A Uniform 
 
 Course of Study in 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 For the ELEMENTARY 
 SCHOOLS OF OHIO 
 
 PREPARED BY THE DIRECTION OF THE 
 
 State Commissioner of Common Schools 
 
A UNIFORM COURSE OF 
 STUDY IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO 
 
 PREPARED BY THE DIRECTION OF THE 
 
 Q-TIU), 
 
 STATE COMMISSIONER OF COMMON 
 // 
 
 SCHOOLS 
 
 Columbus, 0.: 
 
 The F. J. Heer Printing Co. 
 
 1912. 
 
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To the Boards of Education, Superintendents and Teachers : 
 
 Agriculture is not a wholly new subject, nor is it one foreign to 
 our public school system. The last General Assembly made it a manda- 
 tory part of our courses of study for the Elementary and High Schools. 
 The wisdom of this is patent to us all. 
 
 This course of study arranged by the four Supervisors of Agri- 
 cultural Education and myself is intended to suggest ways and means 
 of giving to our boys and girls of all the schools the most helpful plans 
 of acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of those parts of the subject 
 that are appropriate and the study of which will be profitable; it is 
 further intended to teach the happiness, health, and wealth of country 
 life and to make the boys and girls proud of rural life whether they 
 live in the country or not. 
 
 In laying out the work for the year, it should not be presumed that 
 all found in this course is to be studied or taught; the material herein 
 is suggestive throughout; select from it what is wholesome and in har- 
 mony with the agricultural and home life of your several communities ; 
 select only sufficient topics and amount of work as can be well done 
 during the year; it might be well to outline the work month by month 
 so that too much may not be attempted ; four or five subjects properly 
 planned for the year's work and well taught may be sufficient for the 
 average school, for agriculture and home craft are to have only their 
 appropriate share of the time and efforts of the teachers and pupils, — 
 the other studies must have theirs. 
 
 It will be well for the members of boards of education, superin- 
 tendents and teachers to keep at hand the name and address of the 
 Supervisor of the district in which they live for he will endeavor to 
 answer by mail the questions sent to him and will also be glad to come 
 to any part of his district when called upon to render any aid possible. 
 
 Finally, the teaching of this subject will have reached the stage most 
 helpful to the boys and girls when home and school work together 
 heartily and sympathetically; the teaching must fail in its highest and 
 best sphere if it does not touch and retouch the farm, the farm home and 
 all farm life ; let it be our constant aim to make a happier and a better 
 citizenship while we are making better farmers, and better home 
 makers; this being our ideal, the teaching of this subject will find its 
 best results and consummation in the homes and on the farni. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Frank W. Mh^lek. 
 
 (3) 
 
OUTLINE OF A COURSE IN AGRICULTURE FOR THE 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the primary grade the chief object should be to lead the child 
 to observe carefully and develop the habit of investigation. Through- 
 out the entire course the teacher should be ever mindful of the fact that 
 the subject of agriculture, if properly taught, is of high educative value. 
 It imparts to the child the ability to reason, the power of independent 
 thinking and creative expression, richness of imagination, appreciation 
 of that which is beautiful, and the culture which are generally developed 
 through the instrumentality of the classics, mathematics, science, and 
 art. 
 
 It is not the intention of this course to make farmers of all fanners' 
 sons, but to make better farmers of those who wish to remain in that 
 occupation, and to make better citizens of all. The subject is full of 
 human interest and we can never wholly separate our interests from 
 the soil on which we walk, and the plants and animals upon which our 
 lives depend. 
 
 This course is divided into four divisions, to be known as the 
 Primary Division, composed of all pupils below the second grade. The 
 First Division, composed of the second, third, and fourth grades. The 
 Second Division, composed of the fifth and sixth grades. The Third 
 Division, composed of the seventh and eighth grades of the Elementary 
 School. 
 
 Primary Division. 
 
 Note to Teacher : The work outlined in this division can be taught 
 in connection with language and alternated with Oral Geography and 
 Oral Physiology. Can also be given in connection with general exer- 
 cises in the mornings or Friday afternoons. 
 
 There should be at least two ten (lo) minute periods a week. The 
 teacher shall select such parts of the following work as may be suitable 
 for his grade, grades or school. Use supplementary work. 
 
 Trees. — Gather leaves. Note differences in size and shape. Rec- 
 ognize a few trees by their leaves. Some trees drop their leaves in 
 Autumn. Some do not. Evergreens. 
 
 The different parts of plants, stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruit, etc. 
 Collect seeds to show how they are protected and distributed. Gather 
 seeds of thistle, milkweed, and dandelion and let them sail in the wind. 
 Effect of frost on tender plants like tomatoes, etc.. 
 
6 
 
 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 Make a collection of caterpillars and place in box with leaves. Ob- 
 serve spinning of cocoon. Emergence of moth or butterfly in Spring. 
 
 Change in appearance of landscape as winter approaches. 
 
 Animals. — Animals of the farm ; their uses. Wild animals found 
 in the community, rabbits, squirrels, etc. Tell stories about them. 
 
 ^ Birds. — Migration; return in Spring; permanent residents. Nest 
 building. Learn to recognize four or five birds. 
 
 Grow cuttings of pussy willow and lilac in water. Germinate 
 beans in sawdust. Learn the common names of a few flowers and trees. 
 Fruit and seed come from the flower. 
 
 Note change in landscape as Spring comes.. 
 
 Teach the children to be kind to animals. Teach them not to be 
 afraid of insects and spiders. The house fly a carrier of disease. Breeds 
 in filth. Dangers of fire. 
 
 First Division. 
 (Grades 2, 3, and 4.) 
 
 The work outlined in this division can be taught in connection with 
 Language, and alternated with Oral Geography and Oral Physiology. 
 Can also be given in connection with general exercises in the morning 
 and on Friday afternoons. 
 
 The subject of Agriculture is now one of the regular studies of our 
 schools and as such must be placed in the regular school curriculum for 
 its full share of time and execution. 
 
 In this^ Division pupils can be taught to observe and study domestic 
 animals, plants, trees, and bird life more extensively than in preceding 
 division. Make seed collection and study methods of planting seeds. 
 Observe nature's plan of seed distribution by securing samples of each 
 method. Learn to recognize seeds of familiar farm plants. Make a 
 study of familiar fruits and grains. 
 
 Shelter for farm animals. Natural covering of the different an- 
 imals. How animals spend the winter; hibernation. Study migration 
 of birds on basis of sojourn kere — permanent residents, summer resi- 
 dents, winter residents, migrants, service rendered by insectivorous mi- 
 grants. Take excursions when convenient to the woods and creeks, ob- 
 serving plant and animal life. 
 
 Care of young chickens and young farm animals. Learn to dis- 
 tinguish some common flowers and to know the uses of animal, vegetable, 
 and farm products. 
 
 Experiment in growing cuttings in water, sand, or loam. Make a 
 collection of leaves and name them. Study buds, how protected, how 
 arranged. Teach common names of trees in your locality. 
 
 Use blackboard calendar for weather record. Study cause of rain, 
 frost, hail, snow, and ice. (See some good text in Oral Geography). 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. I 
 
 Study use of thermometer and make records of out-of-door temperature. 
 Use shadow stick to show ahitude of sun at noon, during different 
 months of the year. Time and place of rising sun ; of setting sun. 
 Phases of moon. Great Dipper. North Star. 
 
 Objects, and specimens in this work can be used very profitably in 
 the lessons in Drawing, in this and all following grades. 
 
 Simple experiments with seeds, germinated between blotters or 
 cloth, and in sawdust. Study conditions of growth by varying moisture, 
 light, temperature, etc. Peas, corn, or pumpkin seed suggested for use. 
 
 Preparation of the soil; the growth and cultivation of plants. Care 
 and use of garden tools. Plant the seed of flowers and vegetables at 
 home or at school. Keep a record of the work done in cultivating same. 
 Exhibit. 
 
 The Primary and First Divisions may be combined when conveni- 
 ent and feasible. Time required to cover this work — three years. 
 
 Second Division. 
 (Grades 5 and 6.) 
 
 Teach the work outlined in the Second Division in connection with 
 Language and Geography and alternate with lesson in Physiology, His- 
 tory, Arithmetic, and Reading. Work can also be done in connection 
 with general exercises in the morning and on Friday afternoons. 
 
 Use Supplementary work. 
 
 The work in this Division should be a continuation of that sug- 
 gested under "First Division." It is expected, however, that pupils are 
 to learn more detail and become more familiar with the modes of living 
 and the uses of plants and animals to man when they reach these 
 grades. | 
 
 The practical work at home by the pupils must be carried out as 
 carefully as the theory study at school if we are to have a full meas- 
 ure of success with Agriculture in the schools. Teachers may super- 
 vise this work at home. 
 
 Review study of familiar flowers and home farm products. 
 
 Study migration of birds on basis of sojourn here — permanent resi- 
 dents, summer residents, winter residents, migrants ; service rendered 
 by insectivorous migrants. 
 
 Classify plants as useful, injurious, annuals, biennials and perennials; 
 trees as deciduous evergreens, fruit trees, trees for ornament, fire-wood 
 or commercial purposes. Study roots under useful, injurious, differ- 
 ent forms and purposes. Stems — Aerial and underground, useful and 
 injurious. Distinguish underground stems, bulbs, tubers, etc., from roots. 
 Give example of each. Leaves — Margins, veins. Flowers — perfect 
 and imperfect. Make a collection of flowers by pressing and mounting 
 specimens. 
 
8 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Animals. — Fur-bearing, food-producing and domestic. 
 
 Minerals. — Make a collection of common minerals. Give a short 
 description of each, as to uses to man, where and how mined. Make 
 a collection of common rocks or fossils found in your neighborhood. 
 Teach uses of limestone, sandstone, shale, coal, slate, marble and granite; 
 how formed ; where produced ? Perform some simple experiments. 
 Grow radish and lettuce for early market or home consumption — use 
 home seed if possible. Study catalogue to gain knowledge of varieties 
 of vegetables, etc. Experiment by planting different varieties to find 
 those best suited to your locality.. Keep record of work done in culti- 
 vating your plots or gardens. 
 
 The Lawns. — Preparation; selection and sowing of seed; rolling; 
 watering, fertilizing ; mowing ; lawn weeds and how to combat them. 
 Special study of most common weeds found, common garden plants, 
 and common garden insects — useful and injurious. 
 
 Study of Simple Tools and Machines. — Various levers ; uses and 
 advantages of Jackscrews, pulleys, wheel and axle, derrick, etc. Names 
 and uses of various pieces of farm machinery ; cost of each ; care of 
 tools and machinery. Plan to build a hot bed. Discuss uses of same. 
 Distribute plants among pupils from a successful hot bed. Have a 
 contest among pupils receiving plants to grow or from plants grown at 
 their home. Conduct potato or other vegetable contests followed by 
 exhibit of products — keep record of work done in cultivating. Find 
 yield and value of products produced. 
 
 Learn to identify useful birds, injurious birds. Obtain colored pic- 
 tures or birds to study, if necessary. 
 
 Origin of Soils. — Identification of sand, gravel, loam, clay, silt; 
 experiment with soils. Study local soils. Value of farm lands and 
 village lots. Drainage ; ditches ; tiles. Draw diagram showing drain- 
 age plan on home farm. House and cellar drains ; distinguish between 
 drainage and sewer tiles. 
 
 Household Pests. — Damage done ; how destroy them — mouse, 
 rat. fly, mosquito, cockroach, bed bug, clothes moth, etc. 
 
 ] Voter Supply. — How secured. Types of wells and pumps; wind- 
 mills. Methods of getting water to stock and for house use. Impure 
 water. Garden irrigation. 
 
 Lighting Systems. — History of lighting. Methods used in your 
 locality. Protection against fire. 
 
 Transplanting Tree Practice. — Study common trees, value for posts 
 and ties, etc. Secure and plant useful trees at home and at school. 
 Orchard methods. Learn to grow the common fruit tree found in your 
 locality. Insests injurious to fruit and life history. Learn how to com- 
 bat them. Distinguish between sucking and chewing forms, insecticides 
 for each. 
 
 Good Roads. — • Transportation, marketing. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. V 
 
 Preparation and Marketing of Products. — Produce, how trans- 
 ported. How to deliver and ship by railroad. How to find a buyer. The 
 merchants side of the work. 
 
 Formation of Agricultural Clubs. — What can be done for the 
 social life of the rural people, literary and musical programs, research 
 work, exhibits, lectures, collections of specimens in the vicinity, advice 
 and suggestions from parents, and others, contests, -preparation of Fair 
 exhibits, etc., are all legitimate lines of work for the clubs. Let the 
 membership be composed of any one really interested in addition to 
 the pupils of the school. — None are too old or too young if they are 
 interested. Let the fields, the gardens, the dairies, the lawns, the school 
 gardens, the school farm-lots, the roads, the lanes, the river banks, and 
 granaries be the recitation places rather than the class bench. 
 
 A book should be selected that is intended for the seventh and 
 eighth grades. 
 
 A review should be made of the work suggested in the "Second 
 Division" in connection with the text-book work. Lessons from the text 
 in Agriculture can be alternated with those of Reading, Arithmetic, 
 Physiology, etc., in these grades. Work in this division can also be 
 assigned in connection with Grammar and Composition, and Geography 
 also at the opening exercises in the morning and on Friday afternoons. 
 The teacher shall select such parts of the following to be used with the 
 text in Agriculture, as may be suitable for his grade, grades or school. 
 Use supplementary work. 
 
 Time required for the work of this division, two years. 
 
 Fall Work. 
 
 Report of vacation activities including work done and money earned. 
 Special study on the most important farm crop in your locality. Use 
 and outline for this special study similar to ones suggested below on 
 Corn, Wheat and Fruit. 
 
 Study of Corn. — Its culture and improvement. Selecting good 
 seed. Experiments to show shrinkage by keeping over winter. Ensilage. 
 Varieties grown in your neighborhood, history of one or two varieties. 
 Characteristics. of a good ear; simple introduction to use of score card. 
 Factors involved in marketing corn. Celebration of Corn Day — Corn 
 Display and Contest. (Secure free government and free state bulletins 
 on corn.) 
 
 Study of Wheat or Other Grain. — Pupils take samples to school ; 
 examine for weed seeds and other impurities. Test one hundred grains 
 of each sample for vitality. Method of planting, machines used in 
 planting. Observe growing plants. What parts of the plants live over 
 winter. History of wheat or other grain. (Secure free government 
 and free state bulletins on culture of the grain most common in your 
 locality. 
 
10 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Study of Fruit. — Study of Apple or the chief fruit crop in your 
 locahty. Characteristics of trees. Causes, and remedies for imperfect 
 fruit. Spraying. Factors involved in gathering, storing and market- 
 ing fruit. Have an exhibit of varieties grown in the district. Conduct 
 contest. (Secure free government and free state bulletins on the culture 
 of the fruit most cultivated in your locality.) 
 
 Weeds. — Make a collection of seeds ; label. Study weeds common 
 in grain fields, pasture, meadow and garden. How destroy each kind. 
 See Ohio Weed Manual. 
 
 Fungi. — Compare with seed plants. Mushroom. Experiments in 
 growing and destroying molds and bacteria ; sterilization ; treatment 
 with formalin ; smut, rusts, blights, rots and scabs. How combat these ? 
 Fungi that attack insects. Find examples. 
 
 Collection of Insects. — C lassify as to beneficial and injurious. Crop 
 attacked by each. (Secure free government and free state bulletins on 
 injurious and beneficial insects to growing crops.) 
 
 Forage Crops. — Grasses — best adapted for meadow, for pasture, 
 variety in your locality. Use of leguminous plants. Other forage crops 
 as rape, millet, sorghum, etc. (Secure free government and free state 
 bulletins on Forage Crops.) 
 
 Dairying. — Compare Dairy and Beef breeds. Examples of each 
 class; report of kind owned in neighborhood. Secure a Babcock Tester 
 with milk and cream outfit. Test samples of milk and cream from 
 different breeds. Calculate amount of butterfat produced in a certain 
 period and value of same. Discuss cost of producing butterfat under 
 various conditions. Methods of feeding, what to feed and care of cows. 
 Plans of building sanitary barns and farm soils. Use of separators. 
 Purefood; pure milk; pure drinking water. (Secure free government 
 and free state bulletins on Dairying.) 
 
 These recitations must work the hands and the head, and the more 
 the head and hands work together the better. 
 
 Organize an Agricultural Club; it brings the men and women, the 
 boys and girls of the district together in a new social pride ; the federa- 
 tion of these clubs in the township breaks down the old selfish district 
 lines and the boys and girls live in a wider horizon, and its exhibits 
 carried to the County and State Fairs and the boy and girl become parts 
 of these fairs; into it invite all the young people of the vicinity; make 
 the older people honorary members ; give an entertainment or two and 
 start a library with much agricultural literature in it ; hang some picture 
 in your school house; discuss and study carefully at least one agricultural 
 subject at each meeting; let the program be entertaining and instructive. 
 The State Traveling Library will help along these lines. 
 
 Climatology of Ohio by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 Wooster, O. (Bulletin No. 235.) 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 11 
 
 Winter Work. 
 
 Housing of farm animals. Special study of horse, hog or sheep. 
 Different breeds of horses, hogs or sheep in neighborhood. Care of 
 these animals in winter. 
 
 Farm Machinery. — Kinds, uses, value, care of. Gasoline engines, 
 power machines, etc. History of kinds to show improvement. 
 
