29 
 
 :^'^ HE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 -OF — 
 
 EGRGIA. 
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 
 THE PEOPLE, 
 • TH E PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 PART I -OUTLINE VIEW. 
 
 By J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 ATLANTA, GEORGIA: 
 JAS. P. HARRISON & CO., STATE PKINTERS. 
 ^^ 1885. 
 
 ',1 
 
 DEC 10 1901 
 
Class V?^'^l 
 
 Book_iAJiii. 
 
THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 H 
 
 ^^Ti CU. iT:J,r-; , 
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 
 THE PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 / 
 
 PART I-OUTLINE VIEW. 
 
 By J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 ATLANTA , GEORGIA I 
 
 JAS. P. HARRISON & CO., STATE PRINTERS. 
 
 1884. 
 
c: 
 
 20 NOV 1905 
 t). Ot D* 
 
THE 
 
 WEALTH OF GEORGIA. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 'GENERAL CHARACTER OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The elements which enter hito the composition of a State are so 
 numerons that, in order to understand its character as a whole, some 
 shortcut 18 needed. Perhaps no better compendious method is to 
 be found than, dealing with a State as with an individual, to inquire 
 into its general character and reputation among those who already 
 know it. Judged by this standard, which is obviously fair, the 
 character of Georgia among her sister States stands confess- 
 edly high. She is favorably known among her neighbors, and 
 favorably regarded abroad. She has no inconsiderable Influence in 
 the councils of the nation, and very great influence in the councils 
 of the South, the section of whicli she is a member. Among these 
 especially her views and opinions in matters of Federal and State 
 policy, are respected, and her example largely followed. Indeed, 
 she has by general consent acquired the title of the Empire State 
 of the South ; a title, howev.T, which may perhaps hereafter need 
 to be transferred to Texas. On this subject the Encyclopedia Brit- 
 annica closes its article with the remark : " Texas possibly excepted, 
 no Southern State has a greater future than Georgia." 
 
 The opinions thus formed could be put in evidence in a court of 
 justice. They are the resultant of many factors and the conclusions 
 of many observers. Georgia being the youngest daughter of Eng- 
 land among the colonies, is also among the younger States west of 
 her a Mother -State, and so she visits much, and in turn is much 
 visited ; even as Atlanta is a Gate city, so is Georgia largely a Gate 
 
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 State. The Atlantic and Gulf elopes, both are hers. En the chain 
 of travel between the emigrant and immigrant States of the South 
 ehe is a connecting link ; so in the resorts to Florida as a sanitari- 
 um, and to thoise in Southern Georgia, and indeed in Northern 
 Georgia also, she is a link in the chain, when not its terminus. And 
 thus the opportunities of mutual acquaintance are unusually good 
 between Georgia and citizens of all States and sections. 
 
 It will be the object of some ensuing chapters to indicate the 
 particulars which go to make up this general character. In the 
 present chapter we will notice one general feature, which charac- 
 terizes the State in many of its aspects. 
 
 Georgia is eminently and in almost every respect 
 
 A VARIETY STATB. 
 
 Varied as to country, people and productions ; as to soil and climate ; 
 as to the people who inhabit it, white and black ; as to industries 
 and institutions ; as to fruits and vegetables, and farm, garden and 
 orchard products ; as to resources, agricultural, mineral and manu- 
 facturing. 
 
 Its territory is large, with ample room for choice and selection. 
 Its chief extent is fiom north to south ; So the range of latitude is 
 considerable ; northward, from a nearly tropical southern boundary. 
 
 The range of elevation is also large, from tide- water by a gradual 
 rise to bold mountains, with only stinted vegetation. Latitude and 
 elevation thus help each other in supplying a remarkable range of 
 climate and production. 
 
 The State is full of geological variety, with consequent variety of 
 «oils and minerals. In the census volume, entitled, "Cotton Pro- 
 ■duction of the State of Georgia," the opening comment on the 
 geological features of the State is this : " The geological formations 
 represented in Georgia embrace the Metamorphic, the Palaeozoic, 
 the Triassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary." 
 
 And all these are considerably mixed together. As the present 
 treatment, however, is for the popular rather than the scientific 
 reader, we may say that the geology embraces formations prior to 
 the early forms of life, and from these all grades, to regions of which 
 the witty remark was made to one who complained that his section 
 
THE COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA. 5 
 
 was not appreciated : " A fine country it may be, but God Almighty 
 has not yet finished it." 
 
 Nor less varied is the population, extending from a peculiarly 
 pure form of the Anglo-Saxon race,unsurpas8ed as a blood in the wide 
 world, to the African, of various tribes, some of them of the better 
 races, others descended from the Guinea negro, very low in the 
 scale. 
 
 Between these extremes nearly all varieties are to be found, and 
 yet with the State stamp upon them all. But to treat of the peo- 
 ple — most important work of all — must be the task of later chapters. 
 
 Varied in like manner are the productions of the State, both nat- 
 ural and cultivated. From the magnolia, live-oak and palmetto of 
 lower Georgia, we pass through a region of pine, and another of 
 oak, hickory and poplar, to the chinquepin and chestnut of the 
 mountains, on which grow also the well-known and well-named 
 "oak orchards," the scrubbed oaks almost as hard as iron, bearing a 
 close resemblance to apple trees. 
 
 The home of the orange, fig and banana at the south ; of the 
 choicest of peaches, melons and pears in the middle of the State ; 
 and of apples, cherries, berries, etc., in the north. 
 
 Between the planting seasons, or the early vegetable seasons, of 
 different sections, the range is so great that one would almost think 
 time would run out, and a single season be insufficient to cover the 
 range between the coast and the mountains. 
 
 Diversity of occupation also obtains liberally; cotton and corn, 
 rice, sugar, truck farming, fruits, melons, even tea. There are 
 mining industries in gold, iron and coal, quarries of granite and 
 marble, and buhrstone. Scarcely any State surpasses Georgia in 
 variety of minerals. 
 
 Manufacturing industries, great and small, are constantly growing 
 in extent and variety ; and of late years the small industries have 
 been introduced, the best foundation for permanent prosperity ; 
 small industries in manufactures being like small farms in agricul- 
 ture. The number of towns has also increased astonishingly. Cot- 
 ton and wool factories, iron works, soap, brooms, buckets, fertilizers^ 
 watches, cutlery, etc., etc., are all in progress or budding. 
 
 The people are enterprising, self-reliant, shifty, not afraid ; they 
 
6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 are plastic and not easily crushed. There is enterprise in many 
 ways, in town and city, in railroads, in coming and going, in the 
 press — witness, as a leading example, the Constitution newspaper. 
 
 Now, for these various statements, and many more that might be 
 made, the specifications and details are to be given in short chap- 
 ters or tracts on the various heads, for the easy use of those inter- 
 ested on one head or topic, or another. Say, one on the people, 
 another on the products, one on the whites, another on the colored 
 people, or on cotton or climate, or a sanitarium for invalids, and so 
 on for each topic and each taste. 
 
 On the whole, we who live in Georgia think we have in Georgia 
 an excellent patch and parcel of the earth's surface, very conveni- 
 ent for man's use and occupation, for the three great purposes of 
 health, wealth, and society. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 A STRONG OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 
 
 There are three main topics to be treated, viz : The Country ; 
 the People, and the Productions. 
 
 1. THE COUNTRY. 
 
 SITUATION. 
 
 (a.) Latitude. — Georgia lies between 30 deg., 21 rain. 39 
 sec. and 35 deg. North latitude. It is strictly a Southern State; 
 for its Northern boundary 35 deg. is south of the lowest parallel 
 of Europe, 36 deg. 
 
 (5.) Longitvde. — The State lies between 80 deg. 50 min. 9 sec. 
 and 85 deg. 44 min. west from Greenwich ; between 3 deg. 47 min. 
 21 sec. and 8 deg. 42 min. West from Washington City. At sunrise 
 in Georgia (6 a. m.,) it is noon in Eastern France and Switzerland ; 
 sundown in Southwest China and Thibet ; and midnight in the 
 heart of the Pacific Ocean — say half way between the Sandwich 
 Islands and New Zealand. 
 
 (c.) Position. — In the United States Georgia is in the Southeast 
 corner of the Southeast section of the Union ; except Florida it is 
 the extreme Southeastern State. It lies just at the bend of the 
 coast ; the Atlantic and Gulf States form a grand arch of which 
 Georgia is the key-stone. 
 
 BOUNDARIES. 
 
 Georgia is bounded on the North by Tennessee and North Caro- 
 lina ; on the East, by South Carolina and the Atlantic ocean ; on 
 the South by Florida; and on the West, by Florida and Alabama. 
 
 The Northern boundary is the 35th parallel of North latitude 
 •extending from Nickajack to Ellicott'a Rock. This line separates 
 Georgia from Tennessee for 73^ miles, and from North Carolina for 
 70J miles. 
 
8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Eastern boundary is the Savannah ri/er, separating Georgia 
 from South Carolina, running in a general course of about 
 South 35 deg. East for about 247 miles; and then to the Atlantic 
 coast, running about South 20 West about 120 miles. 
 
 The Southern boundary is partly the St. Mary's river, partly a 
 line running 87 deg. 17 min. 22 sec. (average direction) nearly a 
 parallel of latitude for 158 miles. 
 
 The Western boundary is partly the Chattahoochee river, average 
 course about North 6 deg. West for about 150 miles ; then leaving 
 the river, the boundary runs North 9 deg. 30 min. West to the 
 Tennessee line 146 miles. 
 
 FOKM AND DIMENSIONS. 
 
 In form Georgia is massive and compact. Five lines suflSce for 
 a fair outline, and six for a close approximation ; being a key-stone 
 it is nearly such in form, wedge-shaped. 
 
 The greatest length is from North to South, about 320 miles, 
 and the greatest breadth from East to West, about 254. 
 
 The Geographical centre of Georgia is about 20 miles Southeast 
 of Macon, near Jefferson ville in Twiggs county. Near the same 
 point is the centre of the colored population of the Union. 
 
 AREA. 
 
 The area of Georgia is 58,980 square miles ; it is the ninth State 
 in size in the Union, and the largest State east of the Mississippi. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 Mountains. — The great Appalachian chain, (the breast-bone of 
 the continent, the Rocky Mountains on the west being the back- 
 bone,) forms by far the leading topographical feature of the long 
 line of Atlantic States. In its relation to this great feature, Geor- 
 gia has its entire northern boundary among mountain ranges 
 extending beyond her limits into Alabama on the west and South 
 Carolina on the east. No peak in Georgia is a mile high ; Mt. 
 Enotah in Towns county, the highest, being 4,796 feet. The most 
 noted mountains are the Rabun Bald, Blood, Tray, Yonah, 
 Grassy, Walker's, Lookout, and the Stone Mountain, the largest 
 mass of solid granite in the world. 
 
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 9 
 
 Ridges. — A great ridge runs from the St. Lawrence River through 
 the Atlantic States to Cape Sable in Florida. 
 
 This ridge, of which the culminating points are mountains, 
 passes almost centrally through Georgia. It is for three-fourths of 
 its length the long irregular eastern edge of the great Mississippi 
 basin. 
 
 A second great ridge separates the Mississippi valley from the 
 Gulf slope. This, the southern edge of the Mississippi basin, also 
 passes through Northern Georgia. The two ridges meet near the 
 corner of Rabun, Towns and White counties. 
 
 At this critical point a man standing with an umbrella in a shower 
 sheds the water so that one part reaches the Atlantic near Savannah ; 
 a second part the Gulf at Apalachicola, while a third enters the 
 Gulf below New Orleans, having passed successively through the 
 Hiwassee, the Tennessee, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 
 
 Water Sheds. — Georgia participates in three great basins, deter- 
 mined by the ridges just described. Of her surface there are in the 
 Atlantic slope about 32,400 square miles ; the Gulf slope about 25,730 
 square miles ; the Mississippi valley about 850 square miles. Thus 
 the drainage of about 54 per cent, of the surface is into the Atlan- 
 tic. 
 
 Rivers. — On the Atlantic coast there is but one slope and generally 
 the rivers flow with a rough parallelism southeast to the ocean. In 
 Georgia, which partakes of three great slopes, they run in all di- 
 rections, southeast, southwest, west and north. In the Atlantic 
 States generally they run as from the ridge of a roof. In Georgia 
 as from the apex of a cone. 
 
 The rivers on the Atlantic coast lie generally rather on the west 
 side of their basins, and the longest confluent streams are on the east 
 side. 
 
 RIVER SYSTEM OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Atlantic Slope— 32,400 
 
 LENGTH. h'd OF NAVIGATION. NAV'BLE LENGTH. BASIN AREA. 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 . 450 . 
 
 . Augusta, 
 
 . 250 . 
 
 . 4,000 
 
 Ogeechee, 
 
 200 . 
 
 . Louisville, . 
 
 . 150 . 
 
 . 6,000 
 
 Altamaha, 
 
 . 70 . 
 
 . — 
 
 . 70 . 
 
 . 14,104 
 
fO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 LENGTH. h'd OF NAVIGATION. NAv'bLE LENGTH. BASIN AREA 
 
 Oconee, .300 . . C. R. R. Bridge, 340 . . 4,500 
 
 Ocmulgee, 300 . . Ilawkinsville . 340 . . 6,000 . 
 
 Satilla Burnt Fork, . 50 . . 4,000 
 
 St. Marys, . . . Traders Hill, . 50 . . 500 . 
 
 Gxdf ISlope— 2Y,020 
 
 Flint, . . 300 . . Albany, . . 250 . . 9,500 . 
 
 Ch'hoochee 450 . . Columbus, . . 300 . . 6,000 . 
 
 Coosa, . . . . Rome, ... . . 6,020 . 
 
 Oostananla, 105 . , 
 
 Etowah, 
 
 The navigable length of the Altamaha is added to its confluents, 
 
 the Oconee and Ocmulgee. 
 
 The estimates are only approximate. 
 
 Water powers abound, especially at the heads of navigation of 
 the rivers, estimated in the aggregate at 4,000,000 horse power. 
 This exceeds the entire amount in actual use in the Union for all 
 manufacturing and milling purposes. 
 
 Coast. — The coast line runs south-west from Savannah to St. Ma- 
 rys — in a direct line about 128 miles ; by shore line about 430. 
 
 Harbors. — Savannah and Brunswick have the principal harbors, 
 and are the chief ports. Darien and St. Marys have also good har- 
 bor?. 
 
 Sounds are numerous along the coast, affording excellent internal 
 navigation. 
 
 Islands abound along the entire coast line. 
 
 The Okefinokee Swamp ("trembling earth"), several hundred 
 square miles in area, is more than 100 feet above tide water, and 
 sueceptible of drainage. 
 
 Natural Divisions. — These are three — Upper, Middle and Lower 
 •Georgia. Upper Georgia is mountainous ; Middle Georgia an un- 
 dulating country, with clay soil and oak and hickory forests ; South- 
 ern or Lower Georgia is characterized by sandy surface soil and pine 
 forests. These sections are often sub-divided for the sake of nicer 
 ■discrimination. 
 
 Scenery. — The State abounds in fine and varied scenery — moun- 
 tains, valleys and waterfalls. These are now accessible, and much 
 visited and admired. 
 
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. II 
 
 Among the noted views are those from Lookout, Pigeon and 
 Stone Mountains, and from Yonah and Tray. Nacoochee is the 
 most noted valley. Among the falls are Tallulah, the terrible, Toc- 
 coa, the beautiful, and the Estatoa, as yet little known but of 
 surpassing beauty. 
 
 Geology. — The general geological features of the Atlantic slope, 
 from the sea to the mountains, represent all the intermediate grades 
 from the period of earliest life to lands yet unfinished. Of these 
 manifold formations, Georgia cuts out a slice. 
 
 The lines of the State run across all topographical and geological 
 divisions. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 The minerals, depending on the geology, are equally varied. 
 Tew States present so great a variety, embracing amongst others 
 gold, iron, silver, copper, lead and manganese, granite, limestone, 
 marble, sandstone, slate, buhrstone, soap-stone, mica, asbestos, 
 kaolin and various precious stones; the diamond, ruby, amethyst and 
 opal. 
 
 A list of the minerals is given in the Hand Book of Georgia, p. 
 30. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 These, depending also on the geological formation, are equally 
 varied and often so intermixed that the epithet " spotted " would 
 apply. In the northwest the soil is composed of disintegrated lime 
 stone, etc.; in the northeast of granite and like stones. In Middle 
 Georgia are red clay and gray soils with potash. In Southern 
 Georgia the better lands contain lime and marl. A region near 
 Columbus is cretaceous. The fertility of the soil and its adaptation 
 to production will be the subject of a future chapter. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Georgia is full of variety in its relations to 
 health, comfort and production. Since for every three hundred feet 
 of elevation there is a fall of one deg. in temperature, this cause 
 would make a change in Georgia of about 16 deg. The difference 
 of latitude, 4| deg., would occasion a difference of about 9 deg. 
 
