.♦^'V ^ V " L* "' ' ^p^ * » - o ' V^ ^■. <.°*.i^'--% /.v;«^.\ c°*.i^'-.% /.•i;^;^. < o " s.n J, •.''■.. The • United States Marine Corps in the -J" World War By EDWIN N. McCLELLAN Major, U. S. Marines Officei in Charge Historical Division WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 ^^: K ^> 4? n. MAR 15 1920 EXPLANATORY NOTE. This brief history has been prepared for the purpose of acquainting both the personnel of the service and the pubhc with the general facts concerning the United States Marine Corps in the World War. It is a partial compliance with the instructions contained in Marine Corps Orders No. 53 (Series 1919), directing that a history of the United States Marine Corps for the period of the World War be pre- ?ared, and is preliminary to the final and detailed history of the Inited States Marine Corps during the World War, which is in course of preparation. The statistics and other information contained herein are as accurate as it is possible to obtain at the present date. Every effort has been made to avoid expressions of opinions and criticisms, or the drawing of conclusions of an important nature. 3 LETTER OF TRANSMISSION. November 26, 1919. From: OfRcer in Charge Historical Division, Adjutant and Inspector's Department, United States Marine Corps. To: The Major General Commandant. Via: Officer in Charge, Adjutant and Inspector's Department. Subject: The United States Marine Corps in the World War. 1. There is transmitted herewith for your formal approval a concise history of the United States Marine Corps in the World War, including certain statistics, with the recommendation that it be published to the naval service. Edwin N. McClellan. (First endorsement.] Adjutant and Inspector's Department, Headquarters United States Marine Corps, Washington, D. C, November 26, 1919. From: The Acting Adjutant and Inspector. To: The Major General Commandant. 1. Forwarded, approved. Approved: George Barnett, Major General Commandant, United States Marine Corps. Approved : Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy. H. C. Haines. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. On AiTEu T . In general 9 II. Statutory and actual strength of the Marine Corps on various dates 11 III. Recruiting — Applicants, rejections, enlistments — Enli^- inents by States 14 IV. Geographical location and disposition of Marines during the war 17 V. How ofScera were obtained and trained 21 VI. Training of enlisted men in the United States and in Europe. 25 VII. Organizationa and replacements sent to Europe — Organization of the Fourth and Fifth Brigades 29 VIIT. Operationa in general 36 IX. Units composing the Second Division — Commanding gener- als of the Second Division — Verdun operations 38 X. Aisne Defensive — Hill 142 — Bouresches — Bois de la Brigade de Marine 40 XI. Aisne-Mame Offensive (Soissons) 45 XII. Marbachesector, near Pont-a-Mousson on the Moselle River — St. Mihiel Offensive 48 XIII . The Champagne — Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge — Capture of St. Etienne — March to LefRncourt 49 XIV. Meuse-Argonne Offensive — Crossing the Mouse River 53 XV. March to the Rhine — Army of Occupation — Summary of operations of the Fourth Brigade 56 XVI, With the Navy on board the battleships and cruisers 59 XVII. The activities of the Fifth Brigade 62 XVIII. Statistics concerning casualties G5 XIX. Citations of Marine units by French — Days in France — Artillery captured — Prisonera captured — Kilometers ad- vanced against the enemy — Decorations awarded ^Marines. 67 XX. Rifle practice — ^Rifle and pistol competitions participated in by Marines during the war 69 XXI. Aviation statistics 71 XXII. Marine Corps Reserve 76 XXIII. Return of Marines from Europe — Parades in the United States 78 XXIV. Demobilization 80 XXV. The Office of the Major General Commandant — The Adjutant and Inspector's Department 83 XXVI. The Paymaster's Department 84 XXVII. The Quartermaster's Department 89 7 THE UNITED STATES MARINE TORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. Chapter I. IN GENERAL. When a state of war was declared to exist on April 6, 1917, the United States Marine Corps was composed of 462 commissioned officers, 49 warrant officers, and 13,214 enlisted men on active duty, a total of 13,725 and, while the corps was expanded to an actual strength, including reserves, of 75,101 officers and enlisted men, its high standard was never lowered. Wlien these figures are com- pared with the approximate strength of 3,100 at the end of the Civil War, and of 4,800 at the end of the Spanish War, the growth of the Marine Corps is illustrated. Despite the fact that on the outbreak of war, 187 officers and 4,546 enlisted men were on duty beyond the continental limits of the United States, and 49 officers, and 2,187 enlisted men were serving on board the cruising vessels of the Navy, only five weeks later, on June 14, 1917, the Fifth Regiment of Marines, consisting of 70 officers and 2,689 enlisted men, approximately one-sixth of the enlisted strength of the Marine Corps, competently organized and ready for active service, sailed on the Henderson, De Kalh, and Hancock from the United States, forming one-fiith of the first expedition of American troops for service in France. This regiment was soon joined by the Sixth Eegiment and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines, and the Fourth Brigade of Marines was organized, and as one of the two Infantry brigades of the Second Division of Regulars engaged in actual battle in no less than eight distinct operations in France, of which four were major opera- tions. The French Army recognized the splendid work of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments of Marines by citing them no less than thi'ee times in Army orders for achievements in the Chateau-Thierry sector, in the Aisne-Marne (Soissons) offensive, and in the Mouse-Argonne (Champagne). The Sixth Machine Gun Battahon was similarly cited for its work in the Chateau-Thierry sector and Aisne-Marne (Soissons) offensive. The Fourth Brigade received a similar cita- tion for its work in the Chateau-Thierry sector. Since two French Army citations are sufficient to make an organization eligible for the award of the French fourragere, the high standard of the Marine units is evident. Information was received in January, 1920, that the War Department had accepted the award of the French fourragere in the colors of the ribbon of the Croix do Guerre for several Army organi- zations and the three units of the Fourth Brigade. 10 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS iN THE WORLD WAR. Within one year after the outbreak of war the Marine Corps placed about as many enhsted men in France as there were in the Marine Corps wlien war was declared. During the month of June, 1918, when the battle deaths around Hill 142, Bouresches, Belleau Wood, and Vaux, of Americans attached to the Second Division amounted to 1 ,811 (of which at least 1 ,062 were Marines) and the nonfatal casualties to 7,252 more (of which 3,615 were Marines), the legislative strength of the Marine Corps was but 1,323 officers and 30,000 enlisted men; the actual strength on June 30, 1918, including reserves, was 1,424 officers and 57,298 enlisted men, and of this total about 300 officers and 14,000 enlisted men were in France. These latter figures include those Marines who suffered casualties in the battles of June, 1918. Approximately 30,000 Marines were sent overseas to join the Ameri- can Expeditionary Forces, and 1,600 for naval duty ashore. During the war a great many additional Marine detachments were detailed to guard the radio stations, naval magazines, ammunition depots, warehouses, cable stations and for other naval activities, and the detachments already established were largely augmented. No call was made for additional Marines for naval purposes that was not fully met, and this is of especial interest as the Marine Corps is essentially a part of the Naval Establishment, and its first duty is to fill all naval needs and requirements. It was believed to be essential that the Marine Corps should do its full part in this war, and for that reason it was absolutely necessary that the Marines should join the Army on the western front, taking care, however, that this should not at any time interfere in the slightest degree with the filhng of all naval requirements. The Marine Corps, while maintaining the Fourth Brigade of Marines, a total of 258 officers and 8,211 enlisted men, that fought in eight battle operations suffering approximately 12,000 casualties, placed and maintained the Fifth Brigade of Marines of the same strength in France; supplied the commanding general of the Second Division, and many officers on his staff; furnished a considerable number of officers to command Army units of the Second and other divisions, and for staff and detached duty throughout the American Expeditionary Forces; participated in the naval aviation activities in France and in the Azores; and during the period of the v/ar suc- ceeded in performing in a highly satisfactory manner the naval duties required of it, including the maintenance of two brigades of prewar strength standing by to protect the Mexican oil fields, and as an advanced base force in Philadelphia; one in Cuba; one in Santo Domingo, and one in Haiti; administered and officered the Haitian Gendarmerie and Guardia Nacional Dominicana; as well as provid- ing efficient Marine detachments for numerous naval vessels, and maintaining garrisons at the numerous navy yards and naval sta- tions in the United States; and in the Virgin Islands; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Pearl Harbor, Hawaiian Islands; Guam; Cavite and Olongapo, P. I. ; Managua, Nicaragua; Peking, China; San Juan, P. R.; London, England; Cardiff, Wales; Paris, France; and the Azores; and supplied many officers and enlisted men for special and detached duty at home and abroad. Chapter II. STATUTORY AND ACTUAL STRENGTH OF THE MARINE CORPS ON VARIOUS DATES. STATUTORY STRENGTH. The act of Cono;ress of August 29, 1916, increased the authorized strength of the Marine Corps from 344 officers and 9,921 enlisted men to 597 officers and 14,981 enlisted men, and the President was authorized in an emergency to further increase the corps to 693 offi- cers and 17,400 enlisted men, which he did by Executive order on March 26, 1917. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared "that a state of war exists between the United States and the Imperial German Government" and one and one-half months later, on May 22, 1917, temporarily increased the authorized strength to 1,197 commissioned officers, 126 warrant officers, and 30,000 enlisted men. Finally, the act of July 1, 1918, temporarily increased the Marine Corps to 3,017 commis- sioned officers, 324 warrant officers, and 75,500 enlisted men, which is the maximum strength ever authorized for the Marine Corps. Of this number 17,400 were permanent and 57,650 temporary. In addi- tion to the above, the act of August 29, 1916, which established the Marine Corps Reserve, permits the enrollment of reserves without limit as to number, and on AprU 6, 1917, there were enrolled, subject to call to active duty, three Reserve commissioned officers, 24 National Naval Volunteer officers, 36 Reserve enlisted men, and 928 enlisted National Naval Volunteers. There were also available for recall to active duty 65 regular retired commissioned officers, one regular retired warrant officer, and 210 regular retired enlisted men. ACTUAL STRENGTH OF THE MARINE CORPS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE WAR. On April 6, 1917, the strength of the Marine Corps on active duty \vas as follows : Regular commissioned officers: Major General Commandant 1 Brigadier generals 7 C ilonels 13 Lieutenant colonels 27 ^Majors 59 (Japtaiiis 119 First lieutenants 87 Second lieutenants 106 Total regular officers 419 Regular commissioned retired officers: On active duty 43 11 12 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. Regular warrant officers : Marine gunners 20 Quartermaster clerks 20 Pay clerks [i Total warrant officers 49 Total regular officers 511 Total regular enlisted men 13, 214 Total strength, on active duty 13, 725 On November 11, 1918, the strength of the Marine Corps on active duty was as follows : Regular commissioned officers: Major General Commandant 1 Major generals 2 Brigadier generals 13 C9lonels - 43 Lieutenant-colonels 52 Majors 199 Captains 522 First lieutenants 436 Second lieutenants 413 Total Regular officers 1, 681 Commissioned retired officers: ' On active duty 43 Reserve officers on active duty: Majors 7 Captains 33 First lieutenants 63 Second lieutenants 360 Total Reserve officers 463 Total commissioned officers an active duty 2, 187 Regular warrant officers : Marine gunners - - 109 Quartermaster clerks 89 Pay clerks 56 Total 254 Reserve warrant officers : Marine gunners 27 Quartermaster clerks 2 Pay clerks 4 Total 33 Total warrant officers on active duty 287 Total officers on active duty 2, 474 Enlisted personnel: Regular 63,714 Retired enlisted men on active duty 15 Reserves, on active duty 6, 483 Female reservists, on active duty 277 Total 70,489 Total strength on active duty 72, 963 UNITED STATES MARHSTE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 13 On December 11, 1918, the Marine Corps attained its maximum strength on active duty, which was distributed as follows: Regular commissioned officers 1, 678 Retired oilicers on active duty 44 Reserve commissioned officers 452 Regular warrant officers 257 Reserve warrant officers 31 Regular enlisted men 65, 666 Reserve enlisted men 6, 704 Female reservists 269 Total 75, 101 The maximum enlisted strength of the regular Marine Corps, not including reserves, during the period between the outbreak of war and the date the armistice became operative was 63,714 on Novem- ber 9, 1918. Chapter III. RECRUITING- APPLICANTS, REJECTIONS, ENLISTMENTS-ENLIST- MENTS RY STATES. The recruiting service of the corps was enlarged greatly during the war and it was so well organized and its method of procedure Avas so efficient that it was able to stand the enormous increase of the corps. The real test of any organization comes when a very great increase is suddenly made and the recruiting service of the Marine Corps passed that test in a commendable manner. On August 8, 1918, by Executive order, volunteer enlistments in the Marine Corps and enrollments in the reserve were stopped, and from that time until October 1, 1918, no men were enlisted in the corps with the exception of those whose cases were pending when the Executive order above mentioned was issued and some whose enlistments expired and were reenlisted. On September 16, 1918, the Secretary of War approved the terms of a tentative plan pro- posed in an informal conference by representatives of the Navy Department, the Marine Corps, the General Staff, and the Provost Marshal General's Office. This plan in part provided that the Marine Corps was accorded the privilege of individual inductions to the amount of 5,000 men, for the months of October, November, and December, 1918, and January, 1919, and 1,500 thereafter. As the plan above mentioned operated the men were supplied from the selective draft, but the choice was given the Marine Corps of accepting or rejecting men according to the way they measured up to the Marine Corps standards. The inductees also had a choice in the matter, so they were really "voluntary inductees." This plan was very favorable and permitted the Marine Corps to maintain its high standard of enlisted personnel. Owing to the cessation of hostilities there were but few inductions and none of the inductees ever reached France prior to the armistice becoming effective. Regular voluntary inductions into the Marine Corps (through Provost Marshal General) commenced October 1, 1918, and the last man was voluntarily inducted on December 13, 1918. Inductions occurred as follows: October, 1918 2, 787 November, 1918 3, 880 December, 1918 421 Total 7, 088 Owing to the signing of the p.rriiistice, no more requests were made to the Provost Marshal General for the induction of men after November 18, 1918. On December 2, 1918, the President, by proclamation, directed that voluntary enlistments of registrants into the Navy and Marine 14 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 15 Corps would be permitted without notice to local boards, and the provisions of the selective service law became inoperative so far as the Marine Corps was concerned. On December 4, 1918, recruiting on a very limited scale was resumed by order of the Secretary of the Navy. On that date also, enrollments in the Marine Corps Reserve were stopped. Applica7i(s. rejections, enlistments, etc., regular Marine Corps, not including reservea but including inductees, April, 1917, to November, 1918. Date. Appli- cants. Rejected by com- manding olflcer.' Rejected by medical "officer.^ Eloped. Declined oath. Enlist- ments. Strength Marine Corps. Apr. 1 . . . Apr. 30.. May 31 . . June 30.. July 31 . . Aug. 31.. Sept. 30. Oct. 31 . . Nov. 30. . Dec. 31 . Jan. 31.. Feb.2s.. Mar. 31.. Apr. 30.. May 31.. June 30. July 31. Aug. 31. Sept. 30. Oct. 31 . . Nov. 30. Total. 41 74 47 21 37 29 33 14 22 29 31 18 44 73 70 224 115 199 2 2 11,(573 10,039 11,735 8,183 4,000 3,996 3,661 4,942 5,305 3,981 5,772 4,734 12,996 12,956 18,609 11,767 11,528 13,484 8, 923 9,129 239, 274 1,125 177,419 168 2,864 5,295 4,073 3,508 2,221 811 635 617 1,462 1,454 105 279 2,910 5,278 6,132 8,152 6,598 2,404 3,250 4,151 373 60,189 13,214 15,813 20,932 21,772 2,-, 045 2t,861 30,322 30, 576 30,855 32,016 33,184 33,045 33,093 35,690 40,722 45,384 52,712 57, 628 59, 556 62, 142 65,489 1 Rejections by commanding ofTicer include minors whose parents refused consent, married men whose wives refused consent, a.id men with criminal records or who were o henvise imdesirable. 2 Rejections by medical officer include all rejections at recruiting office as well as those rejected by the medical officer at the recruit depot to which they were transferred. 151402°— 20 2 16 UISTITED STATES MARIXE ("ORPS IX THE WORLD WAR. ENLISTMENTS BY STATES. The following table shows the number of men enlisted in the Marine Corps, not including reserves enrolled but including inductees, be- tween April 1, 1917, and November 11, 1918. These figures do not include the 13,214 enlisted men alreadv in the Marine Corps on April 6, 1917: Nevada 86 New Jersey 1, 251 New Hampshire 67 New Mexico 25 New York 6, 782 North Carolina 488 North Dakota 225 Ohio 4,968 Oklahoma 384 Oregon 1, 006 Pennsylvania 4, 365 Rhode Island 64 South Carolina 66 South Dakota 145 Tennessee 1, 418 Texas 2, 205 Utah 898 Vermont 21 Virginia 617 Washington 1, 767 West Virginia 598 Wisconsin , 876 Wyoming 92 Alabama Arizona Arkansas California 2, Colorado 1, Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Illinois 4, Idaho Indiana 1, Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts 1, Maryland ^Michigan 2, Minnesota 2, Missouri 3, Mississippi Montana 1, Nebraska 313 210 290 527 262 240 72 451 110 674 959 508 182 607 673 592 832 24 957 867 115 581 721 297 205 461 Total 57,144 Statistics that will show the exact number of oflBcers and enlisted men from each State are being prepared. Chapter IV. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND DISPOSITION OF MARINES DURING WAR. During the period of the war Marines served ashore and afloat all over the world. The following tables show where they were located at the outbreak of war and on the date the armistice became opera- tive; also the naval vessels on which Marines were serving on both of these dates; and the geographical location of Marines during the war. Location of Marines on April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918. Location. American Expeditionary Forces Azores China Cuba England (A. E. F.). See American Expe- ditionary Forces. England (not A. E. F.) France (A. E. F.). See American Expe- ditionary Forces. France (not A. E. F.) Germany (A. E. F.) See American Ex- peditionary Forces. Guam Haiti Hawaiian Islands HoUand (The Hague) Nicaragua Philippine Islands Torto Rico (San Juan) Samoa Santo Domingo Sea duty Spain (Madrid) United States Virgin Islands Total. Apr. 6, 1917. Officers. Men. Total. 16 183 10 419 268 580 383 622 137 111 272 1,856 2,187 0,481 317 13,214 276 596 392 684 140 114 279 1,925 2,236 6,664 327 13, 033 Nov. 11, 1918. Officers. Men. Total 1857 11 11 146 1,029 25 23,698 188 271 2,310 1,030 366 825 466 3 118 582 77 1,879 2,009 1 36,004 583 2,431 70,489 24,555 199 282 2,409 71 1,176 380 885 476 3 123 594 78 1 1,963 2,073 37,043 608 72,920 1 Including enlisted men commissioned in Europe. MARINES SERVING ON BOARD NAVAL VESSELS. Marine detachments served on board all the overseas battleships and on the battlesliips of Battleship Force Two throughout the war. The Marines of Battleship Force One of which the Minnesota was flagship were temporarily withdi-awn in April, 1918. Marines were also on board a gi-eat many of the cruisers which acted as escorts for the vessels transporting Army troops to Europe. 17 18 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. The following table shows in detail those vessels which carried Marine detachments at the beginning of the war and on Armistice Day: Ship. Apr. 6 , 1917. Nov. 11, 1918. Officers. Men. Officers. Men. Atlantic Fleet 1 1 1 Pacific Fleet Asiatic Fleet Battlesliip Force 2 Battleshiip Force . . . i Cruiser Force Di\'lsion 6 . 1 1 Di\ision 7. . Division 8 Pivision 9 (Sixtii Battle Squadron) \ 1 2 40 83 76 69 20 Arizona 2 2 2 88 Arkansas 86 Brooklyn 88 Castine Charleston 2 1 62 Cincinnati 1 40 19 65 6 65 40 38 15 66 41 Columbia Connecticut 3 Constellation. 7 Delaware . 1 1 2 70 Denver Des Moines . Dolphin 20 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 63 Frederick 64 -1 39 40 George Washington 97 Helena 1 30 25 Huntington 61 19 Louisiana 1 20 15 62 68 Machias Mayflower 5 Michigan 2 2 Minnesota Mississippi 2 2 78 Montana 1 1 1 1 1 62 68 77 67 6 72 Nebraska Nevada 2 79 New Hampshire New Jersey . . . New Mexico .... 2 2 2 2 2 68 New York 1 77 20 North Carolina. 65 North Dakota 1 2 1 1 2 64 77 40 94 75 19 69 64 61 65 65 Oklahoma 80 Olympia Pennsylvania 3 2 133 Pittsburgh 105 Pueblo 1 1 1 2 2 15 Rhode Island . .- Seattle .. South Carolina South Dakota 2 2 2 2 1 2 59 62 Texas 1 2 1 1 72 62 30 78 20 78 Utah . 72 Wilmington. . 30 Wyoming . . 82 Yorktowii ' Total 49 2,187 64 2,009 In addition to the above-named vessels, Marines served on the Leviathan, Albany, New Orleans, Georgia, Kansas, Vermont, San Diego, and Virginia. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 19 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF MARINES DURING THE WAR. During the period of the war Marines were stationed at the fol- lowing posts : UNITED STATES. Narij yards and stations. — Portsmouth, N. H. ; Boston; New York; Philadelphia; Annapohs; Washington, D. C. ; Norfolk, Va.; Charles- ton, S. v.] Key West, Fla.; Pensacola, Fla.; New Orleans; Mare Island, Calif. ; f*uget Sound, Wash. ; and North Island, Calif. Naval tnagazines. — Hingham, Mass.; Fort Lafayette; lona Island, N. y.; Lake Denmark, N. J.; Fort Mifflin, Pa.; St. Juliens Creek, Va. ; and Mare Island, Calif. Naval ammunition depots. — Dover, N. J., and New London, Conn. Torpedo stations. — Puget Sound, Wash., and Newport, Iv. I. Radio stations, etc. — Greenbury, Md.; Point Isabel, Tox.; Radio, Va.; Key West, Fla.; Chatham, Mass.; Portland, Mo.; Rye Beach, Me.; Otter CHffs, Me.; naval radio station, Wellfleet, Mass.; French Cable Co., Orleans, Mass.; Postal Telegraph and Cable Co., Rock- port, Mass.; Commercial Telegraph & Cable Co., Boston; Marconi Wireless Co., Boston; Western Union Co., Boston; Capo Cod, Mass.; Sayville, N. Y.; New Brunswick, N. J.; Belmar, N. J.; Tuckerton, N. J.; Beaufort, S. C. ; Charleston, S. C. ; Annapolis, Md. ; Washington, D. C. ; San Diego, Calif. ; Chollas Heights, Calif. ; Point Arguello, Calif.; Inglewood, Calif.; East San Pedro, Calif.; Eureka, Cahf.; Bolinas, Calif.; Marshall, Calif.; Farallones Islands, Calif.; Marshfield, Oreg.; Astoria, Oreg.; Lents, Oreg.; Tatoosli, Wash.; North Head, Wash. Naval prisons. — Portsmouth, N. H.; Parris Island, S. C; and Mare Island, Calif. Naval lospitals. — Boston; New York; Washington, D. C; Norfolk, Ya,. ; Key West, Fla. ; and Fort Lyons, Col. Coaling stations. — La Playa, Calif., and Tiburon, Calif. Receiving ship.— Boston. Other places. — Headquarters, Washington, D. C. ; Office of the Judge Advocate General; assistant paymasters' ofFices at New York, Atlanta, Ga., and San Francisco, Calif. ; depots of supplies at Philadel- phia, Pa., San Francisco, Calif., and Charleston, S. C.; naval experi- mental station. New London, Conn. ; naval district base. New Loudon, Conn. ; advanced base force, Philadelphia, Pa. ; mobilization bureau. New York City; third naval district base, New York; New Navy Building guard, Wasliington, D. C; naval mine station, Yorktown, Va.; naval base, Hampton Roads, Va.; Navy rifle range, Wakefield, Mass.; rifle range, Wintlirop, Md.; naval proving grounds, Indian Head, Md.; Wissahickon Barracks, N. J.; Navy fuel depot, Curtis, Md.; Navy ordnance plant, Charleston, W. Va. ; camp of instruction, bayonet team, Lansdowne, Pa.; signal battalion, Paoli, Pa.; staff office, San Francisco, Calif . ; Marine barracks, Quantico, Va.; Fort Crockett, Galveston, Tex.; Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, La.; naval air station. Cape May, N. J.; naval air station, San Diego, Calif.; naval school for mechanics, Great Lakes, 111.; naval air station, Pensacola, Fla.; Ai-my training field, Mineola, Long Island, N. Y. ; Marine Corps School of Machine Gun Instruction at L^tica, N. Y.; and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. 20 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. BEYOND CONTINENTAL LIMITS OF UNITED STATES. American Expeditionary Forces. — In France, England, and Germany. With naval service in Europe. — Paris, France; Pauillac, France; London, England; Marine aerodromes between Calais and Dunkirk, France; Croix d'Hins, Gironde, France; naval base, Ponta Delgada, Azores Islands; Cardiff, Wales. Naval stations. — Cavite, P. I.; Olongapo, P. I.; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Virgin Islands; Guam. Occupation forces. — Santo Domingo, Haiti. Legation guards. — Peking, China; and Managua, Nicaragua. Couriers. — Madrid, Spain; The Hague, Holland; Luxembourg; Jassy, Roumania; Stockholm, Sweden; Copenhagen, Denmark; Christiania, Norway; Petrograd, Archangel, Murman Coast, Russia; Paris, France; London, England; Athens, Greece; and Rome, Italy. Constabularies. — Guardia Nacional Dominicana and Haitian gen- darmerie. Radio stations. — Cavite, P. I.; San Juan, Porto Rico; El Cayay, Porto Rico; Haiti; Croix d'Hins, Gironde, France. Naval ammunition depot. — Olongapo, P. I. Naval magazine.— V earl Harbor, Hawaii. Depot of supplies. — Cavite, P. I. AttacMs. — Paris, France; London, England; Yokohama, Japan; Petrograd, Russia; Stockholm, Sweden; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Christiania, Norway. Chapter V. HOW OFFICERS WERE ORTAINED AND TRAINED. HOW OFFICERS WERE OBTAINED. ! a4jpuiii permanent service and lor tne ?eCpo™Seal'eautWed1ortL'd^^ from the foUomng sources: ^ Graduates of the Naval Academy ■.'.■'.'.''.'.'.'... 1 Former officer of the Marine Oorps- 1 Former graduate of the Naval Academy - ■^—.-■^—■^ '...'. 89 Warrant-officers and P.^Y.^^^i^^ l,^i?,^,Vthe mS Cor^^^^ 122 Meritorious noncommissioned officers of the Marine L-orps .... ^^ Reserve officers and National Naval Volunteers 284 j:*„ fi,a troininff of the new officers, advantage In order to expedite the t^'"'^? 7- ™p '„„T,„serve and success- was taken of the law P'-°"dmg or a Ma^neCor^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ful candidates were immediately en^^^^^^^^ ^^^ reserve and ordered to Marine \?'P^ P"**;" ' , service. Candidates issuance of their commissions '" *''„^^Sular sem«? authorized designated for the examination ^e f fuly 1 JiT, w^e upol designation^t.^^em^n as^P^iv^^^^^^^ /^^„,„,,„„ rjs^iftr^'rrir h^^^^^^^^^ - 1^« ™ - educTtiSn and fine f tainments who had enl st^^^^^^ rppoTntmen'Js after the outbreak of war, '/ ™^ ''^''^f^^tnatt woSd be made during of civiUans to the rank of second lieutenant wou . j ^-^^^ the continuance of the war and that all ™«^«J^Xw, would be grade, not required for g^^j^^t^^<™s nontmmis^^^^^ ofiice,^ Sd^Jis*!ji%rroSlgatcUrrrvic:in Marine Corps Orders No. 25 (Series 1917). 