 Soils. — Study of structure of corn kernel ; tests for starch and oil 
 — composition of food stuffs. Secure some samples of corn products. 
 Plant food ; how plants obtain food. Test soil for acid and alkali. Ele- 
 ments usually lacking in soil. How these are obtained. Commercial fer- 
 tilizers. Study kinds of soil. Make collection of soils. (Secure free 
 bulletins on Soil Fertility.) 
 
 The Crop Reporter. A publication furnished by the U. S. Dept. 
 of Agriculture can be obtained by addressing the Chief of the Bureaui 
 of Statistics, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Spring Work. 
 
 Poultry Raising. — Breeds of chickens of the neighborhood ; char- 
 acteristics of each ; feeding, housing, general care. Incubators and 
 brooders; expenses and profits in poultry. (Secure free bulletins on 
 Poultry Culture from state and national departments.) 
 
 Where fruit raising is practiced extensively, study propagation by 
 grafting. Why necessary. History of some one fruit from seed to ma- 
 turity. Pruning, planting and spraying of fruit trees. (Secure Spray 
 calendar from Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.) 
 
 Corn Study. — Germination of seed, make corn testers ; compare 
 tests for vitality. Grading corn. History of corn. Varieties adapted 
 to your locality. Planting methods. Experiments with depth of planting. 
 Draw diagrams and make preparations for planting your flower or veg- 
 etable garden. Treat potatoes for scab with formalin. Examine clover 
 and grass seed with hand lens to find weed seed and other impurities. 
 (Secure free bulletins on Flower and Vegetable Gardening.) 
 
 Bird Study. — Make a list of native birds beneficial to farm crops. 
 Injurious to farm crops. (Secure free bulletin on Beneficial Birds to the 
 Farmer.) 
 
 Study clover plant, habits of growth, length of root, tubercles on 
 roots. Identify other legumes. Examine roots for tubercles. Experi- 
 ment where favorable to do so, by planting some alfalfa with and with- 
 out inoculation. 
 
 Investigate methods of retaining fertiHty of the soil of Ohio; rota- 
 tion of crops; mixing of home fertilizers; retaining moisture in the 
 soil and value of soil mulch. 
 
 Arrange plans for vacation studies and experiments with corn, 
 potato and other vegetables. Girls give special attention to flower and 
 
12 A UNIFORM COURSL OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 vegetable gardens; keep simple records of all work done and conduct 
 a corn, flower and vegetable exhibit and contest. 
 
 Tobacco Raising. — Seed, plants, care of, stripping, sorting, packing, 
 marketing. 
 
 Orchards, forestry, hot beds, cold frames. 
 
 School exhibits, reports of work done. Fair exhibits. 
 
 Plant the different weed seeds in boxes of soils and have the chil- 
 dren learn to know these weeds by their very early forms of growth. 
 
 On a table, a shelf, or a window sill with shelf extension, have at 
 all times some manual work of collections of specimens, drawings, seed 
 growing and testing, sowing, samples of farm products grown in the 
 district, flowers, etc. Let these exhibits be changed frequently; have 
 contesting exhibits by the pupils; have class exhibits of all the grades, 
 for the very smallest pupil is not to be ignored in showing his work. 
 
 Collecting and mounting of specimens of the insects, seeds, flowers, 
 fruits, grains, animal and mineral products, etc., of the township or 
 county will be useful and pleasant work for the pupils during the 
 sumcr months and with a little help from the taecher, they will do very 
 effective work in all the grades. Have at least one beauty spot in your 
 school district as the result of your work in agriculture in the school, — 
 farmhave it either on the school lot or at some home of your pupils. 
 
 SUGGESTED TOPICS IN AGRICULTURE AND THE HOUSE- 
 HOLD ARTS FOR THE GIRLS. 
 
 The Garden: 
 
 The vegetable garden, the flower garden, the small fruit garden, hot 
 beds, cold frames, and the marketing of the products, insects and other 
 enemies of the garden plants, sprays. Garden irrigation. 
 
 Poultry : 
 
 Chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, etc., and the marketing of the 
 products. The health of the barn and poultry yard families. Lice, 
 diseases and other enemies of poultry, etc. 
 
 The Lawn : 
 
 Laying out the lawn, the flowers on it, the shrubs, trees, care of it, 
 the enemies of the flowers, shrubs, trees, etc. 
 
 The Dairy : 
 
 Types of cattle, the milk, butter, cheese, the creamery, the milk tester, 
 separators, etc., care of the utensils, the dairy barn, feeding, marketing 
 the products. 
 
 The Apiary : 
 
 Bees, bee hives, swarming, diseases of the bee, honey, bee foods, etc. 
 Orchards and Small Fruits, Grapes. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. ' 13 
 
 Birds. 
 
 Melons, pumpkins, squashes, etc. 
 
 Weather Bureau. Meteorology. 
 
 Agricultural clubs, Home and School sociology. Community life. 
 
 Foods, Food Elements, Drinking Water Suppply. 
 
 Domestic Science : 
 
 Home making and house keeping, cooking, bread making, and all 
 baking, sewing, home decorating, butter making, the health of the home 
 and the farm premises, buying for the farm and farm home, selling the 
 farm products, drawing and the other arts, home economics, home soci- 
 ology, nursing the sick, household accounts, care of the house and pre- 
 vention of sickness, laundering, recipes. 
 
 Home beautifying, making home attractive, naming the farm, the 
 lawn, a handy kitchen, the dairy, preparing the products for market. 
 
 Exhibits and reports of pupils. 
 The Fairs — State and local. 
 
 General Suggestions : 
 
 Use the local papers for spreading the news and the good things done 
 should be passed on to our neighbors. 
 
 Send to the Department at Washington, D. C, for their bulletins ; do 
 this department, no better are sent out from any board of its kind in the 
 Agricultural College at Columbus; last but not least write to the Secre- 
 tary of the State Board of Agriculture at Columbus for the bulletins of 
 this department, no better are sent out form any board of its kind in the 
 United States. Teachers, pupils and patrons will find excellent material 
 on any phase of the work ; good directions for detailed courses of study 
 and for work on the farm, in the garden, at the barn, in the home and in 
 any and all departments of farm work will be found in these bulletins 
 that may be had for the asking; neither is the scientific side of any phase 
 of this work neglected in these bulletins ; so whatever we may wish will 
 be easily obtained by simply writing for them. 
 
 Whatever success we may have in the school work in and at the 
 school, our task will yet be incomplete if we neglect to see it carried to 
 the home, to the farm and to the community in general. The teacher 
 here has a splendid opportunity to take his or her place in the community 
 life and activities in the school district; the teaching of agriculture must 
 link the school and homes closer and the work of one must and will 
 correlate the other or our whole scheme will lose much of its flavor and 
 value. When the teacher and parent find their work overlapping and 
 growing together in the life and ambitions of the child then indeed will 
 the home and school take their rightful places in the child economy and 
 child rearing; then will misunderstandings and crossing of lines of disci- 
 pline be reduced to a minimum. The teaching of agriculture in some of 
 iLs many phases will bring happy results along these lines that must be 
 
14 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 seen with a mildly prophetic eye. The Agriculture Clubs will be the one 
 strong medium for this as well as for the place where the intellectual and 
 moral development takes place along side the study of the utilitarian 
 Here the elements of the old spelling school, the literary society and the 
 agricultural sciences and economy will mingle and grow into good citizen 
 ship and moral and intellectual fiber which will make farm life just as 
 honorable and refining and respected as any other vocation — yea even 
 more so for the environments are happily conducive to such as nowhere 
 else. 
 
 Names and Addresses of the Supervisors of Agricultural 
 
 Education 
 
 H. L. GoU, Swanton, Fulton Co., of the Northwestern District. 
 
 S. A. Harbourly Andover, Ashtabula Co., of the Northeastern 
 District. 
 
 J. R. Clarke, 373 Wilbur Ave., Columbus, Franklin Co., of the South- 
 eastern District. 
 
 Lester S. Ivins, Lebanon, Warren County, of the Southwestern 
 District. 
 
 State Supervisors of Agricultural Education. 
 
 In accordance with the provisions of the Cahill law. Commissioner 
 Miller has appointed four Supervisors of Agricultural Education. The 
 names and addresses of these Supervisors, together with the counties 
 comprising each district are as follows : 
 
 northwestern district. 
 
 H. L. Goll, Supervisor, Swanton, Fulton County, Ohio. 
 
 Counties — Allen, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, Erie, Fulton, Han- 
 cock, Hardin, Henry, Logan, Lucas, Marion, Mercer, Morrow, Ottawa, 
 j*a aiding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Union, Van Wert, Williams, 
 Wood, Wyandc t — 24 counties. 
 
 northeastern district. 
 
 S. A. Harbourt, Supervisor, Andover, Ashtabula County, Ohio. 
 
 Counties — Ashland, Ashtabula, Belmont, Carroll, Columbiana, 
 Coshocton, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Harrison, Holmes, Huron, Jefiferson, Lake, 
 Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Richland, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, 
 Tuscarawas, Wayne — 23 counties. 
 
 southeastern district. 
 
 J. R. Clarke, Supervisor, 373 Wilbur Ave., Columbus, Franklin 
 County, Ohio. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 15 
 
 Counties — Athens, Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Gallia, Guernsey, 
 Hocking, Jackson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, 
 Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pickaway, Vinton, Washington — 20 counties. 
 
 SOUTHWESTERN DISTRICT. 
 
 Lester S. Ivins, Supervisor, Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio. 
 
 Counties — Adams, Brown, Sutler, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, 
 Clinton, Darke, Fayette, Greene, Hamilton, Highland, Madison, Miami, 
 Montgomery, Pike, Preble, Ross, Scioto, Shelby, Warren — 21 counties. 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SUITABLE FOR THE 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLE. 
 
 Name of Text-book. Name of Author. Publishers. 
 
 Agriculture for Young Folks. A. D. & E. W. Wilson. Webb & Co., Minneapolis. 
 First Principles of Agricul- 
 ture Goff & Mayne Amer. Book Co., Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 Agriculture for Beginners Burkett, Stevens & Hill. Ginn & Co., Columbus. 
 
 Elementary Agriculture Hatch & Hazelwood . . Rowe, Peterson & Co., 
 
 Chicago. 
 Agriculture for Common 
 
 Schools lisher & Cotton Chas. Scribner's Sons, N. 
 
 Y. 
 An Introduction to Agricul- 
 ture \. A. Upham D. Appleton & Co., Co- 
 lumbus. 
 One Hundred Lessons in Ele- 
 mentary Agriculture A. W. Nolan Acme Pub. Co., Morgan- 
 town, W. Va. 
 Agriculture in the Public 
 
 Schools Lester S. Ivins March Bros. Pub. Co., 
 
 Lebanon, O. 
 
 Beginners in Agriculture X. R. Mann MacMillan Co., N. Y. 
 
 Rural School Agriculture C. W. Davis Orange Judd Co., N. Y. 
 
 PAPERS AND MAGAZINES THAT AID IN THE TEACHING AND STUDY 
 
 OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 American Agriculturist Orange Judd Co., New York. 
 
 Ohio Farmer Lawrence Pub. Co., Cleveland. 
 
 National Stockman and Farmer Pittsburg. 
 
 Farm and Fireside Springfield, Ohio. 
 
 Farm Journal Ph'Jadelphia. 
 
 Poultry Journal 
 
 A Boy's Paper Carlinville 111. 
 
l6 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "Here in the country's heart 
 
 Where the grass is green. 
 Life is the same sweet life 
 As it e'er hath oeen." 
 
 'Trust in a God still lives. 
 
 And the bell as morn 
 Floats with a thought of God 
 
 O'er the rising corn." 
 
 'God comes down in the rain, 
 
 And the crop grows tall 
 This is the country faith 
 
 And the best of all." 
 
 It has been said that to know Nature and Man is the sum of earthly 
 knowledge. But since man is the highest product of nature, there is really 
 but one subject of study — the study of nature. Touch with Nature at 
 first hand is the very breath of mental life. Children are born naturalists. 
 In freshness, in lively interest, in originality, nothing equals a child. Its 
 progress in learning is exceedingly rapid during its first years of life. 
 This splendid growth process of infancy may be prolonged throughout 
 life if the study of Nature has a central place in his schooHng, if the love 
 of Nature is implanted, and from it will spring the love of Art, of Science 
 and of Religion. It has been well said that Nature Study is learning 
 those things in Nature that are best worth knowing, to the end of doing 
 those things that make life most worth living. Life is response to the 
 order of Nature. Nature is all, over all, in all. Her laws are unchange- 
 able. Nature is never against us. She is always for us. To have faith 
 in Nature and learn of her is highest wisdom. Nature-study develops 
 the power of observation and is the basis of all agricultural work. In 
 the beginning we must fasten the children's affections on the region in 
 which they are. We must teach them the common things with which 
 they live from day to day. This is the new idea in Nature-study, that is 
 coming gradually into our schools. In time gone by, the common school 
 has had little relation to the life of its community; but it is undergoing 
 evolution and gradually its point of view is being changed. The West 
 ■^as been putting Agriculture into its common schools, as has also the 
 South in great part. It has been discovered that Agriculture may be 
 made the means of training the minds of the young people as well as of 
 giving them information. The study of Agriculture is fundamental. As 
 much so as Geography, Literature or Physics. City schools teach city 
 life and the facts and atmosphere that go with city life, yet many cities 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 17 
 
 are adding Agriculture because of its broadening influence. If we are to 
 have a healthy country life and a normal country people we must organ- 
 ize schools to teach country life and the facts of country life. We must 
 be able to get good men out of country life by founding and maintaining 
 homes wherein good men of the future may find a place in which to be 
 born. To live in harmony with one's natural surroundings has a moral 
 influence upon character. The boy or girl who takes an interest in grow- 
 ing plants and animals cannot be so bad as the child who does not care 
 for or love these things. There is nothing but goodness in most plants 
 and animals, and the child who grows up in harmony with them must 
 imbibe some of this quality. If the country school is to find its setting 
 largely in the afifairs, the interests and aspirations of rural life; if the 
 school in the large city is to make the best use of the materials at hand, 
 the teacher must give the course for this composite Nature-study-agricul- 
 ture, which will enrich and vitalize other studies and the teacher who 
 handles them as well.. The teacher must be in sympathy with the work 
 and also with the community in which he works. Sympathy is the ability 
 to take another's point of view. It requires a clear head and a warm 
 heart to get the point of view of the child and his environment, but it is 
 necessary in order to lead, to encourage and to assist him to clearer 
 mental vision. 
 
 THE teacher's DUTY. 
 
 Every teacher ought to subscribe for several good farm papers and 
 read them in order to get the modern viewpoint of the agriculturist. This 
 will enable him to establish a sympathetic relationship with the com- 
 munity which is absolutely necessary before the best service can be 
 rendered. Last, but not least, let every teacher in Ohio do some work 
 in agriculture early this year. Remember, that all we eat, drink and 
 wear comes from the soil. If you are teaching in the country, get your 
 boys and girls to love their homes and to make them the most beautiful 
 spots on earth. If you teach in a town or city, show your pupils that 
 the only life worth living is the country life and to own a forty-acre 
 farm is more to be desired than to become a drygoods clerk or a book- 
 keeper for some coal dealer. Pupils so trained by an enthusiastic teacher 
 will make a daily advance, not only in agriculture study "but in personal 
 power, in general serviceableness, and in consequent delight." 
 
 Training in this subject comprehends all educational aims. It cul- 
 minates in scholarship, culture and service, and brings happiness to all. 
 
 Nature-study must be taught concretely. Books and leaflets are 
 helpful, but will not take the place of the object. There is no text- 
 book of real ^Jature-study. Teachers, books, and leaflets should be 
 guides to the animals, plants and minerals. The child must see and 
 handle the thing himself if he is really to know it. Nature-study should 
 put him into sympathy with common afifairs and the questions of the 
 
 2 s. c. 
 
18 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 work-a-day world and it should give him usable information. Sym- 
 pathetic and vital contact with his surroundings will create an ever- 
 abiding interest in the mind of the child and help to neutralize the dead 
 formalism of the school. It will open a way to a free, spirited and 
 natural way of teaching and a less restrained and more wholesome out- 
 look on life in the young generation. Nature-study will keep the teacher 
 young and interested in life and enable him to teach with spirit and cheer- 
 fulness. What Longfellow said of Agassiz may be said just as well 
 of the teachers and children who have the true spirit of Nature-study : 
 
 "And he wandered away and away 
 With Nature, the dear old nurse, 
 Who sang to him night and day 
 The rhymes of the universe. 
 
 "And whenever the way seemed long. 
 Or his heart began to fail, 
 She would sing a more wonderful song, 
 Or tell a more marvelous tale." 
 
 PRIMARY DIVISION. 
 
 Fall Term. 
 FIRST grade. 
 
 The Nature studies of the First Grade will be largely informal, 
 dealing generally with familiar material, increasing interest and culti- 
 vating habits of obesrvation and description. There ought to be many 
 excursions — if only around the school premises — sometimes on a voyage 
 of discovery, but generally to obtain .the necessary material or to satisfy 
 some other definite plan. There ought to be a close connection between 
 home and school, both material and treatment, serving to relate the 
 school to the home. The beautiful in nature will be brought out as well 
 as the useful. The moral side must not be neglected. Accurate observa- 
 tion, telling and doing, will lay deep foundations for a love of truth. 
 Language lessons should be based chiefly on this work in order to stimu- 
 late the use of first-hand material, but not every piece of work should end 
 in the inevitable essay. 
 
