HB 3527 
 .P9 fl5 
 1921 
 Copy 1 
 
 MuU of l&l^aht JIalattd nnh Ifitavihmtt ]PkntatiiittB 
 
 SOME ASPECTS 
 
 of the 
 
 POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE 
 
 By 
 LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE, Ph. D. 
 
 Special Agent 
 
 Rhode Island Bureau of Labor 
 
 PROVIDENCE 
 
 E. L. FREEMAN COMPANY, PRINTERS 
 
 1921 
 
 Wofiograp^ 
 
4 
 
 1 '^c^^^ 
 
 SOME ASPECTS 
 
 of the 
 
 POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE 
 
 By 
 LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE, Ph. D. 
 
 Special Agent 
 
 Rhode Island Bureau of Labor 
 
NOTE 
 
 In large part the information, upon which the tables of this report 
 are based, was obtained from the statistics gathered by the Com- 
 missioner of Industrial Statistics of Rhode Island. Assistance was 
 rendered by officials of the various organizations mentioned in the 
 report, as well as by the Providence Police Department and by 
 several manufacturing organizations of the city. 
 
 :T<AuY Or CONGRESS 
 RCCEIVED 
 
 „ - .^ ■ir-n''i 
 
 ■DOCUMENTS piy(3IGN_^ 
 
COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF RHODE ISLAND^S 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The population of^Rhode Island, as shown by the State census of 
 1915, presents nearly as diverse elements as may be found in any 
 portion of the United States. An intense industrialism within a 
 small geographical area has been the cause of the congregation of 
 representatives of nearly every European and of many Oriental 
 lands within the bounds of Rhode Island. Just as in other portions 
 of the United States a study of the population-figures for a period of 
 years reveals the transfei^ence of the emphasis upon northern 
 European stocks to those of the Slavic and Mediterranean peoples. 
 At the same time it is seen by the figures for native born persons who 
 have foreign born fathers that this shift for Rhode Island has been 
 fairly recent. For instance, while the poll of 1915 show^s that as a 
 single group the immigrant Italians outnumber any other group 
 (unless there are excepted those born in Great Britian and the non- 
 French Canadians) , yet native bom persons with Italian fathers are 
 out-numbered by the Irish as well as by those from Great Britain 
 and non-French Canada. 
 
 Aside fron the ItaUans the French form the largest single group of 
 non-English speaking immigrants to Rhode Island. The term 
 "French," as used in the tables, includes persons born in Canada, 
 France and Belgium; the number born in Europe is very small, so 
 that "French" practically means Canadian French. The French 
 Canadian population of Rhode Island has long been large, a fact 
 emphasized by the number of persons with fathers born in Canada. 
 In fact it was not until the census of 1915 that the French group lost 
 its numerical supremacy among the language groups (non-English) 
 
4 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 and took second place to the Italian group; as it is, the French 
 stock considerably out-numbers the Italian stock. 
 
 Among other interesting features of Rhode Island's population 
 elements is the fact that there is a comparatively small number of 
 representatives from northern continental Europe. Neither the 
 German nor the Scandinavian group is large, although of the two 
 divisions the latter is considerably the more numerous. Throughout 
 the United States as a whole, German stock forms about 10 per cent, 
 of the total population, but in Rhode Island it is less than 2 per cent. 
 The discrepancy in the ease of the Scandinavians is not so marked 
 but is nevertheless notable. Such a situation is probably explained 
 by the fact that Rhode Island emphasizes manufactures and com- 
 merce rather than argiculture, and there has been a tendency on the 
 part of Teutonic immigrants to seek the more predominantly agri- 
 cultural regions, especially those of the north Middle West. 
 
 While the Mediterranean stock in Rhode Island is largely Italian, 
 one other country affords a considerable addition to the population. 
 The Portuguese have in late years been reaching New England in ever 
 increasing numbers and Rhode Island has come in for a goodly share. 
 If both the Italians and Portuguese are not reckoned in the Medi- 
 terranean list there is little left, for there are very few Greeks and 
 Spain has a negligible representation. In Rhode Island the Portu- 
 guese are found for the most part along the waterfront and are most 
 numerous in Providence and Newport, although such towns as 
 Warren, Bristol, and Barrington contain a goodly sprinkling of 
 them. 
 
 A steadily growing contingent from Turkey in Asia, fomid almost 
 entirely in Providence county, is made up largely of Armenians and 
 Syrians. These people seek the centers of population; only a neg- 
 ligible number can be found outside of Providence, Central Falls, 
 Pawtucket and Woonsocket. 
 
 A m.ore detailed study of the population elements of Rhode Island 
 appears in the tables wherein there is first an analysis of native and 
 foreign born, and native and foreign stocks; secondly, figures showing 
 
POPULATION OF PROVmENCE. O 
 
 these groups by countries of birth; and lastly, figures by larger groups 
 according to racial composition. 
 
 In using these figures it has to be remembered that the term 
 foreign stock is here used to include both foreign born and those born 
 in this country but with foreign born father for any specified group. 
 Even this classification may be misleading, for a second native born 
 generation may display quite as alien characteristics as a second 
 generation. For instance, we may have an Italian whose father was 
 born in the United States but who has been reared in an Italian 
 section; in spite of public schools and other agencies this man may 
 display the traits commonly attributed to Italians quite as much as 
 one born in Italy but brought to America at an early age. On the 
 other hand the son of an Englishman would be reckoned among those 
 of foreign stock and yet there are few who would be able to distinguish 
 him from a descendant of seventeenth century Puritans. 
 
 As used in the following tables foreign stock is not taken to mean 
 just what the same term does in the reports of the Federal Census of 
 1910; there the classification was made by language groups as well 
 as by country of birth, but the figures complied from the returns of 
 the State census do not allow this distinction to be made. Never- 
 theless, if certain facts are kept in mind when the tables are used 
 there will be little difficulty. For instance it is not altogether 
 accurate when we say that foreign stock means those who are foreign 
 born together with those who are bom in this country but with a 
 foreign born father. There is a slight difference between the number 
 of foreign born fathers and foreign bom mothers in every group, 
 thus indicating intermarriage between native born and foreign bom, 
 as well as between different racial groups. The discrepancy is, how- 
 ever, so small in comparison with the total number that a sufficiently 
 clear picture of racial conditions is presented in most cases. The 
 intermarriage of foreign bom and native bom of different stock, 
 especially when the stocks are not English speaking, occurs so in- 
 frequently as to be practically negligible. 
 
6 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 A further caution needs to be given in connection with the use of 
 terms. Where Germanic is used, it indicates persons born in 
 Germany, Austria, the Scandinavian countries, Holland, and Fin- 
 land, but this gives no notion of the large number of Jews included. 
 Since there was no enumeration according to language (mother- 
 tongue), but only according to country of birth, all Hebrews are 
 noted as born in Russia, Poland, Austria, or whatever the country 
 may be; consequently, for instance, where the term Polish or Poland 
 is found it includes both Poles and Jews. A partial check upon 
 this inaccuracy is obtained by a comparison with the figures of the 
 Federal Census of 1910, where a tabulation was attempted according 
 to mother-tongue, as well as by country of birth. Such a com- 
 parison yields the following results : 
 
 1910. 
 
 Total 
 Foreign 
 Stock. 
 
 Foreign 
 Born. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 or Mixed 
 
 Parentage. 
 
 Polish 
 
 10,678 
 12,106 
 
 7,037 
 
 7,548 
 
 3,641 
 4,558 
 
 Hebrew and Yiddish 
 
 1915. 
 
 Total 
 Foreign 
 Stock. 
 
 Foreign 
 Born. 
 
 Native 
 
 Born with 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Born 
 Fathers. 
 
 Poland (Austrian-German, Russian) 
 
 Russia fexckiding Poland) 
 
 15,693 
 13,804 
 
 9,489 
 
 7,715 
 
 6,204 
 6,089 
 
 
 In like manner, where Russia is given as the country of birth, it is 
 impossible to know whether the individuals enumerated were Slavs 
 (Poles) or Hebrews. A check, however, is obtained by using the 
 above tables and noting that, in 1910, 52.3 per cent, of all giving 
 Russia, including Russian Poland, as the country of birth also gave 
 Hebrew or Yiddish as the mother-tongue. Moreover, the 1910 
 census showed that the number of Slavs, exclusive of Poles, in Rhode 
 Island was small; the chief groups being, by mother-tongue, 858 
 Letts and Lithuanians, 226 Ruthenians, 66 Bulgarians, and 59 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 7 
 
 Slovenians. From these facts it is possible to conclude that, of those 
 giving Poland as the country of birth, about one-third are Poles and 
 the rest Jews; those who report Russia (excluding Poland) as the 
 country of birth are nearly all Hebrew. 
 
 Wherever the term Scandinavian has been used in the tables it 
 * comprises those born in Finland as well as Norwegians, Swedes, and 
 Danes. Furthermore in this connection, it is to be noted that the 
 Swedes alone of the Scandinavians afford any considerable portion of 
 the total. Over 90 per cent, of all Scandinavians in Rhode Island 
 are Swedes. 
 
 The table for foreign stocks, as differentiated from foreign born 
 only, is presented because a very incomplete, and indeed, inaccurate 
 impression is gained if one judges alone from the number of foreign 
 born. Particularly among people whose native tongue is not Eng- 
 lish is it found that the native born children of foreign born parents 
 present quite as great a problem as do the foreign born themselves. 
 Furthermore, it is with and through the children of aliens that the 
 most effective work of assimilation is accomplished. It would be, 
 then, entirely misleading, to say that the population of Woonsocket, 
 for example, is made up of 23,889 persons born in the United States 
 and 16,186 born abroad, for of those born in the United States 15,172 
 have foreign born fathers, while the mothers are, with few exceptions, 
 of the same racial group as fathers and the majority of them are 
 foreign born as well. Consequently it gives a decidedly more 
 accurate impression to state that 78.1 per cent, of the population of 
 Woonsocket is foreign stock, than to say that 40.3 per cent, is foreign 
 born. Some, even many, of the 37.8 per cent who have foreign born 
 fathers are truly assimilated into our social fabric, others are in the 
 process of assimilation, while still others have the whole course to run. 
 
 ELEMENTS IN THE POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 
 
 Providence, as the largest urban center in Rhode Island, presents 
 some interesting divergences from the State as a whole in connection 
 
» COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 with the foreign born population and the total foreign stock. Taking 
 first the topic of the foreign born alone, it is seen that while in the 
 State the largest single homogeneous group — that of British and 
 non-French Canadian birth — leads all the others, in Providence the 
 Italians form the largest unit. In the State 42,723 persons were 
 born in Great Britian and Canada (non-French), 7.3 per cent, of the 
 total population; in Providence 16,229 persons or 6.6 per cent, of the 
 total has this nativity. In other words, if the persons of this group 
 were scattered proportionately throughout the whole State according 
 to governmental units there would be a larger proportion in Provi- 
 dence than is now the case. 
 
 The large Italian group in Providence is indicated both by the 
 actual number, 20,563 born in Italy, and by the large percentage 
 (8.3 per cent.) of the total population which this number forms. 
 Providence, with 41.6 per cent, of the population of the State, has 
 60.6 per cent, of all ItaUan born, or 20,563 out of 33,802. The 
 number of Italian bom, in fact, exceeds that of all the other groups 
 together if the British, non-French Canadian and Irish groups are 
 omitted. 
 
 Persons born in Ireland (27,044) form 4.6 per cent, of the total 
 population of the State, but those in Providence (14,586) are 5.8 
 per cent, of the whole. The Irish, then, form the second largest group 
 of foreign born in the city. If the Irish and British are combined in 
 one estimate, together they outnumber the Italian born, but only by 
 a small margin, 10.8 per cent, as against 8.3 per cent. 
 
 Perhaps one of the most striking comparisons comes in connection 
 with the French Canadians, French and Belgians, which are prop- 
 erly classed together on linguistic and ethnic grounds. For the 
 State this group stands third in order of magnitude, being out- 
 numbered only by the British and non-French Canadians and 
 Italians. Those bom in France and Belgium are together but a very 
 small portion of the total number, so that essentially the term 
 French as applied to the population elements in Rhode Island means 
 Canadian French. This French group gives 5.3 per cent, of the 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 9 
 
 State's population, but it forms but 1.7 per cent, of the population of 
 Providence. When one compares the very small proportion of 
 French in Providence with the large proportion in Woonsocket, for 
 example, the comparison becomes more striking. Woonsocket not 
 only has more than twice as many French as Providence has, but 
 this group forms about one-fourth (24.4 per cent.) of Woonsocket's 
 total population. 
 
 No other particularly noticeable disparity between elements of 
 population in the State and in Providence appear except in the case 
 of the Jews. The bulk of the Hebrew element congregates in the 
 larger centers of population and for Rhode Island this means es- 
 pecially in Providence. 
 
 Foreign Stock. — The figures for the foreign born population 
 convey only a vague idea of the actual situation unless they are 
 compared with those for the total foreign stock. As it was noted 
 above, for this study foreign stock has been taken to include both 
 those who were born abroad and those who, although themselves 
 born in the United States, have fathers born abroad. The foreign 
 born population of Providence is 32.5 per cent, of the total (as 
 against 31.2 per cent, for the whole State); the foreign stock in 
 Providence forms 65.3 per cent, of the 247,660 persons enumerated 
 in 1915, while the foreign stock of the State is 63.3 per cent, of the 
 total number of persons. A comparison of the foreign born and the 
 foreign stock under the various groups not only discloses more clearly 
 the actual situation but it also affords a glimpse of the change in the 
 trend of immigration. At the present time the largest foreign stock 
 is that of the Irish, who form 17.3 per cent, of the total population of 
 the city (as against 13.6 per cent, in the State), but the Italian stock 
 is pressing this leadership hard. Although only one-tenth of the 
 State's population is of Italian stock, that stock accounts for 15 per 
 cent, of Providence's population, leaving to the Irish a lead of less 
 than two and one-half per cent. 
 
 Taking the figures of the 1910 census and comparing them with 
 the 1915 figures it is seen that even this small numerical superiority 
 
10 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 of the Irish appears in danger of being lost. In 1910 the number of 
 Irish born persons in Providence was greater by over a thousand than 
 the number in 1915, while the number of those born in Italy rose in 
 five years from 17,305 to 20,563, an increase of 3,258 or nearly 19 
 per cent. Although, when the census of 1915 was taken, the exodus 
 of Italians on account of the war had not been carried to the point it 
 later reached, if the census had been taken a few months earlier, the 
 increase would have been greater than 19 per cent. Conversely if 
 the census had been taken a year later (1916) it would be shown that 
 the number of Italians bom abroad would be smaller than that found 
 in 1915. 
 
 The increasingly Southern European complexion of the population 
 of Providence is further shown by the increase in the number of 
 persons of Portuguese birth, including not only those of Portugal 
 proper but those of the Cape Verde and Azores Islands. In 1910 
 there were enumerated as Portuguese 2,190 persons; five years later 
 this number had increased to 3,737, an absolute increase of 1,547, or 
 70 per cent. While the number itself seems insignificant when com- 
 pared with that of the Italians, the percentage of increase is notable. 
 The Portuguese in 1915 formed 1.6 per cent, of the foreign born, and 
 2.4 per cent, of the foreign stock in Providence. The census of 1920 
 will doubtless show a continuation of this increase at something 
 like the same rate, for of the present immigration destined for Rhode 
 Island a very large proportion continues to be Portuguese, while of 
 those coming directly to the port of Providence practically all are 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Among the other groups which afford a considerable portion of the 
 foreign stock of Providence must be noted the Jews. While the 
 enumerators, in taking the census of 1915, did not classify according 
 to race or mother-tongue, it is possible to arrive at an approximate 
 estimate by other means. On the basis of the figures for foreign born 
 white males, twenty years of age and over, where religious affiliation 
 is noted, it is discovered that somewhat more than one-half (about 
 54 per cent.) of those born in Russia were of the Jewish faith and the 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 11 
 
 rest were nearly all Catholics. Applying the ratio to the total number 
 of those enumerated as born in Russia, it is possible to obtain a 
 sufficiently accurate notion of the racial situation. Furthermore, 
 the general enumeration made a distinction between those bom in 
 Poland and those born in Russia. Taking both these factors we may 
 state that approximately all those noted as born in Russia (outside 
 of Poland) were Jews, while those born in Poland were about half 
 Poles and half Jews. Practically all those born in Roumania were 
 Jews; about 40 per cent, of those born in Austria and a small portion 
 of those born in Germany were likewise of Jewish blood. On the 
 basis of this estimate the number of Hebrews in Providence was, at 
 the time of the 1915 enumeration, about 8,250 (see Table X) or 
 3.2 per cent, of the total population. Jewish stock would mean at 
 least twice this number. However, it is to be remembered that 
 there is no group of people which clings so tenaciously to its religious 
 and social customs as does the Hebrew, hence it is not improper to 
 class in this group at least a portion of the second generation born in 
 the United States, thus swelling the numbers to some extent. 
 