21 22 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. HOW OFFICERS WERE TRAINED. The officers appointed from civil life, as soon as enrolled, were ordered to the Marine barracks. Mare Island, Calif.; San Diego, Calif.; Parris Island, S. C. ; and the Marine Corps rifle range, Win- throp, Md., for instruction, pending the completion of the buildings for their use at the Marine barracks, Quantico, Va. Early in July, 1917, the buildings being in readiness, the newly appointed officers, about 345 in number, were assembled at Quantico, where an officers' camp of instruction was held, and the course completed in October, 1917. In carrying out the policy of obtaining officers from the ranks, orders were issued to commanding officers of every post and station of the Marine Corps, both at home and abroad, as well as those on board ship, to the effect that all commissioned officers would be taken from the ranks, and that the number of men to be designated from each post to attend the training camp would be a certain per- centage of the number of men stationed at such post or station. Each commanding officer was ordered to convene a board of three officers to examine into the qualifications of the men at his post, and to report in the order of merit the names of the men considered quahfied for entry to the officers' training camp at Quantico, Va. These reports were all forwarded to headquarters, where a board was convened to examine them and to select, in accordance with their standing as reported by the various boards, the number of men who it had been decided could be quartered and properly instructed at Quantico. It was found that about 600 was the limit that could be accommodated, and approximately this number was selected for the first camp, which was established at Quantico, Va., in April, 1918. The officers' training camp was commanded by an officer of ade- quate rank. The students were divided into companies with a major in command as chief instructor and captains and lieutenants to assist him. The candidates were given a very rigid coiu'se of instruction and intensive training. Some of the studies pursued were: Infantry drill regulations, manual of interior guard duty, bayonet training, bombing, minor tactics, military engineering, military topography, administration, military law, lectures on gas and on sea duty, and a practical course on the rifle range. The training at these camps was most intensive and thoroughly competitive, so that a man's position depended entirely upon him- self. The material to draw from was so excellent that comparatively few of those who entered the camps failed to receive commissions and many of the young men so commissioned who were assigned to duty abroad demonstrated that their selection was fully justified. Many officers also received special training in the schools of the Overseas Depot at Quantico, Va. The majority of the members of the first officers' training camp were graduated in July, 1918. Tliree hundred of this camp were com- missioned on July 15, 1918, and 91 on August 15, 1918. The same proportionate allowance that was made in the United States was also designated for the Marines serving in France, and similar means were instituted there to carry out the policy of selec- tion of men for the training camp. As a result of the camp estab- UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 23 lished over there, 164 second lieutenants were appointed from the Fourth Brigade in France. ^ ^ r\ +• ^7^ The second officers' training camp was opened at Quantico, Va., on August 20, 1918, the enUsted men forming its persomiel ha^ng been selected n exactly the same manner as those attending the first camp and this procedure was also followed with regard to the Marines of the American Expeditionary Forces m France Of the 570 men 4iXd 432 were graduated from the second officers training ^amp! December 16, lofs, and 172 from the Army candidate school in France, who, immediately upon graduating, wexe enrolled as second lie itenants (prorisional) in class 4, Marine Corps Reserve ami subsequently appointed temporary second heutenantsm the Zrine Corps. An extension of three weeks to this course ni America wn^ necessitated bv the epidemic of influenza. , . , ra , There weT235^gra in July, 1919, from the third officei^ training camp who'were enrolled as second lieutenants (provisional) in class 4, Marine Corps Reserve, and immediately assigned to inactive "^""There were also 48 graduates of the Army candidate school m France who were enrolled as second lieutenants (provisional) m rJass 4 Marine Corps Reserve, and who were discharged or placed on 'i^^ctive duJy upon then- return to the United States, with, the ex- ception of four who were transferred to the temporary service. Sixty-nine officers were graduated from the Marine Corps school of machine-gun instruction at Utica N. Y. f^^ ,^;..t;mi Information regarding the trammg of Marine officers for aviation duties will be found in Chapter XXI. MARINE SECTIONS, STUDENT ARMY TRAINING CORPS. In the act approved August 31, 1918 provision was made for a Student Army Traming Corps, and under date of September 12 1918 ihe Secretary of War directed the Provost Marshal General to allot 1 500 of the registrants authorized for induction into the Student Army Training Corps to the Marine sections under that ovganm^Uon On Septembei"23, 1918, with the approval of the Navy Department, Marine C^n.s headquarters designated the following institutions for tiroig^Wtion of ^Marine sections of the Student Army Traming Corps and allotted quotas to each ranging from 100 to 190: • • no Leland Stanford Junior University | Georgia School of Technology -^^^ Harvard University -^^q University of Minnesota -j^^^ Cornell University , gQ University of Washington ^^^ University of Texas -^^^ Yale University -|^^q University of Kansas. -j^qq University of Wisconsin ^^^ Vu'ginia Military Institute ,^^ University of North Carolina • A Marme officer was ordered to each of the designated institutions and charcred with the duties of administration, instruction, and disci- pline of the Marine section, with the assistance of a noncommissioned officer of the Marine Corps. 24 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. It was intended to transfer, from time to time well-oualifipd «f„ dents who were mducted into Marine section^, of f^ri;?, t^ , a ^^"" either the Marine Corns Reserve Fhn^o.p5^ commissioned in Chapter VI. TRAINING OF ENLISTED MEN IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE. IN UNITED STATES. The Marine Corps system of training for the enlisted personnel during the war was thorough and excellent in every respect, and re- sulted in the turning out of men who proved themselves well fitted for the arduous duties of Marines. For a short time after the outbreak of the war temporary recruit depots were opened at the navy yards at Philadelphia, Pa., and Nor- folk, Ya., with a capacity of 2,500 at the former and 500 at the latter. These were used until the regular recruit depots at Parris Island, S. C, and Mare Island, Calif., could accommodate the recruits. These two recruit depots were greatly enlarged both in size and scope, to take care of the temporary increase in strength authorized for the war, and were soon able to meet all demands made upon them. At the beginning of the war the course of recruit instruction at the recruit depot, Parris Island, was of 8 weeks duration, and with but very few exceptions every recruit passing through this depot received 8 weeks instruction. At the Mare Island recruit depot, the recruits received 12 weeks training from April 6 to 28, 1917, 9 weeks from April 29, 1917, to June 21, 1918, and 8 weeks from June 22 to Novem- ber 11, 1918. The following table gives a list of the special schools at the Parris Island recruit depot and the number of graduates from each during the period between the outbreak of war and the date the armistice became operative: Noncommissioned OfRcers School 2, 144 Field Musics School 493 Radio School 143 Signal School 232 Band School 247 Clerical School 236 Pay School 78 Cooks, and Bakers, School 150 Total 3. 723 The following table illustrates what was accomplished by the two recruit depots: In training— Maximum strength of post. Maximum number of recruits at one time. Total recruits handled. Maximum capacity. Depot. Apr. 6, 1917. Nov. 11, 1918. Parris Island 835 358 4,104 1,143 16,601 2,799 13,286 2,470 46,202 11,901 13,060 3,000 Mare Island Total 1,193 5,247 19,400 15, 756 58, 103 16,060 25 26 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. After leaving the recruit depots at Parris Island and Mare Island, advanced training was given the men at Quantico, Va. This training was most intensive and as a result all the organizations which were trained there attained a high state of efficiency. It was made to approximate as nearly as practicable the real service which the men would have in the American Expeditionary Forces in France. Of- ficers who were engaged in this training showed great ingenuity and efficiency in their attempts to make the training approach as nearly as possible what the men would be subjected to in actual service. That tliey succeeded was shown by the work done by the Marines in France and other places. The first troops arrived at the Marine barracks, Quantico, Va., on May 18, 1917. The maximum enlisted strength was 9,849 on Sep- tember 12, 1918. The maximum number of officers present at one time was 484, on August 16, 1918. The strength on November 11, 1918, was 329 officers and 8,798 enlisted men. From May, 1917, to November 11, 1918, approximately 1,000 officers and 40,000 enlisted men passed through Quantico, Va. In addition to giving the enlisted men general training at Quantico in preparation for overseas and other duty, the Overseas Depot was established on May 19, 1918, for the double purpose of organizing and training units of the Marine Corps for service with the American Expeditionary Forces. Prior to the organization of this depot the Fifth and Sixth Regi- ments, the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, the Base Battalion of the Fifth Regiment, and two replacement battalions had left the Ignited States and had become part of the American Expeditionary Force. The Overseas Depot consisted of an administrative staff and the various sections as foUows: (a) Tlie specialists' schools for the technical traming of the infantry and machine gun, and the coordina- tion of these specialists' arms; (6) the tactical department for the instruction and training of overseas units in new tactical prmciples; (c) the enlisted staff school for the training of first sergeants, mess sergeants, cooks, company clerks, armorers, etc. Two French and four Canadian officers, who had abundant experience in the fighting in Europe, were assigned as advisors of the commanding officer. The basic independent unit of organization was the platoon, and the platoon therefore became the principal traming unit. In the organization of this unit the scheme followed was to assure to each a certain nucleus of enlisted instructors trained in the various specialties, in addition to the platoon commanders, who were qualified to carry on the instruction along approved lines witlim the unit. This nucleus was taken from the graduates of the specialists' schools of the depot. When four such platoons had beenformed they were assem- bled into a company. The company headquarters, trained in the enlisted staff school, was added to the four platoons and the com- pany organization was turned over to the company commander complete in all details. Battalions were likewise formed by the consolidation of companies. In every instance the platoon, com- pany, and the battalion, carried out a regular schedule of drills and instructions under the supervision of the depot, but all adminis- trative details were left in the hands of the company and the battalion commanders. These training schedules were made up in the tacti- cal department, approved by the commanding officer, and were "UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR, 27 based on the most approved methods in effect at the time. In the cases of the formation of regimental organizations, of which there were two formed durmg the existence of the Ovei*seas Depot, the battahons upon being formed were turned over to the regimental commander, and in this case direct supervision by the depot ceased, but all facilities on hand, such as material, officers acting in an advisory capacity, training areas, etc., directly attached to the depot, were placed at the disposal of the regimental commanders who were at all times in active liaison with the depot. About 85 per cent of the troops forming the detachments arriving at the Overseas Depot for service in France had undergone not less than 8 nor more than 12 weeks' training at the regular recruit de]>ots of the Marine Corps. The preliminary training received at tliese recruit depots was such as to fit the men for general service throughout the Marine Corps, and resulted in the men being M^ell disciplined, consider- ing the short time they had been in the service. Tliis facilitated the more advanced and specialized training they were to receive at the Overseas Depot. These detachments were composed entirely of qualified riflemen, having undergone during the recruit period a most thorough and comprehensive course in the use of the rifle. Upon the arrival of these detachments they were organized as outlined above, and the commissioned personnel was assigned to the units from the officers' school. The schedule and drills and instructions were pro- vided them and were carried out under the supervision of specially selected officers of the tactical department of the Overseas Depot, includmg the foreign officers. This training continued until the units departed for France. Training in open warfare was given precedence over that of trench warfare from the very beginning in the proportion of about four to one. The following units were organized by the Overseas Depot: Tliird, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh Separate Battalions; Second and TTiird Machine Gun Battalions; Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion; Second and Third Se])arate Machine Gun Battal- ions; Eleventh and Tliirteenth Regiments; total, approximately, 16,000 officers and enlisted men. The Seventh and Eighth Sep- arate Battalions were organized and sent to France from ]\Iarine Barracks, Parris Island, S. C. The following table shows the schools conducted by the Overseas Depot and the number of graduates: School. Officers. Noncom- missioned officers. Privates. Total. Officers 294 294 Bayonet 360 200 180 150 75 145 70 105 220 150 580 Bombiug 350 Gas 180 Automatic Kifle G50 375 295 80 300 800 Scout Snipers 450 Machine Gun 120 5G0 Miners and Suppers 150 Enlisted StaC 405 Total 414 1,285 2,070 3,769 28 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. In addition to the training described above, 69 officers and 2,084 enlisted men, a total of 2,153, graduated from the Marine Corps school of machine-gun instruction at Utica, N. Y. Never before in the history of the corps have better drilled and trained or more generally efficient men been turned out, ready for duty, upon completion of their training, and to this factor is largely due the splendid record made by the Marines during the war. The work of the officers training the Marines was not spectacular, and they wear no war chevrons, nor decorations for bravery, per- haps, but they were, nevertheless, a vital factor in whatever success the Marine Corps met with in the great struggle. Information with reference to the training of enlisted men for aviation will be found in Chapter XXI. TRAINING IN FRANCE. On June 27, 1917, the First Battalion of the Fifth Regiment actu- ally landed in France and on July 3, 1917, the entire Fifth Regiment was under canvas on French soil. From that date every effort was made to train the men and officers. Elements of the Fifth Regiment trained as a part of the First Division of Regulars from July 15, 1917, to September, 1917, in the Gondrecourt training area. From Sep- tember, 1917, on, the training of the available units of the Fourth Brigade as a unit of the Second Division of Regulars was conducted in the Bourmont training area. Until February, 1918, the training of the Marines in France was handicapped by the fact that units of the Brigade were engaged in duties along the Line of Communications (Services of Supply), one company and a battalion commander being absent in England until March, 1918. It was not until the middle of February, 1918, that the Fourth Brigade of Marines (less the company in England) was conducting its training as a brigade with any degree of satisfaction. Owing to the weU-trained condition of the individual Marine this condition did not vitally affect his professional ability as was so distinctly shown by his later accomplishments. The Fourth Brigade continued its training in the Bourmont train- ing area until the middle of March, 1918, when it entered the front line trenches in the Verdun sector. The Marine replacements received little or no training in a train- ing area in France as most of them were hurried into the fighting immediately upon arrival overseas. To summarize, the average Marine who arrived in France received at least six weeks' training in the United States in a recruit depot and a very short period at Quantico. This is a contrast to the six months' training received by the average enlisted man of the Army. After arrival in France the Marines, except those of the original Fourth Brigade, received practically no training in a training area since they joined the brigade almost immediately. The Marines comprising the Fifth Brigade of Marines received no training in a regular training area in France. Chapter VII. ORGANIZATIONS AND REPLACEMENTS SENT TO EUROPE- ORGANIZATION OF THE FOURTH AND FIFTH BRIGADES. THE FOURTH BRIGADE OF MARINES. The Fourth Brigade of United States Marines was composed of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments of Marines, and tlio vSixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines. The companies forming the battalions were as follows: First Battalion. 17th (A) Company. 49th (B) Company. 66th (C) Companv. 67th (D) Company. First Battalion. 74th (A) Company. 75th (B) Company. 76th (C) Companv. 95th (D) Company. FIFTH REGIMENT. Second Battalion. 18th (E) Companv. 43d (F) Company. 51st (G) Company. 55th (H) Company. 8th Machine Gun Company, Supply Company. Headquarters Company. SIXTH REGIMENT. Second Battalion. 78th (E) Companv. 79th (F) Company. 80th (G) Company. 96th (H) Company. 73d Machine Gun Company. Supply Company. Headquarters Company. SIXTH MACHINE GUN BATTALION. Third Battalion. 16th (I) Companv. 20th (K) Company. 45th (L) Company. 47th (M) Company. Third Battalion. 82nd (I) Companv. 83rd (K) Company. 84th (L) Company. 97th (M) Company. 15th (A) Company. 23d (B) Company. 77th (C) Company. 81st (D) Company. From June 27, 1917, to the middle of September, 1917, the Fifth Regiinent was a unit of the First Division of Regulars. Although the Fifth Regiment was the only organization of Marines in France at the time, the Fourth Brigade of Marines was formed on October 23, 1917, when Col. Charles A. Doyen cabled acceptance of his appoint- ment as Brigadier General. From October 26, 1917, to August 8, 1919, the Fourth Brigade was a part of the Second Division of Regu- lars, except from October 20-23, 1918, when the Brigade was pro- visionally at the disposal of the Ninth French Army Corps, in the vicinity of LefRncourt. On August 8, 1919, the brigade was trans- ferred back to the naval service. On May 29, 1917, in accordance with directions issued by the President, the Secretary of the Navy directed the Major General 29 30 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. Commandant "to organize a force of Marines to be known as the Fifth Regiment of Marines for service with the Army as a part of the first expedition to proceed to France in the near future." The Fifth Regiment was accordingly organized at the navy yard, Phila- delphia, Pa., on June 7, 1917, with Col. Charles A. Doyen in com- mand, and Maj. Harry R. Lay, as adjutant. Gen. Pershing and his staff, accompanied by two Marine officers, preceded the first expedition to France, sailing late in May, 1917, from the United States. The final report of the American commander in chief includes the following : The offer }:)y the Navy Department of one regiment of Marines to be reorganized as Infantry was accepted by the Secretary of War. and it became temporarily a part of the First Division. On June 14, 1917, the first expedition of American troops left the United States for France and the Fifth Regiment of Marines em- barked on the naval transports Henderson and Hancock, and the auxiliary cruiser De Kalh (former Prints Eitel FriedricJi), formed approximately one-fifth of it. The fourth group, including the Hancock, did not sail until June 17, 1917. The orders received by the convoy commander on the day prior to sailing read in part: "A military expedition is to be embarked on the above-named transports, augmented by a regiment of Ma- rines embarked in naval vessels, for transportation to a destination already communicated." The De Kalh was in group 1, the Henderson in group 2, and the HancocJc in group 4 ; all were part of the escort and not the convoy. Rear-Admiral Albert Gleaves, the convoy commander, flying his flag on the Seattle, personally commanded the first group, while Maj. Gen. W. L. Sibert in the Tenedores, was the senior Ai'my officer embarked. The passage of the four groups across the Atlantic was successfully accomplished without a single disaster, or the loss of a life due to enemy causes. At 10. 15 p. m., June 22, 1917, the first group, including the De Kalh, was attacked by enemy submarines. The wake of a submarine was sighted crossing 50 yards ahead of the Seattle's bow from starboard to port. A few seconds later the De .Kalh and Havana sighted torpedoes and opened fire.. Two torpedoes passed close to the Havana, and one passed ahead and one astern of the De Kalh. The second group encountered two submarines, the first at 11.50 a. m., June 26, 1918, about 100 miles off the French coast and the second two hours later. The De Kalh arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on June 26, 1917, the Henderson on June 27, 1917, and the Hancock on July 2, 1917. On June 27, 1917, the commanding officer of the Fifth Regiment reported to the commanding general, First Division, American Expeditionary Forces, and from that date the Fifth Regiment was considered as being detached for service with the Army by direction of the President. Five hundred negro stevedores had been brought from the United States by the Army to discharge ships, but they were found in- adequate for the large number of ships concerned. The Marines relieved the situation somewhat by turning to and discharging their own vessels. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 31 On June 27, 1917, the First Battalion, less the Fifteenth Company which joined the battalion the following day, disembarked from the De Kalh and occupied quarters ashore. On this date Lieut. Col. Logan Feland joined the Fifth Regiment. On June 28, 1917, the Second and Third Battalions went ashore from the Henderson for a practice march, and the following day the First Battalion erected tents for the regiment on a camp site a short distance outside of St. Nazaire. By 8 p. m., July 3, 1917, the entire Fifth Regiment was ashore under canvas. r^i . , -r» i- On July 15, 1917, the Fifth Regiment, less the Third Battalion, which remained behind to perform guard duty and other detached units and officers, proceeded to the Gondrecourt training area, and was stationed in Menaucourt and Naix. On August 1, 1917, Gen. Pershing inspected the battalions at the two towns where they were billetted. •. , tj • On August 15, 1917, the First Division, including the Fifth Regi- ment of Marines, was reviewed by its commanding general on a plateau 12 miles distant from the training area. On August 19, 1917, Gen. Pershing and Gen. Retain, commander- in-chief of all the French forces, inspected the Marines, as a unit of the First Division. Gen. Retain congratulated the colonel of the regiment on the splendid appearance of its officers and men, as well as the cleanliness of the towns. Every opportunity was taken advantage of to perfect the regiment for combat duty, but this work was handicapped by the fact that many units of the regiment were scattered along the Line of Com- munications performing duty of a necessary but of a nontrammg nature. One company and one battalion commander left the regi- ment on September 22, 1917, for duty in England, and did not rejoin the regiment until March 11, 1918. Many other officers and men were placed on detached duty. . On September 24, 25, 1917, that part of the Fifth Regiment avail- able for training arrived in the Bourmont training area and was stationed at Damblain and Breuvannes. The following letter dated November 10, 1917, addressed by Gen. Pershing to the Major General Commandant is both complimentary and explanatory as to why the Marines were used along the Line of Communications : Your Marines having been under my command for nearly six months, I I'eel that I can give you a discriminating report as to their excellent standing with their j)rothers of the Army and their general good conduct. I take this opportunity, also of giving you the reasons for distributing them along our Line of Communications which, besides being a compliment to their high state of discipline and excellent soldierly ap- pearance, was the natural thing to do as the Marine Regiment was an additional one m the Division and not pro\dded for in the way of transportation and fighting equip- ment in case the Division should be pushed to the front. When, therefore, service of the rear troops and military and provost guards were needed at our base ports and in Paris it was the Marine Regiment that had to be scattered, in an endeavor to keep the rest of the organized division intact. . , v, i I have been obliged to detach a number of your officei's as assistant provost marsiialB in France and in England, all of which I take it you will agree with me was highly complimentary to both officers and men, and was so intended. I can assure you that as soon as our ser\dce of the rear troops arrive, including a large number otothcers and men for the specific duties now being performed by your men, the Marines will be brought back once more under your brigade commander and assigned to the duties which they so much desire in the Second Regular Division under General Bundy. It is a great pleasure to report on your fine representatives here in France. 151402°— 20 3 32 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. Col. Charles A. Doyen was in command of the Fifth Regiment from the date of its organization on June 7, 1917, to October 29, 1917; and Lieut. Col. Hiram I. Bearss from October 30, 1917, to December 31, 1917. Col. Wendell C. Neville having arrived on on board the De KaTb at St. Nazaire, France, on December 28, 1917, reported to the Fourth Brigade for duty on January 1, 1918, and on that date assumed command of the Fifth Regiment, continuing in command until July, 1918. The Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines was organized at the Marine barracks, Quantico, Va., by order of the Major General Commandant on August 17, 1917. The battalion was designated the First Machine Gun Battalion, but on January 20, 1918, after arrival in France, was renamed the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. On December 14, 1917, the battalion sailed from New York on the De Kalh, arriving at St. Nazaire, France, December 28, 1917. On January 3, 1918, the battalion arrived at Damblain in the Bourmont training area and began training with headquarters at Germain- villiers. Maj. Edward B. Cole was in command of the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines from the date of its organization until June 10, 1918, when he received a mortal wound. On August 4, 1917, in accordance with directions issued by the President, the Secretary of the Navy directed the Major General Commandant ''to organize a force of Marines, to be known as the Sixth Regiment of Marines, for service with the Army in France," and the regiment was organized as directed. On September 23, 1917, the First Battalion of the Sixth Regiment sailed on the Henderson from New York and landed at St. Nazaire, France, on October 5, 1917. On October 17, 1917, the Seventy- third Machine Gun Company, Headquarters, and Supply Companies, and Col. Albertus W. Catlin, commanding officer of the Sixth Regi- ment, with his Staff, sailed from Philadelphia, Pa., on the De Kalh, and from New York on October 18, 1917, arriving at St. Nazaire, France, on November 1, 1917. On October 31 1917, the Third Battalion of the Sixth Regiment sailed from New York on board the Von Steuben and anchored at Brest, France, on November 12, 1917. On January 24, 1918, the Second Battalion of the Sixth Regiment sailed on the Henderson from New York and arrived at St. Nazaire, France, February 6, 1918, and with the arrival of this last battalion, the entire Sixth Regiment of Marines was in France. On October 23, 1917, the Fourth Brigade of Marines was organized, with Brig. Gen. Charles A. Doyen in command. Brig. Gen. Doyen continued in command until May 7, 1918, when he published in General Orders No. 5, that he had relinquished command. Maj. Harry R. Lay was the first brigade adjutant, and performed the duties of that office from October 24, 1917, to August 9, 1918, except during the period February 7 to May 9, 1918, when Maj. Holland M. Smith was brigade adjutant. On October 26, 1917, Brig. Gen. Charles A. Doyen, United States Marine Corps, assumed command of the Second Division as its first commanding general, and announced his staff in General Orders No. 1, with station at Bourmont, Haute-Marne, serving as such until relieved by Maj. Gen. Omar Bundy, United States m-my, who announced UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 33 that he assumed command in General Orders No. 4, November 8, 1917. Like the Fifth Regiment, the Sixth Regiment spent several months performing the necessary but undesired duties along the Line of Communications. On January 12, 1918, Col. Albertus W. Catlin established headquarters for the Sixth Regiment at Blevain- court in the Bourmont training area. The Third Battalion arrived in this area on January 12, 1918, the headquarters units the same date, the First Battalion during January, 1918, and the Second Bat- talion on February 10, 1918. Therefore, on February 10, 1918, the Fourth Brigade of Marines was in the Bourmont training area intact, with the exception of one company on duty in England, training industriously as an infantry brigade of the Second Division. While the brigade had been organized on October 23, 1917, and had actually functioned as a brigade with elements of all three of its units present from January 12, 1918, it was not until February 10, 1918, that the Brigade organization was perfected. FIFTH BRIGADE OF MARINES. On September 5, 1918, the Major General Commandant directed the post commander, Marine barracks, Quantico, Va., to organize brigade headquarters of the Fifth Brigade, United States Marine Corps. This brigade was accordingly organized and was composed of the Eleventh and Thirteenth Regiments and the Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion. The companies of the Fifth Brigade were designated by letters and not by numbers. Brig. Gen. Eli K. Cole was designated as the brigade commander and on September 15, 1918, he and the Brigade Staff sailed from Hoboken, N. J., on board the Von Steuben, arriving at Brest, France, on September 24, 1918. The Thirteenth Regiment left the Overseas Depot at Quantico, Va., on Friday, September 13, 1918, and on September 15, 1918, sailed from Hoboken, N. J., on board the Henderson and Von Steuben, arriving at Brest, France, on September 25, 1918. On September 29, 1918, Eleventh Regiment Headquarters and the First Battalion sailed on the De Kalb from Philadelphia, Pa., and arrived at Brest, France, on October 13, 1918. On October 16, 1918, the Second and Third Battalions of the Eleventh Regiment sailed from Brooklyn, N. Y., on board the Agamemnon and Von Steuben and arrived at Brest, France on October 25, 1918. On October 28, 1918, the Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion sailed from South Brooklyn, N. Y., on board the Henderson and arrived at Brest, France, on November 9, 1918. With the arrival of this unit the entire Fifth Brigade was in France. 