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i 
 
 Dr. ALDERSON's 
 Essay on Apparitions: 
 
AN 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 ON 
 
 APPARITIONS. 
 
LOiXDON : 
 
 Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, 
 
 New.»treet. Square. 
 
AN 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 ON 
 
 APPARITIONS, 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 THEIR APPEARANCE IS ACCOUNTED FOR 
 
 BY CAUSES WHOLLY INDEPENDENT OP 
 
 ptmmatuval ^gencp, 
 
 # 
 BY 
 
 JOHN ALDERSON, M.D. 
 
 »• f 
 SENIOR PHYSICIAN TO THE HULL GENERAL INFIRMARY; CONSULT- 
 ING PHYSICIAN TO THE LYING-IN CHARITY ; PRESIDENT OP 
 THE HULL LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; HONORARY 
 MEMBER OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; CORRE- 
 SPONDING MEMBER OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY, 
 EDINBURGH, &C. &C. &C. 
 
 Ea quas rerum simulacra vocamus. — Lucretius. 
 
 NEW EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED, 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, 
 
 P ATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1823. 
 
>3 
 
TO 
 
 Sir JAMES M'GRIGOR, M.D.F.R.S. 
 
 DIRECTOR-GENERAL, 
 
 ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, 
 
 &C. &C. &C. 
 
 IN TESTIMONY OF 
 
 THE HIGH ESTEEM IN WHICH HE HOLDS HIS 
 
 TALENTS 
 
 AND PROFESSIONAL ACQUIREMENTS, 
 
 THIS ESSAY 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 KiKGSTOK UPON HuLL, 
 
 September I. 18 23. 
 
 AS 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The following Essay was written origin- 
 ally for a Literary Society, to prove the 
 reality of Ghosts, and by accounting for 
 their appearance from natural causes, to 
 remove those impressions of terror which 
 are made upon the minds of youth, w^hen 
 apparitions are supposed to be preter- 
 natural. 
 
 This subject was illustrated by a num- 
 ber of cases, drawn from the author's 
 own experience, and which cases were all 
 of them capable of being authenticated 
 at the time by the members of the so- 
 ciety. 
 
 A 4 
 
VIU INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It was read in manuscript for several 
 years afterwards, in different places, and 
 was published, unknown to the author, in 
 the Edinburgh Medical and Chirurgical 
 Journal, in the year 1810. 
 
 From the notice which his peculiar 
 hypothesis obtained at the time, the au- 
 thor was led to believe it had drawn the 
 attention of the public, and he reprinted 
 it in 1811 with some necessary correc- 
 tions, and added it to a fourth edition of 
 his Essay on the Rhus Toxicodendron, 
 then in the press. In 1813, an eminent 
 and learned physician at Manchester 
 published as new the same theory, sup- 
 ported by ancient history and traditional 
 stories, which, if not equivocal, could 
 not be so well authenticated as those to 
 be found in the following essay. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 As no notice whatever was taken of 
 his pubUcation, the author has been in- 
 duced, at the recommendation of his 
 friends, to repubUsh it in a more book-hke 
 form, not only to prevent all suspicion of 
 plagiarism, but to assert his claim, and 
 show his right to whatever novelty or 
 merit there may be in the theory itself * 
 
 He thinks himself fully entitled to 
 adopt or take to himself the concluding 
 paragraph of the " Essay towards a new 
 Theory of Apparitions/* 
 
 ^^By the key / have furnished, the 
 reader of history is released from the 
 embarrassment of rejecting evidence in 
 
 * A truly ingenious and elegant writer has done 
 the author ample justice, by allowing his claim to 
 a priority of publication. Vide Shakspeare and 
 his Times ; by Nathan Drake, M. D. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 some of the plainest narratives, or of 
 experiencing uneasy doubts, when the 
 solution might be rendered perfectly 
 simple/' Vide Essay by I. Ferriar, M. D. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Universal belief in Ghosts. — Addison; his 
 Opinions. — Luther ; his Ideas of Mad- 
 men, and of Idiots, ------13 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 Statement of facts upon which the Hypo- 
 thesis is meant to be founded. — Cases. 
 — Treatment and Cure, ----- 20 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Hallucination distinguished from Partial 
 Insanity, from Delirium, from Somnam- 
 bulism, from Reverie. — Mahomet, — 
 Jacob Behmen, and other Visionaries, - 40 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Locke ; his Opinions. — Shakspeare — 
 Macbeth — Hamlet. — Conclusion, - 47 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 UNIVERSAL BELIEF IN GHOSTS. ADDISON ; HIS 
 
 OPINIONS. — LUTHER ; HIS IDEAS OF MAD- 
 MEN AND IDIOTS. 
 
 ^^ What all the world says must be 
 true/* is an old adage ; and, as old say- 
 ings have their foundation in the expe- 
 rience of ages, I am disposed to believe 
 them true. Now it is a general observ- 
 ation, amounting to an established fact, 
 that in all countries whose history we 
 have long been acquainted with, as well 
 as in those to which the active and en- 
 terprising spirit of modern discovery has 
 penetrated, there has constantly been 
 found a belief in apparitions. This ge- 
 neral notion or faith of the re-appearance 
 
14 AN ESSAY 
 
 of those who have departed this Kfe, could 
 not, in all cases, have arisen from the 
 transmission of the poetic inventions of 
 former times; because countries have 
 been discovered, where we cannot sup- 
 pose, or at least cannot trace, any pre- 
 vious race of men, of superior intelligence, 
 capable, like Homer or Ossian, of trans- 
 mitting the records of antiquity ; and, 
 with regard to the intervention of super- 
 natural agency, in communicating or re- 
 vealing knowledge to men, it behoves us, 
 I think, to keep in mind an old maxim, 
 " Nee Deiis inter sit 7iisi dignus vindice 
 nodus :'' Let us take care never to in- 
 troduce the miraculous agency of Provi- 
 dence to account for effects, where com- 
 mon agents by natural causes can be 
 found. Nor ought we hastily to abandon 
 our inquiries after such second causes. 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 15 
 
 merely because we may be told that they 
 are mysteries. At the same time, we 
 have much cause to be thankful to the 
 Almighty Governor of all things, when 
 such circumstances and events dispose 
 the wicked to turn from the error of their 
 ways, as in the case of Colonel Gardiner j 
 or when they tend to strengthen and en- 
 courage the good in the way of well- 
 doing, as in the instance of the truly re- 
 spected, the Reverend Vincent Perron et.* 
 
 * The remarkable conversion of Colonel Gar 
 diner, by an apparition, is sufficiently well known. 
 The history of Mr. Perronet f requires further 
 
 t He was the grandfather and instructor of my inesti- 
 mable friend, the late Mrs. Thompson, who imbibed, under 
 his tuition, those Christian principles, which she unre- 
 mittingly exemplified in practice during life. In the dis- 
 charge of one of these duties, she accompanied her lovely 
 and beloved daughter to Penzance, in search of that health 
 for her which had been despaired of at home. She was 
 prevented, by premature death, in an apoplectic fit, from 
 witnessing the last distressing scene : — her daughter out- 
 lived her but a short time. They were buried in the 
 same vault at the Land's End, 
 
 " Where they alike in pious hope repose." 
 