 The Scandinavian group in Providence is small; furthermore, this 
 element increases very slowly. While the census in 1915 shows a 
 total of 4,030 persons born in Scandinavian countries, and most of 
 these in Sweden, it also shows that there were 3,060 persons bom in 
 the United States who had fathers born in Scandinavian countries. 
 The total Scandinavian stock amounts to 2.9 per cent, of the total 
 population. 
 
 The German element is smaller than the Scandinavian, and it is 
 proportionately decreasing. In 1910 there was a sHghtly larger 
 number of persons living in Providence who had been bom in Ger- 
 many than was the case in 1915, while the native born of German 
 bom fathers exceeded the number of German bom by about 50 per 
 cent. Altogether the German stock forms but about 2 per cent, of 
 the city's population. 
 
 Turkey in Asia has during the past five years been contributing 
 more hberally to our polyglot population than in former years. In 
 
12 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 1910 there were enumerated 1,751 persons born in the Asiatic portion 
 of the Porte's domains; in 1915 this number had increased to 2,123. 
 Absolutely these figures are small, for the total foreign stock of this 
 group makes but 1.1 per cent, of the whole population; the rate of 
 increase is significant, however, of the changed immigration condi- 
 tions which the United States as whole has been experiencing during 
 the past generation. The Armenians and a few Syrians form the 
 greater portion of this group, although there are scattering remnants 
 of other ethnic groups, for instance, a few European Turks and some 
 Kurds. 
 
 Distribution of the Foreign Stocks. — A glance at Table IX shows 
 that no portion of the city has a monopoly of foreign stock. Wards 
 three and nine, however, have the largest proportion of foreign 
 bom, and remembering that foreign stock in each case will represent 
 approximately twice the number of foreign born, it is not hard to 
 perceive that those two wards are predominantly foreign so far as 
 racial antecedants are concerned. The other eight wards have about 
 the same proportion of native and foreign stock as the average for 
 the city as a whole. It is furthermore noticeable that, in all but 
 wards one, two, and three, the relative number of foreign born has 
 decreased between 1910 and 1915. The change is scarcely great 
 enough to allow one to believe that the "immigration problem" is 
 about to disappear of itself, for the decrease is slight at best, and 
 is almost equalized by the increase in the wards where the trend is 
 in the other direction. Nevertheless, in the light of the volume of 
 immigration of the past years, this decrease is significant; just how 
 significant camiot be deteimined until it can be seen whether it is 
 a temporary phenomenon or whether it marks the crest of the wave 
 in the movement of peoples. Where the members of a foreign born 
 group mingle with the native population at large and do not cluster 
 in restricted areas populated wholly or almost entirely by their own 
 racial kind, there arises no particular problem of assimilation, pro- 
 vided the incoming is not so large as to swamp the native group by 
 very weight of numbers. Such a scattering will and has come when 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 13 
 
 the foreign element represents a civilization similar to or at least not 
 markedly dissimilar from that which is indigenous. Language is, 
 perhaps, the greatest single cultural factor which unites or dissevers 
 peoples. Identity of tongue is the first passport to sympathetic 
 understanding, while there is no bar so potent, between individuals 
 or between groups, as that of unlike speech. It is not surprising, 
 then, that we find in Providence such nationalities as the English, 
 Irish, and Scotch scattered about without any noticeable con- 
 gregating in localized districts. So, too, the Germans and Scandi- 
 navians, even though they speak a language unlike that of the 
 native population, represent a culture essentially like that of other 
 Northern European countries. There are, consequently, no Irish 
 or Swedish aggregations of such extent or nature that they can in 
 any wise be called "colonies." 
 
 Such is not the case with the large groups from other portions of 
 Europe and the comparatively small representation from Asia 
 Minor. There are "colonies" of Italians, Poles, Portuguese, 
 Armenians, Syrians, and Jews. Such colonizing is indicated some- 
 what by the figures of Table XII, where the foreign born population 
 is shown by wards; but ward lines are not respected by people when 
 seeking a place to live, hence it is necessary to specify with more 
 detail in what these colonies consist. 
 
 Italians. — The Italians in Providence are to be found for the most 
 part in four large colonies and one small colony; one might say that 
 Providence has two Italian cities, a village, and a hamlet. The most 
 extensive group is on Federal Hill; there, in a region bounded ap- 
 proximately by Broadway, Tobey street, West Exchange street, and 
 Aborn street, are over 10,000 foreign born Italians, who, with those 
 of foreign parentage, total over 18,000, or about half the Italian 
 stock in the city. In the North End are two colonies. One of these 
 occupies the region between Silver Spring avenue and Smithfield 
 avenue on one side, and the river on the other. The second group is 
 found in an irregularly shaped area bounded by Douglas avenue, 
 Hawkins street, Cornwallis street, Cheshire street, Sussex street to 
 
14 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 Clym street, and down Douglas avenue to Eaton street; the line fol- 
 lows the grounds of the city hospital back to Eaton street and then 
 continues to the city line, leaving out a section bounded by Sharon, 
 Walton and Meridan streets. Another group is in the Silver Lake 
 district running over into the city of Cranston. The boundary of 
 this colony follows approximately the line of Mercy, Harlam, and. 
 Barrows streets, Pocasset avenue and Union avenue, to Laurel Hill 
 avenue. In the fifth ward there is a little colony in the neighborhood 
 of Globe and Borden streets, with scattering families in the vicinity 
 of the Rhode Island Hospital and Eddy street. 
 
 Jews. — While the Jews do not congregate in well defined districts to- 
 any such extent as do the Italians, nevertheless there are three 
 sections of the city which may be in some sense called Jewish colonies. 
 Two of these lie close together; one is east and west of Benefit street 
 from about Olney street to Bowen street; it extends to North Main 
 street on one side and to Jenkes, Halsey and Prospect streets on the^ 
 other. The second group occupies a rather compact area bounded 
 by Candace, Orms and Black streets and Chalkstone avenue. The 
 third group is in the fifth ward between Dudley, Plain and Public 
 streets and Prairie avenue. On both sides of South Main street 
 between College street and Power street the population is largely 
 Jewish. 
 
 Poles. — The largest Pohsh district is in Olneyville. While Poles 
 are to be found scattered about the whole Olneyville region, the bulk 
 of this group is in an area bounded by Magnolia, Whitehall, Sterling, 
 Atwood and Plainfield streets. Small colonies are also found in the 
 fifth ward in the vicinity of Blackstone and Robinson streets, where 
 they intermingle with the Jews; along Randall street in the second 
 ward; in Hedley, Walling and Palmer streets, and between Chalk- 
 stone avenue and the railroad freight yard, in the third ward. 
 
 Portuguese. — In considering the Portuguese, the well-defined 
 division between white and colored Portuguese must be noted. 
 These two groups not only differ in outward physical characteristics, 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 15 
 
 'but they refuse to mingle in their colonies, although in Providence 
 these colonies are adjoining. The mass of the Portuguese in Provi- 
 dence is in the first ward, close to the waterfront and between the 
 Providence and Seekonk rivers. The Bravas occupy practically all 
 the immediate waterfront from Power street around to Washington 
 bridge, the inland boundary of their section being South Main 
 street, Wickenden, Benefit, Pike, Brook and India streets. The 
 white Portuguese occupy the district immediately back of that in 
 which the Bravas live; their boundary line follows the inland 
 boundary of the Brava section and then follows approximately 
 Benefit, Wickenden, Governor, Williams, Ives and Power streets. 
 On the west side of the River there is a small colony of Bravas along 
 Richmond and Eddy streets between Ship and South streets. 
 
 Armenians. — Among the smaller groups which occupy well defined 
 •districts are the Armenians who form the greater number of those 
 enumerated in the tables under Turkey in Asia. There are two 
 Armenian colonies; one is in the North End and is bounded by 
 Douglas avenue and Whipple, Oregon, and Bush streets. The other 
 is along Cranston street and three or four intersecting streets south 
 of Hoyle square. 
 
 Syrians. — The Syrians are almost all within the bounds of the 
 Federal Hill Italian colony and are found along Cedar street for 
 three or four blocks from Aborn street. A small colony of Turks 
 live on North Main street between Smith and Church streets. 
 
 Other Groups. — More than half the Greeks in the city are to be 
 found in the vicinity of 100 Clifford street, while practically all the 
 Chinese are at the corner of Summer street and Warner's lane, where 
 the Celestial headquarters have been since the break up of the 
 Empire street colony. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEXES AMONG FOREIGN STOCK. 
 
 The extent to which a group of foreign born individuals will be 
 brought into harmony with the institution of the people among 
 
16 COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 
 
 which it settles depends in part upon the extent to which normal 
 relations are maintained. An excess in the nmnbers of one sex over 
 the other in any community for a considerable period indicates a 
 social maladjustment, potential if not actual. For the whole of 
 Providence the number of males of foreign stock is about the same 
 as the number of females; out of a total of 80,263 persons born abroad 
 there is an excess of only some 1,200 males. This balance, however, 
 does not appear in all cases when the different nationalities are taken 
 separately. 
 
 Among the groups from Northern Europe there is but one where 
 any very important disparity of the sexes, occurs; the foreign born 
 Irish females outnumber the males by 3,154 in a total of 14,286; in 
 other words there are 55 per cent, more females than males. The 
 explanation of this great discrepancy lies in the fact that such a large 
 number of unmarried Irish females finds employment in domestic 
 service; the figures for wards one and two bear witness to this fact. 
 In these two wards, forming as they do in large part a residential 
 district, the number of Irish females is more than twice that of the 
 males. In somewhat less degree the same disparity appears in the 
 other wards. Such social maladjustment as might be expected from 
 this situation is counteracted by other factors; in the first place 
 there is frequent amalgamation between the different stocks of the 
 British Isles and non-French Canada; furthermore the disparity 
 produced by the more recent immigration is partially rectified by 
 earlier immigration. The consequence of it all is that little appre- 
 hension need be felt over the possibility of any resulting evil. 
 
 The situation is different, however, when the migrants of Southern 
 Europe are considered. In the case of the Italians the number of 
 males who come to America exceeds the number of females by a con- 
 siderable figure, for there is about one-third more males than females. 
 Not only is this the case with the recent immigration, but in that of 
 previous years the disparity was even greater. Such a situation 
 either means that many Italian men must marry out of their own 
 nationality, send abroad for wives, or not marry at all. Inter- 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 17 
 
 marriage between Italians and Northern Europeans, however, occurs 
 infrequently; but it is often found that Italians come to America 
 and, after getting on their feet, send back to Italy for an actual or 
 prospective wife. After all, the bulk of this excess of males is forced 
 to a celibate life to the moral deterioration of many of them. In 
 spite of the disparity of the sexes the tables reveal the fact that the 
 ratio of married to unmarried men among the Italians is higher 
 than that of almost any other foreign born group; the apparent 
 discrepancy is explained when it is realized that many of these married 
 men have their wives in Italy. 
 
 What is true of the Italians is even more true of the Portuguese, 
 although the recent immigration has been tending to increase the 
 relative number of females. The disparity in the sexes in the case of 
 the Armenians, Syrians, and Turks is greater than with either the 
 Italians or the Portuguese, since there are about three times as many 
 foreign born males as females. The figures (in Table XIII) for the 
 third ward present the case even more strikingly, for it may be seen 
 that of the total foreign born the Turkish Empire (from Armenia for 
 the most part) there are but 92 females to 592 males. 
 
 FOREIGN BORN MALES AND PROVIDENCE INDUSTRIES. 
 
 When the State census was taken in 1915 there was made an 
 attempt to secure statistics bearing directly upon the foreign born 
 white males over the age of twenty years with especial reference to 
 their relations to the industrial life of the State. The special blanks 
 used for this purpose were returned for nearly 24,000 persons resident 
 in Providence. While it is not probable that all persons of , this class 
 in the city were reached it is safe to assume that not more than five 
 per cent, were omitted from the enumeration. Allowing for errors 
 which necessarily arose in securing the information, the results give a 
 fairly accurate picture of the industrial status of foreign born persons 
 of wage earning age; rates of wages, family income, general nature of 
 the occupation, etc., appear. 
 
18 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 Wages, — Table XIV shows the distribution of foreign born white 
 males by country of birth and by average weekly wage. Taking the 
 twelve groups (those born in Austria, Canada — both French and non- 
 French — England, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Scot- 
 land, the Scandinavian countries, and the Turkish Empire), which 
 comprises all but about two and one-half per cent, of the persons 
 enumerated, it is found that the Italians stand at the bottom of the 
 basis of wage scale when the comparative size of the different groups 
 IS taken into consideration. (See Plate XIV). Over one-half were 
 reported as having a weekly wage which averaged ten dollars or less; 
 seventy-five per cent, did not have a wage exceeding $12.00 per week. 
 Fewer than thirteen per cent, earned over $14.00 per week. When 
 the large number of Italians enumerated in this tabulation (7,178), 
 about equalling the next two largest groups combined is taken into 
 consideration, the significance of the figures is enhanced. 
 
 The thousand bom in the Turkish Empire (See Plate XIX) repre- 
 sent absolutely a lower standard than the Italians, for about 30 per 
 cent, had a weekly wage under $8.00, and over 35 per cent, earned no 
 more than $10.00. Fewer than 10 per cent, of the total had a wage 
 averaging more than $14.00 per week. 
 
 The white Portuguese stand third in the scale. (See Plate XV) . 
 In the case of this group the regularity of the curve from the 21.3 
 per cent, with the minimum wage to the 1.8 per cent, earning more 
 than $25.00 per week is particularly noticeable. 
 
 Those born in the Russian Empire (Jews and Poles almost exclu- 
 sively) stand fourth from the bottom of the list. Of these about 
 one-third are in the upper half of the wage scale; that is, they have 
 over $14.00 per week as the average wage when working. Although 
 from the tabulations it is impossible to perceive it, the fact is the 
 bulk of those on the lower end of the wage scale are Poles, while the 
 Jews form the larger percentage of the more highly paid workers. 
 The alignment of those born in Austria (Plate VIII) is also partly 
 ■explained by the relatively heavy proportion of Poles. (See Table 
 XVIII, where the religious affiliation is indicated). 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 19 
 
 The Irish (Plate XIII) stand at about the mid point, for not quite 
 half the number fall into the group where more than $14.00 is the 
 aiverage wage, although only about one-fourth have less than $12.00 
 weekly. 
 
 The upper half of the wage group is composed of the non-French 
 Canadians, English, Scandinavians, Germans, Scotch, and French 
 Canadians, ranked in the order given according to the number 
 earning over $14.00 per week. If, however, the basis of classification 
 is made according to the number of those receiving the highest wages, 
 say $20.00 per week or over, then the order would be as follows: 
 non-French Canadians, Germans, Scandinavians, Scotch, English, 
 and French Canadians. The Germans lead all the others in the 
 number receiving over $25.00 per week, although the non-French 
 Canadians are not far behind. 
 
 In all the groups of the upper half, excepting only the Scandinavian, 
 the similarity of the wage curve is remarkable; in each case the top 
 of the curve is for the wage point of $14.00 to $16.00 per week. The 
 Scandinavian group presents a peculiarity in that there is such a large 
 proportion (20.5 per cent.) receiving from $20.00 to $25.00 per week 
 while but 6.6 per cent, of the total have a wage averaging over $25.00 
 per week. A partial explanation of this condition is afforded by the 
 figures of Table XVI, where a classification according to the nature of 
 employment is given. From this it is seen that some three-fourths of 
 total number of Swedes enumerated were engaged in the building 
 trades, in the manufacture of gold, silver, and jewelry, and in the 
 manufacture of the baser metals. An almost negligible number, for 
 instance, is to be found in the textile manufactures where the wage 
 scale is lower. 
 
 Family Income. — For those persons (foreign bom white males 
 twenty years of age and over) who were heads of families a further 
 tabulation of the average weekly family income was obtained. As 
 might be expected the curve of average weekly wage and that of the 
 average family income tend to follow much the same line; neverthe- 
 less in every case, except that of the Portuguese, a sharp upward 
 
20 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 turn at the higher wage end is observable. This is not only so with 
 the non-French Canadians, who lead in average weekly wage, but 
 with those from the Turkish Empire who are at the other end of the 
 scale. In the case of the Turks, Armenians, Syrians and others who 
 represent the dominion of the Sultan, the great discrepancy between 
 the number of wage earners and that of heads of family must be 
 taken into consideration. Of the twelve groups depicted the aver- 
 age family income is over $14.00 per week except in the case of the 
 Italians, the Portuguese and those from the Turkish Empire. The 
 Italians stand at the bottom of the list in this tabulation. 
 
