature ranges during the year between '20° and 94P Fahr. ; but these points may be consider- ed as extremes and of short duration. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The staple crops are cotton, tobacco, and rice. Manufactm-es have scai-cely a footing, and at best include only such as are imperatively necessary to the comfort of man and the protection of stores— among which we may include brick and lime making, and a few establishments for tanning leather and the manufacture of soap. Foreign commerce is carried on through the me- dium of New Orleans. The state contains 97 miles of railroad. The chief collegiate institutions in Mississippi are— the University at Oxford, founded in 1846; the CoUege at Oakland, foimded in 1830, and Centenaiy College in Rankin county, founded in 1841. The first is still in its infancy, but the two latter have established a reputation, and are well attended. Besides these, there are between 70 and 80 academies, and some 400 common schools in the state. A law on this subject was passed in 1846, by which each school-district, of which there are five in each county, is compelled to support common schools by taxation, and several small items of revenue are devoted to the same purpose. The larger towns have already adopted this system, but the sparseness of the population in the country is a formidable obstacle to the success of any general system. The state is divided into 50 counties. The chief cities and towns are, Jackson, Natchez, Vicksburg, Colmnbus, &.c. 128 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. JACKaON, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of Pearl river. II contain* the State House, a Penitentiary, and some other public build- ings. It is connected with Vicksburg by a railroad. Population 4,000. VicKSBURG lies on the western declivity of Walnut Hills, juid from the Mississippi river has a picturesque appearance. It contains several handsome buildmgs. Vicksburg is the depot of an extensive back- country, and the steamboat traffic in the cotton season is immense. Population between 5,000 and 6,000. Port Gibson, on Bayou Pierre, and between Vicksburg and Natchez, is a flourishing village. Population 2,600. Grand Gui.f, its port, is sit- uated oil the Mississippi. Natchez, 106 miles S. of Vicksburg, is the largest and most business- like town in the state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 121 miles below the mouth of Yazoo river. It consists of two parts; the lower town, which is situated immediately on the river, and the upper town, which is built on a bluff which rises abruptly 300 feet above the level. The first is devoted to the conveniences of those trafficking on the river, and the latter for the residences of the better class ol society. The streets are wide, regular, and shaded with ornamental trees. Natchez contains many elegant buildings, and during a pai't of the year is a pleas- ant and not mihealthy abode. It is the great cotton mart of the lower Yazoo district. Population about 8,000. Yazoo City, on the river of the same name; Commerce, on the Mississippi near the north boundary; Monticello, the former capi- tal ; WooDViLLE, in the S. VV. corner of the state ; and Mississippi City and SiiiELDSBORo' on the Cult; are some others of the more considera- ble towns. CoLLMBLS, at the head of steam navigation on the Tombigbee river, enjoys considerable commerce, and is the depot of a large agricultural neighborhood. An immense trade is done here. Population about 8,000. This portion of the United States was discovered by De Soto, a Span- ish adventuier, who, in 1540, reached the Mississippi from Florida, and died on the banks of that river in 1542. The first settlement in the present state was made at Natchez by the French in 1710, but in 1719 the colony was massacred by the Indians. In 1763 it was ceded to Eng- land, and became a part of Georgia. In 1802 the whole territory W. of Georgia was purchased by the General Government, and organized tm- der the title of the Mississippi Territory ; but in 1817, Mississippi was portioned off as a state, while the remainder of the territory w.is erected into a sepaiate government. The portion of the state below 31° N. lat belonged to Florida until 1811, when it was captured by the United Stales on the assumption of its being a pari of the Louisiana purchaae, and then attached to the Mississippi Territory. THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 129 THE STATE OF AKKAXSAS. Area 52,198 square miles.— Population 209,639. Arkansas is situated between 33° and 36° 30' N. lat., and between 89° 50' and 940 30' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Missoiu-i ; E. by the Mississippi river ; S. by Louisiana, and \V. by Texas and the Indian Territo;y. The eastern portion of the state, bordering on the Mississippi, is an extended plain, and so low as to be frequently inundated. In the central districts the siu-face is undulating, and in some p;u-ts broken. The westr em section is hilly and the soil sterile, and a large portion absolutely worthless for any agricultural purpose. The Black ISIoimtains, N. of the Arkansas river, and the Washita Hills, at the head-waters of the Wa- shita, are considerable elevations. The principal rivers in the state are the Arkansas, which is navigable to Fort Cibsun ; the White, a consid- erable stream which joins the Arkansas near its mouth, and has itself several large atfluents ; the Red River, which passes through the S. W. corner of the state, and forms its southei-n boundary for a few miles, and the St. Francis, on the N. E. The W^ashita, Saline, and other affluents of the Red River, drain the southern districts. The mineral resources of Arkansas are little known. The mountains contain iron, lead, coal, and salt, but they have been but little worked. Extensive deposites of ma- rine shells are found, and a large number of hot and warm springs exist near the head of the Washita. The shell deposites have proved useful in supplying the settlers with lime. The soil in the low country is very rich, but requires draining. In the undulating region it is easily culti- vated, and pi-oduces very fine crops of grain and gi-asses. The climate is generally mild and equable, but the winters are oc- casionally severe, owing to the cold north winds which sweep over the countiy, and at times lay waste large districts. Except in the swamp regions on the Mississippi, it is remai-kably healthy. Grapes, plums, and several other descriptions of fruits, grow wild. Arkansas is altogether an agricultural state. The attention of the peo- ple is generally bestowed on the cultivation of cotton, for which the more thickly settled part of the country is well adapted. Indian corn is largely grown, but the crops of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, are very small: no buckwheat is gi-own. The cultivation of cotton has trebled in amount during the past 10 years. Cattle and hogs are numerous, but the flocks of sheep are small in proportion to the means of rearing them. Lumber, pitch, and turpentine are produced in large quantities, and the furs and skins of animals are exported to some extent. Manu- 130 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. factm-es extena only to a few articles of immediate necessity. The state has no direct foreign commerce : its cotton and other products are sent down the Mississippi and Red River to New Orleans, and thence shipped to Europe and the northern ports. The internal trade is not extensive, being impeded from the want of good roads, and from obstructions in the rivers. No railroads have yet been built in the state. Perhaps on the whole, Arkansas is the least improving or progressive state in the Union, and the one least inviting to settlers. Education is not fostered in Arkansas. Though Congress granted seventy-two sections of land for the endowment of a seminary of learn- ing, there is neither miiversity nor college in the state. In some of the larger towns there are academies, but we have no means of ascertaining their condition. There are but few common schools in the state. The state is divided uito 51 counties. Little Rock, Van Buren, Bates- viUe, Fayetteville, &c., are the principal places. Little Rock, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Arkansas, on a blufl' risuig 150 feet above the river. It is laid out in regular squares, and contains the State House, a Court House, the U. S. Arsenal and Land Office, the State Penitentiary, several churches, an academy, and other public buildings. It is accessible by steamboats from the Mississippi, and has considerable trade with the neighborhood. Popu- lation 4,500. Van Buren, on the Arkansas near the western boundarj', has about 1,200 inhabitants and is a point of some importance in western travel. Batesville, on White River, and Fayetteville, near the N.W. comer of the state, are also important villages. The jwpulation of each is about 1.000. Few other villages have more than 5U0 or 600 inhabitants, the majority of the people being thinly scattered over the cotmtry. Co- lumbia, Napoleon, and Helena lie on the Mississippi. Hot Springs, a lew miles N. of the Washita river, and 84 miles S.W. of Little Rock, derives its importance from the medicinal virtues of its waters, and has lately become a popular resort. Visiters ai'e well pro- >ided with hotel accommodation. Arkansas was a portion of the Louisiana purchase. Previous to 1819 it was attached to Missouri, but in that yeai- it was formed into a sepa- rate territorial government ; and in 1836, having formed a constitution. it was received into the Union as an independent state. THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 131 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Area, 46,431 square miles. — Population 511,974. Louisiana is situated between 29° and 33° N. lat., and 88<-' 40' and 94° 05' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Mississippi and Arlcansas ; E. by the Mississippi and Pearl rivers; S. by tiie Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, from whicJi it is separated by the Sabine river. The whole southern part of the state consists of swamps and marshes, destitute of trees, but covered with a strong reedy vegetation. Through this district the Mississippi flows in a south-eastern direction, dividing in its course into numerous branches called bayous, which diverge from each other and skiggishly wind their way to the Gulf, forming the delta of that great river. So low is the general smface, that a sixth part of the state is annually inundated by floods and high tides, and it has be- come necessai-y to build levees to protect the settlements. In this low alluvial region the soil is very fertile. The northern part of the state has an undulating surface, and is covered with a heavy natural growth of white, red, and yellow oak, hickory, black-walnut, sassafras, mag- nolia, and poplar. The uplands, which ai-e sandy and less fertile, are overgrown with extensive pine forests. The climate is almost tropical, and the heat of summer very oppressive. In the winter season, how- ever, the cold is frequently intense, owing to the "northers" which sweep over the country from the pole. The summers and falls are very unhealthy, and frequently the yellow fever causes great destruction of life in the swampy region of the south. Tiie staple productions of Louisiana are sugar, cotton, and rice. Sugar grows chiefly on the shores of the Gulf and the delta of the Mississippi: little is grown north of 31° N. lat. Cotton is grown almost everywhere, but the best cotton-lands are found on the lower courses of the Red river, which has not inaptly been termed the " cotton-planter's para- dise." Rice is grown in the swamps and other places convenient for irrigation. The quantity of land adapted to sugar has been computed at 250,000 acres, and a like quantity suitable for rice, exclusive of sub- merged lands which might be recovered. The cotton lands have an estimated area of 2,400,000 acres. Some tobacco is also grown, but with the exception of Indian corn, the cereals ai-e little attended to. Manufactures can scarcely be said to form an item of industry in this state, being confined to a few of the minor branches. Some tanneries, Boap-boihng establishments, brick-yards, &c., exist, but the value of their products is insignificant. The commerce of liOuisiana is that of the whole Mississippi Valley. The exports are not confined to its own products, but much of that of all the western states goes down the great rivera and is cleared at New Orleans. The receipts of produce at that 132 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. port during the year ending 31st Aug. 1849, were valued at $81,989,691, and in some years the vaiue has reached as high as 90 millions. Of thia amount about one-third is exported to foreign countries, and the re- mainder is either consumed in the state, or goes coastwise to other porta. The foreign imports average about $7,000,000 annually. There are sev- eral short railroads in the state. Education in Louisiana is lamentably backward, but suitable provision has been made in the new constitution for its support. A university has been lately established at New Orleans; and within the last 10 or 12 years colleges have been founded at Jackson, Grand Coteau, Baton Rouge, and Opelousas. There is also a medical college at iXew Orleans. Academies and common schools are found in almost every district, but hitherto less than an average of 23,000 scholars have taken advantage of these institutions. The state is divided into two districts and 47 parislies. The prmcipal cities and towns are — Baton Rouge, New Orleans, &c. Baton Rouge, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Missis* sippi, 140 miles above New Orleans. The city lies chiefly on one street, and on a blufi'from 30 to 40 feet above high-water mark. The United States' barracks at this place are among the most commodious buildings of the kind in the Union. Population 3,G00. The view from the espla- nade is magnificent. New Orleans, tlie former capital, and one of the great commercial marts of the Union, stands on the E. bank of the river, 105 miles from the Gulf, and four from Lake Pontchartrain. The city is built on a plain inclined from the river to the swamp in its rear, so that when the Mis- sissippi is full, the streets are frequently inundated ; the /ewe<>, however, prevents the great body of water from overwhelming the place, and at the same time affords to the citizens a pleasant promenade. The public buildings of New Orleans are conspicuous objects. The Cathedral, or Church of St. Louis, strikes the stranger forcibly by its venerable and antique appearance. Many of the other churches ai-e worthy of notice. The Charity Hospital and Franklin Infirmary are noble institutions, and the mai-kets, theatres, cotton-presses, &c., command attention. The St. Qiai-les' Hotel is world-renowned for its magnificence ; and the Custom House, United States' Branch Mint, the banks, &e., are worthy the opu- lence of the city. There are in New Orleans, besides the new uni- versity, two colleges, several academies, and forty, or upwards, of prima- ry and common schools. The city is supplied with water from the Mis- sissippi. The harbor is one of the most capacious in the world, and the local conveniences for the shipping, and the transaction of an immense business, unsurpassed. It is the great receiving and distributing dep6t of the whole West, and the greatest cotton mart in the world. During the business season, or from November to July, the port is crowded with THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 133 ressels of all sizes and of every nation, together with hundreds of large and elegant steamers, and a multiplicity of river-craft. Nothing can present a more busy scene than the levee at this time : the loading and unloading of steamers and ships, and the throng of drays transporting the varied products of the Great West, is truly exhilarating, and im- presses the beholder with an idea of the vastness of the commerce that requires all this commotion in its prosecution. Besides the immense number of steamers and other craft coming down the Mississippi, the arrivals from foreign parts in 1849 were 1,013 vessels, of a burden of 408,079 tons, and manned by 14,741 seamen; and the arrivals coastwise in the same year were 1,491 vessels, of a burden of 448.374 tons, and manned by 17,741 seamen. The city is divided into three municipalities, each having a distinct council : \he first includes the city proper, extend- ing from the river back to Lake Pontchartrain, and occupying the center; the second adjoins it above, and the third below, both extending from the river to the lake. The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, Spaniards, Creoles, and the colored races in every shade ; and eveiy other nation is well represented in this modern Babylon. The French and Spaniards occupy chiefly the central and lower parts of the city, where the buildings are of an ancient and foreign construction, and where the manners, customs, and languages of those nations are pre- served in all their purity. On entering this portion the stranger could scarcely realize that he was in an American city. Population 119,461. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Bienville, the then governor of Louisiana. Madisonville, on Lake Pontchartrain, is a healthy and pleasant re- sort for the inhabitants of New Orleans during the hot season ; Donald- SONVILLE, on the opposite bank of the Mississippi above New Orleans, was once the capital of the state. Alexandria, on the Red Eiver, 150 miles from its mouth, is the center of a fine cotton region : it is well laid out, and contains about 2,00W inhabitants. Natchitoches, on the W. bank of the Red River, 80 miles above Alexandria, is the largest town W. of the Mississippi, and was formerly a militai-y post of great strength. It is situated at the head of steam navigation, and has a very mixed pop- ulation of French, Spaniards, Americans, and Indians. Wallace and Shreveport ai-e towns fm-ther west ; and St. Francisville, Opelou- SAS, and St. Martinsville, are also considerable towns, and enjoy trade with their immediate neighborhoods. Louisiiuia comprises the southern part of the purchase made by the United States in 1803. The first settlement waa made at Iberville, in 1699. In 1804 the present state was erected into a separate govenmient, under the name of the Territory of Orleans ; and in 1812 it became a state of the Union under its present title. It is now one of the most jjrosperous of the United States. 12 134 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. THE STATE OF TEXAS. Area 237,321 square miles.— Population 212,592. Texas, tlie largest of the United States, lies between 28° and 340 n. iat., and between 91° 26' and 102° W. long. : and is bounded on the N. by New Mexico and the Indian Territory; E. by Louisiana; S. by the Gulf of ^Texico. and W. by th»! Rio Grande del Norte, which separates It from the RepubUc of Mexico. Along the coast and far inland, the surface is a low level, free from swamps, however, and composed of excellent soil. The bottoms along the rivers which flow through this section are well wooded, and very fertile. Over this vast plain immense droves of wild horses and cattle roam at large. In the north the land is elevated and undulating, and clothed with thick forests. The northwest is mountainous, and spanned crosswise by several ranges, which form the natural border of New Mex- ico. The flanks of these mountains are covered with oak, pine, cedar, and a great variety of trees and shrubs, and their alluvial intervales af- ford some of the finest of lands. Few countries, indeed, have so small a portion of land unfit for agriculture. The surface is everywhere cov- ered with a flue growth ofgi-asses, and affords excellent pasture. Among the remarkable features of the country, the "cross-timbers" of northern Texas are conspicuous. These are a continuous series of forests, vaiying in width from 5 to 50 miles, and extending in a direct line about 97° W. long, from the woody region, at the sources of the Trinidad, northwai-d to the Arkansas river. They appear from a distance as an immense wall of wood, and from the west, such is the lineal regularity, that they ap pear to be rather the handwork of man, than a natural growth. Here the praiiies terminate. The comitry between the Nueces and Rio Grande is comparatively barren, and it is only in the neighborhood of the rivers and lakes that cultivation could be profitable. The v/hole coast is lined with long, low islands, which enclose a great number of shallow bays, into wSnich the rivers empty. But few go di- rectly to the sea. The largest are the Sabine, the Neches, Trinidad, Bra- zos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, and Rio Grande. These are all navigable for steamboats, and are so many avenues of commerce from the interior to the sea. The Red River and Arkansas wind along the northern frontier, and are partially navigable for boats. Galveston Bay., into which the Trinidad, San Jacinto, &c., fall, is by far the finest on the coast, but its entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar. The climate of the low region is essentially tropical. A wet and dry . di> ide the year. From December to March the rains are inoea- THE STATE OF TEXAS. 135 sant, and the rivers swell and inundate the country, frequently rendering it impassable. Snow, except on the mountains, is seldom seen, but cold blasts fj'ora the north render the winters chilly and unpleasant. '• Nine- tenths of the country," however, says Mr. Kennedy, " are considered healthier than the most healthy parts of the United States." This may be an exaggeration; but there is little doubt that in the main Texas is a fine and healthy region, and well fitted for agricultui-al settlement. The mineral wealth of Texas consists of coal and iron ore in the lo\T countries, and the precious metals in the mountains. Saltpetre, salt, bitumen, &c., abound, and granite, limestone, gypsum, shale, &c., are plentiful in the west, and higher regions of the north. The wild animals common to Texas are bears, cougars, panthers, peccaris, wolves, foxes, racoons, &c. ; birds of all kinds, and excellent fish, oysters, &c., in the lagoons. Alligators inhabit the Red river, and turtles and tor- toises the estuaries of the rivers emptying into the Gulf. Reptiles and insects are prolific, and alike daiigerous and troublesome. The vegeta- tion is very various, but consists of nothing peculiar to the state. The principal grasses ai-e the common prairie grass, the gama, musquite, wild clover, wild lye, &c. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The reai'ing of stock is largely pursued. Cotton is the great staple, and it is affirmed, and perhaps truly, that it is of superior quality and of a fine staple. Its cul- tivation is principally confined to the rich alluvial soils of the Red river, the Brazos, the Trinidad, and Colorado rivers. In some cases a bale and a half is yielded from an acre. Planting begins in February, and pick- ing in June. The grains cultivated are maize and wheat. Rye, barley, and oats are suited to the upper country, and rice is cultivated near the river estuai-ies. Sugar-cane grows well, and yields heavily. The plan- tations, however, are as yet very limited, and hitherto its culture baa been experimental. Tobacco will probably become a staple. The mul- berry grows vigorously, and the climate is suitable for the silkworm. Texas has no maimfactures, except those of the ordinary domestic kinds, which every family makes for its own use. The commerce of Texas is as yet limited, and must long be retarded, for want of avenues. The staples are brought down the Red river to the Mississippi, or to Galves- ton, whence they are shipped to New Orleans, or the northern Atlantic ports. The building of railroads, and clearing the rivers from drift, which now obstructs them, will soon be demanded by the advance of the coun- try ; and it is only by such improvements as these that Texas can ever become that flourishing state which nature has designed her to become. The provisions made for education are much on the same basis as in the other new states. Public schools are supported by the revenues of the school lands, and one-tenth of the taxation is devoted to the same object. No statistics have yet been published with respect to learning. 136 SOUTH-WESTERIf STATES. Texas is divided into 92 counties. The principal cities and towns are Austin, Gaheston, Houston, Zodiac, &c. The City of Austin (San Felipe de JJustin) the capital of the state, is situated on the west bank of the Brazos river, at the northeast corner of an extensive prairie about 90 miles from the Gulf coast, and contains about 2500 inhabitants. The country in the neighborhood is being rapidlj brought under cultivation. Galveston, the commercial capital, is located at the eastern point of the island of the same name. Its harbor is one of the best on the Gulf, and is about 450 miles from New Orleans. The commerce of the port is rapidly increasing, and although the city was founded so lately aa 1837, it now numbers at least 6,000 inhabitants. Houston, tiie foi-raer capital, is situated at the head of navigation of Buffalo Bayou. Matagorda, Goliad, San Antonio de Bexar, &c., are ancient Spanish presidios, and were formerly strongly garrisoned. Zodiac is a new town on the Pedernales river, inhabited by Germans and Mormons, who from thrift and industry have converted the neigh- borhood into a garden; and New Braunfels is also a new and flourish ing settlement of Germans, near the junction of the Guadalupe and Co- mal rivers. Eastern Texas is the most thickly settled part of the country, and there new villages are constantly springing up, some of which may ultimately become of sectional importance ; but as yet these are small, and mere temporary settlements. Several villages are springing up on the Rio Gnmde, of which Brownsville is the largest, and has becomo a place of commerce and industry. Texas separated from Mexico in 1836, and was formed into an inde- pendent republic. In 1846, having maintained itself for ten yeara against Mexico, it was annexed to the United States, voluntarily on both Bides, and has since become an integral portion of the Union. Its pro- gress has been rapid, and new accessions ai-e constantly making to the popula .ion by ein'gi-ants from Europe, especially those from Germanj, who h ive settled in colonies imder their own chiefs. THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 137 THE INDIAN TERRITORY. Area 187,171 square miles. — Population 100,000. The Indian Territory is situated between 33^^ 50' and 42° N. lat., and between 91° 30' and 109° VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Nebraska liver; E. by Missouri and Arlvansas; S. by Texas, and W. by Cali- fornia. Of the whole area, only 58,346 square miles lie S. of 36° 30' N. lat. Its geographical connection, however, with the South-western States, makes its description in this place convenient. Tlie lands of this region are represented to be generally fertile, and the climate adapted to agricultural success. It is watered by numei-ous fine rivers, which rise in the IMexican mountains and traverse the covmtry from west to east, falling ultimately into the Mississippi. Iron, lead, coal, and salt are abundant. This territory was set apart by Congress for the pennanent residence of the Indian tribes, and here they are se- cured a refuge from the encroachments of the white races. They live imder governments of their own, and many of the tribes have made great advances in civilization. The number of ndians resident in the tenltory is about 100,000, four-fifths of which have been transported from the east of the Mississippi. The most mimerous tribes are the Chero- kees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the Semi- noles. The other tribes are numerically small. The Choctaw Nation occupies a territory of 19,500 square miles be- tween the Red River and the Canadian. The domain is watered by numerous streams, has a fine soil, diversified in surface, and enjoying a healthy climate. The government is a constitutional republic. The Choctaws are employed in wool-growing and the cultivation of cotton, which they manufacture into clothing. The missionaries have taught them several of the mechanical arts. Manual labor schools are support- ed by the public, and education is imparted to all the young people. The New Testament, and several useful works, have been translated into their language, and a weekly newspaper is pubhshed for general in- formation. Census population 12,410. The Creek Nation is situated between the Canadian and the Red Fork of the Arkansas. Though inferior to the Choctaws, the Oeeks are progressuig in intelligence and industry. Their fields produce the ce- reals, and cotton is also cultivated; while their homesteads are well- built and comfortable, being generally surrounded by garden-plats. They have a written constitution, which recognizes a chief and a council of the nation. The laws are also written. Census population 24,594. The Cherokee Nation lies upon both sides of the Arkansas. They 12* 138 THE INDIAN TERRITORY. are good agiiculturists, and have a large trade in horses and cattle. Tho nation is divided into 8 districts, each of which sends two senators and three representatives to the Grand Council. The chief (John Ross, elected successively since 1828) receives a salary of $500. The mem- bers of the council are elected for two years, and receive each $3 a day. They have a public debt of $100,000, which they are devi^siug means to pay. Taklcquak, the capital, is a pretty village, and contains a very neat Court House, and some very good brick buildings. The residence of Ross is u fine building, and having much wealth, he keeps his house expensively. Two large edifices, for a male and female seminary, have been built at the cost of $70,000. One hundred pupils will be boarded in each, at the expense of the nation. For several years the nation has likewise supported 22 district-schools ; the teachers receive $333.33 per annum each, and stationary and books are supplied from the public fund. An orphan school, at the expense of $18,000, is being built, to which the orphan fund, now yielding $-2,500 annually, will be devoted. The Cherokees are better educated than other Indians ; they live in bet- ter style, and are anxious to come up to the whites in every kind of im- provement. It is said that in a few years they will ask for representation in Congress ; and surely that nation which so freely admits foreigners, will not reject the enlightened American Indians. A well-conducted paper, the Cherokee Advocate, is published in the nation. Census population 29,911. The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of the missionaries. They occupy various determined sections of the territory, and are not allowed to interfere with each other's governments. They have each their own laws, and are considered as so many distinct nations. The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced in the same degree as their brethren from the east. Some tribes, how- ever, are settling into habits of industry. The barbarism of the Indian, indeed, is passing away, and the symbols of civilization becoming every day more apparent. ( f late years, considerable quantities of cotton, peltry, and other staf)les of the territory, have been brought down to New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch of commerce becoming very extensive. A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to pe- tition Congress for the removal of all the Indian tribes within the United States to the lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and there secure to them a permarient residence ; and also to constitute them into a state, with senators and representatives in Congress. Numerous petitions to this effect will also be presented by the white population, and it is ex- /lecled by many that such will be granted. 139 ROUTES IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. TENNESSEE. (424) Nashville to Memphis. Fia Huntingdon. To Chesnut Grove 18 Charlotte 22 40 WilliamsviUe 10 50 Waverley 12 62 Reynoldsburg .9 71 Camden 10 81 Sandy Bridge 8 89 Huntingdon 12 101 South Carroll 10 117 Spring Creek 8 125 Jackson 13 1:18 Medon 12 150 Bolivar 16 166 Middleburg 7 173 Newcastle 5 178 SOMERVILLE 11 189 White Hall 5 194 Oakland 5 199 Hickory Withe 4 203 Morning Sun 8 211 Green Bottom 6 217 Raleigh 7 224 Memphis 10 234 (425) Nashville to Memphis. Via Pnrdy. To Good Spring 13 Franklin 5 18 White House 6 24 Spring Hill 7 31 Columbia •.• 12 43 Moiuit Pleasant U 54 Henry 18 72 North Bend 5 77 Waynesboro' • 17 94 Smith's Fork 15 109 Savannah 16 125 Adamsville 8 133 PURDY 9 142 Rose Creek 10 152 Ci-ainsviHe 7 159 Bolivar 15 174 Middietiurg 7 181 Newcastle 5 186 SOMKRVILLE 11 197 Memphis, (see 424) 45 242 (426) Nashville to Holly Springs, Ala. To Bolivar, (see 424) 166 Van Buren 10 176 La Grange 13 189 Lamar, Miss 10 199 Hudsonville 6 205 Holly Springs 8 213 (427) Nashville to Jackson. To Good Spring 13 Franklin 5 18 lieiper's Fork 10 28 LickCreek 25 53 Centreville 9 62 Beaver Dam Spring 7 69 Pleasantville 12 81 Perryville 26 107 Decatm'ville 8 115 Lexington 14 129 Juno 12 141 Cotton Grove 8 149 Jackson 8 157 (428) Nashville to Hickman, Ky. To Reynoldsbiu-g, (see 424) 71 Sandy Hill 18 89 Paris 12 101 Mount Holyoke 8 J09 Irvine's Store 9 1 18 Dresden 7 125 Old Hickory 12 137 Totteu's Wells 6 143 Hickman 18 161 (429) Nashville to Columbus, Ky. To Paj-is, (see 428) 10 1 Barren Hill 9 110 Boydsville 9 119 Dukedom 10 129 Feliciana, Ky 6 135 Chnton 16 151 Columbus 12 163 140 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. (430) Nashville to Tuscumbia, Ala. To Columbia, (see 425) .... 43 Mount Pieiisaiit 11 54 Lawrenceburg '23 77 Cherry Grove, Ala 23 100 Florence 15 115 TUSCUMBIA 5 120 (431) Nashville to Huntsville, Ala. Via Columbia. To Columbia, (see 425) .... 43 Poplar RiJge 12 55 Lynnville 6 61 PiLASKi 14 75 Elkton 16 91 White Hill 10 101 Madison Cross Roads 6 107 Huntsville 15 122 (432) Nashville to Huntsville, Ala. Via Murfreesboro'. To Mount View 12 Stewardsboro' 8 20 Murfreesboro' 14 34 Fost>^rville 12 46 Shelbyville 13 59 Rich Valley 5 64 Fayette vi lie 20 84 Hazel Qreen. Ala 16 100 Meridian ville 6 106 Huntsville 8 114 (433) Nashville to McMinns- VILLE. To Mount View 12 Stewardsboro' 8 20 Murfreesboro' 14 34 Readyville 13 47 AVooilbury 7 54 Clermont 10 64 McMinnsville 11 75 (434) Nashville to Sparta. Via Oallatin. To Pleasant Hill 7 Heiulersonville 9 16 Gallatin 10 26 Hartsville 20 46 Dixon's Spring 6 52 Carthage 10 62 Pekiii \\5 78 Double Springs 8 86 Newark 12 98 Sparta 10 108 (435) Nashville to Knoxvillk. To Green Hill 12 Cjdar Grove 7 19 Lebanon 11 30 Three Forks ••. 13 43 Alexandria 5 48 Liberty 9 .57 Sligo 16 73 Sparta 16 89 Bon Air Springs 13 102 Crossville 20 122 Belleville 12 134 Post Oak Springs 5 139 Kingston 7 146 Wood's Hill 18 164 Campbell's Station 8 172 Knoxville 15 187 (436) Knoxville to Sulphur Springs, Va. To Academia 10 Blain's Cross Roads 9 19 Spring House 7 26 Rutledge 7 33 Bo'an's Station 10 43 Rocky Spring 4 47 Red Bridge 7 54 Rogersville 10 64 Lyons' Store 12 76 New Canton 6 82 Kingsport 9 01 Eden's Ridge 6 97 Rloi'ntsville 9 106 Sipling Grove 9 115 Abingdon 13 128 GladeSpring 11 139 Seven Mile Ford 11 L50 Marion 6 1.56 Pleasant Hill 11 167 Rural Retreat 7 174 Wytheville 9 183 Draper's Valley 18 201 Newbern 10 211 Poplar Hill 12 223 Giles Court House lu 233 Peterstown 9 242 Red Sulphur Springs 9 251 Indian Creek 8 2.5S Salt Sulphm- Springs 9 268 Union ^ 3 271 Second Creek 9 280 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. 141 LlwiSBURG 10 290 VVhitk Sulphur Springs . 9 299 (437) Knoxville to Blounts- VILLE. Via RiissellvUle. To Strawberry Plains 16 New Market 9 25 Mossy Creek 4 29 Panther Springs 8 37 Morrislown 6 43 RUSSELLVILLE 5 48 Bay ' ouut .14 62 Greenville 13 75 Henderson's Mills 6 81 Rheatown • 4 85 Leesburg 10 95 JONKSBORO' 5 100 Hiiion 10 110 Blountsville 7 117 (438) Nashville to Savannah, Ga. NashriUe and Chattanooga R. R. To Antiocli 10 Smyrna 11 21 Murfreesboro 11 32 Christiana 9 41 Fosterville 4 45 Bell Buckle 5 50 Wartrace 5 55 Nf>nnan(lv 8 ft3 Tullahom'a 7 70 AlUsonia 7 77 Decherd 7 84 Cowan 5 89 Tantallon 7 9(5 Anderson 9 105 Stevenson 10 115 Shell Mound 15 130 Station 10 140 CUATTANOOGA 11 151 Western and Atlantic B. R. Tennessee Line — 16 167 Dalton 21 188 Kingston 89 227 Atlanta 60 2S7 Macon and Western R. R. East Point Junction. 6 293 Grillin 37 330 Forsvth 34 364 Macon 24 388 Central R. R. Gordon 15 403 Millen 96 499 Savannah 80 579 (438!.) Dalton to Knc xvillk. Eatit Tennessee & Georgia R. R. Varneirs 9 Ked Ghiy 6 15 niuo Spring 9 24 Cleveland 4 23 Charleston 12 40 Riceville 7 47 Athens 8 65 Mouse Creek.. 6 61 Sweet Water 8 69 Philadelphia 7 76 Loudon 6 82 (439) Nashville to Charleston, S.C. To Atlanta, (see 438) 274 Oeorgia R. R. Decatur 280 Stone Mountain 10 290 Lithonia 8 298 Conyer's G 304 Covington 11315 Social Circle 10 325 Rutledge 8 333 Madison 8 341 Buckhead 8 349 Greensboro' 13 302 Union Point 7 369 Jefferson Hall 5 374 Crawfordsville 6 380 Cumming 8 388 Double Wells 5 393 Camac 5 398 Thompson 9 407 Lombardy 9 416 Berzelia 8 424 Belair H 435 Augusta 10 445 Charleston, (see 397) • • .137 582 (440) Knoxville to Cumberland Gap. To Wilson's 10 Clintoa 6 16 142 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE ALABAMA. Ross 7 23 Jacksouboro' 13 3l5 Fiuciistle 12 48 Speedwell 6 54 Oldtovvn 12 C6 CUMBLRLA.ND Gap 10 76 (441) Knoxville to Raleigh, N.C. To Jonesborough, (see 437)100 Elizabethtovvn 18 118 Duster's Feriy 9 127 Moore's Iron Works 13 140 Taylorsville 9 149 North Fork, N. C 14 163 Jeflersoii 12 175 Reddy's River 17 192 Wilkesboro' 13 205 Deniiyville 16 221 Chapell's Cross Roads 5 226 Haniptonville 6 232 Hunlsville 18 250 Panther Creek 10 260 Salem 11 271 Kernersville 11 282 Friendship 7 2b9 Greensboro' 9 298 Allemance 13 311 Albriirht's 6 317 Haw River 6 323 Mason's Hall 11 334 Hillsboro' 9 343 Chapel Hill 12 355 Moringsville 8 303 Raleigh 20 383 (442)Knox viLLE to Warm Springs and AsHviLLE, N. C. To INIecklenbvn-g 5 Dandridge 30 35 Oak Grove 8 43 Newport 10 53 Warm Spiings 27 80 Lapland 17 97 AsnviLLE 20 117 (443; KNox^^LLE to Savannah. To IMarvsville 16 Foui- MUe Branch 22 38 Madisonville 8 46 Athens 15 61 Mantua 10 71 Calhoun 5 76 Cleveland 12 88 Stat.