16 AN ESSAY 
 
 The re-appearance of departed spirits, 
 however, is generally attributed to the 
 
 notice. He was upwards of fifty years vicar of 
 Shoreham, in Kent, was a very amiable man, and a 
 popular preacher. 
 
 He seems to have considered himself as especi- 
 ally called, from his earliest years, to the study of 
 the Scriptures, with a view of preaching the " true 
 gospel of Christ." He had several " spiritual ex- 
 periences," through the medium of apparitions, 
 which made a lasting impression on his mind, 
 though not attended with any " fright or terror." 
 
 When he was an infant, about four years of age, 
 he was waked in the night by something lying on 
 his forehead, which felt like the impression of a 
 very cold hand. It continued some time after he 
 was awake, when he perceived a tall man close to 
 the bed-side, who looked very sternly at him. 
 
 Much about this time he saw another person 
 standing on the opposite side of the bed, dressed in 
 very mean apparel, whose aspect seemed earnest, 
 serious, and composed. However, what the design 
 of either of these appearances might be, he pre- 
 tends not to know. When he was between five 
 and six years old, being on a visit to some of his 
 father's relations in Switzerland, he was travelling 
 
ON APPARITIONS. . 17 
 
 concealment of some trifling treasure, or 
 because the rites and fees of sepulture 
 have not been duly paid. 
 
 " But if the flinty prison of the grave 
 Could loose its doors, and let the spirit flee ; 
 
 Why not return the wise, the just, the brave, 
 And set once more the pride of ages free ?" 
 
 over some high mountains on horseback, but 
 through the neglect of the guide, who had the care 
 of his horse, instead of pursuing the proper road, 
 the horse directed his course towards a large 
 lake ; but before he entered, he saw very plainly 
 one like a man, in a white garment, coming upon 
 the water towards him: upon which the horse 
 turned away, and got into the right road again. 
 The first step he had taken into the lake, both the 
 horse and the rider must have been inevitably lost, 
 as he was afterwards informed. 
 
 One night in particular, when he was broad 
 awake, he heard a variety of disagreeable voices, 
 and felt several blows from invisible hands ; so that 
 he might literally have said, " The messengers of 
 Satan were sent to buffet him." 
 B 
 
18 AN ESSAY 
 
 I need only quote the authority of one 
 of our most approved writers, without 
 referring to a tribe of authors, for the 
 proof of the universahty of this be- 
 lief. 
 
 ^^ I think,^' says Addison, *' a person 
 who is terrified with the imagination of 
 ghosts and spectres, much more reason- 
 able than one, who, contrary to the re- 
 ports of all historians, sacred and pro- 
 fane, ancient and modern, and to the 
 traditions of all nations, thinks the ap- 
 pearance of ghosts fabulous and ground- 
 less. Could not I give myself up to this 
 general testimony of mankind, I should 
 to the relations of particular persons, who 
 are now living, and whom I cannot dis- 
 trust in other matters of fact/' In tlie 
 paragraph which I have now quoted, you 
 have not only a record of history, as to the 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 19 
 
 universality of the belief, but the candid 
 confession of a man of the first talents, 
 that he firmly believed in ghosts and ap- 
 paritions, though he has not favoured us 
 with any theory respecting their origin. 
 
 Is it not mortifying to know that such 
 a man as Luther was a firm believer in 
 apparitions as supernatural agents ; and 
 that he should suppose madmen and idiots 
 to be possessed by evil spirits ; nay, that 
 he should actually have quarrelled with 
 the physicians, who attributed these affec- 
 tions to natural causes ? 
 
 B *2 
 
20 AN ESSAY 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 STATEMENT OF FACTS UPON WHICH THE HY- 
 POTHESIS IS MEANT TO BE FOUNDED. 
 
 CASES. TREATMENT AND CURE. 
 
 In the investigation of any subject, it is 
 generally the best method to begin by a 
 statement of the facts upon which the 
 hypothesis is meant to be founded. I 
 shall, therefore, in this chapter, present 
 some cases for the consideration of my 
 readers, which will, in my opinion, 
 strongly tend to account for the univer- 
 sality of the notion mentioned in the pre- 
 ceding chapter ; for they will prove, that 
 the belief in apparitions, ghosts, and 
 spectres, is not only well founded, but 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 21 
 
 that these appearances are perfectly na- 
 tural, arising from secondary physical 
 causes, and depending on circumstances 
 to which all nations, all mankind, are 
 equally liable ; and therefore a general 
 concurrence of opinion on these points 
 must be as universal as the principle of 
 population itself. 
 
 CASE I. 
 I was called upon some time ago to 
 
 visit Mr. , who at that time kept a 
 
 dram shop. Having at different times 
 attended him, and thence knowing him 
 very well, I was struck with something 
 singular in his manner on my first en- 
 trance. He went up stairs with me, but 
 evidently hesitated, occasionally, as he 
 went. When he got into his chamber, 
 he expressed some apprehension, lest I 
 B 3 
 
22 AN ESSAY 
 
 should consider him insane, and send 
 him to the asylum at York, whither I had 
 not long before sent one of his pot-compa- 
 nions. — "Whence all these apprehen- 
 sions? — What is the matter with you? — 
 Why do you look so full of terror T' He 
 then sat down, and gave me a history of 
 his complaint. 
 
 About a week or ten days before, after 
 drawing some liquor in his cellar for a 
 girl, he desired her to take away the 
 oysters which lay upon the floor, and 
 which he supposed she had dropped j — 
 the girl, thinking him drunk, laughed at 
 him, and went out of the room. — He en- 
 deavoured to take them up himself, and 
 to his great astonishment could find none* 
 — He was met going out of the cellar, 
 when at the door he met a soldier, whose 
 looks he did not like, attempting to enter. 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 23 
 
 He desired to know what he wanted there; 
 and upon receiving no answer, but, as he 
 thought, a menacing look, he sprang for- 
 ward to seize the intruder, and, to his no 
 small surprise, found that it was aphantom. 
 The cold sweat hung upon his brow — he 
 trembled in every limb — it was the dusk 
 of the evening ; as he walked along the 
 passage the phantom flitted before his 
 eyes — he attempted to follow it, reso- 
 lutely determined to satisfy himself; but 
 as this vanished, there appeared others at 
 a distance, and he exhausted himself by 
 fruitless attempts to lay hold of them. 
 He hastened to his family, with marks of 
 terror and confusion ; for, though a man 
 hitherto of the most undaunted resolution, 
 he confessed to me that he now felt what 
 it was to be completely terrified. During 
 