 The position of the Italians is not due to smaller families than are 
 found in other national groups, for the Italians lead all others in this 
 respect. (See Table XIX and Plate XXIII). Nearly two-thirds of 
 the families contain five or more persons. A similar situation exists 
 in the case of the Portuguese, who not only stand next to the bottom 
 of the scale in weekly income, but stand second from the top in respect 
 to size of family. In the case of these groups, then, there is not only 
 a low wage earning capacity on the part of the man of the house, but 
 the other working members of the family are not in the more highly 
 paid classes. 
 
 On the other hand, in those groups where the general average of 
 weekly wage is fairly high there is a corresponding increase in the 
 earning capacity of the family. Of these the most conspicuous is 
 the Irish group, which stands about midway between the top and 
 bottom in wage scale for the men. While only about 14 per cent, of 
 the 3,821 male wage earners averaged over $20.00 per week, 41 per 
 cent, of the 2,745 families had a weekly income averaging over that 
 amount; still more noticeable is the fact that, while fewer than 5 
 per cent, of the wage earners obtained more than $25.00 per week, 
 almost one-fourth of the total number of families averaged more than 
 $25.00. With the other groups the large number of family incomes 
 over $25.00 per week is worthy of note. 
 
 Occupations. — In using the table (XVI) giving the distribution 
 according to classified occupations, certain precautions must be 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 21 
 
 borne in mind. This tabulation is according to that used by the 
 United States Census Bureau and is lacking in certain features which 
 the student of social statistics desire. For example, under the head- 
 ing "Transportation" there are to be found not only motormen, 
 teamsters and chauffeurs, but all those engaged in any way in the 
 transportation of persons or commodities. Over 20 per cent, of the 
 Portuguese, for instance, are enumerated under this heading, a fact 
 to be accounted for by the large number of this nationality 
 engaged in the collection of garbage for the city health department. 
 Again, as might be expected in a city of the nature of Providence, a 
 very considerable proportion of wage earners, native bom as well as 
 foreign born, is engaged in some kind of work connected with manu- 
 facturing. Nevertheless a large number of those who work for 
 manufacturing concerns are laborers, pure and simple, and cannot be 
 considered skilled workers in any sense of the word. They are, 
 however, all enumerated as employed in manufactures of baser 
 metals, textiles, or what not. 
 
 In the metal trades, particularly, this method of tabulation is 
 misleading, for, unlike many of the operations in the manufacture of 
 textiles, a great variety of skill is demanded. A check upon the 
 figures is obtained by comparing the number under any particular 
 national group with the average weekly wage of the same group. 
 For instance, nearly 900 Italians are classed in this industry, yet the 
 number of ItaKans earning the wage of a skilled metal worker is very 
 small. Furthermore, when the payroll of a metal manufacturing 
 concern is consulted it is found that very few Italians are classed 
 among the skilled workers. On the other hand practically all the 
 Swedes and Germans, most of the Canadians and Enghsh, and a 
 large proportion of the Irish are skilled mechanics and hold the more 
 highly paid positions in the metal trades. 
 
 In the building trades similarly, no distinction is made in the 
 tabulation between the hod carrier or other laborer and the master 
 mason, carpenter or painter. Nevertheless, the 568 Italians, judg- 
 ing from the wage scale, for the most part fall into the first category. 
 
22 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 while the non-French Canadians, Swedes, Germans, and English 
 make up the bulk of the second group. The French Canadians and 
 the Irish fall into both classes, although, on the basis of the average 
 wage, a larger proportion of French Canadians is of the skilled type 
 than is the case with the Irish. 
 
 The general low average of the Italian wage is further explained 
 when it is noted that this nationahty affords 1,641 laborers and 1,435 
 textile workers. The Italians and the Irish account for more than 
 80 per cent, of those who class themselves as laborers. With the 
 textile industry, again using the wage scale as a check, the more 
 skilled workers are English, French-Canadians, Scotch, German , 
 and Irish, while the Poles (from Austria and Russia), Italians and 
 Syrians and Armenians perform the less exacting tasks. 
 
 The total number of workers on jewelry, gold and silver in Provi- 
 dence is naturally very large. An enumeration of the males, whether 
 native or foreign born, however, does not give an adquate idea of the 
 total number of workers in this industry any more than it does in the 
 textile industry; in both these classifications the number of females 
 tends to equal or exceed the number of males. Of the foreign born 
 males in the jewelry trades the largest single group is again the 
 Italian, roughly, one-half of these may be classes as skilled and one- 
 half as unskilled. The English, Germans and Swedes are practically 
 all skilled workers; the Irish and Canadians are predominantly so; 
 while the other groups, where any considerable number is found in 
 the industry, are composed of unskilled workers to a large degree. 
 An interesting fact in cormection with the Italians and jewelry . 
 trades is that Providence is the home of a small, but apparently- 
 growing, domestic industry; skilled Italians are making workshops in 
 their own homes and there they fabricate the metals on a small scale. 
 Sometimes a single individual works by himself, but occasionally he 
 employes one or two assistants outside the members of his own 
 family. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 23 
 
 CIVIL STATUS. 
 
 From the point of view of real assimilation one of the most im- 
 portant facts to be learned about an alien who comes to this country- 
 is whether he intends to remain permanently and identify himself 
 with his new home conditions. If he does so intend and if this 
 identification is to be one whereby he enters into the spirit of the 
 land, then he will seek to make himself a part of the body politic 
 whenever this may be possible. A study of the civil status of foreign 
 born males who are eligible to naturalization throws some light upOn 
 the proclivities of the different groups in this regard. Five years 
 is the shortest time in which the process of naturalization may be 
 completed, hence, potentially, all foreign born males who are con- 
 sidered in this tabulation and who have been five or more years in 
 the United States may be looked upon as capable of being 
 naturalized. 
 
 It is evident, however, that all aliens do not rush to become 
 citizens of their adopted dwelling place. (See Plates XX and XXI). 
 The Germans lead all other groups in the proportionate number who 
 have become United States citizens; 78 per cent, of those who have 
 been in the United States five years or more have been naturalized. 
 The Irish and the English, whose identity of language and similarity 
 of political thinking make the process natural, follow, and the Scandi- 
 navians stand fourth on the list. That only 55 per cent, of eligible 
 males born in Scotland have been naturalized is worthy of comment; 
 and that but 55 per cent, of the non-French Canadians are United 
 States citizens is still more remarkable. It appears at first that 
 these Canadians, coming from a land where English is spoken and 
 where a common inheritance of political and social customs forms a 
 bond with life in the United States, would be prone to identify them- 
 selves with the political, as well as with the economic and social life 
 of the land. Nevertheless, with only a land frontier to cross and with 
 the possibility of repatriation at any time, there seems to be less 
 desire to cut all ties with their native soil. 
 
24 COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. 
 
 Taking Plate XX by itself as a basis of consideration, it appears 
 that a goodly number of the foreign born males of Rhode Island have 
 become citizens, but when this plate is compared with the next (XXI) 
 a different aspect is placed on the situation. The Italians, who equal 
 the next two largest national groups in number, stand next to the 
 bottom in order of naturaUzation; the 20 per cent, of the 7,178 
 individuals who have been admitted to citizenship does not accord 
 with the weight in relative numbers. The Irish, however, not only 
 form the next to the largest group of foreign born but have become 
 naturalized with more frequency than members of any nationality 
 except the German. The English stand third in both lists. 
 
 Table XVII reveals the fact that by far the greater number of 
 foreign bom are naturalized after a residence of ten years than after 
 one of five. A comparison of the total number of naturalized in any 
 one group with the number naturalized after a residence in the 
 United States of ten years or more (See column six of Table XVII) 
 brings out this fact. 
 
 Literacy. — In the case of the groups where the namber of natural- 
 ized is small in comparison with the size of the group, there is some 
 explanation to be found in the literacy figures. For instance, the 
 Italians and the Portuguese nOt only afford the smallest number of 
 citizens of the United States, in proportion to the size of their re- 
 spective groups, but they are the most illiterate of the foreign born 
 residents of Providence. Only 45 per cent, of the Portuguese* can 
 read in any language, and 30 per cent, of the Italians are illiterate. 
 Turkish and Russian subjects likewise occupy similar positions in the 
 rating for naturalization and for literacy. Illiteracy, however, does 
 not explain the lack of naturalization except in part, and only for the 
 groups with a non-English mother tongue. 
 
 With the Scotch, English, Canadians, Germans and Scandinavians 
 the illiteracy is so slight as to be practically negligible. Five per 
 cent, of the Irish enumerated could not read. The other groups 
 
 *It is to be recalled that the figures in these tables under consideration do not embrace the 
 colored Portuguese; with this group illiteracy would be found greater than with the white Portu- 
 guese. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 25 
 
 range down from the Austrian (where the illiteracy is mostly with 
 the Poles) of whom 89 per cent, could read, to the Portuguese. 
 
 Domestic Relations. — In Table XIX are to be found various statis- 
 tics relating to the domestic relations of the foreign born white males 
 under consideration. When it is recalled that the figures relate to 
 adult males it is to be expected that the total number and the number 
 married will diverge no more than the difference between the total 
 number and the number between the ages of twenty and twenty- 
 three or twenty-four. On this basis it is to be presumed that approxi- 
 mately three-fourths of the total number and of the number in any 
 one group will be married if conditions are essentially normal. 
 Taking this ratio one is perhaps surprised to perceive how nearly the 
 twelve groups which make up the foreign born population of Provi- 
 dence coincide with it. Seven of the nationalities, Canadian — both 
 French and other — German, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian show 
 this ratio. In the case of the Italians, where there is greater dis- 
 parity of the sexes than with several of the other groups, 77 per cent, 
 of the males over twenty years of age are married, and an additional 
 number are widowed. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that 
 many of the wives of those reporting themselves married are in Italy. 
 The group from Russia leads with the number of married men, a fact 
 probably due to the large proportion of Jews. The smallest ratio of 
 married is found with the Syrians and Armenians (those born in the 
 Turkish Empire) ; here the explanation lies in the great disparity of 
 sexes resident in Providence. No such disparity, however, explains 
 the bachelorhood of 36 per cent, of the Swedes. In their case, and 
 in that of the Irish of whom 69 per cent, are married, prudential 
 motives resulting in later marriages afford the explanation, for not 
 only is there no bar to marriage outside a small group (such a bar, for 
 instance, as difference in language, customs, etc.) but with the Irish 
 the number of females greatly exceeds that of the males. 
 
 The size of the families (see Plate XXIII) also reveals evidence of 
 the general standard of living in the various national groups. Taking 
 as a basis of computation (see Table XIX) a division into families of 
 
26 COMMISSIONER OF L4B0R. 
 
 five or more members, which m most cases means three or four more 
 children, and those of four or fewer, the Itahans lead all groups in 
 size of family. At the other end of the list comes the German 
 group, where onty a little over one-fourth of the families have more 
 than four members. Not only is our population in Providence in- 
 creasing by the addition of newcomers from the Mediterranean 
 countries (Italy and Portugal) but those of the group who are already 
 here are the most prolific and tend to multiply their kind more 
 rapidly than do the people from the British Isles and from other 
 countries of Northern Europe. 
 
 Permanency of Residence. — Something of the tendency of foreign 
 born groups to locate permanently is indicated by a comparison of 
 the length of resident in Rhode Island with the length of residence in 
 the United States. The Italians, for example, appear to move about 
 but little; the figures of Table XX show that practically all of them 
 come directly to Rhode Island upon their arrival in the United 
 States and they remain in the State. Some of the other groups 
 present the appearance of greater migratory propensities, yet in all 
 cases there is a surprising permanency of location. In some degree 
 the similarity of figures is misleading since there are individual 
 instances where shifting in and out of the State would make the 
 totals appear similar; nevertheless, taking this fact into considera- 
 tion, it still seems that the great bulk of foreign born males, and this 
 will mean their families too, tend to remain in the general locality 
 where they first take up their abode on coming to America. 
 
 THE PORT OF PROVIDENCE AND THE IMMIGRANT. 
 
 With the establishment of a line of passenger steamers from 
 European ports direct to Providence there has been an opportunity 
 for immigrants to book for this port. Table XXII shows the nature 
 of the influx for the year 1914, the first half of which was under normal 
 conditions although the latter half was in a time when the effects 
 of the European war were beginning to be felt. While in all over 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 27 
 
 7,000 immigrant aliens entered this port,* only one-fifth of them had 
 Providence as their stated destination, for, by the laws of the United 
 States, it is necessary for the manifest to show the point intended to 
 be reached. To New England, outside of Rhode Island, and this 
 practically means Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire, go 
 nearly half the entrants of this port. 
 
 In the more numerous groups separately, it is seen that in only 
 two cases does the average ratio, as affecting Rhode Island, bear close 
 relation to the ratio for single nationalities; almost exactly one-fifth 
 of the Armenians and Turks entering the port of Providence had 
 Rhode Island as a destination. In the case of the Italians the rela- 
 tion between the Italians already in Providence and the direct line of 
 steamers is easily seen. Over sixty per cent, of all Italians entering 
 the port gave Rhode Island as their destination. Of the Portuguese 
 a comparatively small number intend to settle in Rhode Island and 
 the heavy proportion for New England outside of Rhode Island is 
 noticeable. A great number probably more than half, of the Portu- 
 guese entering this port are on their way to the textile factories of 
 Massachusetts, especially those of Fall River, Lowell, and other 
 large manufacturing towns. 
 
 A caution must be made for the interpretation of the figures of 
 Table XXII ; probably not less than ten per cent, of those who give 
 their destination as Rhode Island, usually Providence or some nearby 
 town, make this place but a tarrying point while money may be 
 earned to carry them farther toward their real destination.! Fur- 
 thermore it must not be imagined that the immigrants who enter 
 the port of Providence are the only ones on their way to Rhode Island. 
 For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, of which the last half corre- 
 sponds with first half of the year for which the figures in Table XXII 
 are given, 12,569 immigrant aliens entered the United States with 
 Rhode Island for their destination. In this total there were 4,108 
 
 *The numbers are given in the table approximately correct; owing to a revision of the method 
 of keeping the figvires, by which some of the manifests were not available, it was impossible to- 
 verify the figures absolutely. 
 
 fThis is the opinion of the Immigration officials here. 
 
28 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 Italians, of whom all but 209 were South Italians, so that the 639 
 Italians who came directly to the port of Providence form a rather 
 small portion of the total who came through the various ports on 
 their way to points in Rhode Island. Immigrants from Northern 
 Europe do not figure at all in the manifests for the ships putting in 
 at Providence, for the very obvious reason that these vessels sail 
 from Southern European ports. Hence, for the fiscal year 1913- 
 1914, although 1,232 Enghsh reported Rhode Island to be their 
 destination, none of these appear in the table for landings at Provi- 
 dence.* 
 
 The large number of Portuguese giving some destination other 
 than New England or New York are bound for the western portion 
 of the United States, usually California or a Rocky Mountain State. 
 
 AGENCIES DEALING PRIMARILY WITH IMMIGRANTS IN 
 PROVIDENCE. 
 
 Providence has in past years found itself in the same situation as 
 all cities along the northern Atlantic seaboard so far as immigrant 
 conditions are involved. Like most other social problems, that of 
 the immigrant has been met, if at all, by the efforts of privately 
 organized bodies, while public attempts to deal with most of the 
 varying phases have not yet been undertaken. It is not the purpose 
 of this report to go exhaustively into the work of all organizations 
 which in one way and another deal with the immigrant, either when 
 he arrives or after he has taken up his abode in this city. A brief 
 notice, however, will be given to those which do any notable work 
 directly, and not incidentally, with the immigrant. 
 
 Immigrant Educational Bureau.— The Union for Christian Work, 
 an organization active in Providence for many years, in 1911 decided 
 to take up immigrant work and has since that time devoted its 
 energies largely to the various phases of this kind of activity. The 
 Bureau's work falls into the following divisions; wharf work, exten- 
 
 *See Annual Report of the, Commissioner-General of Immigration for fiscal year ending June 30, 
 1914. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 29 
 
 sion classes for immigrants, social center work, lectures for various 
 immigrant groups, library work (now taken over by the Providence 
 Public Library), and conferences to discuss different immigrant 
 problems. In the earlier part of its career the Bureau also under- 
 took to trace children who come to the State as immigrants and who 
 should, under the law, be in school. This work, however, has been 
 abandoned since the Federal Immigration authorities supply the 
 school authorities in each locality with the names of children destined 
 ■ for their community. 
 