 Discussion of summer experiences and out-of-door activities. 
 
 The home and who live there. What does father do? Mother? 
 Sisters ? Brothers ? 
 
 Roms in the house ; uses of each, furnishings. . 
 
 Schoolhouse ; rooms, equipment, uses. 
 
 When rooms shold be clean. 
 
 Public places ; the church, store, depot, town-house, factory, bank, 
 etc. What is done in each. 
 
 Make and illustrate a weather chart for each month, serving to teach 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 19 
 
 days of week, name and character of months, seasons, birthdays, hol- 
 idays, etc. 
 
 Informal field studies : Discover and follow seed dispersals in dan- 
 delion, thistle and milkweed. Identify a few common insects, a few most 
 familiar birds, autumn wild flowers. 
 
 Plant bulbs of Chinese lily or paper-white narcissus in water. 
 
 Visit garden and farm to note autumn activities, harvesting, effect of 
 frost. What the garden contributes ; collection and simple study of com- 
 mon vegetables grown above ground ; below ground. Draw and color a 
 few. How stdred for winter. Where we get vegetables when we have 
 no garden ; where the grocer obtains his supply; how he keeps them. 
 
 The pumpkin — in connection with Hallowe'en and Thanksgiving; 
 the flower if available; the growth habit of the plant. Jack o' Lantern; 
 preservation of seed. 
 
 Distinguish squashes from pumpkins. 
 
 Identification of individual trees near school or home, representing 
 by drawing two different species selected from willow, cottonwood, elm, 
 maple and oak. Autumn Arbor Day; transplant small seedling trees. 
 
 The first snow fall ; observe descent of flakes, catch some upon cold 
 dark cloth and study forms of large flakes. 
 
 Animal pets about the home. Animals at work for us. Where 
 kept. How cared for. 
 
 Special study of the cat ; habits, special senses, mental traits, wild 
 relatives, enemy of birds. 
 
 The Christmas tree ; purposes, source, decorations ; evergreens as 
 distinguished from trees which become bare in winter. 
 
 Uses of coal, iron, gold, silver. 
 
 Mining, lumbering and farming. 
 
 Winter Term. 
 
 Illustrated weather chart for each month. Winter games and 
 
 sports. How winter affects the home activities. The shortened day, 
 
 noting declining position of sun. 
 
 Clothing — Purposes, kinds, changes, care. Primitive clothing. Identi- 
 fication of summer and winter materials. Sources of each. 
 
 Shelter — What plants and animals do in winter; why houses are neces- 
 sary to people ; primitive homes ; building materials. Uses of doors, 
 windows, screens, storm doors, porches. 
 
 Make doll house of pasteboard or box. Equip with furniture, rugs, 
 utensils ; preserve distinction of rooms. 
 
 Heating the home ; kinds of fuel ; source and supply of wood ; coal and 
 gas ; carbon the heat former. 
 
 Food — Name articles of food ; where food comes from; carbon in food 
 and how eating keeps the body warm; winter soiirces; home stor- 
 
20 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 age; habits in eating and drinking; source of water; methods of 
 cooking; simple lessons of hygiene of nutrition; care of teeth; 
 table manners ; thorough mastication ; value of good cheer and 
 appetite. 
 
 Care of house plants ; plant necessities — soil, light, moisture, heat. Iden- 
 tification of a few common house plants ; observation and care of 
 bulb plants started in the fall. 
 
 The caged canary ; halnts, care ; studied at home ; other seed-eating 
 birds. 
 
 Breathing and ventilation especially in sleeping rooms. Oxygen, the 
 life-bearer, and how people and animals must breath to get it. Simple 
 lessons in proper habits. 
 
 The five senses — Recognition, uses, practice and care of sense organs. 
 Trace the senses among the animals ; why absent from plants ? 
 
 Emergencies — What to do in case of cuts, scratches, burns, nose bleed, 
 frost bites — lessons given as occasion affords opportunity. 
 
 The horse — Uses, disposition, habits, care fitness for service to man. 
 
 Plant nasturtium in window boxes and in egg shells ; later transplant 
 from egg shells to school or home garden ; advantages of early 
 planting. 
 
 Anticipations of spring; lengthening of days and other seasonal changes; 
 weather, birds, trees — pussy willow, soft maples, elms, weeds, hiber- 
 nating animals — insects, earthworms, snakes, ground spuirrels ; prep- 
 aration for gardening and lawns. Window boxes. Winter games 
 and sports. 
 
 Gather a few pupae for study as they emerge in the spring. 
 
 Spring Term. 
 
 Continue weather charts. 
 
 Spring time activities at home ; cleaning house ; putting up screens 
 and awnings ; change in clothing ; cleaning up the yard. Reparis ; identi- 
 fication and use of a few carpenter's tools. 
 
 Follow changes in willow, soft maple, elm and study these twigs 
 indoors. Opening of flower and twig bud ; experiments in growing new 
 trees from cuttings in water, sand, loam. 
 
 Early growth of herbs ; identification of three or four common weeds 
 and of wild and cultivated plants by means of foliage and habit of 
 growth. 
 
 Make home and field acquaintance with a few most familiar birds; 
 seek details of characteristic habits rather than a long list of bird names. 
 
 Arbor and Bird Day; indebtedness to trees and birds. Plant seeds 
 of elm, willow and maple or arrange to obtain them later if they are not 
 now mature ; plant cuttings of willow which were started in earlies study ; 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 21 
 
 plant a young apple tree, if one can be obtained ; prepare and maintain a 
 food table for birds ; hang out threads, string or yarn as nest material ; 
 place a basin of water for birds where cats cannot annoy ; add mud for 
 robins' nesting ; keep cat from harming birds. Songs and recitation 
 about birds and trees, — but better, do things. 
 
 The squirrel and his habits. 
 
 Identification of a few spring flowers ; simple wild flower chart with 
 dates. Transplant specimens to wild flower garden at school and home. 
 
 The school garden. As a group, plant flower gardens and vegetable 
 garden. Let each child have a share ; develop choice of these plants for 
 garden, planting pop-corn for next winter, and sunflowers for ornament 
 or for food for chickens or other birds. Care of garden. Follow home 
 garden, if a school garden is impossible. Plant nastutiums as border 
 against building, fences or walk. 
 
 If possible, study the frog and its development; collection and care 
 of frog spawn or tad-poles. 
 
 Life history of moth or butterfly and observations upon specimens 
 that develop from the pupae that have been gathered. 
 
 BOOKS FOR TEACHERS. 
 
 Holtz Nature Study — Scribners. Hodge's Nature Study and Life — 
 Ginn & Co. Cumming's Nature Study — American Book Co. Schmucker's 
 ' Nature Books — J. B. Lippincott & Co. Upham's Introduction to Ag-, 
 riculture — D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 First Division. 
 
 fall term. 
 
 (Grades 2, 3 and 4.) 
 
 Make carefully planned observational tours to some place, field, gar- 
 den, meadow, animal home (such as nest, burrow, barn, stable, sty, 
 etc.), woods, flowing stream, spring, pond or lake, orchard, vineyard, 
 factory, shop. Twice a week would not be too often. Let tlie children 
 know the purpose of your tour before starting. Do not have more than 
 one or two objects in view for one tour. On the following day talk 
 about your tour and what was seen and learned. Collect specimens where 
 feasible. Let the children write compositions on some object they have 
 studied, its use, cultivation, etc., and keep for exhibits at school and at 
 the fair. This may be made a part of the work in language. Some of 
 the reading lessons may be on subjects pertaining to agriculture. 
 
 Aims of these lessons to the children : 
 
 1. Better and growing powers of observation. 
 
 2. Thoughtful habits. 
 
 3. Knowledge of a special kind. 
 
^iiZ A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 4. Power of comparison acquired and the ability to distinguish 
 objects — dissimilar and similar. 
 
 5. Storing useful information. 
 
 The oral and essay work may include description of the objects, 
 their uses, cultivation, etc., in language and terms understood by the 
 child. All this may in many ways be used as a part of the recitation in 
 other branches — as language, number work, oral geography, in fact the 
 reading lesson some times may be upon subjects pertaining to Agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 Make much of the exhibits of the work of the children ; keep it and 
 show it in the school room on special days and send it to the fair as a 
 part of the school exhibit. 
 
 Trips with the following in view : Effects of the frost ; sprouting of 
 the wheat ; corn well shocked ; birds yet to be seen ; quail haunts and pro- 
 tection of these birds; the apple orchards; apple picking; making cider; 
 marketing the apples and cider (something of vinegar may also be 
 learned); digging and marketing potatoes and sweet potatoes; growing 
 garden products ; wild flowers ; the forest trees getting ready for winter ; 
 make a collection of all kinds of seeds ; spirrels ; catterpillars and other 
 small animal life, as time and the progress of the class will permit. 
 
 What to observe : 
 
 I. Around the farm home: The flowers, the shrubs, the fruit and 
 shade trees, the plants of the garden, the grains in the grainaries and 
 cribs, preparations for winter feeding, and housing, care of the farm ani- 
 mals, the pets of the children, the poultry; name the farm machinery and 
 tools, and note the care of them ; weeds, insects and birds. - 
 
 II. On the farm : The plan of laying out the farm, names and 
 number of fields, the woods, the fences, farm crops harvesting of corn; 
 the weeds and flowers ; the trees in the woods, the trees along the roads 
 and lanes, the shade trees and the fruit trees, the farm animals and their 
 uses; the 'farm products, the selling and marketing of the same or their 
 preservation. 
 
 Continue weather observations. Note the time of the first frost and 
 the first snowfall. Is the first frost more severe in high or in low places? 
 
 Gather all kinds of seeds and place them in properly labeled bottles 
 for study and display. Get the children so. familiar with them that they 
 can distinguish them one from the other. 
 
 Preservation for winter and spring use of apples, potatoes, celery, 
 cabbage, sweet potatoes and pumpkins. 
 
 Seed distribution : cockelbur, Spanish needle and burdock stealing 
 rides on animals and people. Hickory nuts, walnuts, acorns and beech 
 nuts carried by squirrels. Squirrels gather beechnuts into piles, which 
 are sometimes discovered by boys. Seeds like those of cherries and 
 berries carried by birds. Seeds of tumble grass blown by wind. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 23 
 
 Value of warm and sanitary stables for farm animals and poultry. 
 
 Observe the flocks of blackbirds in autumn and find out where they 
 go. Study the migratory habits of birds. What birds remain with us 
 all winter and what do they eat? Teach the children how to keep the 
 birds with us all winter. 
 
 How to protect rose bushes, strawberries and rhubarb for winter. 
 
 Preparing for and sowing wheat, corn cutting ; the shock ; naming 
 all parts of the stalk; the silo; the pumpkin crop. Uses of garden 
 products and fruits ; canning of fruits. The value and beauty of shade 
 trees ; beautiful color of leaves in autumn. 
 
 General Suggestions and Hints. 
 
 1. The water in streams is muddy after a heavy rain because it is 
 carrying soil and clay. Allow a tumbler full of muddy water to stand 
 till mud settles. Pour off the clear water and allow the mud to dry. Ex- 
 amine. Streams wear their channels deeper and ravines are slowly 
 formed. Teach this in connection with oral geography. 
 
 2. Boys and girls do not like to eat the same thing all the time. 
 Same is true of our domestic animals. Balanced rations needed for 
 both animals and people. Teach this in connection with oral physiology. 
 
 3. First lessons in sowing and planting are most impressive — the 
 more so if the children do the work — all the work. Try it; have them 
 plant at least one tree in October, let them do all the work, for they will 
 be happy at it and happier in the spring when they see the leaves. Let 
 them test some seed wheat in the seed tester. 
 
 4. Get some bulbs and have the pupils make a bed and plant them ; 
 you will all be delighted in the spring to see the bloom, and then you will 
 have some material for spring study. Then do not forget that all this 
 work at school is not yet what it should be if some of the same work 
 is not done at the home of each and every child in these classes. 
 
 5. A trip to see some one thing of special importance — a tree for 
 its foliage or fruit, its leaves, or signs of disease; to see a fine flower or 
 garden bed ; to look up the haunt or the nest of a wild animal or bird. 
 
 6. Young as these pupils may be it is the time to interest them in 
 agricultural literature. Have the farm papers and nature study books 
 at hand and assign short pieces to be read privately and reported to the 
 class orally. 
 
 7. Have an exhibit of the work done at least every two weeks and 
 invite the patrons in. Keep the best of these exhibits of every child's 
 work for a general school exhibit of the township or village; keep the 
 best of the township exhibits for the County and State Fair exhibits. 
 
 8. Let the teacher come to this task with a will to do as well or bet- 
 ter in this subject as in any other. The next step will be to demonstrate 
 to the pupils that the farm on which they live is their home and is just as 
 
24 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 full of life as their own flesh and blood ; it is not essentially a dry and 
 disinteresting expanse of lifeless dirt and stone ; above all, it is not a less 
 refined place to live than the city, or the village — these ideals must the 
 successful teacher love and enjoy. 
 
 9. A Woman's club of the women and girls of the vicinity would be 
 a most valuable aid in all the grades in working with the teacher in carry- 
 ing the good things of the school to the homes and in return the school 
 would get many helps from these women and from the homes that would 
 connect the school and the home and carry into effect the suggestions of 
 this course and any of the plans of the teacher. The study of all the 
 plants and animals would be promoted by such a club ; the beautifying and 
 sanitation of the school and the home would receive a great impetus from 
 even a small club ; pictures on the walls, books for the school and people 
 of the neighborhood, the janitor work, the school grounds, etc., are some 
 of the subjects that such a club would take up and work out. 
 
 WINTER TERM. 
 
 (Grades 2, 3 and 4.) 
 
 See suggestions in the Autumn Bulletin. Keep in mind the aims of 
 this work on page 8 of the Autumn Bulletin, 
 
 Retain many of the specimens of the autumn work for the Fair ex- 
 hibits and for the winter lessons. 
 
 The reading class, the oral geography and physiology classes are 
 timely places for much recitation work in this subject. Assign a topic 
 how and then to be worked out in these classes. Read about some sub- 
 ject appropriate to the grades and the season. 
 
 Observation trips zvith the follozving in z'iezv: 
 
 The condition of the lawn and garden so as to endure the hardships 
 of winter and to be ready for the spring planting; the orchards and fruit 
 lots, the buds, the sap ; do all trees shed their leaves at the same time ? 
 
 Farm Animals: 
 
 The care and shelter of farm animals during the winter months; 
 the bridle bit should be warmed on a cold morning before put into a 
 horse's mouth ; the feeding of such animals ; the care of the stables, 
 poultry houses and cellars. The farm shop and the tool shed, name of 
 each tool and its uses, and care of these. The expectation of these ob- 
 servation visits will have a most salutary and uplifting effect on the 
 farms and in the homes that you visit. 
 
 The Birds — Those that have migrated ; those that will remain all 
 winter; the feeding and housing of these birds and does it pay. 
 
 Bird houses — The manner of living of winter residents, uses to the 
 farmer, many birds die of cold and hunger; how we should care for 
 them. How coax them to stay all winter and make a permanent home 
 around the home of the boys and girls. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 25 
 
 The frost and its effects — The frozen plant, frozen fruit, and frozen 
 water, how protect from the frost, a strawberry bed prepared for the 
 winter, fruit and vegetables preserved in cellars. 
 
 Continue weather observations. Learn to locate and recognize the 
 Great Dipper, the North Star, the Pleiades, Orion. Note the elevation 
 of the sun at noon, and if there is a south window ; how far the sunlight 
 shines into the room ; the time and place of the rising of the moon and 
 sun and something about the phases of the moon. 
 
 Special study of the cat, of the dog and two or three other farm 
 animals ; their habits, senses mental traits, food uses, domestic and wild 
 relatives. 
 
 Teach the reading and uses of the thermometer. Study how the 
 house is heated, how ventilated ; value of sunlight, uses of sunlight, 
 power of the direct vertical rays over indirect or slanting rays; all kinds 
 of fuel. 
 
 Study of different soils after the crops are harvested and where the 
 ground is bare. Pick up stones that show effects of weathering. Stones 
 decay. This decayed sto-.c material mingled with vegetable matter forms 
 soil. Compare with rusting of iron. 
 
 Make collections of such seeds as are to be found ; learn to name 
 each when presented separately ; let each pupil make a collection for the 
 school and fair exhibits. Seeds of orchard fruits and garden vegetables 
 may be arranged in exhibits and learned by sight by these pupils. Make 
 a seed tester and get ready for the seed testing; let the children take an 
 individual part in all this work. 
 
 The limbs and branches of the different kinds of trees — evergreens, 
 forest and fruit trees — may be seen and studied at different times so 
 as to note difference in structure and buds. Compare leaves of ever- 
 greens with those of the deciduous trees. 
 
 Ears of different varieties of corn may be brought to school and 
 studied; size of grains and their quality, size of corn on good ears and 
 on the improperly portioned ones, varieties of corn in the immediate 
 neighborhood, popcorn and the popping of it; the study of stover, 
 forage, meals and other feeds ; the care of the corn cribs ; the prevention 
 of rat, mouse and other destruction of the grains; the shelling and 
 grinding of corn. 
 
 The poultry yard ; the care of the laying hens ; gathering of the eggs, 
 the care and cleanliness of the hen-house. Let the pupils construct the 
 buildings out of paper, showing nest and roosting places. 
 