 B 4 
 
2<fc AN ESSAY 
 
 the whole of that night he was constantly 
 tormented with a variety of spectres, 
 sometimes of people who had been long 
 dead, at other times of friends who were 
 living ; and harassed himself with con- 
 tinually getting out of bed, to ascertain 
 whether the people he saw were real or 
 not. Nor could he always distinguish 
 who were and who were not real cus- 
 tomers, when they came into the room, 
 so that his conduct became the subject of 
 observation j and though it was for a time 
 attributed to private drinking, it was at 
 last suspected to arise from some other 
 cause. When I was sent for, the family 
 were under the full conviction that he was 
 insane, although they confessed, that in 
 every thing, except the foolish notion of 
 seeing apparitions, he was perfectly ra- 
 tional and steady. During the whole of 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 25 
 
 the time that he was relating his case to 
 me, and his mind was fully occupied, he 
 felt the most gratifying relief, for in all 
 that time he had not seen one apparition ; 
 and he was elated with pleasure indeed, 
 when I told him I should not send him to 
 the asylum, since his was a complaint I 
 could cure at his own house. But whilst 
 I was writing a prescription, and had suf- 
 fered him to be at rest, I saw him get up 
 suddenly, and go with a hurried step to 
 the door. — " What did you do that for ?'* 
 — he looked ashamed and mortified, and 
 replied, " I had been so well whilst in con- 
 versation with you, that I could not be- 
 lieve that the phantom I saw enter the 
 room was not really a soldier, and I got 
 up to convince myself 
 
 I need not here detail particularly the 
 medical treatment adopted ; but it may 
 
26 AN ESSAY 
 
 be as well to state the circumstances 
 which probably led to the complaint, and 
 the principle acted on in the cure. Some 
 time previously he had had a quarrel with 
 a drunken soldier, who attempted, against 
 his inclination, to enter his house at an 
 unseasonable hour, and in the struggle to 
 turn him out, the soldier drew his bay- 
 onet, and, having struck him across the 
 temples, divided the temporal artery ; in 
 consequence of which he lost a very large 
 quantity of blood before a surgeon »ar- 
 rived, there being no one present who 
 knew that, in such cases, simple com-^ 
 pression with the finger upon the spouting 
 artery, would stop the effusion of blood. 
 He had scarcely recovered from the 
 effects of this loss of blood, when he un^ 
 dertook to accompany a friend in his 
 walking-match against time, in which he 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 27 
 
 went forty-two miles in nine hours. 
 Elated with success, he spent the whole 
 of the following day in drinking ; but 
 found himself^ a short time afterwards, 
 so much out of health, that he came to 
 the resolution of abstaining altogether 
 from liquor. It was in the course of the 
 week following this abstinence from his 
 usual habits, that he had the disease he 
 now complained of. All his symptoms 
 continued to increase for several days till 
 I saw him, allowing him no time for rest. 
 Never was he able to get rid of these 
 shadows by night when in bed, nor by 
 day when in motion ; though he some- 
 times walked miles with that view, and at 
 others went into a variety of company. 
 He told me he suffered even bodily pain, 
 from the severe lashing of a waggoner 
 with his whip, who came every niglit to 
 
28 ' AN ESSAY 
 
 a particular corner of his room, but who 
 always disappeared when he jumped 
 out of bed to retort, which he did se- 
 veral nights successively. The whole of 
 this complaint was effectually removed 
 by bleeding, by leeches, and by active 
 purgatives. After the first employment 
 of these means, he saw no more phan- 
 toms in the day time ; and after the 
 second, once only, between sleeping and 
 waking, saw the milkman in his bedroom. 
 He has remained perfectly rational and 
 well ever since, and can go out in the dark 
 as fearlessly as ever, being fully convinced 
 that the ghosts which he was so confident 
 he saw, were merely the creatures of dis- 
 ease. 
 
 CASE 11. 
 
 I was soon after called to visit Mrs. B., a 
 fine old lady, about 80 years of age, whom 
 
ON APPARITIONS, 29 
 
 I had frequently visited in fits of the gout. 
 She was seized with an unusual deafness, 
 and with great distension of the organs of 
 digestion, at a period, when, from her 
 general feelings, she expected the gout. 
 From this time she was visited by the 
 phantoms of some of her friends, whom 
 she had not invited, and whom she at 
 first so far considered as actually present, 
 that she told them she was very sorry she 
 could not hear them speak, nor keep up 
 the conversation with them, she would 
 therefore order the card table ; and she 
 rang the bell for that purpose. Upon 
 the entrance of the servant, the whole 
 party disappeared — she could not help 
 expressing her surprise to her maid that 
 they should all go away so abruptly; 
 and could scarcely believe her when she 
 affirmed there had been nobody in the 
 
30 AN ESSAY 
 
 room. She was so ashamed, when con- 
 vmced of the deception under which she 
 laboured, that she suffered, without com- 
 plaining, for many days and nights toge- 
 ther, the intrusion of a variety of phan- 
 toms ; and had some of her finest feelings 
 wrought upon by the exhibition of friends 
 long lost, who only came to cheat her 
 fancy, and revive sensations that time had 
 almost obliterated. Having determined 
 not again to mention the subject, she con- 
 tented herself with merely ringing her 
 bell, finding she could always get rid of 
 the phantoms by the entrance of her 
 maid, whenever they became distressing. 
 It was not till some time after she had 
 thus suffered, that she could bring her- 
 self to relate her distress to me. She was 
 all this time convinced of her own ration- 
 ality, and so were those friends who really 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 31 
 
 visited her ; for they never could find 
 any one circumstance in her conduct and 
 conversation, to lead them to suspect her 
 being in the smallest degree deranged, 
 though unwell. This complaint was en- 
 tirely removed by cataplasms to the feet, 
 and gentle purgatives; and terminated, a 
 short time afterwards, in a slight fit of the 
 gout. She remained to the end of her 
 life, in the perfect enjoyment of her health 
 and faculties. 
 