12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 These two causes would effect a variation therefore of about 25 deg-. 
 The annual mean for the State is about 65.1 deg. — the summer 
 mean about 79.7 deg. and the winter mean about 50.1 deg. In North- 
 ern Georgia the summer mean about 75.3 deg., the winter mean 
 about 42.8 deg. In South Georgia the annual mean 67.7 deg., sum ? 
 mer 81.3, winter 53.6. In Middle Georgia the annual mean 63.5 
 summer 79.2, winter 47.2. 
 
 The foregoing figures are derived from the records of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture ; and they rectify the usual statements of 
 temperature based on imperfect data. 
 
 The mean temperature of Atlanta corresponds with that of Wash- 
 ington City, Louisville and St. Louis. The extremes are seldom && 
 great as in the Northern cities and sun strokes are less frequent. 
 On the whole, the range of choice in climate is very wide, from the 
 invigorating climate of the mountains to the rather debilitating 
 summer climate of the South, modified, however, by the sea 
 breezes. 
 
 There are few climates superior for the year round to that of 
 Middle Geoi'gia. Southern Georgia supplies in winter a sanitari- 
 um for pulmonary diseases, and Northern Georgia in summer for 
 malarial diseases and fever ; indeed, for lung diseases also. 
 
 Inadequate provision is made against cold, in our homes, but the 
 tendency is to improvement in this regard. 
 
 Our winter climate is such, as respects production, that foreigners 
 say we have two annual crops. This fact is of great service in win- 
 tering stock. 
 
 Rainfall. — This varies in different sections of the State — and 
 not in the way usually represented. The lowest reports indicate 
 39 inches, the highest 72. The average is about 50 inches. A full 
 report will be giv en hereafter. 
 
 NATURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Forests. — There is timber abundant for all purposes, fuel and 
 material for work, material for houses and ships, for fencing and 
 furniture and tools, for use and ornament, for shade and fruit, for 
 wagons, carriages and plows. 
 
 A large business is done in the exportation of lumber and also o^ 
 turpentine and like products. 
 
OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 1 3 
 
 Pine, oak, hickory, walnut, the elm, ash and maple, magnolia 
 and live oak abound in different sections. There are great advan- 
 tages in the second growth pines which follow after cultivation. 
 
 In the hand book of Georgia (p. 110) a list of 230 woody plants 
 is ffiven. 
 
 Orassei. — A chapter will be devoted hereafter to the natural 
 and the cultivated grasses of Georgia. 
 
 Fuller information on these subjects will be furnished in subse- 
 quent chapters. 
 
 This completes, perhaps, with sufficient fullness, the outline view 
 of "the Country," an Empire in extent, full of variety, abound- 
 ing in resources, and offering ample room for choice in the wide 
 and diversified range of human pursuits. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 We are now to treat of the second great head — 
 II.— THE PEOPLE. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 a. Number. The population of Georgia, by the census of 1880, was 
 1,542,180, being 26.1 persons per sq. mile. 
 
 b. Families. The number of families was 303,060 — an average of 
 5.09 persons to a family. 
 
 c. Dwellings. The dwellings were 289,474 — an average of 5.23 per- 
 sons to a dwelling. 
 
 d. Distribution. — Territorial. 
 
 Section. Population. Per Sq. Mile. 
 
 North Georgia 337,000 30 
 
 Middle Georgia.. 568,000 43 
 
 South-west Georgia 310,000 21 
 
 East Georgia... 207,000 20 
 
 South-east Georgia 120,200 12 
 
 A table showing the population of the counties will be given 
 hereafter. 
 
 e. Toivn and Country. 
 
 The census does not supply the exact information. The informa- 
 tion obtained at considerable pains is approximately as follows : 
 
 Rural population, 1,266,900 82 per cent. 
 
 Town, 275,280 18 per cent. 
 
 There are in Georgia — 
 
 Cities with over 10,000 inhabitants.... 5 
 
 Towns, 2,000 to 10,000 15 
 
 Towns, 1,000 to 2,000 23 
 
 Villages, 500 to 1,000 42 
 
 Villages, 200 to 500 129 
 
 Villages, 100 to 200 163 
 
 Cities, towns and villages 377 
 
THE PEOPLE. 15 
 
 Population in 1880. 
 
 Chief Places. 
 
 Atlanta - 37,40^ 
 
 Savannah - 30,70^ 
 
 Augusta 21,891 
 
 Macon 12,749 
 
 Columbus 10,10a 
 
 Athens 6,099 
 
 Rome - 3,877 
 
 Milledgeville _ _ 3,797 
 
 Americus 3,635 
 
 Griffin 3,620 
 
 Albany 3,21& 
 
 All these places have increased in population since the census. 
 
 The density of the rural population is 21.3 per square mile. 
 
 /. Population by Race. 
 
 White, 816,906 53 percent. 
 
 Colored, 725.103 47 percent. 
 
 Excess of whites, 91,803. In the cities and towns, the per cent, 
 of colored population is somewhat uniform. In the country it varies 
 widely, from 1 to 90 per cent. 
 
 Mistaken estimates have been made of the rate of increase of the 
 colored population as compared with the whites. 
 
 Gross errors in these estimates will be exposed in a future chap- 
 ter. 
 
 g. Population by Age. 
 
 Minors, under 21 877,781 57 per cent. 
 
 Adults, over 21 664,399 73 per cent. 
 
 School age, 5 to 17 inclusive, 511,555 33 per cent. 
 
 Voters, males over 21 321,438 21 per cent. 
 
 Persons over 80 6,786 
 
 k. Sex of Population. 
 
 Males 762,981 
 
 Females 779,199 
 
 Excess of females 16,218 
 
 i. Nativity. 
 
 Natives 1,531,616- 
 
 Foreign born 10,564 
 
 The foreign born are not three-fourths of 1 per cent, of the people- 
 
l6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Of these, from Ireland, 4,148; England, Scotland and British Amer- 
 ica, 1,909; Germany, 2,956; France, 295 ; Sweden, 138; Switzerland* 
 107; Italy, 82. 
 
 State of Birth. 
 
 There are in Georgia, born in other States, 136,402 persons. Of 
 these, born in South Carolina, 50,195; North Carolina,24,156; Ala- 
 bama, 17,000; Virginia, 14,606; Tennessee, 10,717; Florida, 5,840; 
 New York, 2,570; New England, 2,144; Pennsylvania, 1,000; all 
 Northern States about 10 000. 
 
 Born in Georgia, living in other States, 323,854. Excess of emi- 
 grants over immigrants, 187,452. Such excess is common to the 
 older States : in South Carolina the like excess was 195,000 ; in 
 North Carolina, 242,000; in Virginia, 621,000; in Tennessee, 262,- 
 000; in Kentucky, 267,000; in Ohio, 500,000. 
 
 j. Mortality. 
 
 Deaths in census year, in Georgia, 21,549 — 1 to 71.6 persons. In 
 the United States, 758,893—1 to 66.2 persons. 
 
 Deaths of persons under 5 years, in Georgia, 10,080 — 47 per cent, 
 of all. In the United States 302,806—40 per cent, of all. 
 
 The mortality among colored infants largely affects this percent- 
 age. 
 
 h. Occupations of the People. 
 
 All occupations, 597,862. Agricultural, 432,20-1—72 per cent.; 
 professional and personal services, 104 269 —17 per cent. ; trade and 
 transportation, 25 222— 4 per cent. ; manufactures, mining, etc, 
 36,167-6 per cent. 
 
 Of the agricultural class, 145,062 are farmers and planters ; 3,202 
 nurserymen, florists, etc., and 284,060 laborers. 
 
 In the professional class, 3,633 arc classed as teachers, (too few — 
 '6,146inReport of Schools, etc.) ; physicians, 1,995; clergymen, 1,747; 
 lawyers, 1,432 ; journalists, 175. 
 
 In manufacturing, the reported number of officers and operators, 
 including those in iron works, is about 6,500; in milling about 
 4,050; in mining, (too small), 460. 
 
 Of mechanics, about 5,000 are carpenters; tailors, 3,258; black- 
 smiths, 2,898; brick-masons, 1,253; lumbermen, 1,080; (elsewhere 
 much more numerous, 4,971.) 
 
THE PEOPLE. 17 
 
 Hotel keepers, etc., 1,728 ; livery stable keepers, 454 ; laundresses, 
 7,936. 
 
 Laborers, 47,219; domestic servants, 33 139 — (too small). 
 I. Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes. 
 
 Number of insane, 1,697; idiotic, 2,433; blind, 1,636; deaf, 819. 
 Paupers, 1,278. Criminals, 1,837, viz : 231 whites, 1,606 colored. 
 Illiterates over 10 years old, unable to write : whites, 128,934; colored, 
 391,482. 
 
 m. CENTRES OF POPDLATION. 
 
 1. The Geographical Centre of Georgia; 2, the centre of colored 
 population of Georgia, and 3, the centre of c >lored population of 
 the United States, are all near the same spot, in Twiggs county, 
 not far from Jefferson ville. 
 
 The centre of aggregate population of Georgia, and the c;ntre of 
 white population, are both near Forsyth, and only a few miles from 
 each other. That of aggregate population about ten miles, a little 
 north of east, and that of white population about twelve miles 
 northeast of Forsyth. The centre of population is about 40 miles 
 northwest of the centre of a^ea. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact in regard to centres of population in the 
 United States, that three of them should be nearly on the same me- 
 ridian, near the 84';h west of Greenwich, near the 7th west of 
 Washington City ; viz: the centre of aggregate population, that of 
 foreign population, and that of colo'ed population. None of them 
 are near the centre of area of the United States, which is in Kansas. 
 All the centres have gradually moved wjstward. 
 
 INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 POLITICAL, BUSINESS, RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 1. POLITICAL. 
 
 a. Federal Oovertiment. — Georgia being a member of the Fed- 
 eral Union, every citizen of Georgia is therefore a citizen also of 
 the United Slates; and conversely, every citizen of the United 
 States resident in Georgia, (-ioldiers stationed in the State excepted) 
 is a citizen of Gjorgia. In the Federal councils, the State is repre- 
 sented by two Senators and ten Representatives. 
 2 
 
l8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The tendency of the people of Georgia has ever been to a strict 
 construction of the Constitution of the United States, and to the re- 
 striction of Federal powers. 
 
 h. State Government — Constitution of 1^11 . — The limitations up- 
 on the powers of government in this Constitution are unusually com- 
 plete and pronounced, embracing nearly all the provisions for the 
 protection of liberty and personal rights to be found in any State 
 Constitution, and some additional safeguards?, which have been 
 copied in other States. 
 
 Prominent among them are the provisions limiting taxation, limit- 
 ing State credit and City and County credit, (the most dangerous 
 powers of government), regulating railroads by law, requiring a 
 majority of all the memhers of each house, instead of a majority of a 
 mere quoruin, to pass bills, requiring a two-thirds vote in sundry 
 important cases, and the like. 
 
 Some defects in the Constitution and suggestions as to the reme- 
 dy, have been recently discussed in an able series of articles by a 
 prominent citizen, with a view to remedying the defects, without 
 hazarding the valuable features, of the Constitution, or incurring 
 the expense of a Convention. The suggestions were the following^ 
 viz : 
 
 To strike from the Constitution the provision as to the introduc- 
 tion of, and action upon, local and special bills. 
 
 To fix the limit of the biennial session at eighty- days, and at the 
 same time to reduce the time to be devoted to local legislation. 
 
 To restore to the Governor, subject to the approval of the Senate, 
 the appointment of Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors. 
 
 To extend the terms of the Governor and heads of departments 
 to four years, with a disqualification on the part of the Governor 
 for re-election to the next term. 
 
 To increase the number of Senators to eighty-eight, and 
 
 To restore the provisions of the Constitution of 1868 as to the 
 selection of jurors for the trial of civil and criminal cases. 
 
 The writer of these suggestions was a member of the Conven- 
 tion, and for years since a member of the General Assembly, with 
 opportunities of observing the practical operations of the Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 19 
 
 His views will doubtless receive the careful consideration of the 
 Legislature. 
 
 Synopsis of the Constitution — First Principles. — The Constitu- 
 tion opens with a declaration of first principles. Government is 
 for the good of the people, and its officers are their servants. The 
 object of government is the establishment of freedom, limited by 
 justice ; to this end, the protection of person and property should 
 be impartial and complete. 
 
 Source of Power. — The people are the source of power, and all 
 rights not delegated are reserved. Suffrage is bestowed on all male 
 citizens 21 years of age, of sound mind, not criminals, and who have 
 paid all taxes for the support of government. The number of fe- 
 males exceeds that of males; and the number of minors exceeds 
 that of adults ; the elective body constitutes, therefore, rather 
 more than one-fifth of the entire body of citizens. 
 
 On election days the sale of liquor within two miles of the polls, 
 is prohibited. 
 
 Delegation of Power — Extraordinary. — A Constitutional Conven- 
 tion is the supreme representative seat of power. Sach a Conven- 
 tion may be called by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected 
 of each house. Amendments to the Constitution may be made by 
 such a Convention, representing the sovereign power of the State, 
 or they may be proposed by two-thirds of all the members elected, 
 of each house, and submitted to the people for ratification or re- 
 jection. 
 
 Ordinary Powers — the State Government. — The usual distinction 
 is made into three departments — Legislative, Judicial and Executive. 
 
 Bill of Rights. — The declaration of rights limiting all depart- 
 ments of government, and protecting the citizen against them all, 
 precedes the bestowment of delegated power on any department. 
 The Bill of Kights provides for liberty of person, prohibits slavery, 
 declares that the writ of habeas corpus shall never be suspended, 
 provides for liberty of speech, complete liberty of conscience, 
 equality before the law, the proper publication of law, which 
 «hall not be ex post facto nor retroactive ; provides that the socia 
 status of the people shall not be a subject of legislation, and makes 
 numerous and powerful provisions for the protection of property. 
 
20 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The taxing power is closely hedged in, and limited; certain home- 
 stead privilegee, and the property of wives, are secured 
 
 These provisions protect the citizen chiefly from the abuse of 
 power by the legislative department. 
 
 Protection from the Judiciary, and lij the Jadiciari/.-hvevj 
 person is entitled to due process of law, to a day in court, to trial by 
 iurv, he is entitled to a speedy trial, and exposed to but one. l^ro- 
 vision is made against banishment, against whipping, against exces- 
 sive bail or fines, or cruel and unusual punishments, and against im- 
 prisonment for debt; penalties are limited ; so also punishment tor 
 
 contempt of court. 
 
 The Judiciary shall declare unconstitutional laws void. 
 
 Additional safeguards appear, positively and negatively, in the 
 provisions bestowing and limiting the powers of the three depart- 
 ments of government. 
 
 ORGANIZATION INTO DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Leqislative Department.- This consists of a General Assembly, 
 composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representa- 
 tives The Senate consists of M members, and the House of 175. 
 
 Senate-Senarate Functions. -Th^ trial of impeachment, and the 
 ratification or rejection of certain nominations by the Governor are 
 special functions of the Senate. .... - 
 
 Rouse-Separate Functions. -1\^^ House has the initiative of 
 all appropriation bills : also, of certain special and local bills, and ot 
 impeachments. 
 
 JOINT FUNCTIONS. 
 
 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Elections and ^.mo;i5.-Elections for both houses are biennial, 
 and the term for b.th is the same, two years. Sessions are biennial, 
 and f jr 40 days, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of all the 
 members of both houses. A call session by the Governor is limi- 
 ted to the matter of the call. 
 
 Proceedings in the Genexal Assembly -Amov^^ the special pro- 
 visions are some (perhaps over-stringent ones) as to local bills. 
 
 Bills to borrow money must have exact specifications. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 21 
 
 The yeas and nays are provided for in numerous cases, and al- 
 ways on a call of one fifth of the members,on appropriation bill8,and 
 on bills requiring a two-thirds vote. 
 
 A two-thirds vote is needed, to prolong a session over 40 days ; 
 to over-ride a veto ; to raise salaries ; to re-introduce a bill once re- 
 jected ; to introduce local bills not reported ; to expel a member ; to 
 propose a Constitutional Convention or amendment. 
 
 Both houses must keep journals and publish them. 
 
 Duties not Legislative — Elections on joint ballot of the Justices 
 of the Supreme Court, Judges of the Superior Court, and Solicitors- 
 •General ; counting votes for Goveror, and if no majority, electing 
 ■Governor. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE POWERS. 
 
 General Grant of Power — All powers are granted, not repugnant 
 to the Constitution of the United States, and of Georgia, 
 
 Restraints and Limitatio7ts — Almost the entire bill of rights is 
 in restraint of Legislative power. The provisions that laws shall 
 be of general operation, and that all citizens shall be equal befere 
 the law, prevent special privileges. 
 