^ Line 20 108 Cohiittah Springs, Ga 3 111 Sprinsr Place 12 123 Dalton 9 132 Atlanta, (see 438) 99 231 Macon, (see 389) 101 332 Savannah, (see 388) 191 523 (444) Sparta to Huntsville, Ala. To Rock Island 13 McMiiinville 13 26 Hickory Creek 13 39 Hillsboro 9 48 Elk River 9 57 Winchester 9 66 Salem 10 76 New Market, Ala 18 94 Huntsville 19 113 (445) Sparta to Monticello, Ky. To FalHng Water 10 White Plains 10 20 Oak Hill 14 34 Livingston 5 39 Monroe 6 45 Olympus 8 53 Albany, Ky. 11 64 Newberry 11 75 Monticello 9 84 ALABAMA. (446) Mobile to Montgomery. Steamboat. To Fort St. Philip .21 Tombigbee River 23 44 Tail's Lauding 30 74 James' Landing 10 84 French's Landing 6 90 Oliver's Ferry 9 99 Gosport 8 107 Clairborne 7 114 Bell's Landing 21 135 Black Bluff Landing 20 155 Upper Peach Tree Landing 13 168 Prairie Bluff 12 180 Canton 10 190 Portland 21 211 Cahaba 23 234 Selma 16 250 Benton 28 278 -Miller's Feiry 14 292 Vernon 9 301 Lowndesport 9 310 Washington 10 320 Montgomery ' 12 332 ROUTES IN ALABAMA. 143 (447) Mobile to Montgomery. Stage, To Blakely 14 Stockton 16 30 Mt. Pleasant 35 (io Clairbome 18 83 Monroeville 13 96 Burntcora 12 108 ActivUy 18 126 Greenville 27 153 Kirkville 11 164 Sandy Ridge 5 Ki'J Hickory Grove 5 174 Pint Lala 10 184 Montgomery 13 197 (448) Mobile to Tuscaloosa. To Mount Vernon 33 New Wakefield 20 53 St. Stephen's 15 68 Coffeeville 17 85 Pineville 22 107 Nanafalia .10 117 Montpelier 9 126 Linden 11 137 Spring Hill 9 146 DenioDolis 7 1 53 Macuii 8 161 Greensboro' 16 177 Havanna 15 192 Carthuge 9 201 Tuscaloosa 17 218 (449) IMOBILK to Sklma. To Blakely 14 Stockton 16 30 Tensaw 15 45 Mount Pleasant 21 66 Clairborne 18 84 Bell's Landing 21 105 Black's Bluff 8 113 Camden 9 122 Canton 6 128 Prairie Bluff 6 134 Cambridge 10 144 Cahaba 14 158 Selma 9 167 (450) Mobile to Columbus, Miss. Steamboat. To Fort St. Philip 21 Mouth of Tonibigbee River 23 44 Crawlbrd's Landing 24 68 Jackson 20 88 St. Stephen's 8 96 Coffeeville 24 120 Wood's Bluff 20 140 Nanafalia Bluff 31 171 Moscow 35 206 Demopolis 14 220 iMouih of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa River 2 222 Jones's Bluff 42 264 Gainesville 18 282 Jamestown 12 294 Vienna 12 306 Fairfield 15 321 Pickensville 18 339 Nashville 9 348 Columbus 22 370 (451) Mobile to Citronelle. JMnle and Ohio R. R. Manvila 1.3 Citronelle 20 33 (4.'»2) MONTOOMERY tO ATLANTA. Mo-ntir ornery and West Point R. R. Tu Franklin 33 Chehaw 7 40 Nolasuiga 8 48 Loachapoka 5 53 Auburn 7 60 Opelicu 7 07 West Point 21 88 La Grange 15 103 Hogansville 13 116 Newnan 19 135 Pahneito 15 150 Fairburn 7 157 Atlanta 18 175 (453) Montgomery tc Atlanta. Fia Griffith. To West Point, (see 452)... 97 Long Cane, (stage) 5 102 La Gnuige 10 112 Mount ville 9 121 Greenville 10 131 Texas 14 H5 144 ROUTES IN ALABAMA. Erin 4 149 Mount Muume 11 160 Grifiin 8 168 Macon and Western R. R. Fosterville 15 183 Jonosboro' 7 190 Tucker's Cabin 7 197 Poolesville 3 200 Atlanta 11 211 (454) Montgomery to Columbus, Miss. To Lowndesboro' 23 Church HiU 9 32 Benton 4 30 Sehiia 16 52 Hamburg 19 71 Marion 7 78 Greensboro' 18 9G Hollow Square 13 109 Eutaw 13 122 Clinton 7 129 Pleasant Kidge 8 137 Vienna 14 151 Hope 8 159 Pickensville 12 171 Lacy's Hills - 9 180 Columbus, Miss 14 194 (455) Montgomery to Tusca- loosa. Via Sehna. To Greensboro', (see 454) . .96 Havanna 15 111 Carthage 9 120 Tuscaloosa 17 137 (456) Montgomery to Tusca- loosa. Via Maplesville, To Wetnmpka 15 Hartwood 10 25 Chesnut Creek 17 42 Maplesville 18 60 Randolph 10 70 Centreville 14 84 Scuttsville 8 92 Mars 6 98 Trion 11 109 Tuscaloosa 13 122 (457) ISIONTGOMERY tO ROMK, Ga. To Wetnmpka 15 Rockford 24 39 Hanover 17 56 Svlacauga 6 62 VVeewokaville 10 72 MardisviUe 8 80 Talladega 5 85 Kelly's Springs 6 91 File 6 97 Blue Eye 9 106 Alexandria 9 115 Jacksonville 9 124 Griffin's Creek 6 130 Ladiga 7 137 Spring Garden 9 146 State Line, Ga 7 153 Cave Spring 5 158 Vann's Valley 6 164 Rome 12 176 (458) Montgomery to Columbus, Ga. To Rlount Meigs 14 Cabahatchie 6 22 Cross Keys 10 32 Tuskegee 10 42 Society HiU 17 59 Crawford 16 75 Girard 11 86 Columbus 1 87 (459) SeLMA to HUNTSVILLE. To Pleasant Valley 5 Woodlawn 8 13 Plantersville 7 20 Maplesville 15 35 Montevailo 23 58 Bridgeton 14 72 Ei.yton 15 87 Orearon 7 94 MoimtPinson 7 101 Village Springs 8 109 Blountsville 28 137 Oleander 25 162 Mount Hill 6 163 Lacy's Springs 5 173 VVhUesburg 4 177 HUNTSVILLE 10 187 (460) Tuscaloosa to Columbus, 1 Miss. I ToNorthport 1 Sipsey Turnpike 12 13 Gordo 13 26 Reforni 6 32 Antioch 6 38 Providence 6 44 Columbus 17 Gl ROUTES IN ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI. 145 (461) Tuscaloosa to Huntsville. To McMath's 32 Jonesl)oio' 11 43 Elyton 13 56 HuNTsviLLK, (see 450) 100 156 (462) Tuscaloosa to Courtland. ToNorthport 1 Nortl) River 10 11 New Lexington 14 25 Sheffield 6 31 Eldridw 25 56 Thorn Hill 22 78 Kinlock 7 85 Camp Spring 14 99 Moulton 10 109 Courtland 13 122 (463) Tuscaloosa to Florence. To Northi)ort 1 North River 10 11 New Lexintcton 14 25 Fayette Court House 16 41 Palo 7 48 Hughes' Mill 14 62 PikevJile 6 68 Toll Gate 10 78 Russellville 35 113 Tuscumbia 18 131 Florence 5 136 (464) Florence to Rome, Ga. To Masonville 10 Rogersville 12 22 Athens 23 45 Shoalford 12 57 Huntsville 13 70 Berkley 12 82 New Hope 10 92 Cottonvjlle 7 99 Claysville 6 105 Gunter's Landing 2 107 Fall River ^ 6 113 Van Buren 18 131 Blue Pond 18 149 Cedar Bluer 11 160 Missionary Station. Ga. 16 176 Coosa 7 183 Rome 6 189 (465) GunteIv's Landing to Jas- per, Tenn. To Claysville 2 Dodsonville 15 17 BeUefonte 18 35 S"''^'"" ••• 16 51 Rocky Spring G 57 Battle Creek, Tenn 5 62 Jasper q 68 (468) Tuscumbia to Huntsvillb Tuscumbia and Decatur R. R. To Leighton u Courtland 13 24 Hillsboro' g 33 Trinity .... •••• 5 33 IJecatur 5 43 Mooresville, (stage) 7 50 Saundei-s 10 60 Huntsville 14 74 (467) Tuscumbia to Columbus, Miss. To Russellville 18 Toll Gate 35 .53 Millville 12 f,5 Quincy, Miss. 17 82 Athens 7 gg Aberdeen 7 90 Barton 15 1 1 1 Columbus 12 123 MISSISSIPPI. (468) Jackson to Vicksburo. Vickshurg and Jackson R. R. To Chnlon 10 Bolton's Depot 9 19 Midway 4 03 Edwards' Depot 5 28 Big Black River 6 34 Bo Vina o 36 Montalban 4 40 VlfKSBURG 6 46 (469) Jackson to Grand Gulf. To Clinton 10 Raymond 8 13 A uburn 13 31 Cayuga 5 36 Rocky Springs 8 44 Willow Springs 8 52 Grand Gulf H 63 (470) Jackson to Natchez. To Newtown 10 Line Store 12 29 Gallatin 18 40 Hargrave 15 55 Union Chui-ch 9 64 13 146 ROUTES IN MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. Malcomb 14 78 Hamburg 10 88 .Washington 10 98 Natchez 6 104 (471) Jackson to De Kalb. To Brandon, (via R. i?.) •• -13 Green b.ish, {stage) 17 30 Hillsbon/ 18 48 Comily l.ine 12 60 Union 15 75 Herbert 11 8G DeKalb 20 106 (472) Jackson to Columbus. To Midway 12 Canton 13 25 Sharon 10 35 Pleasant Grove 9 44 Thomastown 13 57 Kosciusko 15 72 Louisville 36 108 Yanaley 14 122 Choctav/ Agency 12 134 CoLUM BUS 24 158 (473) Jackson to Yazoo City. To Midway 12 Canton 13 25 Benton 24 49 YazooCity 10 59 (474) VicKSBURG to Memphis, Tenn. To Cardiff 10 Milldale 5 15 Claiborneville 13 28 Satartia 5 33 Lincoln 12 45 Benton 10 55 Lexington • • 27 82 Black Hawk 15 97 CarrolUon 16 113 Gremula 23 136 Oakachickama 13 149 Coffeeville 5 154 Sevier 15 169 Oxford 16 185 Aberville 14 199 Waterford 10 2U9 Holly Springs 9 218 North Mount Pleasant 15 233 Noncoiiner, Tenn. 15 248 Germantown 11 259 Memphis 15 274 (475) Columbus to Memphis,TkN!I. To Barton 12 Aberdeen 15 27 Prairie Mount 30 57 Pontotoc 15 72 Holly Springs 56 128 Memphis, (see 474) 56 184 ARKANSAS. (476) Little Rock to New Or- leans. Steamboat . To Pine Blufls 90 New Gascony 25 115 Richland 6 121 Nickatoo 15 136 Arkansas Post 55 191 Wellington 30 221 Napoleon 30 251 New Orleans, (see 491).. 620 871 (477) Little Rock to Mont- gomery's Point. To Grand Prairie 35 Reagan's Bluff 33 68 Steaviboat. Montgomery's Point 140 208 (478) Little Rock to Fort Gib- son. Steamboat. To Lewisburg 60 DardaueUe 42 102 Scotia 13 115 Spadra Bluff 17 132 Morrison's Bluff 6 138 Ozark 25 163 Van Buren 58 221 Fort Smith 8 229 Fort Coffee, I. T. 17 246 Canadian River 45 291 Fort Gibson 40 331 (479) Little Rock to Fort Gib- son. Stage. To Lewisburg 55 Hnrricane 14 69 Galley Creek 8 77 Norristown 7 84 D.vight 9 93 Scotia 6 99 Pittsburg 9 108 ClarksvUIe 7 115 ROUTES IN ARKANSAS. 147 Horseheacl 11 126 Ozark 17 143 Pleasant Ilill 12 155 Van Biiieu 24 179 Fort Smith 7 186 Kidron 25 211 Fort Gibson 36 247 (480) Little Rock to Boston, Tex. To Collegeville 15 Benton 10 25 Fail-Play 12 37 Rockport 8 45 Raymond 30 75 Antoine 20 95 Washington 29 124 Fulton 14 138 Boston 50 188 (481) Little Rock to Fort Tow- son, Ind. Ter. To Washington, (see 480) . 124 Columbus 9 133 Saline 10 143 Brownstown 5 148 Paraclifta 12 160 Ultima Thule 25 J 85 Eagletown 10 195 Fort Towson 45 240 (482) Little Rock to Shreve- poRT, La. To Washington, (see 480) .124 Spring Hill 15 139 Lewisville 16 155 Walnut Hill 26 181 Shrkveport 89 270 (483) Little Rock to Hot Springs. To Collegeville 15 Benton 10 25 FairPiay 12 37 Hot Springs 18 55 (484) Little Rock to Memphis, Tenn. To Grand Prairie 35 Reagan's Bluff 33 68 Clarendon 5 73 Oakland 35 108 St. Francis 25 133 Green Plains 19 152 Marion 16 108 Memphis, Tenn 10 178 (485) Little Rock to St. Louis, Mo. To Oakland Grove 30 Searcy Court House 25 55 Rock Point 32 87 Batesville 11 93 Reed's Creek 24 122 Smilhville 12 134 Jackson 14 148 Pocahontas 15 163 Fourche Dumas. 8 171 Hick's Ferry 15 186 Cane Creek, Mo 32 218 Greenville 18 236 Fredericktown 35 271 Mine La Motte 12 283 Farmington 5 288 Iron Mountain 14 302 Caledonia .10 312 Potosi 12 324 Old Mines 7 331 Glenfinlay 10 341 Hillsboro' 10 351 Herculaneum 11 362 Sulphur Springs 9 371 Oakville 8 379 Jefferson Barracks 5 384 Carondelet 4 388 St. Louis 5 393 (486) Batesville to Memphis. To Sulphur Rock 10 Elizabeth 18 28 St. Francis 55 83 Green Plains 19 102 Marion 16 118 Memphis, Tenn. 10 128 (487) Batesville to Memphis. Steamboat. To Pleasant Island 35 Elizabeth 13 48 Clarendon 210 258 Reagan's Bluff 8 266 White River 140 406 Delta, Miss 66 472 Helena, Ark..... 10 482 Sterling, Ark 10 492 Commerce, Miss 45 537 Memphis, Tenn 27 564 (488) Arkadelphia to New Oe- LEANS. Steamboat. Manchester 11 Dallasport 18 SJ9 148 ROUTES IN LOUISIANA. Camden 65 94 Champa-^nole 3-2 m] Bensoirs L;mdiug 8 134 Burk's Landing 12 146 Monroe, La. 125 27 1 Trinity 165 436 Mouth Ri-d River 120 5r)6 New Orleans 236 792 LOUISIANA. (489) New Orleans to Mobile. To Lakeport, (on Lake Pont- charlrain) 5 Steamboat. Point aux Herbes 15 20 Fori Coquilles 7 27 Lake Bor'iue 10 37 Grand Island 9 46 West Marianne 9 55 East Marianne 5 60 Cat Island 11 71 Mississippi City 11 82 Deer Island 5 87 Pascagonla. Miss 23 IJO Cedar Point, Ala. 26 136 Mobile 30 166 (490) New Orleans to Galves- ton, Texas. To Battle Ground 6 English Turn 6 12 Fort St. Leon 5 17 Poverty Point 18 35 Fort St. Philip 37 72 Fort Jackson, (opposite) . . . South East Pass 23 95 Balize 10 105 Galveston 345 450 (491) New Orleans to St. Louis, Mo. Steamboat. To La Fayette, La, 2 Carrrollton, La 4 6 Red Church, La 20 26 Jeflferson College, La. 38 64 Donaldsonville, La 19 83 Plaquoinine, La 34 117 Baton RoicE.La, 23 140 Port U udson , La. 25 1(55 St. Francisville, La 11 176 Point Coupee, (opposite)- • . R id River Island, La. 60 236 Fort Adams, Miss 11 247 Horaochitta River, Miss. . • 10 257 Ellis Cliffs, Miss 26 283 Natchez, Miss 18 301 Rodney, M iss 31 332 Bruinsburg, Miss 10 342 Grand Gulf, Miss. 10 352 Carthage, La 27 379 Warrenton, Miss 19 398 Vicksburg, Miss 10 408 Yazoo River, Miss 12 420 Providence, La. 61 481 Princeton, Miss 29 510 Columbia, Ark 45 555 Bolivar Court House, Miss.53 608 Napoleon,(raouth of Arkan- sas River,) Ark 12 620 Montgomery's Point, Ark. 20 640 Victoria, Miss 1 641 Delta, Miss. ..65 706 Helena, Ark 10 716 Sterling, Ark., (mouth of St. Francis River) 10 726 Peyton, Miss 12 738 Commerce, Ark 33 771 Memi'his, Tenn 27 798 (ireenock. Ark. 34 832 Randolph, Tenn.,(mouth of Hatchie River) 33 865 Fulton,Tenn. 11 876 Osceola, Ark. 10 886 Ash port, Tenn 12 898 Obion River, Tenn. 8 906 Little Prairie, Mo 29 935 New Madrid, Mo 30 965 Hickman, Kv 42 1007 Columbus, Ky 15 1022 Cairo, III., (mouth of the Ohio River) 18 1040 Commerce, Mo 28 1068 Cape G irardeau, Mo. 12 1080 Bainbridtre, Mo 12 1092 Chester, 111. 45 1137. St. Genevieve, Mo 16 1 153 Selma, Mo 25 1178 Herculaneum, Mo 4 1182 Harrisonville, 111 2 1184 Jefferson Barracks, Mo. ... 19 1203 St. Louis, Mo 9 1212 (492) N. Orleans to Cincinnati, O. Steamhont, To Cairo, at the mouth of Ohio River, (see 491) .1040 Trinity, m. 5 1045 Caledonia, lU 9 1054 ROUTES IN LOUISIANA. 149 Fort Massac, II! 24 1078 Belgrade, 111 3 1081 Paducah, Kv., (mouth of Tennessee 'River) 6 1087 Smithland, Ky., (mouth of Cumberland River) 15 1102 Golconda, 111. 18 1120 Elizabethtown, 111. 12 1132 Cave in Rock, 111 7 1139 Casey ville, Ky. 13 1152 Shawneetown, III 9 11(51 Raleigh, Ky 5 IHiO Wabash River 6 1172 Uniontown, Ky 5 1 177 Mount Vernon, la 15 1 1 92 Hendersonville, Ky. 26 1218 EVANSVILLE, Ia. 10 1228 Green River, Ky. 8 123G Newburg, la 6 1242 Enterprise, la 15 1257 Owensburir, Ky 6 12ii3 Rock-port, la 9 1272 Le\vis[)ort, Ky 12 1 284 Troy, la 6 1290 Carmelton, la. 129G Cloversport, Ky 13 1309 Rome, la. ) 10 j319 Stevensport, Kv. ) Concordia, Ky.' 11 1330 Alton, la 10 1340 Fredonia, la. 13 1353 Leavensworth, la 4 1357 Amsterdam, la. 8 13(55 Northampton, la. 3 13(58 Mauckport, la. 7 1375 Brandenburg, Ky. 1 1376 West Point.'Ky. 17 1393 Portland, Ky. } 20 1413 New Albany, la. ^ ^ Shippingsport, Ky. 1 1414 Louisville, Ky. 2 1416 Jefifersonville, Ky 1 1417 Utica, la 8 1425 Westport. Ky 16 144 1 New London, la. 15 H-'iO Madison. I A. 9 14()5 Mouth of Kentucky River 12 1477 Vevav, la. 10 1487 Wars'aw.Ky. 10 1497 Patriot, la. 10 1507 Hamilton. Ky. 2 1509 Rising Pun, la. U 1520 Belleview, Ky. 3 1.523 Aurora, la. 6 1.529 Lawrence bui-g, la 5 1534 Great Miami River, O.-.. • 2 1.536 North Bend, O, 4 1540 Cincinnati, O 16 1.556 Newport and Covington opposite. (493) N. Orleans to Pittsburg. To Cmcinnati, (see 492). 1.556 Pittsburg, (see 513) — 497 2053 (494) New Orleans to Shreve- port. Steamboat. To Mouth of Red River, (see 491) 236 Washita River 35 271 Alexandria 70 340 Natchitoches 80 420 Shrevkport 85 505 (495) New Orleans to Fort Gib- son, Ind.Ter. Steamboat. To Napoleon, at mouth of Arkansas Riv., (see 491)620 Montgomery's Point 20 640 Arkansas 40 680 New Gascony 70 756 Pine Bluffs 25 781 Little Rock 90 871 Lewisbnrg 60 931 Dardanelle 42 973 i^cotia 13 986 Spadra Bluff 17 1003 Morrison's Bluff 6 1009 Ozark 25 1034 VanBuren 58 1092 Fort Smith 8 ilOO Fort Coffee, LT. 17 1117 Canadian River 45 1 162 Fort Gibson 40 1202 (496) St. Francisville to Nat- chez, Miss. iVest Feliciana R. R. To Laurel Hill 13 Woodville 11 24 Stage. Cold Spring 16 40 Natchez 20 60 13* 150 ROUTES IN TEXAS. TEXAS. (497) Galveston to New Or- LKANS. To New Orleans, (see 490) 450 (408) Galveston to Huntsville. Steamboat. To Dollar Point 15 Davis Point 5 20 New Washington 14 34 San Jacinto 10 44 Houston 37 81 Stage. Cypress Grove 22 103 Spring Creek 13 116 Montgomery 22 1 38 Huntsville 28 1G6 (499 1 Galveston to Washington. To Houston, (see 498) 81 Eden 24 105 Rock Island 29 134 Washington 12 146 (500) Galveston to Matagorda. To Liverpool 36 Ciolurabia 25 61 Brazoria 9 70 Cedar Lake 10 80 Caney 9 89 Matagorda 22 111 (501) Galveston to Matagorda. To San Louis 28 Velasco 14 42 Matagorda 50 92 (502) Galveston to Port La- VACCA, Steamboat. To mouth of Brazos River. .58 Saluria 80 138 Indianola 15 153 Port Lavacca 7 160 (503) Galveston to Austin. To Houston, (see 498) 81 Richmond 28 109 Columbus ., 50 159 La Grange 30 189 Cunningham's P. 22 211 Bastrop 13 -24 Webber's Prairie 17 241 Austin City 15 250 (504) Austin to Natchitoches, La. To Webber's Prairie 15 Bastrop... 17 32 Cunningham's P. 13 45 La Grange 22 67 Rutersville 5 72 RoundTop 12 84 Montville 9 93 Independence 19 112 Washington 12 124 Anderson -17 141 Huntsville 35 176 Cincinnati 14 190 Crockett 30 220 Lockranzy 38 258 Douglass 12 270 iNacogdoches 15 285 Melrose A\ 296 Flournoy's 11 307 Sau Augustine 12 319 Longwood 10 329 Milam 8 337 Sabiiietown 12 349 Fort Jessup, La 30 379 Natchitoches 25 404 (505) Austin to Matagorda. To La Grange, (see 504) . . .67 Columbus 30 97 Eagle Lake 15 112 Egypt 16 128 Wharton 14 142 Preston 8 150 Caney 23 173 Matagorda 22 195 (506) Austin to Matamoras. To Lockhart 28 Gonzales 36 64 Goliad 65 129 Refugio 30 159 Sail Patrico 50 209 Brownsville, (on the i Rio Grande,) ;.nd V .... 160 369 Matamoras > (507) Austin to Presidio del Rio Grande. San Marcos 28 New Braumfels 20 48 San Antonio 32 80 Cistroville 30 110 Vandenbarg 13 123 Rio Frio 40 163 ROUTES IN TEXAS. 151 Nueces River 25 188 Rio Grande 70 258 (508) Ai'STiN to Corpus Christi. To San Putrico, (see 506). .209 Corpus Christi 30 239 (509) Houston to Goliad. To Richmond 28 Egypt 32 60 Texana 45 105 Victoria 30 135 Goliad 27 102 (510) Matagorda to Washing- ton. To Brazoria 41 Columbia 9 50 BigCreelv 20 70 Richmond 15 85 San Felipe 35 120 Belleville 20 140 Travis 7 147 Chapel Hill 11 158 Wl.SKINt,T0N 12 170 (511) Nacogdoches to Boston. To Henderson 43 Marshall 45 88 Jefferson i6 104 Daingerfield 35 139 Boston 35 174 (512) Boston to Austin. To DeKalb 14 Savannah 17 31 Clarksville 12 43 Blossom Prairie 20 63 Tarrant 28 91 Kaufman Court House 64 155 Buffalo 36 191 Corsicana 30 121 Richland Crossing 8 129 Tewockony Springs 20 149 Springfield 12 161 Falls of Brazos 45 206 Georgetown 68 274 Austin City 42 316 152 THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. TuE North-wesieni States, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, on the N., and Kentucky on the S. of the Ohio and E. of the JNiississippi river, and Missouri and Iowa on the W. of the Missis- sippi, occupy an area of 395,319 squai-e miles. The immense terri- tory west of these (with the exception of Minesota) is still a wilderness, and occupied only by roving bauds of Indians. The whole region lies N. of the parallel of 36° 30' N. lat., and E. of the Rocky Mountains, and is comprised in the great basins of the St. Lawrence, the Ohio, the Up- per Mississippi, and the Missouri rivers. The aggi-egate superficies of the N. \V. stales and territories is 1,202,583 square miles. If we except a few isolated elevations, and the range called the Black Hills between the upper waters of the JMissouri and Platte rivers, th(» whole extent of these states and territories presents a series of midula- ting plains, inclining only in the du'ection of the great rivers and lakes, which form so distinguishing a featm-e of this prolific country. From 81° to 105° VV. long., no continuous chain, or any hill approaching to the semblance of a mountain, interrupts the vision, and the far horizon alone aiTcsts the powers of sight. Along the rivers indeed a few ra-^ged bluffs occur ; but so limited is their extent, and so small their occupancy, that they ai-e almost lost in the pervading characteristics of the whole, and can only claim a notice in the minute topography of regions. The soil is everywhere excellent — infinite in variety, of great depth, and fertile beyond description. Naturally it is clothed with a strong sward, beai-ing n tall, coarse grass ; and in many places extensive tracts are covered with an abundant growth of timber — forests of oak, pine, maple, walnut, and otlier valuable trees. The most lively landscape prevails, ajid for miles and miles a v.iried scenery of natui-al growth, with all the diversity of gentle swell and plain — here trees grouped together, or standing singly and alone, and there arranged in long avenues as though jilanted by human hands, with strips of open praiiie inierveuing. t- omL-times the "openings'" ai-e dotted with numerous clear lakes, and foi-m scenes of enchanting beauty. In these regions the bison roams, and here the red hunter formerly delighted to pursue his game amid the primeval devel- opments of uatui-e. THE STATE OF OHIO. 153 The great rivers which, with a thousand branches, penetrate to almost every portion of the country, and lead oflf the surplus waters to the vast central trunk that traverses it Irom N. to S., are perhaps, no less than the extended plains, a distinguishing, as they are an important feature of the west. Without these, and those great lakes which lie ou the N., the whole region must forever have remained an impenetrable wilderness. These are now the avenues of a commerce unsurpassed in extent, and have contributed more than all the artificial constructions of man to de- velop the teeming wealth of the regions watered by their courses. Craft of every description, from the primitive flat-bottom boat to the magnif- icent steamer, the acm6 of mechanical skill, bear upon their bosoms the staples and productions of every laud, endowing with riches the whole country, and adding daily to the necessaries and luxuries of the thriving people, who, by their presence aud perseverance, have made the wU- demess to smile, and the nakedness of the eailh to be clothed in peren- nial harvests. The "Great West" is perhaps the only region in the world that sup- plies so universally the wants of man, or unites so much and varied treasure and such accommodations. The earth pi'oduces spontaneously an aggregate of almost every useful species of vegetation, and supports animals suitable alike for food and clothing ; and if we penetrate the dark womb of the earth, even there we find every valued mineral. Lead, copper, iron, and coal are found in exhaustless mines, and salt is eveiywhere abundaut. Nothing, indeed, is wanting to man's happiness. The earth, the air, and the waters are replete with blessings, and in- A'oke only his industry to reap their teeming wealth. Is it wonderful, then, that such a coimtry should attract the eyes of mankind, or that it has so rapidly filled up by immigration ? Untrod by white man within a century, it now maintains its millions. The destiny of such a coimtry, how grand ! The great empires of the ancient world will sink to insig- nificance before the vastness and brilliancy of this rising power. THE STATE OF OHIO. Area 39,964 square miles.— Population 1,980,408. This flourishing and populous state is situated between 38° 34' and 420 N. lat., and between 80° 35' and 84° 57' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Michigan and Lake Erie ; E. by Pennsylvania aud Virginia ; S. by Kentucky, ,and W. by Indiana. The Ohio river runs along its southern and the greater part of its eastern boundary for 4G2 miles, separating the state from Vii-ginia and Kentucky. ]54 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. The northern part of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie, and the in/erior, ai*e generally level, and in some places marshy. In the E. and S. E. the 3omitry is much broken, often rising into rugged and abrupt elevations, but nowhere becoming mountainous. The whole state may be said to be susceptible of cultivation, and certainly it is one of the most product- ive and fertile in tlie Union. In the valleys of the Sciota and the Great and Little Miami, are found the finest portions of the country. In a state of nature, Ohio, with the exception of the central prairies, was covered with dense forests, to which the fertility of the soil gave stupen- dous development. The most extensive prairies are those of the central table-laud. The pi'incipal rivers, besides the great and beautiful river which gives its name to the state, are the Mahoning, Beaver, Muskin- gum, Hockhocking, Sciota, and the Little and Great Miami, which flow south into the Ohio river; and the Maumee, Sandusky, Hu"on, Grand, and Ashtabula, which fall into Lake Erie, which forms the northern boundary of the state for 160 miles. The climate is one of the most healthy. Free from the extremes of heat and cold, it is peculiai-ly adapted to agricultural and other out-door employmcKts, and to this fact is no doubt owing the general prosperity of the inhabitants. Numerous remains of former and extinct races are found in varioug pails. These consist of tumuU or mounds, and ancient fortifications of earth, articles of eai-thenware, &c. To what people or time these are to be referred, is questionable ; but it is evident that the race of Indians found in these teri-itories by the first explorers, have had no connection with them : indeed, they were entirely ignorant of theu* origin, nor were they acquainted with their use or economy. Ohio is extensively engaged in all the great branches of industry ; but agriculture is the chief employment of the inhabitants. All the cereals, fruits, and other products of moderate climates, are cultivated ; and in the rearing of live-stock, the state is pre-eminent, and for this no state has better facilities. Of hogs alone, about 600,000 are annually slaugh- tered, and the yearly production of wool amounts to neai-ly 4,000,000 lbs. The mineral wealth of Ohio, consisting of iron, coal, salt, &c., is im- mense, but as yet only partially developed, and building material is abundant. Gold is said to have been found near Lisbon. Manufactm'es are carried on with success, and are daily increasing in importance. The expoits consist of wheat, pork, wool, and other agricultural staples. These find outlets at the lake ports and the ports on the Ohio. Internal communication is provided for by a splendid system of railroads and canals. Every element of prosperity indeed is here in active operation. The length of railroad now completed is 1,022 miles, and the length of canal nearly 900 miles. Education is munificently provided for. Tliere are in the state 12,279 common schools, with an average attendance of 340,000 children. The THE STATE OF OHIO. 155 school fund owned by the state amounts to $1,566,931. There are also about 130 academies, twelve colleges, six theological seminaries, one law school, and two medical schools. The number of private schools is also vei'v large. The state also supports an Asylum for the Insane, and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The state is divided into 87 counties. Ihe principal cities and towns are— Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky, Springfield, Ports- mouth, Marietta, &c. Columbus, the capital, is situated about the middle of the state, on the E. bank of the Sciota, immediately below the junction of the Whet- stone river. The streets are laid out rectangularly ; and in the center of the city is a fine public square. The great national road intersects here, and is carried over the river by a bridge, which also miites the city withFrankhnion. Population 17,888, Chilicothe, on the W. bank of the river, 60 miles south, and Portsmouth, at its mouth, are places of considerable importance and population. In the neiijhborhood of Ports- mouth is a large number of furnaces. Pop. of P. 4,228. Cincinnati, the " Queen city of the West," is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, near the western border of the state. It is the largest city in Ohio, and in point of population the fifth in the United States. Its public buildings are numerous, and equal to those of any city of like population. In manufiictures, trade, and commerce, it is pre-eminent. Popidation in 1810, 2,540 ; in 1849, 115,438. It is connected both by canal and railroad v/ith Lake Erie, and with the whole east and west by the noble Ohio. Springfield, on the E. fork of Mad river, 84 miles north by railroad, is a rapidly increasing town, engaged in manufactures, and has considerable commercial connection. Population 5,109. The other towns on the Ohio deservuig of notice are GALf.ipOLis, an improving place, and capital of Gallia county — population 1,686; Coal- port, the chief depot of mining operations; Pomeroy, a place of exten- sive traffic— population 1,637; Marietta, on the E. bank of the Mus- kingum, at its mouth, noted for its mills— population 3,1-33 : Steuben- viLLE, the center of a rich and populous couutrj — population 6,140, &c., &c. Zanesville, on the E. bank of the Muskingum, 80 miles N. of Marietta, is a mamifacturiug town of about 7,791 inhabitants. Anthracite coal and a clay suitable for earthenware are found in tlie neighborhood. The national road passing through the town, makes it a great thoroughfare, and, by the improvements in the river, navigation is opened to the Ohio, while the Ohio Canal unites it with Lake Erie and the Sciota river. Coshocton, New Philadelphia, Bolivar, Massillon, and Fulton, are also on the Muskingum, N. of Zanesville. Akron, 34 miles S. of Cleveland, and about 10 miles N. of Fulton, is an important canal center. Clevkland, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and the northern ter* 15G NORTH-WESTERX STATES. minus of the Ohio Canal, is the most important of the lake ports. It is excellently situated for commerce, and has now a population of 17,074, Sandusky City, situated on the S. side of Sandusky Bay, about three miles from Lake Erie, is a point of importance. It is united with Cin- cinnati by railroad, and also with aiansfield and Newark. The port is continually thronged with vessels dm-ing the open season. Population 5,088. Toledo, near the mouth of the Maumee, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, is the eastern terminus of the railroad to Adrian in Mi- chigan, and possesses superior advantages as a commercial depot. It is constantly progressing, and must eventually, with the natural and artifi- cial means at its disposal, at no distant period become one of the most important places on the lake coast. The present population is only about 3.819. Port Clinton, Painksville, Ashtabula, &c., are also places of great commercial importance, and ai-e rapidly increasing in population. Previous to 1788 the whole of Ohio was a wilderness. In that year a settlement was made at Marietta, and in 1789 the country was placed under a teiritoiial government, and called the "Western Territory." This designation was applied not only to Ohio, but to all the district north-west of the Ohio to the jMississippi river, and included the states of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of the territory of Minesota. At a subsequent period it was known as the "■ Territory north-west of the Ohio." The ordinance by which this territory was established forbade slavery in any future state that might be formed with- in the district. The Indian wars in Ohio were terminated by Wayne's expedition in 1794. In 1802 this state was received into the Union. Since tlien no state has increased so rapidly, and it now ranks as third in population and wealth. THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. Area, 56,243 square miles. — Population 397,654. MioHiQAN lies between 41° 48' and 47° 30' N. lat., and between 82^ 20' and 90^ 10' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior ; E. by St. Mary's river. Lake Huron, St. Clair river. Lake St. Clair, Detroit river, and Lake Erie ; S. by the states of Ohio and Indiana, and W. by Lake Michigan and the Menomonee and Montreal rivers. The state consists of two distinct penmsulas. The " Southern Peninsula," or Michigaa proper, contains an aroa of THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 157 39,856 square miles. The surface is generally level, but has a gradual ascent from the shores to the center of the country, where it attains an elevation of 600 or 700 teet. The coasts of Lakes Michigan and llm-on have high and steep banks, and along the former are bluffs and sand hills from 100 to 300 feet elevation. The interior is mostly covered with fine forests, intei-spersed with prairie and openings. The country is drained by several large rivers and numerous smaller streams, which rise near the center, and pass off in an E. and W. diieclion. The Che. boygan and some small streams, however, flow N. into IMackinaw Strait. The larger rivers are navigable almost to their soui-ces. Raisin and Huron rivers flow E. into Lake Erie ; Rouge into Detroit river ; Clinton and Black into the St. Clair; and Saginaw, formed by the union of several streams, into Saginaw Bay. But the largest rivers flow into Lake Michigan. St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Maskegon rivera ai-e all navigable by steam. Several lakes are found in the northern part of the peninsula. The quality of soil is very various : in the north there are considerable sandy tracts and marshes ; but on the whole the coun, try is not unfertile, and not much inferior to the fine lands of the South for agricultural purposes. No pail of the Union is better supplied with fish, game, and wild fowl, and the cUmate is remarkably mild, being tempered by the large bodies of water by which it is almost sur- rounded. The "-Northern Peninsula," between lakes Michigan and Superior, occupies 16,387 squ:u-e miles. Portions of it are the mere development of sublime scenery. IMountains and plains, lakes, rivers, and forests spread over it with a boldness of outline which may be said to consti- tute almost a peculiar type in North American geography. This divi- sion embraces the "mineral district" of Michigan. Much of it falls under the influence of causes which render it of little value in an agri- cultural point of view. The northern shores of lakes Michigan and Huron are exclusively limestone, and abound in gypsum and saline springs. The interior aljounds in small lakes, and enjoys a singular ad- vantage of intercommunication by its streams and portages. Tiie length of coast navigation is about 750 miles, and in this distance are embraced several large bays and excellent harbors. About 40 large, and some 60 small streams, discharge their waters into the lakes constituting portions of its boundary. The whole peninsula is eminently distinguished for the value and diversity of its minerals. Copper exists in vast beds in the neighborhood of Lake Superior, and is frequently found in its native state. In some of the river beds large boulders of this mineral ai-e frequently met with. Iron of a very superior quality is also found ; and recent surveys have developed the fact that it exists in an almost piu-e state, and in larger bodies than even in the state of Missouri. The copper mines are now being worked by a number of Eastern capital- 14 158 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. ists, and lar<^e amounts of ore and reduced metal are finding theix way into the markets. The favorable situation of Michigan, having immediate access to four of the great American lakes ; its fine soil and climate ; its mineral re- sources and other ad vantages, must eventually make it one of the most prosperous of the Western states. Its industry is as yet only in its in- fancy, and its capabilities only partially known. The farmers raise almost every staple of temperate climates, and are rich in live-stock. The chief cereal crops consist of wheat, oats, and Indian com. Barley, rye, and buckwheat, are raised in small quantities. Maple sugar is a never-failing crop. The products of both wild and domestic animals are large. Manufactures are progressing, but as yet are confined chiefly to articles of immediate necessity. Michigan is perhaps better situated for commerce than any other inland state. It is now accessible from New York and New Orleans wholly by water, and with those places main- tains considerable traffic. Canada overlooks its eastern shores, and in several places is only separated by narrow straits. With regard to its inland trade, every facility is enjoyed that navigable rivers and excellent roads can afford. Already the exports amount to an important sura. Flour, wheat, com, pork, beef, fish, wool, leather, &c., constitute its chief exports. Taxable properly in the state, real and personal, amoimts to $29,fl08,7G9. The railroads in Michigan have a total length of 474 miles, the main lines running across the southern part of the lower peninsula. The University, founded in 1837, is located at Ann Arbor, and haa three departments : viz., for literature and the sciences, law, and medi- cine. It is supported by a fimd arising from lands appropriated to its use by Congress, and is governed by a Board of Regents. No charge la made for tuition. Provision is made by law for 2G professorships, and also for the establishment of departments for female education, for the education of teachei-s, and for agricultural science ; but the institution as now oi'ganized consists only of seven professuis, a-id the three de partments as above named. Primary schools are estaolishea through- out the state, and governed by local boards, supported by taxes and a general school-finid. Tliere are 435 townships in the state, in 270 of which school libraries ai-e supported, and provision is also made for dis- trict libraries. The number of school districts in the state is 2,869, and the number of scholars 97,658. The amount expended annually is about $140,000. Instruction is under the general super\ision of a super- intendent. The Catholic college of St. Philip's, near Detroit, was found- ed in 1839, and in 1849 had four professors and about 37 students. A state normal school was established at Ypsilanti in 1849. Michigan is divided into 64 counties. The principal cities and towns are Lansing, Detroit, Pontiac, Mom-oe, Ann Arboj-, YpsUanti, Tecumseh, THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 159 Adrian, Marshall, Kalamazoo, Niles, New Buffalo, all in the soulhern portion of the state; Grand Rapids and Maskegon, on the rivers of the same name; Saginaw, on Saginaw river; Port Hiu-on, at the N. entrajice of St. Clair river, &c. Lansing, the capital, is situated in Ingham county, on Grand river, 117 miles from Detroit, and has been the seat of government since Dec. 1847. It is centrally situated in reference to the settlements. Though but a few years have elapsed since the place was a wilderness, it now contains upwards of 400 houses and several large hotels. The State House is a spacious and handsome building, in the center of an enclo- sui'e overlooking the town, and on an elevation of about 50 feet above the river. Several saw and flouring mills, propelled both by steam and water power, have been erected, and there seems to be every prospect of its becoming a flourishing place. Pop. 1,229. A stage communication is maintained to Jackson, on the Central Railroad. Detroit, the former capital, and the lai-gest and most flourishing town in Michigan, is well situated for trade on the W. side of Detroit river, seven miles S. of Lake St. Clair, and 18 N. of Lake Erie. It stands on an elevated site, about 30 feet above the water. It is I'egularly laid out, and