 CASE III. 
 About the same period I visited Mr. 
 R., who was seized on his passage from 
 America with a most excruciating head- 
 ache. He obtained some temporary relief 
 from the formation of matter under the 
 scalp ; but swellings came on in the 
 throat, and he had some difficulty of re- 
 spiration when in bed. At this time he 
 
32 AN ESSAY 
 
 complained to me that he had trouble- 
 some dreams, and that he seemed to 
 dream whilst awake. In a short time 
 after this, he told me he had, for an hour 
 or two, been convinced that he had seen 
 his wife and family, when his right judg- 
 ment told him that they were in America ; 
 a few nights afterwards, the impression 
 was so strong, and the conversation he 
 had with his son so very particular and 
 important, that he could not help relating 
 the whole to his friends in the morning 
 requesting to know if his wife and son 
 were not actually arrived from America, 
 and at that time in the house. I was 
 sent for to hold a consultation with his 
 friends, respecting the state of his mind. 
 He evidently felt that they all took him 
 to be insane. As soon as I entered the 
 room, he asked me if the disease he then 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 33 
 
 laboured under could produce the ima- 
 gination of spectres and apparitions. He 
 had been hitherto, he said, an unbeliever 
 in ghosts, but had certainly been tor- 
 mented by spectres during the night, 
 when perfectly awake. He felt himself 
 sane, and his friends all acknowledged, 
 that, in every thing else, he was as sound 
 in mind as ever he was in his life. Having 
 explained to him the nature and extent of 
 his complaint, and having assured him, 
 that these visionary appearances would 
 cease with his bodily sufferings, he and 
 his friends were rendered easy in their 
 minds. As the disease, however, still 
 continued, the phantoms became after- 
 wards more troublesome, so that he could 
 not bear to go into his bed-room, where 
 every picture was associated with them, 
 conjuring up the spirits of the departed, 
 
34 AN ESSAY 
 
 and introducing a train of unpleasant 
 companions. He remained after this in 
 a low room, and was for a time free from 
 intruders; but in a bright brass lock 
 again seeing his transatlantic friends, 
 never afterwards could he look towards 
 it without the same illusion ; and when 
 I have been with him, and have purposely 
 taken up a book, I have seen him hold 
 conversation in his mind's eye with them ; 
 I have even known him momentarily con- 
 sider me as hearing and seeing them too 
 — I say momentarily, for he was a man of 
 strong parts, and perfectly convinced of 
 the nature of the complaint; therefore, 
 whenever I spoke, and he turned from 
 the lock, he could converse on religion, 
 physic, and politics, as well as ever. He 
 then changed his house ; the matter again 
 formed under his scalp, and he is now in 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 35 
 
 a state of convalescence, and totally free 
 from such visitations. 
 
 These people were all well at the time 
 this essay was first read to the society for 
 which it was originally written, and were 
 as capable as I am of relating all these 
 circumstances : they were convinced that 
 these were only phantoms, that had no con- 
 nection whatever with the persons they 
 represented ; and that their existence was 
 only in their own disordered imaginations. 
 But I am persuaded, that had the diseases 
 under which they laboured gone off after 
 the first appearance of the phantoms, or 
 had they been thus attacked in the night 
 only, -— so terrified, so astonished, so con- 
 vinced were they of their reality, (as 
 ghosts I mean,) that no power on earth 
 would ever have altered that opinion : 
 nor could any one have satisfied them 
 c 2 
 
36 AN ESSAY 
 
 that it was a disease under which they 
 themselves laboured ; so that they would 
 have passed through life with the full 
 persuasion of having seen a ghost, in the 
 common acceptation of the term. The 
 long continuance of the complaint, the 
 opportunities afforded, both by day and 
 night, of ascertaining the nature of the 
 appearances, and the full conviction pro- 
 duced from their entire expulsion by 
 remedies, without any delusion, or mys- 
 tycism, or magic, dispelled every idea of 
 their supernatural origin, and they no 
 more believed in the common notion of 
 ghosts than I do. * 
 
 * As it has only been my object to account for 
 such apparitions as are here related, I have been at 
 no pains to explain the various delusions of the 
 mischievous v^^ho have gone about to frighten their 
 neighbours, like the Cock-lane ghost and others ; 
 nor those appearances which have been produced. 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 37 
 
 CASE IV. 
 
 I some time ago received the following 
 letter, in which the patient gives a full 
 account of his own case : — 
 
 " I am oppressed by a complaint the 
 most extraordinary I ever heard of; it 
 only afflicted me this morning, and has 
 occasionally shown itself during the day. 
 My only complaint is that which gene- 
 rally accompanies a series of hard living ; 
 I can eat tolerably well, but I had a most 
 violent bilious attack the latter end of 
 
 sometimes purposely, sometimes accidentally, and 
 which depend on mechanical and optical decep- 
 tions; such as the reflection of persons passing 
 strong lights on a hill at a small distance, seen 
 obliquely on the church windows, and which has 
 the appearance of ghosts flitting within the church. 
 They are all as easily explained as those I have 
 mentioned ; but they have been explained by others, 
 and form no part of my plan. 
 
 c 3 
 
38 AN ESSAY 
 
 last week, and vomited incessantly. This 
 morning I awoke early, after two very 
 unusually sleepless nights, and to my 
 surprise I saw horrid and ghastly spectres 
 constantly present to my imagination ; 
 but to my greatest surprise, during a walk 
 in my grounds, about eleven o'clock, I 
 fancied I saw a set of poachers on my 
 estate, coursing a hare. 1 followed them 
 on foot for several miles, they being 
 present to my view all the time. 
 
 " As they were on horseback, they 
 eluded my pursuit. Having returned to 
 my house, I again saw them, a short time 
 afterwards, similarly occupied in the 
 front of my house : I immediately or- 
 dered my horse, and again pursued them 
 for miles, until, on taking a large fence, 
 I suddenly lost all sight of them, and I 
 am now fully convinced that the whole 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 39 
 
 was an illusion. In my family affairs and 
 business I am competent, but very un- 
 comfortable, fearing it may affect my 
 intellect 1 therefore hope to see you 
 here as soon as possible this evening. I 
 forgot to say, that, when not very sober, 
 I had a fall from my horse a few days 
 ago, but did not receive any material in- 
 jury at the time/* 
 
 c 1 
 
40 AN ESSAY 
 
 CHAR III. 
 
 HALLUCINATION DISTINGUISHED FROM PARTIAL 
 INSANITY, FROM DELIRIUM, FROM SOMNAM- 
 BULISM, FROM REVERIE. MAHOMET. 
 
 JACOB BEHMEN, AND OTHER VISIONARIES. 
 
 Having made out the universality of the 
 belief in ghosts, I trust that I have also 
 not only established the reality of such 
 appearances, but demonstrating, from 
 physical causes, how this notion has arisen, 
 have satisfactorily proved, that the cause 
 lies, not in the perturbed spirits of the 
 departed, but in the disordered functions 
 of the living. 
 
 The hallucination, which the foregoing 
 cases detail, may be distinguished from 
 
ON APPARITIONS, 41 
 
 partial insanity, from delirium, from som- 
 nambulism, and from reverie, to all of 
 which it bears some resemblance. In par- 
 tial insanity, the patient, though sensible 
 on most subjects, is generally intent on one 
 particular train of thought ; and, when- 
 ever he has occasion to speak upon that 
 subject, he flies off into some absurd 
 notion or other, and no argument what- 
 ever can drive him from his purpose. In 
 delirium, the patient neither knows where 
 he is nor what he does, except for a few 
 moments, when violently roused. In 
 somnambulism, there are certain volun- 
 tary motions performed, without our be- 
 ing sensible of vohtion. In reverie, the 
 mind is so wholly intent on its own par- 
 ticular train of thoughts, that the patient 
 takes no notice whatever of anv thiner 
 around him. 
 