 The power oF taxation is declared inalienable ; so the State can- 
 not depart with the right of Eminent Domain, or with the Police 
 power. 
 
 No irrevocable grant of any privilege shall be made. Revocation 
 •of grants already made shall be on just terms to the grantees. 
 
 The granting of certain corporate powers is taken from the Legis- 
 lature, and conferred on the Courts. 
 
 The Legislature cannot grant any gratuity or donation (except to 
 the University of Georgia and the Colored University), nor extra 
 pay, nor relief on recognizances. 
 
 Lotteries are prohibited. 
 
 Lobbying is made a crime. 
 
 TAXATION. 
 
 This subject is much labored. The power is declared inalienable 
 
 The objects are strictly limited, to the support of Government 
 
 and the public Institutions, interest on public debt, principal of the 
 
22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 public debt, cases of insurrection, invasion or war, and two special 
 objects — elementary education and furnishing soldiers artificial 
 limbs. 
 
 As to mode, taxation shall be uniform on classes, and ad valorem 
 on property. 
 
 A poll tax of one dollar is allowed for educational purposes. 
 
 Exemptions are limited. 
 
 Public property, churches and cemeteries, charities, colleges and 
 schools, public libraries, literary associations, books and apparatus, 
 paintings and statuary, not for sale or profit, are exempt. No other 
 exemptions are allowed, especially no corporate exemptions. 
 
 Uses of Public Money — These are limited to the objects stated. 
 A sinking fund of $100,000 is provided for, to pay bonds, etc. Of- 
 ficers are to make no profit out of funds. No gratuity, donation, 
 or extra pay is allowed. 
 
 The State Credit is carefully guarded. No debt is to be contracted, 
 save for a deficiency not exceeding $200,000 in case of invasion, 
 insurrection, or war, or for the payment of the public debt. The 
 act must specify purpose and be so limited. No assumption of debt 
 is allowed, save of war debt. No loan for any purpose. The State 
 shall not become a stockholder. Certain Bonds are enumerated as 
 void. 
 
 Local Taxation and Credit are also carefully guarded. Counties 
 and Cities may not become stockholders and may not give nor lend, 
 save to charities and schools. County taxes are limited to debt now 
 existing, public works, prisons, court expenses, quarantine, 
 paupers and education in English. The debt of city or county 
 shall not exceed 7 per cent, of assessed value of property. If not 
 now seven, it may be increased three percent. For deficiency one- 
 fifth of one percent, is allowed. A two-thirds vote is required. Ade- 
 quate provision for debt must be made in advance, to meet it in 
 not exceeding thirty years. 
 
 Powers as to Railroads. — These are full and yet carefully 
 guarded. The Legislature must regulate rates and secure impar- 
 tiality. Any amendment of a charter shall operate as a novation, and 
 subject the railroads to legal regulation. Buying its own shares,. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 23 
 
 monopoly, rebates, deception as to rates, are prohibited to every 
 railroad. 
 
 Certain Powers as to Insurance Gomjpanics are granted. For 
 taxation, licenses, requiring deposits, etc.; also requiring reports. 
 
 Powers as to the State Militia and Volunteers are granted. 
 
 Povjers Concerning Education — These concern elementary educa- 
 tion; also the higher education in the University of Georgia. A State 
 School Commission and a school fund are provided. Only the ele- 
 mentary branches are to be taught. White and colored schools are to 
 be separate. County and city taxes may supplement the State school 
 fund on certain conditions. 
 
 DELEGATION OF TOWER. 
 
 To Cotmties. — No new counties are to belaid off. A County site 
 can only be changed by a two-thirds vote of the people. Dissolution 
 or merger of counties require a two-thirds vote of the people. Coun- 
 ty officers and commissioners are provided for. A Tax for educa- 
 tional purposes is allowed on recommendation of grand juries and 
 a two-thirds vote of the people. 
 
 To Corporations — The General Assembly grants acts of incorpo- 
 ration to certain more important Associations. The courts to others 
 Bpeciiied. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 This consists of the Supreme Court, the Superior Courts, Court 
 of Ordinary, Justices of the Peace, and Notaries Public. The 
 Legislature may establish other courts, and may abolish any except 
 the above named. 
 
 The Supreme Court is a court of errors only. It consists of a 
 Chief Justice and two Associates, elected by the Legislature for six 
 years— salary, $3,000. 
 
 Superior Courts. — There are twenty-one judicial circuits in the 
 State, and twenty-one Judges of the Superior Court, chosen each 
 for six years — salary, $2,C00. They can exchange at convenience 
 with each other, or with city court judges. The jurisdiction of the 
 Superior Court is exclusive in equity, in land titles, divorce cases 
 and in criminal eases, involving life or the penitentiary. Provisions 
 are made for the trial of appeals, certioraris fron lower courts, etc. 
 
 Juries must be composed of intelligent and upright men. 
 
24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Such are the provisions aflectint^ the judicial department. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Tlie Governor's powers and pay are small ; his duties and re- 
 eponsibilities large and numerous. He is elected for tvpo years, 
 may serve two terms, and is ineligible then, for four years. In case 
 of disability, the President of the Senate or next, the Speaker of 
 the House, becomes acting Governor till an election supplies the 
 vacancy. 
 
 The Governor is commander-in-chief of the army and militia, and 
 it is his duty to execute the laws. The pardoning power is his ; he 
 fills vacancies in certain offices. In his relations to the General 
 Assembly, he gives information, and makes recommendations ; can 
 convoke the Assembly ; in certain contingencies declare it ad- 
 journed ; he has the veto power, subject to two third vote thereafter; 
 he is charged with quarterly examinations of the books of the 
 Comptroller-General and the Treasurer. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer are 
 all elected by the people for two years. 
 
 The Governor appoints the School Commissioner, Commissioner 
 of Agriculture and R lilroad Commissioners. 
 
 Such is a general view of the organic law of the State. We give 
 next a view of the more important 
 
 LAWS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Sources of Knowledge. — These are ample and complete in Geor- 
 gia, as they should be in every State ; for since ignorance of the law 
 is no excuse, the law should therefore be well promulgated. 
 
 Inherited Laio. — A.t the separation from the mother country, 
 there were English and Colonial laws of force in the colony. These 
 formed a sort of stock on which subsequent laws were grafted- 
 With some limits as to their application, they were all declared of 
 force by the act of 1784, known as the " Adopting Act," viz : The 
 Common Law of England; the Civil and Common Law ; the prin- 
 ciples of Equity ; English Statutes, auda body of Provincial Acts as 
 they were in force May lith, 1776. 
 
 The English statutes were collated by autliority in Schley's Di- 
 gest, 1826. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 25 
 
 State Laws.— The first digest of State laws was Watkins' Digest, 
 rejected by the General Assembly because it contained the obnox- 
 ious Yazoo act. 
 
 List of Digests Sanctioned by Authority. 
 Volume 1. Marbury & Crawford 1802. 
 
 2. Clayton 1810. 
 
 3. Lamar 1819. 
 
 4. Dawson.. 1829. 
 
 5. Prince 1821-1837. 
 
 6. Hotchkiss 1845. 
 
 7. Cobb 1851. 
 
 8. The Code, first edition 1863. 
 
 Then three subsequent editions of the Code, in 1S67, 1873, and 
 
 1882. After every session the laws are published in pamphlet form. 
 
 The Code is a monument to the genius and industry of its com- 
 pilers, especiall}^ to those of the lamented Thomas R. R. Cobb, the 
 moving spirit in its conception and execution. The index is defec- 
 tive, however, in principle and execution. 
 
 The Law as it noio is — Code of 1882. — The Code is abundantly 
 and laboriously annotated ; numerous notes show the heads of espe- 
 cial practical importance, and mark disputed tracts of law. By 
 glancing over its pages, one inay see, not the blood, but the ink- 
 spots of many legal frays. 
 
 The Code consists of four parts: 
 
 Part 1. Organization. 2. Civil Code. 3. Code of Practice. 4. 
 Pbual Laws. 
 
 The Rank of Law6 appears in the Constitution, and aUo in the 
 Code. 
 
 1. The Constitution of the United States. 
 
 2. Laws and treaties under the same. 
 
 3. The Constitution of Georgia. 
 
 4. Public laws under the same. 
 
 5. The unanimous decitions of tiie Supreme Court made by a full 
 bench. 
 
 6. Private laws. 
 
 7. Customs, of universal practice. 
 
 As authority, legal maxim?, text books and practice. 
 
26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Decisions of the United States courts are paramount on constitu- 
 tional questionB, equal on commercial law, superior on State law. 
 We give a brief view of the several p.^rts of the Code. 
 
 PART I. — ORGANIZATION. 
 
 This part sets forth the boundary and jurisdiction of the State, 
 and its political divisions. There are 137 counties, 44 senatorial 
 districts, 21 judicial circuits and 10 Congressional districts. These 
 will be given in more detail hereafter. 
 
 Citizenship is defined, and the distinction of race. One-eighth of 
 African blood constitutes a person of color. 
 
 The Code gives a fuller view of the three Departments of State 
 than does tbe Constitution. Soalsoof County organization and City, 
 of the public revenue, debt, property, defense, etc., of elections, po- 
 lice and sanitary regulations, and the like. 
 
 This part of the Code prescribes the mode of conducting Elec- 
 tions by the People and by the General Assembly. 
 
 It defines the duties of the Executive Department, of the Gov- 
 ernor, his residence, official minutes, etc., of the State House offi- 
 cers, the Secretary of Slate, Treasurer and Comptroller General, 
 School Commissioner, Commissioner of Agriculture, Attorney- 
 General, Librarian, etc. 
 
 More particular reference will be made hereafter to the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, established first in Georgia and copied exten- 
 sively elsewhere. 
 
 The same part of the Code defines more fully the duties also of 
 the Legislative and Judicial Departments ; the organization of the 
 State into counties and other political divisions ; provides for Tax- 
 ation, the Public Revenue, Debt and Property, Public printing and 
 Public defense. 
 
 The Public School system and the whole Educational system of 
 the State is also here set forth, and the provision for the Blind, 
 Deaf and Dumb, Lunatics, and unfortunate classes, also Police and 
 Sanitary regulations, and the Penitentiary system. 
 
 To some of these fuller reference will be made hereafter. 
 
 Educational. — The school kw of Georgia is a model unsurpassed 
 in the Union for completeness and good features. It is a splendid 
 
THE PEOPLE. 27 
 
 Mank, however, which needs to be filled with money. Provision 
 is made by the Constitution for donations to the University of 
 Georgia, but the Legislature seldom avails itself of them. The 
 whole educational system is a form to be filled out — scantily supplied 
 by the State. The endowment of the University is the liberality 
 of a past generation. 
 
 PART II. — THE CIVIL CODE. 
 
 This, the most important part, sets forth the rights, duties and 
 liabilities of citizens, with their limitations. 
 
 Rights of Citizens. — In general, a citizen has a right to the free 
 use of his own person and property, except as restrained by law. 
 He has thus the right to personal liberty and personal security, viz : 
 of body, limb and reputation, freedom of conscience and religious lib- 
 erty. He has the right to the protection of law, to make contracts, 
 to appeal to the courts and to testify in them. Adult male citizens 
 have the right to the elective franchise, to hold office and to perform 
 civil functions. 
 
 All persons, whether citizens or not, have the right to the pro- 
 tection of the law, to hold property, to the free use and disposition 
 of the same during life, and the qualified right to dispose of it at 
 death. 
 
 Indeed, the whole Bill of Rights, in the Constitutions of the 
 United States and the State, is in the interest of personal rights and 
 equality before the law. 
 
 EIGHTS AND DUTIES ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL RELATIONS. 
 DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 
 
 Husband and Wife — Parties. — The marriage of white persons 
 to persons of color is prohibited. Marriage is prohibited to male 
 persons under seventeen years, females under fourteen. For a fe- 
 male under eighteen the consent of her parents or guardian is 
 necessary. Persons related by blood more nearly than first cousins 
 may not intermarry. The marriage of a deceased wife's sister is 
 not prohibited. A license from the ordinary is required. 
 
 The Orounds of Divorce are consanguinity, too close affinity, 
 mental or physical impediments, force or fraud in obtaining mar- 
 riage, pregnancy at time of marriage, adultery, desertion for three 
 
28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 years, conviction for a base crime, with sentence to imprisonment 
 for two years. Cruel treatment and habitual intoxications furnish dis- 
 cretionary grouLds. 
 
 The concurrent verdict of two juries is necessary to a total di- 
 vorce. The juries fix the relations of the parties to the children 
 and property. 
 
 Property of Married Wome?i. — This remains separate, whether 
 held at marriage or acquired thereafter. The wife has a limited 
 agency by reason of her relation as such. She has a right to dower, 
 unless surrendered, in real estate in possession at the death of the 
 husband. 
 
 Numerous other provisions affect this most important relation. 
 
 On the death of the husband intestate, the wife inherits from 
 him, if no child, the whole estate ; if child or children, not exceed- 
 ing four, a child's part ; if over four, one-fifth of estate. 
 
 Parent and child are bound to mutual support when needed, 
 and have the right of mutual protection. It is the parent's duty to 
 maintain, protect and educate the child. 
 
 Provisions are made for adoption of children, for protection 
 against cruel treatment by parents, etc., etc. 
 
 Guardian and Ward. — Ample provision is made for this rela- 
 tion, needing no special mention, 
 
 Master and Servant. — Provision for this relation by indenture, 
 etc., is made. Laborers in factories are not subject tocorporal punish- 
 ment. The hours of labor for minors cannot exceed those between 
 eunrise and sunset, and time for meals must be allowed. 
 
 KELATIOXS, OTHER THAN DOMESTIC, ARISING OUT OF CONTRACT. 
 
 Principal and Agent — Few peculiar provisions are to be found 
 except in the law affecting 
 
 Overseers — As this agency is very broad and general, much of it 
 is left to implication, and so it has been much contested. The con- 
 tract need not to be in writing, though not to bo performed within 
 a year. 
 
 Landlord and Tenant. — This is another frequent relation. The 
 landlord has a lien for rent and may distrain for it. Rent bears 
 interest. Rent, not exceeding half the crop, payable in kind, is not 
 
THE PEOPLE. 29 
 
 liable to process against tenant. Tlie landlord may have a special 
 lien for provisions, and this must be written. 
 
 Deposits. — A bank officer is liable, criminally, for receiving de- 
 posits when he knows the bank to be insolvent. 
 
 Interest. — The legal rate is 7 per cent. By written contract it 
 may be eight. For usury the excess only is forfeited. 
 
 Debtor and Creditor. — The rights of creditors are favored. Cer- 
 tain contracts must be in writing, viz., securityship ; the sale of land ; 
 promises to revive a debt out of date ; contracts not to be performed 
 within a year (except with overseers ;) and some others. 
 
 The rights of securities are very strictly construed. 
 
 Conveyances to defeat creditors are void. 
 
 A debtor can prefer a creditor. 
 
 Homestead. — The value set apart amounts to $1600. 
 
 Exemptions. --T\i<d%Q are — of land, 50 acres and 5 acres added for 
 each child under 16; a farm-horse or mule, cow and calf, 10 hoo-s 
 $50 worth of provisions, five added for each child, and some other 
 items, including tools of trade. 
 
 A deceased debtor's property is liable to certain charges before 
 debts are paid ; viz., a year's support for the family, etc. 
 
 Limitation of Actions. — Notes are barred in six years, open ac- 
 counts in four years, unless by reason of disability in plaintiff. 
 
 A new promise must be in writing. A payment entered by the 
 debtor suffices. 
 
 Mortgages — must be recorded within 30 days, else they only pro- 
 tect from the date of record. 
 
 Liens. — Numerous liens are provided for by the code, express 
 and implied. Amon:^ them liens of attorneys, bailees, carriers, fac- 
 tors, inn-keepers, laborers, landlords and mechanics. 
 
 The vendor's lien is abolished. 
 
 PROPERTY RIGHTS. 
 
 Real Estate. — The tenure is allodial, the land held under the 
 State without service of any kinc'., and limited only by the right of 
 eminent domain in the State. Transfers must usually be in writing 
 and recorded. 
 
 Prescrriptive Rights.- Possession for twenty years gives tit!e; so 
 
30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 seven years adverse possession, except against persons laboring un- 
 der disability of infancy, etc. 
 
 PersonalF roperty . — Stocks are usually personalty. 
 
 Adverse posession for four years gives prescriptive title, except 
 in cases of disability of true owner. 
 
 TRANSFER OF PROPERTY. 
 
 By Sale. — The price must be agreed on, the goods identified 
 and delivered, actually or constructively. A consideration is neces- 
 sary. A deed to personal property needs no witnesses. There is 
 in Georgia no "market overt." 
 
 By Gift. — The donor must intend to give, the donee to accept 
 and there must be a delivery, actual or constructive. Acceptance is 
 usually presumed. 
 