34 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAB. AVIATION UNITS. On January 21, 1918, the First Marine Aeronautic Company- arrived at naval base No. 13, Ponta Delgada, Azores. On July 30, 1918, the First Marine Aviation Force (less Squadron D) disembarked at Brest, France, and formed the Day Wing of the Northern Bombing Group. Squadron D joined the Day Wing in October, 1918. MARINE DETACHMENTS FOR NAVAL BASES. On January 21, 1918, and on July 20, 1918, detachments for the naval base No. 13, arrived at Ponta Delgada, Azores. On September 30, 1918, the detachment for naval base No. 29, arrived at Cardiff, Wales. On December 29, 1918, the detachment for the naval forces in France, staff' office, Paris, France, landed at St. Nazaire, France. REPLACEMENTS FOR AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES. The following table will show the names of the replacement organ- izations sent to the American Expeditionary Forces, dates of sailing and arrival, and names of vessels: Name of organization. Fifth Regiment Base Detachment Twelfth and Twenty-sixth Companies (disbanded in France). First Replacement Battalion Second Replacement Battalion Third Replacement Battalion Casual Company First Machine Gmi Replacement Battalion First Casual Replacement Battalion Second Casual Replacement Battalion Third Separate Battalion Fourth Separate Battalion Fifth Separate Battalion Sixth Separate Battalion First Separate Machine Gun Battalion Seventh Separate Battalion Eighth Separate Battalion Ninth Separate Battalion Date embarked inU. S. July 31,1917 Dec. 8, 1917 Feb. 5, 1918 Mar. 14,1918 Apr. 22,1918 do May 26,1918 do June 30,1918 Aug. 13,1918 do Aug. 17,1918 do Aug. 21,1918 Oct. 20,1918 do Oct. 27,1918 Date disembarked in France. Aug. 22,1917 Dec. 31,1917 Feb. 25,1918 Mar. 27,1918 May —,1918 do June 8, 1918 do July 9,1918 Aug. 26,1918 do Aug. 27,1918 do Sept. 2,1918 Nov. 3, 1918 do Nov. 9, 1918 Name of vessel. Henderson. De Kalb. Von Steuben. Henderson. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Von Steuben. Do. De Kalb. Pocohontas. Do. Henderson. In addition to the above the Twelfth Replacement Battalion sailed from the United States on board the Hancock in June, 1919, arrived in France in June, 1919, and joined the American Expeditionary Forces. NUMBER OF MARINES SAILING FROM THE UNITED STATES TO EUROPE FOR DUTY WITH THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES AND FOR SHORE DUTY WITH THE NAVAL SERVICE. There were 834 officers, not including observers, and 30,481 enlisted men, or a total of 31,315 Marines, sent overseas for shore duty with the American Expeditionary Forces and naval service. The follow- ing tables give details : , UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 35 For duly with American Expeditionary Forces. Month of departure from United States May, 1917 June, 1917 July, 1917 September, 1917 October, 1917... December, 1917. January, 1918. . . February, 1918.. March, 1918 April, 1918 May, 1918 June, 1918 August, 1918.... September, 1918 October, 1918... Total OflTicers. '2 70 29 27 45 23 31 24 23 22 24 6 32 172 132 Enlisted men. 2,689 1,054 1,045 1,536 637 1,031 1,041 1,034 1,284 1,565 751 4,362 5,275 5,809 29, 113 Tot;il. 2 2,759 1,083 1,072 1,5S1 660 1,062 1,065 1,057 1,306 1,589 757 4, 394 5,447 5,941 29, 775 1 Accompanied Gen. Pershing. Sixty officers of the Medical Corps, twelve officers of the Dental Corps, five hundred enlisted men of the Medical Corps, and eleven Chaplains, of the Navy, not included in the above figures, were sent to France and served with the Marines in the American Expeditionary Forces. In addition to the above the Twelfth Replacement Battalion, con- sisting of 9 officers and 500 enlisted men, joined the American Ex- peditionary Forces in June, 1919. For duty imth naval service ashore. Month of departure from United States. December, 1917. January, 1918. . . June, 1918 July, 1918 August, 1918.... September, 1918 Total Officers. Enlisted men. 59 172 75 654 120 288 1,.368 Total. 61 185 77 761 124 332 1,540 Chapter VIII. OPERATIONS IN GENERAL. While the battle operations of the Fourth Brigade as an infantry brigade of the Second Division of Regulars overshadowed all others taken part in by Marine Corps personnel, those operations were by no means the only ones participated in by officers and men of the Marine Corps. The commanding general of the Second Division from early in August, 1918, to the date of demobilization, and several officers on his staff were Marine officers. Officers of the Marine Corps were at various times attached to the First, Second, Tliird, Fourth, Sixth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-second, Tliirty-fifth, Ninetieth, and Ninety- second Divisions, and in some cases engaged in operations with them. Brig. Gen. John A. Lejeune assumed command of the Sixty-fourth Infantry Brigade of the Thirty-second Division, then in the front hne on the Swiss border in the Suarce sector, on July 5, 1918. He was in command of this brigade on July 22, 1918, when it was with- drawn from the above-mentioned sector and continued in command untU July 25, 1918, when he left to command the Fourth Brigade of Marines. Between July 5, 1918, and July 22, 1918, Brig. Gen. Le- jeune, in addition to the Sixty-fourth Brigade, commanded thi-ee French infantry regiments. Col. Robert H. Dunlap was in command of the Seventeenth Field Artillery Regiment of the Second Field Artillery Brigade, Second Division, from October 30, 1918, to Febru- ary, 1919. Col. Hiram I. Bearss commanded the One hundred and second Regiment of the Fifty-first Infantry Brigade, Twenty-sixth Division, in the St. Mihiel offensive. Col. Frederic M. Wise com- manded the Fifty-ninth Regiment of the Eighth Infantry Brigade, Fourth Division, from September 5, 1918, to January 4, 1919, during which period he participated in the St. Miliiel and Meuse-Argonne major operations. From January 1, 1919, to February 9, 1919, Col. Wise commanded the Eighth Infantry Brigade of the Fourth Division. A few Marine officers and enlisted men engaged in Army aviation operations and suffered casualties. About 20 Marine officers were sent to France as observers and as such participated in operations with American, French, and British forces. Marine aviation per- sonnel served in France as the Day Wing of the Northern Bombing Group of the Navy. Marine flyers served with Squadrons 213 (pui'- suit squadron), 217, and 218 (bombing squadrons), Royal Flying Corps of England; and with pursuit, observation, and bombing squad- rons of the French Flying Corps. Quite a few casualties were suf- fered by the Marine aviation personnel. The First Marine Aeronautic Company, naval base No. 13, Ponta Delgada, Azores, equipped for water flying only, performed patrol duty from January, 1918, until November 11, 1918. 36 UNITED STATES MAEHSTE CORPS IN" THE WORLD WAR. 37 Tlie Marine Aviation Section, naval air station, Miami, Fla., per- formed arduous patrol duties in the Florida Straits in connection with the Navy from July, 1918, until the date the armistice went into effect. Marine detachments served on board all the American battleships attached to the British Grand Fleet and also on the American battle- ships which based at Castletown Berehaven, Bantry Bay, Ireland. Marines also served on board many of the cruisers which escorted the vessels transporting Army troops to Europe. They were also attached to many other naval vessels such as the Broohlyn, Helena, and Wilmington, in China and Siberian waters, at one time landing at Vladivostok in conjunction with other naval forces; on the Galveston on the Murman Coast ; and onihe Pittshurgh in South American waters. Marines wore also on the San Diego when that vessel was sunk, and the Minnesota wlien that ship was damaged by German mines. Marines were in intimate contact with the Germans in Guam and Philadelphia in conjunction with the Navy in the first hours of the war. One brigade of Marines was held in readiness in Texas for possible trouble in Mexico wliich might endanger the Allies' oil supply. Another was scattered throughout the island of Cuba. Large detachments of Marines were stationed in the Azores and Virgin Islands in the nature of advanced base forces, while an advanced base force at Philadelphia was available at all times for naval needs. Marine forces were also stationed in Guam, Philippine Islands, Peking, Pearl Harbor, and Nicaragua and they assisted materially, under the limited conditions, in the war. Active operations were conducted in Haiti and Santo Domingo against bandits during the period of the war by Marine forces, the Haitian Gendarmerie and the Guardia Nacional Dominicana, the two latter organizations being composed of natives and administered and officered by the Marine and Navy personnel. Casualties were suf- fered by Marines in the operations in Santo Domingo, 4 Marines being killed, 13 wounde'd, and 1 officer wounded, between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918. Chapter IX. UNITS COMPOSING, AND THE COMMANDING GENERALS OF, THE SECOND DIVISION-VERDUN OPERATIONS. THE SECOND DIVISION OF REGULARS. The first unit which ultimately formed a part of the Second Division arriving in France was the Fifth Regiment of Marines which landed in France with the first expedition of American troops in June, 1917. One Marine lieutenant colonel, who afterwards was the first chief of staff of the Second Division, and another Marine lieutenant colonel, who later commanded the Seventeenth Field Artillery of the Second Division, accompanied Gen. Pershing and his staff when thev sailed from the United States late in May, 1917. The Second Division was composed of the following units: Third Infantry Brigade: Ninth Infantry. Twenty-third Infantry. Fifth Machine Gun Battalion. Fourth Infantry Brigade: Fifth Marines. Sixth Marines. Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines. Second Field Artillery Brigade: Twelfth Field Artillery. Fifteenth Field Artillery. Seventeenth Field Artillery. Second Trench Mortar Battery. Other troops: Second Engineers. • Fourth Machine Gun Battalion. First Field Signal Battalion. Second Headquarters Train and Military Police. Second Ammunition Train. Second Engineer Train. Second Supply Train. Second Sanitary Train. On October 26, 1917, Brig. Gen. Charles A. Doyen, United States Marine Corps, assumed command of the Second Division as its first cominanding general and announced his staff in General Orders, No. 1, with station at Bourmont, Haute-Marne, France. Lieut. Col. Logan Feland, United States Marine Corps, was the first chief of staff. On November 8, 1917, Maj. Gen. Omar Bundy, United States Army, assumed command, published such fact in General Orders, No. 4, November 8, 1917, and was in command of it during the operations in the Verdun and Chateau-Thierry sectors. Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord, United States Army, commanded the division in the Aisne-Marne (Soissons) offensive in July, 1918. Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune assumed command of the division on July 28, 1918, and retained command until its demobilization in August, 1919. Many Marine officers occupied positions of importance and respon- 38 UNITED STATES MARIXK CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 39 sibility on the staff of the commanding general, Second Division. A Marine officer commanded the Seventeenth Field Artillery during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, and other Marine officers commanded battalions of the Ninth Infantry and Fifteenth Field Artillery for a time. Neither the Marine Brigade nor any other element of the Second Division was the first American unit to enter the front lines since the First Division enjoyed that honor in October, 1917, when it entered the line in the quiet Toul sector. The Fourth Brigade remahied in the Bourmont training area, with headquarters at Damblain, until March 14, 191 S, when it commenced movement into subsectors of the Verdun front, the first units of the brigade entering the front line during the night of March 16-17, 1918, with headquarters at Toulon. On April 1 , 1918, brigade head- quarter was changed to Moscou. The brigade remained on the Verdun front until May 14, 1918, when it proceeded to an area around Vitry-le-Francois for open warfare traming, with headquarters at Venault-les-Dames. In the meantime, on May 6, 1918, Brig. Gen. James G. Harbord assumed command of the brigade, relieving Brig. Gen. Doyen who had been ordered to the United States on account of his physical condition. Brig. Gen. Doyen relinquished command of the brigade most unwillingly, and the reasons for his rehef are best set forth in the words of the citation of a Navy dis- tinguished service medal posthumously awarded to him, reading as follows: By reason of his abilities and personal efforts, he brought this brigade to the very- high state of efficiency which enabled it to successfully resist the German army in the < Ihateau-Thierry sector and Belleau Woods. The strong efforts on his part for nearly a year undermined his health and necessitated his being invalided to the United States before having the opportunity to command the brigade in action, but his work was shown by the excellent service rendered by the brigade, not only at Belleau Woods, but during the entire camiiaign when they fought many battles. Gen. Pershing in a letter to Brig. Gen. Doyen stated in part: Your service has been satisfactory and your command is cimsidered as one of the best in France. I have nothing but praise for the service which }'ou have rendered in this command. On May 14, 1918, the brigade left the area around Vitry-le-Francois as it was unsuitable and proceeded to an area around Gisors- Chaumont-en-Vixen, with headquarters at Bou-des-Bois. The brigade was in this area when sudden orders came to move to the Chateau- Thierry sector. On May 27, 1918, Brig. Gen. John A. Lejeune and Maj. Earl H. Ellis sailed from New York on board the Henderson and arrived at Brest, France, on June 8, 1918. Chapter X. AISNE DEFENSIVE, HILL 142, BOURESCHES, AND BOIS DE LA BRI- GADE DE MARINE, IN THE CHATEAU-THIERRY SECTOR. In order to appreciate understandingly the importance of the early operations participated in by the Marine Brigade as a unit of the Second Division it is necessary to remember that in 1918, prior to the middle of July, the offensive was in the hands of the Imperial German Staff, and that between March 21, 1918, and July 15, 1918, the Germans directed no less than five major offensives against the Allied lines in efforts to bring the war to a successful conclusion for the Central Powers. American troops assisted in breaking up every one of these drives, but the Second Division, including the Marines, opposed only one, that in the Chateau-Thierry sector. It should also be noted that on March 28, 1918, the American commander in chief placed all of the American forces at the disposal of Marshal Foch, who had been agreed upon as commander in chief of the Allied Armies, to be used as he might decide. The first offensive (Somme) of the Germans was stopped within a few miles of Amiens, and the second (Lys) overran Armentieres. In this second German offensive, whichlasted from April 9 to 27, 1918, and which has been designated by the Americans as a major operation, there were approximately 500 American troops engaged. Then late in May, 1918, with startling success, which brought a corresponding depression to the morale of the Allies, the Germans launched their third offensive, west of Rheims, crossed the Chemin- des-Dames, captured Soissons, and the last day of May found them marching in the direction of Paris down the Marne Valley. Again the American commander in chief placed every available man at the disposal of Marshal Foch. It was at this critical time, when the Allies were facing a grave crisis, that the Second Division, including the Marine Brigade, together with elements of the Third and Twenty- eighth Divisions, were thrown into the line and, in blocking the Ger- man advance in the Chateau-Thierry sector, rendered great assistance in stopping the most dangerous of the German di'ives. The first report of the American commander in chief states that "the Third Division, which had just come from its preliminary train- ing area, was hurried to the Marne. Its motorized machine-gun battalion preceded the other units and successfully held the bridge- head at the Marne opposite Chateau-Thierry. The Second Division, in reserve near Montdidier, was sent by motor trucks and other available transport to check the progress of the enemy toward Paris." The final report of the American commander in chief with reference to this third German offensive stated in part : On reaching the Marne that river was used as a defensive flank and the German advance was directed toward Paris. During the first days of June something akin to a panic seized the city and it was estimated that 1,000,000 people left during the spring of 1918. * * * 40 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 41 The Second Division, then in reserve northwest of Paris and preparing to relieve the First Division, was hastily diverted to the vicinity of Meaux on May 31, and, early on the morning of June 1, was deployed across the Ohateau-Thierry-Paris road near Montreuil-aux-Lions in a gap in the French line, where it stopped the German advance on Paris. Without minimizing in any way the splendid actions of the Twenty- sixth Division at Seicheprey and Xivray in April 1918, or the brilliant exploit of the First Division at Cantigny on May 28, 1918, the fact remains that the Second Division, including the Marine Brigade, was the first American division to get a chance to play an important part on the western front, and how well it repelled this dangerous thrust of the Germans along the Paris-Metz highway is too well known to be dwelt upon at length in this brief history. Tlie fightmg of the Second Division in the Chateau-Thierry sector was divided into two parts, one a magnificently stubborn defensive lasting a week and the other a vicious offensive. The defensive fighting of the Second Division between May 31 and June 5, 1918, was pfirt of the major operation called by the Americans the Aisne defensive. Without discussing at this time the tactical or strategical significance of the work of the Second Division in the Aisne defensive, suffice to say that its psychological effect upon the morale of the Allies was tremendous and has been recognized in practically every writing worthy of consideration up to the present date. The close of the Aisne defensive on June 5, 1918, found the line of the Second Division well established at that point of the Marne salient nearest Paris, but not including Hill 142, Bois de Belleau, Bouresches, or Vaux, and the Germans were in possession of Chateau- Thierry on the right of the Second Division, and continued to hold that town until about July 17, 1918. On June 6, 1918, the Second Division snatched the initiative from the Germans and started an offensive on its front which did not end until July 1, 1918. The Marine Brigade captured Hill 142 and Bouresches on June 6, 1918, and in the words of Gen. Pershing, "sturdily held its ground against the enemy's best guard divisions," and completely cleared Bois de Belleau of the enemy on June 26, 1918, a major of Marines sending in his famous message: "Woods now U. S. Marine Corps' entirely." The American commander in chief in his first report calls this fighting ' ' the battle of Belleau Wood " and states, "our men proved their superiority, and gained a strong tactical position with far greater loss to the enemy than to ourselves." In his final report he states: "The enemy having been halted, the Second Division commenced a series of vigorous attacks on June 4. which resulted in the capture of Belleau Woods [on June 26] after very severe fighting. The village of Bouresches was taken soon after [on June 6] and on July 1 Vaux was captured. In these opera- tions the Second Division met with most desperate resistance b}'^ German^^'s best troops." On July 1, 1918, the Third Brigade cap- tured Vaux. The Artillery, Engineers, and the other elements of the Second Division assisted materially in these successes, while the Seventh regiment of the Third Division was in Belleau Wood for a few days about the middle of June. During these 31 days of constant fighting, the last 26 of which has been defined by general headquarters of the American Expedi- tionary Forces as a "local engagement," the Second Division suffered 42 UNITED STATES MAKINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 1,811 battle deaths (of which approximately 1,062 were Marines) and suffered additional casualties amounting to 7,252 (of which approximately 3,615 were Marines). It was that fighting and those 9,063 casualties that first made the name Chateau-Thierry famous. The achievements of the Fourth Brigade of Marines in the Chatea,u- Thierry sector was twice recognized by the French. The first, which changed the name of the Bois de Belleau, was a beautiful tribute spontaneously made to the successes and to the losses of the Fourth Brigade of Marines, and shows the deep effect that the retaking of Belleau Wood and other near-by positions from the Germans had on the feelings of the French and tlie morale of the AlHes. Official maps were immediately modified to conform with the provisions of the order, the plan directeur used in later operations bearing the name "Bois de la Brigade de Marine." The French also used this new name in their orders, as illustrated by an ordre general dated August 9, 1918, signed by the commanding general of the Sixth French Army, reading in part as follows: Avant la grande offensive du 18 Juillet, les troupes americaines faisant partie de la Vie Amiee francaise ee sont distingu^es en enlevant & I'ennemi le Bois de la Brigade De Marine et le village de Vaux, en arretant son offensive sur la Marine et a Fossoy. The order changing the name of Bois de Belleau reads as follows: VI° Armee, Etat-Major, au Q. G. A., leSO Juin, 1918. 6930/2.] ORDRE. En raison de la brillante conduite de la 4eme Brigade de la 2eme D. U. S. qui a enl^ve de haute lutte Bouresches et le point d'appui important du Bois de Belleau, defendu avec acharnement par un adversaire nombreux, le g^n^ral commandant la VI ° Armee decide que dorenavant, dans toutes les pieces oflBcielles, le Bois de Belleau portera le nom de Bois de la Brigade de Marine. " Le General de Division Degoutte, Commandant la VI° Armee. (Signed) Degoutte A. M. le General Cdt. la 4me Brigade de Marine. s/c. de M. le G^n^ral Cdt. la 2me D. U. S. The second recognition by the French of the Marines' work in the Chateau-Thierry sector were citations of the Fourth Brigade, Fifth and Sixth Regiments, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines, in French army orders, that of the brigade, the others being identical, reading as follows: Apres approbation du general commandant en chef les forces expeditionnairea americaines en France, le general commandant en chef les armies francaises du nord et du nord-est, cite & I'Ordre de I'Armee: "4° Brigade Americaine sous les ordres du General de Brigade James G. Harbord, comprenant: Le 5e Regimentde Marine, sous les ordres du Colonel Wendell C. Neville, le 6e regiment de Marine, sous les ordres du Colonel Albertus W. Catlin, le 6e Batai- llion de mitrailleuses, sous les ordres du Commandant Edward B. Cole: "A et6 jetee en pleine bataille, sur un front violemment attaque par I'ennemi. S'est affirmee aussitot comme une unit6 de tout premier order. Des son entree en ligne, a brise, en liaison avec les troupes francaises, une violente attaque ennemie. Bur un point important de la position et entrepris ensuite d eon compte une e^rie d'operations offensives. Au cours de ces operations, grace au courage brillaut,_d la vigueur, a I'allant, dla tenacite de ses hommes qui ne se sont laisses rebuter ni par les fatigues, ni par les pertes; grace 4 l'activit6 et a I'^nergie de ses officiers; grace enfin 4 Taction personnelle de eon chef, le G6n6ral J. Harbord, la 4e brigade a vu ses efforts couronn^s de succ6s. En intime liaison Tun avec I'autre, ses deux regiments et son bataillon de mitrailleuses ont realise, aprfes douze jours de lutte incessante (du 2 au UNITED STATES MAEINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 43 13 Juiu 1918) dans un terrain tr6s difficile, une progression variant entre 1,500 a 2,000 metres, eur un front de 4 kilometres, capturant un nombreux materiel, faisant plus de 500 prisonniers, infligeant it I'ennemi des pertea considerables et lui enlevant deux points d'appui de premiere importance — le village de Bouresches et le boie organise de Belleau. " Au Grand Quartier General, le 22 octobre, 1918. Le General Commandant en Chef. Signe: Petain (OrdreNo. 