42 AN ESSAY 
 
 But in such cases as I have detailed, 
 there is no point on which the patients 
 can be said to be irrational ; they merely 
 state that they perceive objects, where 
 we know, and where they can very easily 
 convince themselves, that they do not 
 exist : — 
 
 ^' their thoughts 
 
 Are combinations of disjointed things ; 
 And forms impalpable and unperceived 
 Of others' sight, familiar are to them," 
 
 When this circumstance occurs in the 
 day-time, and more frequent opportuni- 
 ties for examination are afforded, they do 
 convince themselves of their non-exist- 
 ence, — and, when, as I have said before, 
 their own reason is assisted by the more 
 cultivated and unimpau^ed understanding 
 of those around them, — when there is 
 no art, no attempt at imposition, the 
 
ON APPARITIONS, 43 
 
 whole is clearly made to appear a mere 
 delusion, a deceptio visuSy arising from a 
 temporary disordered state of the animal 
 functions, wholly independent of the 
 persons or bodies those figures represent. 
 But what must have been the case in 
 other circumstances? Suppose these phan- 
 toms had only appeared in the night ? — 
 suppose the physician had affected all the 
 arts and tricks of the designing magician, 
 or the crafty priest — how would it have 
 been then? — Why, precisely what we 
 have before asserted : — they would have 
 gone through life with a belief in the 
 actual re-appearance of the dead, as well 
 as the capability of communicating with 
 the spirits of their departed friends ; and 
 thus they might have contributed their 
 evidence to the vile impositions of those 
 who have made a gain of the credulity of 
 
44 AN ESSAY 
 
 mankind, and who have, from interested 
 motives, encouraged the fear of ghosts, 
 the worship of demons, the behef of 
 supernatural agency, which they could 
 controul by their spells ; of those who, 
 like Owen Glendower, can call spirits 
 from the vasty deep, or of the mystic 
 masons, who pretend to show you the 
 spirits of long departed friends. Here 
 too we see how a Mahomet, a Sweden- 
 borg, a Jacob Behmen *, may have not 
 
 * '^Behmen, or Boehm, Jacob, a shoemaker, 
 engaged in theological controversies, was perplexed 
 concerning many articles of faith, and prayed for 
 divine illumination. In this state of mind he fell 
 into a trance or ecstasy, which lasted him seven ' 
 days, and afforded him an intuitive vision of God. 
 Soon after he had a second ecstasy, was surrounded 
 with celestial irradiation, his spirit carried to the 
 most inward world of nature, and enabled to pene- 
 trate through external forms, lineaments, and 
 colours of bodies, into the recess of their assembly. 
 In a third vision, other more sublime mysteries 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 45 
 
 only imposed on the world, but also on 
 themselves, the whole farrago of their 
 celestial communications, and converse 
 with superior beings ; and it seems to me 
 probable, that certain professors of this 
 art may have the power of throwing 
 themselves into that state, in which they 
 can bring before them those imaginary 
 unsubstantial beings. This is no new 
 opinion. If I remember right, it has 
 been related of the Pythian priestess, 
 and appears to me to be the case with 
 the wizards of Kamschatka, and is pro- 
 bably the object of the whirling motion 
 of the dervises, and of the serpent-eaters 
 in Egypt. 
 
 were revealed to him — the origin of nature, form- 
 ation of all things, and even divine principles and 
 intelligent natures." 
 
46 AN ESSAY 
 
 A celebrated conjuror, or mystic ma- 
 son, with whom I had a conversation some 
 years ago, told me, he could give me a 
 receipt for a preparation of antimony, 
 sulphur, &c., which, when burnt in a con- 
 fined room, would so affect the person 
 shut up in it, that he would fancy he 
 saw spectres and apparitions ; and that, 
 by throwing his voice into a particular 
 part of the room, he could make the 
 person believe he was holding converse 
 with spirits. 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 47 
 
 CHAR IV. 
 
 LOCKE ; HIS OPINIONS. SHAKSPEARE MAC- 
 BETH HAMLET. CONCLUSION. 
 
 The common argument, by which the 
 behef in spirits has been combated, viz. 
 " that only one man at a time ever saw 
 a ghost ; and, therefore, the probabihty is, 
 that there never was such a thing,'' though 
 true, has never perhaps produced' con- 
 viction, nor had the eJEFect of removing 
 the fears or of shaking the belief of those 
 who have only been transiently affected 
 with the disease, — because the mere de- 
 nying of a fact, supported by supposed 
 positive evidence, cannot produce con- 
 
48 AN ESSAY 
 
 viction. But even this argument has 
 been controverted , and a case has been 
 pubhshed by Mr. Cumberland, from a 
 paper or a memorandum, found accident- 
 ally in manuscript, one hundred years old, 
 in which it is asserted, that some men, 
 who lay in bed, frightened out of their 
 wits, allowed they saw what the distem- 
 pered brain of the disordered person saw. 
 I am sorry that a story on such bad evi- 
 dence should have found credit for a 
 moment, with so respectable a writer as 
 the author of the Observer, for the ge- 
 neral opinion of all ages is against it ; 
 and the evidence on which this case is 
 related, ought never to have had any 
 weight. 
 
 It has been said by Mr. Locke, that the 
 ideas we form of goblins and sprights have 
 really no more to do with darkness than 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 49 
 
 with light. This is certainly very just, 
 as we have clearly seen by the foregoing 
 relations, where the spectres appeared 
 by day as well as by night ; and yet we 
 know they are more generally connected. 
 This I take to be owing, not merely, as 
 Mr. Locke says, to the association of 
 ideas, but to the circumstance that, dur- 
 ing the night, many sources of inform- 
 ation are cut off, by which the true 
 nature of these appearances might be 
 ascertained J besides, I have reason to 
 believe, that slight degrees of the com- 
 plaint more frequently occur in the night 
 than in the day, and that these slight and 
 transient attacks are those which have 
 been most commonly handed down to us. 
 From what I have related, it will be 
 seen, if my theory be true, why it should 
 happen, that only one at a time ever 
 
 D 
 
50 AN ESSAY 
 
 could see a ghost; and here we may 
 lament, that our celebrated dramatist, 
 whose knowledge of nature is every 
 Englishman's boast, had not known such 
 cases as those I have related, and their 
 causes; he would not then, perhaps, 
 have made his ghosts visible and audible 
 on the stage.* Every expression, every 
 look in Macbeth and Hamlet, is perfectly 
 natural and consistent with men so agi- 
 tated, and quite sufficient to convince us 
 of what they see, hear, and suffer ; but it 
 must be evident, that the affection being 
 confined solely to the individual, such 
 objects must be seen and heard by the 
 individual only. 
 