 Delivery by a parent to a child living apart from him creates a 
 presumption of a gift. 
 
 Gifts against creditors are void. 
 
 By Will. — Generally, any person can make a will, except minors 
 under 14 years of age and imbeciles; married women only in special 
 cases. 
 
 The power is unlimited, except to defeat creditors and dower. 
 
 A will for charitable uses must be made 90 days before death,and 
 (if wife or child living) not exceed one-third of estate. 
 
 Limitations may extend to a life or lives in being and 21 years 
 (and the period of gestation thereafter) and no longer. 
 
 Fraud vitiates a will ; so also a mistake as to the existence or con- 
 duct of heirs at law, vitiatcfi as to such heirs. 
 
 Except to nuncupative wills, three witnesses are necessary. 
 
 Descent. — The law of inheritance is as follows : 
 
 The husband is usually sole heir of intestate wife (one special 
 exception, (§2184:.) 
 
 The wife is sole heir, if no children or descendants of children. 
 
 If husband leaves wife and child, or children, the wife takes a 
 child's part, unless the shares exceed five, when the wife shall take 
 a fifth. 
 
 Children, if no wife, inherit whole estate. Lineal descendants 
 represent deceased child, per Stirpe. Posthumouf children are in- 
 cluded. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 31 
 
 Brothers and sisters stand in the next degree, the paternal half- 
 blood included. If no brother or sister of whole or paternal half- 
 blood, then maternal half-blood inherits. Deceased brothers or sis- 
 ters are represented by their children or grandchildren per stirpe. 
 
 The father, if living, and in certain cases, the mother, if she is 
 living and the father not, inherits as would a brother and sister. 
 
 Beyond these degrees, paternal and maternal next of kin are 
 equal. 
 
 First cousins stand next, and equally with them, uncles and aunts. 
 
 More remote degrees are determined by the Canon law as in the 
 English decisions prior to July 4, 177<.). 
 
 LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF PERSON. 
 
 A person has. in general, all rights of person not prohibited. 
 The right to body, limb, freedom of locomotion, nay, even the right to 
 life itself, may be forfeited for crime, punished by imprisonment at 
 hard labor, or by death. Branding and flagging in the penitentiary 
 also limit personal rights. Special limitations also prevail in the 
 army and navy. The citizen is also liable to military, road and 
 jury duty, and to serve as a witness. His general right to bear 
 arms is secured to him, subject to the provision that they be not 
 concealed. Personal liberty may be limited not only by crime, but 
 by insanity, and by imprisonment for the fraudulent concealment of 
 property. The writ of habeas corpus in Georgia is 7iever suspended. 
 The elective franchise may be forfeited for crime and by non-pay- 
 ment of taxes. The right to hold office may be forfeited for crime 
 -including duelling — or by default in regard to public money. Per- 
 sonal rights are subject to quarantine, vaccination, and to vagrancy 
 laws. Sunday work or contracts are prohibited. The office of Pro- 
 fessor in the University of Georgia was at one time limited to per- 
 sons of the Christian religion ; this restriction has been repealed as 
 unconstitutional. 
 
 LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF PROPERTY AND ITS USE. 
 
 The right of eminent domain in the State, limits that of the prop- 
 erty holder. But just compensation must be made by the State 
 for property taken. The State has the right of collecting taxes, and 
 of impressment. The State regulates common carriers, inn- 
 
32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 keepers, and licensed trades and professions ; also, railroads and 
 other corporations founded on the exercise of State sovereignty. 
 There are inspection laws-laws regulating liquor selling and tippling 
 houses on the Sabbath day — insolvent laws — laws regulating game 
 and fish, escheat laws, stock laws and fence laws (now left to local 
 option). The State requires the support of one's family, requires 
 alimony in cases of divorce, and prevents entails. Self-made limita- 
 tions on property rights, by contract, are enforced by the State. 
 In certain cases specific performance is enforced ; in others, dama- 
 ges are awarded. The right to will property is limited by the wife's 
 right of dower ; by the rights of creditors, and by those of the 
 family to twelve months' support. Subject to such limitations, 
 the right of property is absolute, one can do with it whatever is not 
 prohibited. 
 
 RIGHT OF CONTRACT — HOW LIMITED. 
 
 Contracts on Sunday and keeping open tippling houses on Sun- 
 day are prohibited. The marriage contract is limited by certain 
 degrees of consanguinity or affinity. White persons and color- 
 ed may not intermarry. Fcictory operatives under age are 
 limited to work between sunrise and sunset, with a proper interval 
 for meals. Compounding felonies, lotteries, and gambling are 
 prohibited. These are the chief restraints upon contract. 
 
 PART III OF CODE — PRACTICE. 
 
 Remedies differ in different States more than do rights. Prooe- 
 dure in Georgia has ever been easy and intelligible. The judiciary 
 act of 1799 made numerous and valuable improvements in law proce- 
 dure. It has been said that since its passage, with some added 
 legislation allowing amendments, no lawyer in Georgia was ever at 
 a loss for a remedy. Among the simplifications were ea^y methods 
 for the foreclosure of mortgages., for deciding dalrn'i, establishing 
 lost papers, the pxrtition of property, attaGhiwints, gar)i\shtnents, 
 summary proceedings in trespass^ possessory warrants for personal 
 property, etc. Common law and equity jurisdiction are merged in 
 the same court, and are gradually merging into the same ac- 
 tion. Juries are also allowed in equity. There is a convenient 
 system provided of arbitration, the decision m ide a rule of Court. 
 
THE PEOPLE. 
 
 33 
 
 Still other simplification was made \\\ pleading in 1847, by what are 
 known as the Jack Jones forms. The rule o^ pleading in Georgia 
 has been briefly stated thus: "Plead what you please and prove 
 what you can.'' 
 
 For general convenience there are twenty-one Judicial Circuits 
 and Superior Courts are held in each county twice a year. There 
 are also County and Justices' Courts and certain jurisdiction is con- 
 ferred on Notaries. Thus justice is brought close home, as regards 
 place. Defendants are generally sued in their own counties. In 
 time, justice is not so prompt, and it has been complained that the 
 collection of debts and the trial of criminals in Geo-gia is too slow. 
 The evidence of parties is admitted when both parties can testify. 
 
 PART IV — PENAL LAWS. 
 
 The criminal law of Georgia was codified at an early period in 
 1883, before that of any other State, by Joseph Henry Lumpkin, 
 afterwards Chief Justice of the State. The right of self-defense 
 under proper circumstances is recognized, even to the killing of 
 the assailant ; also the right of a private person to arrest a criminal. 
 Drunkenness is no excuse for crime, nor ignorance. Stringent pro- 
 visions are made against frauds by bailees, factors, bank officers, State 
 officers, etc. Any bailee, clerk, or other person, fraudulently convert- 
 ing goods entrusted to him is liable criminally. Bank officers are lia- 
 ble for violation of charter, and presumed to know the charter, etc. 
 Insolvency of a bank is presumed to be fraudulent. Receiving depos- 
 its when insolvent is a crime, so is declaring fraudulent dividends. 
 Sate officers may not use public money or take intarest thereon. 
 Obstructing railroad tracks is a crime. Kail road conductors are in- 
 vested with police powers. Lobbying is a crime. Duelling and 
 carrying deadly weapons concealed are crimen. Labor or huntino- 
 on the Sabbath are ciiminal; so is interference with religiuus worship. 
 and selling spirits (except in a town) during worship, within a miler 
 of church. Cruelty to animals and to children are criminaL 
 offenses. 
 
 The general view of the Code ends here. 
 3 
 
34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTIT0TI0N8. 
 
 These are the Department of Agriculture, the System of Public 
 ^Schools, the A^ijlums for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb, the 
 Penitentiary, etc. They will need separate chapters. 
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Public. — These are counties, cities, etc. The powers, rights, and 
 ■duties of county organizations are set forth fully in the Code. Lo- 
 cal option is, in many instances, allowed to a county, as to the ac- 
 ceptance or rejection of a particular law or policy, say, of the fence 
 law. or the prohibition of the liquor traffic. City rights and pow- 
 ers aie set forth usually in their several charters. 
 
 Private. — These are Railroads, Banks, Insurance Companies, and 
 the like. For these, also, a distinct treatment is necessary; and also 
 for various associations of private individuals for ends of religion, 
 charity, business or mutual improvement; such as the State Agri- 
 cultural Society, Medical Association, Teachers' Association, Bar 
 Association, etc. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 Such is a general view of the Constitution and Liws of Georgia, 
 its political and 'egal institutions. There is a strong sentiment among 
 the people in f-ivor of law and order, and within a recent period a 
 rapidlj^-gro^'ing enforcement of law, especially of the penal law of 
 the State. The constitution and laws indicate the character of a 
 pei^ple jealous of their liberties, and watchful over authority, 
 whether State or Federal. Their history abundantly vindicates this 
 assertion as to the character of the people of Georgia. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SKETCH CF HISTORY. 
 
 Place of Georgia in the settlement of the United States. Thie 
 movements of population, apparently ca ricious, are governed by 
 iaw; and the law of its movement has been illustrated nowhere bet- 
 ter than in our own country. The object o an emigrant, in changing 
 his home is, of course, to better his condition. The impediments, 
 however, are so great, that only the enterprising and energetic usu- 
 ally overcome them, or those under peculiar pressure to escape 
 poverty, persecution or the punishment of crime. 
 
 Emigrants follow lines of latitude, (not of longitude,) or isothermal 
 lines, and usually follow, if possible, their old pursuits in life. But 
 land is universally attractive, and so one great inducement is good 
 and cheap land. As America furnishes the world's chief lesson in 
 colonization, let us ob-erve next 
 
 The place of the United States in the settlement of America. The 
 islands were first colonized, then the main land — South America 
 before North, by virtue perhaps of projecting further east. Spain 
 and Portugal were ahead, then France. The first permanent Brit- 
 ish settlement was that of Yirginia in 1607, one hundred and fifteen 
 years after the discovery by Columbus. The French were ahead 
 of the English, but were supplanted. The reason is thus given in 
 one of the thoughtful essays of John Fiske : 
 
 " The test of the relative strength of the English and Roman 
 meth ds came when England and France (which pursued the Ro- 
 man method) contended for the possession of North America. The 
 people which preserved self-government could send forth self- 
 supporting colonies; the people which had lost the very tradition 
 of self-government could not. Hence the dominion of the sea, 
 with that of all the outlying parts of the earth, fell into the hands 
 of the English race; and hence the federative method of political 
 union, the method which contains every element of permanence, and 
 
36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 which is pacific in its very conception, is already a?snming a sway 
 which is unquestionably destined to become nniversal." 
 
 Virginia being the first colony, under the natural laws of enter- 
 prise and opportunity, all the original colonies north of Yirginia 
 were settled within thirty years. Then followed the Carolinas, after 
 an interval of thirty years — North Carolina in 1GG3; South Caro- 
 lina in 1670. 
 
 Sixty years later, in 1733. Georgia was first settled. The delay 
 was largely due to the power of the Indian tribes, especially the 
 two great tribes, the Creeks and Cherokees, more numerous in 
 Georgia than in the Carolinas. A second reason, perhaps, was the 
 breadth of less inviting pine lands, before reaching the Piedmont 
 region of oak and hickory. 
 
 After Georgia — youngest of the thirteen sisters — followed in 
 their order, Kentucky, Vermont and Tennessee, before 1800, and 
 Ohio in 1S02. These were outlying nuclei, or centres of popula- 
 tion, wliich rapidly developed into States. Eighteen Stales were 
 engaged in the w^r of 1S12. 
 
 Settlement of Georgia herself. The motives which led to tho 
 settlement of Georgia were somewhat peculiar. Oglethorpe, like 
 Howard, was a philanthropist, and the fundamental object of the 
 colony was to offer an asylum for honest debtors, as well as for the 
 victims at home of religious persecution. Designed as a benevo- 
 lent pauper colony, its arms were open to all nationalities, as well 
 as to the English pec pie. After all, the pauper immigrants exerted 
 little permanent influence on the colony. 
 
 Order of settlement. Population followed the usual law, settling 
 first on the coast, thence along the rivers to the heads of navigation, 
 and thence into the interior. The great West has had another pow- 
 erful factor in railroad facilities, guiding, pushing and limiting im- 
 migration. The beginnings were slow. Before steady growth 
 began, the colony had many ups ar.d downs. The earliest historian, 
 McCall, says thit it was not until (by the importation of slaves) 
 Georgia "laid hold on the strength of Africa " that the colony be- 
 gan to prosper. This resort to the strength of Africa was made in 
 1749 — a costly experiment; like that in the Apocalypse, sweet in 
 the mouth but bitter in the belly. The end is not yet. 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 37 
 
 Savannah, the seaport, was laid out beautifully in 1733 ; Augusta 
 in 1735, at the head of navigation of the Savannah River. The first 
 considerable inland settlement, lying beyond the general outline 
 was in Wilkes county, about 1770, just before the war of the Rev- 
 olution. 
 
 The checks to settlement were chiefly the presence of the Indian 
 tribes, numerous and powerful. In dealing with them, Oglethorpe 
 was as peaceful and painstaking as Wm. Penn. Successive treaties 
 were made purchasing Indian lands, and as the lands were acquired, 
 each "new purchase" was rapidly filled with settlers. In *he early 
 negot-ations, an Indian chief, Tomochichi, was an invaluable ally. 
 The final removal of the lidians did not occur until 1838, more 
 than a century after the establi^hlnent of the colony. Africans hav- 
 ing been first introduced as slaves in 174:9, emancipation occurred 
 in 1865, one hundred and fifteen years later. In Georgia, as in the 
 Union as a whole, thre was a gradual transfer of population and 
 power westward. 
 
 60MK UNWRITTEN HISTORY. 
 
 The word Georgia brings up ideas of Oglethorpe, the Wesleys, 
 and Whitfield, the Salzbu rgers, the efforts to produce wine and 
 silk. The real dominant element, however, was not direct immigra- 
 tion from abroad, but immigration fiom sister Colonies or States of 
 the Union, a population already largely assimilated. The two great 
 factors which took the lead and got the start were the immigrations 
 from Virginia and western North Carolina, soon after the close of 
 the war. A Virginia regiment rendered great service in Georgia 
 during the war, and the acquaintance then made ripened into re- 
 moval to Georgia early thereafter. A large immigration came also 
 from Mecklenburg, around Charlotte, N. C , the centre of a very 
 liberty loving and independent population. These two bodies of 
 immigrants, with those who followed from the regions they left, 
 and their descendants, peopled Middle and Western Georgia, and 
 spread over the State. Maryland furnished also a valuable contin- 
 gent. 
 
 This great factor iu our history has perhaps received too little at- 
 tention. This remark is made in no spirit of forgetfulness of the 
 noble work of Oglethorpe, and the factor furnished bj the south- 
 
SS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 eastern section of Georgia, in her development. The influence of 
 Savannah on her history lias been immense and beneficial. Her 
 natural advantages as a port, and her wise and vigorous enterprise 
 in building np the railroad system of the State, her beauty as a city» 
 her commerce and business enterpiise, all speak fo-r themselves. 
 So has it been with Augusta, her rival in age and wealth and rail- 
 road development. These cities have well known and just claims 
 on the gratitude of Georgians. Some other elements of prosperity 
 and influence have been perhaps too little appreciated. Each sec- 
 tion has contributed its quota to tlie history and character of the 
 State. 
 
 At a later period a laige influx of valuable citizens was rretived 
 by Georgia from South Carolina and Tennessee, that from Virginia 
 and North Carolina not cea.-ing, and some return flow from Ala- 
 bama. Middle Georgia has ever had a geographical and topograpli- 
 ical position and climate which gave her a leading attitude in the 
 State, affecting largely its history and development. Northwest 
 Georgia, by virtue of soil and ciimate, has made rapid progress. 
 Northea&t Georgia was long isolated, by the absence of railroad fa- 
 cilities, but is now growing apace. The Southwestern region has 
 also contributed largely to the wealth and prosperity of the State. 
 
 A history of successive immigrations would be valuable, as well 
 as that of the diffusion of Georgians ^hem^elves by changes froiia 
 one section to another. In this diffusion, Middle Georgia has played 
 probably the largest part, as well as in the emigration to the West. 
 One of the strange anomalies of slavery was that the usual rule was 
 reversed as to emigration. Emigration was the result, not of ad- 
 verse times, but of prosperity. The multiplication of slaves led to 
 emigration to fresh lands. 
 
 SALIENT POINTS IN GEORGIA HISTORY. 
 
 INCLUDING SOME HAIR-BREADTH 'sCAPES. 
 