 The wharf work consists in having at the dock when a steamer 
 arrives a worker to assist the newcomers. Since the bulk of the 
 immigrants since the outbreak of the war, and a large portion even 
 before that time, have been Portuguese, the worker's familiarity with 
 the Portuguese language makes it possible for her to aid individuals 
 in the manner in which assistance is needed on coming to a new and 
 strange place. Connections with people in this country, general 
 information and direction are afforded. Such work is very greatly 
 needed since not only at Providence but wherever a port of entry for 
 immigrants exists it is notorious that newcomers are in danger of 
 being exploited and of losing whatever they possess ; not least active 
 in such exploitation are their own compatriots who have been in 
 America for some time. 
 
 The Bureau maintains a lunch counter at the wharf so that immi- 
 grants are supplied with a lunch at low cost. Cooperation between 
 the workers and the immigration officials result in easing the situation 
 for many a stranger. 
 
 The Extension Classes supplement the work of the evening schools 
 by teaching foreign bom persons English, Civics, and History, es- 
 pecially with a view of aiding the alien to become naturalized. In 
 the summer the Bureau has conducted classes to aid retarded pupils 
 to regain their proper grade in the public schools. At the old Branch 
 Avenue school, the Bureau has carried on evening classes in English, 
 athletics, cooking, sewing, and embroidering for the young people of 
 the neighborhood. The Bureau has also conducted recreational 
 
30 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. » 
 
 meetings through clubs, and by its Sunday lectures at the Public 
 Library has attempted to interest various foreign speaking groups. 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association. — The work of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association which bears directly upon the immi- 
 gration situation is conducted through the Industrial Department. 
 The primary object of this work is educational, specifically along two 
 lines to improve literacy conditions and to assist aliens to become 
 United States citizens The work is done under the supervision of 
 committees, part of which are composed of representative citizens 
 and part made up of members of the different nationalties which the 
 Department attempts to reach. By these committees contact can 
 be made with organizations formed among foreign born groups, such 
 as the Cape Verde Brotherhood. 
 
 The classes in industrial English are planned differently from those 
 conducted by the immigrant Educational Bureau in that they reach 
 adult workers only and do this at the place of customary occupation. 
 So far classes have been organized at the plants of the Ward Baking 
 Company and of the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company. 
 
 The citizenship classes are for the benefit of men who purpose 
 taking out naturahzation papers. City, State, and National Gov- 
 ernment is explained and discussed, and visits are made to the State 
 House, Federal Building, City Hall, and other places of especial 
 interest.* ' 
 
 More general in their educational aims have been the outdoor 
 meetings conducted by the Industrial Department in various foreign 
 centers. In the suimner of 1915 fiv^ series of five lectures each were 
 given, four in Italian centers and one at Tockwotton Park for the 
 Portuguese. The lectures, which were illustrated with slides and 
 moving pictures, were largely attended. 
 
 In addition to the work for the immigrant groups directly, the 
 Department attempts to arouse intelligent interest in immigration 
 
 *Aids in this citizenship work are found in various pamphlets published by the National Society 
 of the Sons of the American Revolution, such as " Naturalization of Aliens in the United States," 
 "The Constitution of the United States of America," etc. Similar publications are issued by other 
 organizations and by some commercial publishing houses. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 31 
 
 problems by conducting meeting for native born Americans in which 
 are discussed the racial backgrounds of peoples most numerously 
 represented in Providence. 
 
 Federal Hill House Association. — The most extensive, and in fact, 
 the only non-sectarian organization dealing with a particular non- 
 English speaking group of foreign born is the Federal Hill House 
 Association. An outgrowth of the movement which established 
 Sprague House on Armington avenue, this association was incor- 
 porated in 1914 ''for the purpose of establishing and maintaining in 
 the Federal Hill District, so-called, of the city of Providence, a social 
 <3enter to promote the physical, social, and educational welfare of the 
 residents of that vicinity." As headquarters a small tenement on 
 Atwell's avenue had earlier been fitted up as a model tenement by 
 the Sprague House Association and at this place a neighborhood 
 house has been maintained. 
 
 The work of the Association, in addition to maintaining a neighbor- 
 hood center, has included the running of a Baby's Clinic, a Milk 
 Station in cooperation with the Housewives' League, Boys' and 
 Girls' Clubs, classes in basketry and sewing, and music classes. The 
 Clinic is held there twice a week and enlists the volunteer services of 
 some of the leading physicians of the city and cooperates with the 
 District Nursing Association. The work shows that a need existed, 
 in that the old quarters on Atwells avenue have long been inadequate, 
 and that a new building has been erected where more extensive 
 facilities are offered. 
 
 When one considers that the Federal Hill colony is one of the most 
 extensive Italian settlements in the United States; that it contains 
 all the economic elements ordinarily found in present-day society, 
 from the well-to-do ''aristrocrats" in the vicinity of Broadway to 
 the ''slums" below Atwells avenue and down toward West Exchange 
 street; when these facts are taken into consideration one is not 
 surprised that anything in the way of sympathetic advice is met 
 with a welcoming response. It is hard for the persons not acquainted 
 with the foreign speaking groups of Providence to realize how narrow 
 
32 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 is the horizon of the inhabitants of each. Although there are several 
 large Italian colonies, three of which are very distinct in location, 
 there is very little intercourse between them. For the women 
 especially it is a real undertaking, to be entered upon rarely, to make 
 a call or pay a visit outside the immediate vicinity of the home. It 
 is found, for instance, that those living in the east Atwells avenue 
 district will not make use of the Garibaldi playground a half mile 
 or less away; it is too far off. 
 
 Some beginning of industrial work has been made for Italian 
 women who have the time and strength and who need added money 
 for family expenses. Some of the women, especially those from the 
 Tuscan districts of Italy, are expert lace-makers and embroiders. 
 Lack of knowledge of specific demand for their products in this 
 country has prevented the exercise of these crafts for the most part, 
 and it is the purpose, already being worked out, to bring the talent 
 and the market together. In like manner rug-making, which may 
 be done at home, is being taken up under the guidance of an ex- 
 perienced organizer.* • 
 
 Sectarian Work Among Foreign Groups. — In addition to the work 
 which each religious organization does within its own sphere of 
 activity there are some special sectarian organizations which deserve 
 mention. In the Italian district at the North End a Day Nursery 
 and a school for nurses is conducted by the Saint Ann Day Nursery 
 Association, an organization directly under the control of the officials 
 of the Saint Ann Parish of the Roman Catholic Church. This 
 organization also maintains afternoon classes in embroidery, sewing, 
 and cooking for girls and evening classes in domestic science and other 
 industrial branches for adults. In both afternoon and evening classes 
 instruction is given in morals and etiquette, and instruction in 
 Itahan and in Enghsh is offered in the evening. The Association is 
 non-sectarian in its official organization and offers its services to all 
 irrespective of religious connections. 
 
 *Aii account of the work of the Federal Hill House Association may be found in the Annual 
 Report of the Sprague House Association and Federal Hill House Association for 1914, and in that 
 of the Federal Hill House Association for 1915. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 33 
 
 On Sheldon street a church is maintained by the Central Con- 
 gregational Society; while this mission is open to all, it serves es- 
 pecially the colored Portuguese of the section in which it is located. 
 It is essentially a church and the social work done is incidental to its 
 main purpose; girls' and boys' clubs and a sewing circle for women, 
 however, tend in some degree to broaden the scope of the enterprise. 
 
 Missions are conducted under the auspices of various denomina- 
 tions in different parts of the city, but in each case the work appears 
 to be primarily religious and not directed toward the broader social 
 aspects of the problem presented by the presence of a large non- 
 English speaking population. 
 
 During the period when transatlantic steamers were arriving 
 regularly from European ports the Saint Vincent de Paul Society 
 maintained an interpreter at the dock to assist newcomers in getting 
 to, or starting toward, their final destination. 
 
 Associations of Non-English Speaking Peoples. — Each nationality 
 tend to organize into various groups for social, benevolent, or religious 
 purposes, but perhaps there is no group so prone to this tendency as 
 the Italian. In the Federal Hill District there are over fifty different 
 organizations, ranging from the Dante Alighieri Society of the 
 litteratti to the local benefit organizations. Among these organiza- 
 tions are some twenty-five local benefit associations in each of which 
 are enrolled men coming from a particular town or district in Italy, 
 such for instance, as the Teano Society. There are fourteen recrea- 
 tional and religious societies, several political clubs, and one organiza- 
 tion, the Italian Benevolent Society, the purpose of which is to assist 
 any needy Italian. 
 
 While neither of the other Italian sections presents so great a 
 diversity of organization as does the Federal Hill district, there are 
 similar societies to be found in each. 
 
 Public Agencies. — There is no agency supported at public expense 
 which exists primarily for dealing with the foreign elements in Provi- 
 dence. Two agencies, however, the Public School and the Public 
 Library, have devoted especial attention to such groups. 
 
34 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 The Public Library maintains a Foreign Department under the 
 direction of a special librarian.* An attempt is made to provide 
 standard books by recognized authors in each of the nationalities 
 numerously represented in Providence, as well as to keep a file of 
 the more important periodicals. Through little folders printed in 
 different languages, Italian, Armenian, Russian, etc., parents of 
 children coming to the library are told something of the method of 
 obtaining the use of books. The circulation of books in foreign 
 languages has been considerable and is growing rapidly. Such 
 Branch Libraries and Deposit Stations as have been established in 
 foreign centers cooperate in this work of the central library. 
 
 Of all the agencies working to assimilate with the older portions 
 of our population the newcomers, there is none which has a wider 
 opportunity than the public school.f Insofar as children of school 
 age are concerned the schools have long been the greatest factor in 
 aiding the process of assimilation; it needs only the strict enforcement 
 of adequate law to produce the necessary contact. The day school, 
 however, does not touch the case of the adult foreign born person, 
 or of the boy or girl over school age whose training, such as it was, 
 was received in a foreign land. It is at this point that the evening 
 school becomes highly important. 
 
 Since the reorganization of the evening school system in 1912-13 
 recognition of the immigrant factor has had a place. Special classes 
 for non-English groups have been formed and have been largely 
 attended. In the season of 1914-15, when work was slack, the 
 classes were larger than during the past season (1915-16) when jobs 
 were much more plentiful. A study of the portion of the report of 
 the Superintendent of Schools, found in the Annual Report of the 
 School Committee for 1914-15, which deals with this topic, is fully 
 worth the while of every citizen of Providence. The diagrams are 
 especially valuable for showing the situation in a graphic manner. 
 
 *See Annual Reports of the Providence Public Library. 
 
 tSee especially the Annual Report of the School Committee for 1914-15, where particular atten- 
 tion is paid to the foreign element in schools, both day and evening; see pp. 46-64. 
 
POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 35 
 
 No attempt has been made to appraise the value of the work now 
 being done in Providence in connection with the national groups of 
 an alien tongue. In general, however, it may be said that all agencies 
 together seem woefully inadequate to the task which exists. With a 
 third of its population born abroad and with two-thirds of its nearly 
 250,000 people of foreign stock, the task of making a homogeneous 
 whole in which the best elements from all the parts are conserved is a 
 formidable one. It is one, however, the significance of which has not 
 been grasped by the people of Providence. No better laboratory 
 exists for the compounding of that civilization which has as its 
 foundation the ideals on which Providence was founded. No better 
 time during the past generation can be found than the present 
 moment for laying intelligently the basis of an indispensable work; 
 probably there will be no better time in the future, for just now, with 
 a lull in immigration, there is a breathing space which should not be 
 neglected. Overlapping efforts should be eliminated through wise 
 cooperation of public and private agencies; unfilled places should' 
 receive attention; and above all some definite notion should be 
 formed as to what the work is and just what is desired to be accom- 
 plished. 
 
36 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 Foreign "born 
 foreign stock 
 
 Foreign 'born 
 Porei^n stock 
 
 Foreign "born 
 Foreign stock 
 
 Foreign born 
 Foreign stock 
 
 Foreign born 
 Forsi-gn stock 
 
 Foreign born 
 Foreign stock 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 Native and Foreign Born and Stock by Counties. 
 
 Foreign Native 
 
 ■■HHB I 1 
 
 31-2^ THE STATE 68.8 % 
 
 Kative born 
 
 63-3 % 
 
 36.7 % 
 
 3 Native stock 
 
 35.1^ BRISTOL COUNTY 53 . 9 .-j 
 
 31-^ ,^ 
 
 Native born 
 Native stock 
 
 KENT COUNTY 
 28.4 % 71-6 % 
 
 J Native born 
 
 59.2 % 
 HBBB 
 
 40.8 % 
 
 3 Native stock 
 
 IJEWPORT 
 22.5 % 
 
 COUNTY 
 
 77. b % 
 
 
 imiiimiiiniiii 
 
 49.4 % 
 
 50.6 ^ 
 
 ■ — 
 
 =r 
 
 PROVIDENCE COTBTTY 
 32.3% 67.2% 
 
 
 65.3 fc 34.2 %. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY 
 28.4 % 71-^ % 
 
 .^ 
 
 36.4^ 65.6',^ 
 
 Native born 
 Native stock 
 
 Native born 
 
 Native stock 
 
 Native born 
 
 Native stock 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 37 
 
 BRISTOL 
 
 WARWICK 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Population Elements in Towns and Cities of More than 10,000. 
 
 ■■H 
 
 38.3 
 Birth 
 
 Birth 
 WEST 'WAROTCK 
 
 Stock 
 
 NEWPORT 
 
 Birth 
 
 CENTRAL FALLS 
 Stock 
 
 CRANSTON 
 
 Birth 
 E. PROVIDENCE 
 Stock 
 
 LINC0L1>I 
 
 PAWTUCKET 
 
 PROVIDENCE 
 
 WOONSOCKET 
 
 Stock 
 
 WESTERLY 
 
 Birth 
 Stock 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 10,302 
 
 13.302 
 15,782 
 30.472 
 
 23.700 
 26,940 
 
 18,584 
 10.149 
 
 55.335 
 
 247,660 
 
 40.075 
 
 10,175 
 
38 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 Distribution of Foreign Born Population. 
 
 All Foreign Born: 3l'2 % of total population 
 
 Great Britain & ITon- 
 F ranch Canada 
 
 1-1% 
 
 Italy 
 
 5-8 % 
 
 French (Canada, France, 
 Belgium) 
 
 5-3 % 
 
 Ireland 
 
 4.6 % 
 
 Portugal 
 
 2.0 % 
 
 Poland 
 
 1.6 % 
 
 Scandinavian countries 
 
 l-A % 
 
 Germany 
 
 0.7 % 
 
 Turkey in Asia 
 
 0.6 % 
 
 All others 
 
 1-9 % 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 39 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Distribution of Foreign Stock. 
 
 All Foreign Stock: 63.3 % of total population 
 
 Irish 
 
 13.6 % 
 
 British and Canadian 
 (non-Prench) 
 
 12.9 % 
 
 French (Canada, France, 
 Belgium) 
 
 11.6 % 
 
 Italian 
 
 10.2 % 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 l-^fo 
 
 Polish 
 
 2.5 % 
 
 Saandinavian 
 
 2-5 % 
 
 German 
 
 1.6 % 
 
 Turkey in Asia (Armenian) 
 
 .8 % 
 
 All others 
 
 3.8 % 
 
40 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 Foreign Born Population of Providence by Countries of Birth. 
 
 All Foreign Born: 32.5 /S of total population 
 
 Italy 8.3 % of total population 
 
 Ireland 5-8 % 
 
 England 4.2 ^ 
 
 Russia 2.5 ^ 
 
 Portugal \.h % 
 
 Canada 1.6 ^ 
 
 (non-French) 
 
 Canada ( 1.6 ^ 
 (French) 
 
 Sweden 1-4 ^ 
 
 Poland \.1 % 
 
 Turkey in 0.9 ^ 
 Asia 
 
 Scotland 0.8 % 
 
 Gennany 0.8 ^ 
 
 All others 1.8 jS 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 41 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Native Born of Foreign Born Fathers in Providence by Countries of Fathers' Birth. 
 
 All oountriea: 32.8 % of total population 
 
 Ireland 11-5^ of' total population 
 Italy 6.7 % 
 
 England 3-6 ^ 
 
 Canada (French) 1-9/5 
 Russia, 1-9 ^ 
 
 1.2 % 
 
 Germany 
 Sweden 
 Scotland 
 Portugal 
 
 1.1 % 
 
 0.9 ^ 
 0.8;? 
 0.8 % 
 
 Poland 0.8 ^ 
 
 Turkey in Aaia 0.2 % 
 All others \A % 
 
 Canada (non- 
 French^ 
 
42 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 Foreign Stock : (Native Born of Foreign Born Fathers, and Foreign Born,") of Providence by 
 
 Countries of Birth. 
 