10.805 "D.") In addition to the above-described instances, French civiHan sen- timent expressed itself in the following letter from the mayor of Meaux and Resolution from the assembled mayors of the Meaiix District (Arrondissement). This letter and the resolutions were pub- lished on July 10, 1918, in General Orders No. 4.3, of the Second Division "as indicating the appreciation of the efforts of the Second Division by the French inhabitants for our share in stemming the recent German advance in this sector." Meaux, June 26, 1918. General: On behalf of all the Mayors of the Meaux District (Arrondissement), assembled yesterday in congxess at the city hall, I have the honor to send you here- with a copy of the resolution they have taken in order to pay homage to the gallantry displayed by the troops under your command and to the effectiveness of the help they rendered lis. The ci\'ilian population of this part of the country will never forget that the begin- ning of this month of June, when their homes were threatened by the invader, the Second American Division victoriously stepped forth and succeeded in saving them from impending danger. I am personally happy to be able to convey to you this modest token of their thank- fulness and I am, General, Yours, respectfully, (Signed) G. Lugol, Mayor of Meaux, Depute de Seine et Marne. Voted in a Congress of the Mayors of Meaux District on the 25th of June, 1918. The mayors of the Meaux district, who were eye-witnesses to the generous and efficacious deeds of the American Army in stopping the enemy advance, send to this Army the heart-felt expression of their admiration and gratefulness. (Signed) G. Lugol, President of the Committer. Meaux, June 25, 1918. During the first attack on Belleau Wood on June 6, 1918, Col. Albertus W. Catlin was severely wounded and was relieved in com- mand of the Sixth Regiment by Lieut. Col. Harry Lee, who con- tinued in command until the regiment was demobilized in August, 1919. When Maj. Edward B. Cole was mortally wounded on June 10, 1918, he was relieved in command of the wSixth Machine Gun Bat- tab on of Marines by Capt. Harlan E. Major. On June 11, 1918, Captain Major was reheved by Capt. George H. Osterhout, who re- tained command until relieved by Maj. Littleton W. T. Waller, jr., on June 21, 1918. During the fighting in the Chateau-Thierry sector the headquar- ters of the Fourth Brigade was successively at Montreuil-aux-Lions, (in an automobile for one-half hour on the way to the front lines), Issonge farmhouse, and La Loge farmhouse. After being relieved by elements of the Twenty-sixth Division during the night of July 5-6, 1918, the brigade moved to an area in rear of the lines and oc- cupied what was known as the Line of Defense or Army Line, with 44 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. headquarters at Nanteuil-sur-Marne. The brigade remained there until July 16, 1918. During the time the above-described fighting was going on the Germans were frustrated in their fourth 1918 drive (Noyon-Montdi- dier defensive) between June 9 and 15, 1918, and of course being busy in the vicinity of Bois de Belleau, the Marines had no oppor- tunity of engaging in it. Having been blocked in the Marne salient, the Germans attacked for the fifth time in 1918 on July 15, and as events turned out it was the last, for from the time of its failure they were on the defen- sive. The Allied troops including many Americans held this attack, called by the Americans the Champagne-Marne defensive, which was on a large scale, and the grand initiative passed from the Ger- mans to the Allies on July 18, 1918, when Marshal Foch launched his initial major offensive, termed by the Americans the Aisne- Marne. In this magnificent and gigantic operation the Marine Brigade and other elements of the Second Division played leading parts in the vicinity of Soissons. General headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, on May 28, 1919, credited the Second Division units with participation in the major operation of Champagne-Marne defensive, but on June 2, 1919, rescinded this credit. Chapter XI. THE AISNE-MARNE OFFENSIVE (SOISSONS). On July 11, 1918, Brig. Gen. James G. Harbord, commanding general of the Marine Brigade, received notification of his appoint- ment as a major general, and two days later left on a five days' leave of absence. As Col. Neville had been evacuated to a base hospital after leaving the Chateau-Thierry sector, Lieut. Col. Harry Lee assumed temporary command of the brigade. Maj. Gen. Harbord and Col. Neville both returned in time to enter the Aisne- Marne offensive, the former in command of the Second Division and the latter in command of the Fourth Brigade. Of the six Allied offensives taking place in 1918 on the Western Front, designated by the Americans as major operations, the Fourth Brigade of Marines, with the other units of the Second Division, participated in three, the first being the vast offensive known as the Aisne-Marne, in which the Marine Brigade entered the line near Soissons. On July 17, 1918, the First Moroccan Division and the First and Second Divisions of American Regulars were hurriedly and secretly concentrated, by terribly fatiguing, forced night marches over roads jammed with troops, artillery, and tanks, through rain and mud, in the Bois de Retz, near Soissons. Headquarters of the Fourth Brigade was established at Vivieres. The getting to the "jump-off" on time for this operation will always share in Marine Corps history with the glorious victory that followed. Early on the niorning of July 18, 1918, Marshal Foch threw these three picked divisions at the unsuspecting Germans with over- whelming success, and again on the following day. The American commander in chief in his first report stated: The place of honor in the thrust toward Soissons on July 18 \Yas given to our First and Second Divisions, in company with chosen French divisions. Without the usual brief warning of a preliminary bombardment, the massed French and Ameri- can artillery, firing by the map, laid down its rolling barrage at dawn while the Infantry began its charge. The tactical handling of our troops under these trying conditions was excellent throiighout the action. * * * The Second Division took Beaurepaire Farm and Vierzy in a very rapid advance, and reached a position in front of Tigny at the end of its second day. In his final report he stated : Gen. Petain's initial plan for the counterattack involved the entire western face of the Marne salient. The First and Second American Divisions, with the First French Moroccan Division between them, were employed as the spearhead of the main attack, driving directly eastward, through the most sensitive portion of the German lines to the heights south of Soissons. The advance began on July 18, without the usual brief warning of a preliminary bombardment, and these three divisions at a single bound broke through the enemy's infantry defenses and overran his artillery, cutting or interrupting the German communications leading into the salient. A general withdrawal from the Marne was immediately begun by the enemy, who still fought stubbornly to prevent disaster. * * * 45 46 UNITED STATES MABINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. The Second Division advanced 8 kilometers in the first 26 hours, and by the end of the second day was facing Tigny, having captured 3,000 prisoners and 66 field guns. It was relieved the night of the 19th by a French division. The result of this counter- offensive was of decisive importance. Due to the magnificent dash and power dis- played on the field of Soissons by our First and Second Divisions the tide of war was definitely turned in favor of the Allies. Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord, commanding the Second Division in this operation, describes the two days' fighting of his division in these words : It is with keen pride that the division commander transmits to the command the eongratidations and affectionate personal greetings of Gen. Pershing who visited the division headquarters last night. His praise of the gallant work of the division on the 18th and 19th is echoed by the French high command, the Third Corps com- mander, American Expeditionary Forces, and in a telegram from the former division commander. In spite of two sleepless nights, long marches through rain and mud, and the discomforts of hunger and thirst, the division attacked side by side with the gallant First Moroccan Division and maintained itself with credit. You advanced over 6 miles, captured over 3,000 prisoners, 11 batteries of artillery, over 100 machine guns, minnenwerfers, and supplies. The Second Division has sustained the best traditions of the Regular Army and the Marine Corps. The story of your achieve- ments will be told in millions of homes in all Allied lands to-night. This was one of the greatest strategical successes of Marshal Foch, and that the part played by the Marines was appreciated by the French is illustrated by the Fifth and Sixth Regiments and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion being cited in French Army orders. The citations of the Sixth Regiment (that of the Fifth Regiment being similar) and that of the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion are quoted below: Apr6s approbation du general commandant en chef les forces expeditionnaires Am6r- icaines en France, le general commandant en chef les armees Franfaises du nord et du nord-est, cite 4 I'Ordre de I'Armee: "Le 6e Regiment de Marine Americaine, sous les ordres du Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, "Engages a I'improviste dans I'offensive du 18 juillet 1918, en pleine nuit, dans un terrain inconnu et tres difficile, ont deploye pendant deux jours, sans se laisser arr§ter par les fatigues et les difficultes du ravitaillement en vivres et en eau, une ardeur et une tenacity remarquables, refoulant I'ennemi sur 11 kilometres de profondeur, cap- turant 2,700 prisonniers, 12 canons et plusieurs centaines de mitrailleuses." Au Grand Quartier General, le 25 Octobre 1918. (OrdreNo. 10.886 "D.") Le General Commandant en Chef. Signe: Retain Apr6s approbation du g^n^ral commandant en chef les forces expeditionnaires Ameri- caines en France, le mar^chal de France, commandant en chef les Armies Franfaises de Test cite 4 I'Ordre de I'Armee: "Le 6e Bataillon de Mitrailleuses U. S. Marine, sous les ordres du Commandant L. W. T. Waller. "Quoique tres fatigu6 par un long trajet en camion et ime marche de nuit sur des routes difficiles, ce bataillon s'est precipite d I'attaque le 18 juillet 1918, pres de Vierzy et a puissamment contribue d consolider et d maintenir la position atteinte ce jour-ld. "Dans la matinee du 19 juillet, il s'est vaillamment porte en avant, en terrain d^couvert, sous un violent feu d'artillerie et de mitrailleuses, soutenant resolument I'attaque lancee contre les positions renforcees de I'ennemi. " Ayant d faire face d une forte resistance ennemie et a des contre-attaques contin- elles, a fait preuve du plus beau courage en consolidant rapidement et en tenant resol- ument I'importante position conquises par I'infanterie ce jour-ld." Au Grand Quartier General, le 4 Mars 1919. (Ordre No. 13.978 "D.") Tx Marechal, Commandant en Chef les Armees Frangaises de I'Est. Pet.\in UNITED STATES MAKINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 47 Following the advance of the first day, brigade headquarters was moved forward to a cave in Vierzy. Col. Logan Feland was in command of the. Fifth Regiment during the Aisne-Marne offensive, near Soissons, and continued in command of it with the exception of two days in July, 1918 (when Brig. Gen. Lejeune commanded the Fourth Brigade and Col. Neville the Fifth Regiment), until March 21, 1919, when he was reheved by Col, Harold C. Snyder, who retained command until the date of demobilization. The Fourth Brigade was relieved about midnight July 19, 1918, and after remaining in a reserve position until July 22, 1918, marched to an area farther in the rear, but stiU in a resei've position, brigade head- quarters being estabhshed at Taillefontaine. Alter final relief from this active sector the brigade was biUeted July 24-25, 1918, in an area around Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, brigade headquarters being established at Nanteuil. The brigade remained in this area until July 31, 1918. On July 25, 1918, Brig. Gen. John A. Lejeune arrived, and assumed command of the Fourth Brigade on July 26, 1918, General Orders, No. 16, reading as follows: I have tMs day assumed command of the Fourth Brigade, U. S. Marines. To command this brigade is the highest honor that could come to any man. Its renown is imperishable and the skill, endurance, and valor of the officers and men have immortalized its name and that of the Marine Corps. Brig. General Lejeune retained command until July 29, 1918, when he became commanding general of the Second Division, relieving Maj. Gen. Harbord, who left to assume command of the Services of Supply. Col. Neville, on this latter date, resumed command of the Fourth Brigade. 151402°— 20 4 Chapter XII. MARBACHE SECTOR, NEAR PONT-A-MOUSSON — ST. MIHIEL OFFENSIVE. During the last two days of July, 1918, the units of the brigade en- trained for a 24-hour railroad journey which took them to an area around Nancy, with headquarters at Villers-les-Nancy, where they remained resting and refitting until August 9, 1918. On August 7, 1918, information was received of the promotion of Brig. Gen. Lejeune to the grade of major general, and oi Col. Neville to the grade of brigadier general, both to date from July 1, 1918. Col. Albertus W. Catlin arrived in the United States on board the America on August 3, 1918. Col. Cathn, having been wounded on June 6, 1918, during the first attack on Bois de Belleau, was admitted to Hospital No. 2, Paris, France, on the next day, was discharged on July 22, 1918, granted two months' sick leave, and sailed for New York from Brest, France, on July 25, 1918. On August 5, 1918, movement of units of the brigade was started for the occupation of the Marbache subsector, near Pont-a-Mousson, on the Moselle River. By August 8, 1918, the movement was com- pleted, with Headquarters established at Scarponne just across the Moselle River from Dieulouard. The sector was quiet and occupa- tion uneventful except for an enemy raid which was successfully repulsed and prisoners captured. On August 8, 1918, Lieut. Col. Earl H. Ellis was appointed adjutant of the Fourth Brigade, relieving Lieut. Col. Harry R. Lay, who had been detailed as inspector general of the Second Division. The relief from the Marbache sector was completed on August 18, 1918, and the brigade moved to an area about 20 kilometers south- east of Toul, headquarters being established at Favieres. Intensive training for the impending St. Mihiel offensive was indulged in here. The brigade started to move from this area on the night of Septem- ber 2, 1918, and after a series of night marches, during which time headquarters were established at Pont St. Vincent, Velaine-en-Haye, and Bouvron, the brigade arrived just outside of Manonville, head- quarters being established in Manonville. From September 12 to 16, 1918 the brigade was engaged in the St, Mihiel offensive in the vicinity of Remenauville, Thiaucourt, Xammes, and Jaulny as a unit of the Second Division of the First Corps of the First Army. Head- quarters during these operations were successively at 1 kilometer north of Lironville, Thiaucourt, and finally at Manonville, on Septem- ber 16, 1918. On September 20, 1918, the brigade moved to an area south of Toul, with headquarters at Chaudenay. The brigade remained in this area until September 25, 1918, when it moved by rail to an area south of Chalons-sur-Mame, with headquarters at Sarry. 48 Chapter XIII. THE CHAMPAGNE— BATTLE OF BLANC MONT RIDGE— CAPTURE OF ST. ETIENNE — MARCH TO LEFFINCOURT. Marshal Foch, having asked for an American division to assist in breaking tlirough the powerful German defenses in the Champagne, the Second Division, including the Marine Brigade, was temporarily placed at the disposal of the Fourth French Army under Gen. Gouraud from September 27, 1918, to October 10, 1918. At first it w^as directly subject to the orders of Marshal Petain, but before the actual fighting began it was placed directly under the orders of Gen. Gouraud. On September 28, 1918, the Fourth Brigade moved by bus and marching to the Souain-Suippes area, with brigade headquarters at Suippes. On October 1, 1918, in an order of the Second Division, the com- manding general of the Second Division encouraged his division with the following words: 1. The greatest battles in the world's history are now being fought. The Allies are attacking successfully on all fronts. The valiant Belgian Army has surprised and defeated the enemy in Flanders: the English, who have been attacking the enemy without ceasing since August 8, have advanced beyond the Hindenburg Line, between Cambria and St. Quentin, capturing thousands of prisoners and hundreds of cannon: the heroic Allied Army of the Orient has decisively defeated the Bulgars; the British have captured over 50,000 prisoners in Palestine and have inflicted a mortal blow on the Turk; and our own First Army and the Fourth French Army have already gained much success in the preliminary stages of their attack between the Meuse and Suippes Ri\ers. 2. Owing to its world-wide reputation for skill and valor, the Second Di\ision was selected by the commander in chief of the Allied Armies as his special reserve, and has been held in readiness to strike a swift and povv-erful blow at the \ital point of the enemy's line. The hour to move forward has now come, and I am confident that our di\ision will pierce the enemy's line, and once more gloriously defeat the Hun. The Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge was one of the most powerful and effective blows struck under the direction of Marshal Foch against the retreating Germans, and its brilliantly successful con- clusion w^as due in a great degree to the military genius of Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune of the Marines. On September 27, 1918, Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune called on Gen. Gouraud at the headquarters of the Fourth French Army, who explained the situation at the front to him. Facing a large relief map of the battlefield. Gen. Gouraud placed his hand on the Blanc Mont Ridge and said: ''General, this position is the key of all the German defenses of this sector including the whole Rheims Massif. If this ridge can be taken the Germans will be obliged to retreat along the whole front 30 kilometers to the river Aisne. Do you think your division could effect its capture?'' Maj. Gen. Lejeune responded that he felt certam the Second Division could take the stronghold pointed out, whereupon he was informed that he would be ordered to make the attack within a few days and was directed to prepare a plan for the assault. 49 60 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. At this time the Second Division was directly subject to the orders of Marshal Petain, but later in the day Gen. Gouraud informed Maj. Gen. Lejeune that after an explanation of the circumstances Marshal Petain had assigned the division to the Fourth French Army. The general plan provided for an attack by the whole Fourth French Army between the Argonne and the Suippes River. On October 1, 1918, the brigade with the rest of the Second Divi- sion marched to the front line near Somme-Py on the night of October 1-2, 1918, and relieved elements of a French division. The brigade headquarters was located in the trenches about 2^ kilometers south of Somme-Py. The relief was effected before daylight without incident. The Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge was fought and won by the Second Division, as a unit of the Fourth French Army, between October 3 and 9, 1918, over the desolated white chalky ground of the Champagne, which was scarred and shell pocked by years of artillery fire, marked with huge mine craters, gridironed with an intricate maze of deep trenches and concrete fortifications, and cov- ered with tangled masses of wire. The overwhelming success and the far-reaching effect of the Second Division's part in these operations, the cleaning up of the Essen Hook, the capture of Blanc Mont Ridge, and the capture of St. Etienne, are well described in general terms in the following ex- cerpts from official publications. That the plan was as brilliantly executed as it was daringly con- ceived is shown by this extract from an order of the Second Division, dated November 11, 1918, reading in part as follows: In the Champagne district, October 2 to 10, it fought beside the Fourth French Army. On October 3 it seized Blanc Mont Ridge, the keystone of the arch of the main German position, advanced beyond the ridge and, although both flanks were vmsupported, it held all its gains with the utmost tenacity, inflicting tremendous losses on the enemy. This victory freed Rheims and forced the entire German Army between that city and the Argonne Forest to retreat to the Aisne, a distance of 30 kilometers. The amazing success of the attack and the vital effect of the capture of Blanc Mont Ridge and St. Etienne is described in the words of Gen. Gouraud himself in a letter to Marshal Foch, reading in part as follows : Because of the brilliant part played by this "Grand Unit" in the offensive of the Fourth Army during the autumn of 1918, I propose the Second American Division for a citation in "The Order of the Army" upon the following specific grounds: The Second Infantry Division, United States, brilliantly commanded by Gen. Lejeime * * * played a glorious part in the operations of the Fourth Army in the Champagne in October, 1918. On the 3d of October this di\ision drove forward and seized in a single assault the strongly entrenched German positions between Blanc Mont and Medeah Ferme, and again pressing forward to the outskirts of Saint Etienne-a-Arnes it made in the course of the day an advance of about 6 kilometers. It captured several thousand prisoners, many cannon and machine guns, and a large quantity of other military materiel. This attack, combined with that of the French di\dsions on its left and right, resvilted in the evacuation by the enemy of his positions on both sides ol the river Suippe and his withdrawal from the Massif de Notre- Dame-des-Champs. The further opmion of the French as to the results and effect of the Second Division's operations in Champagne is set forth in the following-quoted extract from Information Bulletin No. 12 of the Fourth French Army dated October 7, 1918: UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 51 Up to October 4, at which date the present bulletin is written, the Fourth Army has pushed its advance up to objectives of the very highest importance. A splendid American division, full of dash and ardor, the Second Division, United States, placed at the disposition of the Twenty-first ( V-rps on October 3, made itself master of Massif du Blanc Mont, which dominates the valley of the Arnes and gives us excellent outlook on the valley of the Suippe in rear of the region of Monts. This conquest rapidly brought about the downfall of Notre-Dame-des-Champs and the Grand Bois de Saint Souplet. The American commander in chief in his first report describes the Battle of Blanc Mont in the following words: The Second Division conquered the complicated defense works on their front against a persistent defense worthy of the grimmest period of trench warfare and attacked the strongly held wooded hill of Blanc Mont, which they captured in a second assault, sweeping over it with consummate dash and sldll. This division then repulsed strong counterattacks before the village and cemetery of St. Etienne and took the town, forcing the Germans to fall back from before Rheims and \deld positions they had held since September, 1914. In his final report the American commander in chief remarked as follows : The Second Division completed its advance on this front by the assault of the wooded he%hts of Mont Blanc, the key point of the German position, which was captured with consummate dash and skill. The diAdsion here repulsed violent counterattacks and then carried our lines into the village of St. Etienne, thus forcing the Germans to fall back before Rheims and jdeld positions which they had held since September, 1914. The citation of the Fifth Regiment of Marines (the citation of the Sixth Regiment being identical) reads as follows : Apres approbation du general commandant en chef les forces expeditionnaires Americaines en France, le marechal de France, commandant en chef les armies fran^aises de Test, cite a I'Ordre de I'Arm^e: "Le 5^me Regiment de Marine Americain, sous les ordres du Colonel Logan Feland: ' ' A pris une part glorieuse aux operations engag^es par la 46me Arm^e en Champagne, en Octobre 1918. Le 3 Octobre 1918, a participe a I'attaque des positions allemandes fortement retranch^es entre le Blanc-Mont et la Femie Medeah, et, poussant de I'avant jusqu'aux abords de Saint-Etienne a Ames, a realise une avance de 6 kilo- metres. A fait plusieurs milliers de prisonniers, capture des canons, des mitrail- leuses et un important materiel de guerre. Cette attaque, combin^e avec celle des Divisions Frangaises, a eu pour consequence I'evacuation des deux rives de la Suippe et du Massif de Notre-Dame-des-Champs." Au Grand Quartier General, le 21 Mars 1919. Le Marechal, Commandant en Chef les Armies Fran^aisefe de I'Est. Signe: Retain. (Ordre No. 14.712 "D/') On October 10, 1918, having been relieved from the line in the Blanc Mont sector, the brigade took station in the Suippes-Somme Suippes-Nantivet area and the adjacent camps with headquarters at Suippes, being assigned as Fourth French Army reserve. The brigade remained in this area resting and refitting untU October 14, 1918, when, in accordance with orders, it marched to the Vadenay- Boiiy-la-Veuve-Dampierre area, north of Chalons-sur-Marne, with headquarters at Bony. While here orders were received placing the Fourth Brigade provisionally at the disposal of the Ninth French Army Corps to hold a sector in the region Attigny-Voncq-Aisne River. Accordingly on October 20, 1918, the brigade was temporarily detached from the Second Division and marched to the area Suippes- Nantivet-Somme-Suippes, with headquarters at Suippes. On Octo- ber 21, 1918, in obedience to orders, the Marines hiked to the vicinity 52 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. of Leffincourt, where brigade headquarters was established. While about to take over the assigned sector the Fourth Brigade received orders to rejoin the Second Division, which was preparing to enter the Meuse-Argonne offensive. After a hard march these orders were obeyed and brigade headquarters established at Mont Pelier on October 23, 1918. On October 24, 1918, Maj. Matthew W. Kingman relieved Maj. Littleton W. T. Waller, jr., in command of the Sixth Machine Gun Bat- tahon of Marines, Maj. Waller joining the Second Division staff as division machine gun officer. Chapter XIV. THE MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE— CROSSING THE MEUSE RIVER. On October 25, 1918, the brigade moved to the Les Islettes area with brigade headquarters at Camp Cabaud, On the evening of October 26, 1918, it arrived in the area south of Exermont and bivouacked in the woods there that night with brigade headquarters at Exermont. The brigade remained in bivouac in this area until the night of October 30-31, 1918, when it moved forward into hne to participate in the immense Meuse-Argonne offensive which had started on September 26, 1918, the Second Division being assigned as a unit of the Fifth Corps. Reheving elements of the Forty-Second Division, just south of Landres-et-St. -Georges, the Marine Brigade early on the morning of November 1, 1918, jumped-off, following a terrific barrage, for its final operation of the war, the conclusion of wliich at 11 o'clock on the morning of November 11, 1918, found the Marines firmly estab- lished on the heights of the far bank of the Meuse River, after an advance of 30 kilometers. The splencUd work of the Second Division, including the Marines, is described in official reports, and excerpts from some are given below. In recommending that the Second Division be cited in General Headquarters Orders for its excellent work in the attack of November 1-11, 1918, the commanding general, First Army, wrote on January 16, 1919, in part, as follows: 4. In the First Army attack of November 1, 1918, the Second Division was selected and so placed in the battle line that its known ability might be used to overcome the critical i^art of the enemy's defense. The salient feature of the plan of attack was to drive a wedge through Landres-et-St. .Georges to the \dcinity of Fosse. It was realized that if the foregoing could be accomplished the backbone of the hostile resistance west of the Meuse would be broken and the enemy would have to retreat to the east of the Meuse. Success in this plan would immediately loosen the flanks of the First Arniy. The Second Di\dsion was selected to carry out this main blow. 5. The Second Division accomplished the results desired in every particular on the first day of the attack, not only clearing the hostile defenses of Landres-et-St. Georges and the Bois de Hazios but continuing its advance to the vicinity of Fosse, i. e., about 9 kilometers. This decisive blow broke the enemy's defense and opened the way for the rapid advance of the Army. V7ith reference to the first day's attack, the commanding general, Fifth Army Corps, wrote officially on November 2, 1918, in part as follows : The division's brilliant advance of more than 9 kilometers, destroying the last stronghold on the Hindenbiug Line, capturing the Freya Stellung, and going more than 9 kilometers against not only the permanent but the relieving forces in their front, may j ustly be regarded as one of the most remarkable achievements made by any troops in this war. For the first time, perhaps, in our^experience the losses inflicted by your di\dsion upon the enemy in the offensive greatly exceeded the casualties of the divi- sion. The reports indicate moreover that in a single day the division has captured more artillery and machine guns than usually falls to the lot of a command during 53 54 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. eeveral days of hard fighting. These results must be attributed to the great dash and epeed of the troops, and to the irresistible force with which they struck and overcame the enemy. The following citation in Fifth Army Corps General Orders No. 26, dated November 20, 1918, gives a further description of these opera- tions: The Second Division, in line at the launching of the attack, broke through the strong enemy resistance, and, leading the advance, drove forward in a fast and deter- mined pursuit of the enemy, who, despite new divisions hastily thrown in, was driven back everywhere on its front. This division drove the enemy across the Meuse, and under heaVy fire and against stubborn resistance, built bridges and established itself on the heights. The cessation of hostilities found this diiasion holding strong posi- tions across the Meuse and ready for a continuation of the advance. An order of the Second Division, dated November 5, 1918, reading in part as follows, tells what occurred subsequent to the first day's attack: During the night of November 2-3 the Second Division moved forward overcoming the resistance of the enemy's advanced elements, and at 6 a. m. , it attacked and seized the enemy's line of defense on the ridge southeast of Vaux-en-Dieulet. Late in the afternoon, the enemy, having reorganized his line on the border of Belval Forest, was again attacked and defeated. After nightfall and in a heavy rain, the advanced elements of the division pressed forward through the forest, and occupied a position on the heights south of Beaumont, 8 kilometers in advance of the diAdsions on oiu" right and left. During the night of ISlovember 4-5, the division again pressed forward, occupied Beaumont and Letanne and threw the enemy on its front across the Meuse. An order of the Second Division, dated November 12, 1918, de- scribing the historic crossing of the Meuse River on the night before the armistice became operative, reads as follows: 1. On the night of November 10, heroic deeds were done by heroic men. In the face of a heavy artillery and withering machine gun fire, the Second Engineers threw two foot bridges across the Meuse and the first and second battalions of the Fifth Marines crossed resolutely and unflinchingly to the east bank and carried out their mission. 