 " Father of all, thou gav'st not to our ken, 
 To view beyond the ashes of our grave." 
 
 * " Ghosts intended to haunt and affright the 
 guilty should not appear upon the stage.'* Vide 
 Walker on Italian Tragedy. 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 51 
 
 That men circumstanced as Macbeth 
 or Hamlet, Brutus*, or Dion were, should 
 see phantoms, and hold converse with 
 them, appears to me perfectly natural; 
 and, though the cases I have now related 
 owe their origin entirely to a disordered 
 state of bodily organs, as may be evi- 
 dently inferred from the history of their 
 rise, and the result of their cure, yet, 
 with the knowledge we have of the 
 effects of mind on the body, we may 
 fairly conclude, that great mental anxiety, 
 
 * The whole story of Brutus and his evil genius 
 rests upon Plutarch. That the phantom said, he 
 would meet him at Philippi, may, or may not be 
 true : that Brutus saw an apparition previously to 
 the battle of Philippi, I believe, because I have 
 known others, who have seen the same kind of 
 phantom ; but that the phantom told him he would 
 meet him again at Philippi, and that he did there 
 meet him, I do not believe. Plutarch only says, 
 it was reported he did meet him there. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 AN ESSAY 
 
 inordinate ambition, and guilt, may pro- 
 duce similar effects ; nay, I am con- 
 vinced, that if it were allowable for the 
 physician to dive into the mental uneasi- 
 ness of his patient, many similar facts 
 might be added. I think, that I have 
 known some who dared not to tell all 
 they had seen and felt. I, some time 
 ago, saw a man labouring under what he 
 called a nervous complaint ; I made him 
 shrink, when I told him I knew he ima- 
 gined he saw people in his room whom 
 he did not wish to see, and others whom 
 he knew to be dead; he rather unwil- 
 lingly confessed it, when his wife had 
 withdrawn. 
 
 I have thus endeavoured to di^aw the 
 public attention to a subject not yet suf- 
 ficiently investigated by the learned; and 
 the cases which I have adduced, will, I 
 
ON APPARITIONS. 53 
 
 trust, have some effect in elucidating the 
 operations of the human mind in a state 
 of disease, and in explaining by natural 
 causes, what has hitherto, when believed, 
 been attributed to supernatural agency. 
 
 THE END. 
 
London : 
 
 Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, 
 
 New- Street Square. 
 
BURCHELL'S TRAVELS IN AFRICA. 
 
 Shortly will be published, in Quarto, Volume Second, Price £4. 14*. 6d. 
 
 OF 
 
 TRAVELS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE INTERIOR OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM J. BURCHELL, Esa. 
 
 WITH A LARGE AND ENTIRELY NEW MAP, AND A HUNDRED AND 
 SIXTEEN COLOURED AND BLACK ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED FOE LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME. BROWN, AND GREEN. 
 
 These Travels were undertaken wth the intention of exploring the iinkno^vn 
 countries lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Portuguese Settle- 
 ments on the Western Coast, by a circuitous track through the Interior Regions. 
 The author, after penetrating into the heart of the Continent, to the depth of 
 nearly 1100 miles, to a country never before described, met with obstacles which 
 it was found impossible to surmount, and which compelled him to alter the ori- 
 ginal plan of his route. This alteration gave him an opportunity of acquiring 
 the most complete information respecting the inhabitants of the most distant 
 re'gion, the nature and productions of the country, and many interesting particu- 
 lars of the nations beyond. The object of the undertaking was not the mere grati- 
 fication of vague curiosity ; but an attentive investigation of every object which 
 might be thought deserving the notice of a traveller ; and it may readily be be- 
 lieved, that, on a journey continued nearly four years with these views, a mul- 
 titude of facts hitherto unknown, and a greater mass of authentic information 
 than has till now been laid before the public, have been collected. Besides the 
 complete narrative of daily occurrences as far as the most distant to>vn in the 
 interior, and of the various transactions with the natives, this work wU be found 
 to contain a general account of the inhabitants, comprising their origin, popula- 
 tion, government, warfare, policy, trade, and laws ; tlie nature of their chiefs 
 
authority; their rehgion or superstition, moral character, natural disposition 
 mental capacity, figure, cast of features, women, marriages, clothing, personal 
 ornaments, utensils, disorders, modes of cure, language, food, agriculture, ma- 
 nufactures, arts, and amusements; arcliitecture, domestic arrangements, and 
 chmate It >.ill also be found to contain interesting contributions to the Sciences 
 of Zoology and Botany; above 63,000 objects of which were preserved and 
 brought to England. Of these, a large collection of Quadrupeds have been pre- 
 sented to the British Museum. In the geography of the extra-tropical part of 
 Southern Africa, a map founded on numerous astronomical observations, and 
 of an entirely new construction, will be found to present considerable improve- 
 ments, and to rectify many inaccuracies. Its size is 33 inches by 28 On the 
 nature of the languages of tliese people, many particulars are given; nor have 
 Geology, and the subject of Music, been neglected. The investigation of Man 
 m an uncivilized state of society, wiU be found to offer a picture not altogether 
 undeservmg of attention. Neither is it superfluous here to notice that, in these 
 pages. Modesty may read without fearing to meet with those descriptions and 
 aflusions wliich might raise a blush upon her cheek. 
 
 In the first volume, besides the travels among the tribes living beyond the 
 boundary of the English settlement, there is a large portion of information re- 
 spectmg the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, and an account of several ex- 
 cursions which intervened between the Author's first landing and the commence- 
 ment of ks principal journey into the Interior. Of the extension of civilization, 
 and of the effects of missionary labors among the aboriginal inhabitants, both 
 withm and wathout the colonial limits, an impartial view is here given, in which 
 those who are interested in the cause of religion and philanthropy may behold 
 the subject m its true light. The scenes of nature and the manners of the peo- 
 ple are described with equal care ; and by adhering in the narrative to the strict 
 form of a Journal, the reader and the author are enabled to travel, as it were 
 the journey over again, and view in their proper light the facts in connexion,' 
 and the impression made by each event in succession : the object of this Journal 
 bemg to convey a natural and faithful picture of passing scenes and trans- 
 
 actions. 
 
 In the Second Volume, will be found an interesting Account of the Native 
 Tnbes; with whom the Author lived on terms which gave him very favourable 
 opportunities for discovering their true character. As his views in travelling 
 were not confined to any particular class of observations, but were extended to 
 whatever appeared likely to produce useful knowledge, his researches have em- 
 braced that variety of subjects which a journey, over ground never before trodden 
 by European foot, and through the strange and unknown regions of Africa, 
 might be expected to afford. The difficulties and privations attendant on an 
 
expedition of this nature, and the degree of success which may have rewarded 
 the perilous labors it required, can only be knoAvri by a perusal of the Narrative ; 
 in which it will be seen, that the information now communicated to the Public, 
 was not obtained without considerable personal risk and danger. 
 