 All count riea: 65- 3 % of total population 
 
 
 
 ^^^HHB^^^^ 
 
 
 
 ■1 Ireland 
 
 17-3 % of 
 
 total population 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 15-0 % 
 
 
 — 
 
 England 
 
 7-8 JS 
 
 • 
 
 IB 
 
 Russia 
 
 4.4 % 
 
 
 - 
 
 Canada (French) 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Sweden 
 
 2.5 % . 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Portugal 
 
 2.4 % 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Canada 2.A % 
 (non-French) 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Germany 
 
 2.0 % 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Poland 
 
 2.0% 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Scotland 
 
 1.7% 
 
 
 1 
 
 Turkey in 
 Asia 
 
 1.1 % 
 
 
 wm 
 
 All Others? 
 
 1-2% 
 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 43 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Austria. 
 
 Under $8. 
 $8. to $10. 
 $10.- $12. 
 $12.- $14. 
 $14- $l6. 
 $16.- $l8 
 
 $1-8.- $20. 
 $20.- $25. 
 Over $25. 
 
 5. % 
 
 19 -if- 
 12.9^ 
 
 17.8^ 
 13.5% 
 
 i7-9?5 
 18. f. 
 
 5.2f. 
 
 e.5% 
 9.9% 
 
 9-6^ 
 
 4.1^ 
 12. % 
 
 Solid line: average weekly wage of 514- Wage Earners. •- 
 -Hollow line: average weekly inco]pe of 333 Heads of Families 
 
44 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Canada (French) 
 
 Under $3, 
 
 08.-$10. 
 
 $10. -$12. 
 
 $12. -$14. 
 
 $14.-$16. 
 
 $16.-$13 
 
 !.-$20, 
 
 $20. -$25. 
 
 Over $25. 
 
 c 
 
 3.< 
 22.8^ 
 
 Solid bar: average weekly wage of 1212 Wage Earners. 
 Hollow bar: average weekly income of 897 Heads of Families 
 
POPULATION, 
 
 45 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Bom in Canada (Non-French) 
 
 "Under $8. 
 ^8. -$10. 
 
 012. -$14. 
 ^12.-$l6. 
 5l6.-$l8. 
 *l8.-$20. 
 $20. -$25. 
 Over $25. 
 
 D 
 
 □ 
 
 1.6 
 
 .8 
 
 2.7 
 
 1-9 
 
 4.1 
 2.5 
 
 10.6 
 9-5 
 
 24.4 
 15.9 
 
 9. 
 9.2 
 
 15-2 
 12.6 
 
 18.2 
 
 19-4 
 14.2 
 
 ] 28.3 
 
 Solid bar: average v/eekly wage of 88I Wage Earners. 
 
 Hollow bar: average weekly incorr.e of 643 Heads of Families. 
 
46 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 Under $0. 
 $8. -$10. 
 $10. -$12. 
 $12.-ei4 
 *14.-$l6. 
 $16.-$18. 
 $18.-^20. 
 $20.-$25. 
 
 Over $25. 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 Foreign Bom White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in England.. 
 
 % 
 "^ 1.8 
 
 D 
 
 .6 
 
 5.5 
 3.7 
 
 9.9 
 7.3 
 
 15.5 
 
 11.4 
 
 I24.4 
 
 17.7 
 
 9.2 
 9.2 
 
 12.5 
 11.2 
 
 11.2 
 14.3 
 
 9.9 
 I24.4 
 
 Solid bar: average weekly wage of 3296 V/age Earners. 
 Hollow bar: average weekly income of 2533 Heads of Families 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 47 
 
 PLATE XII, 
 
 Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Germany 
 
 Under 
 
 over 
 
 7o 
 
 2.2 
 • 9 
 
 4.4 
 3-2 
 
 5.6 
 
 14.7 
 9.1 
 
 21.3 
 15.6 
 
 8.2 
 
 7.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 11-3 
 
 14.1 
 
 17. 
 
 17. 
 
 di^ 
 
 Solid tar: average weekly wage of 591 Wage Earners. 
 
 Hollow tar: average weekly income of 441 Heads of Families, 
 
48 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over Born in Ireland. 
 
 Under $8.- 
 08.-*lO. 
 $10.-^12. 
 $12. -§14. 
 $14.-$l6. 
 $l6.-.fpl8. 
 $18. -$20 
 $20. -$25. 
 over $25.' 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.7 
 
 15.8 
 
 8.6 
 21. 
 
 13.5 
 20.6 
 14.8 
 
 8.5 
 
 7.1 
 
 9. 
 
 9»1 
 
 9.8 
 16.5 
 
 4.9 
 ]24.6 
 
 Solid tar: average weekly age of 3821 v/age Earners. 
 
 Kollow "oar: average weekly income of 2745 Heads of FajTiilies 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 49 
 
 PLATE XIV, 
 
 Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Italy. 
 
 Under $8. 
 
 §8. -$10. 
 
 $10. -$12, 
 
 $12. -$14. 
 
 $114. -$l6. 
 
 ei6.-ei8. 
 
 5. -$20. 
 
 $20. -$25. 
 
 over $25. 
 
 Z] 
 
 : 
 
 18. 
 
 20. 
 
 5 
 
 B 
 
 32.2 
 
 20. 
 
 5 
 
 24. 
 
 5 
 
 12. 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 .8 
 
 2 
 
 .2 
 
 6 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 7 
 
 .2 
 
 solid bar: average weekly wage of 7178 Wage Earners 
 
 Kollow bar 
 
 : average weekly incoite of 424? Heads of Families. 
 
50 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Portugal and Portuguese 
 
 Possessions. 
 
 Under $8 
 $8.-SlO. 
 $10. -$12. 
 $12. -$14. 
 $14.-$l6. 
 $l6.-$.l8. 
 $l8.-$20. 
 $20. -$25. 
 
 Over $2^. 
 
 10.2^ 
 18. % 
 
 19. 7f^ 
 20.6^ 
 
 17.2^ 
 15.4^ 
 
 6.9^ 
 14.9^ 
 
 5-5% 
 
 5-7% 
 
 3.4^ 
 
 3.9^ 
 
 Q.e% 
 6.9^ 
 
 Solid ban average weekly wage of 983 Wage Earners. 
 ■Hollow bar: average weekly income of 646 Heads of Families 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 51 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Russia. 
 
 Under 
 
 Over $25 
 
 Solid bar: average weekly wage of 1799 Wage Earners. 
 Hollow bar: average weekly income of 1157 Heads of Families 
 
52 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 Foreign Bom White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Scandinavian 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Under $S 
 $8. -$10. 
 §10. -$12. 
 $12. -$14. 
 $14.-$l6. 
 $16.-$18. 
 $l8.-$20. 
 $20. -$25. 
 
 D 
 
 Over $25. 
 
 Solid Bar: average weekly wage of I280 V/age Earners. 
 Hollow Bar: average weekly income of 896 Heads of Families 
 
 1.6 
 .2 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.< 
 
 13. 
 
 8.' 
 
 20." 
 
 16. 
 11. 
 
 9- 
 
 16. 
 
 13. 
 
 20. 
 
 21. 
 
 6. 
 26, 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 53 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 Foreign Born While Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Scotland. 
 
 Under 
 
 'D 
 
 over $25 
 
 Solid bar: average weekly wage of 601 Wage Earners. 
 
 Hollow bar: average weekly income of 416 Heads of Families. 
 
54 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Turkish Empire. 
 
 Under $0. 
 
 SIO -$12 
 $12. -$14. 
 $l'i.-$l6 
 $16.-S18.; 
 018. -$20 
 
 $20. -$2?.; 
 
 over $25 
 
 14. 5 
 
 Solid bar: average v/eekly wage of 1025 Wage Earners. 
 Hollow bar: average weekly income of 262 Heads of Familiee 
 
 29.8 
 6.1 
 
 '35.2 
 
 14..4 
 13.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 14.5 
 
 4.5 
 10.3 
 
 1.4. 
 6.1 
 
 1.6 
 5-7 
 
 • 1. 
 9.9 
 
 1-3 
 19.1 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 55 
 
 GERMANY 
 IRELAND 
 ENGLAND 
 SCANDINAVIA 
 
 SCOTLAITO 
 CANADA (other) 
 CAITADA (French) 
 AUSTRIA 
 RUSSIA 
 
 TURKEY 
 ITALY 
 
 PORTUGAL 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 Naturalization by Nationalities. 
 
 7\% 
 
 41% 
 
 Wo 
 
 21% 
 
 14% 
 
 -percentage naturalized of total number in United States 
 over five years . ( Enuiaeration by countries where 100 
 or more males over twenty years of age tabulated) . 
 
56 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 Largest Groups by Nationalities in Order of Size. 
 
 NATIOH OF NumlDer per 
 BIRTH cent 
 
 ITALY 
 
 7178 30. 
 
 Relative 
 order in num- 
 ber naturalized 
 
 11 
 
 IRELAND 
 
 3821 16. 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 3296 13-5 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 1799 l.'i 
 
 CANADA 1212 5.5. 
 
 (French) 
 
 SCANDINAVIA 1280 5-5 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 1025 
 
 10 
 
 PORTUGAL 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
 983 
 
 CANADA 881 3.5 
 (other) 
 
 601 2.5 
 
 ;2 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 591 2.5 
 
 AUSTRIA 
 
 514 2. 
 
 OTHERS 636 2.5 
 TOTAL 23,817 100. 
 
Turkey 
 
 72 % 
 
 Portugal 45 % 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 57 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 Literacy by Selected Groups. 
 
 Scotland 100^ 
 
 England 99-7^ 
 
 Canada 98.^ 
 
 Non-French 
 
 Scandinavia 98 % 
 
 Germany 97 % 
 
 Ireland 95 
 
 Austria 89 % 
 
 Canada 87 % 
 
 French 
 
 Russia 78 % 
 
 Italy 
 
 70 % 
 
 The percentage indicates the portion of the group 
 able to read some language. 
 
58 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 Relative Size of Families by Selected Groups. 
 
 Italian {63.5^) 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 Canada, French 
 
 (51. 5f^) 
 
 Irish (49.5^) 
 
 Russia W'% ) 
 (Poles & Jews) 
 
 Scotch (41.^5 ) 
 
 Austria (40.^) 
 (Poles & Jews) 
 
 Turkey (37-^ ) 
 (Syrians and 
 Annenians) 
 
 Canada, (33-5^) 
 
 Non-French 
 
 English (33-^) 
 
 Swedes (29.^) 
 
 Gennans (28.5^) 
 
 The shaded bar represents the nuciter of heads 
 of families with five or more members in the 
 family. Thus 63.5^ of the Italians who are 
 heads of families have families with five or 
 more members; 36.5?^ of them have families of 
 four o r under. 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 59 
 
 TABLE I. — ^Native and Foreign Born Population of Rhode Island, 1900 
 
 1915. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1910. 
 
 1915. 
 
 
 428,556 
 (100%) 
 294,037 
 (68.6%) 
 134,519 
 (31.4%) 
 
 480,082 
 (100%) 
 326,928 
 (68.1%) 
 153,154 
 (31.9%) 
 
 542,610 
 (100%) 
 363,469 
 (67.0%) 
 179,141 
 (33,0%) 
 
 595,968 
 
 
 (100%) 
 409,542 
 
 
 (68.8%) 
 186,344 
 
 
 (31.2%) 
 
 TABLE II. — Foreign Stock by Chief Nationalities. 
 
 Nationality. 
 
 1910. * 
 
 1915. 
 
 British Isles and Canadat (except Ireland) 
 
 Canada (French) , France, Belgium 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Germany 
 
 Poland 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Scandinavian Countries . . . ; 
 
 Turkey in Asia 
 
 63,021 
 
 77,100 
 
 65,177 
 
 69,594 
 
 73,568 
 
 71,610 
 
 42,261 
 
 61,050 
 
 9,048 
 
 10,794 
 
 t 
 
 ■ 15,693 
 
 9,963 
 
 18,013 
 
 14,208 
 
 15,633 
 
 3,868 
 
 5,107 
 
 *The figures for 1910 are obtained by adding the number of foreign born of each group to the 
 number of that group born in the United States of b'>tfi parents born abroad. The 1915 figures are 
 obtained by adding the number of foreign born to the number native born with foreign born 
 fathers. In the case of the British Isles, Canada, both French and others, and Ireland this diffen- 
 ence makes the figures under 1910 somewhat smaller than would be the case were the same basis 
 as for 1915 used. In the other countries there is very little difference, and the ratio may be taken 
 as approximately correct. The reasons for using the different bases lies in the different methods of 
 compiling information by the Federal Census Bureau and by the Rhode Island Bureau of Industrial 
 Statistics. 
 
 fNon-French. 
 
 Jln the Federal Census of 1910 no figures are given for the Poles alone for Rhode Island. 
 
 TABLE III. — Foreign Born by Principal Countries op Birth. 
 
 Country of Bibth. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1910. 
 
 1915. 
 
 *British Isles and Canada (Non-French) 
 Canada (French) France and Belgium . . 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Germany 
 
 Poland 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Scandinavian Countries 
 
 Turkey in Asia 
 
 36,220 
 
 31,530 
 
 35,499 
 
 8,972 
 
 4,359 
 
 2,483 
 6,814 
 214t 
 
 38,242 
 
 33,152 
 
 32,629 
 
 18,014 
 
 4,463 
 
 4,104 
 
 5,293 
 
 8,162 
 
 l,723t 
 
 42,162 
 34,087 
 29,715 
 27,286 
 4,457 
 
 6,068 
 8,606 
 3,132 
 
 42,723 
 
 31,416 
 
 27,044 
 
 33,802 
 
 4,227 
 
 9,489 
 
 10,449 
 
 8,230 
 
 3,896 
 
 *Except Ireland. 
 
 tin 1900 and 1905 all persons born in the Turkish Empire were enumerated together, conse- 
 quently the figures for these years include persons born both in European and Asiatic Turl<ey. 
 
60 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE IV. — Native and Foreign Born Population by Cities and Towns. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Native 
 Born. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Foreign 
 Born. 
 
 Per, 
 
 Cent. 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Beistol County. 
 Barrington .... 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Warren 
 
 Kent County .... 
 
 Coventry 
 
 East Greenwich . 
 
 Warwick 
 
 West Greenwich . 
 West Warwick . . 
 
 Newpokt County. 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 Little Compton . 
 Middletown . . . . 
 
 Newport 
 
 New Shoreham . . 
 Portsmouth .... 
 Tiverton 
 
 Providence County . 
 
 Burrillville 
 
 Central Falls 
 
 Cranston 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 East Providence . . . 
 
 Foster 
 
 Gloeester 
 
 Johnston 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 North Providence . . 
 North Smithfield. . . 
 
 Pawtucket 
 
 Providence 
 
 Scituate 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 Woonsocket 
 
 Washington County . 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 Exeter 
 
 Hopkinton 
 
 Narragansett 
 
 North Kingstown . . 
 