2. In the last battle of the war, as in all others in which this di\asion has partici- pated, it enforced its will on the enemy. The commanding general of the Fifth Army Corps has this to say about the crossing of the Meuse by the Marines, who were assisted by the Artillery, Engineers, and other troops of the Second Division: Especially I desire to commend the division for the crowning feat of its advance in crossing the Mevise River in face of heavy concentrated enemy machiiie gun fire, and in driving the enemy's troops before it, and in firinly establishing itself upon the heights covering the desired bridgehead . This feat will stand among the most memo- rable of the campaign. With reference to the crossing of the Meuse River the American commander in chief reported as follows: On the night of November 10, the Fifth Corps forced a crossing of the Meuse against heavy enemy resistance between Mouzon and Pouilly, and advanced to the Inor- Mouzon road with two battalions holding the high ground northwest of Inor. The general success achieved by the Second Division in the Argonne- Meuse offensive is well described by the words of the order citing Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune, of the Marines, for an Army distinguished service medal, reading in part as follows: In the Meuse- Argonne offensive his division was directed with siich sound military judgment and ability that it broke and held, by the vigor and rapidity of execution of its attack, enemy lines which had hitherto been considered impregnable. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 55 During this fighting the headquarters of the Fourth Brigade was successively established at Exermont, one-half kilometer north of Exermont, Somraerance, Bayonville-et-Chennery, Fosse, Belval- Bois-des-Dames, and Beaumont. The following self-explanatory memorandum was sent out liy the Commanding General of the Fourth Brigade: Headquarters 4th Brigade, Marines, American E. F., 11th November '18 — 8.W a.m. Peace Memorandum No. 1. The folloAving telephone message received from iSurprisr 1 at 8.35 a. m. this morning forwarded for compliance. 8.40 a. m. message from 5th Corps; Armistice signed and takes effect at 11 this morning. Accurate map showing locations of front line elements, including patrols and detachments, will be sent to these Headquarters without delay. On "the eleventh hour, the eleventh day of the eleventh month, of the year 1918," Brig. Gen. Wendell C. Neville, commanding general of the Fourth Brigade of Marines, published the following tribute to the officers and men of the Fourth Brigade : Upon this, the most momentous hour in the history of the World War, the under- signed wishes to express to his command his sincere appreciation of their unfailing devotion to duty and their heroic and courageous action during the recent operations. The time, when the results of our efforts during the past year are shown, is here. The hour has arrived when the convulsion which has shaken the foundations of the civilized world has ceased. The enemy is defeated and the principles of freedom and democracy have triumphed over barbarism and autocracy. We may all feel justly proud of the extent of our participation which has forced the enemy to a cessa- tion of hostilities. It is fitting, at this time, to think of those of our comi'ades who have fallen on the field of honor and rejoice in the fact that they did not give their lives in vain. Your display of fortitude, determination, courage, and your ability to fight has upon more than one occasion been a determining factor in making history, and your work has had a direct bearing upon the remarkable chain of events which have this day culminated in such a Siitisfactory manner. Along the fronts of Verdun, the Marne, the Aisne, Lorraine, Champagne, and the Argonne, the units of the Fourth Brigade Marines have fought valiantly, bravely, and decisively. They have nobly sustained the sacred traditions and have added glorious pages to the already illustrious history of the United States Marine Corps. It is a record of which you may all be proud. Chapter XV. MARCH TO THE RHINE— ARMY OF OCCUPATION— SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS OF THE FOURTH BRIGADE. MARCH TO THB: RHINE. On November 17, 1918, the Second Division commenced its march to the Rhine, passing through Belgium and Luxembourg. The German frontier was reached November 25, 1918, crossed on Decem- ber 1, 1918, the Rhine reached December 10, 1918, and crossed on December 13, 1918. During this march and up to the time the Fourth Brigade settled down to its occupation duty in Germany, brigade headquarters were successively estabhshed at Margut, Bellefontaine, Arlon, Usseldange, Berg, Eppeldorf, Neuerburgh, Waxweiler, Prum, Budesheim, Wiesbaum, Antweiler, Neuenahr, Burgbrohl, Rhein- brohl, and Honningen. WITH THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION. The duties of the Fourth Brigade with the Army of Occupation in Germany were uneventful, the outstanding features being the establishment of a Rhine River patrol, manned and commanded by Marines; an extended visit, inspection, and review by the Secretary of the Navy; and the operation of the Second Division, including the Marines, made about the middle of June, 1919, in which an advanced position was taken as a part of the concentration of the Third Army immediately preceding the signing of the treaty of peace by the Germans. Headquarters of the Fourth Brigade during the greater part of the occupation of Germany was at Nieder Bieber, while during the last operation when the advanced position was taken, just prior to Germany signing the peace treaty, it was at Herschbach. On the date the treaty was signed the Fifth Regiment, with headquarters at Hatenfels, occupied the most advanced position ever occupied by Marines in Germany. Just before departing from Germany headquarters was at Nieder Bieber, and with the exception of Brest, France, this was the last headquarters the brigade had in Europe. Maj. Charles D. Barrett relieved Lieut. Col. Earl H. Ellis as brigade adjutant in April, 1919, and held that position until the brigade was demobilized. Lieut. Col. Ellis was assigned to duty as second in command of the Fifth Regiment. On March 12, 1919, Col. Logan Feland was temporarily appointed brigadier general to rank from March 9, 1919, and accepted appointment and executed oath on March 17, 1919. On March 21, 1919, Col. Harold C. Snyder assumed command of the Fifth Regiment, relieving Brig. Gen. Logan Feland, who, after acting as aide for the Secretary of the Navy, arrived in the United States on the Von Steuben on May 13, 1919. 56 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 57 Just before the Second Division left Germany the commanding general of the Army of Occupation expressed his appreciation of the services of that division in a letter dated July 2, 1919, which is published in General Orders, Second Division, No. 68, July 5, 1919: As your magnificent di\dsion is about to leave his command, it is with a sense of gratitude for its splendid achievments while in the American Expeditionary Forces that the army commander expresses to you, and to your gallant officers and men his appreciation of your ser^'ice8. After occupying a defensive sector between Verdun and St. Mihiel, you were placed in the line of battle and met, viith. stubborn resistance, the onslaughts of the enemy's hordes near Chateau-Thierry. Your action at Belleau Woods and your attack upon and capture of Vaux must ever remain l)rilHant exploits in our military history. At Soissons, side by side with a veteran French division, you proved to our Allies the fighting value of the Army of the United States, and at St. Mihiel, in the first great American offensive, your prowess in attack was irresistible. When in Octol)er, 1918, the Allied High Command desired to reinforce the French Army by American troops of great offensive worth, by real "shock troops, " you were loaned to Gen. Gouraud's Fourth French Army and delivered your famous assault on Blanc Mont Ridge, releasing from German menace the historic city of Rheims. In the closing phase of the Meuse-Argonne operations, certainly no troops contril)- uted more to the enemy's destruction than your di-vision. After taking Landres-et- St. Georges, Bayonn^dlle-et-Chennery, and the Bois-de-la-Folie, you pierced the Bois-de-Belval, and by skillful night fighting and marching you cleared the enemy from the left bank of the Meuse and forced a crossing of the river. Your brilliant exploits in battle are paralleled by the splendid example of soldierly bearing and discipline set by your officers and men while a part of the Army of Occupa- tion. That spirit and dash which carried your men through the enemy's defenses still predominated when the Army was recently concentrated, preparatory to a further advance into unoccupied Germany. Officers and soldiers of the Second Division, your achievments and sacrifices ha\'e earned for you and for your fallen comrades the praise and gratitude of our Nation. SUMMARY OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE FOURTH BRIGADE. A summary of the operations of the Fourth Brigade of Marines is set forth below: The Fourth Brigade of Marines as a unit of the Second Division participated in actual battle in France in the following sectors between the inclusive dates set down (as published in General Orders No. 37, Second Division, April 25, 1919) : Toulon sector, Verdun: From March 15 to May 13, 1918. Aisne defensive, in the Chateau-Thierry sector: From May 31 to June 5, 1918. Chateau-Thierry sector (capture of Hill 142, Bouresches, Belleau Wood): From June 6 to July 9, 1918. Aisne-Mame (Soissons) offensive: From July 18 to July 19, 1918. Marl)ache sector, near Pont-a-Mousson on the Moselle River: From August 9 to August 16, 1918. St. Mihiel offensive, in the \dcinity of Thiaucourt, Xammes, and Jaulny: From September 12 to September 16, 1918. Meuse-Argonne (Champagne) including the capture of Blanc Mont Ridge and St. Etienne: From October 1 to October 10, 1918. Meuse-Argonne (including crossing of the Meuse River): From November 1 to November 11, 1918. SILVER BANDS FOR COLORS. Under the rulings of General Headquarters, American Expedition- ary Forces, the Marine Corps units serving with the Second Division are entitled to silver bands on the staffs of their colors for battle participation in the above mentioned engagements. 58 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. MAJOR OPERATIONS. General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, ruled that the Second Division, including the Fourth Brigade of Marines, par- ticipated in only four major operations, the Aisne defensive (May 31 to June 5, 1918); the Aisne-Marne offensive (July 18 and 19, 1918); the St. Mihiel offensive (Sept. 12 to 16, 1918); and the Meuse-Argonne offensive (Oct. 1 to 10," 1918, and Nov. 1 to 10, 1918). The operations which resulted in the capture of Blanc Mont and St. Etienne were construed to be included in the Meuse-Argonne offensive despite the fact that the operations were a part of the operations of the Fourth French Army, far to the west of the western limit of the American Meuse-Argonne sector and further that the work of the Second Division was continued by another American division. The operation which resulted in the capture of Hill 142, Bouresches, Bois de la Brigade de Marine, by the Marine brigade, assisted by Artillery, Engineers, etc., of the Second Division, and the capture of Vaux by the Third Brigade, Engineers and Artillery of the Second Division, were held to be local engagements rather than a major operation. The Second Division suffered about 9,000 casualties in the Chateau-Thierry sector. In addition to the above major operations. Marine Corps personnel, other than that of the Fourth Brigade and Second Division, partici- pated in the Champagne-Marne defensive, the Oise-Aisne offensive, and the Ypres-Lys offensive. Chapter XVT. WITH THE NAVY ON BOARD THE BATTLESHIPS AND CRUISERS. WITH THE BRITISH GRAND FLEET. Division 9 of the Atlantic Fleet, composed of the NeAo York (flagship), Wyoming, Florida, and Delaware, was detailed for service with the British Grand Fleet, rendezvoused on November 24, 1917, in Lynnhaven Roads, Chesapeake Bay, and sailed for its destina- tion the following day. The division took the northern passage and was 13 days en route, 4 days of which were spent in holding its own against a 90-mile gale off the Newfoundland coast. On December 7, 1917, the Ameri- can battleships anchor(>d with the British Grand Fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, after a rousing reception, and on December 26 were designated the SLxth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet. From the time of its arrival to November 29, 1918, this squadron, with the addition of the Texas in February, 1918, and the substitu- tion of the Arkansas for the Delaware in July, 1918, operated with the British Grand Fleet, basing most of the time in Scapa Flow and the remainder of the time in the Firth of Forth (Rosyth). The squadron took its regular turn at convoy duty, patrol duty, target Sractice, and fleet exercises with all the other squadrons of the British Grand Fleet. The squadron was at sea on an average of from 8 to 10 days each month and followed the procedure of the Grand Fleet in all respects, even going so far as to shift to the British method of signaling. Maj. Nelson P. Vulte was division Marine ofiicer of this division the entire time it was a unit of the British Grand Fleet. With reference to the operations of this division the Secretary of the Navy in his annual report made the following statements: Assigned one of the two places of honor and importance in the battle line, this American division did its full share of the Grand Fleet's work, including patrol search for the, enemy, protection of convoys, mining, and other forces, and, most important of all, in the repeated attempts to engage the German High Seas Fleet, for which the ships of the Grand Fleet were kept in the highest state of efficiency and readiness. Our battleships were attacked six times by submarines. On one occasion, off the Norwegian coast, four torpedoes were fired at the Florida and two at the Delaware, and at another time three were fired at the New York. _ Not one of our vessels was hit, and the only damage done was to the Neio York, which while leading the di\ision into Pentland Fii-th, was rammed by a submerged submarine. Two blades of her propeller were broken off, but officers and crew were couAdnced that the blows from the propeller sank the U-boat. SURRENDER OF THE GERMAN HIGH SEAS FLEET. The American battleships occupied a prominent position in the north column of the Grand Fleet on the occasion oi the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet, on November 21, 1918, off the mouth 59 60 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. of the Firth of Forth and assisted in escorting it into that port where the German vessels were searched and later dispatched under guard to Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, for internment. The American vessels did not accompany the surrendered German war vessels to Scapa, but were detached from the British Grand Fleet on December 1, 1918, and sailed from Rosyth for Portland (Weymouth). The day after the surrender of the German Fleet the Nevada, which had been serving with Division 6 of the Atlantic Fleet in Bantry Bay, Ireland, joined Division 9, at Rosyth and proceeded with it to Portland. AT CASTLETOWN BEREHAVEN, BANTRY BAY, IRELAND. The Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy makes the follow- ing remarks concerning Division 6 : Division 6, composed of the Utah (flagship), Nevada, and Oklahoma, was based on Berehaven, Bantry Bay, Ireland, its principal duty being to protect our convoys from possible enemy raiders. This division made two trips into the Channel, escort- ing convoys when enemy submarines were reported in the vicinity. Maj. Leon W. Hoyt was the division Marine officer of this division during its entire stay in European waters. The Nevada joined the American battleships of Division 9 the day after the surrender of the German Fleet off Rosyth, near Edinburgh. ESCORTING THE PRESIDENT INTO BREST. Division 9 joined Division 6 at Portland Bill and both divisions left that port in time to assist the Pennsylvania in escorting President Wilson, on board the George Washington, into the harbor of Brest. WELCOMED HOME BY NAVAL REVIEW. On December 14, 1918, our battleships sailed from Brest for the United States, arrived off Ambrose Lightship the afternoon of Christmas Day, and the next morning steamed into New York Harbor where they were accorded a great demonstration. The naval review was followed by a land parade of all the returning officers, Bluejackets, and Marines. THE ATLANTIC FLEET. Col. (Brig. Gen.) John T. Myers was the fleet Marine officer of the Atlantic Fleet from before the outbreak of the war to August 23, 1918, being relieved on that date by Col. Frederic L. Bradman who continued on that duty until after the armistice. Col. John F. McGill was force Marine officer of the Battleship Force and later force Marine officer of Battleship Force Two until August 14, 1918, when he was relieved by Maj. Harold C. Wlrgman, who continued as such until the force was suspended in September, 1918. Lieut. Col. James McE. Huey was force Marine officer of Battle- ship Force One from September 3, 1917 to December 29, 1917, when he was relieved by Maj. Edwin N. McClellan who continued UNITED vSTATES MARIXE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 61 as such until March 28, 1918, when the Marines were temporarily withdrawn from the force. Maj. Richard H. Tebbs, jr., was force Marine officer of the Ci-uiser Force. THE PACIFIC FLEET. Col. Richard M. Cutts was fleet Marine officer of the Pacific Fleet from November 1, 1916 to October 14, 1918; and Lieut. Col. Charles B. Taylor from October 15, 1918 until after the armistice. THE ASIATIC FLEET. The Marines of the BrooJclyn, flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, partici- pated in the activities around Vladivostok, Siberia, in 1918. In June, 1918, Vladivostok, and practically all of Siberia, was under the control of the Bolsheviki. The Bolsheviki, assisted by German and Austrian prisoners of war, were resisting the advance of the Czecho-Slovaks, who were trying to reach Vladivostok. In that city on June 29, 1918, there were approximately 12,000 well- organized Czecho-Slovaks, only about 2,500 of whom were armed or equipped. On the foregoing date the Czecho-Slovaks in the city took it over from the Bolsheviki after a three hour battle near its center, and on the afternoon of that day Rear Admiral Austin M. Knight, commander m chief of the Asiatic Fleet, ordered a detach- ment of American Marines ashore to guard the American consulate and to act as part of an Allied force composed of British, Japanese, Chmese, and Czecho-Slovaks, to patrol the city. In July, 1918, Marines from the BrooMyn acted as guards over German and Austrian prisoners of war on Russian Island, about 5 miles from Vladivostok, while Marines from the same vessel con- stituted part of an Allied military force of American and British marines, Japanese and Chinese bluejackets, and Czecho-Slovak soldiers, which was organized to prevent a threatened strike and disorder among the workmen in the Russian navy yard at Vladivostok. The Albany was at Vladivostok from April 2, 1919, until relieved by the New Orleans on July 25, 1919. Each of these ships, while they were anchored off Vladivostok, kept a small guard of Marines at the United States Naval radio station on Russian Island. Col. Carl Gamborg-Andi-esen was fleet Marine officer of the Asiatic Fleet from August 25, 1915 to July 17, 1917; Col. Louis McC. Little from July 18, 1917 to April 25, 1918; and Col. Eh T. Fryer from that date until after the armistice. Chapter XVII. THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FIFTH BRIGADE. THE FIFTH BRIGADE. The units of the Fifth Brigade were never together as a brigade in France or at any time an element of a division, and for that reason its comm.anding general was assigned additional duty in the Ameri- can Expeditionary Forces. Brig. Gen. Eli K. Cole, the first commanding general of the Fifth Brigade, arrived in'France on September 24, 1918, and proceeded to headquarters, Forty-first Division (First Depot Division), St. Aignan, France, reporting there October 1 to 4, 1918; on October 6, 1918, he joined the Second Division at Souain, France, as an observer and remained with the Second Division until October 26, 1918, when he left to report at St. Aignan. On October 28, 1918, Brig. Gen. Cole arrived at St. Aignan and assumed command of the Forty-first Division (First Depot Division). From December 27, 1918, to January 10, 1919, he commanded the First Replacement Depot. From January 12 to February 3, 1919, he commanded the American Embarkation Center at Le Mans, France. From February 23, 1919, to March 4, 1919, he commanded the Forwarding Camp at Le Mans, France. During the period March 5 to 21, 1919, Brig. Gen. Cole was occupied in inspecting the units of the Fifth Brigade. He left Tours, France, on March 31, arrived at Brest, France, same day, was detached from the American Expeditionary Forces on March 31, and sailed for the United States on the Mauretania, arriving at New York April 7, 1919. Brig. Gen. Smedley D. Butler relieved Brig. Gen. Cole as command- ing general of the brigade on April 9, 1919, and retained command until it was demobilized in August, 1919. One of the most prominent and outstanding features of the Ameri- can Expeditionary Forces was the administration of Pontanezen Camp at Brest, ^France, by Brig. Gen. Smedley D. Butler, United States Marine Corps, from October 6, 1918, to the latter part of July, 1919. The words of the citation conferring upon him the Army distinguished service medal describes in general terms the important work accomplished by Brig. Gen. Butler: Smedley D. Butler, brigadier general, United States Marine Corps. For excep- tionally meritorious and distingxuBhed services. He has commanded witli ability and energy Pontanezen Camp at Brest during the time in which it has developed into the largest embarkation camp in the world. Confronted with problems of extraordinary magnitude in supervising the reception, entertainment, and departure of the large numbers of officers and soldiers passing through this camp, he has solved all with conspicuous success, performing ser^^Lces of the highest character for the American Expeditionary Forces. Brig. Gen. Butler returned to the United States in command of the Fifth Brigade, on the Sihoney, arriving at Hampton Roads, Va., on August 8, 1919. 62 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 63 Maj. William C. Wise was brigade adjutant from the date the brigade was organized to September 25, 1918; Maj. Charles D. Bar- rett relieved Maj. Wise and acted as adjutant until he went to the Fourth Brigade to relieve Lieut. Col. Ellis; Maj. Calvin B. Matthews was brigade adjutant from July 11, 1919, to the date the brigade was demobilized. THE ELEVENTH REGIMENT. Col. George Van Orden commanded the Eleventh Regiment during its entire existence. The Eleventh Regiment was split up, its several units being spread all over France. Units of this regiment performed duty at various times at the following places: Brest, Tours, Montierchaume (Indre), Havre, Gievres (Loire-et-Cher), Marseilles, Toulon (B-du-Rhone), Miramas (B-du-Rhone), Issoudun (Indre), La Pallice, La Rochelle (Charante Inferieur), Mehun (Cher), St. Aignan-Noyers, Romorantin (Loire-et-Cher), Marans, Nevers, Aigrefeuille, Barmant, Somme, C'hateauroux (Indre), Camp Covington (Camp Carret) near Mar- seilles, Paris (Headquarters Detachment, American Peace Com- mission). The officers and men performed duties of various kinds, among such being: Post commanders, post and assistant jwst adjutants, personnel adjutants, regulating officers, assistant to the depot engi- neer, receiving officers, entertainment officers, assistant post chap- lain, police officers, prison officers, camp guards, dock guards, com- mandnig officers of troops, police sergeants, inspectors of the guard, district fire marshals, post welfare officers, district athletic officers, assistant provost marshals, fire patrol officers, fire marshals, trans- portation guard service, guard duty over prisoners, quartermaster property guard, interpreters, etc. THE THIRTEENTH REGIMENT. Col. Smedley D. Butler commanded the Thirteenth Regiment from the date of its organization until November 19, 1918, on which date Lieut. Col. Douglas C. McDougal assumed command and remained its commanding officer until it was demobilized. Like the Eleventh Regiment, the units of this regiment performed duty in the various posts in the Services of Supply, among such places being Brest, Bordeaux, St. Nazaire, La Rochelle, La Pallice, Rochefort, ^lontoir, Bassens (Gironde), Sursol (Gironde), Casino-de- lilas (Bordeaux), La Teste (Gironde), Beau Desert (Gironde), Nantes, St. Sulpice (Gironde), Savena}^, St. Loubes (Gironde), Lor- mont. Carbon Blanc, Grange Neuve, Genicart, Croix d'Hius, La Baule, Isle of Ste. Anne (Nantes), Pen Houet, Usine Brulee. The officers and men performed duties of various kinds, among such being provost guard, hospital center guard, camp guard, railroad transportation officers, commanding dock guard, dock guard, unloading ships, erecting tents at Pontanezen Barracks, mili- tary police, warehouse guards, convoying of railroad trains, special guards for shipments of commissary supplies, assistants to camp commander at Pontanezen Camp, prison guards, assisting thousands of convalescent and sick soldiers who disembarked from the Leiia- than to get to Camp Pontanezen, inspector general's department, 151402°— 20 5 64 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. base section No. 1, stockade guard, traffic police, motor transpor- tation _ convoy guard, dock guard secret service, segregation camp and railway patrol. ' THE FIFTH BRIGADE MACHINE-GUX BATTALIOX. Maj. Ernest A. Perkins commanded the Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion from the date of its organization until November 4, 1918; Capt. Franklin A. Hart from that date until November 12,' 1918; and from November 12, 1918, to date of demobilization Maj! Allen H. Turnage was the commanding officer. This battalion performed duty at Camp Pontanezen durino- its entire stay in France. '^ Chapter XVIII. CASUALTIES. During the period of the World War the Marine Corps personnel suffered casualties in actual battle in France with the American Expeditionary Forces (Second Division and Aviation) ; in Aviation while operating as part of the naval service in France; and in the West Indies in operations against the bandits of Santo Domingo. MARINE CORPS CASUALTIES. Marine Corps deaths in the American Expeditionary Forces, as obtained from Marine Corps records on January 14, 1920, are divided as follows : Character. | Officers. Enlisted men. Total. Killed in action 45 30 3 14 1 1,420 961 24 255 11 1,465 Died of wounds received in action Died of accident 991 27 269 Other causes 12 Total 93 2,671 2,764 The following is a summary of the casualties sustained by the Fourth Brigade of Marines from March 15 to November 11, 1918, as published in General Orders, No. 66, Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces, dated July 2, 1919: Fourth Brigade casualties. Killed. Died of wounds. Miss- ing. Wounded severely. Wounded slightly. Wounded, degree undeter- mined. Gassed. Total. 