 Put some seeds to soak now and then and have the pupils write and 
 tell orally what they see. The value of the proper care of all seeds 
 during the winter can now be well taught and thorough learned. 
 
 Visits to a market to see and learn the marketing, the names of 
 new objects, the buying and selling, the care of fruits, vegetables, etc., 
 and preparation of these to be bought and sold. The shipping of vege- 
 
26 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 tables not native could be the basis of a fine lesson in agricultural geog- 
 raphy. 
 
 Have experiments with the growing of cuttings, seeds, bulbs, etc., 
 in boxes of loam or sand. Study these and have the observations writ- 
 ten up and told by the pupils from time to time. 
 
 Study native wild animals, its habits, covering, home, hibernation, 
 etc. ; have the pupils learn the native wild animals. 
 
 It is not necessary to separate the nature study and the study of 
 physiology in these grades. The physiology and hygiene of the farm 
 animals can be well taught in the oral work in physiology. See Autumn 
 Bulletin and the Course of Study. 
 
 The minerals of the neighborhood, the soils, etc., are splendid sub- 
 jects for nature study work at this season of the year. 
 
 General Suggestions. 
 
 1. The trips in the winter season should not be as long as at other 
 seasons, they may be more specific so as to take less time if the weather 
 is bad. 
 
 2. The work of the autumn should often be recalled and reviewed ; 
 specimens should be gathered and collections made that make a good 
 exhibit. These should be preserved and shown at the school displays 
 and at the fairs. 
 
 3. Effects of heat and cold should be well taught, — efifects upon 
 plants and animals. 
 
 4. Better farmers and farm life should be a constant aim in all 
 this teaching. While we teach clean fields and gardens, we also teach 
 clean bodies and minds in our pupils and the result will just as certainly 
 be reflected in the citizenship of the future. 
 
 5. The habit of killing the wild animals and birds is now as never 
 before a fruitful line for thought and should be counteracted by skilful 
 teaching as fast as possible by creating different ideals and teaching the 
 real uses of the different birds and animals ; most of them are very useful. 
 
 6. The helpful sympathy and encouragement of the patrons in 
 this teaching is also to be an aim; that they too may learn is to be ex- 
 pected for they never had the opportunity to study these things -in 
 school. So teachers of boys and girls are also teachers of men and 
 women both of the present and of the future. 
 
 "I will walk abroad; all grief shall be forgotten today; for the 
 air is ccol and still, and the hills are high and stretch away to heaven; 
 and the forest glades are as quiet as a churchyard; and with the dew 
 I can wash away the fever from my forehead, and then I shall be un- 
 happy no longer." — DeOuincey. 
 
 7. The winter months are the ones to use especially for exhibits 
 that public should see, for it is at this time of the year that people like 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 27 
 
 to be entertained ; exhibits of garden products that are being kept over, of 
 soils and soil testing, of grains, fruits, insects, seeds of all kinds and seed 
 testing, plans for the farm and for the garden for the next year, draw- 
 ings, paintings, articles sewed, embroidered, etc., all make fine displays and 
 each has its lessons for the children and for those who see. Contests 
 if conducted without friction are also good drawing cards for a school 
 exhibit. Let the bulletins, books on Agriculture and Nature Study, and 
 the cpurses of study be parts of the exhibit at all times. 
 
 The materials for the County and State Fair exhibits can easily be 
 taken from these displays and preserved until the time they are needed 
 to be prepared for the fairs at the close of school. 
 
 First Division, 
 spring term.' 
 (Grades, 2, 3 and 4.) 
 
 In addition to the aims set forth on page eight of the Autumn Bulle- 
 tin, one more aim needs to be kept in view in the spring work in these 
 classes, namely: The value of proper preparation for the planting in 
 every detail — selecting soils, preparing soils, selecting seeds, tools- in 
 order, fences in order. 
 
 Investigate the results of previous work, such as looking into the 
 hot beds and cold frames and the starting of such if not already done; 
 the examination of the rhubarb and strawberry beds ; the hyacinths, 
 jonquils, crocuses, and tulips are very interesting study now when the 
 children are so anxious to see something growing; the onion and lettuce 
 beds should be well along, especially the former if there was any fall 
 planting; transplant wild flowers and plant seeds; the fall work for the 
 extermination of weeds by destroying the old weed stalks and seeds by 
 burning will now show its results and the attention of the pupils ought 
 to be called to the value of this kind of work. 
 
 Around the farm house notice t^ie condition of the flower beds, the 
 garden and the fruit orchards; complete the preparation of these for 
 the Spring planting and for the proper cultivation, fertilizing, spraying, 
 etc. Learn the names of the different trees and plants found on the 
 grounds ; the walks and roads around the farm home and how to make 
 them and keep them in order. Examination of the seed collections to 
 see if they have kept well ; planting seeds from these collections to see 
 if they will grow. Note how the seeds have been preserved in different 
 homes and call the attention of the children to the best methods of pre- 
 serving grain, fruits and seeds of all kinds. 
 
 Get a measurement of each of the gardens- represented in the class 
 and use it in the arithmetic classes and for the purpose of planning what 
 to plant in them. Study the plants and plans used the preceding year 
 or years and teach the pupils how to improve upon them as to the beauty 
 
Zb A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 and utility of the gardens. Have the children draw plans for the flower 
 and garden beds and for the whole lawn and garden at their homes; 
 visit some of these that are well planned and point out the various use- 
 ful and beautiful phases of each lawn and garden. Call attention to 
 trees and other objects in the garden. Is it a good thing to have trees 
 in the garden? Why, or why not? 
 
 Plant some flower and garden seeds in egg shells and in the seed 
 tester; show some seeds growing on wet cotton or under wet cloth; 
 transplant the young plants, teaching the children how to do the work 
 so as to be successful, using great care to every detail and that the 
 pupils grasp the idea of each step ; have the pupils do the work and 
 use all patience with them in their every effort ; if any fail, have them try 
 again. 
 
 Visit some homes for the purpose of observing the house plants; 
 it may have been well to have told the pupils that such visits as these 
 would be made and then each home would have striven to have had some- 
 thing to show to the classmates when the observation visit was made. 
 
 Continue weather observations. 
 
 Study dew, rain and fogs. 
 
 This work can be best studied by trips to the woods, streams, rail- 
 roads and other places of interest. 
 
 Trips to the woods to watch the new buds open, to name the trees, 
 to learn to know the trees by their foliage, bark and general outlines, 
 also study the blossom. 
 
 Other trips to these woods to study the birds, their habits, their 
 home-making, their food gathering and their real uses to the garden 
 and farm. The names of all the birds that remained over winter should 
 have been well learned and then as the migratory birds come back in 
 this season their names should be learned and the bird studied. Teach 
 early in the school life of the child the useful birds and teach the special 
 uses, and then we will all learn how few of the bird family there are that 
 are not useful, for very many that we in the past have called enemies 
 are in reality our friends and help very materially in the holding in check 
 of the destructive insects; then back of the songs you and your pupils 
 can hear on your excursions, think of the beauty of color and happy bird 
 life you can see and feel. 
 
 The building of bird houses, the collection of material for the nests, 
 and how the children can aid in this, the actual building of the nests, 
 the eggs, the hatching and feeding the young, the rearing of the young 
 and the flight from the nest. A most important element to be taught 
 is the protection to be given these bird friends. With the forests thin- 
 ning out more and more, the birds must be encouraged and assisted to 
 make their homes with us. 
 
 The language work is alive when we use such topics as birds, bird 
 life, and excursions among the birds as the basis of our language work ; 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 29 
 
 such material is here found and it is a live matter in one channel of 
 book language work year after year. 
 
 A trip to the banks of a stream to observQ the flow, the drift and 
 sediment carried, the deposits along the banks, the effects of the currents 
 and eddies, the flow of ditches, springs, smaller streams, etc., into it, 
 all have a special meaning. If thoughtfully planned as a class affair 
 and as a recitation these trips will dawn upon the pupils as lessons in 
 drainage, on erosion, on fertilizing the land by deposits of the overflow 
 of streams, on the value or harm of running streams, upon the health of 
 the people by carrying away the refuse, garbage, etc., and, in addition to 
 all these objects the subject of commerce over the running streams may 
 be elaborated upon and then lead the children from that to the study 
 of commerce upon the canals, lakes and oceans. 
 
 A trip to the railroad depot or to the railroad to see the trains load 
 and unload the express matter and freight, or simply to watch the trains 
 pass and observe the products the trains carry to and from the neighbor- 
 hood. Also study the other products carried to the farmers and observe 
 the people traveling. 
 
 Many children and others, too, do not know the different plants — 
 both wild and domestic — in their very young state ; so a trip now and 
 then to study the young flowers, weeds and vegetables, to know them 
 by their earliest leaf productions will be worth while. Some of the seed 
 collected in the autumn ought to be planted and the growth watched 
 from day to day. By this method the pupils will recognize many of 
 them. 
 
 The results of these trips can be worked out in the oral agricultural 
 lessons and in the language work. The collection of interesting objects 
 of study should be a very important part of every trip. . Young as these 
 pupils are they can be taught some of the cfiseases and the most harmful 
 insects that visit the orchards and fields. The results of these trips to 
 a language or geography class will rejuvenate the spirit of these classes 
 even if the pupils do not understand all the technical parts of the subject. 
 
 SOME BOOKS FOR PUPILS OF THESE AND THE FOLLOWING GRADES. 
 
 Farm Friends and Farm Foes D. C. Heath & Co. 
 
 Elements of Agriculture D. C. Heath & Co. 
 
 Nature Study Readers D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 Elements of Agriculture D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 Playtime and Seedtime (series) D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 Nature Study in the Elementary Schools The MacMillan Co. 
 
 Uncle Henry's Letters to a Farm Boy The MacMillan Co 
 
 Nature Study (A series) .-Xmerican Book Co. 
 
 Birds through the Year American Book Co. 
 
 Ten Common Trees American Book Co.' 
 
 In the Year Round (series) Ginn & Co. 
 
 Friends and Helpers Ginn & Co. 
 
 Stories of Insect Life Ginn & Co. 
 
30 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Life on the Farm A. Flanagan Co 
 
 Great American Industries A. Flanagan Co. 
 
 The Corn Lady A. Flanagan Co 
 
 Second Division. 
 (Grades 5 and 6.) 
 
 FALL TERM. 
 
 ' Sources of Information. 
 
 In this division pupils should be taught the sources of valuable in- 
 formation for the student of agriculture. Important information can 
 be secured from the following departments: 
 
 1. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
 
 2. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 3. State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 4. State Commissioner of Common Schools, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 5. The State Supervisor of Agriculture in your district. 
 
 6. The Agricultural College, O. S. U., Columbus Ohio. 
 
 The Ohio Experiment Station, The Agricultural College, and the 
 State Board of Agriculture and the department of the State School Com- 
 missioner send instructors and lecturers where the public may require 
 their assistance. 
 
 It is the duty of the teacher to encourage cooperation between the 
 community and these departments that are prepared to give assistance 
 in agricultural instruction. 
 
 To know how and where to get information is part of an education. 
 The teacher can show that agriculture is one of the broadest fields for 
 the development of the intellectual powers ; that it is the study of the 
 three great kingdoms of nature ; the mineral kingdom, the vegetable 
 kingdom and the animal kingdom. 
 
 Write for Bulletin 19, Division of Publications, U. S. Department 
 of Agriculture; this is a classification of all the publications of this 
 department for the use of teachers. 
 
 There is such illustrative material that can be obtained free of cost 
 by those who will take the pains to write for it ; teachers can also secure 
 from manufacturers, many samples of manufactured products, for 
 school exhibits, to show what can be made from the raw materials of 
 the farm. 
 
 Send to the U. S. Department of Agriculture for alfalfa cultures 
 for experimental purposes ; food products, maps, metric system charts ; 
 chart of the classification of clouds ; a territorial map ; and other similar 
 publications from the government. 
 
 The Community. 
 
 This work should begin with a study of community life. The 
 child should know the people of his community, and how they live; 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 31 
 
 how the community supports itself, and its relation to the neighboring 
 communities ; how churches, schools, roads, telephones, telegraphs and 
 mail routes and many other modern conveniences come to be here ; pupils 
 should be taken on trips to visit shops, mines, and factories where they 
 can have an opportunity to see different classes of the leading trades 
 of the country; let them see the working of levers, pulleys, derricks, 
 cranes and steam shovels ; examples of water power, steam, electricity 
 and gas. Let them see the traffic of the city and the different occupa- 
 tions represented; transportation, commerce and manufacturing; 
 methods of transportation on lakes, rivers and canals; on railroads and 
 public highways. 
 
 Study the subject of soils; how they were formed; the lay of the 
 land and how it is drained; what the farms produce and why; road 
 building methods ; tools and materials used in construction ; costs and 
 benefits to be derived. Teach the important facts pertaining to the 
 community. 
 
 Let the cbildren go on excursions from the city to the country; 
 let them come in touch with rural life; let them see some model farms 
 with their well kept and well arranged buildings ; the barns filled with 
 grain, feed and well kept stock. 
 
 These trips may be used to furnish material for composition and 
 language work. 
 
 Plants: 
 
 Continue garden work started in spring; care of strawberry beds 
 and plants, raspberries and other plants in winter; tree planting in the 
 fall ; study contrast between evergreen and deciduous trees ; plant nuts, 
 peach seeds, acorns, and other seeds that come up the following spring. 
 
 Study the coloration and fall of autumn leaves ; study changes as 
 they take place in the oak, maple and a few other trees ; make collec- 
 tions of leaves, of the walnut, elm, oak, willow, basswood, apple, thistle, 
 <:lover, timothy, and other familiar leaves; arrange collections artistically 
 on cardboard, in herbariums, or in some manner suitable for displays 
 at township or county exhibits ; leaves can be assembled in groups from 
 their resemblance in venation, in base, in apex, in margin. Learn to 
 recognize the leaves of each kind of tree represented in your collection. 
 
 Make a collection of different varieties of wood found in your part 
 of the state ; cut into sections or blocks of uniform size and length ; 
 show effects on the grained sivrface by cutting blocks lengthwise and at 
 different angles ; quartersawed ; effects of planed and polished surfaces ; 
 modes of finishing woods. 
 
 Learn to recognize and name the different kinds of wood from the 
 characteristics of the bark; the sawed surfaces ; the rough; the polished 
 sides. 
 
 Study the formation of grain; the texture and arrangement of 
 ■cells ; tlie rings of annual growth. 
 
32 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Study commercial uses and values of each ; make a list of different 
 kinds of woods and explain how used in construction of dwellings. 
 
 Study the woodman's Hfe, forest and game preserves; conservation 
 of our forests ; natural resources ; coal ; waterpowers ; water rights ; 
 iron; lead; copper; mines. 
 
 Make a drawing of a corn plant which has been carefully taken 
 up by the roots. Cut across a piece of stalk; cut it lengthwise and 
 examine structure; examine threads, air ducts, and outer part of stalk; 
 note arrangement of leaves; circulation of sap; observe position of 
 roots; study effects of cultivation, examine tassel; stamens; pollen; 
 pistils. 
 
 Remove husks carefully from ear of corn; examine silk; fertiliza- 
 tion; make collection of different types; study history; statistics; make 
 collection of ten good ears; study uniformity; shape; weight; study 
 kernel ; draw diagram ; structure composition ; locate color, starch, 
 gluten, hull, germ, tip and crown ; observe number of rows, sides of 
 kernel, embryo; study feeding value, and commercial value; manu- 
 factured articles. 
 
 Make a collection of apples from your neighborhood ; study color, 
 flavor texture; market value, adaptibility, keeping quality; cut cross- 
 wise and lengthwise and make drawings ; observe star shaped arrange- 
 ment of seeds; name parts; name parts of flower and show what part 
 remains on an apple; study other fruits in same manner; preservation, 
 preserves, uses, manufactured products. 
 
 Animals: 
 
 Make a list of the animals of the farm, forest, stream in your 
 neighborhood; this will include mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, frogs, 
 insects; and other animal forms; explain difference in life; study ben- 
 eficial and injurious forms; when possible make collections; make list 
 of most useful and most injurious animals; make a comparison of the 
 respective values of horses, cows, hogs, sheep, cattle, and poultry ; make 
 a list of the manufacturing industries dependent upon these products of 
 the farm. 
 
 Make a comparative study of the acorn and the egg; of the life 
 of a tree and a bird; of the Hfe of a frog and a fish; of a bee and a 
 butterfly. Identify fish of the neighboring streams; those on the mar- 
 ket. Study methods of catching, fish culture; learn the classifiaction of 
 •1 few such animals as the snail ; tortoise ; clam ; eel. 
 
 Study migration of birds. (See course of study.) Study care and 
 protection of birds that stay with us over winter. Study birds as seed 
 and worm destroyers, classify the birds as birds of prey; songsters; 
 waders ; climbers ; game birds ; domesticated fowls. 
 
 The Ohio Experiment Station has prepared a bulletin on Ohio birds. 
 it has been prepared expressly for the use of Ohio teachers, and will 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 33 
 
 be mailed to you by Sept. i, if you will send your address to the station 
 at Wooster, O. 
 
 Write to the National Association of Audubon Societies, 141., 
 Broadway, N. Y., and ask for samples of leaflets, and directions for 
 organizing a Junior Audubon Class for bird study. Send for Special 
 Leaflet No. 22. 
 