has many excellent public buildings and private residences. It enjoys great facilities for an extensive commerce, and few cities have better prospects for future eminence. Pop. 21,(157. The Central Rail- road extends hence to New BuiTalo, 221 miles, and aiu)ther to Pontiac, 25 miles. Detroit was formerly a military post of the French, and a great depot of the fur-traders. Pontiac, 25 miles N. VV. from Detroit, on the N. bank of Clinton river, contains the county buildings of Oakland, and is a flourishing inland town, containing several manufactures. Population 2,819. It is con- nected with Detroit by railroad. Shelby and Mt. Clemens, on the same river, to the E of Pontiac, are considerable villages. St. Clair and Pt)RT Huron, on St. Clair river, occupy excellent commercial sites, and with the progress of settlement must become important. Monroe, 39 miles S. of Detroit, is well situated, both for manufactures and com- merce, at the lower falls of Raisin river, anil is accessible for the largest vessels from Lake Erie. Population 2,809. Here commences the South- em Railroad. Adrian and Tecumseh, also on the Raisin, are populous villages, the former of which is a station on the Southern Railroad. Hillsdale is the present terminus of that road. Ypsilanti, the seat of the State Normal School, and Ann Arbor, the seat of Michigan Uni- versity, are towns on the S. bank of Huron river, and on the line of the Central Railroad. The population of each is about 4,870. Dexter, Jackson, and Marshall are towns on the same railroad. IMarshaJl, which is situated on the N. bank of Kalamazoo river, is an important plaai, with a population of about 2,823. Kalamazoo, on the S. bank, 160 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. has great commercial advantages, the riyer being navigable to the lake. It has long been an important point of travel, and has especially in- creased in prosperity since the completion of the Central Railroiid. A large trade centers here from the neighboring country. Population 2,507. NiLES, on the E. side of St. Joseph's river, at the head of steam navigation, is an important place on the Central Railroad. Popidation 3,400. New Buffalo, opposite Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the W. terminus of the Central Railroad, and distant from Detroit 221 miles. It has much of the busy aspect of its gi-eat prototype of the east. St. Joseph's, at the mouth of the river of the same name, has a good loca- tion for commerce, but hitherto has not reahzed the expectations of its foundcis. Gra.n'd Rapids is situated on the S. E. side of Grand river, at the rap- ids, wh ich have a fall of 15 feet in a mile, and afford immense water- power. A large number of splendid saw and flouring mills have been erected here. The village contains the public offices of Kent comity, and has a population of about 2,646. A canal round the rapids would se- cure navigation to steamboats many miles fm-ther up the river. It was founded in 1833, and promises to become one of the most important places in the state. Maskegon, on the S. bank of the river of the same name, is also a large village, and well located for commerce. It is the natural outlet of an extensive back-country. Pop 4C4. Saginaw, on the W. bank of Saginaw river, 23 miles from its mouth, stands on an elevated site, and contains several substantial public build- ings. It has long been an important village, and has considerable com- merce. It is the chief outlet for the extensive country watered by the numerous tributaries of the Saginaw. Pop 917. Mackinaw, on Mackinaw Island, which fonns a part of the N. E. bank of the strait of Mackinaw, is a village of some 800 inhabitants. It is an important military station, occupied by the U. S. forces. The fortifica- tions are built on an eminence, 160 feet above the surface of the lake. The Indians resort to this station to receive from government their an- nuities, and are here met by the traders. Steamboats call here on their passages through the strait. Few villages exist in the northern peninsula. Those occupied by the miners are only of a temporary nature. Sault St. Marie, however, is an exception. This village, 90 miles N. W. from Mackinaw, is situated near the rapids of St. Mary's river, between lakes Superior and Hiu-on, and at the head of steam navigation. It is proposed to connect the two lakes by a canal round the falls, and thus secure a continuous naylga* lion between the lakes, and form an outlet for the vast resources of the upper lake country. The first permanent settlement within the bounds of Michigan was made by the French at Detroit in 1670 ; but at the peace of Paris in 17G3, THE STATE OF INDIANA. IGl the country was transferred to England, and at the close of the Revolu. tionaiy war revei-ted to the United Ftates. In 18U5 it was erected by Congress into a separate territorial government. During the kst war ■with England it fell into the hands of the enemy through the cowardice of Gen. Hull, but was retaken by Gen. Harrison in the following year. On 13th of June, 1836, it was admitted as a state of the Union. Arkan- Bas was admitted on the same day as a slave state. THE STATE OE INDIANA. Area 33,809 square miles. — Population 988,416. Indiana lies between 37° 45' and 41° 52' N. lat., and between 84° 42' and 88° 12' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Michigan and the state of the same name ; E. by Ohio ; S. E. and S. by the Ohio river, and W. by the Wabash river and Dlinois. The physical aspect of this state is generally similar to that of Ohio. In no part is it mountainous: but that portion bordering on the Ohio river contains much broken and hilly land. The intei-ior is undulating, and in many parts clothed with timber. The river bottoms are always rich and fei-tile. On the shores of Lake Michigan are extensive sand- hills, and along the course of the Kankakee river swamps and marshes. The Ohio meanders along the entire southern boundary. The E. and W. forks of the White river and the Wabash drain the whole western and central portion of the state. The Wabash is navigable for steam- boats to Logansport, and the head waters of this river interlace with those of the St. Joseph's and Maumee. It falls into the Ohio in the S. W. corner of the state, and forms the western border for UiU miles. The climate is comparatively mild, and highly favorable for agriculture ; and with few local exceptions, the whole country is remarkably healthy. L'on ore and bituminous coal are abundant, and salt is manufactured in several counties. Few persons, however, are enij/loyed in mining. Agriculture engrosses almost universal attention. Wheat, oats, and In- dian corn are the great cereal staples, and are largely exported, as are also wool and pork. Tobacco is also produced. Indiana is progressing in manufactures, and in this branch a large capital is already employed. The commerce of the state is chiefly carried on through the Ohio ; and to the ports on that river most of the exports are brought by the Wa- bash, and the several internal improvements. Michigan City is the only port of Consequence on Lake Erie. The length of completed railroad in the state is 90:i miles, and of canal 420 miles. 14* 162 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. The school fund amounts to $2,195,149, but in this are included $1,500,000, the estimated value of school lands unsold. The number of academies is about 80, and of common schools 2,000. There are also six colleges in the state, one theological seminary, one law school, and one medical school. About 90,000 students and scholars attend these institutions. Indiana is divided into 91 counties. The chief cities and towns are — Indianapolis, Evansville, Jeffersonville, Madison, Lawrenceburg, Coving- ton, Logansport, Michigan City, &c. INDIA.NAP0LIS, the Capital, is situated on the E. bank of the West Fork of White river, and at the head of steam navigation. An elegant bridge is thrown over the river, over which passes the great national road. The State House is one of the most splendid buil4ings in the West, and is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens. The city contains also sev- eral handsome churches and school-houses. It was laid out in 1821, and now has a population of 8034. Indianapolis is the principal railroad center in the state. Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, is a place of importance, at the south terminus of the Whitewater Canal, but is liable to inundation. It is a great depot for the rich produce of the Miami ;md Whitewater valleys, and will ultimately become a large city. Population 4.500. Vevay waa settled by a Swiss colony in 1804, and is the seat of Switzerland county. It has a fine location, and is prettily laid out, being surrounded by vine- yards. The lands in the neighborhood indeed were granted by Con- gress, with the stipulation to make vine culture a prominent part of the agriculture of the colonists. Popiilation 2,000. Madison derives im- portance from being the southern terminus of the railroad, 86 miles long, to the capital. It h:is great facilities for both manuJactiires and com- merce. Population 8,039. Jeffersonville, opposite Louisville, is the site of the State Prison. Population 2,800. New Albany is a large and flourishing place, and carries on some manufactures. Ship-building is one of its chief businesses. A railroad connects it with Salem ; and eventually the line will be extended to Crawfordsville, in Montgomery CJounty, and Lalayette, on the Wabash. Population 9,785. Rome and RocKi'oRT are lower down the Ohio. Evansville has an extensive trade with the interior. It is connected by a canal with Lake Erie, 458 miles N. N. E. Several manufactures are carried on in the town. Population 5,400. Mx. Vernon, 22 miles W., is the capital of Posey county, and a flourishing village. Vincennes, on the Wabash, 150 miles from its mouth, is the oldest city in the state, having been settled by the French in 1702. The inhabitants are chiefly descendants of the old colonists, and still retain much of their national vivacity and politeness. It was formerly the state capitaL Population 2,800. New Harmony, 50 miles S. of Vincennes, was set- THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 163 tied in 1816 by a colony of German enthusiasts, styled " Hannonists," under the spiritual chari^'e of George Rapp. These religionists ultimate- ly settled on Beaver CVeek, Pa., and their lands were purchased by Rob- ert Owen, the Scottish Socialist, who here attempted to test the opera- tion of his " new-liglit" principles on a large scale. About 1,000 persona congregated here under his system, but the experiment was soon aban- doned, and the place is now a mere village. Terrk Haute, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, about 100 miles N. of Vincennes, and Logansport, at the head of sieam navigation on the Wabash, are important places. Lafayette, VVilliamsport, Covington, and Newport, are also flour- ishing towns on the Wabash. Opposite Lafayette was fought the fa- mous battle of Tippecanoe. Michigan City is the only port in Indiana on the lake. There are some considerable towns and villages in the eastern portion of the state, but none of large population, or of much consequence to the traveller. The early history of Indiana is obscure. The first settlement was made at Vincennes by French soldiers from Canada in 1702. In 1763 the ter- ritory was ceded to the British, and afterwards formed a part of the Western Tei ritory. Indian wars desolated the country until 1797, and in 1811-12, the Indian?, incited by the British, again commenced hostil- ities. The battle of Tippecanoe compelled them to sue for peace. In 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union; and since that period has been rapidly filling up with a hardy and vigorous immigration, and now ranks fifth m point of population. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. .Area 5^>,405 square miles. — Population 851,470. Illinois, so noted for the extent of its prairies, is situated between 37C'- and 420 30' N. lat., and between 87° 49' and 91° 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Wisconsin; E. by Lake Michigan and Indiana; S. E. and S. by the Ohio river, which separates it fri)m Kentucky, and W. by the Mississippi, which flows from the N. southward, between it and Iowa and Missouri. The surface is generally level : the southern and northern parts of the state are somewhat hilly and broken, but nowhere mountainous. That portion S. of a line from the mouth of the Wabash to the mouth of the Kaskaskia river, is mostly covered with timber: thence N. prairie pre- dominates. A range of bluffs commences on the margin of the Misais- Bippi, (a short distance above the mouth of the Ohio,) and extend N. of fhe Des Moines rapids, sometimes rising abruptly from the water's edge> 164 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. but most generally at a few miles distant, having between the bluffs and river a strip of silluvial formation of the most exhaustless fertility. Probably two-thirds of the state is prairie land. The soil throughout is excellent, — rich, deep, and productive, being watered by an abimdance of piu-e springs, and well adopted for all kinds of grain, and other agri- cultural staples of temperate climes. The great lead region in this state is in the N. W. portion, and the mines in the neighborhood of Galena are perhaps the richest in the world. Copper and iron ores also exist, and coal is found in almost eveiy county, while salt-springs abound in the southern coimtits. Tlie Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers form more than two-thirds of the boiuidary of the state. The Big-Muddy, Kaskaslvia, Illinois, and Rock rivers, and many smaller streams, empty themselves into the Mississippi. Chicago river empties into Lake Mi- chigan ; the Vermillion, Erabarras, and Little Wabash uito the AVabash river, which, and some few others, empty into the Ohio. The state is everywhere well watered. The climate is excellimt, and in the south is sufficiently mild for the cultivation of cotton, while peaches come to ma- turity everywhere. Excei)t on the river bottoms, and in the ntighbor- hood of swamps, the country is healthy, and free Irom endemic diseases. The productive industry of Illinois is chiefly employed in agriculture. The cereal staples are wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Tobacco, hemp, and flax ai-e also raised. The manufactures are comparatively of small importance. Mining, however, is briskly cari'ied on, and large quanti- ties of lead, copper, iron, and bituminous coal are annually produced. The lead region extends from Galena beyond the limits of the state north and west, and is supposed to occupy a district 200 miles long and 60 broad. Mining operations have been carried on lor 30 years. Illinois has but little direct foreign commerce, but supplies no inconsiderable amount of that carried on with other states ; and since the completion of the Illinois Canal a large export business has been done via the lakes. The Mississippi river, however, will ever be the great outlet for the pro- ductions of the interior. Many of the rivers are navigable, and with the already completed internal improvements, afford great facilities for the transportation of goods and merchandise. Illinuis has projected a splen- did system of railroads, but only 400 miles are completed. The canal from the lake to the Illinois river, however, is finished, and answers per- fectly every anticipation of its projectors. Illinois has four colleges, a theological seminary, and a medical school. There are also about 60 academies and gramm ir schools in the state, which educate about 3,500 students; and 2,317 common schools, at which 51,447 children are taught for various terms during the year. The whole number of persons under 20 years of age was in 1848. 209,639. The school fund amounts to $1,404,752. There is a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Springfield, which, in Jan. 1850, had 60 pupils. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 165 The state is divided into 99 counties. The following are among the principiil cities and t(jwns— Springfield, Chicago, Galena, Rock IsI.,Nau- voo, Quiiicj^ Kaskaskia, Alton, Cairo, Shawneetown, &c. Springfield, the capital, is situated on the border of a beautiful plain, 4 miles S. of the Sangamon river, and very near the center of the state. In 1823 it contained about 30 families, living in small log cabins. It now has several fine ])ublic buildings, including the capitol, an elegant edi- fice of hewn stone, and a population of 5,000. The surrounding country is one of the richest prairie districts in the state. Chicago is situated on the S. VV. shore of Lake Michigan, and is the most commercial city of Illinois. It is built on a level prairie, elevated somewhat above the lake surface, and lies on both sides of Chicago river, about a mile above its entrance in the lake. By the construction of piers, an artificial harbor has been made at the mouth of the river. The city has sprung up rapidly. In 1830 it was a mere trading post; it now contains about 29,903 inhabitants, and is one of the largest grain depots in the Union. Its commerce is immense, and in the aggregate employs about 60,000 tons of shipping, one half steamers and propellers. The lumber trade is also becoming very profitable. This trade is chiefly carried on with Buffalo. Chicago is connected with the western rivers by a slonp canal, one of the most magnificent works ever under- taken. It is connected with Galena by railroad. Galena, in tlie heart of the lead regions, is situated on Fever river, 7 miles from the Mississippi, and derives all its importance from the mi- nmg Ciirried on in the vicinity. Population 7,000. A railroad cumiects it with Chicago. Rock Island, near the mouth of Rock river, is an island abo^it 4 miles long and 2 broad. It is the site of Fort Armstrong, the foundation of which is laid upon rocks rising some 20 feet out of the river. Rock ISL,, N. of the junction of the Rock river with the Mississippi, is a flourishing village of 2,300 inhabitants. Nauvoo, the site of the Mor- mon city, which contained in its palmy days about 24,000 inhabitants, is located on a bluff, with an easy ascent. The Mormons have been driven out, and their magnificent temple was destroyed by fire in 1848. The city, or rather its ruins have been purchased by M.Cabet, the chief of the "Icarians," large bodies of which sect are now emigrating from France. Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river, is a small, but thriving village. Quincy is situated on a bluff, and com- mands a fine view of the river and surrounding country. It has a large river trade, being the depot of a fertile back-country. Pop. 7,000. Al- ton, situated a little north of and opposite to the mouth of the Missouri, is a very thriving town, in a region rich in timber and bituminous coal. Population 3,500. Kaskaskia, on the river of the same name, 11 miles from its mouth, stands on an extensive plain. It was originally set- 1G6 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. tied by the French from Canada, and was a place of the greatest impor tance. Population 1,800. Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio, occupies a site most appropriate for a large commercial city, but in consequence of the lowness of the ground, and mihealthiness of the situation, it can never rise to that im- portance its projectors anticipated. A levee has been built to keep back the waters, at a cost of a million of doUai-s. Population from 200 to 300. Shawneetovvn, on the Ohio, 9 mUes S. of the Wabash, was origin- ally a village occupied by Indians of the Shawnee tribe. It has consid- erable trade, and a population of 1,500. Among the interior towns the most notable are — Ottawa, on Fox river, an important canal station ; Peru, the western terminus of the niinois and Michigan Canal ; Peoria, on the Illinois river, S. of Peoria Lake; Fontiac. on Vermillion river; Bloomington, tlie county seat of McLean; Beardstown, on the Illinois; Meredosia, on the same river ; Jacksonville, the seat of IllLnois College ; Vandalia, on the National Road, &c. &c. Early in the I7th centuiy, Illinois was explored by La Salle, the en- terprising traveller ; and French settlements were formed at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and other places soon afterwards. In 17G3 the whole countiy was ceded to England. Until 1809, Illinois was a part of the territory N. W. of the Ohio. In that year it was placed under a separate terri- torial government, and in 1818 was admitted into the Tnion as a state. The present population has resulted from immigration dm-ing the cur- rent centuiy. THE STATE OF KENTUCET. ^rea 37,680 square miles. — Population 983,405. Kentucky, formerly a part of Virginia, lies between 36° 47' and 39<5 10' N lat., and between 820 11' and 89° 35' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which it is separated by the Ohio river: W. by the .Mississippi river, which separates it from Mis- souri ; S. by Tennessee, and E. by the Cumberland Mountams and Big Sandy river, which senarates it from Virginia. The outline of Kentucky, except on its southern boundary, is very ir- regular, being drawn chiefly by the meanderings of the Ohio. The only poilion of this state that can be called momitainous is that on the east- ern border, which is traversed by several transvcr&e ridges of the Cum- berland raii'-e. Much liilly and broken land, however, is found near the Ohio, extendmg sdong its whole length at vai'ious distances. The soil of THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 167 these regions is good ; and a part of this tract, lying immediately on the river, averaging a mile in width, consists of bottom lands, which from frequent inundation are exceedingly rich and fertile. Between this tract, the eastern counties, and Green river, is the "garden of the state." This fertile tract is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 miles broad, with an undulating surface and rich black friable soil. The country be- tween Green and Cumberland rivers is called the " barrens ;" a terra, however, which does not apply literally, for the soil is good and fertile, though in relation to the rich prairie land certainly infei-ior. The natu- ral growths are black walnut, black cherry, locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-maple, elm, ash, cotton-wood, white thorn, &c. The whole state below the moimtains rests on a limestone bed, usually about eight feet below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this formation called "sink holes," through which the waters of the rivers disappear; and as a consequence, during the dry season the rivers are lower than in any other portion of the Union, and the small streams are entirely dried up. In the S. W. part of the state, between Green and Cumber- land rivers, there arc several extensive caves: one called the "Mam- moth Cave" is 8 or 9 miles long. Kentucky is almost isolated by navi- gable rivers. The Big Sandy, which rises in the Cumberland Moun- tains, near the sources of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, forms the eastern boundary for nearly 200 miles, while the Ohio winds along the north for more than ()00 miles, and the Mississippi along the west for about 80 miles. The Cumberland and Tennessee both have their sources in the eastern mountains, and after circuitous windings for 600 or 700 miles through the states south of Kentucky, bend to the north, iLid finally C sembogue into the Ohio, within 12 miles of each other. The Licking, is-entucky. Salt, and Green rivers, are wholly within the state, and fall into the Ohio. All these are navigable tor vai-ious dis- tances, and have been much improved, so as to admit of navigation almost to then- soiu-ces. The banks of these rivers are peculiarly striking in formation, and the streams seem to have worn deep channels in the calcareous rock through which they flow. The precipices formed by the Kentucky are in many places awful in appearance, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone. Situated ui the center of the United States, on the table land of the •' Great West," with the Alleghany mountains to the eastward, and the high lands of Tennessee on the south, Kentucky enjoys a climate pro- tected from all extremes, and is not excelled in salubi'ity by any other portion of North America. The heat seldom exceeds 80° Fahr. or re- cedes below 2::° Such a climate is suitable to the perfection of every production of '^imperate regions. Tlie mine. a', produced in this state are iron, bituminous coal, and •alt. All those are abundant. Its agricultural resources are equal to 168 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. any other of the western states. Wheat, oats, rye, and Indian corn are the cereal staples, and flax, tobacco, and hemp ai-e extensively grown. Kentucky is amply provided with live-stock, and pi-odiices wool in large quantities. The pork trade is a large item in its resources. The manu- factiu-es of the state are hardware, coarse cottons, and cotton bagging, cordage, woollens, tobacco, spirits, &c. The cotton business has been developing itself largely during the past few yeai-s. The expoits are considerable, and the quantity of produce shipped to New Orleans for a foreign market is immense. Louisville is the chief pori. A large trade is also maintained with the southern states. Works of internal improvement undertaken in this state are important: of railroads 93 miles are in operation, and upwards of SOO miles are in progress or proposed, and there are some improvements to overcome river obstruo- tions. The state has also great facilities in its fine rivers and dry high- ways. Kentucky has several old and well-conducted colleges. Transylvania University, at Lexington, was fomided in 1798, and is the best literary establishment in the state. The Catholic College of St. Joseph, at Bardstown, and Centre CoUege, at Danville, are perhaps the most flour- ishing. The Baptists have a Theological Seminary at Covington, and there aie schools of law and medicine attached to the University at Lex- ington, and a separate medical school at Louisville. Thei-e are also about 140 academies, 1,200 common schools, and a large number of private scliools. The state institutions for the relief of the un ortunate are the Lunatic Asylums at Lexington and liopkinsville, the Dt;af and Dumb Asylum at Danville, the School for the Blind at LouisviUe, and the jWarine Hospitals at Smithland and Louisville. The state conlaiiiSlOT counties. Among the principal cities and towns are Frankfoi-t, Louisville, Lexington, &c. Frankfort, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of Kentucky river, 60 miles from its mouth, and in a deep valley surrounded by lofty and precipitous hills. The State House is built of white marble, and is a handsome edifice ; and the State Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn plan, is a strong and durable structure. Many of the public and private buildings are built of the fine limestone with which the country abounds. Steamboats come up to the city, and keel-boats navigate the river for many miles further. Population 4,372. Railroads connect it with Lex- ington and Louisville. Lexington is situated in a rich district, and is the oldest city in Ken- tucky. The surroimding country is beautiful and exceedingly fertile. The main street is spacious and about a mile and a half long, and con- tains niiiny elegant houses. Some mauufactm-es are carried on, but the city is quiet, and none of the bustle of commercial towns is observed. The University, Lunatic Asylum, &c., sittiated here, are important adcnimenta to the city. A railroad connects it with the capital. Popu- THE STATE OF KENTUCKY, 109 lation 9,500. The Hon. Heniy Clay, the illustrious statesman, resides at Ashland, near this place. Louisville, on the S. bank of the Ohio, immediately above the Falls, is the chief commercial city. The canal from Portland enables steam- boats to come up to the wharves. An immense and valuable trade centers here, and manufactures of various descriptions are carried on with {?reat spirit. Foundries, steam bagging factories, cotton and woollen mills, flouring mills, &c., are numerous. Pork packing is a large business. The city is laid out in rectangular form, the principal streets rimning pai-allel with the river. Among the public buildings are the City Hall, Court House, a college, two hospitals, a medical school, seve- ral asylums, and about 30 churches. Several daily and weekly papers and other periodicals are published here. The value of property in 1846 was assessed at $13,047,.5 14— number of houses 7,000— population 43,l^f;. Covington, on the W. bank of the Licking river, near its mouth, is built on an elevated plain. The streets are so laid out as to appear to be a continuation of those of Cincinnati, on the opposite bank of the Ohio. It contains several handsome jjublic buiUiings and a number of manufacturing establishments. A steam-ferry con- nects it with Cincinnati, and a suspension bridge is about to be built over the Licking, to connect it with Newport. Population P,637. Newport, ou the opposite bank of the Licking, and also facing Cincin- nati, is connected with that city by a steam-ferry. It is a thriving town, and has some manufactures. It is a station of the U. S. army. Popula- tion 6,026. Mavsville is the commercial depl t of the eastern counties. It is situated on the alluvial tract of the Ohio, and is a well-built and handsome city, and contains a City Hall, a bank, several churches, &c. It has also some manufactures. Population 4,256. Clarksburg and Greenupsburg are thriving towns E. of Mays\'ille. The cities and towns west of Louisville on the Ohio, are Portland, Henderson, Smith- land, Paducah, &c. Portland, 3 miles below Louisville, is a flourish- ing and business-like place, and holds communication with New Albany by a steam-ferry. Population 1,200. Henderson is a shipping port of some consideration, and is largely engaged in the tobacco-trade. Popu- lation 1,800. Smithland, at the mouth of the Cumberland, has some trade with the interior, and a population of about 1,200. Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee, is a place of rapidly-increasing importance, and as a depot of the river-trade, is already possessed of an extensive commerce. Population 2,400. The interior towns are in general small. Lntonian Sprivgs^ four miles from Covington, is a fashionable resort during the hot season ; and Drennon Springs, in Heniy county, 20 miles up Kentucky river, supplies every variety of sulphur and chalybeate wa- ters, and is much frequented by the citizens of Louisville and Cincinnati. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made by the celebra- 15 170 NORTH-WESTERN STATES, ted Daniel Boone, in 1775, Until 1790 it was an integral part of Vir- ginia, but in that year it became detached, and formed for itself a consti- tutiOQ, In 1792 it was admitted into the Union as a state. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Area 67,380 square miles. — Popu/.ation 682,043. Missouri, the largest of the western states, is situated between 360 30' and 40° 30' N. lat., and between 89° and 96° 45' W. long. : and is bounded N, by Iowa; E. by Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river ; S. by Arkansas, and W, by Nebras- ka Territory and the Missouri river, Missouri has, generally, a rolling or hilly surface, and is about equally divided between prairie and timber land. The S. E. corner is almost entirely alluvial. No part of the state can be called mountainous, A range of low hills, however, commences in St. Francois county, and ex- tends in a S, VV. direction to the southern boimdary ; and another range, of a larger class, extends from the Missouri river, between the Gascon- ade and Osage, increasing in magnitude until far within the state of Arkansas. These are sometimes called the Ozai-k Mountains. The celebrated Iron mountain is situated in St. Francois county. Five miles S, of this is " Pilot Knob," also composed almost wholly of oxide of iron. These, with the exception of the recently discovered iron beds in northern Michigan, are the richest known deposits of iron in the world. Copper is found in several districts, and lead mines of great ex- tent are known to exist, Washington county is a perfect bed of metallic wealth — lead, copper, copperas, black-lead, and brimstone; canielian and other precious stones ; free-stone, grind-stone, and burr-stone, and chalk, are the prevaihng formations. St, Genevieve county has quar- ries of fine marble, and vast caverns full of beautiful white sand resem- bling snow, much prized for the manufacture of flint-glass. Throughout the mineral district beds of rich red marls are found, which prove to be the very best kind of manure, and such deposits being found in this compai-atively sterile region are doubly valuable. The best portion of the sta.o south of the Missouri rivei-, is between the Osage and that river. It is agreeably diversified and fertile beyond conception, and abounds in coal, salt, &c. The country north of the Missouri is scarcely inferior. There is no part of the globe where greater extent of countiy can be traversed more easily when in its natural slate. It has, for the most part, a surface delightfully rolling and variegated, sometimes rising into picturesque hills, and then stretching far away into the sea of prairie, occationally interspersed with shady groves and sparkling streamlets. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. l7l The Mississippi meanders along the eastern border of the slate for 400 miles, receiving in its course the turbid waters of the Missouri, which river traverses the state in a south-western direction. The La Mine, Osage, and Givsconade, from the S., and the Little Platte. Grand, and Chariton, from the N., are the navigable tributaries of the Missouri. Salt river, a navigable stream, falls into tne Mississippi 86 miles above the mouth of the Missouri ; and Maramee river, also navigable, disem bogues 18 miles below St. Louis. The White Water and St. Francoia di'ain the S. E. portion, and the tributaries of the Neosho the S. W. part of the state. The Missouri river, during a part of the year, is navigable for 1,800 miles. Almost every acre of this fine country is susceptible of agricultural improvement. The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, being well suited to out-door employment and the raising of live-stock. The chief products consist of tobacco, hemp, wheat, oats, and Indian com. Wool-growing is becoming a favorite employment ; and of late yeara the improvement of breed has been attended to. The trade in hogs is very extensive, and large numbers of cattle are reared for the maiket. About five-sixths of the people are farmers. Mining occupies at least 4,000 persons, and perhaps two-thirds of these are employed at the lead mines: the remainder are employed at the iron, copper, and bitumin- ous coal mines. As a manufacturing state Missouri is not of much im- portance. The exports from this state consist chiefly of agricultural produce and its minerals. Cattle and horses are also largely exported to the East and South. St. Louis is the chief commercial city, and the great receiving and distributing depot. Internal trade is carried on mainly by steamboats on the Missouri and its tributaries. The University of St. Louis, Kemper College, at the same place, and Missouri University, at Columbia, to each of which is attached a medi- cal school, are the principal scholastic institutions. There are also col- leges at Cape Girardeau, in Marion county, at St. Charles, and Fayette, and a medical college at Willoughby. Academies and common schools are supported on a liberal footing. Missom-i is divided into 101 counties. The principal cities and towns are Jefierson City, St. Louis, St. Charles, &c. Jefferson City, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Mis- souri, 136 miles from its mouth, and near the center of the state. The State House and the Penitentiary are the principal public buildings. Population 4,000. The most important places on the river, W. of the capital, are Marion, Nashville, Rocheport, Booneville, Chariton, Lexing- ton, Blayton, Liberty, Independence, Weston, St. Joseph's, &c. Inpe- PENDENCE, on the S. bank of the river, 352 miles from its junction with the Mississippi, is the starting-point or rendezvous for traders to northern Mexico, and for emigrants to Oregon and Califoi-nia. The distance from 172 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. St. Louis by land is 266 miles. Portland, Pinkney, Newport, and St. Charles, lie eastward of Jefferson City. St. Charles, formerly the state capital, 2-i miles from the mouth of the river on its N. bank, is a thriving place, and contains about 5,000 inhabitants, many of whom are of French origin. Warsaw and Osceola are the principal towns on Osage river. St. Louis, the commercial capital of the state, and one of the most important places in the West, is situated on the Mississippi, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missom-i, 863 miles from FortSnellmg, and 1,212 from New Orleans. No city could be better located foi- an extensive connnerce. The whole Union is its tributary, and already its trade amounts to nearly one half the whole foreign commerce of the U. S. in value. About 1,000 flat-boats arrive here annually, and steamboats with an aggregate of 500,000 tons. The Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi are navigated by its fleets, luid even the northern lakes con- tribute to its commerce. Year by year its importance is increasing. The city consists of two parts, built at different elevations. The lower part, or that on the margin of the river, is laid out in narrow streets, and is chiefly occupied by those engaged in business. The more elevated poi'tiou is diffei-ent in appearance, and is laid out regularly in broad hand- some streets, lined with the splendid mansions of the rich. A variety of public buildings beautify this locality. The population, about 77,360, is composed of men of all nations, but the most numerous are Ameri- cans, French, and Germans, The city is supplied with water from the river, which is raised into a reservoir by steam-power, and thence dis- tributed through iron pipes. The streets ai-e lighted with gas. St. Louis is the principal depot of the American Fur Company. Jefferson Bar- racks^ the most extensive military station in the West, is situated on a range of bluffs, about 9 miles below the city. The principal places N. of St. Louis are Westport, Clarkesville, Louisiana, Haimibal, Marion City, La Grange and Tally, on the Mississippi, and St. Francisville, on the Des .Moines river. To tlie S. of St. Louis are Hereulaneum and St. Genevieve, the chief ports of the mineral district ; Cape Girardeau, which has a line ha;bor for keel-boats ; Ohio City, opposite Cairo, and New Ma- dj-id, formerly a noted place, but containing now less than 500 inhabitants. Missouri was originally a portion of Louisiana, as pm-chased by the United States in 1803. Settlements were made at St. Louis, St, Gene- vieve, and elsewhere, about the middle of the last century. In 1821, Missouri became a state. Previous to its admission, however, great debate was had on the subject of slavery, nor was it untU a distinctive line had been drawn between slave soil imd free soil that the state wiis recognised by Congress. This line (,36° 30' N. lat.) is usually called the " Missouri Compromise line," N. of which to the Rocky Mountains, except so far as regards this state, slavery is never to be tolerated. THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 THE STATE OF lO^^^A. Jlrea 50,914 square miles. — Population 192,211. Iowa is situated between 40° 30' and 43° 30' N. lat., and between 90° 20' and 97° 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Minesota Territory ; E. by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois; S. by Missouri, and W. by the territory of Nebraska. Praii-ie predominates in this state. Scarcely a hill interrupts the sea- like expanse of its wavy surface. An elevated table-land or plateau, however, extends through a considerable portion of the couiiiry, and forms the watershed between the streams flowing into the Missouri and Mississippi rivers respectively. The margins of the streams are thickly timbered. The prairie lands are variously covered : some are clothed in thick grass, suitable for grazing farms, while hazel thickets and sas- safras shrubs invest others with perennial verdure. In spring and sum- mer the surface is enamelled by wild flowers in endless variety. The soil is universally good, being a rich black mould, mixed sometimes with sandy loam, and sometimes with red clay and gravel. Lead, zinc, iron, &c., ai*e very plentiful. The "• mineral region" is principally confined to the neighborhood of Dubuque. The lead mines of this region are per- haps the most productive and valuable in the world. Ten thousand mi- ners could here find profitable employment. Zinc occui-s in fissures along with the lead, chiefly in the form of electric calamine. In some " dig- gings" this mineral is found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a sulphuret. Iron ore is abundant in several districts ; but as yet the mines have not been worked to any great extent. The state is well watered by numerous navigable rivers and streamlets flowing into the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, which bound the state — the first on the E. and the latter on the W. The principal of these are the Red Cedar and Iowa, and tho Des Moines, which empty into the Mississippi. The rivers falling into the Missouj'i are comparatively unimportant. The climate is excellent, especially on the prairies, and the country is as free from endemic dis- eases as the most favored portion of the Union. Peiiodic breezes blow over the prairies as regularly and as refreshing as on the ocean between the tropics. The only mihealthy portions of Iowa are the low margins of the rivers, which are frequently inundated. Though the buffalo, once the denizen of this beautiful country, is now almost extinct, and though the elk is only found in the wild recesses not yet occupied by civilization, a great variety of wild animals remain, and afford pleasure to the sportsman and profit to the hunter. The wolf, panther, and wild- cat are still numerous, and in the wooded districts the black bear is fcxind. Foxes, racoons, opossums, gophars, porcupines, squirrels, and 15* 1*74 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. the otter, inhabit almost the whole unsettled country. Deer are also quite numerous, and the musk-rat and common rabbit are incredibly prolific. Among the bird tribes are wild-turkeys, prairie-hens, grouse, partridi^es, woodcocks, &c. Geese, ducks, loons, pelicans, plovers, snipes, &c., are among the aquatic birds that visit the rivers, lakes, and sluices. Bees swarm in the forests; the rivers and creeks aboimd with excellent fish, and the insect tribes, varied and beautiful, add gaudmess to the scene. Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultural resources. Its fine prairies are easily converted to cultivation, and its natural pastures aiford peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle, and sheep farming. Wool- growing, indeed, has become one of the staple employments of the farmers : and the raising of hogs for market, is no less profitable in its results. The sheep and hog are here raised with little or no trouble, the natural productions of the forest and prairie affording a plentiful sub- sistence. The cereal and root crops grow luxuriantly, and all the fruits of temperate climates find here a congenial soil. Tobacco is grown ex- tensively on the alluvial margins of the Des Moines, and the castor-oil plant, which has been lately introduced, succeeds well. No country in the world, in every point of view, is more promising to the agricultiu-ist. Fertile and pi-oductive, yielding minei-als of the greatest value, pene- trated by numerous navigable rivers, and bordered by the noble Mis- sissippi, easily accessible, and free from many of the dangers incident to newly-settled countries, it offers the greatest inducements to immigrants and others to make it their homes. Its commercial advantages are per- haps second to those of none other of the Western States, while every portion of the country is open to easy navigation and land travel. It ah-eady contributes lai-gely to the valuable cargoes that annually arrive at New Orleans. The settled portion of the state is well provided with good roads ; but as yet no canals or railroads, though several ai-e pro- jected, have been built. The manufactures of Iowa consist principally of such heavy articles as are of im.mediate necessity to the settler, or of such goods as are usually made in families, as coarse woollen and cotton articles, &c. The aggregate value of property assessed for taxes in this state in 1848 was $14,449,200. Education is well provided for. A respectable university has been established, and the constitution makes it imperative that a school shall be established in each district. Inst'uction is placed under the direction of a superintendent, chosen by the people for three yeai-s. The perma- nent school fund amounted, Nov. 1st, 1848, to $132,908, and all lands gi-auted by Congress, all escheated estates, and all rents a "cruing from unsold lands of the state, are applied to this fund, the interest of which is devoted exclusively to the support of schools. Militai7 exemption fines, and all fines imposed by courts, aie appropriated to the same THE STATE OF IOWA. l75 puipose. The University is supported by the interest of moneys arising from the lease or sale of public lands granted by Congress for the sup- port of the institution. The settled portion of Iowa is divided into 99 counties. Among tho principal cities and towns are Iowa City, Dubuque, Muscatine, Bur- lington, Keokuck, &c. Iowa City, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Iowa river, about GO miles N. of its junction with Red (^edar river. The river is navigable to this point for keel-boats. The location is beautiful, rising in a succession of plateaux or elevated terraces, overlooking a splendid country. Previous to 1839 the site was in the wilderness. The state capitol is a handsome building in the Doric style of architecture. It is 120 feet long and 60 feet wide, and is two stories high above the base- ment, and surmounted by a dome supported by 16 Corinthian columns. The churches and many of the private residences are substantially built, and in some cases elegantly. Population about 2,000. Dubuque, on the Mississippi river. 1712 miles from its mouth, and 468 from the Falls of St. Anthony, is situated in the very center of the lead region, and is the chief outlet for the commerce of the district. It was originally settled by a French half-breed of the name of Dubuque. It is regularly laid out, and has a city charter. It contains six or seven churches, one of which is an elegant Roman Catholic cathedral of stone. Considerable commerce is attracted to this place, and the trade of the city has long been in a flourishing condition. The Land Oflice for the District, and the Sm-veyor-GeneraPs Oflice for the states of Iowa and Wisconsin, are located here. The interior of the state contributes large- ly of its agricultural wealth to swell its otherwise commercial prosperity. Population 4.000. Davenport, 74 miles S. of Dubuque, is finely located on an elevated plain, and suiToundedby a rich agricultural countiy. It is becoming an important place of trade. Pop. 1,600. Muscatine, foiraerly Bloomington, 22 miles further south, is one of the most thr'ving towns in the state, and contains a court house, jail, several churches, and a number of mercantile houses and stores. Population 2,200. In 1840, the popu- lation was less than 600. Burlington, 248 miles above St. Louis, for- merly the territorial capital, is finely situated for an extended trade. It was originally laid out in 1833. The ground rises gradually from the river to the hills which form its background. It contains many fine public buildings. A steam-ferry here crosses the Mississippi. The site was formerly known as the Flint Hills, an old Indian trading-post, and was once the residence of Black Hawk, whose remains are buried here. Population 4.500. Fort Madison, 10 miles below Burlington, has a population of about 2,000. Keokuck, a few miles N. of the mouth of the Missouri, is becoming rapidly an important place, and has, of late years, increased in population and wealth, perhaps more than any other town 176 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. in the state. It has a large commerce, and many advantages in situation and topography, which must ultimately raalie it a most flom-ishing mart. The present population is about 3,6U0. The interior towns are in general small, consisting chiefly of agricul- tuTtil settlements. Salem, in Henry coiuily, is a thriving settlement, and chiefly inhabited by members of the Society of Friends. A considera- ble colony of M orraons is settled in Pottawatamie county. Iowa was a portion of Louisiana as purchased in lb03. It was erected into a separate tei'iitorial government in 1838, and admitted into the Union as a state m 1846. THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Jlrea 53,924 square miles. — Pojow^atzon 305,191. Wisconsin lies between 42° 30' and 47° N. lat., and between 87° and 92° 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior and the northern peninsula of Michigan ; E. by Lake Michigan; S. by Illinois, and W.by Iowa and Mmesota Territory. Wisconsin is one vast plain, varied only by river hills and the gentle swells and undulations of the country. This plain is elevated from 600 to 1,500 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest lands are the watersi)ed between the waters flowing respectively to the Mississippi and Lake Michigan. The slope towards Lake Superior is very abrupt, and the rivers short, rapid, and broken by A^lls. The Wisconsin and Mississippi bluffs rise from 100 to 300 feet above the rivers. The soil is excellent, black marl predominating in the lowest timber and prairie lands, and is often six feet deep. The dark loam is the most common in the openings and on the rolling prairie, and is cultivated with the best success. The country is naturally divided into timbered, opening, and prairie. South-oast of the Fox and Wisconsin it is in general hea-ii- ly wooded. In the mineral region S. of the Wisconsin, the rolling prairie, interspersed with openings, prevails. North of these rivers the country is pretty equally divided between openings and prairie. The climate is mild and salubrious, and perhaps more congenial to the Eu- ropean constitution than that of anyother of the United States. (ieoiogically, Wisconsin presents interesting phenomena. The north- ern portion is entirely primitive, and exhibits granite and old red sand- stone as its bases. The Wisconsin flows through the sandstone district, and the hills on this river are soft and crumbling, and when carried into the stream by a rise of water, frequently change its current. The THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. l77 mineral district occupies the S. VV. corner of the state. Wisconsin haa gi-eat advantages ui the availability and easy transport of its mineral wealth. The production of galena has become very considerable, and the copper mines of the uoith and west are prospectively of immense value. Many other metals are found, and good marble and building stone are abundant in almost every part. Besides the great lakes on the N. and W., a number of smaller lakes, varying from one to twenty miles in extent, are scattered over the state. These are often surrounded by the most beautiful scenei-y, and abound in fish of various kinds, while on their shores are found fine specimens of agate, caruelian, and other precious stones. In the shoal waters of the b;iys the zigania aquatica, a species of wild rice, is abundant, and attracts immense flocks of water-lbwl to these localities. Green Bay, in the N. E., is a large arm of Lake Michigan, and receives the Fox and other rivers. The Mississippi forms a large part of the W. bound- ary. It is augmented from this state by the Chippewa and Wisconsin rivers, the latter of which, with the Fox river, divides the state into two nearly equal portions. Innmnerable smaller streams and branches run through the whole extent of the state, so that no portion of it is without a plenlifiil supply of good, and genei'ally, pure water. The Wisconsin and Chippewa are navigable for steamboats. All kinds of crops that are raised in temperate climates may be culti- vated with success in Wisconsin; and owing to the great range of pas- turage on the prairies, it is an uncommonly fine grazing country. Already it exports largely of grain. Manufactures are still in theii' in- fancy. But few countries have the same natural facilities for extensive operations, and there can be no doubt, that as the wants of the people enlarge, tliese will be made subservient to their interests. The ports on Lake Michigan are already distinguished for their busy commerce, and their rapid increase in prosperity and wealth. The river trade is great, and the busy strife of commercial activity has penetrated to the very centre of the state. Steamboats ply on its waters, and a system of good roads greatly facilitates the development of its natural capacities. The union of the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by canaling the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, is now al- most realized, and will, when completed, create a navigable channel of the greatest importance. Wisconsin has also several railroads, which togeiliei- will extend over a line of 8G0 miles, about 60 of which are now in operation. Wisconsin has made provision for an extensive system of education The Wisconsin University, at Madison, was established in 1849. The number of school sections is 2.200, and the number of children in tha state between 4 and 20 years of age about 46,000. The school fund con- sists of the proceeds of the 16th sections of land, 500,000 acres ceded to the state by Congress ; ail forfeitures and escheats to the state ; all uiili 1*78 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. tary exemption fines ; all the net proceeds of penal fines ; 5 pei cent, of the proceeds of all sales of U. S. lands in the state, and all moneys ari- sing from any grant to the state, where the pvu-poses of such grant are not specified. The value of these various items is not ascertained, but must be great and ever increasing. The state is divided into 31 counties, 18 of which are S. of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. N. of these the settlements are very sparse. The most important cities and towns are Madison, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitouwoc, Green Bay, Mineral Point, &c. Madison, the capital, 90 miles VV. of Milwaukee, is pleasantly situated between the 3d and 4th of the chain called " Foiu- Lakes," on a gently rising ground, from which there is a regular descent each way to the water. Jt is regulai-ly laid out, with a central squai-e, in the middle of which stands the State House. This is a spacious stone edifice, two Btories high above the basement, and surmounted with a handsome dome, and can be seen for a distance of 10 miles from every direction. The city also contains the county prison and several churches, with a number of stores. Two newspapers are issued weekly. Population 1,871. It was laid out in 183t). Milwaukee, the largest and most important town of the state, is situa- ted ou both sides of Milwaukee river, near its entrance into Lake Michi- gan, 90 miles N. of Chicago, 111. It is the natural outlet of one of the finest grain regions in the Union. The progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1834 it was surrounded by a wilderaess, and contained only two log-houses. It has now 20,061 inhabitants, and for the last few years has increased at the rate of 2,000 or 3,000 annually. Regular lines of steamboats ply between Milwaukee and Buffalo, the trade between which is immense, and constantly increasing. Sheboy- gan, at the entrance of Sheboygan river into Lake Michigan, 56 miles N. of Milwaukee, has a deep and capacious harbor, and is a place of rising importance. Manitouwoc, 30 miles further N., is also a rapidly progressing village. Population 7G6. In 1849 it imported goods to the amount of Sl-~i000, and exported agricultural produce to the value of $7-2,000. Racine and Washington are also towns well situated, and have a prospect of attaining commercial prosperity. Green Bay, at the head of the bay of the same name, smd on the E. bank of the Fox river, at its mouth, is a most important haven ; and when the improvements in the Fox and Wisconsin rivers are completed, so as to admit of naviga- tion through the state to the Mississippi, it must rapidly increase in population and wealth. Fort Howard, on the opposite bank of the river, is one of the most important militaj-y stations in the north-west. Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi, is the most prominent point on that river. It is situated a few miles N. of the Wisconsin river, and has its name from the beautiful prairie on which it is located. It is one THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. l79 of the oldest settlements in the west, and has been the scene of many battles, both of Indian and civilized warfere. The Indian trade that once centered here, has almost ceased since the removal of the Winne- bagoes. Population about 2,000. Mineral Point, 50 miles W. of Madison ; Fond du Lac, at the head of Winnebaajo Lake; Elkhorn, 22 miles W, of Racine ; and Monrok, 30 miles S. E, of Mineral Point, are important interior towns. Fort Winnebago is situated at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and on the great route between the lakes and the Mississippi. This portage will be overcome by a canal now in process of completion. There are also, in the interior counties, a large number of villages, with populations varying from 300 to 700 ; and so rapidly are new villages being settled, that it is next to an impossibility to take account of them. In many instances large colo- nies of Germans, Norwegians, and other European emigrants, have pur- chased tracts of land, and built up their villages as if by magic ; and the immediate neighbors are even ignorant of their presence, until they be- hold with astonishment the smoke curling over the new settlement. Wisconsin originally belonged to the French, and formed part of that vast territory known as "New France," which was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. Few settlements were made previous to 183G, when it was erected into a separate territorial government. In 1848 it was ad- mitted as a state into the Union. Never since the lormation of the American Con/ederacy has a stale advanced so rapidly in population: the tide of immigration is continuous not only from Europe but from the eastern United States, and certainly few states have ever before pre- sented such a combination of inducements to those seeking a home. Its situation and fticilities of intercourse, its agricultural capacities, its mineral wealth, and other natui-al advantages are pre-eminently inviting, and ofler golden prospects to every grade and condition of man. TEE TERRITORY OF JIINESOTA, Jlrea 83,000 square miles. — Population 6,077. Mines OTA is situated between 430 30' and 49° N. lat., and between 890 30' and 102° 10' W. long.: and is bounded N. by British America; E. by Lake Superior and the state of Wisconsin ; S. by the state of Iowa, and W. by Missouri Territory. Of the immense territory included with- in these limits, 22,336 square miles belonged to the late territory of Wis- consin, and the remainder to the late territory of Iowa. Throughout the whole of this territory scarcely an elevation that could be dignified with the name of mountain occurs. The surface is in gen- 180 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. eral level or undulating, but varies considerably in elevation, and in the ascents and descents of its plateaux. In some parts, especially in the neighborhood of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, the ground is much broken, and their margins hned with high blufifs of various Ibrmations ; •while iu others the rivers flow through deep channels, seemingly worn into the earth by the force of their waters. Every portion of Winesota may be reached by inland navigation. The traveller will meet constant- ly with springs and small lakes, the sources of mighty rivers, whose wa- ters ai-e discharged thousands of miles to the N. into Hudson's Bay; as many to the E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, or to the S. into the Gulf of Mexico. Springs are often seen within a few feet of each other, the sources of rivers, whose outlets in the ocean are some six thousand miles apai-t. In almost every direction canoe navigation, with short portages, is practicable by means of the numerous rivers, whose sources are nearly interlocked or connected by chains of lakes. The Mississippi has its source here, some 3,000 miles from its mouth. Nine hundred miles of the length of this majestic river are embraced in this territoi7, and its numerous tributaries course through its fertile plains. Tlie N. E. portion is washed by the crystal waters of Lake Superior, which is of itself an inland sea for the prosecution of tr.'\de and commerce, and opens an ave- nue to the Atlantic. The Missouri, after having flowed nearly 1,000 miles from the base of the Rocky A?ountains, sweeps along its whole W. boundaj-y, ensuring navigation almost to Oregon, its large tributaries, James and Big Sioux rivers, water valleys of great beauty and fertility. Extensive prairies, blooming with flowers and covered with luxuriant grasses, aSbrding sustenance to immense herds of buffalo, saying nothing of elk, deer, antelopes, and other small game. Red River, which dis- charges itself into Lake Winnipeg, has its sources near those of the Mississippi. Beautiful lakes of transparent water, well stocked with fish, and varjing in size from ponds to inland seas, ai-e profusely scat- tered over the territory. Forests of pine and other evergreens, orchards of sugar-maple, groves of hard and soft woods of various species, wild rice and cranberries, and various species of wild fruit, copious springs of pure water, a fertile soil, and water-power, easily improved and abun- dantly distributed, render this region peculiarly adapted to the wants of man. Add to these a salubrious climate, and Minesota appears to enjoy eminent capacities for becoming a thriving and populous state. Its min- eral resources are unknown, but indications and discoveries have been made that certify its wealth in copper and lead. Building stone of every description, limestone, &c., are found everywhere underlying the soil, while m;my valuable and precious stones are found on the shores of the lakes. For a country so overspread with lakes, and traveised by such a number of rivers, it is astonishingly free from marsh and morass. The land has a great elevation above the Guh' of Mexico, and the waters THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 181 of the N. and E., and as a consequence is easily and perfectly drained ; and moreover, the margins of the lakes and rivers themselves are gen- erally surrounded by hills and blufl's, which protect their neighborhoods fi'om inundutiou, 'J'he whole country is thus eligible for agriculture. The settlements as yet made in the territory are chiefly confined to the peninsula between the Mississippi and St. Croix on the S., and on the Red river on the N. Otherwise the country is inhabited only by the aboriginal hunters, the Chippewas, and Sioux Indiajis. Their numbei* are not ascertained, but may approximate to about 12,000. With some of the tribes treaties have been made for the purchase of their lands, and for their removal, which, when effected, will open to the white settler immense tracts of rich and fertile soils, productive of every species of grain and truits usually grown in northern climates. Tiie Indians have long been in connection with the whites, and have for more than two centuries carried on with them a profitable trade in fm-s and peltries. Their himting-grounds are now chiefly confined to the vast prairies west of the Mississippi. The white inhabitants are from almost every portion of the World: the Canadian, the sons of New England and the Middle States, with English, French, and Germans, are all intermingled ; and not a few of the citizens consist of hall-breeds, who chiefly reside on the Red River, and have settlements for some distance on both sides of our N. boundary. These ai-e descendants of the original settlers at Lord Selkirk colony, and hidian women of the Chippewa family. Their village is called Pembina. Hardy and hard working, prudent as the New England farmer, religious and intelligent, they tbrm no mean class in the general community. They trade with the southern settlers, exchanging furs and pemmican for the superfluities of the South. They rear cattle and sheep, weave their own clothing, and live in a middle state of civilization. They have churches and schools, and raajiy of the better class are educated at a collegiate establishment which has long been maintained among them. As a consequence, however, of their ostracized situation, they still retain many of the peculiarities of their ori- gin^ nations, modified indeed by the circumstances that surround them, and their connection with savage life. In the new settlements, the indus- try of the whites is almost entirely agricultural. They have mills on a number of the sti-eams, and steamboats ply regularly on their waters. They are building roads, and from the energy they exhibit in overcoming natural obstacles, the real prosperity of the territory seems to be ensured. A large business has been already done by the steamboats that sail regu- larly between Galena and St. Paul and Stillwater. The products of the chase, and the fruits of the field ai-e exported in considei-able quantities. With regard to inunigration, the prospects are favorable. Farmers, labor- ers, and professional men, are daily ascending the rivers in search of a new home. The day indeed is not distant, when the forests will be laid low, 16 182 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. and the flower)- prairies be converted into fields and gardens, producing every necessary to llie use and enjoyment of man. Earth, air, and wa- ter abound in the prerequisites of man's happiness and enjoyment, and are only awaiting his advent to yield up their now unused abundance. The organization of the government of the territory having been so recent, it is impossible to exhibit by statistics the resources of this new and almost untouched countiy. The first legislature, which adjourned after a sitsslon of sixty days, on the 1st November, 1849, was chiefly employed in organizing the government, and dividing the territory into suitable civil districts, and appointing officers to enforce the laws. Among its most important acts were those establishing the judi- ciary, a school system, and relative to the improvement of roads. All these will have a paramount influence over the future destiny of the country. I'erhaps one of the most humane and politic acts of the legiir lature was the admission to citizenship of " all persons of a mixture of white and Indian blood, who shall have adopted the habits and customs of civilized men ;" and not less politic is that law which requii-es the es- tabhshrnent of schools throughout the territory. The act of the General Government organizing the territory appropriates two sections of land in every township for the support of common schools. No other state in the Union has received more than one section in each township for such purpose. On the 11th June, 1849, the whole citizen population numbered 4,780, of which 3,067 were males and 1,713 females. The present population (May, 1850) is probably not far from the estimate exhibited at the head of this article. Minesota was divided by the Legislalme into nine counties in lieu of the counties of St. Croix and La Poiute, which constituted the remain- ing portions of the territories of Iowa and Wisconsin, of which Mine- sota was formed. The principal settlements are St. Paul, Stillwater, Mendota, Fort Snelling, Pembina, &c. St. Paul, the capital, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 15 miles by water, and 8 miles by land, below the Falls of St. Anthony. The town is situated on a plateau terminating on the river in a precipi- tous blufif 80 feet elevation above the river. The blufi" recedes from the river at the upper and lower ends of the town, forming two land- ings, from both of which the ascent is gradual. The first store or trading-house was built in 1842. In June, 1849, the town contained 142 houses, all of which, with the exception of perhaps a dozen, had been built within the year previous. This number included the Government House, three hotels, four warehouses, ten stores, several groceries, two printing-offices, (from which two newspapers are issued weekly,) seve- ral mechanics' shops, a school-house, &.c. There was not a brick or Btone house in the town, t'ince the period above mentioned, however, eeveral churches and many diu-able houses, built of stone and brick, THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 183 ftxjm materials in the vicinity, have been erected. The population in June, 1849, was 840. St. Paul is well located for commerce ; and I'rom its being at the head of navigation below the Falls, must necessarily be- come not only the political, but the commercial capital of the territory. In the neighborhood of St. Paul there is an extensive settlement of Canadians, chiefly persons formerly employed by the Hudson Bay Com- pany, called Little Canada. Population 600. Stillwater is situated on the W. side of Lake St. Croix, near its head, on ground having a gentle ascent from the shore to a high bluflf in the rear, which extends in the form of a crescent, and nearly enclo- ses the town. The first settlement was made in 1843. It contains a Court House, several hotels and stores, and many neat dwellings. Steamboats seldom ascend higher than this place. The environs con- sist of a beautiful prairie country, and are being rapidly brought under cultivation. Population in June, 1849, 609. Marine Mills is a flour- ishing settlement on St. Croix river, a few miles above its entrance into the lake. The precinct contains about 200 inhabitants. Its water-power and the fine country which surrounds it must enforce its speedy increase and prosperity. Several villages on the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix river have been established, and are rapidly increasing in importance. Indeed, the resources of the vicinity on both sides ai-e such as to ensure to the villages considerable commerce. Fort Snelling is situated on the high rocky promontory, 106 feet above the water, at the confluence of St. Peter's river with the Missis- sippi. The military works were commenced in 1819. The fort is in the form of a hexagon and surrounded by a stone wall. From the river its appearance is imposing and seemingly impregnable. It is, however, within the reach of cannon from higher grounc}: but the object for which the site was selected — the protection of the frontier from savage incursion— is well attained by its situation. The garrison usually con- sists of three companies of dragoons. The view from these fortifica- tions is extensive. The military reservation of the establishment era- braces an area of 10 miles square, of which the fort is near the center. The settlement in the neighborhood contains only about 40 inhabitants. Li the fort there were 267 males and 50 females in June, 1849. Men- DOTA, or St. Peter's, on the W. bank of the Mississippi, S. of the confluence of St. Peter's river, has been occupied for several years hj the American Fur Company as a depot for their trading establishmenta with the Indians of the north-west. Two stores and two or three houses constitute the village. It is, however, a fine town site ; and be- ing situated at the junction of two great rivers, and near the head of steam navigation, its importance in a commercial point of view has not been overlooked. Whites are not allowed to reside here wittout special permission from the U. S. government, the village being in the 184 THE WESTERN TERRITORY. military reservation. It will ultimately command the trade of the St. Peter's river. Population in June, 1849, la-i. Some other small villages exist in this neighborhood, but of their im- portance or present state little is known. Kaposia, from its situation near the point of land opposite St. Paul, though yet little more than an Indian town, may ullimately become of consequence. St. Anthony, at the Falls, and Sauk Rapids, opposite the mouth ot Osakis river, are both on the E. bank of the Mississippi ; and higher up, on both side3 of Nokay river, is Fort Gaines, the most northerly military establish- ment in the country. The supplying of these remote stations with pro- visions, &c., creates considerable traffic and travelling both by land and water. The retm-n traflSc consists of fiu-s and peltry, with other Indian contributions. The territory of Minesota derives its name from Mini-sotah^ the In- dian name for St. Peter's river ; mini\n their language meaning "water," and sotnh " muddy or slightly turbid." The country originally belonged to the French by priority of discovery. At an early peiiod their tra- dei"s, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder- ness. The United States had little authority over this region imtil 1812. In 1816 a law of Congress excluded foreigners from the Indian trade ; and for the encouragement of our citizens the military post at Fort Sneiling was established in 1819. Among the explorers of this countiy the names of Carver, Pike, Cass, Ldiig, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, Nicollet, Owen, &c., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belongs to Schoolcraft. The present territory was established by act of Congress, 3d IMaixh, 1849, and shortly after Alexander Ramsey was appointed Governor, and made St. Paul his capital, where the government was organized. "Con- gress may hereafter divide said territory, or annex any portion of it to another state or territory." THE WESTERN TERRITORY. This territory comprises the remaining unorganized portion of Lou- isiana, as purchased by the United States in 1803. It extends from the Nebraska or Platte river northward to the 49th parallel, and from White Earth and Missouri rivers westward to the Rocky Mountains. The territory has an area of 724:,26t: square miles. The greater part of this immense territory is watered by the Missouri liver and its numerous tributaries. The Yellow Stone, the laigest trib- THE WESTERN TERRITORY. 