2 1 O 1 o a £ o £2 S o pi 1 Officers. Men. s o i o 4 9 2 d a 2S7 436 39 e o 12 112 J6 i Toulon sector (Verd\m), Mar. 15-Mavl3 12 724 156 1 57 320 189 2 9 5 8 1 44 304 10-1 1 86 155 59 16 322 2.50 2 124 380 222 6 20 20 6 43 20 46 656 489 8 334 862 467 46 30 4 6 6 89 2,123 911 2S7 480 206 •i!)4 Aisne defensive and Chateau-Thierry sec- tor, May 31-July 9, 1918 25 10 33 66 3 9 4 598 Aisne-Mame offensive, July 18-25, 1918 Marbache sector, Aug. 9-22 2,015 15 St. Mihiel ofiensive, Sept. 12-Sept. 16 Mouse- Argonne (Cham- pagne), Oct. 1-Oct. 10 Meuse-Argonne offen- sive, Nov. 1-11 3 9 8 11 31 20 3 23 7 6 3 4 141 55 16 95 45 903 2,369 1,218 Total 55 1,459 25 753 161 45 1,316 115 2,862 92 4,099 24 962 356 11 612 65 66 UNITED STATES MAEINE CORPS Il^T THE WORLD WAR. AVIATION CASUALTIES. The following table shows the casualties sustained by the Marine Aviation forces between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918: Character. Officers. Enlisted men. Total. Killed in action Died of wounds received in action Died of accident Died of disease Died of other causes Wounded in action Total TOTAL MARINE CORPS DEATHS. From April 6, 1917, to September 10, 1919, 131 officers and 3,489 enlisted men died, a total of 3,620 Marine Corps deaths from all causes. CASUALTIES IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. During the period between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, one officer was wounded in action, four enlisted men were killed in action, and thirteen wounded in action, in the Dominican Re- public in operations against bandits. LOST ON THE CYCLOPS. Two Marines died when the Oy clops was lost at sea. CASUALTIES OF NAVAL PERSONNEL. Of the 60 naval medical officers, 12 naval dental officers, and 500 enlisted men of the Medical Corps of the Navy serving with the Marines in the American Expeditionary Force, 1 commissioned officer, and 12 enlisted men were killed; 8 commissioned officers and 101 enlisted men v/ere wounded or gassed. Chapter XIX. CITATIONS OF MARINE ORGANIZATIONS-DAYS IN FRANCE- ARTILLERY CAPTURED-PRISONERS CAPTURED-KILOMETERS ADVANCED-DECORATIONS AWARDED. CITATIONS IN FRENCH ARMY ORDERS. The French Army recognized the splendid work of the Fifth and Sixth Kegiments of Marines by citing them three times m Army orders for acliievements in the Chateau-Thierry sector, the Aisne- Marne, and the Meuse-Argonne (Champagne). The Sixth Machme Gun Battalion was similarly cited for its work m the Chateau- Thierry sector and the Aisne-Marne, and the Fourth Brigade f(^r its work in the Chateau-Thierry sector. , ttt t^ . Information was received in January, 1920, that the War Depart- ment had accepted the award of the French fourragere m the colors of the ribbon of the Croix de Guerre for several Army organizations and the three units of the Fourth Brigade. ■,■■,,, Prior to this date the onlv American organizations which had received permission to accept or wear the French fourragere were three sections of the ambulance service and one aero squadron, all of which w^ere temporary organizations and have now been de- mobilized. DAYS IN FRANCE. A Marine Corps unit arrived in France with the first expedition of of American troops. From June 26, 1917, to November 11, 1918, Marines were in Europe with the American Expeditionary Forces a total of 504 days, of which 66 days were in active sectors and 71 in quiet sectors. ARTILLERY CAPTURED BY SECOND DIVISION. The commanding general, Second Division, under date of Deceni- ber 30 1918, reported to General Headquarters, American Expedi- tionary Forces, the following data with reference to artillery and machine guns captured: Sector. Heavy artillery. Li.Kht artillery. Trench mortars. Machine guns. Antitank guns. ei' 37 2 105 12 2 iig 200 122 409 500 9 ho 5 Soissons Marbache sector St. Miliiel Blanc Mont 27 17 8 Total 7i 269 58 1,350 S I A small number of light artillery was captured but no count made. , . , ^. .v „, ,-„ » On account of the rapid advance, for a total o/ about 29 kilometers, durmx v/hich time these guns m T)ositi°n and alone; the roads, vcre overrun and left behind, it was impossible to make an accurate check pf of them .and therefore the fi£,'ures report guns both heavy and li-ht. They wert 11 ^*«'«„,««,o^,inT.o TTsorlQ Qt HiQ timn Riflns were not counted. ordinate commanders made at tlie time. Rifles were not counted. ' were taken from reports of sub- 67 68 XJl^ITED STATES MAET'N'E COTtPS TIST THE WORLD WAR. PRISONERS CAPTURED. The Second Division captured 12,026 prisoners, which is 19.07 })er cent of the total prisoners captured hy the entire American Expeditionary Forces. KILOMETERS ADVANCED. Tiie Second Division advanced 60 kilometers against the enemy. DECORATIONS AWARDED MARINES. The following rnimher of decorations were awarded Marines dur- ing the war: Medals of honor (Army) 5 Distinguished-service medals (Army) 8 Distinguished-serv ice crosses (Army) 363 Distingnished-service order (British) 1 Croix de guerre (French) 1, 237 Legion of honor (French) 19 Medaille militaire (Frenchj 10 Belgian decorations 10 ( "hinese decorations 1 I talian decorations 9 Montenegrin decorations 4 Portuguese decorations 1 Total 1, 668 The above number of Distinguished-service crosses (Army) awarded includes 42 awarded to Navy Medical Corps personnel, 2 to Y. M. C. A. personnel, and 2 to French officers serving with Marines. The above number of Croix de guerre (French) awarded includes 82 awarded to Navy Medical Corps and Navy Dental Corps per- sonnel, and 3 to Navy Chaplains serving with Marines. One Navy Chaplain was awarded a Legion of Honor (French), but this is not included in the above. Chapter XX. RIFLE PRACTICE— RIFLE AND PISTOL COMPETITIONS. RIFLE PRACTICE. Ill recent years the Marine Corps has devoted a great deal of time and energy to rifle practice, beheving that one of the first require- ments of a soldier is to know how to shoot. During the period of the war target practice was given special attention, and in 1918 it was annoiuiced that no enlisted men would be sent overseas who had not qualified as marksman or better. This announcement created even greater interest than before in target practice among the enlisted pereonnel and gratifying results were obtained on all rifle ranges. The Marines that arrived in France were educated riflemen, out despite that fact rifle ranges of some character were established and used in every spot of France and Germany where the Marines re- mained long enough to make it feasible and practicable to do so. The percentage of marksmanship qualifications of the enlisted per- sonnel of the Marine Corps on various dates, in the American Expe- ditionarv Forces and in the United States was as follows: Date and place. Entire Marine Corps, Apr. 6, 1917 Ma hios of American Expeditionary Forces, Nov. 11, 1918, Entire Marine Corps, Nov. 30, 1918 Entire Marine Corps, Mar. 1, 1919 , Marines of American Expeditionary Forces, July 1, 1919. . Percentage. 48.0 08. 1 C7. 1 66.0 81.6 The number of marksmanship qualifications of the last six j^ears in the Marine Corps was as follows : Classification. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Expert rifleman 596 2,749 757 883 2,536 1,471 1,287 1,984 2,594 1,709 2,373 6,011 6,019 8, 932 14; 826 7,851 10,042 21,918 Sharpsliooter Marksmen Total qualified 4,102 0.415 4,890 0.493 5,865 0.591 10, 093 0.379 29,778 0.070 40,411 Percentage 0.828 RIFLE AND PISTO L COMF ETITIO NS. During the period of the war the Marine Corps rifle teams, teams representing Marine Corps units, and teams partly composed of Marines, engaged in seven important competitions. (a) The National Rifle Association and the national matches held at Camp Perry, Ohio, in 1918. Marines won the following National 69 70 UNFTKI) STATES MARINIO CORPS TN TIIK WOKI.l) WAK. Rifle Association matches: Members' match, HOO-yard rapid-firn match, Wiml)h>ton cup match. Marine Corps match, President's match, and the grand aggregate; and took second phice in the Leech cup matcl) and the 200-yard rapid-firo match. Of the national matches, Marines won the national team match and United vStatea vService match; took sixth, ninth, eleventh, twelfth, twenty-sixth, thirtieth, sixty-seventh, sixty-eighth, sixty-ninth, and seventy- first pliices in the national individual match; took second place m the national individual pistol match; and three Marines were among the lirst lunuh-ed of the individual pistol match in which tliere were 942 slioot(vrs entered. (h) The National Rifle Association and the national matches held iit Caldwell, N. J., in 1910. The members of the 1010 Marine Corps rifle t(>,ani Sfjuad made a splendid showing in the rifle matches, out- classing their military and civilian competitors in almost every match held. The Marines won 18 matches out of the 16 in which they were entered; civilian riflemen took 2 events; and the Cavalry 1 . Marines won the following matches: Company teain, enlisted men's t(^am, m(>mber's, Marine Corps cup, rapid fire, regimental team, veteran t(\fim, two-man team. President's, grand aggregate, national indi- >'i(lual. United Service, and the national team. Four Marines were on the American Expeditionary Forces team, which took second phice. (c) The twenty-sixth annual Sea Girt interstate tournament held ut Sea Girt, N. J., in lOH). The Marines won 14 of the 18 matches in which they were entered, winning the following matches: Hayes, Meany, Spencer, two-man team (New Jersey), Wingate, Libbey, all-comers expert, Cruikshank trophy, Rogers trophy, Sadler trophy, Oryden trophy, McAlpin trophy, Koo all-comers long range, and Sea Girt championship. (d) The American Expeditionary Forces rifle, pistol, and musketry competition, held on thed'Avours range at Le Mans, France, in May, 1910. The first three placets in the individual rifle competition were won by Marines; aMarino won thoindividuid pistol match; the Fifth Regiment of Marines stood ih'st in tlio regimen tal standing, followed by the Thirteenth, Sixth, and Eleventh Regiments in seventh, eighth, and eleventh places in the order mentioned; aMarino won first place in the individual automatic rifle competition. The Second Division led all other divisions. (e) The Inter-Allied championships held on the d'Avours range at Le Mans, France, in July, 1919. The Am(>rican Expeditionary Forces team, on which were four Marines, defeated all nations. A Marine took second place in the individual rifle match. (/) Third Army championship (Amaroc shoot) held on the rifle range at Wehr, Germany, under the auspices of the Third Division in June, 1919. The Marines and the Second Division won most of the honors in this competition. {(/) A special Inter-Allied rifle competition for five-men teams on a 300-meter range near Paris, France. France won and America was second. Two Marines were on the American team. Chapter XXI. AVIATION. STRENGTH AND DIHTRIBUTION. On April 6, 1917, the Marino section of naval aviation consisting of fivo olRcors and 30 enlisted men, was stationed at the naval air station, r(Misacola, Fla., as part of the complernont of that station. During Aju'il, May, and June, 1917,. the Marino aviation section was transferred to a combination land and waU^r station for Marino llicrs at the navy yard, Philadelphia, Pa., and tho training of personnel for Innd flying began. TIk; ofhcial designation of this organization was the Marine Aeronautic Company. Training in o})servation balloons was done in addition to tho neavier-than-air work. On October 12, 1917, this Marino Aeronautic Company, then con- sisting of 34 ofFicers and 330 enlisted men, was divichsd into tho First Aviation Scjuadron, consisting of 24 officers and 237 enlisted men, an(] the First Marino Aeronautic Company, consisting of 10 ofliciers and 93 enlisted men. On October 14, 1917, the First Marino Aeronautic Company was transferred to Capo May, N. J., and took over the naval air station at that place. On December 7, 1917, the First Marine Aeronautic Company, then consisting of 12 olTicers and 133 enlisted men, was ordered to Naval Base 13, ronta Delgada, Azores, arriving there on January 21, 1918. This company was tho first completely equipped American aviation unit to leave the United States for service in the war. This organi- zation operated an antisubmarine patrol station of 10 R-6 seaplanes, 2 N-9 seaplanes, and later 6 IIH-2-L flying boats until the station was ordered abandoned on January 24, 1919, when it was ordered to return to tho United States, arriving at tho Marine flying lield, Miami, Fla., March 15, 1919. Maj. Francis T. Evans was in com- mand from January 9 to July 18, 1918, and Maj. David L. vS. Brewster from July 19, 1918, to January 20, 1919. On October 17, 1917, the First Aviation Squadron was transferred from the Marine flying field, navy yard, Philadelphia, Pa., to tlio Army training field at Mineola, Long Island, where instruction and training were carried on in land flying. On December 31, 1917, this organization was transferred to Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, La., for advanced training. In March, 1918, the Marine Hying field, Miami, Fla., was estab- lished and on March 31, 1918, tho First Aviation Squadron was trans- ferred to that field from Lake Charles, La. Four Marine s(juadrons of land-fighting planes and a headf|uarters company were organized to operate under the Navy as the Day Wing of the Nortliern Bombing Group, in northern France, which 0[)erated in tlic Dunkirk nrea aj^ainst German submarines and their bases at Ostend, Zecbrugge, aiKi Bruges. 71 72 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE M^OELD WAR, On July 13, 1918, the first Marine aviation force, consisting of Squadrons A, B, C, and Headquarters Company, left Miami, Fla., and embarked on board the De Kalh at New York City for France! July 18, 1918. This organization consisted of 107 officers and 654 enlisted men, and when Squadron D joined in October, 1918, it con- sisted of 149 officers and 842 enlisted men. On July 30, 1918, the Day Wing disembarked at Brest, France, and proceeded to its aero- dromes between Calais and Dunkirk, where they established camp and prepared the aerodromes for use. The personnel of the Day Wing was completely organized and ready for service two weeks after their arrival in France. Part of the planes and equipment of this organi- zation arrived at Pauillac, France, before the organization rea'ched France on July 30, 1918. On September 28, 1918, one plane was delivered to the Marine Day Wing. On October 5, 1918, Squadron D of the Day Wmg, consisting of 42 ofiicers and 188 enlisted men, arrived at Le Franc aerodrome, completing the four squadrons of the Day Wmg. During the month of October additional planes were deliv- ered to the Day Wing. In order to prevent the personnel, who were completely trained and ready for action when they reached the front, August 2, 1918, from getting badly out of practice, the commanding officer, Day Wing, requested permission from the British aviation forces in the vicinity to be allowed to assign certain Marine pilots to operate with their squadrons until the Marine planes were delivered. As many Marine pilots as could be accommodated were operating with British squad- rons until the end of the war, and were highly complimented by the British ofiicers. The Day Wing, carried out 14 independent raids far behind the enemy lines, did considerable damage, and brought back valuable information. The organization participated actively and creditably in both offensives on the Flanders front. It was learned after the armistice that one raid resulted in the death of 60 enemy officers and 300 enlisted men. A feat worthy of mention was performed by Marine Corps pilots. A French regiment was cut off by the enemy near Stadenburg. It was decided to attempt to feed them by aeroplane. Marine Corps pilots loaded up with food and flew low over this isolated regiment and successfully dropped 2,600 pounds of food to them in the face of heavy fire from artillery, machine guns, and rifles. This process was continued for two days untU the regiment was extricated. The number of enemy planes brought down by Marine pilots, bombs dropped, food dropped, and other facts of a statistical nature are given elsewhere. Three pilots were killed or died of wounds received in action, two of them being shot down over the enemy's lines. Maj. Alfred A. Cunningham commanded the Day Wing from the date of its organization to December 7, 1918, except the period August 1 to 7, 1918, during which time Maj. Roy D. Geiger was iii command. While in Europe the Marine fliers served with Squadrons 213 (pur- suit squadron), 217, and 218 (bombing squadrons). Royal Flying Corps of England ; and with pursuit, observation, and bombing squad- rons of the French Flying Corps. UJiTITED STATES ^FAr.IXE COUPS IX THE V/ORLD WAR. 73 In February, 1918, the Marine aviation section of S officers and 40 enlisted men was organized and stationed at the naval air station, Miami, Fla. The personnel of this section was L^ter increased and served at that station throughout the war, taking oyer the deep-sea scouting of that station. Capt. Thomas R. Shearer was in command during the entire time. STRENGTH AT BEGIXXIXG AND EXD OF WAR. The strength of Marine aviation on April 6. 1917, and on Novem- ber 11, 1918, was as follows: APRIL 6, 1917. Commissioned officers 4 Warrant officer 1 Enlisted men .SO Total 35 XOVEMBEK II. 191S. Commissioned officers 250 Warrant officers 32 Enlisted men 2, 180 Total 2, 462 STATIONS. The following are the stations at which Marine aviators operated, showing whether they operated independently, with the Navy, or with the Army: Independently. Marine flying field, Miami, Fla. Balloon Company, Marine Barracks. Quantico, Va. Naval Base No. 13, Azores. Marine flying field, Philadelphia, Pa. Naval air station. Cape May, N. J. Navv. Armv. Marine section naval air station, Miami, Fla. Day Wing, Northern Bombing Group, France. Naval air station, Pensacola, Fla. Roosevelt Field, Mineola, Long Island. Gerstner Field, I-ake Charles, La. Army balloon schools at St. Louis, Mo., and Omaha, Xebr. PLANES OPERATED BY MARINES. The number of planes operated by Marine aviators at Pensacola, Fla., on April 6, 1917, was four, and the type, AH Curtiss. On November 11, 1918, the following planes were operated ])y the personnel of Marine Aviation: ]\[arine flying field, Miami, Fla.: De Haviland 4's, Curtiss JN's, Thomas-Morse scouts, and ^I-l defense planes US Navai ail' station, Miami, Fla.: HS-l-L, and HS-2-L flying boats, and R-6 Curtiss seaplanes 24 Balloon Company, Quantico, Va. : N-9 and R-6 seaplanes ,'> Caquot and kite balloons 4 Naval base No. 13, Azores: R-6 and N-9 seaplanes and HS-2-I., and HS-l-I, flying boats 18 Northern Bombing Group. F'rance: De Ilaviland 4's and 9's 177 74 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. At other times the following planes were operated by Marine pilots : At Philadelphia, Pa. : Curtiss JN's 6 Ciirtiss R-6's 2 Curtiss N-9's 2 At Roosevelt field, Mineola, Long Island: Army land planes 12 At Gerstner field. Lake Charles, La.: Army land planes 12 At Cape Mf>y naval air station: R-6 and N-9 seaplanes 8 Total planes operated by Marine pilots 386 TRAINING OF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN. During the war the Marine Corps selected and trained its own flyers and mechanics, and had its own aviation field and equipment. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., enlisted Marines selected as promising flying m-aterial and given the rank of gunnery sergeant, took a 10 weeks' course in groundwork, and about 80 men a month were graduated. After ground graduation they did their actual flying at the Marine flying field, Miami, Fla. This course embraced preliminary, acrobatic, and formation flying, bomb- ing, gunnery, and reconnaissance work, including photographing. Upon qualifying they were commissioned as second lieutenants in the Marine Corp Reserve Flying Corps. Marine flying candidates were all enlisted Marines, of superior physique, weigliing from 135 to 165 pounds, and with at least two years' college or university study to their credit. The age limits were 19 to 39 years. Marine Corps mechanics, riggers, and armorers were trained at the Marine Corps section of the naval school for mechanics, Great Lakes Training Sta- tion, Chicago, 111., the course covering eight v.'ceks, and at a similar school in aviation mechanics at San Diego, Calif. In December, 1917, 2 Marine ofiicers and 10 enlisted men were sent to the Army balloon school at St. Louis, Mo., and later to Omaha, Nebr., for training. AVIATION STATISTICS. Marine squadrons overseas in France 5 Total ofiicers in France 165 Total enlisted men in France 895 >larine officers scrA'ing with Army Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces 6 Overseas, outside of France: 1 squadron, 12 officers, 135 enlisted men, Kaval Base No. 1.3, Ponta Delgada, Azores. Ofiicers completely trained ready for overseas aviation dutv in the irnited States on Nov. 11, 1918. 100 I'jnlisted men completely trained ready for overseas aviation dutv in the United States on Nov. 11 , 1918 \ 1 , 150 Number of sqiJadrons and companies in United States (Nov. 11, 1918) 3 . Total officers in United States on Nov. 11, 1918 '. 100 Total enlisted men in United States Nov. 11, 1918 1, 150 Total number of cadets under training (at all times) 225 Cadets completely trained (in all three branches) as bombers, chas.se pilots, and seaplane fliers, total commissioned from Oct. 1, 1918, to date 175 Raids participated in by Marine fliers serving vdth the Briti-^h and I'^rench. . 43 Total number of l)ombing raids completely Marine 14 Total pounds of bombs dropped 52, 000 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 75 5 Number of food raids ^ „„„ Pounds of food dropped r.-'Ar-.;, "" 19 Number of enemy aircraft accounted lor ofhcially ^^ RETURN OF MARINE AVIATORS FROM EUROPE. Early in December, 1918, the Day Wing received orders to return to the United States, and embarked on December 6, 1918, on board the Mercury at St. Nazaire, France, arrivmg at Newport News, \ a., December 21, 1918. w ^-u a The First Marine Aeronautic Company retm-ned Irom the Azores in March, 1919, arriving at the Marine flying field, Miami, Fla., on March 15, 1919. Chapter XXII. MARINE CORPS RESERVE. On April 6, 1917, the strength of the Marine Corps Reserve, all classes, was 36; the enlisted strength of the Naval Militia, Marine Corps Branch, of the various States, was 928. On April 1, 1917, the Naval Militia, Marme Corps Branch, attained its highest strength, 1,046. There was no recruiting for the Naval Militia, Marine Corps Branch, after April 1, 1917, and in conse- quence, the enlisted personnel of that branch showed a steady decrease subsequent to that date, owing to discharges and rejections. On July 1, 1918, the Naval Militia, Marine Corps Branch, then the National Naval Volunteers, Marine Corps Branch, consolidated with the Marine Corps Reserve in pursuance with the provisions of an act of Congress, approved July 1, 1918, and in consequence thereof became members of class 2, Marine Corps Reserve. On November 16, 1918, the Marine Corps Reserve attained its highest strength, 6,773. STRENGTH ON NOVEMBER 11, 1918. The followmg table shows strength of Marine Corps Reserve on active duty on November 11, 1918: Majors 7 Captains 33 First lieutenants 63 Second lieutenants 360 Total commissioned officers 463 Marine gunners 27 Quartermaster clerks 2 Pay clerks 4 Total warrant officers 33 Enlisted men G, 483 Female reservists 277 Total enlisted personnel 6, 760 76 UXITED STATES MARINE ("OKPS IN THE WORLD WAR. Slrenf/th of the Marine Corps Fescrrr. 77 1917. Ajpr.l May 1 Jiirie 1 Julyl Aug.l Sept.l Oct.l Nov.l Dec. 1 191S. Jan. 1 Feb.l Mai-.l Apr. 1 May 1 Junel Julyl Aug.l Sept. 1 Oct.l Nov. 1 Dec.l 1910. Jan. 1 Feb. 1 Mar.l Apr.l May 1 June 1 Julrl Aug.l Total men, all active. 35 424 885 1,096 1,167 1,186 l,21fi 1,202 1,341 5,820 5,022 4,392 3,555 3,054 2,871 2,410 2,186 Total men, in- active. Women, active. 42 5S.S 1, 301 1,910 2,684 3,041 3,179 3,502 3,694 31 145 240 269 260 255 246 234 229 238 226 Women, inactive. ■J'ofal. 201 3r. 424 885 1,096 1,167 1,186 1,210 1,202 1,341 1,531 2,514 4,106 4,745 4,780 4,950 5,211 6,378 6,484 6,547 6,707 6,751 6,668 6,578 6,548 6,473 6,334 6,288 6,138 6,081 Chapter XXIII. RETURN OF MARINES FROM EUROPE— PARADES IN THE UNITED STATES. RETURN OF SECOND DIVISION AND FOURTH BRIGADE. A great many Marines were returned from Europe gradually and in small detachments from the date the armistice became operative. The commanding general of the Second Division and his staff, headquarters of the Fourth Brigade, the Fifth Regiment, and the Sec- ond Battalion of the Sixth Regiment arrived in the United States on board the George Washington on August 3, 1919; the remainder of the Sixth Regiment arrived in the United vStates early in August, 1919, on board the Rinjdam and the Wilhehiiina,' the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion arrived in the United States on board the Santa Paula on Augusts, 1919. RETURN OF THE FIFTH BRIGADE. The Fifth Brigade Headquarters, the Thirteenth Regiment (less Company B), and the Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion arrived in the United States on board the Sihoney on August 8, 1919. Com- pany B of the Thirteenth Regiment arrived on the Mercury on August 12, 1919. The Eleventh Regiment arrived in the United States on board the Orizala on August 9, 1919. All the above Marine organizations and individuals were returned to the naval service soon after arrival in the United vStates. COMPOSITE REGIMENT, THIRD ARMY. The company of Marines and battalion commander Tmajor) and staff, forming a part of the Composite Regiment, Third Army, re- turned to the United States on board the Leviatluin on September 8, 1919, and were returned to the naval service in September. 1919. The colonel commanding the Composite Regiment in a letter dated September 21, 1919, commended the battalion commander and staff, the commanding officer of the company, and " the lieutenants for their loyalty and attention to details, and noncommissioned officers and men for their soldierly appearance, high standard of morale, and discipline," concluding with these words: The Composite Regiment paraded as escort to the general of the Army, in London, Paris, New York, and Washington, D. C. The regiment has been favorably com- mended. This is entirely due to the loyalty, energy, and attention to duty of the oflicers and individual soldiers in the regiment; and in this the Marine T'orps represen- tatives deserve a large share. 78 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 79 SCIILESWIG-IIOLSTEIX BATTALION. With the return of the above Marine organizations, all Marines of the American Expeditionary Forces were out of Europe with the ex- ception of a few individuals, and the Fifteenth Separate Battalion, con- sisting of 26 officers and about 700 enlisted men, which was retained for duty in France for possible operations in connection with the Schleswig-Holstein plebiscite. This battalion, under command of Maj. Charles F. B. Price, was organized at Pontanezen Camp, Brest, in July, 1919, from personnel of the Fourth and Fifth Brigades and the Twelfth Separate Battalion. The battalion designation was changed on August 15 from "Pro- visional BattaUon, U. S. Marines," to the "Fifteenth Separate Battahon." The Battalion rendered honors to Gen. Pershing on September 1, 1919, upon his departure from France at Brest and on the same day was inspected by Marshal Foch, who commended the Battalion on its splendid appearance. Leaving Brest on the Mercury, September 3, 1919, the Battalion six days later arrived at Bordeaux to take part in the ceremony of laying a foundation for a monument commemorating the entrance of the United States into the World War, at Pointe de Grave, near Bordeaux, France. It then returned to Brest and in December went on board the Henderson, then at that port. The Henderson, with the Battalion on board, sailed from Brest, arriving at Phila- delphia on December 23, 1919, after a 16-day trip. On December 30, 1919, the battalion arrived at Quantico, Va. RETUBN OF AVIATION UNITS. Information regarding the return of Marine Corps aviation units from Europe will be found in chapter XXI. PARADES IN THE UNITED STATES. On August 8, 1919, the Fourth Brigade, as a part of the Second Division, paraded in New York City. Maj. Gen. John A. Lejeune, with many Marine officers on his staff, was in command. On August 8, 1919, the Fourth Brigade of Marines was transferred to the naval service upon its arrival at Quantico, Va. On August 12, 1919, the Fourth Brigade of Marines, then a part of the naval service, was reviewed by the President of the United States in a parade at Washington, D. C. Brig. Gen. Wendell C. Neville was in command. A companj^ of Marines and a battalion commander, as a part of the Third Army Composite Regiment, paraded in New York and in Wash- ington, D. C, as escort to Gen. Pershing. The First Division also formed a part of these parades. 