 Have a lesson on the grasshopper. Make a collection of grasshop- 
 pers; name different parts of organs; legs, head, tail wings, feeders; 
 count the legs as they are on the thorax or abdomen ; Note their arrange- 
 ment ; observe shape and difference in size ; shanks of hind legs ; ex- 
 amine the antennae. Where is the grasshopper's backbone? Observe 
 differenc betwen vertebrates and invertibrates. 
 
 Make a similar study of -the honey-bee ; the cricket ; house-fly and 
 other insects. Study manner in which insects produce sounds. 
 
 Drawing. Study colors and drawing. 
 
 Without drawing and coloring, our study of flowers, birds and in- 
 sects will fall very far short of serving its highest purpose ; observa- 
 tion, imagination, and creative power must go together. The Audubon 
 Leaflets with outlines for suggestions and colorings can be of great 
 assistance. 
 
 Minerals and Soils: — (See course of study.) 
 
 Make collections : pebbles, rocks, minerals, fossils, arrow heads and 
 other relics of America's early inhabitants. Observe evidence of glacial 
 period; evidences of lake beds; study bottom lands and source of 
 alluvial deposits; difi^erence between soil on high and low grounds; 
 identify rocks and soids ; study origin of gravel, sand, silt, clay, loam, 
 muck, effects of atmospheric agents and elements on wearing away of. 
 hill sides; courses of streams; disintegration of rocks. 
 Farm Lands: 
 
 Let pupils use sand to show topography of immediate locality ; draw 
 map of a well drained farm and illustrate elevations, depressions with 
 relief worked out in sand ; show water courses ; arrangement of fields. 
 Show location of buildings, orchards, wells, woodlands, pasture lands, 
 crops and other important features of farm management. 
 
 Study preparation of lawns ; arrangement of trees, shrubs, vines, 
 flower beds ; seeding, rolling, watering, fertilizing, weeding, study plans 
 for beautifying home grounds and dwellings ; study advantages of order, 
 arrangement, system, cleanliness and sanitary conditions in all the build- 
 ings and their equipments and environments. 
 
 WINTER TERM. 
 
 Follow the directions in the tentative course of study. 
 The teacher can give agricultural instruction every hour of the di^y 
 by correlating it with every branch taught in the common schoolfx. 
 
 3 s. c. 
 
34 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Composition and Language : 
 
 Obtain colored pictures of famous paintings ; there should be pic- 
 tures of animals, rural scenes, and landscapes hanging on the walls of 
 the school room. The pupils should be required to talk and write of 
 their trips to the rivers, woods, fields, barns, factories and cities. 
 
 Reading : 
 
 Select lessons in reading adapted to the season and to the subject 
 to be studied ; read from books on nature ; text books on agriculture. 
 When studying birds read from the best selections on birds by the best 
 prose and poetical writers; (see list of selections and books). Make 
 reading the exponent and vehicle of good things. 
 
 History : 
 
 Study causes for the agricultural and industrial development of the 
 U. S. Study the progress made in labor saving machinery and its influ- 
 ences on different parts of the country; study the history of corn and 
 other products ; learn something of the life of Luther Burbank, Thomas 
 A. Edison, and other men of science ; rather than warriors. 
 
 Physiology and Hygiene : 
 
 Make a comparative study of the structure of the physical organism 
 of man and some of the lower animals ; send for the "Farm, stock and 
 Family Chart," by the Orange Judd Company, New York. Send to The 
 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and get the Food Products Maps; these will 
 faciliate the teaching of composition of food materials ; study hygienic 
 laws in construction of farm buildings; care of animals; study sanita- 
 tion with reference to water supply. 
 
 Geography : 
 
 Study the map and learn the location of the region producing each 
 of our leading agricultural products; study the states that lead in the 
 production of each ; explain causes for difference in products ; construct 
 relief maps and product maps ; arrange a corn map, a map showing loca- 
 tion of other staple products and also an animal map ; send to Wash- 
 ington to the department of agriculture and ask for Crop Reports pub- 
 lished by the Secretary of Agriculture which will show distribution of 
 products and give valuable statistics; this will furnish such supple- 
 mentary work correlated with Geography. 
 
 Arithmetic : 
 
 Give supplementary problems with the lesson in arithmetic; have 
 practical agricultiu-al problems; they should combine the facts of agri- 
 culture with mathematical training; feeding problems; balanced rations; 
 nutritive, ratio; mixing of fertilizers; mixing sprays; construction of 
 buildings; silos; cribs; granaries; tile drains; fences; road building; 
 ditching; problems in seeding; planting and harvesting of wheat, corn 
 and other crops ; marketing ; egg production ; trade problems ; make all 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 35 
 
 problems practical and applicable to the every day transactions of the 
 community by consulting the daily market reports. 
 
 Plants: 
 
 Study a tree and name different parts ; functions of parts ; plant 
 foods; sources of nourishment; study relations of air and leaves; roots 
 and soils. Learn to recognize some of the common trees of the forest ; 
 name the best kinds of firewood ; some of the best commercial woods ; 
 study treatment for lengthening the durability of buildings, post, ties, 
 paving blocks, shingles. 
 
 Review study of your flower and weed specimens in your herba- 
 riums; Distinguish underground stems, bulbs, and tubers from roots; 
 collect exhibits of each. 
 
 Study plans for the home garden ; for experimental plots ; make 
 collections of flower and vegetable seeds ; prepare seed testers ; con- 
 struct cold frames, hot beds and study methods of propagating plants. 
 
 Send to some good seed house for catalogue; make selections for 
 spring seeding; toward spring test the germinating power of seeds. 
 
 Send to the Ohio Experiment Station for the following bulletins: 
 The spray bulletin; The Ohio Weed Manual; Ohio Plant Diseases. 
 
 Discuss plans whereby a boy could produce the greatest income 
 from an acre of ground; a farmer on ten acres; on twenty acres; on 
 forty acres; on eighty acres. 
 
 Have corn judging contests; organize for a corn growing contest; 
 form boys' and girls' agricultural clubs.. Hold agricultural exhibits. 
 Write to your supervisor of agriculture for infomation and plans, 
 
 ANIMALS: 
 
 Observe how the chipmunk, woodmouse, woodchuck, and muskrat 
 prepare for winter; how they live; animals that hibernate; make an 
 investigation of what becomes of certain insects and snakes in winter. 
 
 1 1 ottschold Pests : 
 
 Study methods for the destruction of mice, rats, flys, mosquitos, 
 nioihs and other vermin; send to the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for the 
 following bulletins: (Farmer's Bulletins.) 
 
 155. How insects affect health in rural districts. 
 
 459. House Flies. 
 
 369. How to Destroy Rats. 
 
 383. How to Destroy English Sparrows. 
 
 Send to the bureau of entomology circulars, U. S. Dept. of Ag. for 
 circulars : 
 
 34 — House Ants; 36 — The true Clothes Moths; 47 — The Bedbug; 
 48 — The house Centipede; 51 — Cockroaches; 71 — House Flies; 108 — 
 House Fleas. 
 
 Send for circular 76 — List of Publications of the Bureau of Entom- 
 ology. 
 
36 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Name the fur-bearing animals of your locality; explain causes for 
 difference in values of winter and summer furs; name some animals 
 that yield most valuable furs ; effects of cold weather on the hair of 
 domestic animals ; observe effects of blanketing horses ; note the change 
 of colors between summer and winter in fur-bearing animals. 
 
 Observe difference in quantity of feed required between summer 
 and winter ; explain causes ; explain balanced rations ; why hens fed 
 on corn alone may be fat, but not produce many eggs; observe dif- 
 ference in feeding beef and dairy cattle. Will a feed that produces fat 
 be the same as that that is a good producer of milk? 
 
 Study the products of milk and beef ; name the uses of hides, 
 leather, bones, tallow, fat, hoof, hair, and other parts of slaughtered 
 animals ; what great industries are dependent upon the production of 
 cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry? 
 
 Observe difference between herbivorous and carnivorous animals ; 
 name some that live on both flesh and vegetables ; study the dog and 
 his relatives ; the cat and his relatives ; name some animals that live 
 in water and some that live both on land and in water ; can we always 
 distinguish clearly between plants and animals ? Between organic and 
 inorganic bodies? 
 
 Make observations and collections to show how closely the three 
 great kingdoms of nature are merged into one another; that we can 
 scarcely draw the lines of demarkation. 
 
 MINERALS : 
 
 Secure specimens of iron ore, different kinds of coal, liniestone, 
 sandstone, shale, marble and granite ; explain how coal is formed from 
 vegetable matter ; limestone from shells ; sandstone by nature's process 
 of cementing together grains of sand ; how shale is formed from mud ; 
 uses of limestone, sandstone and granite for building purposes ; stones 
 used for road building; how lime is obtained from limestone. 
 
 Have a specimen of a well weathered rock ; study how clay is 
 formed ; sand ; pebbles ; explain how the different agencies have trans- 
 formed the rocks into different types of soil. 
 
 Study soil water ; make experiments to demonstrate permeability 
 and capillarity of soils; show the ascent of water in dry soils by use of 
 glass tubes or lamp chimneys; make experiments to illustrate the pro- 
 cess of osmosis ; show effects of vxorking clay soil when wet ; show 
 effects of a mulch to retain moisture ; explain irrigation ; test soils for 
 acidity; show effects of freezing, lining and humus on a clay soil. 
 
 Farm Management: 
 Water — 
 
 Study different sources for securing water ; artesian wells ; open 
 wells ; waterworks ; filtered water ; sterilized water ; difference between 
 soft and hard water; difference in the city and farm method of getting 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 37 
 
 water : study types of pumps and windmills ; resorvoirs, tanks and cis- 
 terns; methods of heating or cooling for house use or for stock; study 
 how water may become contaminated and contain disease germs such as 
 typhoid ; explain danger in using cups found at public drinking places ; 
 study new sanitary methods for drinking places. 
 
 Lighting and Heating : 
 
 Study systems of heating; the fan, steam, hot water, and gas sys- 
 tems ; wood stoves and coal stoves ; the fire place ; study chimney con- 
 struction ; protection from fire ; study combustion ; effects of oxygen ; 
 observe movements of cold and warm air ; explain principles of ventila- 
 tion ; study principles of the kerosene lamp ; of electric lights ; gas 
 lights ; send to the Standard Oil Company for samples of the products 
 of oil ; study nature, use and dangers of gasoline, acetyline, benzine, 
 electricity. 
 
 Tools and Farm Mechanics: 
 
 Send to the Wooster Station for a bulletin No. 227, Farm Equip- 
 ment ; make a list of the tools needed on a farm of 80 acres ; study 
 cost as given in above named bulletin ; study losses caused for want of 
 care ; name the tools that belong to a carpenter's outfit ; name some 
 tools every boy and girl should learn to use; study care of tools; pre- 
 venting rust; name tools of a blacksmith shop. 
 
 Study principles involved in the construction and operation of farm 
 machinery ; mower, reaper, fanning mill ; separator, cream separator, 
 milk tester, pumps, wind mills, engine, electrical apparatus, water power, 
 spraying machinery, seed drills, and other important and complex ma- 
 chines of the farm. 
 
 Schools should have courses in manual training; domestic science; 
 there should be baking contests, sewing contests ; instruction in a house- 
 hold economy; learn to construct handy household articles; ironing 
 boards, broom holders, shelves, cases, boxes, and other useful articles. 
 
 And last and above all things else, let the boy have his pocket knife 
 for, 
 
 "In the education of the lad. 
 No little part that implement hath had. 
 His pocket knife to the young whittler brings 
 A growing knowledge of material things. 
 
 Projectiles, music, and the sculptor's art, 
 
 His chestnut whistle and his shingle dart, 
 
 His elder p.op-gun with its hickory rod, 
 
 Its sharp explosion and rebounding wad, 
 
 His corn-stalk fiddle, and the deeper tone 
 
 That murmurs from his pumpkin-stalk trombone, 
 
 Conspire to teach the boy. To these succeed 
 
 His bow, his arrow of a feathered reed. 
 
 His windmill, raised the passing breeze to win, 
 
 His water wheel that J Tns upon a pin, — 
 
38 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Or if his father lives upon the shore. 
 You'll see his ship, "beam ends upon the floor," 
 Full rigged, with raking masts and timbers staunch 
 And waiting near the washtub for a launch." 
 
 Help the boy to construct these contrivances. Let him observe and 
 do things. Read poems and prose selections that show great powers of 
 observation, such as "The Barefoot Boy," and "The Brook." 
 
 Rural Economics: 
 
 Study the relation between location and value of farms ; between 
 fertility and value ; between fruit, grain and stock farms ; points that 
 determine the value of land ; why some farms are neglected or deserted ; 
 study the laws of supply and demand; location of the best markets; 
 cost of production, transportation and marketing; study crop reports; 
 study the shortage of crops and find the probable demand and produce 
 accordingly. 
 
 Study the ten great virtues in crop production and farming: 
 
 1. Thorough drainage. 
 
 2. Soil fertility. 
 
 3. Early Plowing. 
 
 4. Thorough preparation. 
 
 5. Tested Seed. 
 
 6. Scientific Cultivation. 
 
 7. Clean crops. 
 
 8. Timely harvesting. 
 
 9. Highest prices. 
 
 10. Judicious investments. 
 
 Discuss : 
 
 Methods by which our mails are carried; distribution; different 
 kinds of roads; efifects of good and bad roads; on our mail delivery, 
 business; schools, health, transportation and civilization. 
 
 How the school can be made the social center of the community; 
 reviving the spirit of the old spelling school ; the debating society ; the 
 literary club; make the school the home of the domestic science con- 
 test ; the agricultural exhibit ; the lecture course ; the public forum ; 
 a place for paintings, sculpture, music, books, flowers, and happy chil- 
 dren, 
 
 PLANTS : 
 
 Begin study of flowers with their earliest appearance in the spring; 
 eachhh pupil should be provided with hand lens and herbariums; make 
 collections of flowers and plants ; press and place in herbarium ; make 
 drawings and write descriptions. 
 
 Study seeds, roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers, fruits, and functions 
 of each. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 
 
 Study economic importance of seeds; as a source of food; list of 
 foods from seeds; why food is stored in seed; compare plant food with 
 animal food; food substances contained in seeds-sugars, starches, oils 
 and proteins; name articles manufactured from the kernel of corn; 
 from other grains ; how does the ox prepare the food for us ? The 
 cow ? Make a microscopic examination of a seed and name parts ; by 
 what agencies does nature disperse seeds? Make collections of seeds and 
 arrange in small glass vials. 
 
 What forces are necessary for the germination of plants? Name 
 some seeds that germinate first in spring ; those that require the great- 
 est amount before germination ; conduct experiments to demonstrate 
 effects of different degrees of light, heat and moisture on germination 
 and growth of seeds ; construct seed testers ; place seeds in glass jars 
 against the sides so they can be seen after being covered with oil ; watch 
 germination and growth ; watch the development of the organs of vege- 
 tation; roots, stems and leaves.. 
 
 Roots — Watch the formation of roots, root hairs ; the root cap ; 
 note growth of stem and root in opposite directions; study anatomy of 
 root and name parts ; kinds of roots ; compare roots of oak, corn and 
 turnip ; examine roots of air plants and parasitic plants ; examine change 
 of root of biennial plant the second year; why is it dry and tasteless? 
 
 What difference do we find between the growth of a sweet potato 
 and an Irish potato? Which of these is a root? Which is a part of the 
 stem? What is a tuber? What difference is there in their propagation? 
 
 Study difference between stems and roots of plants. 
 
 Stems: 
 
 Examine stems of potato, onion, radish, calamus, timothy, cane, 
 mullein, maple; what are the functions of the stem? Make a list of 
 stems of familiar plants; study difference between a corn stalk and 
 trunk of an oak; observe that one grows from the inside and the other 
 from the outside ; observe difference between herbaceous and woody 
 stems; difference between twig and trunk of an oak; study difference 
 in stems that stand upright, those that twine, and those that trail upon 
 the ground. Explain as to direction of growth of grape, ivy, straw- 
 berry and raspberry. 
 
 Make a list of stems used for food ; for building purposes ; from 
 which we get products such as turpentine, syrup, sugar, molasses. Study 
 trees that have valuable bark, roots, fruit and leaves. Compare the 
 variety of economic products from the different parts of plants and de- 
 cide which part is most valuable. Explain causes of knots. 
 
 Buds : 
 
 Compare a lily bud with the bud of an oak. Observe the several 
 modes of arrangement of buds as they appear on stems ; terminal and 
 auxiliary. Observe nodes and internodes; leaf scars; arrangement and 
 
40 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 use of scales. Notice difference in branching of elm, oak, beech, pine, 
 fir. Why is this difference? How does it affect the beauties of the 
 winter woods? 
 
 Cut buds transversely and longitudinally and examine closely. Ex- 
 amine the folded leaves and position of flower cluster. 
 
 Leaves : 
 
 Examine a young healthy leaf ; name parts ; uses of each ; relation 
 between shape and arrangement ; external characteristics ; internal 
 structure ; transpiration ; respiration ; the fall of the leaf. 
 
 Flowers : 
 
 Inflorescence ; kinds ; essential organs ; stamens ; pistil ; pollina- 
 tion ; the ovary ; make a horizontal diagram of the whole flower ; make 
 a vertical diagram ; point out the sepals and petals ; all important organs ; 
 fertilization ; modes ; hybrids. 
 
 Fruits : 
 
 What is fruit? Is a watermelon fruit? Use of fruit to the plant; 
 name parts of an apple ; examine stone fruit ; explain difference be- 
 tween drupe and berry; explain difference between grains and legumes. 
 