185 utary, extends its branches to the very base of the Rocky Mountains, and to near the sources of the Nebraska. A mountain ridge, which branches from the great R;;cky Mountains, in about 42° N. lat., traverses the country in a N. E. direction towards Lake VVimiipes. In the E. portion of the territory the country is partly covered with forests, but beyond this commences a vast ocean of prairie, ahnost level, and clothed in grass and flowers. Approaching the moiuitains, however, the coun- try gradually assumes a barren aspect. Countless droves ot buffalo, elk and deer, range upon the vast plains, but even these are fast diminish- ing before the attacks of the hunter. In a country of such extent, generally level, naked, and open, the climate must in a great measure correspond to the latitude. Immedi- ately on the borders of the settled states it is mild and temperate ; be- yond, it gradually becomes more extreme, and towards the mountains cold, bleak, and polar. Travellers speak of encountering storms of hail and sieet in the summer. When the winds blow from the W. over the mountain summits, the cold they occasion is intense. As yet the whole territory is inhabited by Indians, but the time is not fai- distant when the pioneer will penetrate its forests and prairies, and bring under cultivation the soil that from its creation has not been turn- ed by the labor of man. The wiiil herds will be replaced by the ox, the horse, and the sheep, and golden crops will succeed the flowers and grasses that now only bloom in useless luxiu-iance, and wither with the first frosts of autumn, without contributing to the necessity or comfort of civilized man. That portion of the country lying in the valley of the Platte is some- times termed '' Mrbraska Territory,'''' and as such it has been proposed to organize it. A bill for the purpose of defining its boundaries was in- troduced into Congress 7th January, 1845, but no action was had on the subject. The country north of this valley still retains the name of "JV. TVest Territory,'''' from the fact that it formerly belonged to the extensive teiritory under that name, from which the present state of. Missouri was set off. ]6* 186 ROUTES IN THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES. OHIO. (513) Cincinnati to Pittsburg. Steamboat. Columbia, O. 5 Little Miami River, 2 7 New Richmond, 12 19 Point Pleasant, O. 5 24 Moscow, O. 4 28 Mechanicsburg, Ky 7 35 Augusta, Ky 7 42 Higginsi)ort, 4 46 Ripley, O. 6 52 Charleston, Ky. 2 54 Maysville, Ky. i „ j,^ Aberdeen, O. \ ^ ^- Manchester, 12 74 Concord, Ky. 7 81 Ronie,0 5 80 Vanceburg, Ky. 7 93 Rockville, 4 97 Portsmouth. O., (mouth of Scioto River) 16 113 Greenupsburg, Ky 22 135 Hanging Rock, O, 6 141 Catlettsbiirg, Va 14 155 Burlington. O. 4 159 Proctorsville, O. ) h ir7 Guyandotte, Va. ) " ^^' Millersport, 13 180 Gallipolis, 24 204 Point Pleasant, Va., (mouth of Great Kanawha River) 4 208 Coalport, O. > ,c) ooo SheffiekUO. S Pomerov, O. 1 221 Letartsville, O. 15 236 Ravenswood, Va 22 258 Hockingsport, 21 279 Blennerhassett's Island 11 290 Belpre. O. ) ^ ^n^ Parkersburg. Va. i " Marietta, O., Cmouth of Muskinsum River) 13 305 Newport, O. 17 322 Sisterville, Va 25 347 Elizabeth town, Va. 37 384 Wheeling, Va. } ,,, oot Bridgeport, O. ^ ^-^ '^''^ Warrenton, 9 406 VVellsburg, Va 8 414 Steubenville, 7 421 VVellsville, O. 20 441 Liverpool, 4 445 Georgetown, Pa 4 449 Beaver, Pa. 14 403 Freedom, Pa 5 4G8 Econum v, Pa 6 474 Middlelown, Pa. 12 486 Pittsburg, Pa. 11 497 (514) Cincinnati to St. Louia. To North Bend, 16 Great Miami River, 4 20 Lawrenceburg, la 2 22 Aurora, la. 5 27 Belleview, Ky 6 33 Rising Sun, la 3 36 Hamilton, Kv 11 47 Patriot, la. . ." 2 49 Warsaw, Ky. 10 59 Vevay, Ja. 10 69 Mouth of Kentucky Riv.,Ky.l0 79 IMadison, Ia. 12 91 New London, la. 9 100 Westport, Ky. 15 115 Utica, la. 16 131 Jeffersoirville, Ky. 8 139 Louisville, Kv. 1 140 Shippingsport, Ky. 2 142 New Albany, la. > i i-i-j Portland. Ky. ] West Point, Ky 20 163 Brandenbursr, Ky 1 7 J 80 INTauckport, la. 1 181 Northampton, la. 7 188 Amsterdam, la 3 191 Leavensworth, la. 8 199 Fredonia, la 4 293 Alton, la 13 216 Concordia, Ky 10 226 ROUTES IN OHIO. 187 Stevensport, Ky. ) 1 1 oo~ Rome. la. \ ^^ '^■^' Cloverspoil, Ky 10 247 Carmelion, la. 13 260 Troy, la. 6 266 Lewisport, Ky. 6 272 Rockport, la 12 284 Owensburi,', Ky 9 293 Enterprist", la. 6 299 NewbuiK, la. 15 314 Green River, Ky 6 320 EvANSviLLE, hi 8 328 Hendersonville. Ky 10 338 Mount Vei-non, la 26 364 Uniontown. Kv 15 379 Wabasli River 5 384 Raleish, Ky 6 390 Shawnettciwn, III. 5 395 Caseyville, K v. 9 4(14 Cave in R< ck. 111. 13 417 Elizabeth tow 11, 111 7 424 Golconda, 111. 12 436 Smithlan;!. Ky., (mouth of Cumberl.-Hid River) 18 454 Paducah, Ky., (mouth of Tennessee River) 15 469 Belgrade, 111 6 475 Fort Massac, 111. 3 478 Caledonia, 111 24 502 Trinity, Hi.... 9 511 Cairo, III., (mouth of Ohio River) 5 516 Commerce. IVTo. 28 544 Cape Gir:irdpaii, Mo 12 ,556 Bainbridw, Mo 12 568 Chester, III. 45 613 St. Genevieve, Mo. 16 629 Selma, Mo 25 654 Herculaiieiim, Mo 4 6.58 Harrison viDe, 111. 2 660 Jefferson Barracks, Mo 19 679 St. Lons. Mo. 9 688 (515) CivciNNATi to N. Orleans. To Cairo, fmnnth of Ohio River,1 [s.'e 514[ 516 New Orleans 1040 1556 (516) CiN( iNNATi to Indianapolis. ToCheviot 7 Miami 6 13 Clark's Ftore 4 17 Harrison 4 21 New Trenton, la 6 27 CedarGrove 5 32 Brookville 8 40 Metamora 7 47 Laurel 5 52 Andersonville 6 58 New Salem 4 62 Rushville 7 69 Beech Grove 7 78 Morristowu 7 83 Kinder 6 89 Sugar Creek 5 94 Indianapolis 15 109 (517) Cincinnati to St. Louis. Stnare, To Indianapolis, (see 516) 109 St. Louis, (see 599) 239 348 (518) Cincinnati to Pittsburg. Starre via Strubcnville. To Columbus, (see 527) ... 127 Zanesville, (see 528) 56 183 Cambridge, (see 528) 24 207 Winchester 9 216 Antrim 5 221 Londonderry 3 224 Smyrna .' 4 228 Moorefield 4 232 Cadiz 13 245 Greene 8 253 Bloomhigdale 3 256 VVintersville 10 266 Steubenville 5 271 HoUiday's Cove 3 274 Paris 4 278 Florence 5 283 Raviiia;ton 4 287 North Star 3 290 Fayette 6 296 Pittsburg 13 309 (519) Cincinnati to Wheeling, Va. Stage. To Columbus, (see ,527). . .127 AVheeling, Va., (see 528) 130 257 (520) Cincinnati to Sandusky City. TAt.tle Miami R. R. To Columbia 5 Plainville 4 9 Milford 5 14 Germany 2 16 Polktnwn 2 18 Loveland's 2 20 188 ROUTES IN OHIO. Foster's , Deerlieid Morriiw Fort Ancient Freepoit , VVaync'sville , Claysville Spring Valley Xenia Yellow Springs Springfield Jilid Rioer and Lake Erie Urbaiia West Liberty BelleloDtaine Huntsville Richlnnl Bell Centre Kenton Paterson Gary Oregon Tiffin Republic Lodi Bellevue SaNDI'SKY ClTV R.R. 14 99 10 109 8 117 7 124 3 127 2 129 12 141 11 152 13 165 5 170 11 161 9 190 5 195 9 204 15 219 (521) Cincinnati to Dayton. F'ia Lebanon. To Reading 10 Sharon ville 3 13 Pisgah 5 18 Mason 6 24 Lebanon 8 32 Ridgeville 7 39 Centreville 6 45 Dayton 9 54 (522) Cincinnati to Dayton. Via Fran/din. To Reading 10 Sharon ville 3 13 West Chester 5 18 Bethany 4 22 Monroe 4 26 Franklin 10 36 Miamisburg 6 42 Alexandersville 4 46 Dayton 8 54 (523) Cincinnati to Chillicothe. To Fnllon 4 PlainviUe 4 8 Milfonl 5 13 Perrin's Mills 5 18 Marathon 9 27 Fayetteville 8 35 AUensburg 8 43 Hillsboro' 10 53 Rainsboro' IQ 63 Bainbridge 8 71 Bourneville H 82 Chillicothe .13 95 (524) Cincinnati to Zanesville. To Walnut Hills 3 Pleasant Ridge 5 8 Montgomery 5 13 Twenty Mile Stand 7 20 Hopkinsyille 4 24 iVi orrovv 3 27 Rochester 4 31 Clarksville 7 38 Wilinington 10 48 Sabino IQ 58 Washington Covu-t House . . 12 70 New Holland 10 80 Williamsport 8 88 Circleville 9 97 Amanda 12 109 Lancaster 9 118 Ru.-hville 9 127 Somerset 8 135 Fultonham 10 145 Putnam 10 155 Zanesville 1 156 (525) Cincinnati to Eaton. To Carthage 6 Springdale 7 13 Hamilton 10 23 Rossville 1 24 CoUinsvllle 8 32 Somerville 4 36 Camden 5 41 Eaton 8 49 (526) Cincinnati to Sidney. To Carthage 6 Springdale 7 13 Hamilton 10 23 Trenton 10 33 Middletown 4 37 Franklin 6 43 Miamisburg 6 49 Alexandersville 4 53 Dayton '8 61 West Charleston 10 71 Troy 11 82 Piqua 7 89 Sidney 13 102 ROUTES IN OHIO. 189 (527; Cincinnati to Columbus. To Xeiiia, ("see 520) 65 Columbus and Xenia R. R. Cedarville 8 73 South Charleston •• .11 84 London 11 95 West Jefferson ■ • • • 10 105 COLUMBCS 14 119 (523) Columbus to Wheeling,Va. Central Ohio R. R. Black Lick 11 Pataskala 6 Summit 5 Union 4 Newauk 7 Clay Lick 6 Rockdale . 2 Black Hand 5 Claypool Mill 4 Pleasant Valley 2 Dillons Falls 4 Zanesville 3 Lewisville 8 134 Knighlstown 10 144 Charlotteville 5 149 Kinnard 4 153 Greenfield 4 157 Philadelphia 5 162 Cumberland 5 167 Indianapolis 10 177 (530) Columbus to Lower DUSKY. San- to Clintonvilie 4 Worth ington 5 Williamsville • • • • 6 Delaware 9 Norton 10 Waldo 6 Marion 3 Little Sandusky 12 Kft 1 Upper Sandusky 7 •^J, ! Tyraochtee 8 ^^1 McCutchinville 3 g Tiffin 11 (529) Columbus to Indianapolis Ia. To Alton West Jefferson La Fayette Summeriord Vienna Springfield Enon Fairfield Dayton Liberty MedUl West Alexandria. .. Eaton New Weslerville ••• 14 22 27 32 42 49 56 67 . 7 74 . 7 81 . 6 87 . 6 93 .10 103 Richmond, la. Centreviile ... Camb'-idge Dublin 6 109 6 115 9 124 2 126 Fort Seneca Lower Sandusky. 70 73 84 92 10 102 (531)CoLUMBUS to Sandusky City. Qn., Cleveland and Col. R. R. To Worthington 9 Delaware 14 23 Cardiuglon 17 40 Iberia 12 52 Gallon 7 59 Crestline 3 62 Shelby ..11 73 Mansfield and Sandusky R. R. Plymouth 9 82 New Haven 2 84 Centreviile ....•••• 6 90 Havana 4 94 Ponliac 4 98 Monroeville 4 102 Ladd's 8 110 Sandusky 8 118 (532) Columbus to Portsmouth. .17 To South Bloomfield. Circleville 9 Chillicothe 21 ,15 62 4 66 Waverly Piketon Lucasville 14 80 Portsmouth 12 92 190 ROUTES IN OHIO. (533) Cleveland to Columbus. Via Cin., Cleveland and Col. R. R. To Rockport 7 Berea 5 12 Olinstcad 3 15 Eaton 7 22 Grafton 3 25 LaGnin-e 4 2!) Pittsfield 4 33 Wellin-ton 3 3f) Roches^ti'i- 5 41 New London 47 Greenwich 7 54 Shelby 13 67 Crestline 11 78 Gallon 3 81 Iberia........ 7 88 Cardinc'fon 12 100 Delaware 17 117 WorthinEClon 14 131 CoLUMiius 9 140 (534) Columbus to Lancaster. To Grove Port 12 Lithopolis 5 17 Green CasUe 5 22 Lancaster 7 29 (.535) Zanesville to Maysville, Ky. To Piitnara 1 Fultonham 10 H Somerset 10 21 RushviUe 8 29 Lancaster 9 38 Clear C-eek 8 46 Tarleton 8 54 Kingston 9 63 Chillicothe 10 73 Bourneville 13 86 Bainbridge 11 97 Rainsboro' 8 105 Hillsboro' 10 115 New Market 6 121 Sugar-tree Ridge 7 1 28 Scott 7 135 Bentonville 10 145 Aberdeen 10 155 Maysville, Ky 1 156 (536) Zanesville to Marietta. To Blue Rock U Rokeby 8 19 McConnellsvi.ie 8 27 Beverly 18 45 Waterford 2 47 Lowell 9 56 Marietta 12 68 (537) Zanesville to Wooster. To Dresden 15 Adam's Mills 3 18 Roscoe 12 30 Coshocton 1 31 Keene's 7 38 Clark's 8 46 Millersburg 8 54 Holmesville 6 60 Fredericksburg 5 65 VVOOSTER 10 75 (538) Wooster to Warren. To Smithville 8 Marshallville 6 14 Chippewa 6 20 New Portage 6 26 Akron 9 35 Middlebury 2 37 Tallmadire 3 40 Brimfielci 5 45 Franklin MiUs 5 50 Ravenna 6 56 Charlestown 5 61 Parisville 5 66 Newton Falls 5 71 Warren 8 79 (539) Lancaster to Mt. Vernon. To Pleasantville 9 New Salem 4 13 Thornville 5 18 Jacksontown 4 22 Newark 8 30 St. Louisville 8 38 Utica 4 42 Homer 5 47 Mount Vernon U 58 (540) Chillicothe to Pt. Pleas- ant, Ky. To Richmond Dale 16 Jackson 15 31 Rocky Hill 8 39 Thurman 6 45 Rio Grande 6 51 Gallipolis U 62 Point Pleasant 6 68 (541) Chillicothe to Marietta. To Gillespie viUe 15 Allensville 12 27 ROUTES IN OPIIO. 191 McArthurstown 8 Lee 14 Hcbardsville 3 Athens 6 Amesville 12 Bartlett 8 Wesley 4 Harmer Marietta 16 98 1 99 (542) Chillicothe to Maysville, Ky. Via West Union. To Bounieville 13 Bainbridge 11 24 Cynthiaim. 5 oy Sinkint^ Spring 10 39 Locust Grove 6 45 Dunbarton 6 51 Dunkinsville 5 5G West Union 5 61 Aberdeen 17 78 Maysville 1 79 (543) Wellsville to Ashtabula To West Point 7 New Lisbon 7 Franklin Square 5 Salem — 5 Greenford 5 Canfield 5 Orange 7 Ohls Town 4 Warren 6 Bristolville 11 North Bloomfield 5 Orwell G Rome 5 Morgan 4 Eagleville 5 Jefferson 4 Ashtabula 9 100 (544) Painesville to Canton. To Concord 4 Chardon 7 11 Munson 4 15 Newbury 7 22 Auburn 3 Mantua 6 Shalersville 5 Ravenna 6 Rootstown 5 Randolph 5 Hartville-' 6 Canton 11 (545) Painesville to Pittbeuro, Pa. To Concord 4 Chardon " 7 11 S*''7t'«n '.".'. 5 16 Kurton 4 20 Parkman '9 29 Nelson 4 33 Windham '4 37 Bracevilie 5 42 Warren 7 49 Njlea- ; 6 55 ^V^d : . 5 60 loungstown 4 64 Poland g 79 Beaver, (see 547j 31 loi Pittsburg .28 129 (546) Cleveland to Wheeling, Va. Via fVooster. ToOhioCity 1 Brooklyn 3 4 Parma 3 7 Strongsville 8 15 Brunswick 6 21 Medina g 29 GuiKbrd 9 33 Old Hickory 4 42 Wooster 10 52 Apple Creek 6 58 Mount Eaton 9 67 Deardoff's Mills 9 75 Strasburg 3 79 Canal Dover 5 34 New Philadelphia 3 87 Uhricksville 9 95 DeersviJle 1 1 107 Cadiz 12 119 Short Creek 6 125 Harrisville — 3 128 Mount Pleasant 5 133 Coleraine 5 133 Martin's Feriy 5 143 Wheeling, Va 1144 (547) Cleveland to Wellsvillk. Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. To Newburgh 8 Gravel Bank Bedford c 14 Macedonia 6 20 Hudson 6 26 69lEarlvilie 6 32 192 ROUTES IN OHIO. Ravenna 6 38 Bootstown 5 43 Atwater 6 4 Ypsila.nti 5 Grand Rapids 10 75 Grandville 7 82 Tallmadi^e 10 92 Crockery Creek 8 100 Grand Haven 9 109 (574) Lansing to De.xter. To Delhi Centre 7 Alaiedon 4 Mason 4 Ingham 9 Stockbridge 9 Unadilla De.xter 13 (575) Lansing to Pontiac. To Williamstown 7 Phelpstown 7 Conway 9 Cedar 6 Howell 7 Osceola Centre 5 Hartland 5 Highland 7 Millord 4 Commerce 6 VVaterford Centre 5 Pontiac 5 (576) Lansing to Jackson. To Delhi Centre Alaiedon Mason Eden • Anrelius West Rives • . • Jackson (573) Lansing to Grand Haven. To Delta Eagle Portland Maple Lyons Ionia Avon • Flat River Ada (577) Jackson to Toledo, O. To Michigan Centre •. Napoleon Norvell Elba Manchester Clinton Tecumseh Raisin Adrian 4 Erie and Kalamazoo R. R, Toledo, (see 571) 33 (578) Jackson to Jonesville. To Spring Arbor 10 Concord 4 14 Scipio Centre 9 23 Jonesville 4 27 ROUTES IN MICHIGAN INDIANA. 199 (579) JIarsiiall to Coldwater. ToTekonsha 13 Girard 5 18 Coldwater 6 24 (5S0) Marshall to Centreville. ToTekonsha 13 Burlinstou 5 18 Union City 4 22 Sherwood 7 29 FortPleasam 7 36 Nottoway 6 42 Centreville 5 47 (581) Battle Creek to Grand Rapids. To Bedford 6 Johnstown 6 12 Hastin<,'s 12 24 Grand Rapids 32 56 (582) Kalamazoo to Mottville. To Schoolcraft 14 Flowerfleld 5 19 Three Rivers 8 27 Constanline 9 36 Mottville 6 42 (583) Kalamazoo to Saugatuck. To Cooper 6 Plainwell 5 11 Otsego 4 15 Allegan 11 26 Manlius 10 36 Saugattck 14 50 (584) Kalamazoo to St. Joseph. To Paw Paw Station 18 Paw Paw 4 22 Hamilton 11 33 Keelersville 4 37 Bainbridge 7 44 St. Joseph 12 56 (585) NiLES to St. Joseph. To Berrien Springs 10 St. Joseph 15 25 (586) Detroit to Buffalo, N. Y. Steamboat. To Amherstburg, C. W. . . .20 Sandusky, O. 52 72 Huron 14 86 Cleveland 45 131 Fail-port 30 161 Ashtabula 33 194 Conneaut 14 208 Erie, Pa , 30 238 Dunkirk, N. Y 48 286 Buffalo 43 329 (587) Detroit to Chicago, III. Steamboat. Fort Gratiot 70 Point au Barques 85 155 Thunder Bay 70 225 Presque Isle 80 305 Mackinaw 05 370 Beaver Islands 50 420 Manitou Islands 45 465 Milwaukee, Wis 150 615 Racine 25 640 Southport 13 653 Chicago 57 710 (588) Detroit to Fort Wilkins. {On Lake Superior.) Steaviboat. To Fort Gratiot 70 Point au Barques 85 155 Thunder Bay 70 225 Presque Isle 80 305 Sault St. Marie 100 405 While Fish Point 40 445 Hurricane River 40 485 Pictured Rocks 35 520 Fort Wilkins and Copper Harbor 120 640 (589) Grand Haven to Milwau- kee. Sirnmboat. To Milwaukee 90 (590) New Buffalo to Chicago. Steamboat. Michiran City, la. 10 City West ■ /. 13 23 Chicago, III 33 56 INDIANA. (591) Indianapolis to Cincinnati, Ohio. Via Rusliville. To Sugar Creek 15 Kinder 5 20 Morristown 6 26 Beech Grove 7 33 Rushville 7 40 200 ROUTES IN INDIANA. New Stilein 7 47 AnLlersijiiville - 4 51 Laurel 6 57 MetainDia 5 62 Brook viile 7 69 CedaiM.rove 8 77 New Trenton 5 8-2 Harrison, 6 88 Clark's Store 4 9-2 Miami 4 9t5 Cheviot 6 10-2 ClKCINXATI 7 109 (59-2) Indianapolis to Cincinnati. Via Shelbyville. To Pleasantview 14 Brandywine 6 20 Shelbyville 6 26 Coon's Creuk 8 'M St.Onier 3 37 Greensbnrg 10 47 Napoleon -12 59 Delaw.ire 6 65 North Hogan 5 70 Manchester 7 77 Lawrknceblrg 10 87 Elizabethtowu, 6 93 Cleves 3 98 Dry Ridge ••• 5 101 Cheviot 4 105 Cincinnati 7 112 (593) Indianapolis to Madison. Madisun and Indianapolis R. R. To Poulhport 6 Greenwood 4 10 Franklin 10 20 Amity 5 25 Edinburg 5 30 Taylorsville 5 35 CoLUMurs 6 41 Elizabethtown 7 48 Scipio — 7 55 Queensville 3 58 Vern-n 6 64 But '.er's Switch 2 60 Champion's Mill 4 70 DupoMt 2 72 Big Creek 2 74 Middlelork 2 76 Wert 4 80 Madison 6 86 (594) Indianapolis to LomsvTLLE. To Edinburg. (see 593). • • • 30 leffersonville R. Ji. Taylorsville 5 35 Columbus 6 41 Bannerville 7 43 Jonesville 3 51 Eockford 5 56 Farniington 6 62 Langdons 4 66 Baker's Mill 4 70 Center Switch 4 74 Vienna .•• 6 80 Henryville. 8 88 Men\phis 4 92 Sellersburg • 6 98 Jeffersontillk 9 107 Louisville 1 108 (595) Indianapolis to Teeke Haute. Terre Haute a n d Richmond B. R, To Bridgeport 9 Plainfieid 5 14 Cantersbnrjr 3 17 North Belleville 2 19 Claysville 2 21 Morristown 4 25 Crittenden 2 27 Coatsville 2 29 Fillmore- • 4 33 Greencastle 6 89 Hendricks 5 44 Eeel'sMill 4 48 Croy's Creek 4 52 Brazil 5 57 Highland 4 61 Cloverland 2 63 Woods Mills 2 65 Teree Haute 8 73 (596) New Albany to Juliet, New Albany and Salem R. R. To Bennetsvil'e 10 New Providence 9 1> Pekin 5 24 Harristown 6 80 Salem 5 35 Buena Yista 10 45 Orleans 12 57 Juliet.... 8 65 ROUTES IN INDIANA. 201 (598) Indianapois to St. Louis, Mo. To Terre Haute, (see 597) . .75 Livin^'stori, lil. 13 88 Marshall 4 92 Mai-tinsville 12 104 Casey 6 110 Greenup 10 120 Woodbury 7 127 Tentopolis 10 137 Ewington 9 146 Freemanton 5 151 Howard's Point 9 160 Cumberland 7 167 Vandalia 6 173 Mulberry Grove 9 182 Greenville 8 190 Hickory Grove 9 199 Highland 14 213 Troy 6 219 CoUinsville 6 225 St. Louis, Mo. 15 240 (599) Indianapolis to Spring- field, 111. To Terre Haute, (see 597) 75 Elbridge,Ill 10 85 Paris 10 95 Grandview 12 107 HitesviUe 6 113 Charleston 12 125 Bethsaida 8 133 Paradise 7 140 Cochran's Grove 8 148 Shelbyville 12 160 Taylorsville 35 195 Rochester 16 211 Springfield 9 220 (600) Indianapolis to Montezuma. To Hampton 12 Danville 8 20 New Winchester 7 27 New Maysville 5 32 Bainbridge 6 38 Portland MiUs 14 52 Rockville 13 65 Montezuma 10 75 (601) Indianapolis to Covington. To Clermont 8 Brownsburg 6 14 Jamestown 14 28 New Ross 7 35 Crawfordsvillk 10 45 Waynetown 10 55 HillsboiV 6 61 Coles' Creek 5 66 Covington 8 74 (602; Indianapolis to Williams- port. To Crawfordsville, (see 001) 45 Pleasant Hill 13 58 Newtown 5 63 Rob Roy 6 69 Attica 4 73 Williamsport 2 75 (603) Indianapolis to La Fay- ette. To Crawfordsville, (see 601) 45 Romney 15 60 La Fayette 11 71 (604) Indianapolis to La Fay- ETIZ. ToPiketon 9 Royalton 5 14 Thonileyville 5 19 Lebanon 6 25 Thornton 10 35 Fninktort 12 47 Jefferson 4 51 Praiiieville 6 57 Monroe 5 62 Wyandotte 5 67 Dayton 5 72 La Fayette 7 79 (605) Indianapolis to Niles,Mich. To Augusta 9 Eagle Village 6 15 Northfield 5 20 Kirk's Cross Roads 12 32 Midiigantown 10 42 Middlelork 6 48 Burlington ■ 5 53 Carroll 10 63 Logansport 8 71 Metea 12 83 Rochester 11 94 Sidney 13 107 Plymouth 10 117 South Bend 24 141 Bertrand, Mich. 8 149 NiLES 4 153 202 ROUTES IN INDIANA. (606; Indianapolis to Green- ville, O. To Allisonville 11 Nob'.esville 11 22 Strawtown 7 29 Audersou 17 46 Chesterfield 5 51 Yorktown 6 57 Muncietown 8 65 Smithfield 7 72 Windsor 6 78 Macksville 4 82 Winchester 6 88 Randolph 7 95 Davk,0 5 100 Greenville 10 110 (607)I\DiANAPOLis to Columbus,0. To Cumberland 10 Philadelphia 5 15 Greenfield 5 20 Kinnard 4 24 Charlotteville 4 28 Knightstown 5 33 Lewisville 10 43 Dublin 8 51 Cambridge 2 53 Centreville 9 62 Richmond 6 68 New Westerville, 6 74 Eaton 10 84 West Alexandria 6 90 Medill 6 96 Liberty 7 103 Daytu'n 7 110 Fairfield 11 121 Enon 7 128 Springfield 7 135 Vienna 10 145 Summerford 5 150 La Fayette 5 155 West Jefi^erson 8 163 Alton 5 168 Columbus 9 177 (608) Bbookville to Cambridge. To Blooming Grove 7 Everton 4 11 Connersville 6 17 INliiton 10 27 Cambridge 2 29 (609) LAWRENCEBURGtO MaDISON. To Aurora 4 Rising Sun 8 12 Grant'sCreek 4 16 Patriot 6 22 Florence 7 29 Vevay 9 38 Morefield 6 44 Home 5 49 Madison 10 59 (610) Madison to Louisville, Ky. To South Hanover 5 Saluda 6 11 New Washington 7 18 Charleston 11 29 Utica 8 37 Jeffersonville 9 46 Louisville 1 47 (611) Louisville, Ky., to Vin- cennes. To Portland 3 New Albany, la 1 4 Greenville ■" 12 16 Palmyra 9 25 Fredericksburg 5 30 Hardinsburg 5 35 Charabersbm-g 6 41 PaoU 6 47 Natchez 16 63 Mount Pleasant 12 75 Washington 15 90 Berryville 7 97 Vincennes 14 111 (612) Louisville, Ky., to Or- LKANS. To Jeffersonville, la 1 Hamburg 8 9 Bennettsville 8 17 New Providence. 5 22 Pekin 3 25 Salem .... •••• U 36 Claysville 12 48 Orleans 10 58 (613) EdINBURG to RUSHVILLK. To Shelby ville 17 Little Blue River 7 24 Manilla 6 30 RUSHVILLE 8 38 (614) Madison- to Indianapolis. Madison and ImUanajmlis R. R. To Wert 6 Middlelbrk 4 10 BigCreek 2 12 ROUTES IX in: 203 Dupont 2 14 Champion's Mill 2 16 Butler's Switch 4 20 Vernon 2 22 Queensville 6 28 Scipio 3 3! Elizabethtown 7 38 Columbus 7 45 Taylorsville 6 51 Edinburg 5 56 Amity 5 61 Franklin 5 66 Greenwood 10 76 Southport 4 80 Indianapolis 6 86 (615) Madison to Terre Haute, To Columbus, (see 614) .... 45 Lefevre 8 53 Nashville 12 65 Unionville 10 75 Bloomington 8 83 Whitehall 7 90 Spencer 8 98 Vandalia 9 107 Bowling Green 8 115 Christie's Praii-ie 10 125 Terre Haute 14 139 (616) Bloomington to La Fay- ette. To Ellittsville 7 Mount Tabor 6 13 Gosport 3 16 Mill Grove 9 25 Clover Dale 5 30 Putnamviile 7 37 Greencastle 5 42 Fincast!e 12 54 Parkersbnrg 7 61 Crawfordsville 13 74 Roinney 15 89 La Fayette 11 100 (617) Mouth of Wabash River to La Fayette. Steamboat. To New Harmony 52 Mount Carmel 45 97 ViNCENNES 35 132 Russellville 13 145 Palestine 18 163 Merom 5 1C8 Hutsonville ". 8 176 York 8 184 Darwin 11 195 Teure Haute 25 220 Clinton 16 236 Montezuma H 247 Newport Landing 7 254 Perry viile 18 272 Covington 8 280 Baltimore 3 283 Pcrtland 8 291 Williamsport 5 296 La Grange 14 310 La Fayette 13 323 (618) EvANSviLLK to Terre Haute. To Sandersville 10 Princeton 20 30 Patoka 4 34 VlNCENNES 20 54 WestUnion 15 69 Carlisle 8 77 Merom 12 89 Greysville 5 94 Fiu-inan's Creek 5 99 Prairie Creek 8 107 Prairieton 7 114 Terre Haute 9 123 (619) Terre Haute to Looans- PORT. ToNuma 8 Clinton 7 15 Highland 10 25 Newport 6 31 Eugene 7 38 Perryville 7 45 Covington 7 52 Portland 8 60 Rob Roy 5 65 Attica 4 69 Shawnee Prairie 5 74 West Point 8 82 La Fayette 11 93 Americus 11 104 Delphi 7 111 Lockport 9 120 LOGANSPORT 12 132 (620) Terre Haute to Craw- fordsville. To Roseville 15 Rockville 9 24 Bruin's Cross Roads 8 32 Waveland 6 38 Crawfordsville 14 52 204 ROUTES IN INDIANA— ILLINOIS. (621) LOGANSPORT to ToLEDO, O. 9 To Lewisburg Peru ! Wabash L La Gro i Huntiiii^toQ 1' Aboile H Fort Wayne 1 New Haven 17 9''' Antwerp, 7 101 Junction H 118 Defiance 10 128 Milldale 4 132 Florida Napoleon Damascus.... Providence. •• Waterville ■ • Maumee City Toledo 137 8 145 8 153 G 159 12 171 5 176 , 9 185 (622) Fort Wayne to Cincinnati, Ohio. To Poughkeepsie 12 Decatur 1 Limber Lost Bear Creek Jay Deerfield Winchester Lynn New Garden Chester Richmond 5 Abington 9 Brownsville 6 Liberty Dunlapsville • Fairfield Brookville • Cedar Grove • New Trenton. Harrison, O. 108 114 119 5 124 6 130 7 137 8 145 5 150 6 156 Clark's Store 4 160 Miami 4 164 Cheviot 6 170 Cincinnati 7 177 (623) La Porte to Joliet, III. To Door Village 4 Valparaiso 18 22 Deep River 9 31 Lake Court House 9 40 Endor.Ill 10 50 Crete 9 59 Chelsea H 70 Joliet 12 82 (624) Michigan City to Indianap- olis. To La Porte 13 Plymouth 30 43 Indianapolis, (see 605)- • .117 160 ILLINOIS. (625) Springfield to Cincinnati. To Roche^^ter 9 Taylorsville 16 25 Shelbyville 35 60 Cochran's Grove 12 72 Paradise 8 80 Bethsaida 7 87 Charleston 8 95 Hitesville 12 107 Grandview 6 113 Paris 12 125 Elbridge 10 135 Terre Haute, Ia 10 145 Van Bureu 12A57 Brazil 7 164 Manhattan 8 172 Green Castle 7 179 Stilesville 13 192 Belleville • 8 200 Plainfield 5 20o Bridgeport 6 211 Indianapolis 9 220 Cincinnati, (see 591) 109 329 (626) Springfield to Golconda. To Zanesville 38 Hillsboro' Hurricane 15 69 Vandalia 12 81 Foster's 13 94 Salem 12 106 Jordim's Prairie 14 120 Mount Vernon 9 129 Spring Garden H 140 Benton 12 152 Frankfort 7 lo9 Marion 13 172 Sarahsville 8 180 Golconda ...28 208 (627) Springfield to St. Loms. To Chatham 7 Auburn 8 15 Carlinville 24 39 16 54 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS, 205 Macoupin 6 45 Shipman 8 53 Monticello 14 67 Alton. 5 72 St. Louis, Mo. 24 96 (628) Springfield to Naples. Sangamon and jMonran R. R. Berlin 17 Island Grove 4 21 Strown's 5 26 Jacksonville 7 33 Jones' 5 38 Bethel 9 47 Vaugundy 5 52 Naples 5 57 (629) Springfield to Quincy. To Naples, (see 628) 57 Griggsville 10 67 Beverlv 10 77 Liberty 14 91 Burton 6 97 Quincy 9 106 (630) Springfield to Keosuck, Iowa. To Richland 10 Pleasant Plains 6 16 Lancaster 7 23 Virginia 10 33 Beardstown 14 47 Frederickville 4 51 RUSHVILLE 8 59 Camden 13 72 Huntsville 6 78 Pulaski 5 83 Augusta 3 86 Plymouth 5 91 St. Mary's 4 95 Elm Tree 7 102 Carthage 7 109 Warsaw 18 127 Keoklck 4 131 (631) Springfield to Burlington, Iowa. To Rushville, (see 630) .... 59 Littleton 6 65 Doddsville 6 71 Macomb 13 84 Blandinsville 14 98 Burlington 24 122 (632) Springfield to Lkwistown. To Alhens 14 Petersburg 8 22 Sangamon River 12 34 Bath 8 42 Havanna 8 50 VVateriord 5 55 Levvistown 5 60 (633) Springfield to Chicago. To Twelve Mills 8 Midaletown ..12 20 Delavan 9 29 Dillon 23 52 Tremont 5 57 Groveland 6 63 Peoria G 69 Chicago, (see 655) 165 234 (634) Springfield to Covington, Ia. To IMechanicsburg 15 Decatur 24 39 Cerro Gordo 15 54 Monticello 10 64 North Bend 13 77 Urbanna 9 86 Homer 14 100 Danville .-20 120 Covington 15 135 (635) Vincennes, Ia., to Shawnee- TOWN. To St. Francisville 10 Armstrong 9 19 Mount Carmel 9 28 (Jraysville 18 46 Phillipstown 9 55 Carmi 9 64 Emma 8 72 New Haven 6 78 Shawneetown 17 95 (636) Vincennes to St. Louis, Mo. To Lawrenceville 9 Prairieton 10 19 Olney 13 32 Maysville 16 48 Xenia 16 64 Frederickstown 9 73 Salem 9 82 Carlyle 24 106 Shoal Creek 9 115 Avibton 121 Lebanon 11 132 Rock Spring 4 136 Belleville 9 145 French ViUage 8 153 18 206 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. Wiggins' Ferry 5 1 58 Steel's Mill St. Louis, Mo 1 159 Chester.. (637) ViNCENNES to Alton. To Carlyle, (see 636) 106 Shoal Crenk 9 115 Highland 8 123 Marine Settlement 12 135 Ed wardsville 13 148 Upper Alton 12 160 Alton 2 162 (638) ViNCENNES to Chicago. To Russellville 10 Palestine 15 25 Hutsouville 8 33 York 5 38 Darwin 9 47 Mai-shaU 10 57 Paris 16 73 Bloomfield 13 86 Ridge Farm 10 96 Georgetown 5 101 Danville 10 111 North Fork 15 126 Milford 23 149 Middleport 11 160 Bulbonia's Grove 28 188 Rockville 6 194 Wilmington 12 206 Reed's Grove 7 213 Jackson Creek 4 217 Joliet 7 224 Lockport 6 230 Des Plains 9 239 Summit 10 249 Chicago 13 262 (639) Mt. Carmel to Fairfield. To Albion 18 Wabash 9 27 Fairfield 9 36 (640^ Salem to Carmi. To Hickory Hill 18 Fairfield 21 39 Burnt Prairie 11 50 Carmi 13 ,3 (641) Salem to Chester. To ]\lount Zion 8 Walnutllill 5 13 Nashville 19 32 Elkhoru 7 39 Sparta 17 56 .13 (642) Shawneetown to CaT" Girardeau, Mo. To Bay 7 Mount Airy 8 15 Vienna 32 47 Mount Pleasant 10 57 Jouesboro' 12 69 C<^dar Creek Landing 18 87 Cape Girardeau 6 93 (643) Shawneetown to St. Louis. To Equality 14 Raleigh 12 26 Gallatin 6 32 Benton 20 52 Mount Hawkins 20 72 Nashville 22 94 Akau 14 108 Mascoutah 15 123 Belleville 10 133 French Village 8 141 Wiggins' Ferry 5 146 St. Louis 1 147 (644) Shawneetown to Vandalia. To Duncanfown 23 McLeansboro' 16 39 Moore's Prairie 13 52 Mount Vernon 14 66 Jordan's Prairie 9 75 Salem 14 89 Foster's 12 101 Vandalia 13 114 (64.5) Cairo to St. Louis. Mill Creek 14 Jonesboro' 20 34 Urbane 12 46 Murpheysboro' 13 59 Jones' Creek 20 79 Chester 8 87 Kaskaskia 7 94 Prairie De Roche 14 103 Waterloo 21 129 Columbia 8 137 St. Louis 15 152 (646) St. Louis, Mo., to Jackson- ville. To Alton 24 Godfrey 7 31 Delphi 6 37 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 20*7 Jerseyville 8 45 Kane 5 50 CaiTo'.Iton 8 58 Whitehall 10 68 Manchester 8 76 Jacksonville 17 93 (647) QuiNCY to Jacksonville, To Columbus 15 Camp Point 6 21 Claytou 6 27 Mount Sterling 12 39 Versailles 9 48 Meredosia 7 55 Bethel 8 63 Jacksonville 12 75 (648) QuiNCY to Peoria. Via Rushville, To Cohimbus 15 Canap Point 6 21 Clayton 6 27 Mount Sterling 12 39 Ripley 9 48 Rushville 9 67 Astoria 14 71 Vermont 5 76 Otto 7 83 Lewistown 8 91 Jackson Grove 7 98 Canton 7 105 Farmington 10 115 Trivoli 7 122 Peoria 18 140 (640) QuiNCY to Knoxville. To Mendon 14 Woodville 10 24 Chili 3 27 Carthage 14 41 Fountain Green 11 52 Macomb 17 69 Drowning Fork 5 74 Woodstock 14 88 St. Augustine 3 91 Hartford 7 98 Knoxville 9 107 (650) QuiNCY to Kkokuck, Iowa. To Ursa 10 Lima 8 18 Gre(}n Plains 8 26 Warsaw 6 32 Kkokuck 4 36 (651) QuiNCY to Galena. To Macomb, (see 649) C9 Swan Creek 16 85 Monmouth 18 103 Spring Grove 7 110 North Henderson 6 116 Pope Creek 6 122 Farlow's Grove 8 130 Pre-emption 5 135 Camden's Mills 10 145 Rock Island 3 148 Moline 5 153 Hampton 7 160 Port Byron 7 167 Cordova 5 172 Albany 11 183 Fulton 7 190 Savanna 16 206 Hanover 14 220 Galena 15 235 (652) Peoria to Covington, Ia. ToGroveland 8 Tremont 6 14 Mackinaw 7 21 Stout's Grove 5 26 Wilksboro' 5 31 Bioomington 10 41 Le Roy 16 57 Santa Anna 10 67 Mahomet 14 81 Urbana 13 94 Homer 14 108 Danville 20 128 Covington ••• ■ 15 143 (653) Peoria to Burlington, Iowa. To Kickapoo 11 Robin's Nest 3 14 Brimfield 5 19 French Creek 6 25 Knoxville 18 43 Galesburg 5 48 Cold Brook 10 58 Monmouth 6 64 Oquawka 18 82 Burlington 16 98 (654) Peoria to Albany. To Mount Hawley 10 Wyoming 19 29 Toulon 6 35 Wethersfield 11 46 Buina 17 63 208 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. Geneseo 6 69 Craiidell's Ferry 15 84 Albany 12 96 (G55) Peoria to Chicago. ToChilicothe 18 Lacou 14 32 Henry 5 37 Hennepin 13 50 Granville 4 54 Peru 10 64 Ottawa 15 79 Marseilles 8 87 Morris 18 105 Dresden 9 114 Channahan 6 120 JOMET 7 127 Lockport 6 133 Des Plains 9 142 Chicago 23 165 (056) Per0 to St. Louis, Mo. Steamboat. To Hennepin 17 Lacon 18 35 ChilicoUie 11 46 Rome 2 48 Peoria 16 64 Pekin 9 73 Liverpool 25 98 Havanna 9 107 Beardstown 32 139 LaGran^'e 8 147 Meredosia 8 155 Naples 7 162 Florence 10 172 Montezuma • • . 5 177 Bridgeport 6 183 Newport 9 192 Gillord 18 210 Mouth of Hlinois River .... 16 226 Grafton 2 228 Alton 18 246 Missoiu-i River 3 249 St. Louis 18 267 (657) Peru to Galena. ToLaMoille 18 Dixon 25 43 Buffalo Grove 12 55 Elkhorn Grove 8 63 Rock Cieek 5 68 Mount Carroll 12 80 Elizabeth 22 102 Galena 15 117 (658) Ottawa to St. Charles. To Davton 4 NorthviUe 16 20 Pentield 9 29 Br.stol 5 34 Oswego 5 39 Aurora 7 46 Balavia 6 52 St. Charles 4 56 (659) Chicago to Detroit, Micu. Steamboat. To Michigan City, la. 40 New Buffalo, ftiicn. .10 50 Central Railroad. Buchanan 21 71 Niles 6 77 Dowagiac 11 "8 Decatur 12 100 Paw Paw Station 8 H'8 Kalamazoo 16 124 Corastock 4 I -'8 Galesburg 4 1:2 Charleston 4 1 36 Battle Creek 10 NO Ceresco 8 1 54 Marshall 5 ir>d Marengo 6 1('5 Albion 7 172 Gidley's Station 11 183 Barry 5 IH8 Jackson 5 1**^ Leoni 7 200 Grass Lake 3 203 Franciscovillo 3 206 Davison's 212 Dexter 9 221 Scio 2223 Delhi 2 225 Ann Arbor 6 231 Geddes' Mills 4 235 Ypsilanti 4 239 Wayne 12 2.51 Dearbomville 7 2.58 Dktroit 10 268 (660) Chicago to Buffalo, N. Y. Steamboat. To Southport, Wis 57 Racine 13 70 Milwaukee 25 95 Maiiitou Islands, Mich. ...150 245 Beaver Islands 45 290 Mackinaw 50 340 Presque Isle 65 405 KOfTE.-. IN JLLI>;01« -KENTUCKY. 209 Thunder Bay 80 *185 Point au Barques 70 5.55 Fort Gratiot. 85 640 Detroit 70 710 Amherstburc:, C. W. 20 730 Sandusky, Ohio 52 782 Huron 14 7913 Cleveland... 45 841 Fairport 30 871 Ashtabula 33 904 Conneaut It 918 Erie, Pa. 30 948 Dunkirk, N. Y 48 99(5 Buffalo 43 1039 (661) Chicago to Galena. Chicago and Galena R. R. To Noyesville ... 10 Cottage Hill 7 17 Babcock's Grovo 4 21 Wheatland 4 £5 Junction 5 30 St. Charles Branch 5 35 Elgin 7 42 Gilberts ... 8 50 Huntley 5 5.5 Union 7 62 Marengo 4 66 Garden Prairie 6 72 Belvidere . 6 7S Cherry Valley 6 S4 KOCKFORD 8 92 Stage. Vanceburg 19 111 Ridott's .". 5 116 Silver Creek 6 122 Freeport 7 129 Forestville 8 137 Waddain's Grove 2 1 39 Alida 2 141 White Oak Springs 32 173 Greenvale 5 178 Galena 5 183 (662) Chicago to Milwaukee. To Dutcliman's Point 13 Wheeling 10 23 Halt Dav 5 28 Libertvville 6 34 Abingdon 4 38 Waukegan 6 44 Otsego 5 49 Soutuport, Wis. 12 CI Racine ]0 71 Oak Creek 14 85 Milwaukee 9 94 (663) Chicago to Ottawa. Fla Plainfield. To Lyons 13 Flag Creek 5 13 Ciiss 5 03 Plainfield ig 41 ;^usal)le 13 54 Lisbon 10 64 Holderman's Grove 4 68 Ottawa ]8 86 (664) Chicago to Dixon. To St. Charles Br., (see 661) 35 i't. Charles 4 39 Sugiu- Gn\'b 13 52 Acasto 7 59 Little Rock 3 g2 Sonionauk 6 68 Shabbouey's Grove 9 77 Paw Paw Grove 7 84 JMallugin Grove 9 93 Lee Centre 8 101 Dixon ....15 116 (665) Dixon to Beloit, Wis. To Grand de Tour 6 Oregon 9 j.^ Byron 11 26 Kish waukee 10 36 ROCKFORD (5 40 Harlem 7 49 Roscoe 4 .-)3 Rockton 4 57 Beloit 3 (50 KEJJTUCKT. (666) Louisville to Cincinnati, O. Sl.ca III boat. To Cincinnati, (see 514).. . 140 (667) Louisville to Cairo, III. Steamboat. To Cairo, mouth of the Ohio River, (see 514) 375 (668) Louisville to Nashville, Tenn. To Salina \\ West Point Jo 21 Elizabethtowu 22 4J 18* 210 ROUTES IX KEXTUCKV. Nolan 10 53 Leesville 12 65 Mum ^irdsville 8 7:{ \Vn,>.ls..iiv;!lo 10 83 PiX'Wett s Knob fi 89 Three Forks* 4 93 Dripping Spring 8 101 Bowling Green 14 115 Franklin '21 136 aiiiclK'Hville, Tenu 8 144 IMuUoy's • 5 149 Tyree Springs 9 158 Mansker's Creek 7 165 Pleasant Hill 6 171 Nashville 7 178 * Mammoth Cave 7 — 100. (669) Louisville to Harrods- BURG. To Snow mil 11 Mount Washington 11 22 Higli (irove 6 28 Bardstown 11 39 Fredi^rickslown 8 47 Spriiiyiield 9 56 Poltsvilie 10 66 Perryville 10 76 Harrodsburg 10 86 (670) Louisville to Shawnee- TovvN, III. To Salina 11 Westpoint 10 21 Garni-lisville 8 29 Brandrnlmrg 11 40 Clifiun Mills 14 54 Hardinsbiirg 10 64 Cloverport 11 75 Hawt'sville 9 84 Yelvinartou 16 100 Oweiisboro' 10 110 Hebbardsville 12 122 Henderson 17 139 Smith's Mills 12 151 Mortcanlield 12 163 Ralei-h 9 172 Shawneeto'.vn, III 5 177 (671) Louisville to Lexington. LoinsviUe and Frankfort R. R. To Williamson ."....14 La(;)aM-t! 12 26 Walnut (i rove 6 32 Eminence 7 39 Bellevue 2 41 Christianburg 8 49 Frankfort 16 65 Ijexington and Frankfort R. R. Midway 14 79 Lexington 14 93 (672) Lexington to Cincinnati, O To Georgetown 12 Little Eagle 15 27 Ray's Fork 6 33 Williarastown 14 47 Dry Ridge 4 51 Crittenden 7 58 Walton 7 65 Florence 9 74 Dry Creek 3 77 Covington 6 83 Cincinnati 1 84 (673) Lexington to Maysville. To Moreland 8 Paris 7 15 Millersbiirg 8 23 Forest Retreat 6 29 Lower Blue Lick 8 37 Oak Woods 6 43 May's Lick 6 49 Washington 8 57 Maysville 4 61 (674) Lexington toOwiNGSviLLE. ToChildsburg 8 Colbwille 7 15 Winchester 5 20 Mount Sterling 15 35 Owingsville 15 50 (675) Lexington to Knoxville, Tenn. To Nicholasville 12 Boon's Knob 7 19 Bryantsville 5 24 Danville 10 34 t^lantbrd ..11 45 Walnut Flat 6 51 Crab Orchard 4 55 Mount Vernon 13 68 London 19 87 Lynn Camp 13 100 Barbom-sville 12 112 Cumberland Ford 16 128 Yellow Creek 8 136 Cumberland Gap 7 143 Tazewell, Tenn. 12 155 Sycamore 5 160 ROUTES IN KENTUCKY. 211 Thorn Hill 7 107 Bean's Station 4 171 l?.itk-cean. Only three or lour harbors occur in its whole length. The Columbia, or Oregon, is the princij)al river; and into this, which has a S. W. and VV. com-se from the Rocky Mountains, all the main streams of the territory empty. The navigation of this I'iver is frequently ob- structed by falls and rapids, and there is only an uninterrupted passage from the ocean, for large ships, of about 120 miles. The principal tribu- taiies are Willamette river ; Lewis, or Saptin river ; and Chuk's, or Flat- head river; all which receive numerous fine streams that water im im- mense surface. There are a number of small lakes in the country. There is no material difference in the natural productions of Oregon and those of the Eastern states. Vegetation is, however, more devel- oped. The fir has been found 46 feet in circumference and 300 feet in height, and pines from 200 to 250 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet in girth. The mineral resources of the country are almost unknov.n, but there is no reason to suppose that the earth here is less metaliferous than m the more southern portion of the Pacific region. Wild animals, in great numbers and variety, inhabit the recesses of the momitains, and the valleys and plains. The trapper and hunter have explored the country with profit in peltry and fius. The cultivated portions, as yet confined chiefly to the banks of the lower Columbia and to the neighborhood of Puget's Sound, are veiy productive. The cereal crops have been abim- dant, and fruit trees, vines, and culinary vegetables thrive well. Since the discovery of gold in California, a great demand has ai-isen for the agricultural products of Oregon, and, as a consequence, a commercial connection has been the result. The export of lumber has been large. This incipient commerce will not be transitory — the demand for build- ing materials is constantly on the increase, and that for breadstufifs and provisions will last as long as mining is the chief employment in Cahfor- nia. Some commercial intercoui-se is maintained also with the Sand- wich Islands and the Russian settlements on the north. But with all these fortuitous circumstances that have attended the first settlement of TERRITORY OF OREGON. 221 the territory, it must still remain mucli as it is— a mere agri( ultural and pastoral country, unless some means of easy and rapid communication can be maintained with the Western states and the Atlantic coast. A railroad is the only solution of this difficulty. The one proposed by Mr. Whitney seems to have some claims to consideration, and by its means the shores of Lake Michigan would be brought in a juxtaposition with the mouth of the Columbia river. The details for the construction of such an avenue, chiefly through a country infested with hostile Indians, and through mountain passes almost inaccessible, have been laid before Congress, and are favorably spoken of; but to mature plans, and obtain capital for such a work, seems to offer insuperable difficulties even to its commencement. It is almost too great a work for individual enter- prise. If a railroad is to be built, let it be a national work. There are several villages and settlements of considerable pretensions in Oregon. Oregon City, the territorial capital, is situated about 30 miles up the Willamette river, and two miles above the Clackmas rapids, which prevents all navigation to the city. Perhaps no other place in the Union has such immense water privileges, and many large saw-mills are already in operation. Population, 702. Portland, 12 miles below the falls, may be considered as the port of Oregon City. Its trade with the Pacific towns, and also with those of the Atlantic, especially with New York, is prosperous and increasing. Population, 200. Astoria, near the mouth of the Columbia river, on its S. bank, has a good harbor and other natural advantages tor becoming a great commercial depot. At present, there are not 20 buildings in the place. It is the only port of entry in the territory. Fort Vancouver, on the N. bank of the Co- lumbia rivei', 100 miles from its mouth, is the principal trading post of the Hudson Bay Company, W. of the mountains. Ships drawing 14 feet water, can ascend 20 miles further up the river. The establishment consists of about 100 houses enclosed by picket-fences, and defended by armed bastions and a block-house. A Catholic church is the only build- ing of note. The inhabitants are chiefly South Sea Islanders in the em-, ploy of the company. The establishment is on an extensive scale, and, the center of vast interests — all the company's Indian trade being con-, ducted here. Extensive agriculturjil operations for the support of the, traders, are carried on. The farm contains about 3,000 acres. The stock; of cattle and sheep is very large, and is rapidly increasing in numbers-, and improving in breed from the importation of European stock. The. mixed breed of sheep yields from 12 to 18 pounds of fleece. The mills and outposts of the fort extend several miles above on the river. Other settlements on the Columbia are, Walla- Walla, a httle below the con- fluence of Lewis river ; Fort Okenagan, at the mouth of the river of the same name; Fort Colville, below the imion of Clark's river with, the Columbia. 