 Richmond 
 
 South Kingstown . . . 
 Westerly 
 
 595,986 
 
 20,525 
 2,982 
 
 10,302 
 7,241 
 
 38,866 
 5,669 
 3,604 
 
 13,302 
 509 
 
 15,782 
 
 43,865 
 1,518 
 1,382 
 1,992 
 
 30,472 
 1,414 
 2,678 
 4,409 
 
 465,937 
 8,086 
 
 23,708 
 
 26,940 
 9,929 
 
 18,584 
 1,076 
 1,491 
 6,693 
 
 10,149 
 6,780 
 2,805 
 
 55,335 
 
 247,660 
 
 3,342 
 
 3,284 
 
 40,075 
 
 26,793 
 
 901 
 
 904 
 
 2,496 
 
 1,431 
 
 3,931 
 
 1,458 
 
 5,497 
 
 10,175 
 
 409,542 
 
 13,106 
 2,070 
 6,350 
 4,686 
 
 27,823 
 
 4,423 
 
 2,854 
 
 9,882 
 
 460 
 
 10,234 
 
 33,976 
 1,248 
 1,172 
 1,433 
 
 23,448 
 1,3.58 
 2,004 
 3,313 
 
 312 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 6 
 
 14 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 3 
 2 
 
 36, 
 
 167, 
 
 3, 
 
 2, 
 
 23, 
 
 ,884 
 ,839 
 412 
 491 
 ,629 
 ,615 
 ,017 
 ,359 
 207 
 ,099 
 ,839 
 ,054 
 836 
 397 
 057 
 104 
 
 21,853 
 797 
 843 
 2,239 
 1,207 
 3,596 
 1,224 
 4,784 
 7,162 
 
 68.8 
 
 63.9 
 69.4 
 61.7 
 64.8 
 
 71.6 
 77.5 
 79.4 
 74.2 
 90.4 
 64.9 
 
 77.5 
 82.3 
 84.8 
 72.0 
 77.0 
 96.1 
 74.5 
 75.2 
 
 67.2 
 72.2 
 60.9 
 72.4 
 66.8 
 78.7 
 94.5 
 91.2 
 61.4 
 60.1 
 57.1 
 73,6 
 66.6 
 67.5 
 91.5 
 64.2 
 59.7 
 
 71.6 
 
 88.6 
 93.3 
 89.7 
 84.4 
 91.2 
 84.0 
 86.5 
 70.4 
 
 186,344 
 
 7,419 
 
 912 
 
 3,952 
 
 2.555 
 
 11,043 
 
 1,276 
 
 750 
 
 3,420 
 
 49 
 
 5,548 
 
 9,889 
 270 
 210 
 559 
 
 7,024 
 
 56 
 
 674 
 
 1,096 
 
 153,053 
 
 2,247 
 
 9,296 
 
 7,449 
 
 3,300 
 
 3,969 
 
 59 
 
 132 
 
 2,486 
 
 4,050 
 
 2,911 
 
 741 
 
 18,499 
 
 80,263 
 
 285 
 
 1,180 
 
 16,186 
 
 4,940 
 103 
 61 
 257 
 224 
 335 
 234 
 713 
 
 3,013 
 
 31.2 
 
 36.1 
 30.6 
 38.3 
 35.2 
 
 28.4 
 22.5 
 20.6 
 25.7 
 9.6 
 35.1 
 
 22.5 
 17.7 
 15,2 
 28.0 
 23.0 
 3.9 
 25.5 
 24.8 
 
 32.8 
 
 27.8 
 
 39.1 
 
 27.6 
 
 33.2 
 
 21.3 
 5.5 
 8.8 
 
 38.6 
 
 39.9 
 
 42.9 
 
 26.4 
 
 33.4 
 
 32.5 
 8.5 
 
 35.8 
 
 40.3 
 
 28.4 
 11.4 
 
 6.7 
 10.3 
 15.6 
 
 8.8 
 16.0 
 13.5 
 29.6 
 
POPULATION. 61 
 
 TABLE V.-^Native and Foreign Stock by Cities and Towns. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Native 
 Stock. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Foreign 
 Stock. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 THE STATE . . '. 
 
 595,986 
 
 20,525 
 2,982 
 
 10,302 
 7,241 
 
 38,866 
 5,669 
 3,604 
 
 13,302 
 509 
 
 15,782 
 
 43,865 
 1,518 
 1,382 
 1,992 
 
 30,472 
 1,414 
 2,678 
 4,409 
 
 465,937 
 8,086 
 
 23,708 
 
 26,940 
 9,929 
 
 18,584 
 1,076 
 1,491 
 6,693 
 
 10,149 
 6,780 
 2,805 
 
 55,335 
 
 247,660 
 
 3,342 
 
 3,284 
 
 40,075 
 
 26,793 
 
 901 
 
 904 
 
 2,496 
 
 1,431 
 
 3,931 
 
 1,458 
 
 5,497 
 
 10,175 
 
 218,027 
 
 6,389 
 1,211 
 3,080 
 2,098 
 
 15,850 
 3,019 
 1,917 
 6,568 
 412 
 3,934 
 
 21,858 
 
 991 
 
 902 
 
 923 
 
 14,544 
 
 1.312 
 
 1,316 
 
 1,870 
 
 156,910 
 
 2,962 
 
 4,420 
 
 12,127 
 
 2.736 
 
 9,495 
 
 955 
 
 1,150 
 
 1,536 
 
 2,141 
 
 1,622 
 
 1,163 
 
 17,850 
 
 86,062 
 
 2,666 
 
 1,307 
 
 8,717 
 
 17,202 
 
 702 
 
 757 
 
 1,995 
 
 952 
 
 3,237 
 
 1,007 
 
 4,007 
 
 4,293 
 
 36.7 
 
 31.2 
 40.6 
 30.0. 
 29.1 
 
 40.8 
 53.3 
 53.4 
 
 49.4 
 81.4 
 25.0 
 
 50.6 
 65.4 
 65.3 
 46.4 
 47.8 
 92.9 
 49.0 
 42.4 
 
 34.2 
 36.7 
 18.8 
 45.1 
 27.6 
 51.2 
 88.7 
 77.2 
 21.5 
 21.1 
 24.0 
 41.6 
 32.3 
 34.7 
 79.8 
 40.0 
 21.9 
 
 65.6 
 78.0 
 83.8 
 79.2 
 66.7 
 82 1 
 69.2 
 73.5 
 42.3 
 
 377,959 
 
 14,136 
 1,771 
 7,222 
 5,143 
 
 23,016 
 
 2,650 
 
 1,687 
 
 6,734 
 
 97 
 
 11,848 
 
 22,007 
 
 527 
 
 480 
 
 1,069 
 
 15,928 . 
 
 102 
 
 1,362 
 
 2,539 
 
 309,027 
 
 5,123 
 
 19,288 
 
 14,813 
 
 7,193 
 
 9,089 
 
 121 
 
 341 
 
 5,157 
 
 8,008 
 
 5,158 
 
 1,642 
 
 37,485 
 
 161,598 
 
 676 
 
 1,977 
 
 31,358 
 
 9,773 
 199 
 147 
 501 
 479 
 694 
 451 
 
 1,420 
 
 5,882 
 
 63.3 
 
 Bristol County 
 
 68.8 
 
 
 59.4 
 
 
 70.0 
 
 
 70.9 
 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 46.7 
 
 
 46.6 
 
 
 50.6 
 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 75.0 
 
 Newport County 
 
 49.4 
 
 
 34.6 
 
 
 34.7 
 
 
 53.6 
 
 
 52.2 
 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 51.0 
 
 
 57.6 
 
 Providence County 
 
 65.8 
 63.3 
 
 
 81.2 
 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 72.4 
 
 
 48.8 
 
 Foster 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 78.5 
 
 
 78.9 
 
 
 76.0 
 
 North Smithfield 
 
 58.4 
 
 
 67.7 
 
 
 65.3 
 
 
 20.2 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 60.0 
 
 
 78.1 
 
 Washington County 
 
 36.4 
 22.0 
 
 Exeter 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 20.8 
 
 
 33.3 
 
 North Kingstown 
 
 17.9 
 30.8 
 
 South Kingstown 
 
 26.5 
 57.7 
 
 
 
 Native stock as used here means native born of native born fathers. 
 Foreign stock means foreign born and native born of foreign born fathers 
 
62 
 
 COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE VI. — Foreign Born in Rhode Island by Principal Countries of 
 
 Birth, 1915. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 mo 
 
 fa 
 ^,^-£ 
 
 3 gl3 
 .Ofaffi 
 
 3 
 £ 
 « 
 
 a 
 "3 
 
 "3 
 
 Poland. 
 
 
 S 
 
 11 
 
 02O 
 
 a 
 
 01 
 
 3'ot 
 
 THE STATE 
 
 42,723 
 
 772 
 173 
 311 
 292 
 
 1,838 
 166 
 161 
 925 
 5 
 601 
 
 2,051 
 40 
 10 
 59 
 
 1,559 
 
 21 
 
 96 
 
 266 
 
 36,447 
 
 513 
 
 2,520 
 
 1,698 
 
 1,407 
 
 980 
 
 23 
 
 41 
 
 806 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,319 
 
 81 
 
 8,080 
 
 16,229 
 
 87 
 
 335 
 
 1,201 
 
 1,614 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 126 
 
 62 
 
 130 
 
 105 
 
 244 
 
 895 
 
 31,416 
 
 1,057 
 
 22 
 
 280 
 
 755 
 
 3,593 
 
 630 
 
 50 
 
 428 
 
 10 
 
 2,475 
 
 392 
 
 4,227 
 
 129 
 25 
 55 
 49 
 
 173 
 15 
 15 
 91 
 
 52 
 
 300 
 10 
 
 27,044 
 
 645 
 120 
 356 
 169 
 
 745 
 50 
 110 
 289 
 5 
 291 
 
 2,458 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 63 
 
 2,261 
 ,5 
 31 
 47 
 
 22,716 
 
 236 
 
 974 
 
 871 
 
 739 
 
 520 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 299 
 
 120 
 
 83 
 
 2,979 
 
 14,586 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 937 
 
 480 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 79 
 
 15 
 
 101 
 
 184 
 
 33,802 
 
 2,238 
 517 
 
 1,379 
 342 
 
 1,661 
 117 
 
 178 
 
 736 
 
 2 
 
 628 
 
 563 
 
 7 
 
 9,489 
 
 594 
 
 6 
 
 124 
 
 464 
 
 846 
 
 256 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 532 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 10,449 
 
 1,668 
 
 11 
 
 1,333 
 
 324 
 
 759 
 
 5 
 157 
 
 597 
 
 2,428 
 121 
 178 
 396 
 657 
 3 
 510 
 563 
 
 5,580 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 257 
 
 2 
 
 1,097 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 72 
 
 225 
 
 3,737 
 
 17 
 
 64 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 8,230 
 
 87 
 36 
 20 
 31 
 
 1,167 
 
 21 
 
 201 
 
 684 
 
 3 
 
 258 
 
 620 
 7 
 2 
 5 
 
 580 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6,481 
 
 19 
 
 86 
 
 1,401 
 
 31 
 
 540 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 63 
 
 3 
 
 509 
 
 3,965 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 145 
 
 3,896 
 
 BbISTOL CotTNTY 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 ■72 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Warwick 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Little Compton 
 
 
 1 
 
 199 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 26,085 
 
 1,091 
 
 2,911 
 
 450 
 
 464 
 
 159 
 
 13 
 
 46 
 
 154 
 
 1,826 
 
 426 
 
 381 
 
 3,463 
 
 4,352 
 
 106 
 
 438 
 
 9,805 
 
 289 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 127 
 
 14 
 
 254 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 3,514 
 
 31 
 
 44 
 
 331 
 
 51 
 
 82 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 75 
 
 18 
 
 544 
 
 2,013 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 170 
 
 111 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 11 
 
 8 
 10 
 17 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 534 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 27,427 
 
 119 
 
 26 
 
 2,233 
 
 11 
 
 307 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1,269 
 
 204 
 
 809 
 
 33 
 
 939 
 
 20,. 563 
 
 12 
 
 176 
 
 773 
 
 1,863 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 257 
 
 1,508 
 
 122 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 8,330 
 59 
 
 1,658 
 
 80 
 
 490 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 184 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 579 
 
 2,958 
 
 36 
 2,167 
 
 186 
 
 2 
 41 
 11 
 
 1 
 67 
 
 1 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 3 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Tiverton 
 
 2 
 
 Providence County 
 
 Burrillville 
 
 3,698 
 23 
 
 Central Falls 
 
 768 
 
 Cranston 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 East Providence 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 68 
 
 Foster 
 
 
 Glocester . . ' 
 
 Johnston 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 45 
 6 
 
 North Smithfield 
 
 443 
 
 Pawtucket 
 
 2,118 
 
 8 
 
 Scituate 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 134 
 
 Washington County 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 Exeter 
 
 133 
 16 
 
 2 
 14 
 13 
 28 
 
 6 
 28 
 26 
 
 36' 
 1 
 
 Narragansett 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Westerly 
 
 13 
 
 *Excluding Ireland, and including non-French Canadian. 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 63 
 
 TABLE VII.— Native Born with Foreign Born Fathers by Principal 
 Countries of Birth of Fathers, 1915. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Bristol Countt . 
 Barrington. . . . 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Warren 
 
 -Kent County .... 
 
 Coventry 
 
 East Greenwich . 
 
 Warwick 
 
 West Greenwich. 
 West Warwick . . 
 
 Newpoht County . 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 Little Compton . 
 Middletown . . . . 
 
 Newport 
 
 New Shoreham . . 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Tiverton 
 
 Providence County . 
 
 Burrillville , 
 
 Central Falls 
 
 Cranston , 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 East Providence . . . 
 
 Foster 
 
 Glocester 
 
 Johnston 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 North Providence . . 
 North Smithfield. . . 
 
 Pawtucket 
 
 Providence 
 
 Scituate 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 Woonsocket 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 Exeter 
 
 Hopkinton 
 
 Narragansett .... 
 North Kingstown . 
 
 Richmond 
 
 South Kingstown. . 
 Westerly 
 
 mo 
 
 Washington County 1,419 
 
 34,796 
 
 636 
 181 
 262 
 192 
 
 1,474 
 147 
 118 
 639 
 3 
 507 
 
 3,114 
 
 55 
 
 46 
 
 97 
 
 2,561 
 
 17 
 
 125 
 
 313 
 
 28,154 
 
 1,215 
 
 1,497 
 
 1,510 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,064 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 
 515 
 
 600 
 
 414 
 
 104 
 
 5,168 
 
 13,397 
 
 88 
 
 169 
 
 1,115 
 
 ^ »rS 
 
 36 
 32 
 109 
 66 
 129 
 101 
 197 
 749 
 
 38,178 
 
 1,350 
 
 27 
 
 312 
 
 1,011 
 
 4,709 
 
 651 
 
 86 
 
 509 
 
 20 
 
 3,443 
 
 543 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 
 210 
 
 2 
 318 
 
 31,244 
 
 1,307 
 
 5,225 
 
 492 
 
 613 
 
 269 
 
 7 
 
 81 
 
 251 
 
 1,972 
 
 595 
 
 480 
 
 4,450 
 
 5,460 
 
 162 
 
 287 
 
 9,-593 
 
 352 
 4 
 22 
 32 
 10 
 64 
 27 
 67 
 
 126 
 
 228 
 65 
 
 106 
 57 
 
 295 
 21 
 33 
 
 155 
 
 86 
 
 847 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 763 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 5,018 
 53 
 60 
 
 452 
 59 
 
 204 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 57 
 
 44 
 
 105 
 33 
 15 
 3,026 
 13 
 22 
 
 157 
 
 190 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 81 
 
 44,566 
 
 1,124 
 107 
 
 348 
 
 1,768 
 
 97 
 
 263 
 
 514 
 
 4 
 
 4,426 
 
 44 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 4,141 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 124 
 
 36,151 
 
 752 
 
 1,931 
 
 1,501 
 
 1,-567 
 
 1,285 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 225 
 
 1,093 
 
 267 
 
 170 
 
 6,465 
 
 28,361 
 
 78 
 
 128 
 
 2,298 
 
 1,097 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 113 
 
 122 
 
 39 
 
 198 
 
 539 
 
 "3 
 
 
 27,248 
 
 6,204 
 
 1,545 
 
 478 
 
 457 
 
 12 
 
 882 
 
 
 196 
 
 466 
 
 1,101 
 
 616 
 
 100 
 
 242 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 471 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 429 
 
 353 
 
 567 
 
 119 
 
 3 
 
 111 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 557 
 
 90 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 21 
 
 22,575 
 
 104 
 
 12 
 
 2,038 
 
 14 
 
 299 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1,505 
 
 105 
 
 730 
 
 18 
 
 654 
 
 16,614 
 
 37 
 
 90 
 
 251 
 
 1,460 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 187 
 
 1,215 
 
 856 
 77 
 
 420 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 384 
 
 2,111 
 
 32 
 818 
 
 77 
 
 7,564 
 
 1,165 
 
 17 
 
 924 
 
 224 
 
 385 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 284 
 
 2,251 
 111 
 224 
 373 
 368 
 3 
 535 
 637 
 
 4,914| 3,751 
 5l| 12 
 
 1 
 
 126 
 
 6 
 
 1,223 
 
 22 
 18 
 
 17 
 55 
 154 
 2,043 
 20 
 44 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 OjO 
 
 7,403 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 106 
 
 57 
 
 1,248 
 ' 9 
 271 
 688 
 7 
 273 
 
 729 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 588 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 5,261 
 27 
 
 720 
 20 
 
 611 
 4 
 25 
 18 
 16 
 66 
 12 
 
 530 
 
 3,060 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 157 
 
 120 
 9 
 1 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 16 
 2 
 
 111 
 
 65| 
 
 fr><i 
 
 1,211 
 35 
 
 11 
 24 
 
 1,136 
 
 24 
 
 153 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 129 
 
 687 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
64 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE VIII. — Pbincipal Racial Groups by Cities and Towns, 1915. 
 