 The separate existence of the State was several times threatened. 
 Twice Georgia was near to being a part of South Carolina. Its 
 territory, indeed, was embraced in the original grant to that State. 
 Ic was once a part of ancient Florida, a name given to the whole 
 immense region south of Virginia, and extending west indefinitely, 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY, 
 
 39 
 
 even beyond the Missipsippi. It was chiimed by Spain, and the dis- 
 puted title was a cause of war, after the fettlement of Georgia, a 
 war more formidable than the conflicts with the Indians. The soil 
 was partly bought and partly conquered. The colony, when about 
 twenty years old, was receded by the trustees to the Crown. It was 
 again seriously proposed to merge the State into South Carolina. 
 
 In the questions between the colony and the mother country, 
 Benjamin Franklin was appointed the agent of Georgia at the court 
 of Great Britain. When the Revolutionary war came on, Georgia 
 occupied very peculiar relation^:, which seemed to indicate her prob- 
 able adhesion to the Crown. She had little to complain of; she had 
 received great kindness from the mother country ; and the royal 
 Governor (Wright) was a man and oflicer of remarkable character, 
 wisdom and prudence. The proximity of the Indians furnished an- 
 other strong argument for peace. But the vigorous spirit of inde- 
 pendence prevailed over all these considerations, and Georgia joined 
 her sister colonies in the struggle for a separate existence. 
 
 At the close of the war another peril threatened her. Her terri- 
 tory was largely in the possession of the British forces, and a treaty 
 was discussed based on the doctrine of uti possidetis — each party 
 to keep the territory in its possession. Her representatives in 
 the Continental Congress protested strongly against any treaty on 
 such a basis, which would have left Georgia a colony of the crown. 
 
 Such were some of the dangers and escapes of her early history, 
 and of the vigorous pioneer life of an enterprising people. 
 
 
 SUCCESSIVE CONSTITUTIONS. 
 
 
 Charter, 
 
 
 1732 
 
 Colony rem 
 
 itted ro the Crown, .... 
 
 1752 
 
 First State Constitution, 
 
 1777 
 
 Second " 
 
 i( 
 
 1789 
 
 Third " 
 
 u 
 
 1798 
 
 Fourth " 
 
 <( 
 
 1801 
 
 Fifth " 
 
 (( 
 
 •••>•• 
 
 1865 
 
 Sixth " 
 
 (( 
 
 1868 
 
 Seventh' 
 
 u 
 
 1877 
 
40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The colony of Georgia was first established in 1732 by royal char- 
 ter, bnt under a proprietary government. The charter was granted 
 by George II., in the fifth year of his reign, to Lord Pcrcival, s. 
 Oglethorpe and others, under the corporate name of " The Trusteeb 
 for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America." The objects, 
 as declared in the charter, were two-fold — as a barrier to the older 
 colony of South Carolina against the Indians, and for the good of 
 the dietressed subjects of the Crown — the King profe-^sing his re- 
 gaid for even "the meanest and most infatuated of his people," 
 and refeiring to the new settlement as " a regular colony of these 
 poor people." 
 
 Foieignors were admitted to the colony if willing "to become 
 subjects and live under allegiance." Religious toleration was 
 granted, except to Papists. The command of the milicia was vested 
 in the Governor of South Carolina. After the colony was remitted 
 to the Crown, it was under royal governors for twenty- four years. 
 After the declaration of Independence, a constitution was framed 
 (1777) to adapt the State to the new condition of affairs. The Con- 
 stitution recites in its preamble the conduct of Great Britain, the 
 action of the otlier Colonies, and the recommendation of Congress 
 for the establishment of new forms of government. This Consti- 
 tution wiped out the restriction against Catholic?. 
 
 It is interesting to trace the changes in the Constitution, and 
 their causes. The charter of South Carolina was framed by the 
 celebrated John Locke, and embodied the theory of government 
 held by the philosophers of the time. The Constitution of Georgia 
 (1777) was modelled after the form of government of the Unitea 
 colonies. There was no Senate ; the Governor was chosen out of 
 the House, and by the House. An executive council was also 
 chosen by the House out of its own members. This, perhaps, was 
 the germ of the Senate. 
 
 TJie great seal of the State was to be as follows : " On one side a 
 scroll, whereon shall be engraved, 'The Constitution of the State of 
 Georgia,' and the motto, ' Pro l)07\o publico.'' On the other side an 
 elegant house and other buildings, fields of corn, and meadows cov- 
 ered with sheep and cattle ; a river running through the same, with 
 a ship under full sail, and the motto, * Deus nobis, hmc otia fecit.' " 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 4I 
 
 After the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 
 17S7, a new Constitution of Georgia was framed, viz.: on the 6th 
 of May, 1789. This was framed on the new model, and embraced 
 ics leading features. This remained in force for nine years, and then 
 the Constitution of 1798, May 30th, was adopted, which, with some 
 amendments, continued in force until 18G1, after the ordinance of 
 secession from the United States was passed. 
 
 The Constitution of the Confederate States was framed on the 
 11th of March, and ratified by a convention of the State of Georgia 
 March Idth, 1861. 
 
 On the 23d of March a new Constitution was framed by the State 
 Convention, and ratified by a vote of the people in July. 
 
 After the close of the war between the States, on tiie 6lh of No- 
 vember, 1865, a new Constitution was again formed, in which the 
 leading feature was the abolition of slavery. 
 
 Still another Constitution was adopted by the Convention March 
 11th, 1868, and by the popular vote at the election April 20th, 21st, 
 22d and 23d, 1868. Finally, in 1877, the present Constitution was 
 adopted, of which a full synopsis is elsewhere given. 
 
 After the Revolution began a rapid growth, chiefly by immigra. 
 iion from other States of the Union. Soon ; hereafter a great shock 
 was received by the Yazoo fraud. This was an attempt by several 
 land companies to purchase the immense western lands of Georgia 
 for a small consideration and by corrupt means. The Act was 
 passed but aroused great indignation, and the corrupt documents 
 were burned with fire from heaven, kindled by a burning-glass. 
 
 The Judiciary Act of 1799 was in itself almost a Constitution ; it 
 inaugurated many valuable reforms. 
 
 The Educational system proposed about the beginning of the 
 century was very complete in form. It only needed money to 
 vitalize it. 
 
 In 1802 occurred the cession by Georgia to the Federal Govern- 
 ment of the immense and valuable territory now embraced in the two 
 States of Alabama and Mississippi. The condition of the cession 
 was the extinction, by the United States, of the Indian title to all 
 the lands in Georgia then in their possession. 
 
42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 In the war of 1S12 Georgia took an active interest. The Seqii- 
 nole Indians invaded the State, but a vohinteer force carried the 
 war into Florida and compelled a peace. The "Alleviating Law" 
 was passed at this time by reason of the financial stringency caused 
 by the Embargo. 
 
 The contest between Clarke and Troup was bitter and protracted. 
 Clarke was elected Governor in 1819. The Legislature protested 
 against the dehj of the United States in removing the Indians 
 from the State. Clarke was re-elected in 1821 after a second bit- 
 ter struggle. A change was now made in the Constitution, trans- 
 ferring the election of Governor from the Legislature to the 
 people. 
 
 At this period Wm. H. Crawford of Georgia, was for a time the 
 most prominent candidate for the Presidency, but his probable 
 election was prevented by a stroke of paralysis. He was one of 
 the most powerful men of his day — an intellectual prodigy. 
 
 In 1823 Troup was elected Governor. During his active admin- 
 istration a controversy occurred with the Federal Government, and 
 there was immense excitement in Georgia for "Troup and the 
 Treaty," sustaining the Governor in demanding the fulfillment of 
 its conditions. Governor Troup issued the famous message : "When 
 the argument is exhausted, stand by your arms." 
 
 Governor Troup recommended the inauguration of a great canal 
 system, connecting Georgia with the Tennessee river, and thus with 
 the great Mississippi Yalley. The introduction of railroads super- 
 seded this policy. 
 
 John Forsyth became Governor without opposition in 1827. He 
 was noted in Congress as an unrivalled debater. Discussions of 
 the tariff began at this time, and in 1828 was passed the law 
 usually spoken of as "the tariff of abominations." 
 
 In the administration of his successor, Governor Gilmer, there 
 was another sharp controversy with the Federal authorities, grow- 
 ing out of the same sore subject — the delay of the United States 
 in the removal of the Indians. The State formally extended its 
 jurisdiction over the Indian lands, and Governor Gilmer sent a 
 message to the Legislature, informing it that orders from the Federal 
 authorities interfering with this claim of jurisdiction would be dis- 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 43 
 
 regarded, and attempts to enforce such order resisted. The con- 
 troversy ran high. Tassel, a Cherokee Indian, was convicted of 
 murder by a State Court. Governor Gihner was summoned by 
 Chief Justice Marshall before the United States Supreme Court. 
 The Legislature sustained the Governor, and Tassel was executed. 
 
 Several Missionaries disregarded the law concerning settlers in 
 the Indian Territory, which led to their imprisonment, until they 
 made explanations satisfactory to the State authorities. 
 
 The grv'at tariff excitement and the episode of nullification sig- 
 nalized this period — 1832-3. Mr. Forsyth favored the tariff law 
 and force bill, but the State was opposed to both. Parties were 
 divided into "States Eights," and "Union." 
 
 The railroad development of the State began now, in which the 
 cities of Savannah and Augusta took a very prominent part. 
 
 The Seminole war, begun in 1835, and the Creek war in 1836, 
 led to very active measures by State volunteers as well as United 
 States forces. These events hastened the final removal of the In- 
 dians in 1?38, opening a large new territory to settlement. 
 
 The great financial crisis of 1837 lasted for years and led to Re- 
 lief laws. Governor McDonald's administration covered a large 
 part of this trying period. Quite a serious struggle arose between 
 the Governor and the Legislature, which led, at length, to the 
 needful increase of taxation for public exigencies. 
 
 The administration of Governor Crawford evinced signal finan- 
 cial ability, and was aided by the gradual restoration of the pros- 
 perity of the State. The railroad system of Georgia now made 
 much progress. The Supreme Court was organized. In the Mex- 
 ican war Georgia furnished her full quota of volunteer forces, 
 which acted with distinguii?hed gallantry. 
 
 During the two terms of Governor Towns the slavery question 
 was much agitated. A convention of the people was called which 
 led to the adoption of the ''Georgia Platform," acquiescing in the 
 compromise bill of 1850. 
 
 Howell Cobb was made Governor on the Georgia platform. The 
 era from 1850 to 1800 (interrupted by the financial crisis of 1857) 
 was one of great national and State prosperity. 
 
 Federal policy now controlled State elections. In 1853 Her- 
 
44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 schel Y. Johnson was elected over Charles J. Jenkins, both splen- 
 did representatives of the character of the State. 
 
 In 1855 arose the American party, which nominated Judge Gar- 
 nett Andrews for Governor, bat Johnson was re-elected. 
 
 Governor Joseph E. Brown was elected in 1857 over Benjamin 
 H. Hill, after a vigorous canvass. He held the otHce for four 
 terms, until 18G5. 
 
 The chief features of his administration, prior to the war, were 
 his policy regarding the banks, enforcing specie payments; and 
 the successful management of the Western and Atlantic (or State) 
 Railroad. 
 
 The slavery agitation continued and waxed warmer. The split 
 occurred at Charleston in the Democratic Convention, dividing the 
 vote between Breckenridge and Douglass, and resulting in the elec- 
 tion of Lincoln. This was the beginning of the end. 
 
 The period of prosperity was passed and the stormy period of 
 war begun. 
 
 The Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina was passed De- 
 cember 20, 1860 ; that of Georgia, January 19, 1861. Prior to 
 Secession, Governor Brown ordered the seizure of Fort Pulaski, 
 which was effected by Col. A. R. Lavvton, and soon thereafter the 
 Arsenal at Augusta was taken possession of. 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES. 
 
 Georgia played an important and conspicuous part in the history 
 of the Confederacy. Howell Cobb of Georgia, was president of the 
 Convention which framed its constitution. Of the first Cabinet a 
 majority were connected by birth or family associations with the 
 single county of Wilkes. Mr. Stephens, the Yice-President, Mr. 
 Toombs, the Secretary of State, Mr. Pope Walker, the Secretary of 
 War, were all natives of Wilkes. 
 
 Mr. Davis' family were closely associated with it, his parents be- 
 ing residents of the county, and his grand parents buried in its soil. 
 The family of Mr. Reagan, .he Postmaster General, were also resi- 
 dents, and Judge John A. Campbell, connected with the Cabinet at 
 a later period, was a native. Thus more than half the original ad- 
 ministration was associated closely with this thrifty and vigorous 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 45 
 
 first interior settlement of Georgia, the population of which was de- 
 rived from Virginia and Western North Carolina, a strong i evolu- 
 tionary stock. 
 
 An earnest effort to avoid war was made bj sending a peace com- 
 mission to tlie Federal Government, but without avf.il. Vigorous 
 and energetic was the struggle which ensued. There were not 
 600,000 whites in the State ; yet from first to last 120,000 Geoigia 
 soldiers were placed in the field. In the first years of the war, no 
 part of Georgia was invaded, except that Savannah was threatened 
 after the capture of Fort Pula^ski i • 1862. In 1S63, the Emancipa- 
 tion Proclamation was icsued by President Lincoln. Little did we 
 at the South appreciate at the time its real significance. The gen- 
 eral sentiment was voiced in the humorous letter of Bill Arp — that 
 "Mr. Link-horn was over cropping himself; taking in more land 
 than he could tend." These fine letters, adapted well to the people, 
 not only amused but encouraged them. 
 
 It was long- thouo;ht that Geore:ia would remain free from inva- 
 sion. One of her gifted citizens who had a summer home on Look- 
 out Mountain, remarked that if there was a spot in the Confederacy 
 that would never feel the tread of a hostile f:ot this was the spot. 
 Yet this became the very theatre of war. Southwest Georgia was long 
 the granary to feed the Confederacy, and the factories of Georgia 
 helped much to clothe it. Yicksburgand Chattanooga were the two 
 keys of the South. "When these were taken by the Federals the Con- 
 federacy was cut asunder in two places like an insect. Prof. Arnold 
 Guyot of Princeton often visited North Carolina and East Ten- 
 nessee as a geologist, examining this great mountain region. A manu- 
 script of his was there found, showing the relation of Chattanooga to 
 the South, as a base of cperations for the Federal armies, supported 
 by ten railroads and a river, fed by the rich valley of East Tennessee, 
 and threatening Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi, more than half the States of 
 the South. Frbm Chattanooga the war was brought home to Geor- 
 gia. Johnston's brilliant strategy kept Sherman long at bay as 
 Johnston retired before him inch by inch. Opinions differed 
 widely as to the change of policy under General Hood. While his 
 gallantry was appreciated, perhaps the prevalent opinion in Geor- 
 
46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 giawas against the change. The end was approaching fast. Sher- 
 man's march of ruin through Georgia could be but faintly opposed, 
 and he reached Savannah in January, 1865. 
 
 In the famous Hampton Roads Conference, two of the three com- 
 missioners were Georgians, and natives of the same county, Wilkes. 
 It led, however, to no results. The surrender of General Lee 
 occurred April 6, 1865, and of General Joseph E. Johnston, April 
 26. The surrender was not made while a lighting chance was left. 
 Comparing war to chess, the Federals had an army unopposed, pass- 
 ing over the board picking up our pieces. On the 4th of May, Mr. 
 Davis and a part of his Cabinet met for the last time in Washington, 
 Georgia. So ended as gallant a struggle as is recorded in the annals 
 of time. 
 
 LOSSES BY THE WAK. 
 
 The stupendous effects of the war upon the whole South, Georgia 
 included, are scarcely capable of just appreciation. If the first 
 revolution tried men's souls, much more the second life struggle ; 
 if the first, seven fold, the second, seventy and seven. Ever a civil 
 or sectional war abounds in horrors to the weaker and invaded party. 
 These came too upon a people no longer pioneers, accustomed to 
 hardships. 
 
 Losses of Population. — The loss of white population nearly 
 equalled in number the whole number of voters, and a large pro- 
 portion of the loss consisted of actual voters, the very cream of the 
 people. 
 
 1850 1860 1870 
 
 White population, . . 591,550 . . . 638,926 . . . 816,906 
 
 Increase in decade 47,376 . . . 177,980 
 
 Per ct. of increase 8 . . . 28 
 
 The war decade increase was but 8 per cent ; the next decade 28, 
 20 per cent greater. The war decade fell short by over 130,000 
 whites. 
 
 Loss of Wealth. — The wealth of Georgia was in 1850, gold $335,- 
 426,000; 1860, $645,895,000; increase 310,469,000, 90 per cent; 
 1870, greenbacks $268,169,000; gold % 88,600,000; decrease 457,- 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 47 
 
 295,000, 70 per cent. At tlie former rate 90 per cent ; it would 
 have been, in 1870, |1 ,227,200,000; decrease $1,038,600,000. 
 