19* 222 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. Fort Nesqually, on Puget's Sound, Is occupied by the "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company." Their farms are very extensive, and are kept in a high state of cultivation. They supply provisions to the Hud- son Bay Company's servants W. of the mountains, and export lai-gely to the Sandwich Islands and the Russian post of Sitka. The company has also extensive farms on the Cowlitz river. Oregon, in its entirety, extends between 42° and 54° 40' N. lat., but by the treaty of 1846, all the territory north of 49° was ceded to Great Brit- ain. Perhaps the gi-eatest defect in this treaty was the ceding of Van- couver's Island to the British— an island notoriously the finest portion of the disputed country, both in regard to its agricultural capacities, its commercial position, and its mineral productions. The retention of this alone would have been preferable to our possession of the whole main- land. This country was not discovered until nearly two c^'ntiu-ies after the occupation of Mexico by the Spaniards, nor was it at all known until late in the 18th century. In 1792 the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia river by Capt. Grey gave to the United States a claim to sov- ereignty over the country watered by that river and its branches. Set- tlements, however, had previously been made by the English at Nootka Sound, and on the upper waters of the Columbia, and on these facts the British based their claim. The Louisiana Treaty of 1803 transferred the claims preferred by France to the United States, and presuming that Lou siana really did extend to the Pacific, this formed a most im- portant point in the controversy. In 1804-5-C, Captains Lewis and Clarke explored the country from the head waters of the Missouri river to the mouth of the Columbia. Trading houses were subsequently erected by Americans on Lewis river and at Astoria. The fort at As- toria was taken by the British in the last war, but restored on the con- clusion of peace. To adjust, or rather suspend, the conflicting claims of each, the United States and Great Britain, in 1818, agreed to a suspen- sion of sovereign occupancy for 10 years, which agi-eement was extended indefinitely in 1828, with the proviso that either party might recede from the agreement on giving one year's notice to that effect. The treaty of 1819 with Spain, in which that nation withdrew its claims to the terri- tory in favor of the United States, greatly strengthened the presumptiona of the Union ; but still, no immediate measures were resorted to. The disputes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1845, and the Pres- ident was authorized by Congress to give the notice required. This step led to tlie final settlement of the question, and a partition of the teni- tory by the line of 49° N. lat. In 1848 a bill passed both Houses of Con- gress, and was approved by the President on the 14th August, by which Oregon was erected into a territorial government, and soon after the necessary officers were sent out, and the government organized. By the treaty of partition, the Hudson Bay Company retained pes- CALIFORNIA ALTA STATE OF CALIFORXIA. 223 eession of their farms, &c., in Oregon. They have now made the offer to the United Ptates, of all their right and title in these occupancies, for the sum of $1,000,000. Should this be accepted, both parties will, no doubt, be satisfied, and all future cause of disagreement be prevented. CALIFORNIA ALTA, California Alta in its full extent, as acquired by the United States from the Republic of Mexico, lies between 32° and 42° N. lat., and between 106° and 124° W. long. : and is bounded N. by the Territory of Oregon ; E. by the Indian Territory and New Mexico ; S. by the Rio Gila, which separates it from the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Sonora, and by California Baja; and W. by the Pacific Ocean, on which it has a front of 970 miles. The area included within these limits is estimated at 448,091 square miles; and the total populUion, exclusive of aboriginal tribes, (variously estimated at from 100,00(1 to 300,000 in number,) is about 200,000. California Alia is now divided into the "State of Calilbrnia" and the "Territory of Utah," the latter co-exteiir sive with the ci-dcvant " State of Deseret" and the '' Territory of New Mexico'" in part. THE STATE QY CALIFORXIA. Area 188,981 sqxiare miles.— Population 200,000. California occupies all that portion of the above-named territory westward of the following line: to wit — beginning at the intersection of 420 N. lat. and 120° W. long. ; thence S. in a direct line to 39 N. lat. ; thence S. E. to where the Rio Colorado intersects 35° N. lat., and thence down the mid ch.annel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. This grand division of California Cthe only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from N. to S. by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively the Sierra JYevada, wliich divides the region from the great basin, and the Coast Rang-e, running almost parallel to and at a short distance from the Pacific coast. The main featm-e of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers — the two valleys forming one — 500 miles long and .50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structiu-e of the country, and break it into a surface of valleya and mountains — the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. These form greater masses and become more 224 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shastl, enter th^ regions of perpetual snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. It is a single geographical forma- tion, lying between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive numerous affluents— many of them bold rivers, become themselves navigable rivers — flow towards each other, meet halfway, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water ; making a continuous water line from one end to the other. The resources of this valley, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords greater facilities for easy development. Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the rivers, the soil is chiefly dry and unproducti^-e ; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being intersected by nu- merous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white-oaks. The foot hills of the Sierra which limit the valley make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and pretty vales. Near the Tulare Lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the surface is composed of level plains, gradually changing into imdulating and rolling towards the mountains. The region W. of the Coast Range to the Pacific— the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold — has long been the seat of numerous missions ; and arovmd these, generally situated in the most lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a perfect garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, and to vegetables used for culinary purposes, which in fact grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities indeed can produce in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. The coasts of Cahforuia are generally precipitous and rugged; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco, are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisco Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, but also and mainly from the accessory advantages which belong to it — fertile and picturesque dependent coun- try, general mildness of climate, connection with the great central valley, &:c. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, its im- portance rises superior to all contmgencies. Its latitudinal position is that ol Lisbon ; its cUmate that of Italy ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent coimtry are TPIE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 225 the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides from the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction about 35 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Surisson bays. The surface is much broken by numerous islands — some mere rocks, and others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests of lofty cypress, which ai'e visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the bay. Behind, the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,770 feet high, overlooks the siuTomiding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating laud, and rich alluvial tracts, backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be overspread. Such is the bay and proximate countiy and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. The climate of California is remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing as they do the year into two nearly equal parts, which have a most peculiar in- fluence on the labor applied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and in fact connect themselves inseparably with all the interests of the comitiy. The dry season commences with May. The north-east winds, following the coiu-se of the sim's greatest attraction, then commence to blow, and in their passage across the snow-clad ridges of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada become deprived of all their moisture. They therefore pass over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature is very high in the summer, in a very dry state, and absorb like a sponge all the moisture the atmosphere and surface of the eai'th can jield. The dry season commences much earlier in the south than towards the north, and continues some time after the sun repasses the equator at the autumnal Equinox. About the middle of November, the climate being reheved from these N. E. currents, the S. W. winds set in from the ocean, surcharged with moisture; the rains commence and continue to fall, not constantly, but with sufficient frequency to designate the period of their continuance. Cold winds and fogs render the climate of San Francisco, and in fact the whole coast, extremely 226 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. irksome. A few miles inland, however, where the heat of the sun modifies and softens the ocean wind, the weather is delightful. The heat in the middle of the day is not too great to retard labor. Tho nights are cool and pleasant. This is the climate which prevails in all the valleys of the Coast Range, and extends throughout the country north and south as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea breeze loses its influence, and the degree of heat in the middle of the day during the summer months is much greater than on the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. It is dry, however, and perhaps not more oppressive. The thermometer sometimes ranges from 110° to 115° in the shade, during three or four hours, say from II to 3 o'clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, the radiation of heat ceases. The cold, dry atmosphere from the mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders the nights cool and invigorating. No general description of the climate of California will cover the whole land : it varies with the latitude. The climate of the coast and inttsrior, of the mountain and valley, &c., differ widely ; and it is perhaps to these circumstances that the opinions and statements respecting it are so conflicting. Each writer has noted his own im- pressions. The population of California at the period it came in possession of the United States, probably did not exceed 30,000, of which about 18,600 consisted of converted Indians. The immigration of Americans and foreigners since that period has been unremitting. On the 1st January, 1851, it was estimated that 120,000 Americans and 40,000 foreigners had come into the country since the discovery of gold. Tlie majority of these are occupied in the mining districts. It is impossible to form any estimate of the number of mountain Indians. Some suppose there are as many as 300,000 in the country. These inhabit the foot hills of the Sierra, and the valleys between them and the coast. They seem to be of the lowest grade of human beings. They live chiefly on aconis, roots, and insects, and the kernel of the pine burr: occasionally they catch fish and game. They exhibit no inclination to cultivate the soil, neither do they pretend to hold any interest in the lands, nor have they been treated by the Spanish or American immigrants as possessing any. They are lazy — idle to the last degree. Formerly, at the missions, those who were bi-ought up and educated by the priests made good servants. Many of those now attached to families seem to be faithful and inteUi- gent ; but those who are at all in a wild and uncultivated state, are most degraded objects of filth and sloth. They are invariably hostile to the whites, and have already committed many aggravated murders and depredations on the persons and property of the immigi-ants and gold- hunters. Previous to the treaty of peace with Mexico and the discovery of gold, THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 227 the exportable products of the country consisted almost exclusively of hides and tallow. The Californians were a pastoral people, and paid much more attention to the raising of horses and cattle than the cultiva- tion of the soil. Wheat, barley, maize, beans, and edible roots, were cultivated in sufficient quantities for home consumption. The destruc- tion of cattle for their hides and tallow has now ceased, in consequence of the demand for beef. The number of cattle now in California is es- timated only at 500,000 head — a supply inadequate to the wants of the beef eaters now in the country for more than 5 or 6 years. The great bulk of animal food must therefore come from the Atlantic Coast and the Western States. The time is not far distant when cattle from the Mississippi Valley will be driven by tens of thousands to supply this new market. The climate and soil of California are well suited for the ce- reals ; but the temperature along the coast is too cool for the successful culture of maize as a field crop. The root crops thrive luxuriantly. Apples, peai-s, and peaches are cultivated with facility ; and there is no reason to doubt that all the fruits of the Atlantic States can be produced in great plenty and perfection. The grasses are very luxuriant and nu- tritious, affording excellent pasturage. Oats spring up spontaneously the whole length of the coasts, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. The dry season matures and cures these grasses and oats, so that they re- main in an excellent state of preservation during the summer and au- tumn, and afford an ample supply of forage. While the whole surface of the coimtry appears parched, and vegetation destroyed, the numerous flocks and herds which roam over it continue in excellent condition. Irrigation would become necessary in many parts dm-ing the dry season, to improve the products of the soil and increase their quantity. The farmer derives some important advantages from this season. His crops are never injured by rain, and he can with perfect confidence permit them to leinain in his fields as long after they have been gathered as his convenience may require. Agriculture, however, must continue for some time to come as of secondary consideration. Men will not submit to its toils while they can gather a harvest of gold. Commerce must supply almost every species of food, until the thirst for metal becomes satiated, or the supply exhausted. The commercial resources of California are at the present foimded entirely on its metallic wealth. Gold is the staple product of the coimtry, and is immediately available in an uncoined state for all the purposes of exchange. It is not here as in other countries, where the products of the earth and of art are sent to markets — foreign and domestic — to be exchanged for the precious metals. Here gold not only supplies the medium of domestic trade, but of foreign commerce. A large trade has consequently sprung up, and, centering at San Francisco, is thence dis- tributed into the interior. The whole world is competing for its market. 228 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. Vessels of all nations have their prows directed to this Dorado. Gold is the sun that attracts them. The whole trade of the Pacific — that of Chijia and the islands — will centie at San Friuicisco, for no other coun- tries on the west coast have exports which find a market in the ports of Asia. Important as the commerce of the Pacific is and will be to California, it cannot now, nor will it ever, compare in maijnitude and value to the domestic trade between it and the older States of the Union. Two years ago, California did not probably contain more than 25,000 people. That portion of it which has since been so wonderfully peopled was comparatively without resoiu-ces. Notwithstanding the great dis- tance emigrants have been compelled to travel, more than 100,000 have already overcome the difficulties, and spread themselves over the hills and plains. They have been supplied from distances as great, not only with necessaries but the comforts and many of the luxuries of life. Houses have been imported from China, Chili, and the Atlantic States. All materials required in building cities and towns have been added to the wants of a people so numerous, destitute, and remote from the sources of supply. Those wants will exist as long as emigration con- tinues to flow into the country, and labor, employed in collecting gold, shall be more profitable than the mechanic arts. The value of the trade between the old States and California for the year 1850, is estimated at §25,000,000 ; and if the emigration and general movement continues for five years longer, this trade may amount to $100,000,000 per an- num. The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, and from 40 to 50 miles wide, following the line of the Sierra Nevada. Further discoveries maj', and probably will, increase the area. The metal is found in the beds of the rivei-s, and in the gullies formed by the action of waters during the rainy season. The original seat of this metal is in the quartz rock of the mountains, and it is there that the veins will be ultimately foimd. Hitherto it has been gathered chiefly from the surface, in the fonn of dust. No scientific mining operatioBS have been initiated. What the production will eventually be, no one can foresee. The value of the metal gathered in 1849 is estimated at $40,000,000 ; and this only from the suiface, and by less than half the number of persons that will operate duiing the year 1850. There does not seem to be any special deposits in the rivers — gold is found every- where E. of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The greater part of the immense amount gathered was carried away by foreigners, and perhaps not more than one-fourth reached the Atlantic ports. About $12,000,000 have been coined at the United States' mint up to April 1st, 1850. Quicksilver is found in the form of cinnabar hi se\eral districts, and must soon become viduable for the purpose of extracting the gold from impurities. The mineral resources of California are not confined THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 229 to these metals — coal, iron, &c., are known to exist ; but these will not be worked so lonq^ as gold hunting is remunerative. The principal towns in Califoniia previous to the occupation of the countiy by the Americans, and the discovery of the rich gold deposits in the valley of the Sacramento, were Monterey, the ancient capital, San Diego, a port in the south, Los Angelos, San Jose, San Francisco, &c. None of these were of much importance, nor was their connection with the commercial world otherwise than very limited. Since these great events, however, a new era has commenced, and the whole region has experienced one of the mightiest revolutions in the history of man- kind. The old settlements above alluded to have become large cities — new towns have sprung up with almost fabulous rapidity — a Uving tide has inundated the country from all parts of the habitable globe. Wher- ever a site eligible for commerce or trade is found, there we now see the germ of a future city, or perhaps a city grown to considerable pro- portions. Every thing is progressive ; and where a year or two ago the population could be numbered by thousands it now numbers its tena of thousands, and yet the tide flows, and every day witnesses new arrivals of hardy immigrants— the fathers of a future State, whose wealth and position in the world will vie with that of Tyre in the days of its greatest glory. San Jose, the present capital, is a town founded on the ancient mission of the same name, in a pleasant valley opening on the southern extremity of the Bay of San Francisco. It is here that the governor resides, and hei-e the legislature of the State holds its sessions. San Francisco is situated not far from the entrance to the bay, on ita south shore, and has an excellent harbor and eveiy accommodation for an extensive commerce. From the geographical position of this place, and its proximity to the gold regions, which must supply all the ex- ports, it will eventually become the mart of an extensive commerce with Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Never in the annals of a nation has any city risen to importance at such a rate as this. At the commence- ment ot 1849 it was a mere village— at the commencement of 1850 it had a population of 30,000, and had during the intervening year received more than 70,000 immigrants from all pai-ts, whose destination was the great mineral region of the valley above. Steam communication haa been established between New York, via Panama, and this city, and regular lines of steamboats sail between it and the new towns on the Sacramento. Its commerce with Oregon has also been greatly' developed, and will no doubt be much enlarged in the future. Among the new cities are Napa, Sonoma, Benicia, &c., on the north shore of Pablo Bay, and Martinez on its south shore. On the Sacramento and its tributaries, are New York of the Pacific^ Stockton, Sutter, Sac- ramento, Fremont, Vernon, Yuba, Nicolaus, &c. ; and on the San Joaquin, the city of San Joaquin, near the mouth of the Stanislaus 20 230 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. liver. Hangtown, Weavers viLLE, Marysville, and uumerous other places are mentioned ; but so rapidly are they, one ami all, increasing in extent and population, that it is futile to attempt to desci-ibe their pi'esent condition — every new arrival from this wonderful country bring- ing information that renders the most recent previous iuformatioa obsolete and nugatory. Each successive day indeed witnesses the foundation of some future city. Nothing is here stationary. San FVan- cisco in one season increased its population from hundreds to thousands, while in a shorter period Sacramento City and Stockton became the depots of an extensive inland commerce, and rose to an importance to which few cismontane cities can boast after a whole century of existence. With such results from one yeai-'s exertion, and with comparatively small means, what great ends must we not anticipate, since the inhabitants have acquired almost every thing adapted to facilitate their labors ? The histoiy of California previous to its occupation by the Americana has little to interest the general reader. It was discovered by Cobrillo, a Spanish navigator, in 1542 ; and the northern part of it havmg been visited by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, he gave it the name of New Albion. The first colonies were planted in 1768, by the Spaniai'ds — chiefly by priests of the order of St. Francis, whose object was to convert the Indians to the Catholic faith. The mission stations which are found in the country were established by this renowned order. The revolu- tion which separated Mexico from Spain annexed California to that republic. The country has several times since the Spanish power was exterminated suffered from revolution ; and for the last ten or twelve years of its connection with Mexico, the authority of that nation over it was very loose. Its distance from the metropolis indeed would tend to such a result. The people more than once declared themselves inde- pendent, and as often rejoined the confederacy. In 1846 California was occupied by the United States forces ; and by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2d Feb., 1848, the whole country was ceded to that government. In the latter part of the same month, a mechanic, named James W. Marshall, was employed in building a saw-mill for Captain Sutter, on the south branch of a river known as the American Foi'k. On Fremont's map, the river is called "Rio de los Americanos." While cutting a mill-race for this improvement, Mr. Marshall discovered the scales of gold as they glistened in the sun-light at the bottom of the sluice, Pieces of considerable size were taken out, and in a few days gold to the amount of ^150 was gathered. The laborers soon became satisfied of its precious nature, and the news spread rapidly about the country. Examinations were prosecuted at other points along the stream, and almost every where with success. The result has been extraordinary. Thousands have flocked to the scene from all parts of the world, and a lively commerce has thii s been initiated, which bids fair m a few more TERRITORY OF UTAH. 231 years to become more extensive and valuable than all the present foreign trade of the United States together. In 1849, in consequence o( the disorganized condition of things and the insecurity which generally prevailed, the people, by their delegates, met in convention, and formed a constitution, under the provisions of which the commonwealth is now organized and governed. The main feature of this document is its exclusion of slavei-y from the state — otherwise it is not much different from those of the generality of the older states. California was admit- ted as a state of the Union in 1850. TERRITORY OF UTAH. {DesereQ* Area 187,923 square miles.— Population 11,381. Utah Territory occupies all that portion of the great CaUfornian basin lying north of 37° N. lat., and extends fi'om the Sierra Nevada to the mountains of New Mexico. This is one of the most singular countries in the world. The basin is some 500 miles in diameter every way, between 4000 and 5000 feet above the level of the sea, shut in all around by mountains, with its ov.-n system of lakes and rivers, and without any direct connection with the sea. Paj-tly arid and sparsely inhabited, its general character is that of a desert, but wuh great exceptions — there being many parts of it very fit for the residence of a civilized people ; and of these the Mormons have lately estabUshed themselves in one of the largest and best. Rlountain is the predominating structure of the interior of the basin, with plains between — the mountains wooded and watered, the plains arid and sterile. In this great basin are situated the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, besides numerous smaller bodies of water. The Humboldt river is the most important of its water courses. This river possesses qualities which, in the progress of events, may give it both value and fame. It lies in the line of travel to California and Oregon, and is the best route now known through the great basin, and the one traveled by emigrants. Its du-ec- tion E. and W. is the right course for that travel. It furnishes a level, imobstructed way for nearly 300 miles, and a plentiful su])p]y of the in- dispensable articles of water, wood, and grass. Its head is towards the Great Salt Lake, and consequently towards the Mormon settlements, which must become a point in the line of emigration to California and the Lower Columbia. Its termination is within 50 miles of the base oi the Sierra Nevada, and opposite the Salmon Trout River pass ; a pass * "Deseret," in Monnon history and interpretation, signifies "Aoney* »ee;" and is indicative of industry and its kindred virtues. 232 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. only 7200 feet above the level of the sea, and less than half that above the level of the basui, and leading into the valley of the Saci-amento, some 40 miles N. of Sutter's Fort. These pi-operties give to this river a prospective value in future coinmunications with the Pacific Ocean. The Rio Gila bounds the territory on the S., and the Rio Colorado traverses it in a S. W. direction from the Rocky Moimtains to the Gulf of California, into which both rivers empty by one mouth. This portion of California Alta was never settled by the Spaniards, nor was it ever more than a nominal dependency of that nation nor of the jMexican Republic. Previous to the Mexican war, indeed, few white men except those engaged in scientific explorations had entered the country. About the period when that war broice out, the IMormona were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob violence, and shortly afterwards emigrated to the borders of the Great Salt Lake. Their settlements became prosperous and populous, and within two years after the first pioneers had entered the counti-y, their numbers had increased to about 5,000. After peace had been ratified, they found them- selves without a government, and without protection for person or pro- perty. To remedy this anomalous condition of things, they organized a temporary government, under the style of the " State of Deseret," and under its sanction elected officers to manage the afi'airs of the common- wealth. But the ultimate destiny of the country belonged to Congi-ess, and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded it back to a territorial condition under its present title ; at the same time curtailing the limits claimed by its spontaneous constitution. The increase of it3 population, however, is so rapid, that it must at no distant period be admitted as a state ; and whenever such an event is constimmated, Utah will, no doubt, form a bright star in the glorious galaxy of our Union. The metropolis of Deseret is Great Salt Lake City, situated 22 miles S. W. of the lake from which it takes its name, and about one mile and a half E. of the Jordan River, 4300 fi^et above the level of the sea, and in 40° 45' 44" N. lat., and llio 26' 34" \V. long. It is laid out in large squares, and one acre and a quarter of land is allotted to each family for garden purposes. A council house has been erected ; and the citizens have it in view to build another temple, larger and more magnificent even than that of Nauvoo. The houses are as yet small, but very comraodiously built, the material being adobes, or sun-di-ied brick. The population of the city is about 6..500, butit is so laid out as to admit of its becoming one of the largest and most convenient cities in the world. Being on the highway to California, thousands of emigrants from the States find in this settlement a place to rest themselves and cattle, and recruit their stores of provisions, previous to entering the desert they have to cross before reaching the goal of theu- desires. TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 233 Some settlements of Alormons have also been made on the borders of Utah Lake. The prospects of these settlements are very encouraging. They ai-e on aU sides surrounded by a labyrinth of moiuitaius, which are sup- posed to be very rich in mineral wealth. Rock salt is veiy abundant in the neighborhood, and the Great Lake is saturated with salines which concrete spontaneously on its shores and incrust its bottom. Otherwise they ai-e possessed of vast rescources. The soil is exceedingly rich, and when irrigated, which is of easy accomplishment, yields fine crops of grain and other agricultural staples. Add to these natural advantages the industry to appropriate them, which is a portion of the religion of the settlers, and what shall stay the onward progress of this colony, the location of which within a few years was scarcely known to civil- ized man '? TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. Area 210,744 square miles. — Population 61,547. New Mexico lies between 32° and 38 N. lat. and between 103O and 116° W. long. ; and is bounded N. by the Territory of Ut;ih and the Indian Territory; E. by Texas; S. by the Northern Mexican fcitates, from which it is principally separated by the Gila River; and W. by California. That portion of the territory lying westward of the Rocky Mountains was originally a part of California Alta, and was temporarily attached to New Mexico in 1850. The general aspect of New Mexico Proper is mountainous, with a large valley in the middle running N. and S., formed by the Rio Grande del Norte. The valley is generally about 20 miles wide, and bordered on the E. and W. by mountainous chains — continuations of the Rocky Moimt- ams. The height of these S. of Santa Fe may, upon an average, be from 6,0U0 to 8,000 feet, while near that city, and in the more northern regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen, which rise from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of igneous rocks, as granite, sienite, diorite, basalt, Sic, and are higlily met- aliferous. On the higher ranges, excellent pine timber grows ; on the low- er, cedars, and sometimes oaks ; and in the centra! valley, mezquite, &c. The main artery of New Mexico, the Rio Grande, is a large and long river. Its head waters are found between 37° and 38° N. lat., but its highest som'ces are some two degrees further N.. in the recesses of the Kocky Mountains. Its course is generally S. and S. E., and its principal affluents are the Chamas, Pecos, Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. The length of the river in a straight line is about 1.200 miles— but from the meanderings of its lower course, it runs at least 2,000 mUes — from the 20* ^84 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. regions of eternal snow to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf of Mexico, which it enters in 25° 50' N. lat. The elevation of the river above the sea is 4,800 feet at Albuquerque; 3.800 at El Paso; but at Reinosa, 300 or 400 miles from its mouth, only 170 feet. The fall of the river is seldom used as a motive power. The principal advantage at present derived from its waters is for agricidtiu-e, by a well-managed system of irrigation. In its upper coiu-se it is shallow, and inteiTupted by sand-bars. The lower com-se of the river, however, is open to navigation, and steamboats ascend as far up as Laredo, 700 miles from the Gulf. The soil is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it pro- duces abundant crops. Indian corn, wheat, beans, onions, and fruits, are raised in large quantities. The most fertile pai-t of the valley begins below Santa Fe, and it is no uncommon thing in the S. parts of the country to raise two crops in the year. The general dryness of the cli- mate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agricul- ture to the valleys of the water-courses. The inhabitants have no sys- tem in their farming. The plough is a rough machine, and made en- tii'ely of wood ; and their fields ai'e generally without fences. The best cultivated lands are found on the '■'■ estancias,''^ or hu*ge estates belonging to the rich. These " haciendas" are apparently a remnant of the old feudal system, and were granted, with the Indians and all other appur- tenances, by the Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The inhabitants pay considerable attention to the raising of stock, and the great owners are possessed of large numbers of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. These, however, are generally of small size. The pasturage in the un- cultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of slock graze thereon the year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, and frequently carry off numerous herds of cattle, &c. The mines of New Mexico are very rich. Mining, however, has long been neglected, and many of the most valuable "placers," which were formerly worked, have been entirely deserted. Gold, silver, u-on, and copper, are plentiful in the mountains. Gold is found in the Santa F6 district as ftir S. as Gran Quivira, and N. as far as the Rio Sangi'e do Cristo. The poorer classes occupy some of their time in washing out gold-dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams. The mines in the neighborhood of Santa Fe are the only ones worked at the present time. Silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at Avo, at Cerillos, and in the Nambe Mountains; but operations have long since ceased. Copper is abundant throughout the country, and iron is equally BO ; but these metals are entirely overlooked as useless. Coal has also been discovered in a number of places ; and gypsum, both com- mon and selenite, are found in large quantities. The common is used as lime for whitewashing, and the crystalline, or selenite, instead of win* TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 235 dow-glass. On the high table-lands, between the Del Norte and Pecos, are some extensive " Salinas," or salt lakes, from which all the domea- tic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large caravans from the capital visit these in the dry season, and return with as much salt as they can con- veniently carry. The merchants exchange one bushel of salt for an equal quantity of wheat, or sell it for one, or, sometimes, two dollars a bushel. The climate is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Consider- able atmospheric differences, however, are experienced in the moimtain districts and in the low valley of the river. In the latter, the summer- heat sometimes rises to 100° Fahrenheit, but the nights ai-e always cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively of long duration, and fre- quently severe. The sky, however, is clear and dry, owing to the con- densation of the moisture on the frozen hills. The months of July to October inclusive constitute the rainy season, but the rains are neither so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of the continent. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and typhoid fevers in the winter season. The population of New Mexico may be estimated at 60,000 or 63,000 ; and its pi'oximate composition may be thus stated : Spaniards, 2,600 ; Creoles, 10,000 ; meztizos, 13,000 ; "puebla Indians, 27,000, and the re- mainder Americans and foreigners. This is exclusive of the independ- ent tribes of Indians which stiU exist in the country. The JVavojoen are a powerful tribe, inhabiting a fine country W. of the Rio Grande, and numbering about 7,000 ; the Eutaws inhabit the N. W. frontier, and number 4,000 or 5,000 ; the .Apaches, about 5,000, roam over the vast re- gions E. of the Rio Grande and N. of El Paso ; the Jicorilles, a branch of the Apache family, 500 in number, are neighbors of the Eutaws on the N. W. frontier. To these must be added lai-ge parties of Camanchcs, Arrapahoes, and Cheyennes, perhaps 36,000 in number, which infest the borders to the N. and E., and lay the unwary traveller under contribu- tion — frequently committmg the foulest murders, or carrying off the wo- men and children into captivity. The constitution of society in New Mexico is similar, in most respects, to that of all ludo-Spanish countries. While the rich conform to the dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the man- ners and customs of former times. The men retain their serapes^ or colored blankets, and wide trousers, trimmed with glittering buttons; and the ladies, of all classes, their rebozo, or small shawl, drawn over their heads, which gives them so coquetish an appearance. Both sexes enjoy theii- cig-arettos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at monte or fandango. Their dances are very graceful, and combine the quad- rille and waltz. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their Indian blood — it is visible in their features, complexion, and in all their acts and disposals. The men are ill-featured, but the women aie grace* 238 PACIFIC STATES AlsB TERRITORIES. ful and winning. The differences in the sexes are nowhere more observ- able. The men are lazy, mendacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the women are affectionate, open-hearted, and active. Education is by no means common, but there is a strong common sense, and natural apt- ness in the people, which ai"e frequently of more practical use than the most refined book-learning, especially in a country so circumstanced as this. Many of the evils of this condition of New Mexican society will, no doubt, be eradicated by the contact of civilization, and education will become an indispensable requisite in order to keep up with the progress of commerce, and the influx of an educated popvdatiou from the east. New Mexico, previous to the late war, was a state of the Mexican Re- public, and its rulers consisted of a governor and legislature, (junta d&' partmental ;) but as the latter was more an imaginary than a real power, the governor was, in fact, despotic, and subject only to the laws of revo- lution, which, in this state, were very freely administered by upsetting the gubernatorial chair as often as the republic did the presidential. Well knowing the favors of fortune were at all times precarious, the governors have, in general, during their terms of ofSce, plundered the treasury and provided against contingencies. The people, credulous and easily deceived, had to submit to every outrage, and should one more courageous than his fellows assert the profligacy of the government^ his doom was as certain as speedy. Thus has New Mexico dragged on its existence— the sport of despots and the foot-ball of fortune. The judi- ciary was as dependent as the executive was independent, and all law succumbed to the dictates of one man. Besides these, the clergy, as well as the militaiy classes, had their own com-ts of justice. In relation to the confederacy, however. New Mexico always maintained greater in- dependence than any other of the states — partly from its distance from the capital, but more from the spirit of opposition in the people, who derived no advantage from the connection, and suffered much from its taxation without an equivalent protection. The supreme government never succeeded here in imposing upon the people the estranqidllas., or monopoly of the sale of tobacco, and New Mexico was free from some other enormities. In the same way the people resisted the introduction of copper coin. This loose connection with the central power will aid much in the assimilation of the people with the emigrants from the United States, provided the government of the latter will bestow upon them — what the former could not — stability, safety, protection, and those just i-ights which are enjoyed by all persons under the aegis of American principles. The principal city of New Mexico is Santa Fe, one of the oldest Spanish settlements. Its elevation above the sea is 7,047 feet. Santa Fe is about 20 miles E., in a direct line, from Rio del Norte, and lies in a wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. A small creek, rising in TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 237 the hills, and flowing past the city, supplies it with water. The land around is sandy, poor, and destitute of timber; but the mountains are covered with pine and cedar. No pasturage is observed about the settlements, and as a consequence stock is driven to the mountains. The cUmate is delightful and free from extremes. The sky is clear and cloudless, and the atmosphere dry. The houses are built of adobes, but one story high with flat roofs. The streets are narrow and irregular. The piazza is spacious, and one side is occupied by the official residence of the executive. The palace is, without being extraordinarily grand, a good building, and exhibits two curiosities, viz., windows of glass and festoons of Indian ears. Among the public buildings there are two churches with steeples, but of an ordinary construction. There are 30 or 40 stores in the city, principally kept by Americans. The inhabitants, excepting the Americans, are Spaniards and Indians, and the castes sprung from an indefinite amalgamation of the two races. Society is in a deplorable condition. They spend their time in card-playing, drinking, Bmoking, and at fandangoes. They are expert thieves, and live in a mis- erable state of ignorance, superstition, dirt, and poverty. The city proper contains 4,000 at 5,000 souls, and about as many more are settled within its jurisdiction. Santa Fe is the depot of a considerable commerce, carried on between Northern Mexico and the Western States, and is gen- erally visited by the overland emigrants to California. There are a number of other towns along the course of the Rio Grande, chiefly inhabited by Indians. These are styled Pueblos., and the inhabi- tants Pueblo Indians, to distinguish them from the same races that infest the open coiuitry. The principal are Taos, Canada, San Miguel, Paso del Norte, &,c. None of these, however, demand more than a passing notice. New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and formal possession was taken of the country in 1598. Christianity and elaveiy were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, and conversion and personal service enforced by the sword. The con- verted Indians were made to live in villages, and were distinguished from the roving bands by the title of Pueblos. Many towns, of which only the ruins now remain, were established at that time. Many mines were woi'ked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, when, quite unexpectedly, in 1680, a general insurrection of all the Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The Spaniards were either massacred or driven southward, where they founded Paso del Norte. The country was not recovered for 10 or 12 years. Several insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as this one. The deep rancor of the Indian, however, bequeathed from she to son for successive generations, still animates the race, and is often displayed in the most bloody and cruel outbreaks. This coimtry followed 238 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. the fate of Mexico after the revolution that overthrew the Spanish power, and since tliat period has been silently degenerating. The history ot New Mexico previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to arrest attention. It is a continuous record of bai-bai-ism ami tyranny. On the 8th of September, 1846, Santa Fe was captui-ed by the Ameri- cans under General Keaniey, and soon after several of the river towns were visited on his route to California, A civil government was now established. On the 19th of Januarj^, 1847, an insurrection broke out against the Americans, and in several pueblos many Americans were murdered ; among whom was Governor Bent and Sheriff Lee. Taos, Arroya-Hondo, and Rio Colorado were the chief scenes of strife. The battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred in this month, and in February the battle of Taos; in all of which the Mexicans were com- pletely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none of importance. From this period the U. S. authorities exercised exclu- sive power. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace and cession was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico was assigned to the Union. On the 9Lh September, 1850, the country within its present Hinits was erected into a territorial government, the claim of Texas to the east bank of the Rio Grande having been adjusted. 239 ROUTES TO OREGON AND CALIFORNIA, (730) Fort Leavenworth to San Diego, Cal. Emorif^s Route. To Oregon Trail 43 Big John Spring 81 124 Diamond Spring 20 144 Cotton VVood Creek 29 173 Cow Creek 58 231 Bend of Arkansas River . .22 253 Pawnee Fork 35 288 Jackson Grove 64 352 Bent's Fort 212 5G4 Camp on the Tirapa 34 598 " "• Purgatory ...53 651 « « Raton 17 668 " « Canadian.... 17 685 " " Cimmaron Ci- ton 30 715 The Pools 50 765 Vegas 27 792 VemalSprings 19 811 SantaFe 62 873 San Felippe 38 911 Peratta 48 959 Limatar 52 1011 Night Creek 190 1201 Rio Gila 8 1209 San Francisco River ■ ... 160 1369 Disappointment Creek 21 1390 San Pedro 38 1428 Pijomos and Coco Mai-ico- pas Village 89 1517 Junction of Gila and Colo- rado 170 1687 CarisoCreek 99 1786 Valla Cilon 16 1802 Warner's Rancheria 35 1837 SanDiego 79 1916 (731) Independence to Sacra- mento City, Cal. Via South Pass. To Bear River, (aee 732) .1054 Weljer River Ford 40 1094 Summit of Mountain 23 1117 Great Salt Lake City 18 1135 Mary's River 315 1450 The Sink 274 1724 TruckeeLake 134 1858 Johnson's Ill 1969 Sacramento City 35 2004 (732) Independence to Oregon City, Oregon. To the crossing of Kansas River 90 Platte River 220 310 Crossmg of Buflfalo Creek .25 335 Good Spring 61 396 Goose Creek 51 447 Lone Tree 34 481 Chimney Rock 74 555 Scott's Bhiff 22 577 Raw Hide Creek 36 613 Fort Laramie 12 625 Warm Springs 14 639 Horse Shoe Creek 29 668 La Boiite River 18 686 Deer Creek 37 723 Upper Platte ferrv and ford 29 752 Sweet Water River 50 802 Independence Rock 1 803 South Pass 101 904 Green River 62 966 Fort Bridger 55 1021 Bear River 33 1054 Beer Springs 95 1 149 Fort Hall 55 1204 American Falls 22 1226 Fishing Falls 125 1351 Lewis River Crossing — .40 1391 Fort Boisse 130 1521 Burnt River 72 1603 Grand Ronde 68 1671 Fort Walla Walla 95 1766 Umatillah River 25 1791 John Day's River 70 1861 FaUs River 20 1881 240 ROUTES TO OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. The Dalles 20 1901 Cascades. 40 1941 Fort Vancouver 53 1994 Oregon City 30 2024 (733) CouNcii, Bluffs to the Gx. Salt Lake City. To Elkhorn River 27 Platte River 12 39 Loup Fork 47 86 BeuA-er River 18 104 Old Pawnee Village 11 115 Upper Ford of Loup Fork 19 134 Main Platte River 32 166 Wood River 3 169 Deep Drv Creek 43 212 Crossing of Buffalo Creek . . 20 232 Bear River, (see (732) . . .719 951 Weber River Ford 40 991 Summit of Mountain 23 1014 Great Salt Lake City-. 18 1032 241 THE PRINCIPAL CANALS UNITED STATES. MAINE. CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD CANAL. From Portland to Sebago Pond 20A Sebago Pond to Long Pond, via Songo River Improve- ment 30 50i NEW HAMPSHIRE. Canal around Bow Falls, (Merri- mac River) f mile Around Amoskeag Falls ... 1 " " Hookset Falls 1-6 " " Seawell's Falls ^ " « Union Falls 9 " VERMONT. There are three short canals in Ver- mont, overcoming obstructions in Connecticut river, viz. : Around White River Falls i mile. " Bellows Falls i " " Waterquechy Falls -^ " MASSACHUSETTS, MIDDLESEX CANAL. Charles River, opposite Bos- ton, to Somerville 2 Medford 5 7 Woburn 4 11 Wilmington 5 16 Billerica 6 22 Middlesex, on the Merrimac River 5 27 PAWTUCKET CANAL, Lowell to Chelmstbrd. .. . 11^ miles. 21 BLACKSTONE CANAL. Worcester to Providence, (not now in use) 45 miles. HAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN CANAL. Northampton to Connecticut Line, (not now in use) 22 miles. MONTAGUE FALLS CANAL. Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- er 3 miles. SOUTH HADLEY CANAL. Around the Falls at South Had- ley 2 milea. RHODE ISLAND. BLACKSTONE CANAL. From Providence to Worcester, (not now in use) 45 miles. CONNEOTIOUT. ENFIELD CANAL, Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- er 5i miles. FARMINGTON CANAL. New Haven to Massachusetts State Line, (partly filled in). .56 miles. NEW YORK. ERIE CANAL, From Albany to West Troy 7 Junction Champlain Canal. . 2 9 Cohoes 1 10 Lower Aqueduct 3 13 242 PRINCIPAL CANALS Upper Aqueduct 13 26 Schenectady 4 30 Rotterdam 9 39 Philips' Locks 5 44 Amsterdam ) o a-t PortJacksonJ ** ^' Schoharie Creek 5 52 FULTONVILLE 5 57 Spraker's Basin 9 66 Canajoharie 3 69 Fort Plain 3 72 Diefendorl 's Landing 3 75 St. Johnsville 2 77 East Canada Creek 4 81 Indian Castle 2 83 Fink's Ferry 3 86 Little Falls 2 88 Herkimer > „ o- Mohawk \ ' ^^ Frankfort 6 101 Utica, Junction of Chenan- go Canal 9 110 YorkMiUs 3 113 Whitesboro' 1 114 Oriskany 3 117 Newville 6 123 Rome, Junction of Black River Canal 2 125 Wood Creek Aqueduct .... 2 127 Hawley's Basin 2 129 New London 3 132 Stacy's Basin 2 134 Higgins', Junction of Oneida Lake Canal 2 136 Dunbarton 1 137 Oneida Creek ) 4 141 Durhamville S Lenox Basin 3 144 Cauiistota 2 146 New Boston 4 150 Chittenango 3 153 Kirkville 5 158 Manlius 4 162 Limestone Feeder 1 103 Orville Feeder 2 165 Lodi 5 170 Syracuse, Junction of Os- wego Canal 1 171 Geddes 2 173 Belisie 4 177 Camillus 2 179 Canton 5 184 Jordan 6 190 Weedsport 6 196 PortByron 3 199 Montezuma, Junct. of Cay- uga and Seneca Canal 6 205 Clyde 11 216 Lock Berlin 5 221 Lyons 4 225 Lockville 6 231 Newark 1 232 Port Gibson 3 235 Palmyra 5 240 JNlacedonville 4 244 Wayneport 3 247 Fail-port 5 252 B ash nell's Basin 4 256 Cartersville 2 258 Pitlstord 1 259 Billinghast's Basin 4 263 Rochester, Junct. of Gene- see Valley Canal 6 269 Brockvvay's 10 279 Spencer's Basin 2 281 Adams' Basin 3 284 Brockport 5 289 Holley 5 294 Hulberton 4 298 Hindsbm-g 2 300 Albion 4 304 Eagle Harbor 3 307 Knowlesville 4 311 Medina 4 315 Shelby's Basin 3 318 Middleport 3 321 Gosport 5 326 Lockport 7 333 Pendleton 7 340 Tonawanda 12 352 Lower Black Rock 8 360 Black Rock 1361 Buffalo 3 364 CHAMPLAIN CANAL Connects Erie Canal with Lake Champlain. Albany to Junction 9 Waterford 3 12 Mechanicsville 8 20 Stillwater Village 4 24 Bleecker's Basin 2 26 Van Duzen's Landing 7 33 Schuylerville • 3 36 Saratoga Bridge 2 38 Fort Miller 3 41 FortEdward 8 49 Glenn's Falls Feeder 2 51 Smith's Basin 6 57 Fort Ann 4 61 IN THE UNITED STATES. 243 Comstock's Landing 4 65 Whitehall 8 73 CHENANGO CANAL Connects the Mohawk and Sus- quehanuah Rivers. Utica to Clinton 9 Deansvilie 5 14 Oriskany Falls 5 19 Boucksville 5 24 Peck's Basin 2 26 Hamilton 4 30 Lebanon Factory 2 32 Earlville 4 36 Sherburne 5 41 North Norwich 4 45 Norwich 6 51 Oxford 9 60 Hayner's Mill 10 70 Green 4 74 Chenango Forks 8 82 PortCrane 7 89 BiNGHAMTON 8 97 BLACK RIVER CANAL Extends from Rome to the high falls on Black River, and together with the river improvement, is 77^ miles. With a feeder from Black River to Boonville 10 miles. ONEIDA LAKE CANAL Extends from Higgins to Oneida Lake 8 miles. OSWEGO CANAL Connects the Erie Canal at Syra- cuse, with Lake Ontario at Os- wego. Syracuse to Salina 2 Liverpool 3 5 New Bridge 8 13 Phoenix 4 17 Sweet'sLock 3 20 Fulton 7 27 Tiffany's Landing 8 35 OswEGO 3 38 CAYUGA AND SENECA CANAL Extends from Montezuma on the Erie Canal To Seneca River 5 Seneca Falls 5 10 Chamberlain's Mills 2 12 Waterloo 2 14 Teal's 5 19 Geneva 2 21 CROOKED LAKE CANAL. Dresden to Mallory's 3 Andrews and Ways 2 5 Penn Yan ... 2 7 Crooked Lake 1 8 GENESEE VALLEY CANAL Will extend from Rochester on the Erie Ctuial, to Olean on the Al- leghany River. Rochester to Tone's Basin 8 Scottsville 4 12 Sackett's Basin 10 22 Fowlerville 2 24 Barclay's Will 2 26 Spencer's Basin 4 30 Tracy's Basin 2 32 Cuyler 1 33 Genesee Dam 3 36 Mount Morris 1 37 Shaker's Settlement 4 41 Fitzh ugh 's Basin 2 43 Sherwood's Landing 4 47 McNair's Landing 2 49 Dansville - . 3 52 CHEMUNG CANAL Extends from Knoxville to Seneca Lake. Seneca Lake to Havana ... 4 Millport 6 10 Fairp -rt 7 17 Elmira 6 23 Knuxville 10 33 With a feeder from neai- Coi-ning to Fairport 16 miles. DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL Connects the Hudson River with the Delaware River and the Pennsylvania coal mines. Eddyville to Rosedale 6 Marble Quarries 2 8 Mechanicsville 1 9 Allegerville 4 13 Port Jackson 4 17 Middleport 4 21 Port Benjamin 3 24 Ellenville 4 28 244 PRINCIPAL CANALS Philipsport 6 34 Beatysbursr 2 3b Sneed's Basin 5 41 Brownville 3 44 Neversinb Aqueduct 8 52 Port Jervis 8 60 Bolton 4 64 Tucker's Aqueduct 7 n Craigsville 4 7d BarryviUe 4 79 Delaware Dam ;• 4 o6 Pennsylvania Division. Mouth of I>ackawaxea 1 84 RowlandviUe •"> 89 Blue Eddy 3 92 Jones' Rift « |^0 Newcastle 1 101 HONESDA-LE ' 1"^ NEW JERSEY. MORRIS CANAL Connects the waters of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. Jersey City to Newark • . .10 Blooiufield 7 17 Paterson 8 25 Little Falls 5 30 Beavertown 6 36 Montville 4 40 Boonton 2 42 Rockaway 7 49 Dover 4 53 Drakesville 7 60 Feeder from Hopatcong Lake 3 63 Stanhope 2 65 Saxon's Falls 5 70 Hackettstown 4 74 Andersontown 7 81 Port Golden 3 84 "Washington 5 89 New Village 4 93 Greenwich 6 99 Philipstown 2 101 Easton,Pa 1 102 DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL Comiects the Delaware with the Rai-itan River. New Brunswick to Bound Brook 7 Millstone 5 12 Gri^stoMH 7 19 Rocky Hill 2 21 Kingston 2 23 Williamsburg 3 26 Trenton H 37 Bordentown 6 43 A navigable feeder extends from Trenton to Saxtonsville on the Delaware. Length . . .23 miles. PENNSYLVANIA.. PENNSYLVANIA CANAL MAIN DIVISION Connects the Susquehanna with the Alleghany and Ohio Rivers. Columbia to Marietta 3 Bainbridge 6 9 Falmouth 4 13 Middletown 4 17 High Spire 3 20 Harrisburg 6 26 Blue Mountain Gap 5 Dauphin 3 Duncan's Island 7 Newport 10 Millerstown 8 Thompsontown 5 Mexico 7 Mifflintown ••• 4 Lewistowu 14 89 Waynesburg 14 103 Huntingdon 29 132 Petersburg 7 139 Alexandria 7 146 Water Street 2 148 Yellow Springs H 159 Frankstown 10 169 HOLLIDAYSBURG 3 172 Alleghamj and Portage R. R. Svrnimit., 11 183 Wilmore 12 195 Summer Hill • 3 198 Johnstown 10 208 IVeste'm Division Canal. Laurel Hill Gap 6 214 Lockport 10 224 ChesnutmU 5 229 Blairsville 8 237 Saltzburg 16 253 Warrentown 12 265 Leechbui^ 10 275 Freeport 5 280 Tarentum M ^ci Sharpsburg 12 305 Pittsburg •"•• ' ^-^ IN THE UNITED STATES. 245 SUSQUEHANNA DIVISION Diverges from the main or central line at Duncan's Island, 15 miles above Harrisburg. Duncan's Island to Liver- pool 15 West Mahantango Creek • • 6 21 Selin's Grove 12 33 Northumberland 7 40 NORTH BRANCH DIVISION Extends from Northumberland in- to the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania. Northumberland to Dan- ville 12 Centreville 20 32 Berwick 7 39 WiLKESBARRE 23 62 Lackawanna 11 73 Tunkhannock 23 96 Wyalusing 28 124 WEST BRANCH DIVISION Extends from Northumberland in- to the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania. Northumberland to Mil- ton 11 Muncy 13 24 Williamsport 13 37 Linden 8 45 Jersey Shore 8 53 Dunnsburg 14 67 Farrandsville 8 75 DELAWARE DIVISION Extends from Bristol to the Lehigh Canal at Easton. Bristol to Morrisville 9 NewHope 17 26 LumbfTville 7 33 Monroe 16 49 Easton 11 60 BEAVER AND ERIE CANAL Extends from Beaver on the Ohio River to Lake Erie. Beaver to Moravia 19 Newcastle 5 24 Clarksville 29 53 Greenville 16 69 French Creek Feeder* . . ..19 88 Conneautville 10 98 Lockport 16 114 Girard 5 119 Eri2 17 136 * French Creek Feeder 45 miles. SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION CANAL Connects the anthracite coal region with Philadelphia. Fairmount Dam, Philadel- phia, to the Falls 4 Norristown 12 16 Phcenixville 12 28 Pottslown 15 43 Reading 21 64 Mohrsville 12 76 Hamburg 11 87 Port Clinton 4 91 Schuylkill Haven 11 102 Pottsvilie 4 106 PortCarbon 2 108 LEHIGH NAVIGATION COMPANY Extends from Easton along the banks of the Lehigh River to Stoddartsville. Easton to Bethlehem 12 AUentown 5 17 Lockport Basin 14 31 Mauch Chunk 15 46 Penn Haven 7 53 Rockport 8 61 White Haven* 9 70 Falls at Stoddartsville 14 84 * A railroad extends hence to Wilkesbarre 20 miles. UNION CANAL Extends from Reading on the Schuylkill River, to Middletown on the Susquehanna. j From the commencement of j the Canal to Reading 4 : BernvilJe 15 19 Stouchestown 12 31 Lebanon 13 44 Swatara Aqueduct 10 54 Middletown 28 82 1* 246 PRINCIPAL CANALS SUSQUEHANNA OR TIDE-WATER I CANAL Extends from WrighlsvUle, oppo- site Columbia, on the Susque- hanna, along the western bank ot that river to Havre de Grace, Maryland. Length — 45 miles. DELAWARE. CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL Extends from Delaware City on the Delaware River, to Back Creek, Md. Length 14 miles. MARYLAND. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. This canal will ultimately be ex- tended from Cumberland to Pitts- burg, on the Uhio, 150 miles fai-- ther. Alexandria to Georgetown. 7^ Seneca Creek m 30 Monocacy Creek 20 50 Berlin 14 64 Hai-per's Ferry " J| WlUiamsporl 40 111 Clear Sprmg 11 1^2 Hancock 21 143 Cumberland 4» iJi VIRGINIA.. JAMES RIVER CANAL Extends along the bank of the James River from Richmond to Lynchburg. Richmond to Dover Mills. . .20 Columbia 30 50 Scott's Feriy 23 M Warren 6 /9 Warminster 1~ ^^ Lynchburg 55 146 DISMAL SWAMP CANAL Extends from Deep Creek to Joyce's Creek, a branch of Pas- quotank River, which flows into Albemarle Sound, N. Carolina. Length 23 miles. NORTH CAROLINA WELDON CANAL Extends around the [' alls of the Roanoke, from Weldon to Blake- ly 12 milea. CLUBFOOT AND HARLAN CANAL, From Clubfoot Creek, a tributary of the Neuse River, to llaj-lan Creek, which empties into the Atlantic near Beaulbrt. . H miles. SOUTH CAROLINA SANTEE CANAL Connects the Santee River with Charleston Harbor 2J miles. WINYAW CANAL Extends from Wlnyaw Bay to Kinlock Creek, a branch of San- tee River. Length • • • • 7.^ miles. The navigation of the Catawba River has been improved by five shoi-t canals, with an aggregate length of Hi miles. GEORGIA. SAVANNAH AND OGEECHEB CANAL Extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee R. {Qosed.} 16 milea. BRUNSWICK CANAL Extends from Altamaha to Bruns- wick. Length-. 12 miles. ALABAMA. MUSCLE SHOALS CANAL Extends from Florence along the north bank of the Ti^iiiesaee River 35J miles. It is designed to overcome the obstruction caused by the Muscle Shoals. HUNTSVILLE CANAL Extends from Huntsville to Triania on the Tennessee Riv. .16 miles. IN THE UNITED STATES. 247 LOUISIANA. ORLEANS BANK CANAL Extends from New Orleans to Lake Pontchartrain. Length, 4^ miles. BARATARIA CANAL Extends from the Mississippi River opposite New Orleans to Bayou Terre Bonne, and consists of 26 miles of canal and 2d miles of lake and steam navigation. LAKE YERET CANAL Extends from Napoleonville on La Fourche Bayou to Lake Veret. Length 8 miles. KENTUCKY. LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND This canal is constructed around the Rapids in the Ohio River, and is sufficiently capacious to admit the passage of the largest steamboats, which can only pass the Rapids during the high floods. It is 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep. Length 2^ miles. The navigation of the Kentucky, Licking, Green, and Barren Riv- ers, has been greatly improved by the construction of dams and locks in them. OHIO. OHIO CANAL Connects the Ohio River with Lake Erie. Cleveland to Rathbun's Lock 5 Mill Creek 4 9 Tinker's Creek 4 13 Pinery Feeder 4 17 Boston 4 21 Peninsula 3 24 Niles 6 30 Old Portage 2 32 North Akron 5 37 South Akron 1 38 New Portage 6 44 Wolf Creek Lock 3 47 Clinton 5 52 Fulton 4 56 V\elhnan'3 Mills 5 61 Massillon 4 65 Navarre and Betniehem 6 71 Bolivar 9 80 Zoar 3 83 Jennings' Bridge 3 86 Dover 7 93 Lockport 4 97 Newcastle 2 99 Trenton 4 103 Gnadenhutten 5 108 Port Washington 4 112 Newcomerstown 6 118 Evansburg 4 122 Lewisville 10 132 Roscoe 3 135 Adams' Mill 10 145 Webbsport 4 149 Hartford's 3 152 Frazersburg 3 155 Nashport 6 161 Licking Dam 5 106 Lickingtown 4 170 Newark 6 176 Granville Feeder 5 181 Hebron 4 185 Licking Summit 4 189 Millersport 2 191 Baltimore 5 196 Havensport 6 202 Carroll 2 204 Lockville 2 206 Waterloo 3 209 Rayneysport 5 214 Lockbourne 7 221 Holmes' Landing 3 224 Millport and Bloomtield ... 4 223 Circleville 8 236 WestlaU 5 241 Yellowbud 5 246 Deer Creek 4 250 Andersonville 2 252 Clinton Mills 4 2.56 Chilicothe 2 2.53 Tomlinson's 6 264 Stony Creek 3 267 Head of Big Bottom 2 269 Sharonville 7 275 Waverly 4 280 Trimble's Bridge 3 283 Jasper 3 286 248 PRINCIPAL CANALS Howard's Lock 5 291 Culter'3 Station 3 294 Brush Creek ~ 301 Portsmouth 8 309 WALHONDIXG CANAL Extends along the valley of the AValhonding River, from Roscoe on the Ohio Canal to Rochester. Roscoe to Crooked Run Bridge 2 Walhonding Dam 4 6 Warsaw 2 8 Bedford Bridge 2 10 Darling's Bridge 1 1 1 Gamble's Lock 1 12 Butler's Lower Crossing ... 1 13 Butler's Upper Crossing ... 2 15 Walhonding, (town) 3 18 Gamble's Saw Mill 1 19 Cummings' Bridge 2 21 Wohican Dam 2 23 Rochester 2 25 HOCKING CANAL Extends from the Ohio Canal along the left bank of the Hocking River to Athens. Carroll to Lancaster 9 Reams' Mill 5 14 Rush Creek 2 16 Green's Mill 6 22 Hocking FciUs 5 2/ Logan 1 -8 Wright's 5 33 Pattonsville 1 34 Seven MileRun 2 36 Nelson viile •• 5 41 '. .... 5 49 2 51 5 56 Monday Creek Chauncey Wolf's Athkns MTAMI CANAL AND EXTENSION Extends from Cincinnati on the Ohio, to Junction with the Wa- bash and Erie Canal. Cincinnati to Lockland ...12 Hamilton Side Cut 16 28 Middletown 13 41 Franklin 6 47 Miamisbm-g 6 53 CarroUton 3 56 Alexandersville 1 57 Dayton 8 65 Tippecanoe 15 80 Troy 1 87 Piqua 9 96 Loramie's Feeder 3 99 Lockport 3 102 Newport 12 114 Berhn 5 119 :Minster 3 122 Bremen 3 125 St. Marj's Feeder 6 131 St. Mary's 2 133 Deep Cut 13 146 Junction* 35 181 * See Wabash and Erie Canal, la. WARREN COUNTY CANAL Extends from Lebanon to the Miami Canal at Middletown. Length 19 miles. SIDNEY FEEDER Extends from Port Jefferson to the Miami Extension Canal at Lock- port. Length 13 miles. ST. MARY's FEEDER Extends from Celina to the Miami Extension Canal at St. Marj's. Length H miles. MUSKINGLTJ IMPROVEMENT Extends from the Ohio Canal at Dresden along the A'alley of the Muskingum to its mouth. Dresden to Simin's Creek . 6 Zanesville 10 16 Tayloi-sville and Duncan's Falls 10 26 Rokeby ai.d Eagleport 10 36 McCoimellsville and Malta . 7 43 Windsor 10 53 Luke'sChute 5 58 Beverly and Waterford — 10 68 Lowell 11 "^9 Devoirs 7 86 Marietta and Hamar 5 91 SANDY AND BEAVER CANAL (Jlahoniv^) Extends from the Ohio Canal at Bolivar, along the valleys of the Sandy and Beaver Creeks to the Ohio"River. Length . . 86 miles. IN THE UNITED STATES. 249 INDIANA. WABASH AND ERIE CAXAL. Ohio Divisior,. Manhattan to Toledo 4 Port Miami 8 12 Maumee City 1 13 Waterville 5 ]8 Otsego 7 25 Providence 5 30 Damascus 6 36 Napoleon 8 44 Florida 8 52 Independence ■ 5 57 Defiance 4 61 Junction of Miami Exten- sion Canal 9 70 Reservoir 11 81 Antwerp 3 84 State Line 4 88 Indiana Division, Indiana City 3 91 Fairport . . .' 2 93 Lewiston 3 96 Fort Wayne 12 108 Aboit6 •••• 11 119 Huntington 16 135 Utica 9 144 Lagro 5 149 Wabash 6 155 Peru 15 170 Lewisburg 8 178 LOOANSPORT 8 186 Amsterdam 9 195 Lockport 6 201 CarroUton 6 207 Delphi 5 212 Americus 8 220 La Fayette 10 230 Lodior Coal Creek 51 281 Terre Haute 36 317 Point Commerce* 42 359 Newburg 17 376 Pigeon Dam 72 448 Evansville 19 467 * This canal is now open to Point Commerce. WHrrETTATER CANAL, This canal extends from Cambridge on the National Road to the Ohio River. Lawrenceburq to Hard- ingsburg Elizabethtown 6 Harrison 8 14 New Trenton 6 20 Brookville 11 31 Laurel City 14 45 Connersvilie 11 56 Cambridge 12 68 ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL Extends from Lake Michigan to Peru on the niinois River,"thcre- by opening a water communica- tion between the Lake and Mis- sissippi River, Chicago to Canalport 4 Summit 8 12 DesPlaines 10 22 Athens 4 26 Lockport 6 32 Joliet 6 38 Dupase 10 48 Dresden 4 52 Morrisiana 9 61 Clarkson 4 65 Marseilles 12 77 Ottawa 8 85 Utica 9 94 La Salle 4 98 Peru 2 100 250 TABLE OE UNITED STATES AND EOREIGN MONEYS, UNITED STATES MONEYS. GOLD.- -Washingtoti . Eag-le iEa^le lEa^le Dollar Fineness. JOO * •• 1 00 ■ fVeiS:ht. ralue. .516 grains 20 dollare. i Dollar. I Dollar. Dime .. i Dime.. COPPER,.-Cent...... i Cent... .258 .129 . 64.5 " . 25.8 " .412.5 " .206.25 " .103.125" . 41.25 " 20.625 " pure 84 25 '• 10 " 5 " 10 railla.l Accovints are kept in dollars, {$,) cents, (c.) and mills, (n:i.) The Spanish silver dollar and its parts, ( l-2s., l-4lhs, l-8ths, and l-16ths ;) and also those ol Mexico and the South American republics, circulate ai the same values as the U. S. dollar and its parts. The g-old of Spain, Mexico, and the South American repuljlics has a legal value of 89.9 cents per dwt. In retail trade the dollar is variously divided in diflerent states: in New York it is divided into shilling-s= 12i cents, and 'sixpences=6| cents ; in New Eng-land into shilling-s also, but the shilling' there is 16 2-3 cents, and the New York shilling- (which corresponds with the Spanisn eighth) is 9 pence, and so in proportion. In the Southern States the Spanish eighth is called a bit, and the sixteenth a Jip OP picayune, and are taken as 10 and 5 cents. The grreatest bulk of the circulating' me- dium in the United Slates consists of notes of a dollar and upwards,^ issued by banka incorporated under the sanction of the individual states. FOREIGN MONEYS, And their equi British Sovereign " Guinea French Napoleon " Louis d'or valents in Gold $4 84 5 on 3 83 4 50 15 93 15 00 34 00 5 80 2 26 2 28| Silver 11 183 1 03' 16 . 50 . 993 1 01 i 484 . 97 . 1 00| ) 1 06 1 05 . 1 06 1 Oil f British United States' currency. Coins. Prussian 10 Thalers Colosine Ducat Da?nsh Duca.1 .$7 82 . 2 24i . 2 25 " Frederick d'or . 3 90 Spanish Doubloon •' " Patriot Frankfort Ducat . 2 25 Oe/ieua Pistole (old) . 3 95i Portuguese Dobraon " " (new) . 3 40i Russian Kuh\e 3 90 Holland Ducal 3 85 Austrian Ducat British Crown Shilling " Sixpence Coins, Bremen 48 grotes " Rix Dollar Hamburg " $ 55 FrenchYimic . Hanoverian " (constitution). Holland Florin Belgic " (1790) " •' (1816) I 08* S«a7iis/i Dollar 40 " Pisiareen : head 18— cross Portuguese Crusado . 34* 4l| Austrian Rix DoUar(1800) " ^, " (Hungary). Florin Bavarian Kix Dollar Brunswick " Franc Prussian Rix Dollar(currency).. " convention) Thaler Russian Ruble ! 1 oij Danish " {Schleswic,&c. " Specie Dollar Swedish " Saxony Rix Dollar(convention).. " " (Leipsic) Sicilian Scudo .. . ... . I 00| '. 971 Swiss Ecu or " provinces in America=$4. Pound currency o •The alloy, silver and copper — the silver not to exceed one half, t The alloy il copper. I The miU is an imaginary coin, being the lOOOih pari of a dollar. 1 CATALOGUE OF MAPS, CHAETS, BOOKS, ETC., PUBLISHED BT J. H. COLTON & CO., NO. 172 "WILLIAM-STREET, CORNER OF BEEKMAN niastrated and EmlDellislied Steel-Plate MAP OF THE WORLD, On Mercator's Pi'ojection, exhibiting the recent Arctic and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, «fcc. &c. 6 sheets. Size, 80 by 60 inches. Price, monnted, $10 00. This splendid and highly-finished map is the largest and most accurate work of the kind ever published. It exhibits a full resume of all geo- ^aphical knowledge, and shows at one view, not only the world as it now is, in all its natural and political relations, but also the progress of discovery from the eai'liesl ages. In its compilation, every faciUty haa been rentiered by the liberality of our own government in furnishing published and private maps and documents; and also by the govern- ments of Europe, especially those of France and England, whose rich stores of geou'rai>hical works have elicited much, that until the present publication lias been as a sealed letter. As a work of art, it excels all its predecessors, and is as ornamental as useful. It is beautifully colored, and mounted iu the handsomest style. MAP OF THE WORLD, On I>Ieroator's Projection, exhibiting the recejit Arctic and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, &c. ifec. 3 sheets. Size, 44 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, S3 00. This work is reduced from the large map, and contains all the more important features of that publication. It has been constructed with especial reference to commercial utifity; the ports, lines of travel, inte- rior tradint; towns and posts, fcc, l)eing accurately laid down. An im- portant feature in this map is the transposition of the contuients so as to give America i central position, and exhibit the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in their entirety. The niaj) is engraved on steel, highly embol- ILshod, and mounted in the best style. As a medium sized map, it con- tains much more than the usual amount of infonnation. 2 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., MAP OF THE WORLD, On Mercator's projection, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 28 by 22 incbcs. Price, uioiiiited, $1 50t This is a bfautifully got up map, and, from tlie closeiiesa of its iufor- mation, coniains as much as the ^eiit-ralily of maps twice its size, it is well adapted for the use of those who do not require the detail oJ topography, which is the peculiar feature in tlie larger maj)s. As a companion to the student of general history it is, perhaps, prefer- able to any other, as it is compact and easy of reference. The pro- gress of discovery, from the times of Columbus to the present day, is fully exiiibited; and esjiecial cai-e lias been taken to sliow distinctly the recent explorations in the Aj-ctic antl Antarctic regions. MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD, On a liemispliei'ical projection, each hemispliere being six feet in diameter, and both printed on one piece of cloth at one impression. Size, 160 by SO inches. Price, $10 00. MAP OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, With enlars^ed piniis of the lsthinu»i of Pnnauia — the iMlhnins of Tehtiaiitepcc — and the IViearagtia. Route, showiiis: the proj<-cted antl conipleied lines of iiiter-oceanic roninsiinioation — al!*o planM of the Bermuda I^I.-indM — the Bff arbor of San J nan de Niearas^na — and the C'iiieji of Rio de Janeiro^ Panama, and Aspin^vnll City. Also table»i of dis- tances from the principal ports of the QL^nited States to all parts of the "trorld, etc. 2 Sheets. Size, 45 by 52 inches. Price, nionntetl, $5 GO. This map is beautifully engraved on steel plates, and is colored and mounted in superior style. Of the Americas together, it is by far the most complete and reliable of any map extant. It exhibits the larger portion ot the Pacific, with its groups of islands, and nearly all of the Atlantic Ocean, with the western coasts of Africa and Europe, the tracks of navigators, etc. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $J 50; in cases, $0 75* PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 3 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, With the adjacent coasts : compiled from the latest bu- thorities. 1 sheet. Size, 3'-i hy '25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts and other geos^'aphical publications. '2 sheets. Size, 44 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, §4 00. This is the largest and best map of South America ever issued in this country, and the only one available for commercial purposes. It is also an excellent school map. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied ivith statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of the several states. 1 sheet. Size, 3'-i by '25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF EUROPE, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts^ and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inclies. Price, mounted, $5 00. The best maf) of Eiu-ope extant, exhibiting the topography and polit- ical condition of that continent with great accuracy. It is an excellent map for scliools as well as for the merchant's otHce. MAP OF EUROPE, Compiled from the laiesi authorities, &:c., with statis- tical tables exhibiting the area, population, form of government, religion, t&c., of each state. 1 sheet* Size, 3:2 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF ASIA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts^ and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, ^5 00. This map is the largest and most accurate ever issued m Americai «id coDtaina all the most recent determinations in British India, &,& 4r MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., It is indispensably necessary to merchants trading with Chin.i, Indiai fee, and miist be especially valuable at the present time, when our conr oection with those comitries is daily becoming more intimate. Nor is it less valuable lor seminaries of leai-uiu^. MAP OF ASIA, Compiled from the most recent authorities, together w^ith stati.stical tables of tlie area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF AFRICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other £;eographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 5S by 44 inches. Price, mounted, So 00. The larjjest and most accurate map of Africa ever published m the United States. It exhibits the most recent discoveries of travellers— the new political divisions on the north and west cojists and in Soaih em Africa, &.C., &c. As an oflSce or school map it has no superior. MAP OF AFRICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied ^vith statistical tables of the area, population, cVrc, of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted. Si 30 MAP OF THE UINITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROYIXCES, ilEXICO. AXD THE ^\'EST INDIES. Showing tlie counti'y from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. 