 To each Volume are added an Itinerary and Register of the Weather ; and, to 
 render the whole more available for reference, and to collect under their proper 
 heads the various Remarks which, by being noted in the regular order of a 
 Diary, are necessarily scattered in different places, a General Index, to- 
 gether with a Zoological and Botanical Index, are given to complete the work. 
 The whole of the Engravings which accompany it, have been faithfully copied 
 from finished drawings made by the Author : those which are given with the First 
 Volume^ are. 
 
 A distant View of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 The Jutty, or landing Place, at Cape 
 
 Town. 
 The Castle-gate, at Cape Town. 
 A View of Cape Town, Table Bay, and 
 
 Tygerberg. 
 The Mountain Butterfly. 
 The Kukumakranki. 
 The Silver Tree. 
 View of a Part of Cape Town. 
 A Boor's Waggon and Oxen. 
 The Bath-house at Zwarteberg. 
 Tower-of-Babel Mountain. 
 The Rhinoceros -bush. 
 The Church at Genadendal. 
 Huts of the Hottentots at Genadendal. 
 The Village of Tulbagh. 
 The Drostdy at Tulbagh. 
 The Church at Stellenbosch. 
 The Cape Mistletoe. 
 Geometrical Drawing of the Waggon. 
 Portrait of Speelman, a Hottentot. 
 Section of the Waggon, and various Articles 
 
 appertaining to it. 
 Scene by Firelight, on the Journey; a 
 
 Station for the Night. 
 Crossing the Berg River. 
 Passing Roodezand Kloof. 
 The Karro- thorn, or Cape Acacia. 
 Cubic Pyrites of Iron. 
 Arrival at the Karro Pass. 
 Crossing the Karro. 
 A Bushman Chief and his Companion on 
 
 oxback. 
 A Boor's House in the Roggeveld Karro, 
 
 with Sheep going out to Pasture. 
 
 A tanning Vat. 
 
 Hottentots sitting round their Fire. 
 
 Caravan of Waggons assembled at Zak 
 River, on the Borders of the Country 
 of the Bushmen. 
 
 The Yellow Fish. 
 
 A View of the Mountains of the Karree- 
 bergen. 
 
 The Rock Fountain, in the Country of the 
 Bushmen. 
 
 Scene on the River Gariep. 
 
 A Bushwoman and her Child. 
 
 A View of the Kloof Village in the Asbes- 
 tos Mountains. 
 
 A Hottentot Kraal on the Banks of the 
 Gariep. 
 
 Rocks in the Asbestos Mountains. 
 
 The Church at Klaarwater. 
 
 A View of Klaarwater, looking towards 
 the north-east. 
 
 Horns of the Koodoo. 
 
 Station on the Banks of the Nu-gariep ; 
 and making presents to a Party of 
 Bushmen. 
 
 The Kori, a new Species of Bustard. 
 
 Head of the Hippopotamus, or River Horse. 
 
 Hottentot Utensils. 
 
 The Flat-head, a remarkable Fish. 
 
 Travelling over a Plain abounding in Ant- 
 hills. 
 
 A Piece of an Ant-hill, with one of the 
 Insects, 
 
 Portrait of a Bushman playing on the Gor^h. 
 
 The Gorah, a Hottentot Musical Instru- 
 ment. 
 
 The Bpokoo Plant ; a celebrated Drug, 
 
Portrait of a Kora. 
 
 Rocks at Leeuwenkuil, or Lion's Den, 
 
 Hut of the Hottentot Chief at Klaarwater. 
 
 Preparing for Departure. 
 The Grapple-plant. 
 The Party asleep. 
 
 The 
 
 Engravings 
 
 which will accompany the Second Volume^ are 
 
 The Heads of two Bush-girls. 
 
 A natural Obelisk in the Country of the 
 
 Bushmen. 
 Bushman Utensils. 
 
 The Two-horned Rhinoceros, in front. 
 Head of the Two-homed Rhinoceros, in 
 
 Profile. 
 Geranium Rocks ; a Station. 
 Inside of a Bushman's Hut. 
 Great Table Mountain. 
 Descending from the Snow Mountains. 
 Ascending a rugged Pass. 
 View of the Drostdy at Graaffreynet. 
 Portrait of Juli, a faithful Hottentot. 
 Hottentot's Bread, a remarkable Plant. 
 Little Table Mountain. 
 Spitskop, tbe highest Peak of the Snow 
 
 Mountains. 
 Weapons of the Bushmen. 
 View of a Bushman Kraal. 
 Bushman Arrows. 
 
 Group of ' Wild Dogs,' or Hunting Hyenas. 
 A * Wild Dog,' or Hunting Hyena. 
 Sensavan, the Sibik) mine. 
 Vangueria infausta, or the Unlucky-wood. 
 A Scene at Knegt's Fountain. 
 Triaspis hypericoides. 
 Portrait of a Bachapin Herdsman. 
 Antilope villosa. 
 Vultur occipitalis. 
 Antilope lunata, or the Crescent-homed 
 
 Antelope. 
 Tail and Hoofs of the Crescent-homed 
 
 Antelope. 
 
 Travelling over the Great Plains of Litakun. 
 
 Houses at Litakun. 
 
 First Interview with the Chief of the Ba- 
 chapins. 
 
 View on entering the Town of Litakun. 
 
 Bachapin Sandals. 
 
 The Chief and his Party, sitting in the 
 M6otsi. 
 
 Portrait of Boklookwe. 
 
 A Bichuana Blacksmith at Work. 
 
 A View in the Town of Litakun. 
 
 Portrait of Massisan. 
 
 Portrait of Mahiitu. 
 
 A Nuakketsi Hat. 
 
 The Dwelling-house of Kramori, a Bacha- 
 pin Chieftain. 
 
 Section and Plan of a Bachapin House. 
 
 View and Plan of the House . of Mol- 
 lemmi, the Chiefs Brother. 
 
 Heads of two fashionable young Men oi 
 Litakun. 
 
 Portrait of Chaasi, a Bachapin. 
 
 Bichuana Ornaments. 
 
 Bachapin Ornaments, Dancing-rattles, 
 and Amulet, 
 
 ■ Knives. 
 
 . Needles. 
 
 Whistles. 
 
 Milk-bag. 
 
 . Spoons. 
 
 — Carving Instmment. 
 
 — ornamental Carving. 
 
 The K6veh, a kind of Hassagay manufac- 
 tured by the Nuakketsies. 
 
 Also may be had, recently published, 
 
 VOLUME FIRST OF THE SAME WORK, 
 
 Price 41, 14s. 6d. Boards. 
 