151402°— 20— 6 Chapter XXIV. DEMOBILIZATION. Immediately upon the armistice becoming operative on November 11, 1918, the question of demobilization became one of jiaramount importance. It was necessary that plans be at once put into effect providing for the release from service at the earliest possible date of duration-of-war men and reservists. While authority existed to hold such men for several months after the ratification of the peace treaty, the popular demand for the retm'n and discharge of all who could be spared was only natural. Parents, relatives, and friends could see no necessity for the keeping of their loved ones in the service after actual fighting ceased. The problem before the Marine Corps was serious, as a wholesale reduction at that time would have seriously crippled its efficiency. Therefore, on November 20, 1918, in Marine Corps Orders No. 56, orders were issued to the service stating that it was the desire of head- quarters to release those members of the Marine Corps Reserve and those men of the Regular Service, who enlisted for the dm-ation of the war, who wished to complete their education, or who had urgent fam- ily and business interests demanding immediate and personal atten- tion. Thus demobilization to a limited extent was begun nine days after the signing of the armistice. On May 1, 1919, it became necessary, owing to the demands of the service and the reduction of the enlisted personnel, temporarily to limit the privilege of discharge to men whose release was necessary for urgent financial dependency reasons. Following the approval of the act of July 11, 1919, which act pro- vided sufficient funds to sustain the corps only at an average enhsted strength of 27,400 men, with corresponding officers. Marine Corps Orders No. 42, July 12, 1919, were pubhshed, estabUshing demobiliza- tion centers and promulgating detailed instructions for the complete demobihzation. Under this plan duration-of-war men were dis- charged as rapidly as the exigencies of the service permitted. Those men who were serving in the Tropics who were eligible for discharge and desired their release were returned to the United States as rapidly as practicable, and orders were issued for their discharge and awaited them at the time of joining a Marine barracks, thus minimizing delay in allowing them to go home. By the latter part of December, 1919, practically all of the duration-of-war personnel had been discharged. In August, 1919, the Fourth and Fifth Brigades of Marines, which had been serving with the Army in France, were returned to the Marine barracks, Quantico, Va., and the naval operating base, Hamp- ton Roads, Va., respectively, at which places the demobilization of these two organizations was effected. This undertaking was by far the largest and most important of its kind that had ever confronted the Marine Corps, but due to the coordination of the various depart- 80 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 81 merits interested, and the far-reaching and clearly defined instructions issued in advance the demobihzation of these units was effected in a remarkably short time, being completed on August 13, 1919, and in a manner bringing satisfaction to the men discharged, and reflecting to the credit of the corps. The success of these efforts is evidenced by the following statement of demobilization : Discharged or transferred to inactive status: Fourth Brigade, 6,677 enlisted men. Fifth Brigade, 6,671 enlisted men. In addition to the enlisted men released there were also about two hundred officers of the two brigades who were either discharged or transferred to an inactive status. Due to the diligent cooperation of those concerned the demobilization was carried out with a degree of success far beyond expectations. MARINES ARE WELCOMED HOME BY THE NAVY. Acting Secretary Roosevelt August 11, 1919, sent to all ships and stations of the United States Navy the following special order: The Fourth Brigade of the Marine Corps, consisting of the Fifth Regiment, Sixth Regi- ment, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, and the Fifth Brigade of the Marine Corps, consisting of the Eleventh Regiment, Thirteenth Regiment, and Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion, have returned from ser\ice in Europe and have reverted from the Army to their status in the United States Navy. At this time I \vish, on behalf of the naval service, to welcome them back and express to the officers and men of these organi- zations the very deep appreciation of the lSa.\y for their splendid services while witk the Army duiiug the war. Beginning with the first expeditionary forces which left the United States in June, 1917, over 30,000 officers and men of the Marine Corps have lieen sent to France. The Fourth Brigade, as a part of the immortal Second Division, has ])een engaged in all of the principal operations of the war. Their record speaks for itself. The Fifth Brigade, going to PYance later, furnished many splendidly trained replacements for the Fourth Brigade and performed arduous tasks according to tradition. The entire Xavy welcomes them home. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Acting Secretary of the Navy. THE SECRETARY OF WAR PRAISES THE FOURTH BRIGADE. War Department, August 12, 1919. Hon JosEPHus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy. My Dear Mr. Secretary: In the process of demobilization, the Marine Brigade, which 1)y the President's order became a part of the American Expeditionary Forces and was thus a part of the forces under the control of the War Department and under the command of Gen. Pershing, has now been returned to this country, detached from the Army, and restored to the control of the Na^^ Department. I can not permit this heroic force to terminate its association with the Army without expressing to you, and through you to the officers and men of the Marine Corps, the deep sentiment of the War Department and of the Army toward it. The whole history of the Brigade in France is one of conspicuous service; when it was finally incorporated into the Second DiAision of the American Army it had early an opportunity to gi\"e a heroic demonstration of the unconquerable tenacity and dauntless courage of American soldiers. From then on in successive, almost continuous, battles the Marine Brigade and the di\ision of which it was a part fought sternly and successfully until victory was obtained for the Allied Armies. Throughout this long contest the Marines, both l>y their valor and their tragic losses, heroically sustained, added an imperishable chajjter to the history of America's j^articipation in the World War. 82 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. On behalf of the Army I congratulate the Navy Department, the Major General commanding the Marines, those who have been instrumental in the formation and training of this splendid organization, and the officers and men of the organization itself. Cordially, yours. Newton D. Baker. In reply Acting Secretary Roosevelt said : Navy Department, August 13. 1919. Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Secretary: Your very cordial letter and the tribute it bore to the Fourth Brigade of Marines was received with pleasure and deepest appreciation. The heroism of the Marines and the Regulars in the famous Second Division, and their sacrifices, have endeared them to all Americans, and it is with very pardonable pride that we welcome them back to the Navy. ' The spirit of cordial cooperation l^etween the Army and the Navy was never l)etter manifested than in the participation of these Marines in the great battles in France under the command of Gen. Pershing as a part of the United States Army, and shoulder to shoulder with units of the Regular Army. It is with extreme gratification that we can look bai'k upon this uni^roken cooperation between our two departments that started at the time the first Navy ship carried troops to Franco and continued uninter- ruptedly through to the end. On behalf of Secretary Daniels, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, the officers and men of that organization, I wish to thank you for the sentiments expressed in your letter and convey to you our appreciation of the heroism of the officers and men <>i the Army who with the Marines made the Second Division one of the greatest light- ing organizations the world has ever known. It is very gratifying in our pride over the achievements of the Marines, to know that that pride is shared by the War Department and your warm approbation of their conduct as a part of the Army will be treasured by the Corps as. well as by the indi- viduals. Sincerely, yours, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Acting Secretary of the Navy, Chapter XXV. OFFICE OF THE MAJOR GENERAL COMMANDANT ADJUTANT AND INSPECTOR'S DEPARTMENT. Maj. Gen. (^ommandant George Barnett was the Major General Commandant of tlie United States Marine Corps during the entire period of the World War. Originally appointed on February 25, 1914, he was reappointed on February 25, 1918, for a second term of four years. On September 29, 1918, Maj. Gen. Commandant George Barnett, accompanied by Brig. Gen. Charles L. McCawle}', sailed from New York on board the Leviathan, ari'iving at Brest, France, October 7, 1918. The object of the visit of the Major General Commandant to France was an inspection of all the Marines serving with the Ameri- can Expeditionary Forces, but he fell a victim to the influenza epidemic wliich prevented him from carrying out liis plans. He departed from Paris, December 7, 1918, sailed from Brest, Decem- ber 9, 1918, on board the Leviatliav, and arrived in the United States, December 16, 1918. Brig. Gen. John A. Lejeune was the Assistant to the Major General Commandant from December 14, 1914 to September 26, 1917, when he was transferred to Quantico, Va., to command the Marine bar- racks. Brig. Gen. Charles G. Long relieved Brig. Gen. Lejeune and has acted as Assistant to the Major General Commandant from that date to the present. Activities directly under the office of the Major General Com- mandant such as personnel, target practice, and aviation, were carried on efficiently during the war. The Planning Section was established on December 24, 1918. Brig. Gen. Charles H. Lauchheimer was the Adjutant and Inspector of the United States Marine Corps, with station at Headquarters, during the World War. He became seriously ill, was admitted to the hospital on July 10, 1919, where he died on January 14, 1920. Col. Hem-y C. Haines assumed the duties of Acting Adjutant and Inspector on August 3, 1919, and upon the death of Brigadier-Gen- eral Lauchheimer was appointed the Adjutant and Inspector. A great amount of additional work was caused by the large increases .and by the war, but the personnel of the Adjutant and Inspector's Department performed their duties with efficient satis- faction. 83 Chapter XXVI. PAYMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. Brig. Gen. George Richards was the Paymaster of the United States Marine Corps, stationed at Headquarters, during the entire period of the war. STRENGTH AND DISTEIBUTION. The commissioned, warranted, appointed, and enlisted personnel of the paymaster's department, at the beginning of the war, consisted of: Permanent commissioned paymasters 6 Officers of the grade of captain detailed for four years 3 Officers apx)ointed as special disbursing agents under Re\'lsed Statutes 3614 4 Permanent pay clerks 9 Civil force 3 Enlisted men 51 Total force 7(i The above force was distributed as shown in the following: table: Personnel attached. Pay stations. Number and rank commissioned officers. 1 1 .2 1 1 'u O Eh Established offices in United States. Headquarters, Washington, D.C. San Francisco, Calif 1 brigadier general; 1 lieutenant colonel 1 major. 1 first lieu- tenant . 1 major } * 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 2 3 2 1 2 6 1 4 28 7 New York, N. Y 14 Outside ol United States. Peking, China 1 captain ^ 2 Virgin Islands . ...do.2 [ 2 Port an Prince, Haiti 1 first lieutenant 1 1 i 1 1 1 3 5 Cape Haitien Haiti 1 captain ^ 3 Santo Domingo, Dominican Repuljlic. Santiago, Dominican Republic. 1 captain 1 1 4 do 8 Managua, Nicaragua 1 second lieutenant' 1 2 1 1 1 1 Total 13 12 16 12 8 \^ 76 1 Civil. » Special disbursing agent. The commissioned force of the paymaster's department reached a maximum strength of 47 officers, including special disbursing 84 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 85 agents, when the hitest detail to the department from the line was made, and as then constituted, consisted of: Permanently commissioned paymasters 5 Officers detailed from the prewar line 9 Temporary officers (eight former pay clerks and four temporary line officers) 12 Officers of the reserve force l(i Officers appointed as special disbursing agents 5 Permanent pay clerk 1 Temporary pay clerks 58 Pay clerks of the reserve force 6 Enlisted men 501 Total authorized force dVA The above force which was the maximum authorized complement of the paymaster's department, was distributed as follows: Pay stations. Number and rank commissioned ofrieer.s. Pay clerks. Qua- ter- mas- ter- ser- geants. Ser- geants. Cor- porals. Pri- vates, first class. Pri- vates. Total. Established offices in United States. Headquarters, Washington, D. C.i New York, N. Y. (estab- lished May, 1908). Philadelphia. Pa. (estab- lished. May, 1917). Quant ipo, Va. (established June, 1917). Atlanta, Ga. (established June, 1917). San Franeisco, Calif, (estab- 1 brigadier general, 4 majors, 5 captains. 2 majors, 1 captain 1 colonel, 1 captain 1 lieutenant colonel, 1 major, 2 captains. 22 2 2 4 3 2 20 1 1 1 1 1 27 5 2 5 2 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 37 5 2 8 3 55 5 2 8 4 22 2 1 3 2 67 8 3 13 fi 240 30 14 45 22 .... do 3 3 3 14 lished March, 1901). Outside United States. Expeditionary Forces in France. Seventh Regiment, Cuba — First Regiment, Cuba 4 majors, 12 captains. . 1 captain 34 1 31 2 9 39 1 1 1 1 183 7 do 1 2 7 San Domingo, Dominican Repul)lic. Santiago, Dominican Repub- lic. Port au Prince, Haiti do 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 do.... 1 special disbursing agent. do 1 4 St. Thomas, ^'irgin Islands. . . .. do 1 :{ do 2 Peking, China do 2 Attached to posts in United States and elsewhere. 4 20 Total 47 65 102 98 1 lis 39 144 613 I Authorized complement but never filled. Maximum number employed in paymaster's office at any time subsequent to Apr. 6, 1917, was approximately 208 of all grades and ranks. HOW WAR INCREASES WERE MET. The enlargement of the paymaster's department to meet war con- ditions at the beginning of the war, and until the enlisted strength was raised to 75,500, was effected in the following manner: 1. By the temporary appointment and advancement to the grade of captain, pursuant to act of May 22, 1919, of eight of the permanent pay clerks of the department. 2. By the temporary advancement of enlisted men of experience uud long service under this department to the grade of pay clerk. 86 UXITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 3. The new enlisted clerical personnel was partly obtained from enlisted men who had previously been employed as pay roU clerks at shore stations and aboard ships of the Navy, and from men en- listed and enrolled from civil life with clerical experience outside. The men obtained were detailed in the regularly established offices, and there formed into classes for instruction in their duties, the commissioned officers and senior clerks being used as instructors for this purpose. In addition to the above, and to the end of creating a proper spirit and morale, and bringing about a better understanding throughout the department of its aims and purposes, a series of lec- tures by the Paymaster and subordinate officers was delivered at headquarters, and afterwards published and distributed to the enthe personnel of the department. Later on, in order to meet the further increased demand for clerical assistance, a school for the instruction of men in paymaster's department work was established at the Ma- mie barracks, Parris Island, S. C. This was, however, in addition to the system of instruction previously instituted in the permanently established offices. The school was of considerable value in that i't aided in the selection and assignment of men (recruits) with previous clerical experience to duty in the paymaster's department. The demand for clerks for both home and overseas service, however, was so great for some time before the close of the war, that it was not possible at any time to keep the men under instruction in the school or in the offices for sufficient length of time to complete the prescribed course that had been laid out for them. As a consequence, many men had to be sent out with but a meager idea of the duties they were to perform. The clerical forces of the permanent offices, there- fore, finally became so drained of experienced clerks and stenographers taken away to supply the demand for expeditionary and overseas forces that it became necessary to enlist or enroll women to perform these duties. MONEY EXPENDED. The amount of money expended for pay and allowances for each month from April, 1917, to December, 1918, follows: Months. April 1917. May June July Aiiiiust September October Novenilier December , January 1918. February March April May June July Aufrust September October November Decemlicr Totals Officer' Enlisted men. 176 201 220: 280: 269, 332 378, 350, 328, 337, 369, 373, 378, 385, 441, 515, 572, 522, 64S, 597. 698. 37 742. 19 977. 79 884. 23 038. 19 160.66 ,859. 49 458. 48 098.46 517.81 407.35 298. 24 395. 58 .551,77 042.99 838. 15 273. 26 721. 39 995. 22 615. 69 142.61 357,398.60 413,019.82 565,677.22 989,495.53 1,196,082.09 1,137,790.16 1,244,965.55 1,266,138.57 1,3.53,510.60 Total. 1,322, 1,441, 1,321, 1,313, 1,815, 1,856, 2, 124, 2,436. 2,322, 2,503, 2,597, 2,, 545, 724. 98 099.32 933.64 210. 75 309.63 344.35 134. 76 318.86 089. 79 312.62 542. 71 932.41 7,824,715.92 32,124,031.96 501,094.97 589, 762. 01 767,65.5.01 1,210,379.76 1,476,120.28 1,406,950.82 1,. 577, .825. 04 1,644, .597. 05 1,703,609.06 1,651, 1,778, 1,691, 1,686, 2, 193, 2,241, 2,565, 2,951, 2,894, 3, 026, 3,246, 3, 143, 242. 79 506.67 231.88 606. 33 861.40 387. 34 972. 91 .592. 12 811.18 307.84 158. 40 075. 02 .39,948,747.88 UIsriTED STATES MARI:NE CORPS TX THE WORLD WAR. 87 ADDITIONAL DUTIES DURIXG WAR. The duties of the paymaster's department durmg the war were greatly enlarged and made more complicated and difficult: (1) By reason of the enactment of the war risk insurance act of October 6, 1917. The work connected with family allotments and war risk in- surance created by this act was of such magnitude as to require the establishment of a separate administrative section under a commis- sioned officer to handle the voluminous correspondence, keep the rocords, and make proper audit of these items in the accounts in- volved. It was also found necessary in order to facilitate the work of this section, that a liaison group of clerks be kept in the War Risk Bureau. (2) By reason of the taking over of the payment of all Marine Corps allotments, as the deputy of the Navy allotment officer. (3) By reason of the necessity of having to pay many men on affi- davits without proper records; service record books and other papers pertaining to their accounts having been lost or destroyed by oper- ation of war or other accidental circumstances. (4) By reason of the large number of wounded men, some of Avhom were scattered in various hospitals throughout France, and others of whom were re- turned to the United States without due notice to military authori- ties, and sent to both naval, military, and civil hospitals at v/idely scattered points throughout the States. In but a few of these cases were there any records on which full and accurate payments could be made. Hence a system of emergency, or casual payments, as they were called, was established both in France and in the United States. The absence of records in these cases was not the worst feature how- ever, but the absence of any information whatever, as to the where- abouts of the men made it at first impossible to locate some of them and effect regular payments. However, after the first few months' experience with the handling of payments to the wounded, a system was devised by which most of those returning to the States were immediately reported and prompt payments were thereafter made. A similar system of emergency or casual payments to wounded men was adopted by the department in France, but wounded men in France were evacuated so frequently from one hospital to another, that no system of reporting was practicable. Each hospital there had to be visited in person by a paymaster at least once a month and such wounded Marines as were found, had to be paid on their own representations a sum sufficient to meet their immediate needs. Under such a system some necessarily went without pay for some time, while others more fortunate in meeting a paymaster at frequent intervals, received at times more money than was properly due them. (5) By reason of the enactment of February 24, 1919, provid- ing a gratuity of $60 to all persons in the military and naval forces of the United States, who were discharged under honorable conditions at any time subsequent to April 6, 1917. This law necessitated the establishment at headquarters of a claims section, whose sole duty was to settle the twenty or thirty thousand supplementary claims created by this act and the act of February 2S, 1919, increasing the amount of travel allov^-ance to 5 cents per mile to all enlisted men discharged subsequent to November 11, 1918. 88 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. NEW PAY ROLL. In addition to tlie above, it became necessary to adopt a new pay roil suitable lor preparation on the typewriter knd so arranged as to make It adaptable for use as a combination pay and muster roll should this be deemed necessary. This roll was prescribed and put into use in the midst of the war without much confusion and it is understood resulted in a saving of much clerical labor to the organ- ization commanders. ^ OFFICE OF THE CHIEF PAYMASTER, U. S. MARINES, FRANCE. In obedience to orders dated October 2, 1917, and in comphance T7]af7Z'runm ^',^- 9;u-^.^^^'^^ ^^'^^^^ ^«- 38(2), September 17, 1917, the ''Office of the Chief Paymaster, U. S. Marines, France " was established m Pans, France, on October 5, 1917. Mai. Davis B Wills was Chief Paymaster, U. S. Marines, France, from that date until the othce was abolished in August, 1919. Chapter XXVII. QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. Brig. Gen. Charles L. McCawley, was the Quartermaster of the United States Marine Corps, with station at Headquarters, during the entire war. Brig. Gen. McCawley, in company with the Major General Commandant, sailed from the United States on board the Leviathan September 29, 1918, arriving at Brest, France, October 7, 1918. After an extended visit to the Marines as an observer Brig. Gen. McCawley sailed from Brest on board the De Kalh December 9, 1918, arriving in the United States, December 16, 1918. Upon the increase of the Marine Corps from 17,400 to 30,000 and later to 75,500, it became necessary to increase the commissioned, warrant, and enlisted personnel of the quartermaster's department, in order that it might successfully meet the heavy demands made upon it by the war and by the large increase in strength. The increase in the commissioned personnel was made largely by the promotion of experienced quartermaster clerks and quartermaster sergeants to commissioned rank, and the vacancies in the grade of quartermaster sergeant were filled, as far as possible, from selected enlisted men. Later a school for the instruction of quartermaster sergeants was organized at Marine barracks, Norfolk, and three classes were graduated therefrom. It was necessary to make large increases in the personnel at head- quarters to handle the question of supply, transportation, construc- tion, and finance. The table below shows the strength in the office of the quartermaster on January 1, 1917, and June 30, 1918: Grade. Commissioned officers Warrant officers Special assistant Teclmical engineer Clerical force: Ci\ilians Enlisted (regular) Enrolled (reservists). Total. Jan. 1, 1917. June :?n, 1918. 9 12 1 1 8 53 111 ADDITIONAL STOREHOUSES AND COOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. Due to changes in the method of purchasing rations, caused by existing conditions, it became necessary to establish commissary storehciuses at San Francisco, Charleston, and Baltimore, at which to maintain reserve supply stores. The Baltimore storehouse was 89 90 UIsriTED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. later moved to Philadelphia. At the beginning of the war the Marine Corps had in its depots at Philadelphia, Pa., and San Fran- cisco, Calif., a small surplus stock, which had been accumulated from the regular appropriations, sufficient to outfit 8,500 men; conse- quently when the war was declared against Germany and the corps was increased, first to 1,323 officers and 30,000 men (act May 22, 1917), and secondly to 3,341 officers and 75,500 men (act July 1, 1918), it was necessary to provide simultaneously clothing, equipage, food, and shelter for these men. The question of shelter is discussed in the following pages. In connection with the purchase of these supplies it must be remembered that the Army, Navy, and Allies were in the market for similar articles, and in order to determine supply and allocate demands the President first appointed a Council of National Defense, which was later superseded by the War Indus- tries Board. The quartermaster's department had representatives in daily attendance at the various meetings of the committees of the Council of National Defense, and later the War Industries Board. All of the above-mentioned supplies, as far as practicable, were pur- chased in the usual manner, by the bid and tender plan, only those articles on which no bids were received or those controlled by the War Industries Board being allocated. There was installed in the office of the quartermaster a "follow-up" system, where record was made of all orders, contracts, purchase orders, and requests for transfer of supplies from other departments. The function of this section was to see that the supplies were deliv- ered in accordance with contract obligations and trace delinquent deliveries. The section has proven its value, and satisfactory deliv- eries have been obtained, with few exceptions. From these records the quartermaster has available at all tirnes the status of all out- standing orders as well as a concise record "of completed contracts. CANTONMENTS, To furnish accommodations for the increased personnel, canton- ments on a large scale were built at Quantico, Va., and Parris Island, S. C, and on a smaller scale at Mare Island, Calif. This work was expeditiously handled and afforded suitable temporary accommo- dations during the war. DEPOT OF SUPPLIES, PHILADELPHIA, PA, During the period of the war the depot outfitted and equipped 36 expeditionary units for service in France and the West Indies, and over 31,000,000 pounds of various kinds of supplies were shipped on Government bills of lading. The depot departments were so organized that it was only necessary to expand each division of the office forces and increase the number of employees and machines in the manu- facturing departments in order to meet the increased demands during the war. The personnel of the depot on June 30, 1919, was as fol- lows: Thirteen commissioned officers, 7 warrant officers, 2 civilians, 102 enlisted men of the regular service, 21 reservists, and 1,095 other employees of all classes, making a total personnel of 1,240. UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS IN THE WORLD WAR. 91 DEPOT OF SUPPLIES, SAX FRANCISCO. CALIF. The activities of this depot were increased during the war by the greater number of recruits to be outfitted on the west coast, and by the establishment of the subsistence branch of the depot at San Francisco. This depot has supplied all posts on the west coast, and furnished the supplies for the troops in the Orient, DEPOT OF SUPPLIES, CHARLESTON , S. C. This depot was established soon after the declaration of war for the purpose of supplying all posts south of Norfolk, including the West Indies. The storage facilities consist of 7 warehouses and a total floor space of 124,778 square feet. A total of about 14,287 tons of stores were shipped from this depot during the fiscal year 1919, these stores being valued at approximately $12,000,000; during the same period approximately 18,000 tons of stores were received, at an estimated value of $15,000,000. Practically all shipments of supplies of every description for troops in the West In- dies are made from this depot. EXPENDITURES. The expenditures of the quartermaster's department for the fiscal years ending June 30ths, 1917, 1918, and 1919, were as shown below, exclusive of appropriations for public works, under the Navy De- partment, from which figures the enormous increase in the activities and responsibilities of this department, caused by the war and by the increase in strength, is evident : Subhead. Provisions. Clothing. . . Fuel. Military stores Camps of instruction Transportation and recruiting Repairs of barracks Forage Commutation of quarters Contingent Expenditures under appropriation "Reserve supplies, U. S.M.C." Purchases under second deficiency act from United States Army Total maintenance quartermasters' department U. S. M.C 1917 $1,612,908 30 2,173,501.59 248, 606. 82 1, 520, 289. 39 31,871.04 620, 667. 75 216,715.56 75,018.94 164, 497. 24 983,984.91 7,648,061.54 1918 $6,725,893.05 11,123,760 36 590, 120. 91 6,371,978.10 30,945 83 1,514,657.77 3, 754,241 58 161,614 81 402,402.51 4, 864, 825. 25 35,540,440.17 1919 810, 287, 965. 53 20,275,456.01 989, 573. 08 13, 952, 476. 49 3,064,099.21 5,883,065.69 163, 132. 90 363, 484. 53 8, 674, 269. 61 2, 510, 527. 44 772, 540. 00 66, 936, 590. 49 INDEX. A. Page. Actual strength of Marine Corps 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 73, 74, 84, 85, 89 Adjutant and Inspector's Department 5, 83 Advanced Base Force 10, 19, 37 Aerodromes 72 Aero Squadrons 9, 67 Agamemnon 33 Age limits, Marine aviators 74 Aigrefeuille, France 63 Aisne defensive 41, 57, 58, 65 Aisne River ! 49, 50, 55 Aisne-Marne offensive 9, 38, 44, 45, 57, 58, 65, 67 Alabama 18 Albany 18, 61 Allotments 87 Amaroc Shoot 70 Ambrose Lightship 60 America 48 American embarkation center, Le Mans, France 62 American Commander in Chief 30, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 51, 54, 79, 81, 82 American Peace Commission, Paris, France *. 