 The loss was over five times what was left. Even at half the 
 increase of the decade ending in 60, the wealth of 1870 should 
 have been $1,165,200,000; making the loss nearly a billion of dollars 
 and the property left not 200 millions. We have been spelling up 
 slowly. 1880, $2 •-'.9,000,000; increase in decade 50,00 >,000 ; the in- 
 crase 1850 to 1860 being 310 millions. 
 
 In 1:65 James Johnson, a native Georgian and a man of charac- 
 ter who had been a consi.-tent Union man during the war, was made 
 provisional Governor. The changes now made were rapid and 
 might have been salutary ; the wounds made by war might have 
 been healed by the first intention. 
 
 A State convention was called, over which ex-Gov. Herschel Y. 
 Johnson presided ; a new constitution was made, conforming to the 
 conditions — the 13th amendment of the United States constitution 
 was ratified, forever abolishing slavery. The ordinance of secession 
 was repealed, and the war debt repudiated, as required by the Fed- 
 eral authorities. 
 
 Charles J. Jenkins, a noble Koman, who commanded the confi- 
 dence of the whole people, was elected Governor, and inaugurated 
 Dec. 14, 1865. 
 
 A commission appointed for this purpose prepared a f reed-man's 
 code — securing their rights. Herschel V. Johnson and Alex. H. 
 Stephens were elected Senators. All seemed fair for re-union. But 
 not so. All this was done under Johnson's plan of reconstruction 
 — the executive plan, accepted by the State. Congress had other 
 ends in view, and undid it all ; it refus:d to receive the congress- 
 men elected, and demanded the acceptance of the 14th amendment 
 as a condition precedent to readmission. And so commenced the 
 long and dreary period happily termed "Destruction and Recon- 
 Btruction,'' shocking enough in Georgia, but more still in some of 
 her sister States, notably in South Carolina, Louisiana and Missis- 
 sippi. The adventurers from the North who preyed upon the 
 South w re denominated " carpet-baggers," and Southern rene- 
 gades, ". alawags." 
 
48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Gen. Pope was made military commandant of Georgia in 1867. 
 A new State convention was called. Gen. Meade took the place of 
 Gen. Pope in December, 1867, and Governor Jenkins was deposed 
 in 1868. A new constitution was formed, and Rnfus B. Bullock 
 elected Governor. The Legislature of 1868 ratified the 14th 
 amendment, and Bullock was inaugurated. The colored members 
 were unseated by the Legislature as not qualified to hold office. 
 This led to a declaration by Congress that Georgia was again in 
 rebellion, and Gen. Terry was appointed military commander. The 
 Legislature of 1870 ratified the 15th amendment, and in July 
 Georgia was readmitted — last of the eleven States which formed 
 the Confederacy. 
 
 Long and tedious were the years both of war and reconstruction. 
 The people had asked " pardon " for offences of which they were 
 proud. Oaihs had been administered — " amnesty " oaths, etc. The 
 "Freedmen's Bureau '' had its day. Sorely was the temper of the 
 people taxed, but they Avere capable of a heavy strain. All their 
 habits of life were broken up, their business habits and the labor 
 system of the State. It was well exprepsed by an observant citi- 
 zen, that we were left "a poor people with rich ways." Before 
 perfect self-;^osse8sion was regained, the State was heavily involved 
 in debt, chiefly by indorsements for railroads. 
 
 [n October, 1871, Gov. Bullock abdicated the office of Governor 
 and left the State privately. Benjamin Conley, as President of the 
 Senate, became acting Governor till a new election was held. With 
 the election of Gov. Smith in 1872 began a new era, though the 
 material of the Legislature was still colored by tlu corruptions of 
 the past. The process was vigorously begun, however, of repair- 
 ing damages. The public debt was sifted, and honest bonds separ- 
 ated from the fraudulent. The public credit was re-established — 
 citizens coming with loans to the rescue of the State. Among 
 them were Gen. Toombs, Mr. Ferdinand Phinizy, Hon. John P. 
 King and other patriotic citizens. Many reforms and useful meas- 
 ures were inaugurated — fi lancial, educational, and industrial. Gov. 
 Colquitt was inaugurated in January, 1877. The same year the 
 present constitution of Georgia was adopted. In 1879, in pursu- 
 ance of the constitutional provision for the regulation of railroad 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 49 
 
 tariffs by law, a railroad commission was established. In 1880, after 
 a warm contest, Gov. Colquitt was re-elected by a large majority. 
 He was succeeded in 1882 by Hon. Alexander H. Stephens. His 
 lamented death occurred early the next year, Hon. James S. 
 Boynton, President of the Senate, administered the office of Gov'- 
 ernorfora short period, and Gov. McDaniel was then elected to fill 
 the unexpired term of Mr. Stephens. In October, 1884, he was 
 without opposition, elected for a second term. 
 
 The election of Cleveland to the Presidency of the United States 
 was in accord with the wishes of the majority of the people of 
 Georgia, and there has been no period since the war at which the 
 people have been better satisfied with the aspect of Federal and 
 State affairs. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE — THE WHITES. 
 
 The American people are substantially an English stock, trans- 
 planted into a new environment, with other race stocks engrafted 
 ■upon it. 
 
 Natural Conditions. — The effect of natural conditions, of cli- 
 mate, soil, productions, etc., is far greater in the earlier than in the 
 later history of a people. Heredity is so powerful an element that 
 modification by a change of habitat is slow. 
 
 Social Conditions effect greater and more rapid changes than do 
 natural. The social conditions of the Southern people are peculiar. 
 The presence in our country of two races, widely diverse — white 
 and black — is the chief peculiarity. Varied ratios of white and col- 
 ored vary this influence. So, also, differences in density or sparsity 
 ■of population, etc. 
 
 Descent — The white people of Georgia, of course the dominant 
 element, is chiefly of English and Scotch-Irish origin, introduced 
 into Georgia, not by direct immigration, but from other States 
 principally Yirginia and the Carolinas, after previous assimilation 
 there. These immigrants are mixed with settlers (not foreigners) 
 from the Middle and Northeastern States. 
 
 RESULTING CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 It is extremely diflicult to state in terms the characteristic quality 
 
 of a people. It is more easily recognized than described. In Au- 
 
 4 
 
50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 gusta, on the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia, a; 
 resident will easily distinguish between a citizen of the one State 
 and the other. But how he does it he can scarcely tell you ; so it 
 is on the Alabama line. 
 
 We may say, however, that Georgians, as such, are characterized 
 by an unusual degree of independence and self-reliance. They 
 have a large amount of vigor, toughness and power of adaptation^ 
 which is equivalent to saying they are unusually' alive and wide- 
 awake. There is a surplus energy which runs into humor and love 
 of fun and teasing, and 1 ads often to practical jokes. They are 
 thrifty and enterprising, and have no little stamina and endurance. 
 
 Judge Longstreet, who well understood the subject, presents us 
 in his Georgia Scenes, with the character of a native Georgian, in 
 the person of Ned Brace. His whole book is tilled with characters, 
 good at the time, and still extant in some remote regions, of on 
 class of Georgia society. The sketches of Col. R. M. Johnson, now 
 of Baltimore, furnish similar pictures, true to Southern life. So- 
 "Uncle Remus'' photographs negro character. 
 
 It is the sturdy Englis hcharacter, embracing that Yirginian con- 
 stancy of purpose which led to the old song, "Old Virginia never 
 tire." The Virginia civilization, as modified by a change of condi- 
 tion, is the paramount civilization of Georgia. The people ac- 
 knowledge no absolute leader ; any leader is ever on trial. It has- 
 been well said that "no man ever carries Georgia i.i his pocket." 
 Her favorite sons cannot lead the State against its independent con- 
 victions. 
 
 Making no display at the Philadelphia Centennial, and again none 
 at the New Orleans Exposition is perhaps, after all, somewhat charac- 
 teristic of Georgia. And yet, the people have considerable Stale 
 pride in their own way. Said the witty Louisville Journal, some 
 years ago : "Without doubt, Georgia is a great State, and even Geor- 
 gians have been known to acknowledge the fact." 
 
 Among the factors affecting our civilization are such as these » 
 The income of the mass of the people — being agricultural — is an- 
 nual, not distributed. Even as with Christmas, so with income ; 
 money comes but once a year. This necessitates some largeness of 
 view, and foresigh*-, in plans of life. The employer, especially of 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 5 I 
 
 the colored laborer, must lay out for the employe, not only his 
 work, but his living, else will his means not hold out. 
 
 Love of self-government has led, in Georgia, to small counties ; 
 hence, county sites are numerous, and the best population goes in 
 unusual proportion to the towns, for various purposes, educational, 
 religious, etc. Society is thus distributed less in Georgia than in 
 Yirginia or South Carolina. 
 
 Yarious considerations affect the habits of the people. Relative 
 sparsity of population leads to abounding hospitality. 
 
 The general health of the people is less vigorous than, under the 
 circumstances, it ought to be. Nor is thi3 due to climate, but 
 rather to neglect, and want of adequate care. Too free use of to- 
 bacco and liquor is made, despite of local prohibition here and there, 
 in many counties. Our winters are mild, yet we make therefore 
 BO little provision for them as really to suffer more with cold than 
 people further north. Home comforts are too much neglected in 
 the prevalent passion for "all cotton." Despite of climate, out of 
 door occupations and abundance, (the best conditions of health,) our 
 people do not have the strength and ruddiness they should excel 
 in, leading lives on the farm. Our chief trouble has been bad cook- 
 ery. In the Beech Island club the subject was discussed, "What to 
 eat, and how to cook it ?" This question should be mooted through 
 out the State, in every county, and in many a household, especially 
 since the war. What homes and home comforts we might have, 
 and ought to, and some do have ! 
 
 For a long time before the war, no people were better educated 
 than Georgians, in the principles of government and civil liberty, 
 by means of public discussions before the people, conducted by in- 
 tellectual giants ; often worthy of the Senate, or the Supreme Court 
 of the United States. Like the old Athenians, private citizens were 
 instructed fully in public duties. The great men of the State were 
 not exclusive. There was little caste. Social distinctions were 
 based less on conventions, than on natural and just grounds of fitness 
 and qualification. 
 
 Conversation abounded, rich and racy, and absorbed the talent 
 which elsewhere went into literature and print ; there was often 
 the finest table talk, equal to the best which has found place in 
 
52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 books. The alabaster box of ointment, very precious, was broken 
 at home, for the family and guests. 
 
 While not given to authorship, the books actually written by 
 Southern men usually go to the bottom of the subject discussed, in 
 a very fundamental way. Witness Mr. Calhoun's masterly "Dis- 
 quisition on Government," and "Discourse on the Constitution of 
 the United States.'" So Mr. Stephens' "Constitutional History of 
 the War between the States." The work by Gen. Thos. R. R. 
 Cobb, on the "Law of Slavery," and the "Historical Sketch of Sla- 
 very," are of a like character. A recent work for lawyers, "Amer- 
 ican Law Studies,'' by John C. Reed, Esq., has at once attained a 
 hio-h position, and is regarded as a standard work of great practical 
 value, in a new field. Indeed, in matters of practical interest, the 
 works written are usually of great value. Mr. Dickson's "Practical 
 Treatise on Agriculture," contains more matter in less space, per- 
 haps, than any similar treatise in existence — the result of remarka- 
 ble powers of observation, long and well exercised. Dr. Pendleton's 
 "Scientific Agriculture" was promptly adopted as a text book 
 in numerous Agricultural Colleges, North and South, and is usually 
 regarded as the best compendium known. 
 
 lu this connection should not be omitted the admirable transla- 
 tion of Geo. Yille's Lectures into English, with the tables inserting 
 measures, etc., expressed in English denominations, by Miss E. L. 
 Howard, a daughter of Capt. C. W. Howard, the well known agri- 
 cr.lLiiral writer. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CHARACTER OF GEORGIA 
 
 In its exterior relations towards England, the mother country, 
 these illustrations are to be found in the successful struggle by 
 which the Trustees were compelled to re-grant the colony to the 
 Crown ; and the authority of the Royal Governors was tested and 
 resisted at the Revolution. Home rule was ever attractive to the 
 people. 
 
 Towards the Federal Government, an instance is to be found in 
 the controversy growing out of the tardy action of the United 
 States in the matter of the Indian lands, which gave rise to the sic- 
 gan of Troup and the Treaty. Again in the tariff and nullification 
 eontroversy. 
 
SKETCH OF HISTORY. 53 
 
 Towards the Confederate Government^ also, while Georgia wa3 
 a back-bone State, yet she opposed Conscription and Impress- 
 ment. She was for State Rights and Individual Rights, against all 
 comers whatsoever, all the while. 
 
 After the War, toioards the Union. Georgia was the earliest 
 State to regain self-possession and self-government. True, the 
 period of Reconstruction lasted a little longer with her, by virtue 
 of her stout adherence to her own views. But she was entirely 
 practical and yielded what she must, and as little as she could. The 
 State is not apt to lose her head under any circumstances, nor to be 
 extreme in any sort of partisanship. Her conduct in emergencies 
 has been characterized by both vigor and moderation ; a virtue 
 canonized in her great seal. 
 
 In all external relations, Georgians are now, and ever have been, 
 a liberty-loving, home rule, independent people, with much of 
 hickory toughness, hard to break and righting quickly after being 
 bent. 
 
 In Home Affairs, the same character obtains, as exemplified in 
 laws allowing local option in many ways ; Prohibition, the Stock 
 Law, county courts and county subscriptions to railroads, or taxation 
 for education. The sub division of the State into counties is due 
 to the same spirit. The people do not love to be governed from a 
 distance. 
 
 MISTAKEN ANTICIPATIONS AND DISAPPOINTED PLANS IN THE HISTORY OF 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Georgia was founded as a pauper colony, to be governed by true- 
 tees, and with a view to the production of wine and silk. Slavery 
 was prohibited. Such were the intentions; what have been the 
 facts? The pauper element exerted Utile influence ; she was soon 
 under royal governors, and then independent ; wine and silk gave 
 place to indigo and tobacco, and these to cotton, rice and sugar. 
 Slavery has been aboli-hed. The future career of the State prom- 
 ises now to be largely in manufacturing and mining industries — 
 supplementing but not displacing agriculture. 
 
 NAMES OF THE COUNTIES — THEIR ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 These names largely record the history of the State. Georgia 
 
54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 itself was named for George II. The city of Augusta for his favor- 
 ite daughter. The names of the parishes preserve the traces of the 
 union of Church and State under the royal governors — Christ 
 Church, St. George, St. Paul, etc. Religious considerations after- 
 wards gave way to political. The counties esablished in 1777 
 during the war of Independence were named for British statesmen 
 favorable to American rights — Chatham, Camden, Bnrke, Wilkes, 
 etc. Afterwards followed the great American statesmen and pat- 
 riots — "Washington, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, etc. The town of 
 Washington, in Wilkes county, Ga.,is believed to be the first of the 
 very numerous places named after the greatest of them all. 
 
 Elsewhere is appended a list of the counties in the chronological 
 order of their organization, the study of which will verify these re- 
 marks, and revive the outline of our history. The data were de- 
 rived chiefly from the excellent text-book, entitled, " A Student's 
 History of Georgia," by Lavvton B. Evans, of Augusta. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 
 HOW A CONTINENT WAS PEOPLED. 
 
 1492. Discovery of America. 
 
 1495. Spain colonizes Hayti. 
 
 1497. John Cabot sails from Newfoundland to Florida. Basis 
 
 of English claim by discovery. 
 
 1500. Brazil discovered. 
 
 1511 Cuba colonized by Spain. 
 
 1513. Pacific coast seen by Balboa. 
 
 1517. Negroes imported into West Indies by Spain. 
 
 1519. Mexico — Conquest begun by Cortez. 
 
 1532. Peru — by Pizarro. 
 
 1536. California discovered by Cortez. 
 
 1539. Georgia visited by De Soto. 
 
 1563. Negroes imported into West Indies by England, 
 
 1584. North Carolina, then called Virginia, discovered by Sir Wal- 
 
 ter Raleigh. 
 
 1585. St. Augustine founded; first town in the United States. 
 1607. Virginia colonized; first permanent English settlement in 
 
 the United States. 
 1609. New York, by the Dutch. 
 
 1620. Massachusetts. 
 
 1621. Maryland. 
 
 1622- 38. New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1663. Georgia Territory all granted to South Carolina. North Car- 
 olina colonized. 
 
 1670. South Carolina charter. 
 
 1673. Mississippi river explored. 
 
 1685--6. Huguenot immigration into South Carolina. 
 
 1688. Birth of Oglethorpe. 
 
56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 1717. Georgia Territory, in part, granted by South Carolina toSir 
 R. Montgomery. 
 
 1732. Feb. 22. Birth of George Washington. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF GEORGIA. 
 
 June 9, charter of Georgia. November, Gen. James Edward 
 Oglethorpe, with a colony of 126 persons embarks from 
 Gravesend for Georgia. 
 