 Name the ten chief elements of plant food ; which of these are 
 least abundant that usually have to be supplied to our soil? When 
 a plant is burned what elements escape in the form of gas, as smoke and 
 watery vapor? What remains in the ashes after combustion? 
 
 Study difference in varieties of plants; differences in same variety; 
 study causes ; how do we improve plants ? Why should we study heredi- 
 ty and environment when selecting seeds and plants for propagation? 
 Can we make a good selection of seed without seeing the whole plant? 
 
 Send to the national department of agriculture and ask for the fol- 
 lowing bulletins: Farmer's Bulletin, No. 157. Propagation of Plants. 
 Study different methods; spores, seeds layering, tubers, buds, grafts. 
 Note the periods of growth and reproduction ; study duration — annuals, 
 biennials and perennials. 
 
 Make drawings of trees before leaves appear in spring. 
 
 "I see yonder leafless trees. against the sky, 
 How they diffuse themselves into the air, 
 And, ever subdividing, separate, 
 Limbs into branches, branches into twigs, 
 As if they loved the element, and hasted 
 To dissipate their being into it." Emerson. 
 
 Note effect of light on color of plants ; difference in color of apples 
 on the upper limbs receiving most sunlight and those growing on the 
 lower limbs where there is too much shade; notice the blanching of 
 celery and the shadded leaves of cabbage; place a plant in a dark room 
 and notice how the color will change ; how if there is a window it will 
 i^row toward the light. Why do trees grow taller in the thick forest than 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 
 
 41 
 
 in an open space or field? How does this effect the value of timber? 
 How should we prune fruit trees ? Why do we mulch orchards ? Study 
 different kinds of mulch; study effects of deep cultivation. Should we 
 hill up corn or potatoes? 
 
 Send to Washington for the following Farmer's Bulletins : 
 
 218. The School Garden. 
 
 409. School Lessons on Corn. 
 
 423. Forest Nurseries for Schools. 
 
 428. Testing Farm Seeds in the Home and in the Rural School. 
 
 468. Forestry in Nature Study. 
 
 Animals: 
 
 Study the principles of incubation; care of chicks; care of young 
 farm animals, such as colts, calves, pigs. Read Bulletins and study dis- 
 eases of young stock ; watch for the migratory movement of birds ; date 
 of appearance; prepare attractions for the birds near the home, com- 
 pare damages done with benefits derived from the presence of sparrows, 
 black birds, crows, owls, hawks, swallow, wren, bluebird and brown 
 
 thrush. 
 
 Soils:— Find sample? of as many kinds of soil as possible; sand 
 sandy loam, clay, clay loam, silt, silt loam, soil and subsoil ; plant seeds 
 in each kind and note results; study effect of water on each kind of 
 soil; note color of soils, where is there more of the organic matter or 
 humus, in the soil or in the subsoil? How does a farmer increase the 
 amount of humus in the soil? On what kind of land do the following 
 crope grow best; apples, peaches, potatoes, alfalfa, timothy, wheat, corn, 
 oats, onions and celery? 
 
 BOOKS. 
 
 Nature : 
 
 1. In American Fields and Forests. W. E. Kershner, (O. T. R. 
 C. Columbus, Ohio.) 
 
 2. The Outlook to Nature. — Bailey. The Macmillan Co., New 
 
 York. 
 
 3. Farm Friends and Farm Foes. — Reed. D. C. Heath & Co., 
 
 Boston. 
 
 4. Butterfly and Moth Book. — Miller. Charles Scribner's Sons, 
 
 New York. 
 
 5. The Fall of the Year. — Sharp. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 6. Birds and Bees. — John Burroughs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 7. Walden. — Thoreau, 
 
 Scientific. 
 
 I. Practical Course in Botany. — Andrews. American Book Co., 
 
 Chicago. 
 
^2 
 
 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 2. Elements of Agriculture. — Warren. Orange Judd Co., New 
 York. 
 
 3. First Principles of Soil Fertility, — Vivian. Orange Judd Co., 
 New "iork. 
 
 4. One Hundred Lessons in Agriculture. — Nolan. Row, Peterson 
 & Co., Chicago. 
 
 5. Agriculture in the Public Schools by March Bros., Pub. Co., 
 Lebanon. 
 
 Have the pupils read some of the following selections in connection 
 with subjects mentioned : 
 
 Birds : 
 
 To a Waterfowl Bryant. 
 
 The Winged Worshippers — Charles Sprague. 
 
 The Bobolink. 
 
 To a Skylark — Shelly. 
 
 The Sandpiper — Celia Thaxter. 
 
 The Skylark — James Hogg. 
 
 The Wounded Curlew Celia Thaxter. 
 
 The Birds of Killingworth — Longfellow. 
 The Singing Lesson — Jean Ingelow. 
 Robin Redbreast — WilHam Arlingham. 
 The Winter-king — Selected. 
 
 Flozvers : 
 
 Daffodils — Wordsworth. 
 The Bluebell — Selected. 
 The Flower — Tennyson. 
 
 Trees : 
 
 A forest Hymn — Bryant, 
 
 The Planting of the Apple Tree — Longfellow, 
 
 Woodman Spare that Tree — Morris, 
 
 Woods in Winter — Longfellow. 
 
 How the Leaves Came Down — Susan Coolidge. 
 
 Nature : 
 
 The Brook — Tennyson, 
 
 Break, Break, Break — Tennyson. 
 
 The Wanderer — Eugene Field. 
 
 The Ocean — Byron. 
 
 The Chambered Nautilus — Holmes. 
 
 Thanatopsis — Bryant. 
 
 The Stranger on the Sill — Thomas Buchanan Read. 
 
 The Cloud — Shelley. 
 
 Darkness — Bryon. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 43 
 
 The Seasons : 
 
 The Death of the Flowers — Bryant. 
 
 Sei)tember — Helen Hunt Jackson. 
 
 Oc tober's Bright Blue Weather — Helen Hunt Jackson. 
 
 The First Snowfall — Lowell. The Corn Song — Whittier. 
 
 Freaks of the Frost — Hannah Gould. 
 
 Snow Bound — Whittier. 
 
 It Snows — Sarah Hale. 
 
 Midwinter — Trowbridge. 
 
 The Dying Year — Prentice. 
 
 The Snowstorm — James Thomson. 
 
 A Summer Longing — George Arnold. 
 
 Spring Again — Celia Thaxter. 
 
 March — Wordsworth. 
 
 April Day — Caroline Southey. 
 
 The Rainy Day — Longfellow, 
 
 Work — Eliza Cook. 
 
 Sowing and Reaping — Adelaide Proctor. 
 
 The Song of the Sower — Bryant. 
 
 The Summer Shower — Thomas Buchanan Read. 
 
 The Rural Life: 
 
 The Country Life — Stoddard. 
 
 The Old Oaken Bucket — Woodworth. 
 
 The Barefoot Boy — Whittier. 
 
 A True Sportsman — Foss. 
 
 That Calf — Alice Gary. 
 
 The Humblebee — Emerson. 
 
 Thoughts for the Discouraged Farmer — James Whitcomb Riley. 
 
 Evangeline — Longfellow. 
 
 The Deserted Village — Goldsmith. 
 
 Strawberries — Trowbridge. 
 
 The Fountin — Lowell. 
 
 Living on a Farm — Selected. 
 
 The Voice of the Grass — Sarah Roberts. 
 
 Good Night. 
 
 In Nature Study : 
 
 Read from Shakespeare. 
 
 Quen Mab's Carriage. Romeo and Juliet i., 4. 
 
 A Colony of Bees. Henry V, i., 2. 
 
 Read Eve's description of Eden, in Book IX Milton's Paradise Lost. 
 
 After looking into the great open book of nature, let the student 
 open the books of literature in nature-study. 
 
 Hunt for beautiful quotations from the best authors that are applica- 
 ble to the subject under consideration. 
 
44 
 
 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Make a collection of these interpretations of beauty by the world's 
 great lovers of nature. 
 
 Make selections from Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, 
 Emerson, Bryant, Longfellow, Tennyson, VVhittier, Holmes, Riley, Rus- 
 kin, Thoreau, Burroughs and other writers of poetry and prose. 
 
 Third Division, 
 fall term. 
 
 (Grades 7 and 8.) 
 
 See note to teacher at the beginning of this division in the Course 
 of Study. A text-book on Elementary Agriculture should be used in 
 this division. Give particular attention to the chief farm crop cultivated 
 in your locality. 
 
 Study of Corn. — Have pupils bring to school a sample ear of each 
 variety grown on their farm. Compare these and note difference. The 
 ears brought by the different pupils should be labeled and numbered. In 
 studying the different specimens of corn each ear brought to the class 
 should be studied for the following characteristics : 
 
 /\. 
 
 Breed Characteristics. 
 
 I. Shape and size of ear. 
 
 ,> 
 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 
 Roughness of kernels. 
 Color of ear. 
 
 (a) Color of grain. 
 
 1. Cap of grain. 
 
 2. Side of grain. 
 
 (b) Color and size of cob. 
 Number of rows and size of kernels. 
 Shape of grain as viewed in ear. 
 
 B. 
 
 General Qualities : 
 
 1. Weight of ear. 
 
 2. Weight of grain. 
 
 3. Weight of cob. 
 
 4. Ratio of grain to cob. 
 
 5. Size of kernels — shape, width, depth. 
 
 6. Space between grains, between rows. 
 
 7. Space between grains. 
 
 (a) At tip. 
 
 (b) At crown. 
 
 8. Filling out of butts and tips of ears ; maturity and seed 
 
 condition. 
 
 (a) Hardness of grain and cob. 
 
 (b) Dryness of grain and cob. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 45 
 
 (c) Weight of ear in proportion to size. 
 
 (d) Color of ear and grains. 
 
 1. Due to immaturity. 
 
 2. Due to moisture conditions. 
 
 (e) Color of germs. 
 
 (f) Size of germs. 
 
 (g) Freedom from mold and attack of insects or other 
 
 "injury. 
 
 I. Uniformity of grains in: 
 
 (a) Size. 
 
 (b) Shape as viewed in ear. 
 
 Rules to observe in selecting good seed corn : 
 
 1. Ears should be of medium size. 
 
 2. Ears of a bright, healthy color, that are heavy for their size. 
 
 3. Ears with kernels of uniform size and shape. 
 
 4. Ears with rows running parallel to the length of the cob, with 
 little space between the rows and well filled out at the butts and tips. 
 
 5. Ears having a .uniform diameter ; that is, not too pointed at the 
 tip or too large at the butt. 
 
 6. Ears in which the germ of the kernel is large. 
 
 7. Ears that are produced under normal conditions. 
 
 Diseases of the corn plant. Insects that are injurious. The har- 
 vesting of corn. The selection of seed in the field. Methods of build- 
 ing the corn crib. Machinery — corn binders, corn shredders and busk- 
 ers, corn cutters and corn shellers, etc. Plans for caring for seed corn 
 in Fall and Winter. Experiments for showing shrinkage by keeping over 
 Winter. Weigh a half bushel at harvest time. Weigh the same corn 
 in April. Find loss. Formulate problem for class use showing loss in 
 value when corn is sold in the Spring at Fall prices. Find the prices 
 necessary to receive in Spring to justify loss of weight over Winter, 
 For further information on farm problems see Hatch & Hazelwood's 
 Elementary Agriculture, by Rowe, Peterson & Co., Chicago, 6oc. Con- 
 duct a Corn Display and Contest. This can be done in connection with 
 your Thanksgiving Day or other public exercises. Select recitations ap- 
 propriate to the day. Have an exercise in corn judging where pupils are 
 prepared. Compositions on "How I Cultivated My Corn," etc., "How 
 I Grew My Potatoes," "How I Managed My Vegetable Garden," and 
 similar subjects. 
 
 References: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ; 
 Farmers' Bulletins, No. 199, Corn Growing; No. 229, The Production 
 of- Good Seed Corn; No. 253, Germination of Seed Corn; No. 298, 
 Food Value of Corn and Corn Products ; No. 303, Corn Harvesting Ma- 
 chinery; No. 313, Harvesting and storing Corn. 
 
46 ' A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Helps for Teachers. 
 
 (i) The A. B. C. of Corn Culture, by Prof. P. G. Holden, Ames, 
 Iowa. This small pamphlet tells all about the culture of corn from the 
 selecting of the seed to the harvesting of the crop the following year. 
 It is all told in the language of the child. 
 
 (2) Nature Study on the Farm, American Book Co., Cincinnati, 
 Short stories about things that take place on the farm. 
 
 (3) Farm Friends and Farm Foes, D. C. Heath & Co., New York. 
 Farm Friends and Farm Foes, as indicated by the title, tells in simple 
 language something about the things that are really the farmer's friend 
 and points out the foes of the farmer and how to get rid of them. 
 
 (4) Examining and Grading Grains, Ginn & Co., Columbus. Ex- 
 amining and Grading Grains gives illustrations sohwing how all good 
 grains should appear and sets forth rules for grading them. 
 
 (5) Agriculture in the Public Schools, published by March Bros., 
 Lebanon. Agriculture in the Public Schools contains sixty practical ex- 
 periments that pupils can perform with home made apparatus ; rules for 
 judging corn ; how to conduct corn, vegetable and flower growing con- 
 tests ; questions to prepare the teacher for an examination in Agriculture 
 with the bulletin suggested to answer many of the questions ; and plans 
 for the teaching of Agriculture. 
 
 Study of Wheat or Other Grain. — See Notes in Course of Study. 
 Make a list of the grain crops grown in your neighborhood. Find the 
 average yield per acre secured on the different grain crops. Account, if 
 possible, for the cause that produced such a difference in yield in the 
 same crop and on the same kind of soil. Was any fertilizer used? If 
 so, what kind? What were the ingredients of same? Were the grain 
 fields sown in clover or other grass? What became of the straw of the 
 grain? Find out how many crops have been grown on different fields 
 since they were in clover or other grass. What is meant by three year 
 rotation? Four year rotation? Each pupil make a map of his home 
 farm or one with which he is familiar. Indicate on this map the crop 
 that was last grown in each field. Teach pupils to grade grain. What 
 is meant by No. i, 2, 3 and 4 in grading grains. Write to the Railroad 
 and Warehouse Commission, Chicago, 111. Ask them to send you 
 (teacher) the rules for grading wheat, as fixed by the commission. Rules 
 for the study of other grains can also be secured by writing this commis- 
 sion. Teach pupils plans of treating seed wheat or other grain to pre- 
 vent smut. (See text-book.) 
 
 References: U. S. Department of Agriculture ; Farmers' Bulletins, 
 No. 132, Insect Enemies of Growing Wheat. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster : 
 
 Wheat — Cultural and variety tests, Bui. 82, 118, 129, 165. 
 
 Oats — Cultural and variety tests, Bui. 6^, 138 and Circular 88. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 47 
 
 Diseases of Oats — Bui. 67, 97, 210. 
 
 Fruit Study. — See Notes in Course of Study. 
 
 1. Wliat varieties are grown in your district? What varieties pro- 
 duce llic best quality? Name those that ripen in the summer, in the 
 Fall; which arc the best keepers? Which are good "cooking" apples? 
 "Eating" apples? Have pupils bring in a few samples of the Fall varie- 
 ties. What insects injure the apples in your district? How can this be 
 prevented ? Secure "The Spray Calendar" from the Wooster Experi- 
 ment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Should any one desire to know the 
 "names" of certain apples, the same can be obtained by sending speci- 
 mens to the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, 
 Ohio. 
 
 2. Where can young trees be secured? Find out all you can about 
 some of the leading nurseries in Ohio. Write to the State Horticultural 
 Society for information on fruit growing. The law of Ohio now re- 
 quires that all orchards be sprayed at least once a year. 
 
 3. Learn the proper methods of planting the apple tree. Why trim 
 the roots? Why trim the top? 
 
 4. Pruning is very important. Study your text-book on this sub- 
 ject. See also the State and National Bulletins on "Pruning." What 
 time of the year do the farmers of your district prune their orchards? 
 
 5. See your text-book on methods of grafting and budding. The 
 teacher can secure a set of grafting tools and can show the pupils how to 
 proceed in this work. 
 
 6. Cultivation of the orchard. Are the orchards in your district 
 well cared for? Are they sprayed regularly every year? Are they clean? 
 How about the fence rows? Have they been kept free from orchard 
 trash ? Is the land cultivated every year or is it in grass ? Is there any 
 mulch about the tree? Could the yield be increased? How? Some- 
 times old orchards have been renovated, resulting in good profits. How 
 can this be done? Write to Wooster Experiment Station and ask 
 them to send you some literature on the "Cultivation of the Orchard." 
 A few trees well cared for will give better results than a large number 
 that are neglected. In planting an orchard for the home, select such 
 varieties that have proven satisfactory in your locality and those that 
 ripen their fruit at different times of the year. 
 
 7. Disease of the orchard. 
 
 (a) Fungous — Blight, mildew and the scab. 
 
 (b) Insect pests — The San Jose scale, codHng moth, apple 
 
 tree tent caterpillar, etc. 
 
 Learn to identify these pests. What is an insecticide? Name two. 
 How are they prepared? What is a fungicide? Name two. How are 
 they prepared ? For "sucking" insects a kerosene emulsion may be used. 
 
48 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 References : U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletins : 
 
 No. 87, Orchards, Cover crops, and Cultivation. 
 