 
 English 
 Speaking. 
 
 French. 
 
 Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Germanic. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 
 cS o 
 
 S 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 "v 
 
 1 
 
 2fe 
 
 a 
 
 P3 
 a 
 SP 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 
 S 
 PQ 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 THE STATE 
 
 88,108 
 
 1,848 
 288 
 992 
 568 
 
 2,693 
 244 
 406 
 
 1,342 
 7 
 
 1,397 
 
 7,641 
 
 100 
 
 59 
 
 142 
 
 6,702 
 
 22 
 
 179 
 
 437 
 
 74,192 
 
 1,969 
 
 3,314 
 
 3,008 
 
 2,773 
 
 2,341 
 
 46 
 
 74 
 
 740 
 
 1,693 
 
 681 
 
 274 
 
 11,642 
 
 41,746 
 
 166 
 
 297 
 
 3,475 
 
 2.505 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 152 
 
 179 
 
 251 
 
 140 
 
 395 
 
 1,287 
 
 69,670 
 
 1,332 
 281 
 608 
 434 
 
 2,585 
 216 
 252 
 
 1,215 
 
 10 
 
 892 
 
 4,422 
 
 83 
 
 28 
 
 122 
 
 3,823 
 
 26 
 
 127 
 
 313 
 
 59,244 
 
 749 
 
 3,496 
 
 2,572 
 
 2,152 
 
 1,511 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 880 
 
 1,616 
 
 1,439 
 
 164 
 
 11,064 
 
 30,879 
 
 .115 
 
 396 
 
 2,138 
 
 2,096 
 
 45 
 
 29 
 
 148 
 
 120 
 
 209 
 
 120 
 
 345 
 
 1,080 
 
 38,178 
 
 1,350 
 
 27 
 
 312 
 
 1,011 
 
 4,709 
 
 651 
 
 86 
 
 509 
 
 20 
 
 3,443 
 
 543 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 
 210 
 
 2 
 318 
 
 31,244 
 
 1,307 
 
 5,225 
 
 492 
 
 613 
 
 269 
 
 7 
 
 81 
 
 251 
 
 1,972 
 
 595 
 
 480 
 
 4,450 
 
 5,460 
 
 162 
 
 287 
 
 9,593 
 
 352 
 4 
 22 
 32 
 10 
 64 
 27 
 07 
 
 126 
 
 31,416 
 
 1,057 
 
 22 
 
 280 
 
 755 
 
 3,593 
 
 630 
 
 50 
 
 428 
 
 10 
 
 2,475 
 
 392 
 
 1 
 
 199 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 26,085 
 
 1,091 
 
 2,911 
 
 450 
 
 464 
 
 159 
 
 13 
 
 46 
 
 154 
 
 1,826 
 
 426 
 
 381 
 
 3,463 
 
 4,352 
 
 106 
 
 438 
 
 9,805 
 
 289 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 127 
 
 38,360 
 
 282 
 
 455 
 
 1,810 
 
 419 
 
 1,491 
 101 
 101 
 
 574 
 
 716 
 
 4,209 
 110 
 270 
 381 
 
 2.168 
 
 8 
 
 534 
 
 738 
 
 27,511 
 
 117 
 
 12 
 
 2,038 
 
 20 
 
 1,561 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1,526 
 
 126 
 
 751 
 
 71 
 
 889 
 
 18,844 
 
 37 
 
 134 
 
 260 
 
 1,465 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 192 
 
 1,214 
 
 45,888 
 
 236 
 
 529 
 
 2,717 
 
 674 
 
 2,458 
 
 117 
 
 192 
 
 899 
 
 2 
 
 1,248 
 
 3,289 
 133 
 179 
 410 
 
 1,471 
 
 10 
 
 513 
 
 573 
 
 34,321 
 
 125 
 
 49 
 
 2,538 
 
 15 
 
 1,407 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1,296 
 
 268 
 
 839 
 
 108 
 
 1,431 
 
 25,063 
 
 29 
 
 240 
 
 900 
 
 1,898 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 263 
 
 1,519 
 
 15,339 
 
 2,684 
 
 57 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 1,519 
 
 33 
 
 304 
 
 802 
 
 7 
 
 373 
 
 1,353 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 1,206 
 27 
 19 
 28 
 
 11,842 
 
 124 
 
 83 
 
 1,510 
 
 63 
 
 831 
 
 7 
 
 43 
 
 99 
 
 72 
 
 196 
 
 50 
 
 1,376 
 
 7,064 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 266 
 
 343 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 157 
 
 14,424 
 
 
 3,920 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 1,443 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 218 
 
 
 817 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 357 
 
 Newport County 
 
 1,119 
 34 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 1,009 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 22 
 
 Providence County 
 
 11,336 
 170 
 
 Central Falls 
 
 143 
 
 
 1,529 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 674 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 149 
 
 North Smithfield 
 
 38 
 1,163 
 
 
 6,487 
 
 
 21 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 38 
 
 
 541 
 
 Washington County 
 
 290 
 23 
 
 Exeter 
 
 2 
 
 Hopkinton 
 
 26 
 
 
 26 
 
 North Kingstown 
 
 38 
 17 
 
 South Kingstown 
 
 Westerly 
 
 54 
 104 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 65 
 
 TABLE IX. — Native and Foreign Born in Providence by Wards, 
 1910 and 1915. 
 
 Wabds. 
 
 ^. 1915 
 
 <^^*y 1910 
 
 Ward 1 . ^^^^ 
 
 ^-^2 ■ mi 
 
 ^-d3 ]i\i 
 
 ^'^'^4 nil 
 
 ™^ So 
 
 ^^"^^ 1910 
 
 Ward7 . . ^9^^ 
 
 1910 
 
 ™« So 
 
 ^-^^ So 
 
 ^-•^^0 So 
 
 Total. 
 
 247,660 
 224,326 
 22,787 
 20,908 
 23,838 
 19,626 
 31,359 
 27,730 
 19,854 
 19,803 
 22,924 
 21,813 
 25,564 
 21,869 
 19,386 
 18,225 
 27,395 
 23,830 
 30,890 
 28,451 
 23,654 
 22,071 
 
 Native Born. 
 
 Number. 
 
 167,397 
 148,023 
 14,951 
 14,505 
 16,939 
 14,314 
 17,118 
 15,344 
 13,299 
 13,370 
 15,830 
 14,627 
 20,335 
 17,100 
 15,444 
 15,298 
 18,472 
 15,362 
 17,307 
 15,103 
 15,923 
 14,000 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 67.5 
 65.9 
 65.6 
 69.3 
 71.1 
 72.9 
 54.6 
 55.0 
 67.3 
 67.1 
 69.0 
 67.1 
 79.5 
 78.2 
 78.6 
 78.3 
 67.4 
 64.5 
 56.0 
 .53.0 
 67.3 
 63.4 
 
 Foreign Born. 
 
 Number 
 
 80,263 
 
 76,690 
 
 7,836 
 
 6,403 
 
 6,899 
 
 5,312 
 
 13,241 
 
 12,386 
 
 6,555 
 
 6,433 
 
 7,094 
 
 7,186 
 
 5,229 
 
 4,769 
 
 3,942 
 
 3,927 
 
 8,923 
 
 8,468 
 
 13,583 
 
 13,348 
 
 7,731 
 
 8,071 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 32.5 
 34.1 
 34.4 
 30.7 
 28.9 
 27.1 
 45.4 
 45.0 
 32.7 
 32.9 
 31.0 
 32.9 
 20.5 
 21.8 
 21.4 
 21.7 
 32.6 
 35.5 
 44.0 
 47.0 
 32.7 
 36.6 
 
66 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE X. — Population Elements in Providence by Principal Groups. 
 
 Groups. 
 
 English speaking 
 
 Mediterranean (no French) . 
 
 Germanic 
 
 Hebrew 
 
 French 
 
 Slavic 
 
 Others 
 
 Total 80,263 
 
 Foreign Born. 
 
 55 
 
 30,879 
 25,063 
 6,487 
 8,253 
 4,352 
 1,424 
 3,805 
 
 &H d. 
 
 12.5 
 10.1 
 2.7 
 3.3 
 1.8 
 0.6 
 1.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 Native Born. 
 Foreign Fathers. 
 
 41,746 
 18,884 
 7,064 
 6,190 
 5,460 
 1,308 
 683 
 
 81,335 
 
 16.8 
 7.6 
 
 32.8 
 
 Foreign Stock. 
 
 72,625 
 43,947 
 13,551 
 14,443 
 9,812 
 2,732 
 4,488 
 
 161,598 
 
 29.3 
 17.7 
 5.6 
 5.8 
 4.0 
 1.1 
 1.8 
 
 65.3 
 
 English speaking as here used includes those born in the British 
 Isles, Canada, excluding, French-Canadians, and Australia. The 
 ethnic groups of the British Isles are thus combined into a single 
 language group. 
 
 By Mediterranean is meant those bom in Italy, Greece, Portugal, 
 Spain, the West Indies and South America. Since, as may be seen 
 from other tables, a very small number is enumerated under other 
 countries than Italy and Portugal, the error resulting from the 
 possible inclusion of other than Mediterranean stock in those bom 
 in the West Indies and South America is negligible. 
 
 Germanic includes those from Germany, Austria, and the Scan- 
 dinavian countries. In the case of both Austria and Germany, 
 Hebrews and certain Slavs are found. 
 
 Under Hebrew are included all those born in Romania and Russia, 
 outside of Russian Poland. Since there is a comparatively small 
 number of Slavs (except Poles) coming to Rhode Island from the 
 Russian Empire, it is safe to assume that practically all included 
 under this heading are Hebrews. (See comments on tables for whole 
 State.) 
 
 French include French Canadians, those born in France and in 
 Belgium. 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 67 
 
 TABLE XI. — Foreign Stock in Providence by Principal Countries op 
 
 Birth. 
 
 Country by Birth. 
 
 Canada, (French). 
 Canada, other. . . 
 
 England 
 
 Germany 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Polandt 
 
 Portugal 
 
 RussiaJ 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Turkey in Asia . . . 
 All Others 
 
 Total 80,263 
 
 Foreign Born. 
 
 3,796 
 
 3,784 
 
 10,335 
 
 2,013 
 
 14,586 
 
 20,563 
 
 2,958 
 
 3,737 
 
 6,308 
 
 4,030 
 
 2,034 
 
 2,118 
 
 4,001 
 
 1.6 
 1.6 
 4.2 
 0.8 
 5.8 
 8.3 
 1.2 
 1.6 
 2.5 
 1.7 
 0.8 
 0.9 
 1.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 Native Born. 
 Foreign Fathers. 
 
 4,752 
 
 1,939 
 
 9,023 
 
 3,026 
 
 28,361 
 
 16,614 
 
 2,111 
 
 2,043 
 
 4,673 
 
 3,060 
 
 2,340 
 
 687 
 
 2,706 
 
 1.9* 
 0.8 
 3.6 
 1.2 
 11.5 
 6.7 
 0.8 
 0.8 
 1.9 
 1.2 
 0.9 
 0.2 
 1.3 
 
 81,335 32.8 161,598 
 
 Foreign Stock. 
 
 8,548 
 5,723 
 
 19,358 
 5,039 
 
 42,947 
 
 37,177 
 5,089 
 5,780 
 
 10,981 
 7,090 
 4,374 
 2,805 
 6,707 
 
 3.5* 
 2.4 
 7.8 
 2.0 
 17.3 
 15.0 
 2.0 
 2.4 
 4.4 
 2.9 
 1.7 
 1.1 
 2.8 
 
 65.3 
 
 *Per cent, of total population of city. 
 tAustrian, German and Russian. 
 JExcept Poland. 
 
68 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
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POPULATION. 
 
 69 
 
 
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70 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE XIV. — Foreign Born White Males, in Providence, Twenty Years 
 OF Age and Over. Average Weekly Wage. 
 
 Country of Bikth 
 
 '2 
 o 
 
 514 
 
 78 
 
 1,212 
 
 881 
 
 39 
 
 3,296 
 
 104 
 
 591 
 
 182 
 
 30 
 
 3,821 
 
 7,178 
 
 103 
 
 983 
 
 53 
 
 1,799 
 
 601 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 1,138 
 
 39 
 
 1,025 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 ■si 
 
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 in 
 IN 
 e© 
 
 > 
 O 
 
 
 94 
 
 4 
 
 140 
 
 98 
 
 7 
 
 439 
 
 18 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 662 
 
 2,037 
 
 16 
 
 203 
 
 10 
 
 338 
 
 98 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 246 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 112 
 
 1,327 
 
 3 
 
 210 
 
 3 
 
 146 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 306 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 
 12 
 
 73 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 181 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 288 
 
 2,312 
 
 2 
 
 179 
 
 8 
 
 483 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 361 
 
 1 
 5 
 6 
 
 91 
 
 29 
 
 116 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 323 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 605 
 
 1,756 
 
 8 
 
 194 
 
 5 
 
 343 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 148 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 92 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 93 
 
 1 
 
 517 
 
 25 
 
 87 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 803 
 
 847 
 
 12 
 
 170 
 
 7 
 
 263 
 
 96 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 153 
 
 3 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 309 
 
 216 
 
 5 
 
 805 
 
 22 
 
 126 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 786 
 
 517 
 
 13 
 
 69 
 
 10 
 
 244 
 
 123 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 245 
 
 7 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 119 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 305 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 326 
 
 138 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 154 
 
 135 
 
 7 
 
 415 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 345 
 
 151 
 
 17 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 111 
 
 78 
 
 1 
 
 187 
 4 
 16 
 6 
 3 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 170 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 368 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 374 
 
 98 
 
 21 
 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 94 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 ?1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4?! 
 
 
 1?4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 31^5 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 IS'? 
 
 Italy 
 
 3^ 
 
 Norway 
 
 15 
 
 IS 
 
 
 4 
 
 Russia 
 
 49 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 232 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 65 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 Wales 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 71 
 
 TABLE XV.— Foreign Born White Males, in Providence, Twenty Years 
 OF Age and Over. Average Weekly Family Income. 
 
 Country of Birth. 
 
 C3 S 
 
 Be 
 
 I! 
 
 Ho 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 -0 
 
 a 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 IN 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 99 
 
 T)5 
 
 o 
 
 (N 
 
 o 
 9» 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 an 
 
 o 
 
 OO 
 
 o 
 
 <N 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 
 333 
 48 
 
 897 
 
 643 
 
 30 
 
 2,533 
 
 69 
 
 441 
 
 55 
 
 24 
 
 2,745 
 
 4,274 
 
 80 
 
 646 
 
 35 
 
 1,159 
 
 416 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 786 
 25 
 
 262 
 18 
 27 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 15 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 856 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 34 
 12 
 
 2 
 94 
 
 8 
 14 
 12 
 
 130 
 881 
 
 100 
 
 45 
 12 
 51 
 16 
 
 184 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 235 
 
 544 
 
 2 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 140 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 104 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 290 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 370 
 
 437 
 
 5 
 
 99 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 72 
 
 1 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 174 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 
 449 
 
 10 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 407 
 
 471 
 
 5 
 
 96 
 
 8 
 
 160 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 137 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 79 
 59 
 
 4 
 228 
 
 5 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 194 
 
 246 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 73 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 94 
 81 
 
 6 
 283 
 
 5 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 277 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 96 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 151 
 
 125 
 
 6 
 
 373 
 
 8 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 554 
 
 255 
 
 18 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 153 
 
 64 
 
 40 
 
 
 6 
 
 Canada, (Freuch) 
 
 Canada, other 
 
 203 
 
 182 
 7 
 
 
 617 
 
 France 
 
 20 
 
 Germany 
 
 140 
 
 
 7 
 
 Holland 
 
 3 
 
 
 676 
 
 Italy 
 
 307 
 
 Norway 
 
 29 
 
 
 45 
 
 Roumania 
 
 10 
 
 
 33 
 o 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 178 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 176 
 
 Scotland 
 
 136 
 
 South America 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 1 
 165 
 5 
 26 
 3 
 2 
 5 
 
 
 
 67 
 1 
 
 16 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 105 
 1 
 15 
 3 
 5 
 6 
 
 ''04 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Tvirkey 
 
 13 
 50 
 
 Wales 
 
 9 
 
 West Indies 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 6 
 
72 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE XVI. — Occupations by Selected Groups, Foreign Born White 
 Males, in Providence, Twentvt Years of Age and Over. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 O 
 
 
 >> 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 03 
 < 
 
 C8 
 "i 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 TS 
 03 
 
 6 
 
 -0 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 1 
 
 T3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 Eh 
 
 Agents and Sales people . . . 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 64 
 
 171 
 
 26 
 
 100 
 
 83 
 
 22 
 
 107 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Agricultural pursuits 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 91 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 Apparel, Workers on 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 324 
 
 11 
 
 102 
 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 Building trades 
 
 23 
 
 247 
 
 117 
 
 200 
 
 33 
 
 237 
 
 568 
 
 77 
 
 90 
 
 51 
 
 224 
 
 7 
 
 Clerical Work 
 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
 49 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Domestic and Personal 
 
 
 
 service 
 
 38 
 18 
 
 81 
 
 28 
 
 71 
 29 
 
 221 
 70 
 
 48 
 51 
 
 266 
 
 84 
 
 399 
 303 
 
 48 
 169 
 
 31 
 65 
 
 29 
 
 18 
 
 39 
 21 
 
 82 
 
 Food and kindred products. 
 