 1733. Oglethorpe arrives in Charleston Feb. 12. The colony reaches 
 
 Yanacraw Bluff, and founds Savannah. 
 Contemporary Events. — At the date of the settlement of Geor- 
 gia, George II. was King of England, and Sir Robert 
 Walpole, Prime Minister. (1721--1742) It was the 
 time of Berkely. Pope, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Pope's 
 "Essay on Man" was published this year. Cowper and 
 Burke were in their infancy. In France, Louis XV. was 
 King, and it was the age of Voltaire. In Spain, Philip 
 v.. Grandson of Louis XIV. In Germany, Charles VI, 
 was Emperor. In Prussia, Frederick William I. In 
 Russia, Peter II. In Italy, Charles VI. In Saxony, 
 Frederick Augustus. Clement XII. was Pope. 
 
 1734. Seventy-eight Salzburgers settled at Ebenezer in (now) 
 
 Effingham county, twenty-five miles north of Savannah. 
 Thomas Causton left in charge of the colony, misman- 
 ages it. Twenty families of Jews settled near Savannah. 
 
 1735. One hundred and thirty Scotch Highlanders settled at New 
 
 Inverness, now Darien. Augusta laid off. 
 
 1738. Petition of the Colonists to the Trustees for fee simple tenure 
 
 of lands. Petition for Negro slaves. 
 
 1739. War with Spain. Treaty with the Indians. Number of em- 
 
 igrants sent out at expense of the Trustees to date, 1521^ 
 at average cost of $330 each. 
 
 1740. Invasion of Florida by Georgia. Orphan House founded by 
 
 Rev. George Whitfield. Frederick the Great, King of 
 Prussia, till 1786. 
 
 1742. Invasion of Georgia by Spaniards, 3,000 men. General Ogle- 
 
 thorpe's strategy defeats them. 
 
 1743. Languishing condition of the colony. William Stephens 
 
 acting Governor. 
 
 1744. French and English war. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 5/ 
 
 1747. Bounties offered ill Georgia on wine and silk. Slavery wink- 
 ed at. 
 
 1749. Five hundred acres on Hutchinson's Island granted to Lady 
 
 Huntingdon, who puts negroes on it for the cultivation of 
 rice to support Whitfield's Orphan House. Some slaves- 
 admitted. Proposition to merge Georgia into South Car- 
 olina. The Bosom worth plot. 
 
 1750. Colonial Assembly called in Georgia. Sixteen members. 
 
 1751. War with Cherokees. Quaker Springs settled near Augusta 
 
 Henry Parker, acting governor. 
 
 1752. June 20. Colony remitted to the Crown. Settlement at Mid- 
 
 way, Libert}^ county, from Dorchester, South Carolina. 
 
 1754. Royal governors. October 1st, Capt. John Reynolds, of the 
 
 Navy, Governor of Georgia. 
 
 1755. Legal interest 10 per cent. (Reduced to 8 per cent in 1759.) 
 
 1758. Parishes laid off. Governor Ellis. Thermometer in Savan- 
 
 nah, 102° in the shade. 
 
 1759. French and Cherokee war. Distressing state of affairs. Fence 
 
 laws established. 
 
 1760. Oct. 31. Sir James Wright, Governor. Legislature meets at 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 1761. George III. King of England. Peace with Cherokees and 
 
 with Spain. Bounds of Georgia extended to the Missis- 
 sippi. First beginnings of prosperity. 
 
 1762. Capt. John Stewart, Superintendent of Indian affairs, man- 
 
 ages them well. 
 
 1763. Oct. 7th. Lands between Altamaha and St. Mary's added to 
 
 Georgia by treaty at Augusta. First newspaper, the 
 Georgia Gazette, Augusta. Exports from Savannah, £27.021. 
 
 1765. Four new parishes. Stamp Act passed. Act to encourage 
 
 settlers vetoed by George III. 
 
 1766. One hundred and seventy-one entries of vessels at the Cus- 
 
 tom House in Savannah. Population of Georgia, 10,000* 
 whites, and 8,000 blacks. 
 
 1767. Settlements at the heads of Ogeechee and Oconee rivers. 
 
 Cherokees complain of encroachments. Mutiny Act of 
 British Parliament, and new taxes. 
 
 1768. Benjamin Franklin appointed Agent for Georgia at the Court 
 
58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 of Great Britain. Letters to Massachusetts from the Speak- 
 er of the House, Alexander Wylly. Boston disturbances. 
 
 1770. Relations to Great Britain becoming complex. 
 
 1771. Gov. Wright and the Assembly dispute. July 2d. Governor 
 
 Wright goes to England. James Habersham, acting gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 1773. February 11th. Gov. Wright returns. Fourteen thousand 
 
 Negroes in the Colony. Exports £121,677. Boston Tea 
 Party. 
 
 1774. Population, 17,000 whites and 15,000 blacks. Militia 2,825. 
 
 Indian warriors about 10,000. "Georgia Gazette" published. 
 "Liberty Boys" organized. 
 
 1775. William Ewen, acting governor. Georgia "Provincial Con- 
 
 gress" meets, John Glen, Chairman. Delegates sent to 
 Continental Congress. Lyman Hall alone attends. Battle 
 of Lexington. Active measures in Georgia. Habersham 
 seizes powder magazine. Royal guns spiked and thrown 
 into river. Ship load of powder captured by Brown and 
 Habersham. Battalion formed. Council of Safety estab" 
 lished. Snow fell 18 inches deep in North Georgia. 
 
 1776. British fleet appears off Savannah. Gov. Wright, arrested by 
 
 Maj. Habersham, escapes to the fleet. Ship Hitchin- 
 broke runs aground and is captured. Ship Inverness set on 
 fire and set adrift, works mischief to the fleet. First bat- 
 tle of the war occurs near Savannah. Archibald Bullock, 
 governor. July 4th, Declaration of Independence. 
 
 1777. New Constitution adopted. New counties organized. Button 
 
 Gwinnett, President Executive council. Invasion of 
 Florida, a failure. Gwinnett killed in duel with General 
 Mcintosh. John Adams Treutlen made governor. Active 
 administration. 
 
 1778. John Houston, governor. Second failure in invasion of Flor- 
 
 ida. Major General Robert Howe in command in Georgia. 
 Sir Henry Clinton captures Savannah. Prevost captures 
 Sunbury. General Lincoln succeeds General Howe. 
 
 1779. Georgia again under British rule. Governor Wright returns 
 
 to Savannah. Col. Campbell sent by British to occupy 
 Augusta. The people depressed. Encouraged by an en- 
 gagement in Burke county. Royalists routed. Hope re- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 59 
 
 newed by battle of Kettle Creek, under Pickens, Dooly and 
 Clark, in which British Col. Boyd is killed. General Ash 
 defeated by Br. Col. Campbell, with great loss. This de- 
 ranges Gen. Lincoln's plans. In September Count D'Es- 
 taing arrives at Savannah. Fails to relieve it. Death of 
 Pulaski and Jasper. Dark days of the war. 
 
 1780. Wilkes County alone out of British possession; seat of Gov- 
 
 ernment at Heard's Fort, now Washington. Colonel 
 Clarke attempts to relieve Augusta, but fails. Georgians 
 aid South Carolina at King's Mountain, Long Cane and 
 Cowpens. Birth of Governor Troup. 
 
 1781. Dr. Nathan Brownson, Governor. General Greene in com- 
 
 mand. Lieutenant Colonel Lee (Light horse Harry) in 
 Georgia. Augusta recaptured. Legislature again meets 
 there. 
 
 1782. John Martin, Governor. July 11 — Major James Jackson in 
 
 command. Savannah surrendered to him. Lyman Hall 
 first Governor after independence. 
 1783 Close of the war. Part of Georgia exposed to danger of being 
 left subject to Great Britain, under the doctrine oi^'Uti 
 Possidetis^' Confiscation acts. Creek Indian Treaty at 
 Augusta. Washington and Franklin counties acquired 
 Land Courts. Settlements extended. 
 
 1784. John Houston, Governor. The Land Warrant Mob. Land 
 
 granted to the University of Georgia. 
 
 1785. General Samuel Elbert, Governor. University of Georgia 
 
 chartered, 
 
 1786. Edward Telfair, Governor. Indian Troubles settled. 
 
 1787. George Matthews, Governor. Indian Troubles. Constitu- 
 
 tion of United States. 
 
 1788. Patent Right for Steam Engine granted to Isaac Briggs 
 
 and William Longstreet of Georgia ; the invention of 
 Longstreet. Indian Troubles in Liberty county. George 
 Handley, Governor. 
 
 1789. New Constitution of Georgia. First Yazoo Act, miscarries 
 
 by failure to pay purchase money. George Walton, Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 1790. Edward Telfair, Governor. 
 
6o DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 1791. Visit of President Washington to Georgia. Kentucky and 
 Vermont admitted as States. 
 
 1793. Troubles with General Elijah Clarke, occupying Indian 
 
 lands. 
 
 1794. Yazoo Fraud again attempted. 
 
 1796. Jared Erwin, Governor. Repeal of the Yazoo Act ; the 
 document burned, Tennessee admitted. The Yazoo 
 Freshet. 
 
 1798. May 30 — Constitution of Georgia (in force, with some modifi- 
 
 cations till 1861). African slave trade abolished in Geor- 
 gia. James Jackson, Governor. 
 
 1799. Judiciary Act passed— very complete. Death of ^Washing- 
 
 ton. Great Seal of State. 
 
 1800. Election of Jefferson. Louisiana ceded back to France by 
 
 Spain. 
 
 1801. David Emanuel and Josiah Tatnall, Governors. Franklin 
 
 College founded. Large educational system proposed. 
 
 1802. Cession of Alabama and Mississippi to the United States 
 
 by Georgia. John Milledge, Governor. Ohio admitted. 
 Treaty of Fort Wilkinson. Creek Indian Lands acquired 
 in two bodies. Morgan, Putnam and other counties, and 
 elsewhere, Wayne and Charlton. 
 
 1803. Louisiana purchased from Napoleon. 
 
 1804. Cotton killed in May (1803 ? or 1804 ?) Hurricane in Georgia 
 
 pursuing nearly the same track as the cyclone of 1875, 
 across the State from near Columbus towards Augusta. 
 180-5. Treaty of Washington. Creek Lands. 2d Lottery. 
 
 1806. Jared Erwin, Governor. 
 
 1807. The Embargo. Wm. H. Crawford elected Senator. 
 
 1808. Slave Trade abolished by United States. 
 
 1809. David B. Mitchell, Governor. 
 
 1810. Agricultural Society of Georgia incorporated ; also Bank of 
 
 Augusta, and Planter's Bank. 
 
 1812. War with Great Britain. Georgia Resolutions against British 
 
 "despotism of the ocean." Efforts against Florida. Wm. 
 H. Crawford, Vice President, to fill the vacancy by death 
 of George Clinton. 
 
 1813. Petar Early, Governor. Creek massacre at Fort Meigs. In 
 
 upper Georgia frost every month except July. Wm. H. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 6l 
 
 Crawford, Minister to France. Creek Indian Lands of 
 3d Lottery. Battle of Challibbee. 
 
 1814. Dacember 24— Treaty Jof Peace at Ghent. 
 
 1815. January 8 — ^Battle of New Orleans. February 11 — News of 
 
 peace. Georgia troops sent to Mobile. Seminole troubles. 
 David B. Mitchell, Governor. 
 
 1816. Noted as the "Cold Summer." 
 
 1817. William Rabun, Governor. Seminole War. Yellow fever 
 
 in Savannah. 
 
 1818. Excessive drought. Cotton 32 cents a pound. Winter mild 
 
 and much meat spoiled. Creek Indian Lands of 3d lot- 
 tery, in part. Indian difficulties. 
 
 1819. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. First Steam 
 
 ship to Europe, the Savannah, sailed from Savannah. 
 Matthew Talbot and John Clarke, Governors. 
 1821. Treaty of Indian Springs. Dooly, Houston and other coun- 
 ties acquired — a large cession. 
 
 1823. Governor Troup inaugurated (Governor till 1827). 
 
 1824. Difficulties with the Creeks. Wm. H. Crawford, candidate 
 
 for President of the United States, stricken with paralysis. 
 Ogeechee Canal. 
 
 1825. March 19— La Fayette visits Georgia. Treaty with the 
 
 Creek Indians. May 23 — Extra session of the Legislature. 
 Governor Troup's famous message. 
 
 1826. Boundary lines of Georgia settled. 
 
 1827. Winter of ] 827-8 so mild that leaves were not killed on the 
 
 trees, and cotton "rattooned. '' John Forsyth, Governor. 
 Creek Indian difficulties settled. 
 
 1828. Tariff Act, denouiinated the "Tariff of Abominations." April 
 
 28, corn killed by late frost, 
 
 1829. Civil Jurisdiction of Georgia extended over Cherokees. 
 
 George R. Gilmer, Governor. Difficulty with the Mis- 
 sionaries. A wet year. 
 
 1830. A dry year. 
 
 1831. Wilson Lumpkin, Governor. Cherokee lands begin to be de- 
 
 cupled. Tariff excitement. Georgia Railroad chartered. 
 
 1832. Anti-Tariff Convention. 
 
 1833. Nullification Act in South Carolina. Great lall oi metecrs. 
 
 1834. Railroad System of Georgia 'airly under way, Cn;^rters., 
 
62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Central Railroad, and Monroe Railroad. Georgia Railroad, 
 renewed. 
 
 1835. February 7— Cold Saturday. Thermometer, February 8, Sun- 
 
 da}', 4° to 10° below zero. Wm. Schley, Governor. Semi- 
 nole war. Work on Georgia Railroad begun. 
 
 1836. Creek war. Western & Atlantic Railroad Act passed. Cen- 
 
 tral Railroad begun. 
 
 1837. Financial Crisis — Geo. R. Gilmer, Governor. Emory Col- 
 
 lege founded. Hail storm in Wilkes. 
 
 1838. Removal of Cherokee Indians. Mercer University founded 
 
 at Penfield. A wet year. 
 
 1839. Charles J. McDonald, Governor. Georgia Female College 
 
 established. Bishop Pierce, the first President. Daniel 
 Chandler's eloquent address in Athens had given the 
 cause an impulse. Financial stringency continues. 
 Property low and many failures. Season dry. 
 
 1840. Freshet in May, known as the "Harrison freshet." Boll 
 
 worm, 
 
 1842. Discovery of Ether, by Dr. Crawford W. Long. Fine crop 
 
 year. 
 
 1843. George W. Crawford, Governor. Wheat damaged by rains. 
 
 Central Railroad completed to Macon. 
 
 1844. Cold summer. Fires in August. Mr. Toombs and Mr. Ste- 
 
 phens elected to Congress. Perhaps no two citizens pos- 
 sessed more fully the confidence of the people of Georgia. 
 
 1845. Very dry, yet crops good. Texas annexed. Supreme Court 
 
 established. Georgia Railroad completed to Atlanta. 
 
 1846. Mexican war. Great sleet in January. State Agricultural 
 
 Society formed. Macon and Western Railroad completed. 
 
 1847. Geo. W. Towns, Governor. Ad valorem tax system. Short 
 
 forms in pleading. Western and Atlantic Railroad fin- 
 ished. Wet year. Augusta canal completed. 
 
 1848. Mexican Cession. California, etc. Wet year. Good crops, 
 
 Rome Railroad completed. 
 
 1849. George W. Towns, Governor. Great slavery debates. Apri 
 
 15th, great sleet. Corn and cotton killed. Wheat dam- 
 aged. Fires needed. Fair crop made. 
 
 1850. Georgia platform. Compromise measures. Western and At- 
 
 lantic Railroad finished. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 63 
 
 1851. Howell Cobb, Governor. Robert Toombs elected United 
 
 States Senator. Constitutional Union party. Janu- 
 ary 21, coldest day since 1835. Thermometer at Craw- 
 fordville 3 degrees below zero. Snow eight inches deep. 
 Atlanta and West Point Railroad begun. 
 
 1852. Gadsden purchase from Mexico. Great freshet. Good crop 
 
 year. Winter of '51-52 mild. Cotton blooms after Christ- 
 mas, and some yield from second growth. 
 
 1853. Herschel V. Johnson, Governor. Washington Branch Rail- 
 
 road. 
 
 1854. Hot summer. Railroads completed : Augusta and Savan* 
 
 nah, Southwestern, Columbus, Atlanta and West Point. 
 
 1855. American party, or "Know Nothings." Good crop year. 
 
 April 19— Excessive heat — 97 degrees. Johnson re-elected 
 Governor, over Hon. Garnett Andrews. 
 
 1856. Republican party and J. C. Fremont. January 11 — 3 inches 
 
 of snow — not all melted for several weeks. Cold winter. 
 East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad completed. 
 Upson county Railroad. 
 