4 sheets. Size, 62 by 55 inches. Price, So 00. Extraordinary exertions have been employed to make this map perfect- ly reliable and authentic in all respects. It is the only larse nia;! that ex- hibits the United States in its full extent. Bein^ engraved on steel, and nandsomely mounted, it forms not only a useful, but hifrhly ornamental addition to the office, library, or hall. All the railroads, canals, and post- roads, with distances from place to place, are accurately laid dov\n. To make the map more ?enerally useful, the publisher has appended to it a map of Central America and the Isthmus of Panama, and also a plan ex- hibiting the inter-oceanic railroad. Sic. It deser^^es to take pre<;edence o all naps heretofore published in this country. PDBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. MAP OF THE UiNITED STATES AIND THE CANADAS; Showing the base, lueridian, and township lines of the United Stales surveys; the lines of counties, districts, and parishes; the location of cities, villages, and post- offices; all railroads, canals, post and other roads; also the district and town lines of the Canadas— the whole being compiled from the latest surveys and other authen- tic sources. 9 sheets. Size, S!i by 6S inches. Price, mounted, or in portable form, $10.00. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "As a^york of mere art, it is exceedingly beautiful; but as an accurate and faithful delineation of the ct)uiiiry. in all its aspects, geog^raphical and political, it is entitled to the very lii|hesl praise. The map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-lour miles to the inch ; showing, with the utmost accuracy, not only the general, hut minute features of the whole Country. Every slate, county, and township, within our whole broad ter- ritory, is desiiriiated by boundary lines — the courses of rivers and streams, canals, railroads, stage and post roads, tiie position of cities, towns, vil- lages and hamlets, lakes and mountains, are laid down — avery count v being colored separately. Tlie meridian and township lines of the UniteJ States surveys, and indeed all the topogra[)hi(:al minutiie ever found on maps, is here displayed So far as the ornamental portion of this great work is con- cerned, we" repeal that it is superior to any thing we iiave seen. It is splendidly bordered by scroll-work, and by the introduction, at proper places, ot fourteen of the most important cities of the United Stales: among which. New York and New Orleans are most conspicuous, and upon a larger scale. Boston, Philadelphia, Bultimore, Washington, and Cnarleston. are very accurately represented, and beautifully engraved, as is the c;ise with ail the rest.' Cincinnati. Louisville. St. Louis. ii:c.. kc. These views, it seems to us. are worth half the price of the whole work, as specimens of our rapid improvement in the arts. However, it is to the utilitarian portion of the map, that we wish particularly to call the atten- tion of the public. In this respect, it is invaluable." New York Courier and Enquirer. " This noble map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-four miles to the inch, and is cenitied on tiie map by Mr. Sleiger. the principal Clerk of Surveys at Wasliinglon, that it embraces all surveys made by the United Slates. "from the Atlantic ocean to the American Desert, or l6 the 32d degree of west longitude. It would seem to be authority on all boun- dary qiiestions. from national to township lines. This map is particularly valual)le for its correctness in reirard to the Western and Simtheru Stales and Tiirri ones. The Ijase. ineridiiiii. and township lines of the United States suiveys are siven; and those owning lands in any [nirt of our country, with" the map before them, may put iheir tinger upon any section, and see the streams, lakes, swamps, ifcc. portrayed tVom actual survey. In' addition to the United Stales, the map contains a representation of the! Canailas, and North and Central America, a desirable improvement upon the shadowy outlines heretofore given The countries set apart by the^ United States for the use of ihe di.ferent Indian tribes, and tlieir names, are also iriveu. As a work of art, this map is unquestion:ibly a high achievemenl. It is wholly eiiirraved on steel, is splendidly Ijordered by 8croll-work. with the introduction, at proper places, of vigiiet'es of cities among .vmch New Orleans and New York are most consnicuous. and, embraces a Ijue view of our National ami Stale emblems." Neu) Orleans CommercM BulUtin 6 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVIKCES. MEXICO. THE WEST DfDIES, AND CENTRAL AMERICA. WITH PARTS OE NEW GRENADA AND VENEZUELA, Exhibiting tlie country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from 50° N. lat. to the Isthmus of Panama and the Oronoco river. 2 slieets. Size, 45 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, S2 50; in cases, $1 50. The vast extent of country embraced in this map, and the impoi-tance of the territories portrayed, render it one of the most useful to ihe mer- chant and all others connected with or interested in the onwtu-d pro- gress of the United States. It is peculiarly adapted to the ]M-esent times, Bhowing, as it does, the whole sphere of American steam navigation on both sides of the continent, and giving the best delineations extant of om- new territories on the Paciflc. Ail the railroads and ctmals ai'e laid down with accuracy. There is also appended to the map a diagram of the Atlantic ocean, in reference to steam communication between Eu- rope and America ; and a detailed plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- ing the several lines of inter-oceanic intercom-se. The map is engraved on steel and highly embellished. IHE STATE OF ARKANSAS. COTTON'S NEW TOWNSHIP MAP OF ARKANSAS. Compiled from the United States Surveys, and other au- thentic sources. By D. F. Shall. Size, 30 by 35 inches. Price, -nounted, S3 00; pocket, Si 00. This is the best map of this state published— its correctness being cer- tified by various government and state officers. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, WITH PARTS OF THE ADJACENT COUNTRY, Embracing plans of the principal cities and some of the larger villages. By David H. Burr. 6 sheets. Size, 60 by 50 inches. Price, mounted, S5 00. This is the largest and beat map of the state in the market, and ex- hi-bits accurately all the county and township lines; all interna-1 im- prove inenls, and the position of cities, villages, &c. A new edition, embracing all the alterations made by the state legislatiu-e, is issued aa eaily as possible after the close of each session annually, so that the public may rely on its completeness at the date of issue. 1* MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 7 MAP OF THE STATES OF NEW ENGLAND AND N. YORK, With parts of reiinsylvania, New Jersey, the Canndas, «fcc., sho^ving the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, with distances from place to place. 1 sheet. Size, 30 by 23 inches. Price, mounted, ^1 25. Tills is an exceedingly minute and correct map, having been compiled with gi-eat cai'e and a strict adherence to actual siu'vey. MAP OF THE COUNTRY 33 MILES AROUND THE CITY OF XEW YOIIK. Compiled from the maps of the United States' Coast Survey and other authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. MAP OF LONG ISLAND, ^itb the environs of the city of Ne^v York and the southern part of Connecticut. By J. Calvin Sniitht 4 sheets. Size, 60 by 42 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. TRAVELER'S MAP OF LONG ISLAND. Price, in cases, $0 38. A neat pocket map for duck-shooters and other sportsmen. MAP OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City, and the adjacent •waters. 3 sheets. Size, 56 by 32 Inches. Price, mounted, S3 00. The Commissioners' Siu-vey is the basis of this map. The imjirove- ments have been accurately laid down : and lo make the wuik more valuable, maps of the vicinity of New York, of the Hudson riVHr. and of the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, have been appends i. No exertion has btien spared to keej) the work up with the |)ro,gress of the city and neigli bo-hood. The exceedingly low price at which it is i.»'»aaed ought t( sdciu'i to it a large circulation PUBLISHED BY J. H. COITON. MAP OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Together with Brooklyn, AVilliauishura;, Grecnpolnt) Jersey City, Ilobokeii, iScv., exhibiting a plan of the port of New York, witli its islands, santlbanks, rocks, and the soimdini^s in iVct. 1 sheet. 8ize, 32 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, !$0 50. IVIAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, As coiiKolidnled by nil act of the liegisiatKre of the Niate of IVew Vor'^i, including Brooklyn, Willianis- biirsh, «reeM Point, and Bnshwitk, conslrncted from the ofliciai niapM of the ut the country has expressed a decided preference for this map of Professor Robinson over all others that have ever been issued. MAP OF EGYPT, The Peninsnla of Mount Sinai, Arabia Petraea, with the southern part of Palestine. C^ompiled from the latest authorities. Shelving the journeyings of the children of Israel from Egypt to the Holy liand. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* An exceUeut aid to the Bible student. 12 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. NEW TESTAMENT MAP. A. map of tlie countries mentioned in the "Sew Testament and of the travels of the Apostles— with ancient and mod* ern names, from the most authentic sources, 1 sheet* Size, li'i by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* " Its size, finish, distinctness, fullness, and accuracy, malve it very ele- gant and useful. Sabbath-school teachers and private Christians, as well as theological students, may esteem and use it with great advan- tage. * • » I own and value." Samuel H. Coz^ D. D. " On a scale neither too large to be unwieldy, nor yet too small to be accurate, it presents at a single view, with great distinctness, the scenes of the striking events of the New Testament, and cannot fail to K\ve to those events a greater cleai'uess, ami l>y presenting so plainly their lo- calities lo throw over them new interest. ***** [t seems to have been drawn in accordance with the best authorities." Erskine Mason, D. D. "Valuable for accuracy, beauty, and cheapness. Having both the ancient and modern names of places, and being of portable size, it would appear happily adapted for the use of Sabbath-school teachers." tViUiam R. fVMiams, D. D. " I have been much pleased with the apparent accuracy, end the beautiful execution of a map of the coimtries mentioned in" the New Testament, published by Mr. Colton, and think it adapted to be useful." Stephen H. Tyng, D. D. GUIDE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &c. Travelers' and Tourists' Guide-Book through the United States of America and the Canadas. Containins; the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steamboats, togeth- er with descriptions of the several states, and the principal cities, to^vns, and villages, in eacli — accom- panied with a large and accurate map. Price, $1.00. ROUTE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &c. Travelers' and Tourists' Route-Book through the United States of America and the Canadas. Containing the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by- railroads, stage-roads, canals, rivers, and lakes, t&c* — accompanied with a large and accurate map. Price, $0.75. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 13 MAP OF INEW EINGLAIND, With portions of the State of New York and the Biitish Provinces. 4 sheets. Size, 64 by 56. Price, mounted— colored in counties, $5.00. " " colored in towns, $6.00. This is a ma^ificent map, en;?raved on steel, and exhibits the state county, and town lines; all the railroads, and other internal improve- ments, and the general i^eosrraphy of the country— the whole on a larger Bcale than has ever been published before. It has also appended to it a separate map of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. EDDY'S MAP OF CALIFORINIA. Approved and declared to be the Official IHap of the State by an Act of the Leijinlature, passed March 25, 1S53. Compiled by William M, Edd y. State Sui-veyor Genei'al. 2 Sheets. Size 53 by 46 inches. Price, mounted, S5 00 ; in cases, $3 00. AtrrnoRiTiES.— The coast line from San Diego to Oregon and the Harbors, Bays and Islands, are from data furnished from the 0". S Coast Survey Oflice at Washington, and includes the work of 1852. The Salinas and Tulare Valleys, the northern portion of the State embraced in part of Siskiyou and Shasta counties, the Colorado Elver, and that portion of Oregon shown on the map, are from Surveys and Keconnoissances of the U. S. Topographical Engineers. The counties of Mendocino, Trinity, and Klamath, are from the map of George Gibbs, Esq. The country from the Pacific to the Gila, is from the map of the Boundary Commissioners. The remaining portion of the State is from maps and sketches made by the Surveyor General, Coitnty and other surveyors, and from astronomical observations under the superintendence of the Surveyor General, and verifications from the U. S. Land Surveys. The Mono country is from a sketch made by the discoverers, Lieuta T. Moore and N. H. McLean, U. S. Army. WM. M. EDDY, State Surveyor General. San Fbancisco, March 81st, 1S53. NEBRASKA AND KANSAS. lYew map of IVebj awkn and Kansas, exhibiting; the routes, selllcmeiits, etc. 1 sheet. Price, $0 3S; in cases, $0 50 14 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, THE TRAVELER AND TOURIST'S GUIDE-BOOK Through tlie Western States and Territories, contain- ing brief descriptions of each, ^^vith the I'oixtes and distances on the great Lines of Travel. Accompanied by a Map, cxliibiting the Townsliip Lines of the United States Snr\^eys, the Boundaries of Counties, Position of Cities, Villages, Settlements, etc., etc. — 100 pp. Price, $0 75. THE BOOK OF THE WORLD; Being an account of all Republics, Empires, Kingdoms^ and Natjous, in reference to their geography, statistics, commerce, «fcc., together ■with a brief historical outline of their ri^se, progress, and present condition, Arc, &:c. By Richard S. Fisher, M. D. In two volumes, pp. 6312- 727. ^Illustrated with maps and charts.) Price, $5 00. A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLDj Exhibiting the leading events of Universal History; the oriein and progress of the arts and sciences, dtc. j collecteu chiefly from the article " Chronology" in the new^ Edinburgh Encyclopedia, edited by Sir David Brewster, LL. D., F. R. S., &c. ; with an enlarged view of important events, particularly in regard to American History, and a continuation to the present time, by Daniel Haskell, A. 31., American Editor of nicCnlloch's Luiversal Gazetteer, &c. 12mo. pp. 267. Price, $0 75 MAP OF THE TERRITORY OF MIN'ESOTA. Bxliibiring the Official Surveys. Compiled by T. Knaner. Civil Engineer, &c. Scale, 6 miles to the inch. Size^ 32 by 30 inches. Price, mounted, S3 00; in cases. Si 00. This map contains all the recent surveys made in the Territory by the United States' Sur%eyors, and exhibits with accuracy the base and me- ridian line? . the county, township, and section lines, and the general topography of the country, until now so little kno\\'n. It is the only authentic map of the Territory ever published, and will be invaluable alike to the emigrant the speculator, and the traveler. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 15 PLAN OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK IN NORTH AMERICA. SURVEYED IX THE YEARS 1766 AND 1767. To His Excellency Sir Henry 3Ioore, Bart., Captain- General and Governor-iu-Chief in and over His Ma- jesty's Province of New York and the Territories de- pending thereon in America, Chancellor and Vice- Adniiral of the Same, this Plan of the City of New York and its Environs, Surveyed and Laid Down, is Most Humbly Dedicated by His Excellency's Most Obed. Humble SerAant, B. RATZER, liieut. in His Majesty's 60 th or Royal American Regt* 3 sheets. Size, 44 by 40 inches. Price, mounted, S5 00. The value of the above map in lesral cases is sufficiently attested by the the fact that the subscription list comprises the names of all the most eminent surveyors and lawyers in the cities of Nevr York and Brooklyn. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 3rAP OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLIXA. Compiled from Railroad, Coast, and State Surveys. By G. E. Walker and J. Johnson, Civil Engineers. 4 sheets. Size, 73 by 57 inches. Price, mounted, SlO 00. This map has been compiled under the authority of the Legislature of the State of South Carolina, and is the only map'of the State which, for accuracy of delineation and minutiae of detail, can claim to be reliable. It embraces all the surveys made by or under authority of the local government, the surveys of the most eminent civil enrrinrers in the ser- vice of the several railroad companies, and the results of the United States' Coast Survey; and for the authenticity of its material, and the general correctness of its topoa;raphica] illustrations, the reputation of two of the most widely know^n and esteemed engineers of the State is responsible. Such guarantees for the oerfection of a state map were never before afforded to the public. The map, in point of minuteness, stands un- equalled : it exhibits the lines of all existing ndlroads. all railroads in progress, and those also which are projected, the whole system of post and district roads, and all other internal improvements ; the situation of cities, tOASTis, villasres, post-offices, and the great multiplicity of other objects nsuallyfoiind on the best and most elaborate maps ; and in point of execu- tion, its artist ical merits are such as to challenge the admiration of all whose opinion is worth recording. The large scale adopted by the authors, the distinctness with which its ereat natural features are depicted, and the truthfulness of its ^geographical context, adapt it peculiarly to the wants of all interested in commerce, internal trade, and general busi- ness within the State; and to surveyors and engineers it'must supply much that is new. important, and valuable to facilitate their labors in the field as well as in the office. No resident, indeed, at all interested in the progress of the State, can well do without this man. which .- orate uiaps. Price 75 cents. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 17 UNIFORM SERIES OF TOWNSHIP MAPS. COLTON'S NEW MAP OF MISSOURI, compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 16 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. COLTOIT'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATS OF OHIO, compiled from the United States Surveys, &C. Scale, 12 miles to the inch. Size, 82 by 29 inclies. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75, COLTO^J'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF WIS- CONSIN, compiled from the United States" Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 73k COLTON'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF IOWA, compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 14 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, with parts of the adioinins States and Canadns. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size. 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50*; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT, compiled from the most recent and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATES OF MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT, compiled from the United States' Coast Survey and other accurate and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. Tlie ahove series is the most accurate and detailed of any published, and in all that relates to railroads and other internal improvements, is complete to the date of publication. IS PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. MAP OF THE STATE OF KENTUCKY, Carefully compiled from the moist aiillientic origi- nal iiaapM, (lociiments, aud miisrellaiieoits iiifor- uiatioii. By li:diiitiiid F. I>ee, C'ivil li^iigiiieer. 6 NlieelM. »ize, 76 by 4S ircheH. Price, mounted, $6 00« Tliis is the larsrest and most detailed map of the prosperous State of Keiitucky ever piil)lished, and the pnidiiriidn of one of the most ac- complished civil foejineiTs of tiie Union. It contains thi- minute topog- raphy of the 8iatt- ; the location of all cities, towns. viHaar^'S. and post- offices; tlie TMilroads and other lines of travel, with the distancea between places; the boundaries of counties; geological diagrams, elevations, etc., and statistical tables of a::riculture. population, etc. It is peculiarly adapted to the purposes of all interested in the actual condition of the State, its hiternal ini|irovenieni8 and general condi- tion; and as an accurate and reliable map has no competitor. MAP OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA, Compiled from official and authentic MOiirces. By AViii. O. ESoiiner, Civil l!:nfi;iii<'er. ] oIk-cI. Size, 36 by 19 inches. I'rice, incai«e8,$0 '95. This map is a reduction of the large m;ip of Georgia by the same author, and contains all the peculiar f atures — detail, aci-uracy, and beauty — of ihc original. Eoads of all descriptions, the proper location of towns, the county lines, including those of the thirteen new coun- ties erected in 1S.")4. are laid down; and ihe Slate throughout is repre- sented faiihfiill) as it exists at the present time. The traveler will find this map to be a true guide to the localities he may wish to visit. THE EUROPEAN BATTLE FIELDS. Slap of iniiirope ; together fviih a large plan of the ISIaik .^e:i iiied li; aniibistn E*rovince!N. 1 siheet. Size, 30 by t24 iucheM. A'rice, mountod, $1 iJ5 ; in eaN«'«, SO 50 ; in »heeiM, $0 37 This map has been provided with the view of exhibiting the progre* of the i:u:~so-Tiirkish war. It contains a large ainoiinl of information, and will be found better adapted to its special object than any other that has been published. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 19 MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES; viz., Ohio, Iiidinna, 3Iichigan, Illinois, Kentucky, JYIisa Boiiri, Iowa, nnsl the Ten-itories, exhibiting the base, meridian, and township lines of the United States sur- veys; the lines of the counties; the general g;eogTaphy of Ihe country; the railroads, canals, and other roads; the location of cities, villages, and post-offices, etc., etc.: conipiled from the most recent and accurate sources. Engi-aved on steel. Size, 4S by 36 inches. I'rice, mounted, S3. 00; and in portable form, 81.50* Th.is Map (if llie Western Slates is the largest, most accurate, and, at the BS.ir.ii r.mie, t!ie nmst CDnvenieut that has liitherto been published. Il em braces the avf.O fcaiures of the country, and exhiliits, at one view, the Deariiiy and iiiipurlanfe ot' its relative parts. No one interested in the de velopineiil I)/" the West can well dispense with so elaliorate a portraiture of its surface ; and it will be eijually interest ing and uselul for counting- house rel'erence as it must be for the trader, traveler, injinitrranl, oi resident, lor which classes of our citizens it has been esjiecially designed. In coiniiiling this great work, it has been a chief object to have all the lines of travel, by railroad, canal, or otherwise, laid d(jwn accurately, and, in fuitheruiice ni this object, the assistance of the ensineers of the several works has liecn obiaiMed, and the lines have been traced from the original surveys liy the surveyors of each respectively. In this respect, no formal map of the West has any pretence to accuracy, and hence this publication claims preference with tliose who desire to acquaint themselves thoroughly with the country delineated, and its means ot intercommunication. ^EW SERIES OF MAPS FOR TRAVELERS. This series embraces maps of each of the United States, of the several British Provinces, and of Mexico. Central America, and the West Indies, exhibiting with accuracy the railroads, canals, stage routes. &c.. also the principal cities, and other objects of interest, in appended diagrams. cts. New Mexico and Utah, 50 New York, 83 North Carolina, 8S Ohio, 88 Oregon and Wasli- ington Ter., 50 Pennsylvania, 38 Rhode Island, 88 South Carolina, 38 Texas, 38 Vermont, 88 Virginia, 38 West Indies, 50 Wisconsin, 38 cts. cts. Alabama, 38 Lake Superior, 38 Arkansas, 38 Louisiana, 88 California, 50 Maine, 88 Canada East, 38 Massachusetts and Canada V/est, 38 Rhode Island, 38 Central America 50 Mexico, 50 Connecticut, 38 Michigan, North, 38 Delaware and Michigan, South, 88 Maryland, 38 Minesota, 88 Florida, 3S Mississippi, 83 Georgia^ 83 Missouri, 88 Illinois, 88 New Brunswick, Indiana, 88 Nova Scotia, &c .38 Iowa, 88 New Hampshire, 38 Kentucky and New Jersey, 8S Tennessee, 88 20 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. NEBRASKA AND KANSAS, Exkibitiiis^ the nfW TerriCoi-ial botiiiflnries, Indian ci:«iiii<«, !in«^M of travel, to^viiH, etc.. tosfelhe:* iTith a uinp of (lie iieiv Teri-itoi'y 80iilli of iCie Citti Kiver. Size^ 30 by S4 inciieii*. I*i-ice.<«, mounted, S I t23; in cases, $0 30 ; in sliect!!i, $0 37« MAP OF THE COUINTRY 12 MILES AROUND THE CITY OF NEW YORK, With the names of property-holders, &C., from an en- tirely uew and accurate siu'vey. By J. C. Sidney. fi sheets. Size, 40 by 40 inches. Price, mounted or in cases, $3 00. And Emi^'ants' Guide : a Description of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Io\va, with Rcuiarl^s on Dlinnesota and other Territories. By Daniel 8. Curtiss. In 1 vol l^mo. pp. 360, (illustrated with a township map.) Price, SI 00. Actual observation and great experience are the bases of this work; and ill ian<,nmge and incident it has much to interest. It treats of the "Great West," its scenery, its wild sports, its iiistiluiions and its charac- teristics, material and economic. In that portion devoted to statistical illustration, the topography of sections and the adaptation of localitiea to particular branches of industiy occupy a large sjiace : the geology, soil, climate, powers and productions ol each are considered, and their allied iuKirests, their respective values and destinies, and their present conditions, are accurately described. N. B.— A German edition of the "W^estem Portraitnre'> has also been issned, and will be found ofeswential advan- tage to imniigi-ants from the " fatherland," ns it contains all the information necessary for their gaining a knowl- edge of the states to which German immi^-ntion is chiefly directed. It contains an excellent to^vTti.ship timp. Price, bound, ^0.75; in covers, $0.30. MAP OF THE PROVIINCES OF NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEWFOUNDLAND, And parts of the country adjacent thereto. 1 sheet. Size, 18 by 15 inches. Price, in cases, $0 3S. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 21 A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF AMERICA; Being a desrription of the geo^-apby, rcHOurces, indus- try^ in^^ntutioii!), and other iiiterei^tN pertaining to the several governments and nations thereof. By liichard S. Fisher, i^l. l>., anthor of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. (Not yet complete.) 1 vol. Svo. pp. '7'^i), Willi Maps. Price, bound, $2 50. This elaV)oiate worn represents, m the tangible form of fitrures and de- scriptions, all the g:reat interests which make and distiiisuisli nations. It comprises anions- its subjects the geography, geoiog^y and natural resources of all the countries of North and South America, and full statistjciil details of the population, industry, and general condition of each It is a work ■which every Aineii.-.an needs — sufficiently detailed in all its departments for the utilitarian, and in its style and general character not too elaborate for the college or school library. By the student it may be used as a sequel to his geographical studies, and it is perhaps surpassed by no other \>'ork in its adaptation for the family circle, as it combines with its subjects much striking and instrurtiye information respecting the original inlialnlants, the antiquities, and curiosities of the continents to which its descriptions specially refer. No oue, indeed, who is possessed of the maps of America, ought to be without this work, which so lucidly fills up the outlines they depict. THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD; Being a general description of all nations and conntries, their geoari-aphy, resonrces, indnstry, and institutions; together with a brief history of their lise, progi-ess, and present contlition. By Richard S. Fisher, 31. D., author of the " Book of the World," and other stati.«*tical works. \l^itli Maps, a vols. Svo. pp. 680, 720. Price, liouuci, $5 00. This IS a work of 'oniversal utility, and, from its accuracy of detail, must become a standard in geographical literature. It contains a full rrsume of all the great interests of nations, and describes, in concise language, the distinguisliing features of the families of mankind, their origin, languages, customs, religions, pursuits, and characters. The vast anujunl of statis- tical information it contains has been derived from the most recent and authentic sources — principally from official documents referring to the year 1850, and hence, fr(mi the uniformity of the statistical series used in Its compilati(m, comparison is more easy, and the results more lucidly por- trayed. As a text-book for colleges and high sriiools, or as a work of refer- ence in public and private libraries, it is invaluable, and in many respects its superiority as a " book for the people" generally is too apparent to bo mistaken. It is in fact a companion to the Map of the World. It describea ■where the map denmrlts, and makes apparent to the mind what the latter ©aly typifies to the eye. INDIANA; Its geography, statistics, institutions, connty topography, &c. t compileI. D., author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. With a sectional mapof theS!)tate. 1 vol. liinio. pp. I3S. Price, S3.00. 22 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES; Viz., i>lar5-Ianrt, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor£;:a, Florida, Alabama, 3Iis8isKipp), IjOitisiana,Tex« as, Arkansas, Mi^^souri, Tennessee, anti Kentucky: con* striie fed from aiithenticmaterials. 4 sheets. Jsize, Giby 43 inches. Price, mounted and colored, $6.00. This map is engraved on steel. It is undoubtedly tlie best and most elaborate map of the southern section of the Uuitecl Slates, and exhibits with accurar.y all the civil and political divisions; the lines of railroads, and other works of internal improvement ; the United States surveys in the land si atss. and a great mass of other information. Such a work tile South has long wanted. TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF MAINE,, Exhibiting the railroad.**, and other internal improvementSt 2 sheets. Size, 4;j by 'it inches. Price, colored in towns, $3; in counties, $3 30 in cases, $1 30. This splendid map is en[iddle States, and the Canadas. Con- tainins; the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel, by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steaina boats, together with desciiptions of the several states, and the principal cities, to^vus, and villages in each- accompanied with a large and accurate map. Price, $0.75. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, The Canadas, »fcc., showing the railroads, canals, and Btnge-roads, with the distances from place to place. Size, 118 by 3'.i inches. Price, in cases, $0.63^ MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 23 STATISTICAL MAP OF THE STATE OF (NEW YORK, Comprising all the principal statistics of each county- agricultural, nuinufacturing, commercial, &c. By R. S. Fisher, lU. D., author of the " Book of the World," &c. 1 sheet. Size, 3ti by 20 inches. Price, SO 25. Useful to all classes of our citizens, and indispensable fur the infonna- tiou of parties eni^aged in the construction of railroads and other internal Improvements, speculators in land, and persons designing to settle in any paj-t of the State. All the material interests of the country are plainly indicated in figures on the face of the map, or in the tables which sr eompauy it. HORN'S OVERLAND GUIDE FROM COUNCIL BLUFFS TO CALIFORNIA. Containing a Table of Distances, and showing all the river**, lakes, springs, mountains, camping places, and other prominent objects; ^vith remarks on the country, roads, timbers, grasses, «&:c., »fcc. Accompanied by a Map. Price, $0 50. CORDOVA'S MAP OF TEXAS, Compiled from new and original surveys. 4 sheets. Size, 36 by 34 inches. Price, in cases, j$3 00. This is the only reliable map of Texas, and being on a large scale, exhibits minutely and with distinctness the natural features of the State and its several political divisions. The following government officers certify to its accuracy and completeness. "We have no hesitation in saying that no map could siu-pass this in accuracy and fidelity." David !S. Kacfman, Tuos. J. RrsK, S, i'lLSBTRY, Sam. HorsTON. "I certify to the correctness of this maj), it being the only one extan that is truly correct." John 0. iIays. »-»-• Besides his own publications, J. H. C. h*is constantly/ on hand a large assortment of Atlases rini Foreiqu Maj>s. Mounting in all its forms carefully executed for the trade, public institutions^ ve Treatise, designed particularly lor study in common schools and academies, but adapted also for home instruction and general read- ing. The particular attention of teachers, school committees, and others is called to this work. It is believed to be the first attempt ever made in this country to embody, in a separate treatise, the more prominent farts of Pliysicai Geograpliy in a marmer intelligil)le to the great body of pupils attending our schools. The scope of ihe book, and its general plan, may be seen ('rt)m the following list of subjects, which arelreated ol with as much simplicity as possible: TuK Land — Its Extent and Distribution; Continents; Islands; Vol- canic Islands; Coral Islands; Mountains; Mountain Systems of the Eastern and Western Continents: Upland Plains or Table-Lands; Lowland Plains; Glaciers; Snow Mountains and Avalanches; Vol- canoes; Volcanic Regions; Vesuvius, Etna; Earthquakes. The WATEit — Chemical Composition of Water; Mineral Springs; Cataracts; Deltas; Oceanic and Continental Rivers; Inundations of Kivers; River Systems of the Western Continent — of the Eastern Con- tinent; Lakes; distribution of fresh-water Lakes — of salt-water Lakes; physical differences of Lakes; the Ocean; its temperature, color, and depth; deep-sea soundings; Waves; Tides; Currents; Gulf Stream. The Atmospiikrk — Composition of the Air— its properties; Winds; Variable Winds; Permanent Winds; Trade-Wimls; Periodical Winds; Monsoons; Hurricanes; Moisture; Clouds; Rain; Snow and Hail; Climate; causes which determine Climate, Isothermal Lines. Organic Existence — Plants — divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom — distribution of Plants — Food Plants ; Animals — their Classification ; dis- tri")ution of Animals, Zoological Regions ; Man — Races of Men. The Appendix contains several articles relating to the Chief Produc- tions of Countries ; the Exports of Countries; Trade Routes; Metallic Productions, etc. Also list of the Mountains, Rivers, etc. The Maps which illustrate the book have been constructed with the greatest care, and, though small in scale, they will, it is conceived, be found sutHcJent to give the learner an accurate in to the States severally, and also to the Union. "The general history of the rise of the colonies, their strugirles in the cause of liberty, iheir tran.^f )rmation into independent governmentr*, and their onward pro- gress, are also summed up. and their present relative condition and po- sition in the Union fully illustrated. The subjects more particularly nolieed are the mining, agriculture, commerce, sind general industry of the States, their institutions of learning and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, ail the great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and political existence. Such are the various subjects treated upon : and certainly none can be mora interesting — none more useful to the inquiring citizen. Without enter- ing into minute and controverted details, which would extend his work toniany volumes, the author has endeavored to exhibit clearly and truihfiiliy the history of events, their results, and the high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished among nations for its enlightened civilization, and the successful achievement of a posi- tion second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern times. In One Vol., Royal 8vo, pp. 432, with Illustrations. Price $2 50. - 34 PRESTON' s QUARTO TABLES OF INTEREST, VT FIVE SIX, AND SEVEN P ER CENT :} $980 n 'i\ $1176 p, 'i\ $840 \t 1 .I'i 3 30 4.9it 59 9.63 6 88 14.37 6 5,2 M-2 6 $31 5.06 3 '-60 9.80 ?89 14.53 1 3 a 3 .49 ^32 E '>•? 6 3 61 996 3 c 90 14.70 1 4 (55 3 33 5.39 62 10.12 6 1 91 14.86 i 3 5 .SI 6 84 5 55 3 63 10.29 ' 92 15.02 6 6 .98 (1 35 5 71 6 64 10.45 3 1 93 15.19 7 114 3 36 5VS 65 10.61 6 94 15.35 1 3 8 1.30 6 37 6 04 3 66 10.73 95 1551 6 9 1.47 38 6.20 67 10.94 3 96 15.68 10 1.(53 3 39 6 37 6-^ 11.10 6 97 15.84 3 11 1.79 6 40 6.53 3 69 .1.27 98 16 00 6 12 1.9() 41 6.69 6 711 11.43 3 99 16.17 1*3 2. 1 2 3 42 6.-6 71 1159 6 loo 16.33 3 14 2 2^ 6 43 7.(.2 3 72 11 76 110 17.96 7 15 2.45 44 7.18 6 73 1.1.92 3 120 19.6(t IC 2 61 3 1 45 7.35 " 74 12.