 No. 113, The Apple and How to Grow It. 
 
 No. 154, The Home Fruit Garden. 
 
 No. 181, Pruning. 
 
 No. 198, Strawberries. • 
 
 No. 283, Spraying for Apple Diseases. 
 
 No. 293, Use of Fruit as Food. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster : 
 
 Orchard Culture, Bui. 171. 
 
 Dependable Fruits, Cir. 55. 
 
 Renewal of Old Orchards, Bui. 180. 
 
 The Codling Moth, Bui. 160. 
 
 Protection of Fruit Trees from Rodents, Bui. 208. 
 
 Weeds. — See Notes in Course. 
 
 1. The pupil should be taught to recognize the weeds and their seed 
 that are common in your school district. Field trips may be taken or 
 plants may be brought into the school room for identification. What is 
 a weed? How do weeds travel? Do the weeds of the field differ from 
 those of the garden? Name kinds common in each. Give frequent re- 
 views in weed identification. You can do this by placing a slip of paper 
 containing a number on each specimen and then have the pupils write 
 the name on the paper. Weeds can be exchanged and grading done. 
 Teach only the common name in the elementary school. High school 
 pupils that have had Latin might also be given the Botanical name. 
 
 2. General characteristics of weeds: 
 
 (a) A very extensive stem growth either erect or horizontal. 
 
 (b) Special adaptation to soil conditions. 
 
 (c) Usually perfect means of seed dispersal. 
 
 (d) Other means of reproduction besides seeds. 
 
 (e) Special adaptation to moisture conditions. 
 
 3. Weed control : 
 
 (a) Plow ground early as possible after planting to get the 
 weeds checked. 
 
 (b) Keep the seed beds clean all summer. 
 
 (c) Keep the fence, rows and pasture fields clean from weeds 
 that may go to seed. 
 
 (d) Practice crop rotation. 
 
 (e) Plant a smothering crop. 
 
 4. Weed extermination : 
 
 (a) Apply strong salt water or weak carbolic acid on plants. 
 
 (b) Spraying such weeds as the dandelions, mustard and 
 plantain with iron sulphate. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY bv.HOOLS OF OHIO. 49 
 
 (c) -Pull them out of the ground so as not to leave any roots. 
 
 (d) Plow as late as possible and follow by frequent harrowing 
 when convenient. 
 
 5. Classification : 
 
 (a) Annuals. 
 
 (b) Biennials. 
 
 (c) Perennials. 
 
 References : U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmer's Bulletins 
 
 No. 28, Weeds : and How to Kill Them. 
 
 No. 86, Thirty Poisonous Plants. 
 
 No. 188, Weeds Used in Medicine. 
 
 From the Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster : 
 
 Weed Manual, Bulletin 175. 
 
 Spraying for Weeds, Circular 102. 
 
 Insects. — See notes in bulletin. 
 
 Learn to recognize as many useful and injurious insects, as may be 
 found conveniently in your district. Distinguish between the moth and 
 the butterfly. See "Coulter-Patterson's Practical Nature Study" or 
 Hodge's "Nature-Study and Life," for supplementary work in nature 
 on insect life. Learn the life stages of the insect. Observe specimens 
 illustrating the dififerent stages in a few common insects. Learn the 
 parts of the insect. Flies and mosquitoes can be studied in the Physiology 
 class. Teach the children to see the relation existing between the insect 
 world and the bird world ; between the insect world and the plant world. 
 Make a collection of useful and injurious insects to the farmer. Dis- 
 tinguish between the "biting" and the "sucking" insects; insect de- 
 stroyers — birds, toads, etc. What birds live largely on insects? Why 
 should these birds all be protected by law? Learn how to prepare a 
 good insecticide. 
 
 References: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomol- 
 ogy: — Circular No. 16, The Larger Corn Stalk, borer; Circular No. 67, 
 The Clover Root, borer ; Circular No. 73, The Plum Curculio ; Circular 
 No. 87, The Colorado Beetle; Circular No. 92, Mites and Lice on Poul- 
 try; Circular No. 98, The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar; Separate No. 
 355 (Year Book of 1904), Insects' Injuries to Forest Products; Separate 
 No. 381, (1905), Insect Enemies of Forest Production. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmer's Bulletins : 
 
 No. 99, Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. 
 
 No. 196, Usefulness of the American Toad. 
 
 No. 275, The Gypsy Moth. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station : 
 
 Insects Affecting Ohio Shade Trees, Bui. 194. 
 
 Spraying Machinery, Bui. 216. 
 
 *4 s. c. 
 
60 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 For San Jose Scale, Bui. 169, Circular 69. 
 . For Grape Rot, Bui. 130. 
 Chinch Bug, Bui. yy and 106. 
 Cicada, Periodical, Bui. 87. 
 Hessian Fly, Bui. 107, 119, 136 and 177. 
 
 Forage Crops — See Notes in Course. What grasses are best adapted 
 for permanent pasture? Why? For hay? Why? What are the true 
 grasses ? Where do they obtain their nitrogen ? Are they beneficial to 
 the soil ? Why ? What are the clovers ? Where do they obtain their 
 nitrogen ? How do they improve the soil ? Why should the seed of the 
 clovers be planted with the seed of the true grasses for hay crops? 
 Make a study of the "Meadow." What fertilizers are used to aid the 
 growth of grass crops in your locality? Make a study of alfalfa and 
 its culture. Find out the difference in the production and the methods 
 of cultivating the different clovers. Also observe the following outline : 
 When cut? How cured? Number of times cut? Purpose of second 
 cutting. Why is the second growth often plowed under? Number of 
 pounds of seed sowed to the acre? How is it threshed for seed? Yield 
 per acre? Price per bushel? Number of pounds per bushel? Total 
 average income per acre ? Average net income per acre ? 
 
 Classification of clovers : 
 
 (a) The true clovers. 
 
 (b) The medics. 
 
 (c) The melilots of sweet clovers. 
 
 The true clovers include: the red (mammoth and medium), the 
 crimson, the alsike and the white. 
 
 The medics include the alfalfa and burr clover. 
 
 The mililots are white and yellow. 
 
 Compare food value of these clovers. Get each kind and teach 
 pupils to recognize them. Note the root system — length, branching and 
 nodules. Make a study of rape, millet and sorghum and other forage 
 crops. 
 
 References: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletins: 
 
 No. 260, Seed of Red Clover. 
 
 No. 278, Leguminous Crops for Green Manuring. 
 
 No. 315, Progress in Legume Inoculation. 
 
 No. 318, Cowpeas. 
 
 No. 339, Alfalfa. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster : 
 Culture of Alfalfa, Bui. 181, and Circular 91 and 80. 
 Forage Crops, Bui. 70. 
 Soy Beans, Cir. 78. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 51 
 
 Millet, Circular 8i. 
 The Farm Grasses of Ohio, Bui. 225. 
 
 See A. A. Upham's An Introduction to Agriculture, by D. Appleton 
 & Co. ; also Burkett, Stevens and Hill, by Ginn & Co. 
 
 Dairying. — See Notes in Course. 
 
 References: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletins: 
 
 No. 22, Feeding Farm Animals. 
 
 No. 55, The Dairy Herd. 
 
 No. 106, Breeds of Dairy Cattle. 
 
 No. 166, Cheese IMaking on the Farm. 
 
 No. 141, Butter Making on the Farm. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster : 
 
 Feeding for Beef, Bui. 60. 
 
 Tuberculosis of Cattle, Bui. 108. 
 
 Silage versus Grain for Dairy Cows, Bui. 155. 
 
 Silage for Fattening Cattle, Bui. 193. 
 
 Value of Individual Records for Dairy Cows, Cir. 67. 
 
 Teach children the meaning of the term "I'alanced Ration" and how 
 to feed to produce a "balanced ration." See Goff & Mayne's First 
 Principles of Agriculture, by American Book Company, Cincinnati. 
 
 Make a study of the silo. Best crops for silage. Why is corn the 
 main silage crop? What kinds of corn are best adapted for silage? 
 Why? At what stage of development should corn be cut for ~ silage? 
 Could good silage be made out of fully ripened corn? Why not? Does 
 the frost efifect the corn intended for silage ? In filling the silo, why is 
 it necessary to thoroughly pack the corn ? Why should the corn next to 
 the outside of the silo be packed more than that in the center? Have 
 pupils bring corn to school that is in the proper condition for being 
 placed in the silo. The parents should be consulted by the pupil in se- 
 lecting corn in the proper condition for the silo. 
 
 See Farmers' Bulletins published at Washington : 
 
 No. 32, Silos and Silage. 
 
 No. 292, Cost of Filling Silos. 
 
 Milk. — Every pupil whose parents are interested in dairying should 
 be taught the use of the Babcock tester. It is one of the most important 
 factors to consider in the dairy business. Schools should be supplied 
 with a Babcock Milk Tester. Teachers everywhere are surprised at the 
 interest that can be aroused in the community by having the pupils test 
 samples of milk and cream. 
 
 Pupils should also be taught : 
 
 (i) The care of the milk cans and pails. 
 
 (2) What feeding stufifs may effect the flavor of the milk. 
 
52 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 (3) The reason for prompt removal of the milk from the 
 stable. 
 
 (4) The necessity of the milker wearing clean clothing. 
 
 (5) The necessity of having cows kept clean and comfortable. 
 
 (6) The necessity of giving the cows good treatment — being 
 kind and gentle with them at all times. 
 
 (7) The necessity of feeding balanced ration. 
 
 References : U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletins : 
 
 No. 42, Facts about Milk. 
 
 No. 63, Care of Milk on the Farm. 
 
 No. 348, Bacteria in Milk. 
 
 Farm Papers : Do not fail to take a good farm paper to your school 
 for the use of the pupils. Get them in the habit of reading these papers. 
 See list recommended in the course of study. Secure samples of these 
 journals and see that the pupils have access to at least one of these papers. 
 
 Social Life of the Rural Community. 
 
 The teacher should become a leader in educational matters in the 
 community. Various plans may be carried out to bring this about. The 
 following are suggested : 
 
 1. Parents' Meeting where exercises are given by the children. 
 This gives the teacher and patrons an opportunity to become better 
 acquainted. 
 
 2. Agricultural Clubs, where pupils are given an opportunity to 
 express their views on different phases of Agricultural work and at which 
 time contests may be held. 
 
 3. Rural Lecture Courses, where all departments of education may 
 be presented. 
 
 4. Farmers' Institute. Teachers should interest themselves in the 
 promotion of Farmers' Institutes. 
 
 5. Township and Village school displays sohuld be encouraged, con- 
 sisting of all work done in school. 
 
 6. Traveling Libraries should be sectired from the state depart- 
 ment. Any one interested in getting the use of good books free should 
 write the State Librarian, State House, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 7. Encourage County Fair Boards to offer prizes on Agricultural 
 products cultivated by your pupils. 
 
 8. Give your encouragement to all of the Farmers' Organizations 
 that are promoting Agricultural Education. 
 
 WINTER TERM. 
 
 (Grades Seventh and Eighth.) 
 See notes to teacher at the beginning of this division in the Course 
 of Study. A text-book on Elementary Agriculture (See list recom- 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 58 
 
 mended on page ii of the Tentative Course of Study) should be used 
 in this division. Give particular attention during the winter months 
 to the study of "Housing and Protecting Farm Animals." Study of 
 Farm Animals— Secure photographs of pictures of the common farm 
 animals raised in Ohio. Pictures can be taken from Agricultural bul- 
 letins and agricultural newspapers. Teachers should also have the 
 pupils visit a stock farm where pure bred animals are kept. The own- 
 ers or keepers of these animals will be glad to explain to the children 
 about the plans of caring for the animals, leading characteristics, etc. 
 
 The following outline is suggested for use in connection with the 
 study of Farm Animals. 
 
 Farm Animals. 
 I. Horses. 
 
 (a) Origin and distribution. 
 
 (b) Types and breeds — their characteristics. 
 
 (i) Draft— English Shire, Clydesdale, Percheron, French 
 Draft, Belgian, etc. 
 
 (2) Coach— French Coach, German Coach, Cleveland Bay. 
 Hackney, etc. 
 
 (3) Roadsters and Light Harness— American Trotter, The 
 Thoroughbred, The American Saddle Horse, etc. 
 
 (4) Ponies — Shetland, Indian ponies. Mustangs, Welsh 
 Polo, etc. 
 
 2. Cattle. 
 
 (a) Origin and distribution. 
 
 (b) Types and breeds — their characteristics. 
 
 (i) Beef — Shorthorn, Hereford, Aberdeen— Angus, Gal- 
 loway, Sussex. 
 
 (2) Dairy — Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Holstein— Frisian, 
 Brown Swiss. 
 
 3. Swine. 
 
 (a) Origin and distribution. 
 
 (b) Types and breeds — their characteristics. 
 
 (i) Large Breeds— Chester White, Improved Yorkshire, 
 Tamworth. 
 
 (2) Medium Breeds— Berkshire, Poland-china, Duroc- 
 Jersey. 
 
 (3) Small Breeds — Small Yorkshire, Essex, Victoria, etc. 
 
 4. Sheep. 
 
 (a) Origin and distribution. 
 
 (b) Types and breeds — their characteristics. 
 
 (i) Fine — wooled — American Merino, Delaine Merino. 
 French Merino and Cheviot. 
 
54 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 (2) Medium — wooled — Southdown, Shropshire, Dorset, 
 Hampshire, Oxford, etc. 
 
 (3) Long-wooled-Cotswold, Leicester and Lincoln. 
 
 References : Bulletins from the Department of Agriculture, Colum- 
 bus. Bulletins from the Agricultural College, Columbus. U. S. De- 
 partment of Agriculture, Washington D. C, Farmers' Bulletin. 
 
 No. 96, Raising Sheep for Mutton. 
 
 No. 159, Scab in Sheep. 
 
 No. 170, Principles of Horse Feeding. 
 
 No. 179, Horseshoeing. 
 
 No. 205, Pig Management. 
 
 See also Bulletins mentioned under Dairying in the "Fall Work". 
 
 See also the book — Types and Breeds of Farm Animals by Charles 
 S. Plum. 
 
 Use supplementary text books and helps for teachers recommended 
 under "Fall Work." 
 
 Bulletins from Wooster Experiment. Station, Wooster, Ohio : 
 
 No. 195, Feeding work horses. 
 
 No. 91, 117, Lung and stomach worms of sheep. 
 
 179, 187, Fattening range lambs. 
 
 No. y^, (Circular), Tankage for hogs in cattle feed lots. 
 
 No. 209, Rations for fattening swine. 
 
 No. 213, Specific efifects of rations on the development of swine. 
 
 Farm Machinery — Kinds, uses, value, care of. History to show im- 
 provement. Catalogues from concern where farm machines are manu- 
 factured can be secured for school use. 
 
 Soil Study — Test soil for acid and alkali. What elements are 
 usually lacking in soils? How can they be secured? Secure samples 
 of commercial fertilizers in small bottles. What are the ingredients of 
 each? Samples of phosphate rock and other fertilizing materials can 
 be secured for school use by addressing fertilizer factories. Make a 
 collection of soils in small bottles. Test the soils for their power to 
 retain water and for capillarity. Teaches uses of tile drains. Soil im- 
 provement. Influence of Crop Rotation on Soil Improvement. Saving 
 soil moisture. Soil water. Soil mulch. Plant food in soil. Renewing 
 old soil. Value of the clovers in soil improvement. Mixing of home 
 fertilizers. Study methods to improve Ohio's soil. Influence of tillage 
 on soil. Soil must be improved to support increased population. Per- 
 form experiments in connection with the study of soil. 
 
 References — U. S. Farmers' Bulletins : 
 No. yy, Liming of Soils. 
 No. 83, Tobacco Soils. 
 No. 88, Alkali Soils. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 55 
 
 No. 257, Soil Fertility. 
 
 No. 266, Management of Soils. 
 
 No. 406, Soil Conservation. 
 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster. . 
 
 No. 159, 141, Lime as a fertilizer. 
 
 No. 182, 183, 184, Maintenance of fertility. 
 
 No. 59, (Circular), Soil Treatment of Tobacco Beds. 
 
 No. 79, (Circular), Requirement for Ohio Soils. 
 
 Literature for the Teacher. 
 
 Walden, by Henry D. Thoreau. 
 
 Birds and Bees, by John Burroughs. 
 
 The Fall of the Year, by Dallas Lore Sharp. 
 
 The Bee People, by Margaret W. Morley. 
 
 In the study of birds, let the pupils read: The Wounded Curlew; 
 To a Waterfowl; The Winged Worshipers; The Bobolink; To a Sky- 
 lark; The Sandpiper; The Singing Lesson. 
 
 In the study of flowers, read: Daffodils, by Wordsworth. To 
 Daffodils, by Robert Herrick. 
 
 Trees — A Forest Hymn — Bryant. 
 
 When you are studying kindness to animals, read : A True Sports- 
 man, by Sam Walter Foss. That Calf— Alive Cary. 
 
 The Builders— Longfellow. Pictures in a Poem — Trowbridge. 
 
 In the study of nature, read: The Brook, by Tennyson. Coal, by 
 Kingsley; The Wanderer, by Eugene Field; The Chambered Nautilus, 
 by Dr. Holmes; The Ocean, by Byron; Thanatopsis, by Bryant; The 
 Stranger on the Sill, by Thomas Buchanan Read. 
 
 Winter Study— Freaks of the Frost, by Hannah Gould. 
 