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 HISTORY OF RICIIMONDSHIRE, 
 
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 List of the Plates. Drawn by Bmraved b« 
 
 M.BGAKBT, COU.T.SS OP R.cHMo^ K. B, Harraden ..AV. T F y 
 
 R.CHMOKP TOWN J. M:w. Turner ..W.R.sI;th 
 
 I.TEB.OK V.W OK THE Keep OP RicBMOK. CAstLB ..J. BucMer w. LowrT 
 
 Keep OP Richmond Castlb rn.i, „ 
 
 w. .N s. MA.V. CHURCH, H.;-;;-::::::::::rBu:;::::::::^ 
 
 Richmond, CASTLE AND Town t m W T.,r. t a T 
 
 n„« n rr, ''• -i^l' vv. Turner ..J. Archer. 
 
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 St. Agatha's Aeeev. Easebt i iw «7^ -r r , 
 
 ,„„„ „ J M. w. Turuer..J. LeKeux. 
 
 Interior View of the Hall of St. Agatha's Ab ? 
 
 BEY.EASEBy ..*^*»-^ J. Buckler J. Pye. 
 
 EasebvAbbev. Ground Plan .'.■."■.■:."..T. Bradley S.Hall 
 
 ASKE Hall, the Seat of the Right Hon. Lord Dundas J. M, W. Turner ..J. Scot 
 
 ROMALDKIRK Church, South-ea^t View j. Buckler... J Pye 
 
 High Force or Fall of Tees , ., .„ _ , / \ 
 
 Roman ANxieumEs at Rokebv.... , ' Z' "^""'^ ••'• ^""''-^^F.S.A. 
 
 -••...^..j, iiuckler ....... ,W. Lowry. 
 
2 
 
 List of the Plates, Drawn htj Engraved by 
 
 Egolestcnb Abbey, South-east View J. Buckler C. Heath. 
 
 Egglkstone Abbey, near Barnard Castle J. M. W. Turner ..T. HIgham. 
 
 f Etched by S. Middiman, 
 Junction of the Greta and Tees, atRokeby J. M. W. Turner] and J. Pye, engraved 
 
 ' by John Pye. 
 
 Brignall Church J. M. W. Turner ..S. Rawle. 
 
 Wycliffe J. M. W. Turner ..J. Pye. 
 
 Pl.vn of entrenched Lines at Stanwick T. Bradley S. Hall. 
 
 Marrick Abbey J. M. W. Turner ..J. C. Varrall. 
 
 Brass Plate in Wensley Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 
 
 Aysgarth Force J. M. W. Turner ..J. Scott. 
 
 Elevation of Screen in Aysgarth Church J. Buckler J. Roffe. 
 
 Semer Lake, near Askrig J. M. W. Turner ..H. Le Keux. 
 
 Moss Dale Fell ....J. M. W. Turner ..S. Middiman. 
 
 Habdkaw fail , J. M. W.Turner f '^^.i^^/byTpyr"' 
 
 Jervaux Abbey, Ground Plan T.Bradley J. RofFe. 
 
 Brass Plates in Catteric Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 
 
 Court of Hornby Castle J. Buckler T. Milton. 
 
 Brass Plates in Wath Church J. Buckler T. Milton. 
 
 Crook of Lu^je, looking towards Hornby Castle ....J. M. W. Turner ..J. Archer. 
 
 Roman Antiquities found near Lancaster J. Buckler J. RofFe. 
 
 Gateway at Lancaster J. Buckler J. Roflfe. 
 
 Ingleborough, from Hornby Castle Terrace J. M. W. Turner ..C. Heath. 
 
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 KiRKBT Lonsdale Church Yard J. M. W. Turner . . C. Heath. 
 
 Heysham and Cumberland Mountains J. M. W. Turner ..W. R. Siaith. 
 
 SizerghHall ..J. Buckler J. Higham. 
 
 Weathercotb Cave J. M. W. Turner ..S. Middiman. 
 
 East View of Peel Castle.... «..J. Buckler J. Roffe. 
 
 FuRNESs Abbey J. Buckler J. C. VarralL 
 
 Fac>simile of a Grant from the Friars Minors of 
 Preston. 
 
 Umbo of a Shield found near GaRSTANG ......... .J. Buckler J. Clarke. 
 
 AsHTON Hall J- Buckler S. Rawle. 
 
 WOOD CUT VIGNETTES. 
 
 North Door-way to Wiske 
 Church. 
 
 Font in the Church at Down- 
 holme. 
 
 Font in Thornton Steward 
 Church. 
 
 Bolton Castle. 
 
 Chapter House of Jervaux. 
 
 The Church of Bedale. 
 
 Gateway of St. Martin's Priory. 
 
 Monument in Hornby Church. 
 
 South-east View of Patrick 
 Brompton Church. 
 
 Monument at Well. 
 
 Snape Hall. 
 
 Cross at Masham. 
 
 Gouthwaite Hall. 
 
 Brimham Craggs. 
 
 Monument in Masham Church. 
 
 Burneston Church. 
 
 View of Kirklington Church. 
 
 Font in Kirklington Church. 
 
 Monument in Kirklington 
 Church. 
 
 Circular Door-way at Easeby 
 Abbey. 
 
 The Gateway to Easeby Abbey. 
 
 Font in Easeby Church. 
 
 Ravensworth Castle. 
 
 Font in Ravensworth Church. 
 
 Mortham Tower. 
 
 An immense Tombstone of 
 Greta or Tees Marble, re- 
 moved from Eggleston 
 Abbey. 
 
 Font in the Church of Rokeby. 
 
 Remains of Bowes Castle. 
 
 Font in the Church of Bowes. 
 
 Marrick Church and Nunnery. 
 
 Gravestone in Marrick Church. 
 
 Gravestone in Marsk Church. 
 
 Font in Marsk Church. 
 
 Church at East Cowton. 
 
 Front in Smeaton Church. 
 
 Door-way at Danby Wiske 
 
 Church. 
 • Font in Danby Wiske Church. 
 
 Choir of Kirkby Wiske Church. 
 
 The Subscribers to this Work who have not taken up all their Parts, are requested to 
 do 80 immediately, through their Booksellers, as the few remaining Copies will very 
 soon be made up into Sets. 
 
 EiEgies of the Marmions in 
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 Tomb of the Marmion in Tan- 
 field Church. 
 
 Entrance to Cundall Church. 
 
 Font in Kirkby Hill Church. 
 
 Cross found in Lancaster 
 Churchyard. 
 
 Cross in Halton Churchyard. 
 
 South-east View of Hornby 
 Church. 
 
 Thurland Castle. 
 
 Arnset Tower. 
 
 Borwick Hall. 
 
 Coffins in the Rock at Heysham. 
 
 Saxon Tomb found in Hey- 
 sham Churchyard. 
 
 Heysham Church. 
 
 Monument in Kendal Church. 
 
 Curious Norman Font in Ingle- 
 by Church. 
 
 Gleaston Castle. 
 
 Greenhalgh Castle. 
 
NEW AND IMPORTANT WORKS 
 
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 SKETCHES OP THE LIVES OF CORREGGIO 
 
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