 30 
 
 Jewelry, gold and silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 49 
 24 
 
 86 
 30 
 10 
 
 57 
 7 
 9 
 
 454 
 46 
 27 
 
 106 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 208 
 580 
 244 
 
 479 
 
 1,641 
 
 190 
 
 19 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 188 
 86 
 47 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 171 
 
 8 
 
 107 
 
 
 98 
 
 Liquor and beverages 
 
 2 
 
 Lumber and its manu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 facture 
 
 10 
 60 
 
 34 
 183 
 
 13 
 192 
 
 35 
 
 808 
 
 12 
 73 
 
 38 
 630 
 
 41 
 871 
 
 25 
 135 
 
 11 
 400 
 
 4 
 189 
 
 13 
 446 
 
 16 
 
 Manufactures, baser metals 
 
 456 
 
 Manufactures, textiles .... 
 
 110 
 
 238 
 
 48 
 
 803 
 
 118 
 
 408 
 
 1,435 
 
 19 
 
 511 
 
 112 
 
 10 
 
 104 
 
 Manufactures, miscella- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 10 
 
 128 
 24 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 248 
 9 
 
 171 
 12 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 108 
 12 
 
 15 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Printing and publishing . . . 
 
 5 
 
 Transportation 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 92 
 83 
 
 126 
 60 
 
 131 
 
 88 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 503 
 90 
 
 473 
 62 
 
 211 
 39 
 
 49 
 69 
 
 33 
 41 
 
 76 
 43 
 
 33 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 514 
 
 1,212 
 
 881 
 
 3,296 
 
 591 
 
 3,821 
 
 7,178 
 
 983 
 
 1,799 
 
 601 
 
 1,138 
 
 1,025 
 
 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 73 
 
 TABLE XVII. — Residence and Naturalization, City of Providence. 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■d 
 .2 
 
 'a 
 
 2 
 
 Years in 
 United States. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 •m.2 
 
 
 CountryJIof Birth. 
 
 6 
 
 > 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 c 
 4; 
 
 
 514 
 
 78 
 
 1,212 
 
 881 
 
 39 
 
 3,296 
 
 104 
 
 591 
 
 182 
 
 30 
 
 3,821 
 
 7,178 
 
 103 
 
 983 
 
 53 
 
 1,799 
 
 601 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 1,138 
 
 39 
 
 1,025 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 161 
 
 14 
 
 564 
 
 417 
 
 25 
 
 2,072 
 
 42 
 
 419 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 2,538 
 
 1,283 
 
 64 
 
 104 
 
 21 
 
 453 
 
 308 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 638 
 
 21 
 
 99 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 122 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 285 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 238 
 
 1,177 
 
 7 
 
 270 
 
 9 
 
 418 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 105 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 7' 
 
 136 
 
 24 
 
 104 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 534 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 73 
 
 14 
 
 393 
 
 1,856 
 
 11 
 
 221 
 
 12 
 
 526 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 188 
 
 4 
 
 268 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 256 
 
 22 
 
 1,073 
 
 744 
 
 33 
 
 2,477 
 
 74 
 
 490 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 3,190 
 
 4,145 
 
 85 
 
 492 
 
 32 
 
 8,55 
 
 467 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 855 
 
 32 
 
 202 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 143 
 
 14 
 
 425 
 
 403 
 
 24 
 
 1,664 
 
 40 
 
 394 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 2,423 
 
 1,158 
 
 58 
 
 102 
 
 15 
 
 325 
 
 293 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 575 
 
 21 
 
 87 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 392 
 
 46 
 
 1,177 
 
 819 
 
 37 
 
 3,011 
 
 94 
 
 540 
 
 102 
 
 29 
 
 3,583 
 
 6,001 
 
 96 
 
 723 
 
 44 
 
 1,381 
 
 552 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 1,033 
 
 36 
 
 470 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 48 
 
 Canada, other 
 
 51 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 45 
 
 Germany 
 
 78 
 
 
 12 
 
 Holland 
 
 33 
 
 Ireland 
 
 71 
 
 Italy 
 
 20 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 14 
 
 Roumania 
 
 48 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 33 
 
 Spain 
 
 15 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 60 
 
 Turkey 
 
 21 
 
 West Indies 
 
 46 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 *Percentage naturalized of number five years or more in the United States; i. e., presumably 
 eligible to naturalization. 
 
74 
 
 COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE XVIII. — Literacy and Civil Status, City of Providence. 
 
 
 LiTERACT. 
 
 Crv- 
 
 iL Status. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 Country of Birth. 
 
 Read. 
 
 Write. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 03 
 
 £ 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 O 
 
 j3 
 
 
 
 Yes. 
 
 No. 
 
 Yes. 
 
 No. 
 
 O 
 
 
 456 
 
 53 
 
 1,057 
 
 873 
 
 38 
 
 3,288 
 
 97 
 
 573 
 
 138 
 
 30 
 
 3,722 
 
 5,050 
 
 103 
 
 441 
 
 52 
 
 1,412 
 
 601 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 1,117 
 
 39 
 
 740 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 58 
 
 25 
 
 155 
 
 8 
 1 
 S 
 7 
 18 
 44 
 
 99 
 
 2,128 
 
 542 
 
 1 
 
 387 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 285 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 448 
 
 44 
 
 1,032 
 
 859 
 
 38 
 
 3,274 
 
 93 
 
 566 
 
 136 
 
 29 
 
 3,673 
 
 3,541 
 
 102 
 
 437 
 
 52 
 
 1,365 
 
 601 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 1,102 
 
 39 
 
 714 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 47 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 180 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 148 
 
 3,637 
 
 1 
 
 546 
 
 1 
 
 434 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 311 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 161 
 
 14 
 
 564 
 
 417 
 
 25 
 
 2,072 
 
 42 
 
 419 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 2,538 
 
 1,283 
 
 64 
 
 104 
 
 21 
 
 453 
 
 308 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 638 
 
 21 
 
 99 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 73 
 
 6 
 
 370 
 
 14 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 308 
 
 1,296 
 
 6 
 
 43 
 
 15 
 
 350 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 161 
 7 
 36 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 
 283 
 
 54 
 
 595 
 
 391 
 
 8 
 
 854 
 
 48 
 124 
 155 
 
 11 
 
 975 
 
 4,599 
 
 33 
 836 
 
 17 
 996 
 228 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 339 
 
 11 
 
 890 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 66 
 
 ■8 
 
 46 
 
 570 
 
 35 
 
 2,708 
 
 35 
 
 436 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 195 
 
 20 
 
 98 
 
 7 
 
 272 
 
 66 
 
 1,166 
 
 311 
 
 3 
 
 561 
 
 68 
 
 135 
 
 173 
 
 10 
 
 3,624 
 
 7,158 
 
 5 
 
 972 
 
 162 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 France 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 53 
 840 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 459 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1,108 
 
 23 
 
 176 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 932 
 
 142 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 518 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 3 
 
 328 
 
 Wales 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 75 
 
 TABLE XIX. 
 
 
 S 
 o 
 
 Conjugal 
 Condition. 
 
 Relationship. 
 
 Number in Family. 
 
 Country of Birth. 
 
 ■a 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 •6 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 "S 
 -a 
 
 o 
 PQ 
 
 ffl 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 11 
 
 45 
 4 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 58 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 1 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 Eh 
 
 42 
 
 15 
 
 135 
 
 147 
 
 9 
 
 509 
 
 17 
 
 115 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 453 
 
 357 
 
 12 
 
 106 
 
 4 
 
 127 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 t 
 
 H 
 
 65 
 
 15 
 
 120 
 
 148 
 
 8 
 
 627 
 
 14 
 
 111 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 421 
 
 498 
 
 19 
 
 132 
 
 4 
 
 219 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 183 
 
 9 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 & 
 
 82 
 
 4 
 
 167 
 
 123 
 
 6 
 
 516 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 457 
 
 621 
 
 15 
 
 122 
 
 10 
 
 226 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 177 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 > 
 
 S 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 120 
 
 94 
 
 2 
 
 364 
 
 12 
 
 61 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 422 
 
 806 
 
 13 
 
 104 
 
 4 
 
 214 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 103 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 
 514 
 
 78 
 
 1,212 
 
 881 
 
 39 
 
 3,296 
 
 104 
 
 591 
 
 182 
 
 30 
 
 3,721 
 
 7,178 
 
 103 
 
 983 
 
 53 
 
 1,799 
 
 601 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 1,138 
 
 39 
 
 1,025 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 373 
 
 58 
 
 926 
 
 656 
 
 30 
 
 2,475 
 
 71 
 
 447 
 
 85 
 
 24 
 
 2,643 
 
 5,558 
 
 80 
 
 734 
 
 36 
 
 1,416 
 
 422 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 732 
 
 28 
 
 460 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 134 
 
 19 
 
 246 
 
 207 
 
 8 
 
 670 
 
 31 
 
 123 
 
 97 
 
 6 
 
 989 
 
 1,506 
 
 18 
 
 227 
 
 17 
 
 379 
 
 154 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 378 
 
 6 
 
 558 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 151 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 189 
 
 214 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 333 
 
 48 
 
 897 
 
 645 
 
 30 
 
 2,533 
 
 69 
 
 441 
 
 55 
 
 24 
 
 2,745 
 
 4,272 
 
 80 
 
 646 
 
 35 
 
 1,159 
 
 416 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 786 
 
 25 
 
 262 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 68 
 4 
 
 155 
 
 106 
 5 
 
 409 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 422 
 
 1,268 
 
 9 
 
 104 
 14 
 
 268 
 
 93 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 3 
 
 118 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 
 113 
 
 26 
 
 160 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 354 
 
 26 
 
 106 
 
 114 
 
 2 
 
 654 
 
 1,638 
 
 14 
 
 233 
 
 4 
 
 372 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 257 
 
 11 
 
 645 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 93 
 
 
 7 
 
 Canada, (French) 
 
 342 
 
 122 
 
 
 5 
 
 England 
 
 472 
 
 France 
 
 12 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 7 
 
 Holland 
 
 4 
 
 Ireland 
 
 934 
 
 Italy 
 
 1902 
 
 Norway 
 
 21 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 352 
 
 Scotland 
 
 104 
 
 South America 
 
 2 
 
 Spain 
 
 '?. 
 
 
 157 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 5 
 63 
 
 Wales 
 
 3 
 
 "West Indies 
 
 6 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 3 
 
76 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE XX. — Residence in the United States and in Rhode Island. 
 
 
 Years in the United 
 States. 
 
 Years in Rhode Island. 
 
 Country of Birth. 
 
 Under 
 Five. 
 
 Five 
 to Ten. 
 
 Over 
 Ten. 
 
 Under 
 Five. 
 
 Five 
 to Ten. 
 
 Over 
 Ten. 
 
 
 122 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 285 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 238 
 
 1.177 
 
 7 
 
 270 
 
 9 
 
 418 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1,105 
 
 3 
 
 555 
 
 136 
 
 24 
 
 104 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 534 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 73 
 
 14 
 
 393 
 
 1,856 
 
 11 
 
 221 
 
 12 
 
 526 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 188 
 
 4 
 
 268 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 256 
 
 22 
 
 1,073 
 
 744 
 
 33 
 
 2,477 
 
 74 
 
 490 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 3,190 
 
 4,145 
 
 85 
 
 492 
 
 32 
 
 855 
 
 467 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 855 
 
 32 
 
 202 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 163 
 
 33 
 
 87 
 
 114 
 
 5 
 
 408 
 
 20 
 
 83 
 
 102 
 
 8 
 
 347 
 
 1,188 
 
 14 
 
 343 
 
 12 
 
 441 
 
 86 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 143 
 
 9 
 
 579 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 155 
 
 25 
 
 162 
 
 118 
 
 9 
 
 511 
 
 22 
 
 69 
 
 61 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 1,916 
 
 21 
 
 231 
 
 16 
 
 531 
 
 99 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 197 
 
 7 
 
 270 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 196 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 963 
 
 
 649 
 
 
 25 
 
 England 
 
 2,377 
 
 France 
 
 62 
 
 Germany 
 
 439 
 
 Greece 
 
 19 
 
 Holland 
 
 10 
 
 Ireland 
 
 3,101 
 
 Italy 
 
 4,074 
 
 
 68 
 
 Portugal 
 
 409 
 
 Roumania 
 
 25 
 
 Russia 
 
 627 
 
 Scotland 
 
 416 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 6 
 
 Sweden 
 
 798 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 23 
 
 Turkey 
 
 176 
 
 West Indies 
 
 27 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 
 
POPULATION. 
 
 77 
 
 TABLE XXI. — Distribution by Age Periods. 
 
 Total. 
 
 20 to 30. 
 
 31 to 40. 
 
 41 to 50. 
 
 51 to 60. 
 
 514 
 
 226 
 
 154 
 
 88 
 
 29 
 
 78 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1,212 
 
 259 
 
 364 
 
 301 
 
 194 
 
 881 
 
 196 
 
 249 
 
 260 
 
 122 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 3,296 
 
 587 
 
 928 
 
 960 
 
 532 
 
 104 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 591 
 
 101 
 
 60 
 
 143 
 
 107 
 
 182 
 
 103 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 3,821 
 
 616 
 
 976 
 
 1,241 
 
 638 
 
 7,178 
 
 2,053 
 
 2,075 
 
 1,477 
 
 899 
 
 103 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 983 
 
 399 
 
 337 
 
 162 
 
 66 
 
 53 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1,799 
 
 622 
 
 467 
 
 508 
 
 141 
 
 601 
 
 125 
 
 149 
 
 165 
 
 114 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1,138 
 
 246 
 
 418 
 
 265 
 
 149 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1,025 
 
 376 
 
 278 
 
 248 
 
 114 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 61 and 
 
 Austria 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Canada (French) 
 Canada (Other) . 
 
 Denmark 
 
 England 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Greece 
 
 Holland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Roumania 
 
 Russia 
 
 Scotland 
 
 South America . . 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Wales 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Other Countries . 
 
 17 
 
 94 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 289 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 674 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 4 
 9 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
78 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 
 
 TABLE XXII. — Immigeants Landing at Port of Providence, 1915, by 
 Destinations and Countries of Origin. 
 
 
 Destination. 
 
 Race. 
 
 Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 New 
 
 England 
 
 not Rhode 
 
 Island. 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 Elsewhere. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Arabian 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 64 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 50 
 
 4 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 Armenian 
 
 73 
 
 199 
 
 45 
 
 381 
 
 Berber 
 
 14 
 
 English 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 French 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 Greek 
 
 12 
 
 81 
 
 German 
 
 4 
 
 Italian 
 
 639 
 
 227 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 543 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1,031 
 1 
 
 Jew 
 
 Kurdish 
 
 109 
 .545 
 
 212 
 
 2,410 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 901 
 
 365 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 4,399 
 
 Russian 
 
 2 
 
 Spanish 
 
 5 
 
 294 
 1 
 
 244 
 24 
 
 323 
 
 Swiss 
 
 4 
 
 112 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 Syrian 
 
 68 
 30 
 
 87 
 12 
 
 511 
 
 Turk 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,486 
 
 3,253 
 
 753 
 
 1,779 
 
 7,271 
 
 Percentage bt Destinations. 
 
 All. 
 
 Armenians , 
 Italians. . . 
 Kurdish . . . 
 Portuguese 
 Syrians . . . 
 Turks. . . . 
 
 20.4% 
 
 44.8% 
 
 lp.3% 
 
 24.5% 
 
 19.2% 
 61.0% 
 30.0% 
 12.6% 
 13.3% 
 21.2% 
 
 52.2% 
 22.0% 
 58.2% 
 54.8% 
 21.9% 
 53.5% 
 
 11.9% 
 4.4% 
 
 16.7%. 
 12.6% 
 11.8%. 
 
 12.6% 
 
 17.0% 
 
 8.4% 
 
 20.0% 
 47.8% 
 16.9% 
 
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