63 Amiens, France 40 Annapolis, Md 19 Antitank guns 67 Antweiler 56 Archangel, Russia 20 Argonne-Meuse (Meuse-Ai-gonne). {See Meuse-Argonne.) Arizona 18 Arkansas 18, 59 Arlon 56 Ames, valley of the, France 51 Armistice signed 55 Army of occupation (Third Army) 56, 57 Armentieres, France 40 Artillery captured by Second Division 67 Asiatic Fleet IS, 61 Astoria, Oreg 19 Attigny-Voncq, Aisne River region 51 Atlanta, Ga 19, 85 Athens, Greece 20 Atlantic Fleet 18, 60 Austria 61 Automatic rifle competitions 70 Automatic Rifle School, Overseas Depot 27 Aviation 10, 23, 24, 28, 36, 65, 66, 71-75, 79, 83 Azores 10, 17, 20, 34, 36, 37, 71, 73, 74, 75 B. Baker, Newton D., Secretary of War 82 Bakers; Cooks and Bakers School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Balloons 71, 73, 74 Bandits 37^ 65^ 66 Band School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Bands, silver, for colors 57 Bantry Bay, Ireland 37, 60 Barmant, France 63 93 94 INDEX. Barnett, George, Maj. Gen. , Commandant 5, 83 Barracks, repairs of, expenditures 91 Barrett, (Iharles D., Maj 56, 63 Base Detachment, Fifth Regiment 34 Base, naval: No. 13, Azores 34, 36, 71, 73, 74 No. 29, Cardiff, Wales 34 Bassens (Gironde), France 63 Battleships 17, 18, 37, 59-61 Battleship Force 18,60 Battleship Force One 17, 60 Battleship Force Two 17, 18, 60 Bayonet School, Overseas Depot 27 Bayonville-et-Chennery% France 55, 57 Bearss, Hiram I., Col.." 32, 36 Beaufort, S. C 19 Beau Desert (Gironde), France 63 Beaumont, France 54, 55 Beaurepaire Farm, France 45 Belgium 49, 56, 68 Belleau Woods {see also Bois de Belleau), France 39, 41, 42, 43, 57 Bellefontaine, France 56 Belmar, N.J 19 Belval-Bois-des-Dames, France 55 Belval Forest, France 54 Berg 56 Blanc Mont Ridge, France 50, 57, 58, 67 Bois de Belleau (see also Belleau Wood), France 10, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48 Bois de Belval, France 54, 55, 57 Bois de Hazois, France 53 Bois de la Brigade de Marine, France 42, 58 Bois de la Folie, France 57 Bois de Retz, France 45 Bolinas, Calif 19 Bolsheviki 61 Bombs 22,72,74 Bombing School, Overseas Depot 27 Bordeaux, France 63, 79 Boston, Mass 19 Bou-des-Bois, France 39 Bom-esches, France 10, 41, 43, 57, 58 Bom-mont (Haute-Marne), France 32, 38 Bourmont Training Area, France 28, 31, 32, 33, 39 Bouvron, France 48 Bouy, France 51 Bradman, Frederic L., Col 60 Brest, France 32, 33, 39, 48, 56, 60, 62, 63, 72, 79, 83, 89 Breuvannes, France 31 Brewster, David L. S., Maj 71 Bridgeheads: Chateau-Thierry, France.. 40 Coblentz, Germany. (See Army of Occupation; Germany; Third Army.) Meuse River 54 British. {See also England.) Aviation Forces 72 Distinguished Service Order 68 Forces 36, 61, 72 Grand Fleet 37, 59 Brooklyn 18, 37, 61 Budesheim 56 Bulgars 49 Bundy, Omar, Maj. Gen., United States Army 31, 32, 38 Burgbrohl 56 Butler, Smedley D., Brig. Gen 62, 63 INDEX. 95 C. Page. Calais, France 20, 72 Caldwell, N. J 70 Cambria, France 49 Camp Cabaud, France 53 Camp Carret (Camp Covington) , near Marseilles, France 63 Camp Covington (Camp Carret) 63 Camp Perry, Ohio 69 Camp Fontanezen, France. (See Pontanezen Camp.) Camps of instruction, expenditures 91 Canadian officers 26 Cantigny, France 41 Cantonments 90 Cape Cod, Mass. 19 Cape Haitien, Haiti 84, 85 Cape May, N. J 19, 71. 73, 74 Cape May, N. J., naval air station 19 Carlwn Blanc, PYance 63 Cardiff, Wales 10, 20, 34 Casino-de-Lilas (Bordeaux), France 63 Castine 18 Castletown Berehaven, Bantry Bay, Ireland 37, 60 Casual payments 87 Casualties 10, 37, 41, 58, 65, 66 Catlin, Albertus W., Col. (brigadier general) 32, 33, 42, 43, 48 Cavite, Philippine Islands 10, 20 Chalons-siu'-Marne, France 48, 51 Champagne 50, 55, 57, 60 Champagne-Marne defensive 44, 58 Chaudenay, France 48 Chaplains of the Navy 35, 68 Charleston 18 Charleston, S. C 19, 89 Charleston, W. Va., navy ordnance plant 19 Chatham, Mass 19 Chateau-Thierry sector, France 9, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 57, 65, 67 Chateauroux, JYance 63 Chemin-des-Dames, France 40 Chesapeake Bay 59 Chief Paymaster, United States Marines, France 88 China 10, 17, 37, 61, 68, 84, 85 Chollas Heights, Calif 19 Christiana, Norway 20 Cincinnati 18 Citations by French Army 9, 42, 46, 51, 67 Civil War 9 Claims Section, Paymaster's Department 87 Clerical School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Clothing, expenditures 91 Coblentz, Germany. (See Bridgeheads, Coblentz.) Cole, Edward B., Maj 32, 42, 43 Cole, Eli K., Brig. Gen 33, 62 Columbia 18 Commander in Chief, American Expeditionary Forces. (See American Com- mander in Chief.) Commercial Telegraph & Cable Co., Boston, Mass 19 Company clerks : 26 Commissary storehouses 89 Commutation of quarters 91 Cornposite Regiment, Third Army 78 Connecticut 18 Constellation 18 Contingent expenditures 91 Convoying railroad trains 63 Convoying trooi)s across Atlantic 37 Cooks 26 151402°— 20 7 96 INDEX. Cooka and Bakera School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Copenhagen, Denmark 20 Cornell University 23 Council of National Defense 90 Croix de Guerre (French) 9^ 67 68 Croix d'Hins, France ' 2o| 63 Cruiser Force .' 17, is, 37^ 61 Cuba 10, 17, 20, 37, 85 Cunningham, Alfred A., Maj 72 Curtis, Md 19 Cutts, Richard M. , Col 61 Cyclops 66 Czecho-SIovaks 61 D. d' Avours range at Le Mans, France. 70 Damblain, France 31, 32, 39 Dampierre, France 51 Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the Navy 5, 81, 82 Days in France; Fourth Brigade 67 Day Wing, Northern Bombing Group, France 34, 36, 71, 72, 73, 75 Deaths 65, 66 Decorations 68 Degoutte, General 42 De Kalh 9, 30, 32, 33, 34, 72 Delaware 18, 59 Demobilization 80-81 Denmark 20 Dental Corps, Na\'y 35, 66, 68 Denver 18 Depots of supplies: Charleston, S. G 91 Philadelphia, Pa 19, 90 San Francisco, Calif 90, 91 Des Moines 18 Dieulouard, France 48 Distinguished service crosses (American^ 68 Distinguished Ber\ace medals (American) 39, 68 Distinguished ser\ice order (British) 68 Division 6, Atlantic Fleet 18, 60 Division 7, Atlantic Fleet 18 Division 8, Atlantic Fleet 18 Division 9, Atlantic Fleet 18, 59, 60 Divisions, American Expeditionary Forces: First Division. (iS^^e First Division.) Second Division. {See Second Division.) Third Division. {See Third Division.) Fourth Division. {See Fourth Division.) Sixth Division. {See Sixth Division.) Twenty-sixth Division. {See Twenty-sixth Division.) Thirty-second Division. {See Thiity-second Division.) Thirty-fifth Division. {See Thirty-fifth Division.) Forty-first Division. {See Forty-first Division.) Ninetieth Division. {See Ninetieth Division.) Ninety-second Division. {See Ninety-second Division.) Division machine gun officer 52 Dolphin 1^ Dominican Republic 17, 66, 84, 85 Dover, N.J 19 Doyen, Charles A., Brig. Gen 29, 30, 32, 38, 39 Dunkirk, France 71, 72 Dunlap, Robert H., Col 36 Diu:ation-of-war enlisted men 80 E. East San Pedro, Calif 19 Edinburgh, Scotland 60 INDEX. 97 Eighth Infantry Brigade 36 Eighth Separate Battalion 27, 34 El Cayay, Porto Rico 20 Eleventh Begiment 27, 33, 63, 70, 78, 81 Ele^■enth Separate Battalion 27 Ellis, Earl H., Lieut. Col 39, 48, 55, 56, 63 Emergency payments 87 England (See also British) > 10, 17, 20, 28, 31, 33, 36, 49, 72 Enlistments 14, 15 Enlisted Staff School, Overseas Depot 27 Enrollments in the reserve 14,15, 76-77 Epidemic of influenza. (See Influenza.) Eppeldorf 56 Escorts 37, 63 Essen Hook (Blanc Mont), France 50 Eureka, Calif 19 Evans, Francis T. , Maj 71 Exermont, France 53, 55 Expenditures 86, 91 F. F-vrallones Islands, Calif 19 Feland, I.ogan, Col. (Brigadier General) 31, 38, 47, 51, 56 Female reser\'ist'' 12, 13, 76, 77 Field Musics School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Fifteenth Field Artillery 38, 39 Fifteenth Separate Battalion 79 Fifth Corps 53, 54, 55 Fifth Brigade of Marines 10, 28, 62, 78, 79, 80, 81 Fifth Brigade Machine Gun Battalion 27, 33, 64, 78, 81 Fifth Machine Gun Battalion 38 Fifth Regiment of Marines 9, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 70, 78, 81 Fifth Regiment Base Detachment 34 Fifth Separate Battalion 27, 34 Fifty-first Infantry Brigade 36 Finances 86, 91 First Army 48, 49, 53 First Aviation Squadron 71 First Battalion, Eleventh Regiment 33 First Battalion, Fifth Regiment 29, 30 First Battalion, Sixth Regiment 29, 32, 33 First Casual Replacement BattaUon 34 First Corps 48 First Depot Division 62 First Division, American Expeditionary Forces 28, 29, 30, 36, 39, 41, 45, 46, 79 First Field Signal Battalion 38 First Machine Gun Replacement Battalion 34 First Marine Aeronautic Company 34, 36, 71 , 75 First Marine Aviation Force 34, 72 First Regiment of Marines 85 First Replacement, Battalion 34 First Replacement Dejwt 62 First Separate Machine Gun Battalion 34 Firth of Forth, Scotland 59, 60 Flanders, Belgium 49, 72 Florida 18, 59 Florida Straits 37 Fh-ing Corps: England 72 France 72 United States, (.^ce AAdation.) Foch, Marshal 40, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 79 Forage, expenditures 91 Forty-first Di\-ision, American Expeditionary Forces 62 Forty-second Division, American Expeditionary Forces 53 98 INDEX. Page. Fort Crockett, Galveston, Tex 19 Fort Lafayette 19 Fort Lyons, Colo 19 Fort Mifflin, Pa 19 Fosse, France 53 Fossoy , France 42 Foiirrag^re, French *), 67 Fourth Brigade: Casualties 10, 65 Composition of 9, 29 Demobilization 80, 82 First Division, element of 29 Formed 29, 32. 33 Operations 36, 40-55 Organizations composing 9, 29 Organization perfected 33 Organized 29, 32, 33 P. C.'s. (See P. C.'s of Fourth Brigade.) Sailed (Fifth Regiment) for France 9, 30 Strength 10 Returned to United States 78 Training 28, 39 Fourth Division, American Expeditionary Forces 36 Fourth French Army 49, 50, 51, 57, 58 Fourth Infantry Brigade 38 Fourth Machine Gun Battalion 38 Fourth Separate Battalion : 27, 34 Forwarding Camp, I^e Mans, France 62 Frederick 18 French: Decorations 68 Flying Corps 36, 72 Officers serving with Marines 26, 68 Freya Stellung 53 Fryer, Eli T., Col 61 Fuel, expenditures 91 G. Galveston 18, 37 Galveston, Tex 19 Gamborg-Andresen, Carl, Col 61 Gas 22, 27, 65, 66 Geiger, Roy D., Maj 72 Gendarmerie, Haitian 10, 37 Genicart, France 63 Geographical location of Marines 17 George Washington 18, 60, 78 Georgia 18 Georgia School of Technology 23 Germainvilliers, France 32 Germany 11, 17, 20, 56, 57, 61, 69 German High Seas Fleet 59 Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, La 7, 19, 73, 74 Gievres (Loire-et-Cher), France 63 Gisors-Chaumont-en-Vixen, France 39 Gleaves, Albert, Rear Admiral 30 Gondrecourt training area 28, 31 Gouraud, Gen 49, 50, 67 Grand Bois de Saint Souplet, France 51 Grand Fleet, British 37, 59 Grange Neuve, France 63 Gratuity of $60 87 Great Lakes, 111 19, 74 Greece 20 Greenbury, Md 19 Guam 10,17,20,37 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 10, 20 Guardia Nacional Dominicana 10, 20, 37 INDEX. 99 H. Vaee. Haines, Henry C, Col 5, 83 Haiti 10, 17, 20, 37, 84. 85 Hampton Roads, Va 19, 62, 80 Hancock 9, 30, 34 Harbord, James G., Maj. Gen., United States Army 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 47 Hart, FrankHn A., Capt " 64 Harvard University 23 Hatenfels, Germany 56 Haute-Mame, France 32, 38 Havana 30 Havre, France 63 Hawaiian Islands 10, 1 7, 37 Headquarters Companies: Fifth Regiment 29 Sixth Regiment 29, 32 Headquarters Detacliment, Paris, France 63 Headquarters of Fouirth Brigade. (See P. (\'s of Fourth Brigade.) Head(iuarters, Washington, D. C 19. 83 Helena 18. 37 Henderson 9, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 79 Herschliach, Germany 56 Hill 142 10, 41, 57, 58 Hindonburg Line 49, 53 Hingham, Mass 19 Historical Division, Marine Corps 5 Holland 17 Honnigen 56 Hospitals. France; paying men in 87 Hoyt, Leon W., Maj 60 Huey, James McE., Lieut. Col 60 Huntington 18 I. Idaho 18 Influenza 23, 83 Indian Head, Md 19 Inductions 14, 15, 16 Inglewoud, Calif 19 Inor, France 54 Inspector General's Department 63 Inter-allied rifle championships, Le Mans, France 70 Interpreters 63 Zona Island, N. Y 19 Ireland 37, 60 Isle of Ste. Anne (Nantes), France , 63 Issonge Farmhouse, France 43 Issoudun, France 63 Italy ; 20, 68 J. Japan : 20, 61 Jassy, Roumania : 20 Jaulny, France 48, 57 K. Kansas IS Key West, Fla i I) Killed in action 65, 06 Kilometers advanced 68 Kingman, Matthew W., Maj 52 Knight, Austin M. , Rear Admiral 61 La Baule, France 63 La Loge Farmhouse, France 13 La Pallice, France G3 100 INDEX. La Playa, Calif 19 La Rochelle, France 63 La Teste (Gironde), France 63 La Veuve, France 51 Lake Charles. La 71, 73, 74 Lake Denmark, N. J 19 Landres-et-St. Georges, France 53, 57 Lansdowne, Pa. , camp of instruction bayonet team 19 Lauchheimer, Charles H. , Brig. Gen 83 Lay, Harry R. , Lieut. Col 30, 32, 48 Lee, Harry, Col 43, 45, 46 Le Franc aerodromes, France 72 Le Mans, France 62, 70 Leffincourt, France 29, 33, 52 Legion of Honor (French) 60 Lejeune, John A., Maj. Gen 36,38,39,47,48,49,50,54,79,83 Leland Stanford Junior University 23 Lents, Oreg 19 Les Islettes, France 53 Letanne, France 54 Letters designating companies 29 Leviathan 18, 63, 78, 83, 89 Line of Communications 28, 31, 33 Lironville, France 48 Little, Louis McC, Col 61 London, England 10, 20, 78 Long, Charles G., Brig. Gen 83 Lormont, France 63 Lorraine, France 55 Lost and destroyed records 87 Louisiana 18 Lugol, G., mayor of Meaux, France 43 Luxembourg 20, 56 Lynnhaven Roads, Chesapeake Bay 59 Lys, Ypres-I^ys offensive 40, 58 M. Machias 18 Machine guns captured 67 Machine Gun Company (8th), Fifth Regiment 29 Machine Gun Company (73d), Sixth Regiment 29, 32 Machine Gun School, Overseas Depot 27 Machine Gun School, Utica, N. Y 23, 28 Machine-gun training 23, 26, 28 Madrid, Spain 17, 20 Maintenance of Quartermaster's Department, cost of 91 Major General, Commandant 5, 11, 12, 29, 31, 32, 33, 82, 83, 89 Major, Harlan E., Capt 43 Major offensives, German 40 Major operations, American 9, 36, 38, 39, 40-55, 57, 58, 67, 72 Managua, Nicaragua 10, 20, 84, 85 Manonville, France 48 Marans, France 63 Marbache sector, France 48, 57, 65, 67 Marconi Wireless Co. , Boston, Mass 19 Mare Island, Calif 19, 22, 25, 26, 90 Margut 56 Marine Aeronautic Co - 71 Marine A\dation Section, Miami, Fla 37 Marine Corps Reserve 11, 12, 13, 76-77, 80, 89, 90 Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps 74 Marne, River, salient. Valley 40, 41, 44, 55 Married men, rejections of 15 Marseilles, France 63 Marshall, Calif 19 Marshfield, Oreg 19 INDEX. 101 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 19, 74 Massif de Notre-Dame-des-Champs, France 50, 51 Massif du Blanc Mont 51 Matthews, Calvin B., Maj 63 Mauretania 62 Mayflower 18 McCawley, Charles L., Brig. Gen 83, 89 McClellan, Edwin N., Maj 1, 5, 60 McDougal, Douglas C, Lieut. Col 63 McGill, John F., Col 60 Meaux, France 41, 43 Medaille Militaire (French) 68 Medals of honor (American) 68 Medeah Ferme, France 50, 51 Medical Corps of the Navy 35, 66, 68 Mehun, France 63 Menaucourt, France 31 Mercury 75, 78, 79 Mess sergeants 26 Metz 41 Meuse-Argonne 9, 36, 39, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 65, 67 Meuse-Argonne (Champagne) 65, 67 Meuse River. 49, 53, 54, 57 Mexico 10, 37 Miami, Fla 37, 71, 72, 73, 74 Michigan 18 Military colleges, graduates of 21 Military police 31, 63 Military stores 91 Mineola, Long Island 19, 71, 73, 74 Mines 37 Mine craters 50 Miners and Sappers School, Overseas Depot 27 Minnesota 17, 18, 37 Minors, rejection of 15 Miramas, France 63 Missing 65 Mississipjpi 18 Mobilization Bureau 19 Money expended 86, 91 Mont Pelier, France 52 Montana 18 Montdidier , France 40 Montierchaume (Indre), France 63 Montoir, France 63 Montreuil-aux-Lions, France 41, 43 Monts, France 51 Monument commemorating entrance of United States in World War 79 Morale of the Allies 40, 42 Moroccan Division 45, 46 Moscou (P. C), France 39 Moselle River 48, 57 Mouzon, France 54 Myers, John T. , Col . (Brigadier General) 60 Murman Coast, Russia 37 N. Naix, France 31 Nancy, France 48 Nantes, France 63 Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, France 47 Nanteuil-siu-Marne, F'rance 44 ' National Naval Volunteers, Marine Corps Branch 11, 21, 76 Naval air station. Cape May, N.J 73 Naval ammunition depots 19 Naval district base, New London, Conn 19 102 INDEX. Naval experimental station, New London, Conn 19 Naval headquarters, Paris, France 63 Naval hospitals 19 Naval Militia, Marine Corps Branch 76 Naval prisons 19 Navv allotment officer 87 Navy Department 30, 81, 82, 91 Navy distinguished service medal 39 Navy welcomes Marines home 81 Nebraska 18 Negro stevedores 30 Neuenahr 56 Neuerburgh 56 Nevada 18, 60 Nevers, France 63 Neville, Wendell C, Brig. Gen 32, 42, 45, 47, 48, 55, 79 New Brunswick, N.J 19 Newfoundland 59 New Hampshire 18 New Jersey 18 New London, Conn 19 New Mexico 18 New Orleans 18, 19, 61 New pay roll 88 Newport News, Va 75 Newport, R. 1 19 New York, N. Y 18, 19, 59, 78, 79, 84, 85 Ninth French Armv Corps 29, 51 Ninth Infantry. . . /. 38, 39 Ninth Separate Battalion 27, 34 Ninetieth Division, American Expeditionary Forces 36 Ninety-second Division, American Expeditionary Forces 36 Nicaragua 10, 17, 37, 84, 85 Nieder Bieber, Germany 56 Noncommissioned Officers School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Norfolk, Va. 19, 25, 89, 91 North Carolina 18 North Dakota 18 North Head, Wash 19 North Island, Calif 19 Norway 20, 59 Northern Bombing Group 34, 36, 71, 73, 75 Notre- Dame-des-Champs, France 50, 51 Noyers, St. Aignan-Noyers, France 63 Noyon-Montdidier drive, France 44 o. Observation squadrons 36 Observers 36, 62, 89 Office of the Chief Paymaster, United States Marines, France 88 Office of the Judge Advocate General 19 Office of the Major General Commandant 83 Officers 21, 22 Officer in charge. Historical Division, Marine Corps 5 Officers' school, Overseas Depot 27 Officers' training camps 22, 23 Oil supply of Allies 37 Oise-Aisne offensive. 58 Oklahoma 18, 60 Olongapo, Philippine Islands 10, 20 Olympia 18 One hundred and second Regiment of Infantry 36 Operations - - 36-61 Operations in general 36 Orizaba 78 Orknev Islands - 59, 60 INDEX. 103 Page. Orleans, Mass., French Cable Co 10 Oetend, Belgium 71 Osterhout, George H., Capt 43 Otter Cliffs, Me 19 Overseas Depot, Marine Barracks, Quantico, Va 22, 26, 27, 33 P. P. C.'s of Fourth Brigade 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, b(\ Pacific Fleet IS, fi] Palestine 49 Paoli, Pa., signal battalion 1!) Paris, France 10, 20, 34, 40, 41, 63, 70, 78, 83, 88 Paris-Metz Highway, France 41 Parris Island, S. C 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 86, 90 Pauillac, France 20 Pay for personnel, expenditures 86 Pay roll, new 88 Pay School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Paymaster, Chief, United States Marines, France 88 Paymaster's clerks. United States Marine Corps 21 Paymaster's Department 84-88 Peace memorandum No. 1 55 Peace treaty 56, 80 Pearl Harbor, Hawaiian Islands 10, 20, 37 Peking, China 10, 20, 37, 84, 85 Pen Houet, France 63 Pennsylvania 18, 60 Pensacola, Fla 19, 71, 73 Pentland Firth 59 Perkins, Ernest A., Maj 64 Pershing, John J., Gen 30, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 51, 54, 79, 81, 82 Petain, Marshal : 31, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51 Petrogi'ad, Russia 20 Philadelphia, Pa 10, 19, 25, 30, 37, 90 Philippine Islands 10, 17, 20, 37 Pistol matches 69, 70 Pittsburgh 18, 37 Plan directeur 42 Planning section 83 Plebiscite 79 Pocahontas 34 Point Arguello, Calif 19 Point Isabel, Tex 19 Pointe de Grave, France 79 Police sergeants 63 Pont St. Vincent, France 48 Ponta Delgada, Azores 20, 34, 36, 71, 74 Pont-a-Mousson, France 48, 57 Pontanezen Camp, Brest, France 62, 63, 64, 79 Port au Prince, Haiti 84, 85 Portland, Me 19 Portland, England 60 Porto Rico 10, 17 Portsmouth, N. H 19 Portuguese decorations 68 Pouilly, France 54 Prairie 18 President of the United States 11, 14, 29, 30, 60, 79, 90 Price, Charles F. B., Maj 79 Printz Eitel Fredrick .30 Prison : Guards. 63 Naval prisons .' 19 Officers 63 Prisoners 61, 65, 68 Provisions, expenditures 91 104 INDEX. Provost guards 31, 63 Provost marshals 31 Provost Marshal General 14, 23 Prum 56 Public works 91 Pueblo 18 Puget Sound, Wash 19 Purchases under second deficiency act, from United States Army 91 Q. Quarters, commutation of ; expenditures 91 Quartermaster's Department 89-91 Quantico, Va 22, 23, 26, 28, 33, 73, 79, 80, 83, 85, 90 R. Radio, Va 19 Radio School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Radio stations, etc 19, 61 Rations, expenditures 89 Records, lost and destroyed 87 Recruit depots : Mare Island, Calif 21 Norfolk, Va 25 Parris Island, S. C 21 Philadelphia, Pa 25 Rejections of applicants at 15 Training at 27, 28 Recruiting statistics 14, 15 Recruiting and transportation, expenditures 91 Rejections of applicants for enlistment 14, 15 Remenauville, France 48 Repairs of barracks, expenditures 91 Replacements 28, 34 Reserve, Fljdng Corps 24, 74 Reserve, Marine Corps 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 24, 76-77, 80, 89, 91 "Reserve supplies, U. S. M. C," expenditures 91 Retired officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men 11, 12 Return of Marines from Europe 75, 78, 79 Rheims, France 40, 50, 51, 57 Rheims Massif, France 49 Rheinbrohl 56 Rhine River Patrol 56 Rhode Island 18 Richards, George, Brig. Gen 84 Rifles captured 67 Rifle competitions and practice 69, 70 Rinjdavi 78 Rochefort, France 63 Rockport, Mass., Postal Telegraph & Cable Co 19 Rome, Italy 20 Romorantin (Loire-et-Cher), France 63 Roosevelt Field, Mineoia, L. I. 73, 74 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Assistant Secretary of the Navy 81, 82 Rosvth, Scotland 59, 60 Royal Fljdng Corps of England 36, 72 Russia 20 Russian Island, Siberia 61 Rye Beach, Me 19 S. St. Aignan-Noyers, France 63 St. Etienne, France 50, 51, 57, 58 St. .luliens Creek, Va 19 St. Loubes, France 63 St. Louis 18 INDEX. 105 St. Mihiel offensive 36, 48, 57, 58, 65, 67 St. Nazaire, France 30, 31, 75 St. Quentin, France 49 St. Sulpice (Gironde), France 63 Samoa 17 San Diego 18, 37 San Diego, Calif : 19, 74 San Francisco, Calif 19, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91 San Juan, Porto Rico 10, 17, 20 Santa Paula 78 Sanjtiago, Dominican Republic 84, 85 Santo Domingo 10, 17, 20, 37, 65, 84, 85 Sappers 27 Sarry, France 48 Savenay, France 63 SayviJle, N. Y 19 Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands 57, 60 Scarponne, France 48 SchlesAvig-Holstein Battalion 79 Schools, United States Marine Corps: Armorers 26, 74 Army bajloon 73, 74 Army candidates 23 Automatic rifle 27 Bakers 25 Band 25 Bayonet 27 Bombing 27 Clerical 25 Company clerks 26 Cooks .' 25 Enlisted staff 27 Field musics 25 Gas 27 Machine gun 23, 27, 28 Mess sergeants 26 Miners 27 Noncommissioned officers 25 Officers 22, 23, 27 Overseas depot 22, 26, 27, 33 Pay school 25, 86 Quartermaster sergeants 89 Radio 25 Scout snipers 27 Signaling 1 25 Scout snipers school, Overseas Depot 27 Sea duty 9, 10, 17, 20, 59-61 Sea Girt, N.J 70 Seattle 18, 30 Second ammunition train 38 Second Battalion, Fifth Regiment 29, 3*0 Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment 29, 32, 33 Second Battalion, Eleventh Regiment 33 Second Casual Replacement Battalion 34 Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces 9, 10, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 58, 78, 79, 81, 82 Second Engineers 38, 54 Second Engineer Train 38 Second Field Artillery Brigade 36, 38 Second Headquarters Train and Military Police 38 Second Machine Gun Battalion 27 Second Replacement Battalion 34 Second Sanitary Train 38 Second Separate Machine Gun Battalion 27 Second Supply Train 38 Second Trench Mortar Battery 38 106 INDEX, Secretary of the Navy 5, 14, 15, 56, 59, 60, 81, 82, 86 Secretary of War '. 14. 23. 82 Selective service law 14, 15 Services of Supply 28, 47. 63 Seventeenth Field Artillery.' 36, 38, 39 Seventh Regiment of Marines 85 Seventh Separate Battalion 27, 34 Seventy-third Machine Gun Company 32 Shearer, Thomas R. , Capt 73 Siberia 37, 61 Sibert, W. L., Maj. Gen., United States Army 30 Siboney .' 62, 78 Signal Battalion, Paoli, Pa 19 Signal School 25 Signal School, Parris Island, S. C 25 Silver bands for colors 57 Sixth Battle Squadron, British Grand Fleet 18. 59 Sixth Division, American Expeditionary Forces 36 Sixth Division, Atlantic Fleet 37, 60 Sixth French Army 42 Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines 9, 26, 29, 32, 38, 78, 81 Sixth Regiment of Marines 9, 26, 29, 32, 38, 70, 78, 81 Sixth Separate Battalion 27, 34 Sixty-fourth Infantry Brigade 36 Slovaks 61 Smith, Holland M., Maj 32 Snyder, Harold C, Col 47, 56 Soissons, France 9, 38. 40, 44, 45, 46, 57, 67 Somme, France 40, 63 Somme-Py, France 50 Sommerance, France 55 Souain, France 62 SoTxain-Suippes area, France 49 South Carolina 18 South Dakota 18 Spain 17 Spanish War 9 Special Assistant, Quartermaster's Department 89 Special disbursing agents 84, 85 Stadenburg 72 Staff School 26 States, enlistments by 14, 16 States, Naval Militia, Marine Corps Branch 76 Statutory strength of Marine Corps. (See Strength of Marine Corps. ) Stevedores 30 Stockholm, Sweden 20 Stores, military; expenditures 91 Storehouses 89 Strength of Marine Corps 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 73, 74, 84, 85, 89 Students Army Training Corps 23, 24 Suarce sector, France 36 Submarines 30, 59, 60 Suippes, France 49, 51 Suippes River, France 49, 50, 51 Suippes-Somme Suippes-Nantivet area, France 51 Summary of operations 57 Supplies, expenditures 90 Supply Company of Fifth Regiment 29 Supply Company of Sixth Regiment 29, 32 Surrender of the German High Seas Fleet 59, 60 Sursol (Gironde), France 63 Swiss border 36 T. Taillefontaine. France 47 Target practice 69, 70, 83 Tatoosh, Wash 19 INDEX. 107 Page. Taylor. Charles B., Lieut. Col ^,-^ Tebbs, Richard H., Maj - - - ; • " • ' so Technical engineer, Qiiartermaster s Department • - - ■ ^^ Tenedores 27 Tenth Separate Battalion • • • • ' jg 59 Texas 17 20 The Hague, Holland 4g' 57 Thiaucourt, France -. ■ - - 56 57 70 78 79 Third Army (Army of Occupation) ' ' ' ' ^^ Third Battalion, Eleventh Regiment 29 30 Third Battalion, Fifth Regiment 29 32 33 Third Battalion, Sixth Regiment ■ • ' ' ^g Third Corps -.- : ■ qfi 40 70 Third Division, American Expeditionary Forces 38 Third Infantry Brigade 27 Third Machine Gun Battalion 2^ Third Replacement Battalion 27 34 Third Separate Battalion - ; '27 Third Separate Machine Gun Battalion 27 63 70 78 81 Thirteenth Regiment of Marines - - -. -- ' ' ' ' qfi Thirtv-fifth DivTision, American Expeditionary i^ orces ^ Thirty-second Division, American Expeditionary 1< orces ^^ Tiburon. Calif 45 46 Tigny, France '.'.'.".'. 39. 48 Toul, France ' ' 63 Toulon, France • • 39 Toulon (P. C. of Fourth Brigade), France ^^ g^ Toulon sector, France ■ ' 62^ 63 Tours, France '54 Traffic police 22,' 25,' 27, 28, 39 Training of enlisted men 22-24 Training of officers - •. 9I Transportation and recruiting, expenditures. _ Travel allowance of 5 cents a mile to discharged men - - • - ^^ ^^ Treaty of peace ' " ' g7 Trench mortars I9 Tuckerton, N.J 64 Turnage, Allen H., Maj ■ ' 34 Twelfth Company of Marines 3g Twelfth Field Artillery ^ 34 35 Twelfth Replacement Battalion ' 79 Twelfth Separate Battalion 4O Twenty-eighth Division 34 Twenty-sixth Company - - -. - ■ Ar 41 4Q Twenty-sixth Division, American Expeditionary Forces '38 Twenty-third Infantry U. 59 U-boats {see also Submarines) University of — 23 Kansas 23 Minnesota. 23 North Carolina 23 Texas ' 23 Washington. ' ' 23 Wisconsin 63 Usine Brulee, France ' ' 5g Usseldange 18, 60 Utah -■•■•-■•-• ■.'.'..' i9, 23! 28 Utica, N. Y V. 51 Vadenay-Bouy-la-Veuve-Dampierre area, France gg Van Orden, George, Col 16 41 42. 57, 58 Vaux, France '54 Vaux-en-Dieulet, France ^^° INDEX. Velaine-en-Haye, France ^'*^®- Verdun, France Ao "oA",:; ";;: "^^ Vermont ..'.....'.'. 28, 39, 55, 57, 65, 67 Venaalt-les-Dames, France ^^ Vierzy, France 39 Virgin Islands i«-i^-oA ^^^^'^^ Virginia ...■".".■.■.".■.;■.;;;; 10,17,20,37,84,85 Virginia Military Institute 1^ Vitry-le-Fran9ois, France ~.^ Villers-les-Nancy, France ^^ Vivieres, France ^| Vladivostok, Siberia „_ f^ Von Steuben .■.■.■.■.■.■.".■.■;::: qo-qo f/tl Voncq, France ^^,33,34,56 Vulte, Nelson P., Mai 2l ' 59 W. Wakefield, Mass Wales. 1" Waller,' Littleton W.' T.", jr." Mai'. '.'.'.'. io 12' S Wars: -^rf, io, o^ Civil Germany, declared against "' {\ Spanish ] ^^ War Industries Board \\\\ ^ War Risk Bureau 07 Warehouses ^^ Washington, D. C !..'!.'."!!!.'!.'.' ifi'iQ 78 7q Waxweiler ] ; ; ] ; ; 16, 19, 78, 79 Wehr, Germany ^^ Wellfleet, Mass '..'..'.'.'. \L West Indies ^ Weymouth, England .!!!!..!.. en Western Union Co., Boston, Mass \k Wiesbaum " ^^ Wilhelmina 2q Wills, Davis B., Maj '. . '.'.'..'.'.[]'.[['.['.'.'.[.'.'. lo Wilmington i o o5 winthrop, Md !!!"!'.!!'.!!!!! iq Wirgman, Harold C, Maj «n Wise, Frederic M., Col ok Wise, William C, Maj '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'..... 6? Wissahickon Barracks, N.J ' iq Women, Female reservists 7A 77 qc Wounded Q9 ftl'fift wyowing ■•■-■-■■"::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. 'Js! 59 X. Xammes, France 48 57 Y. Yale University 2q Yokohama, Japan "..'..'..*.. 20 Yorktown 1 e Yorktown, Va " iq Young Men's Christian Association 68 Ypres-Lys offensive 58 Zeebruge, Belgium >j-^ ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS ^ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY 92 5 n* . o " a V ^-^..^^ .-iis^^". \/ .*^«fe'-. **.^*^ .-Ic^fA'. V.^ 0° ''J^^'.''^ .^^' .» 'oK V . • • o ^,* ^^ -^^ -y^W*' J'^\^ '•-^^^S*'/ "^^ °*^ "■• ^^ .. ^ """ ^-^^^' .^^-V T-' A