 The First Snowfall — Lowell. Midwinter — Trowbridge. 
 
 Angling — George Howland. 
 
 Among the best poems on rural life are such as, Longfellow's 
 Evangeline, and Goldsmith's Deserted Village. The Waggoner of the 
 Alleghanies, by Thomas Buchanan Read. Snow Bound, by Whittier. 
 
 Prose — Irving's Sketch-book. 
 
 SPRING WORK. 
 
 Third Division. 
 (Grades 7 and 8.) • 
 
 Poultry Raising: — Breeds of chickens of the neighborhood ; charac- 
 teristics of each; feeding, housing and general care. Incubators and 
 brooders ; expenses and profits in poultry. 
 
56 
 
 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 
 Points to be observed in caring for eggs for hatching: — 
 
 1. Gather every day in warm weather and every two or 
 three hours in cold weather. 
 
 2. Keep in temperature about 6o° F. 
 
 3. Turn eggs daily, 
 
 4. Set eggs less than ten days old. 
 
 5. Set regular shaped eggs. 
 
 6. Set eggs from the best laying hens. 
 
 7. Never set eggs from diseased chickens. 
 
 Points to be observed in caring for the hen while setting : — 
 
 1. Place her where she will not be disturbed by other hens. 
 
 2. Keep water and shelled corn before her. 
 
 3. Keep box of dust or weak ashes before her. 
 
 4. Dust the hen with insect powder when you set her and 
 every week thereafter. 
 
 5. Take her off the nest as soon as all fertile eggs are liatched. 
 
 Points to be observed in the care and feeding of young chicks : — 
 
 (a) Care 
 
 1. Place coops on well drained ground. 
 
 2. Keep coops clean and airy. 
 
 3. Move coops frequently. 
 
 4. Change location every year. 
 
 5. Dust with insect powder, etc., to prevent lice. 
 
 6. Keep out rats, etc. 
 
 7. Keep in small quarters while very young. 
 
 (b) Feeding 
 
 1. First meal when about 48 hours old. 
 
 Bread, soaked in milk and squeezed or boiled egg, then 
 chick feed, fine grit. 
 
 2. Later coarse corn meal, cracked corn and cracked wheat. 
 
 3. After third week mix a little beef scraps with feed. 
 
 4. Keep fresh water before them. Use drinking fountain if 
 necessary to keep water clean. 
 
 5. Feed three times a day while young. 
 
 6. Small chicks should be fed in separate pens from old hens 
 and large chicks. 
 
 7. Skim milk and cheese are valuable food. 
 
 Care of cockerels : — 
 
 1. Feed regularly and all that will be cleaned up well. In- 
 clude beef scrap in rations. 
 
 2. Keep in comparatively small quarters. 
 
 3. Market when the price justifies and cockerels are in good 
 condition. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 
 
 57 
 
 6. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Winter 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Care of pullets :- — ■ 
 
 I. Give free range. 
 
 Worms, beef scrap or green bone. 
 
 Fresh water and good grain. 
 
 Keep in clean, well ventilated coops or houses. 
 
 Avoid having them roost in a draft. 
 
 Keep out lice and mites. 
 
 If properly cared for they will lay by early winter. 
 
 Market surplus stock. 
 egg production : — 
 
 Breed from winter layers. 
 
 Use male from good layers. 
 
 House : well ventilated, clean and dry. 
 
 Exercise : Feed whole grain in litter. 
 
 Green food : cabbage, beets, turnip, clover, alfalfa. 
 
 Give fresh warm water. 
 
 Avoid causing them to eat snow. 
 
 Feed warm mash in mornings. 
 
 Mash can be fed dry or moistened with hot water or warm 
 
 skim milk. 
 
 Mash may include corn meal, bran, oat meal, and about 
 
 5% ground alfalfa and beef scrap. 
 
 Keep fine grit before them. 
 References: Poultry magazines and journals, Incubator catalogues 
 and leading farm papers. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Bulletins : 
 No. 41 — Fowls, Care and Feeding. 
 No. 51 — Standard Variety of Chickens. 
 No. 64 — Ducks and Geese. 
 No. 236 — Incubation and Incubators. 
 No. 141 — Poultry Raising on the Farm. 
 No. 182 — Poultry as Food. 
 No. 200 — Turkeys, Varieties and Management. 
 No. 287 — Poultry Management 
 
 No. 357 — Methods of Poultry Management at the Maine Agricul- 
 tural Experiment Station. 
 From Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster. Ask to be placed on 
 their mailing list to receive all bulletins. 
 
 From Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine : 
 No. 100 — Poultry Management. 
 No. 168 — The Fertility and Hatching of Eggs. 
 For disease of poultry — get Bulletin No. 138 — The Poultry In- 
 dustry in Maryland, from Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 College Park, Md. 
 
 The Biggie Poultry Book from Farm Journal, Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
58 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Fruit Study — Where fruit raising is practiced extensively, study 
 propagation by grafting, by budding. Why necessary. History of some 
 one fruit from seed to maturity. Pruning, planting and spraying of fruit 
 trees. Secure bulletins (See list mentioned under Fruit Study in the 
 Autumn Bulletin). Also write State Board of Agriculture, Columbus 
 and Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster, for their Spray Calendars. 
 
 Corn Study — Germination of seed, make corn testers ; compare tests 
 for vitality. Grading corn. History of Corn. Varieties adapted to 
 your locality. Planting and Cultivating Methods. Experiment in depth 
 of planting 
 
 Determining Germinating Strength. 
 
 Note to Teachers : Points to be considered in preparing geminat- 
 ing boxes : 
 
 1. Direct pupils to bring to school shallow boxes filled with sand.. 
 
 2. Have them divide the sand surface into small squares. 
 
 3. Number each one of the small squares. 
 
 4. Number ears of corn or other kinds of seed to be tested to cor- 
 respond with the number on each small square. 
 
 5. Remove six grains from different parts of ear, number (i) and 
 place in square number (i). 
 
 6. Continue this process until all squares are filled. 
 
 7. When all squares are filled moisten the sand and keep in a warm 
 place until the corn (or other grain that is being tested) comes up. 
 
 8. In the country schools the boxes cannot be kept at school, if 
 the house is not well heated over night. Pupils in these schools should 
 be directed to take the boxes home and keep them where they will not 
 be destroyed until the test is finished. The sand in the boxes should not 
 be allowed to dry out until the plants have reached an inch or two in 
 height. When the plants (if corn) have reached this height the boxes 
 can be returned to school. The productiveness of each ear of corn may 
 then easily be determined by noting the strength and vigor of the plant 
 produced from each kernel planted. Reject all ears that did not produce 
 strong plants that are uniform in size and all six grains productive. Some 
 seasons it is impossible to get perfect germination in corn but we should 
 get ears as near perfect as possible. See the form following for record- 
 ing germinating tests. 
 
 Form for Recording Germinating Tests. 
 
 The following is a convenient form for keeping a record of seed 
 testing that is carried on by pupils : — 
 Name of Seed: Corn. 
 Number of Seed in Tester: 200. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 'fi'6 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 I- . 
 
 e"S 
 
 
 
 
 
 O-o 
 
 O £ 
 
 •c 
 
 -WT3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4^ <U 
 
 C W 
 
 Date Started. 
 
 Date Sprouted. 
 
 M-. "5 
 
 •^^ 
 
 S 5 
 
 U 5 
 
 
 
 °e 
 
 ^ 
 
 U£ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 o. 
 
 
 a, 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 
 d^ 
 
 O C 
 
 fcc/) 
 
 ID^ 
 
 
 
 iz; 
 
 ^ 
 
 P^ 
 
 Oh 
 
 Feb 4 
 
 Feb 10 
 
 80 
 100 
 120 
 190 
 196 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 95 
 98 
 
 60 
 
 Feb 15 
 
 Feb 22 
 
 50 
 
 Feb 25 
 
 Mar 2 
 
 40 
 
 Mar 3 
 
 Mar 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 Mar 11 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Source of Seed: Secured from a successful corn grower near home. 
 
 Remarks: Only the last show per cents good enough to plant. All sprouts 
 in last two indicate a strong germ. 
 
 Name of pupil : Edwin Harkrader. 
 
 School : Hillsdale. 
 
 Prepare to have a corn, vegetable and flower growing contest during 
 the summer and exhibit the products at the County Fair, or at school 
 early in the fall term. 
 
 For information on "Corn Culture", "Nature Study on the Farm", 
 "Farm Friends and Farm Foes", "Grading of Grains", and Plans for 
 conducting Corn, Vegetable and Flower Growing Contests and exhibits, 
 see under Helps For Teachers, page 14, of the Autumn Bulletin. 
 
 Always test all seeds for vitality before planting. Treat potatoes 
 for scab with formalin. See text book for method. Examine clover and 
 grass seed with hand lens to find weed seed and other impurities. See 
 •other suggestions in Autumn Bulletin. 
 
 Corn Record* 
 The following Corn Record is Suggested for Pupils Doing Contest 
 Work : 
 Preparation of Seed Bed 
 
 Kind of Soil Area of Corn Plot. 
 
 Variety of Seed Corn 
 
 From what place was the Seed Corn secured? 
 
 Was it tested to determine whether or not it would sprout? 
 
 Date of Planting ? 
 
 What Depth ? 
 
 Drilled or Checked ? - 
 
 When Corn appeared 
 
 Dates of cultivation and how cultivated? 
 
 *This record can be altered so it can be used for vegetable and other contests. 
 
60 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 Purposes of Cultivation? 
 
 To what degree was the corn damaged by all causes ? 
 
 Date of harvesting the ears ? 
 
 Were the ten ears exhibited selected when the corn was standing or after husking? 
 
 Did you find the variety of corn you used suited to your soil and climate? 
 
 Why? 
 
 Witness, outside of family, that can certify, if necessary, that the corn was culti- 
 
 •vated and harvested by the person keeping this record 
 
 Address 
 
 References: See list mentioned in Autumn Bulletin. Secure the 
 following circulars from Wooster Experiment Station, Wooster. 
 
 No. 53 — Experiments with Corn. 
 
 No. 66 — Corn Breeding and Registration. 
 
 No. yi — The Selection of good seed corn. 
 
 Also No. 428 — Testing Seeds — From Washington, D. C. 
 
 Bird Study — 
 
 1. Birds should be studied all the year around. 
 
 2. Begin with the ones the most common and learn to recognize 
 a few each month. Winter is a good time to begin as there are not so 
 many different kinds. Note changes in some species from season to 
 season. Note song, manner of flight, nest, habits and food. 
 
 3. Learn the purpose of the Audubon Society. 
 
 4. Study the Ohio law for the protection of birds. What birds are 
 protected by law? What other birds should be added to this list? Why 
 should these be added? Name the native birds that are beneficial to 
 farm crops. Injurious to farm crops. 
 
 5. Look up your Arbor Day Bulletins from this office for informa- 
 tion on birds. 
 
 6. Discuss methods of encouraging birds to stay with us. See 
 Hodge's Nature Study and Life, pp. 327-345. 
 
 7. Who are bird enemies? See Burrough's "Birds and Bees." 
 
 8. For suggestive exercises on birds see Coulter-Patterson's Nature 
 Study, pp. 112, 122; also 301-313. 
 
 9. Study the economical value of birds and the migration of birds. 
 
 10. Old nest can be taken to school for study but discourage making 
 egg collections as it leads to the destruction of birds. 
 
 Suggestion to teacher: If you desire your class to make a special 
 study of the economical value of birds secure, — "Birds in Their Relation 
 to Man" by Weed and Dearborn — published by Lippincott. Other books 
 of interest on the subject of birds are as follows: — 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 6 1 
 
 1. Birds of Village and Field, Florence A. Merriam, Houghton, 
 Mifflin & Co., Boston. 
 
 2. The First Book of Birds, Olive Thorne Miller, Houghton, Mifflin 
 & Co., Boston. 
 
 3. Birds through the Year, Gilmore, American Book Co., Cincinnati. 
 
 4. Our Birds and Their Nestlings, Margaret C. Walker, American 
 Book Co., Cincinnati. 
 
 References: U. S. Farmers Bulletin. 
 
 No. 54 — Some Common Birds. 
 
 No. 197 — Importation of Game Birds and Eggs for Propagation. 
 
 No. 383 — How to destroy the English Sparrow. 
 
 No. 390 — Pheasant Raising in the United States. 
 
 Note to teacher: — If pupils are interested in Quail have them write 
 to Dr. H. C. Minnich, Oxford, Ohio, for information on raising quail. 
 Dr. Minnich's son has been very successful in raising quail and will fur- 
 nish information to tTiose that may be interested in the subject. 
 
 Home Garden Studies — Those persons having had experience with 
 school garden work not only in Ohio but also in other states agree that 
 the home garden is better than the school garden to meet the need of 
 rural children. In the larger villages and in the city, school gardens are 
 without a doubt worth while, but, aside from the experimental work, 
 they are in most cases neither practical nor profitable for the rural boy 
 or girl. There is no question about the value of the Home Garden and 
 the School Garden ; the question is regarding its organization and man- 
 agement. The success of either plan will depend largely upon the enthu- 
 siasm of the teacher who must take the lead in all garden work. The 
 teacher should plan the work carefully, first getting as much information 
 on the subject as possible from all sources. Garden work successfully 
 done is one of the very best possible means of interesting children in all 
 forms of Agriculture. If it is not carefully planned and cared for after 
 it is started it is likely to be a failure. Perhaps ninety per cent, of the 
 failures in garden work result from the teacher undertaking the work 
 before he has thoroughly investigated the subject and received some 
 plans from other school teachers that have been successful. Then it is 
 generally the case that most teachers ask the children to undertake too 
 much in the beginning. Small gardens in the spring become large gar- 
 dens when the sun gets hot in summer. Have each child who enters 
 into the work understand that he is not to give up the work until it is 
 completed. It is generally advisable to suggest to the children that they 
 not undertake to plant more than two or three varieties of plants. The 
 teacher undertaking garden work should have a record book and keep 
 in it the names of the children planting gardens adn the kinds of seed 
 grown by each one engaging in the work. These records should be left 
 at the school, as a new teacher may be employed to take charge in the 
 
62 A UNIFORM COURSE OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE. 
 
 fall and he must have these records. Children should be given credit for 
 all their summer activities in the way of garden work or field work. 
 The teacher should visit these gardens as often as possible and encourage 
 the children in their work. Very simple records of the work done should 
 be made by each pupil who has a garden. 
 
 Be sure to have an exhibit of some of the products cultivated by the 
 children either at the County Fair or at the school house at the opening 
 of school. You can have a "School Fair" of your own if it is not pos- 
 sible for all the children to take a part of their products to the County 
 Fair. Have some exercises in connection with your "School Fair." In- 
 vite the parents and your State Supervisor of Agriculture to attend the 
 exhibit. Secure some competent person to act as judge of the exhibit. 
 Simple prizes may be offered for the best exhibit of each kind. It is 
 very often advisable to secure the co-operation, if possible, of the parent 
 in this garden and field work. Speak to the parents about the value of 
 this work to the child and suggest that a piepe of land be given to the 
 child on which he may raise whatever he desires, and that he be allowed 
 the profits obtained from the crops. The child should keep an account 
 of the income and expenses. Teach him to see the businss side so that 
 he may better understand the question of farm economics. If the crop 
 is used by the parent, the child should be compensated for it. 
 
 References — U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletins. 
 
 No. 154 — The Home Fruit Garden. 
 
 No. 218 — The School Garden. 
 
 No. 255 — The Home and Vegetable Garden. 
 
 No. 256 — Preparation of Vegetables for the table. 
 
 No. 385 — Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Clubs. 
 
 No. 408 — School Exercises in Plant Production. 
 
 No. 409;— School Lessons on Corn. 
 
 No. 468 — Farmers' Bulletin — Forestry in Nature Study. 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SUITABLE FOR THE 
 7TH AND 8TH GRADES OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 Name of Text-book. Name of Author. Publishers. 
 
 Beginnings in Agriculture Mann MacMillan. 
 
 Agriculture for Young Folks. A. D. & E. W. Wilson. Webb & Co., Minneapolis. 
 First Principles of Agricul- 
 ture Goff & Mayne Amer. Book Co., Cincin- 
 nati. 
 Agriculture for Beginners.... Burkett, Stevens & Hill. Ginn & Co., Columbus. 
 Agriculture for Common 
 
 Schools Fisher & Cotton Chas. Scribner's Sons, N. 
 
 Y. 
 
FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF OHIO. 63 
 
 An Introduction to Agricul- 
 ture A. A. Upham D. Appleton & Co., Co- 
 lumbus. 
 One Hundred Lessons in Ele- 
 mentary Agriculture • A. W. Nolan Rowe, Peterson & Co., 
 
 Chicago. 
 Agriculture in the Public 
 
 Schools Lester S. Ivins March Bros. Pub. Co., 
 
 Lebanon, O. 
 
 PAPITRS AND MAGAZINES THAT AID IN THE TEACHING AND 
 STUDY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 American Agriculturist Orange Judd Co., New York. 
 
 Ohio Farmer Lawrence Pub. Co., Cleveland. 
 
 National Stockman and Farmer Pittsburg. 
 
 Farm and Fireside Springfield, Ohio. 
 
 Farm Journal Philadelphia. 
 
 Reliable Poultry Journal Quincy, 111. 
 
 Otwell's Farmer Boy (especially for boys and girls 
 
 studying agriculture in school) Carlinville, 111. 
 
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