 1857. Financial crisis. Severe cold season in United States and 
 
 Canada. Thermometer once nearly at zero. Hot summer. 
 Joseph E. Brown Governor for four terms, till 1865— elected 
 over Benjamin H. Hill. Robert Toombs re-elected United 
 States Senator. 
 
 1858. Slavery agitation continues. Good crop year — general rust- 
 
 ing of oat crop. Savannah and Charleston Railroad. 
 
 1859. Good crop. Hot summer. Divisions in the Democratic 
 
 party. 
 
 1860. Split in Democratic party at Charleston. Election of Abra- 
 
 ham Lincoln. Largest cotton crop ever made to date- 
 July 12 — Thermometer 97 degrees. Macon and Brunswick 
 Railroad— 50 miles completed. Brunswick and Albany, 
 Macon and Augusta, and Air-Line Roads in progress. 
 
 1861. Secession of Georgia. War; seizure of Fort Pulaski and Au- 
 
 gusta Arsenal. First battle of Manassas. Death of Bar- 
 tow. 50 Georgia Regiments. The banks sustain the 
 Confederacy. Mild summer and winter. Wet fall. 
 
 1862. War. Fort Pulaski captured. Conscription opposed in Geor- 
 
 gia. 75,000 soldiers besides 8,000 mihtia. Best wheat 
 year known. Fruit abundant. Winter pleasant. Oats 
 
64 'department of agriculture. 
 
 rusted again. Central Railroad leases Augusta and Sa- 
 vannah Railroad. 
 
 1863. Emancipation proclamation. Col. Streight's raid on Rome, 
 
 met by Forrest. Confederate money depreciated. Militia 
 called out — 16 years to 60. Gordon made General. Lawton 
 wounded— made Quartermaster General. Homespun suits 
 in demand. Summer rains good. '63 64, cold winter. 
 Thermometer six times below 20 degrees. 
 
 1864. Drafts and conscription. War comes home to Georgia. Bat- 
 
 tles in Northwest Georgia. Refugees. Sherman's destruc- 
 tive march to Savannah. Summer cool. Fruit killed. 
 Georgia had put 120,000 men in the field. 
 
 1865. Hampton Roads conference. War ends, but such a Peace ! 
 
 James Johnson Provisional governor. Military rule. 
 Peace too late for a crop. Freshet. Convention and new 
 Constitution. Thirteenth amendment ratified. Governor 
 Jenkins inaugurated. 
 
 1866. Dreary period of Reconstruction. Stay laws. Macon and 
 
 Brunswick Railroad indorsed by State. Cherokee Rail- 
 road chartered. Thermometer, February 15th, Washing, 
 ton, 4°. Hot and dry summer. Little fruit. Small 
 crop. 
 
 1867. General Pope, Military Commander, Georgia, third Military 
 
 District. Fine crop year. Prices tumble. 
 
 1868. New Constitution. Rufus B. Bullock, Governor. Second 
 
 Reconstruction. Legislature unseats colored membei.- 
 State Agricultural Society re-organized. Wheat rusts. 
 Little fruit. 
 
 1869. Georgia again under Military rule. South Western Railroad 
 
 leased by Central. Dry year. Hard times. 
 
 1870. General Terry, Military Commander. Legislature organized 
 
 with difficulty. July, Georgia re-admitted as a State. 
 Lease of State Road. Fine crop year. Prices fall rapidly. 
 State Agricultural Society prays the Legislature for a De- 
 partment of Agriculture. The prayer was granted in 
 1874. North Eastern Railroad and North and South Railroad 
 chartered. Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad completed. 
 1871;- Abdication of Gov. Bullock. Benjamin Conley, acting gov- 
 ernor. Macon and Augusta Railroad completed. Air Line 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 6$ 
 
 to Gainesville. Crop short of cotton, corn and grain. Plan- 
 tations disintegrating. Immense State indorsements of 
 railroads. 
 
 1872. Gov. James M. Smith inaugurated. A new era begins. North- 
 
 Eastern railroad begun. Augusta Canal enlargement. 
 
 1873. Great financial crisis lasting five or six years. Dr. Gustavus 
 
 J. Orr, School Commissioner. Central railroad consolidated 
 with Macon and Western. Air Line, and Port Ro3'al 
 Railroads, finished. Hot April days. Crops good. Hot 
 summer. 
 
 1874. Department of Agriculture established. Dr. T. P. Janes, first 
 
 Commissioner. Dr. George Little, State Geologist. Con- 
 vict lease system. Good crop year. 
 
 1875. March 20th — The great cyclone. Second cyclone, November 
 
 16, at 7 a. m., thermometer 80°. Macon and Brunswick 
 Railroad bought by the State. 
 
 1876. Centennial year. Tilden and Hayes. Electoral Commission. 
 
 March 6th, Sleet. Leaves killed. July, very hot. Decem- 
 ber, very cold. 
 
 A. H. Colquitt, Governor. Constitutional Convention. 
 
 An era of investigations and impeachments. Comptroller- 
 General removed. Treasurer, tried and acquitted. El- 
 berton Air Line Railroad, to Toccoa. 
 
 R. R. Commission established. Ex-Governor James M. 
 Smith, Campbell Wallace, and Samuel Barnett. J. T. 
 Henderson, appointed Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 General Gordon resigns as Senator. Ex-Governor Brown 
 appointed, and afterwards elected Senator. Governor Col- 
 quitt re-elected. 
 
 Cotton Exposition, at Atlanta. Death of B. H. Hill. Leg- 
 islation favors Federal aid to Education. 
 
 Governor, Alex H. Stephens. Remarkable crop year. Cot- 
 ton, corn and largest oat crop ever made. 
 
 Death of Governor Stephens ; general lamentation. Governor 
 Boynton succeeds him till a new election. Governor, 
 Henry D. McDaniel. 
 i 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 KELA^TIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS IN 
 THE UNION AND AT THE SOUTH. 
 
 SENSATIONAL ESTIMATES— GREAT MISTAKES CORRECTED. 
 
 The magazines and newspapers have abounded of late with esti- 
 mates of a supposed enormous future increase of the negro race as 
 compared with the white. It is represented that the country is 
 about to be Africanized, and especially that the Southern tier of 
 States, including Georgia, is doomed to this fate. Even a book 
 has been written on the subject. These enormous estimates put the 
 colored population one hundred years hence at about 200,000,000, 
 i. e., at four times the whole present population, white and colored, 
 of the Union. They consign six or eight colored Southern States 
 to 120,000,000 of blacks, overshadowing 30,000,000 of whites, if, in- 
 deed, the whites do not quit the country. 
 
 The value of these estimates may be illustrated by an expression 
 of Mr. Webster's. On one occasion he was met, it is said, by the 
 Austrian Minister with a formidable complaint of some imagined 
 grievance, to which Mr. Webster responded : " Well, Mr. Hul- 
 gemann, you've found a "Mare's Nest," repeating, in rather a merry,, 
 sing-song way, (it being after dinner) "Well, Mr. HuUemann, you've 
 found a mart a nest.''' 
 
 Even such a discovery has been made by Judge Tourgee and 
 others ; they do not, however, overestimate the importance of 
 their d'iscoverv, if it be a genuine nest. But is it true in fact ? 
 Not at all. Neither the country nor the South is in any such dan- 
 <rer. A great fabric of delusions is based on errors in the census of 
 1870, errors admitted in the census abstract and palpable enough 
 even on their face. Based on this false foundation, the calculations, 
 such as they are, run on this wise: By the census of 1870 (ap- 
 gumed to be correct) the colored population of the United States. 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 6/ 
 
 was 4,8:0,000; by that of LSSO, G, 518,372, showing an increase of 
 1,638,363, or 33 1 2 psr cont. ricnce the easy calculation. 
 
 TIIK FALSE COUNT. 
 
 Colored popilation of Eight doomed Doomed' 
 
 United States. Souiheru States'. Georgia. 
 
 1 8S0 6,500,000 4,350,000 725,000- 
 
 1900 13,000,000 8,700,000 1,450 000 
 
 1920 - 26,000,000 17,400,000 2,900,000 
 
 1940 -.. 52,000,000 34,800,000 5,800,000 
 
 1960 .104,000,000 69,600,000 11,600,000 
 
 1980 208,000,000 139,200,000 23,200,000' 
 
 2000 416,000,000 278,400,000 46,400,000-. 
 
 On this basis the United States will contain one hundred years; 
 hence more Africans than Africa herself. The children of persons- 
 now living will live to see the eight doomed States of Virginia, 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis- 
 sissippi and Louisiana (in the year 2000) with 278,000,000 of black!=^ 
 Georgia herself, in the year 2000, at this rate, would have a colored, 
 population of 46,000,000, exceeding the present white population- 
 of the Union. A blick prospect ! True, these figures are a little 
 startling ; but why should wo doubt the census ? Mr. Pickwick's 
 confidence in science wa? never chilled by unexpected or amazing 
 results. It is a little surprising, however, that such astonishing 
 results did not wake up some slight suspicions, and call a little com-^ 
 mon sense to the rescue. 
 
 To pass, however, from these wild figures and sensational con- 
 clusions, let us study the real data and 
 
 THE PROBABLE TRUTH 
 
 as to the future increase of the negro race. We must judge of the^ 
 future by the past. Our means of estimating the future popula- 
 tion of the country are to be found in \hi ten censu--{ reports, from- 
 1790 to 1880, not in any two of them, but in them all. These re- 
 ports are valuable guides, if cautiously used, so long as conditions 
 remain unchanged. Judging by these data, what is the probable- 
 future increase of the colored population ? Take the experience of 
 ninety years, first, as a whole. The colored population has increased 
 from 757,208 in 1790 to 6,518,372 ii; 1S80. Allowing for additions 
 
68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 made by the slave trade till 1S08 — and by the admission of Florida, 
 Louisiana and Texas — the increase was 7.01 fold. At this rate the 
 number ninety years hence, in 1970, would be below 50,000,000 
 in the Union instead of over 100,000,000 in seven States. 
 
 But the puccessive returns show a diminishing rate of increase, 
 in successive periods. Take the rate between 1 8G0 and 1880 ae a 
 basis, and the number one hundred years hence, in 1980, would 
 fall short of 45,000,000. But a careful comparison of the returns 
 shows even this estimate to !;>e too high. We should endeavor to 
 get the 
 
 RUN OF THE CENSUS 
 
 as a basis. Should the successive rates of decrease in raiio be the 
 same for the next one hundred years as in the last ninety, the pop- 
 ulation would be about as follows : 
 
 Tear. Colored pop. 
 
 1900 at 41 per cent in 20 years 9,200,000 
 
 1920 a.t 35 percent.. 12,400,000 
 
 1940 at 30 per cent 16,100,000 
 
 1960 at 25 percent 20,150,000 
 
 1980 at 20 per cent. 24,200,000 
 
 2000 at 17 percent 28,500 000 
 
 These estimates are at a less rate of decline in ratio than in the 
 past series of like periods of twenty years. It is probably in excess, 
 even if conditions remain unchanged. 
 
 Let us correct the error in the census of 1870 and see the general 
 r-wn of the recent enumerations: The return of 1860 showed a 
 colored population of 4,441,830; that of 1880, 6,518,372, making 
 an increase in twenty years of 46f per cent. If the rate of increase 
 was uniform, then in ten years it was 21.14 nearly. At this rate 
 the population of 1870 would be 5,380,000. An increase over that 
 of 1860 of 938,000; increase from 1870 to 1880, 1,138.000 
 
 An allowance needs to be made in 1850. The increment between 
 1;840 and 1850 was afifected by 58,000 colored persons admitted 
 into Texas. The 765,000 increment of that decade is therefore re- 
 duced to 707,000 of natural increase. Observe now the successive 
 increments far a number of successive decades, beginning with 
 1850, exprcssel in thousands: 707; 803; 938; 1138. 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 69 
 
 This looks like a reasonable run. But as presented in the census 
 of 1S70 the increment for that decade was but 438, and for the 
 next decade 163S, making the run read thus; 707; 803; 438; 
 1638. This is wrong on its face. One decade is not much over 
 half of the preceding and not much over one-fourth of the suc- 
 ceeding one — an incredible run. 
 
 Compare next the successive rates per cent of increase for peri- 
 ods of twenty years, beginning with 1790, 1810, 1830, etc. Thej 
 run thus: 82; 69; 56; 34; ,00 small. Begin with 1800,1820, 
 etc.: 76; 62; 55 ; 47. The last line is nearly correct. The period 
 between 1800 and 1820 shows 76 per cent. This is too much, but 
 the slave trade swelled it somewhat. There is a steady decline in 
 the ratio of increase. Between 1800 and 1820 it was 76 per cent, 
 between 1860 and 1880 47 per cent. 
 
 Observe, once more, the rates for successive decades, beginning 
 with 1800 : 34 ; 38 ; 29 ; 32 ; 24 ; 27 ; 22 • 10 ; 34. 
 
 Evidently the two last are out of line. They should be 21, 2L 
 
 In all these comparisons the census of 1870 is out of li .e, while 
 the other census years are mutually confirmatory. 
 
 CAREFUJ. ESTIMATES 
 
 are confirmed by experience. To illustrate this Mr. Kennedy, 
 Superintendent of the eighth census, 18G0, estimated the colored 
 population in 1880 at 6,591,292. The variation by actual count 
 wa8,^only a little over 1 per cent., his estimate being a little too 
 high, llis estimates for successive years were as follows ; 
 
 Kennedy's estimates. 
 
 1870 --- 5,407,130 
 
 1880 6,591,292 
 
 1890 ...7,909550 
 
 1900 ...9,491,459 
 
 His estimate for 1870 was doubtless closer than the actual count 
 80 imperfectly made. 
 
 As all the false estimates are based upon it, let us examine the 
 claims to accuracy of 
 
70 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 THE CENSES OF 1S70. 
 
 Not only is it condemned by a comparison with other dates, but 
 it is self condemned. It is not only not trustworthy, but it does 
 not even j^rofees to be so. It could not be sustained by official sanc- 
 tion, indeed, but it lacks that alfo. 
 
 General Walker, the Superintendent, a most able and accom- 
 plished man, certities, not to its accuracy, but its inaccuracy, and 
 especially in the enumeration of the negroes. He urged, in advance 
 - of the census, the imperative need of improved methods. The 
 then existing method he characterized as "clumsy, antiquated and 
 barbarous." (See Abstract 9th cen^^us, pages 2-4). 
 
 The needed improvements were not made, and he was compelled 
 to accompany the census with the statement, that " nearly every 
 in:portant table is prefaced by a body of remaiks, in which are set 
 for: h the ^rrw6 known or suspected." These errors were greatly 
 aggravated in the Southern States. 
 
 General Walker's coinplaints of the old law were not capricious. 
 The United States Maishalr, pelected for entirely diffeieut objects, 
 were next in raiik to himself, but not amenable to him, nor selected 
 by him. In the Southern States they were selected with sole refer- 
 ence to party considerations. It had been stiange if these outside 
 duties had not been neglected. In a word, the machinery was not 
 calculated to work out accurate results. The errors were of defect. 
 The officials did not trouble themselves to seek and find the lost 
 sheep in the wilderness. The negroes were suspicious, they feared 
 they might be enrolled for slavery, or for taxation. 
 
 The return, which, according to anticipation, should have shown 
 an increase of about 965,000 colored people, showed less than 440,- 
 000 of the expected increase, more was missing than found — 440,000 
 found, 520,000 missing. 
 
 In the preface to the 10th census, General Walker again recurs 
 to the unreliableness of the 9th, culminating in South Carolina in 
 such e'xirao7dma7y rekidts as to lead ty a new count. There " the 
 gain of population (between 1870 and 1880) was an impossible one, 
 transcending the known capabilities of human procieation." 
 This grossly inaccurate census is 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. yi 
 
 THE SOLE WITNESS 
 
 for the erroneous estimates ; for, evidently, the subject-matter is by 
 far too large for individual observation. But even on this bad basis 
 
 THE CALCULATIONS 
 
 themselves are in ?onie cases widely erroneous. An article in the 
 North American Review of July, 1S84, by Prof. Chas. A. Gardiner, 
 abounds in errors of calculation. It represents the seven Atlantic 
 and Gulf States (before named) with a population of 3,721,481 as 
 a ''compact territory, uniform in climate and resources, inhabited 
 by two-thirds of all the negroes in the United States." Now the 
 colored population of the Union being 6,518,372 ; two-thirds of that 
 number is 4,345,580. The States named lack 624,000 of the requi- 
 site number to make two-thirds of the vvhole colored population. 
 
 Again, the same loose writer says that the negro population had 
 increased 35 per cent in 10 years, and then adds, " negroes increas- 
 ing 3^ per cent annually, will double in every 20 years.'' Now, an 
 increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is not an increase of 3f per 
 cent annually. The diflEerence is the same as that between simple 
 and compound interest. An increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is 
 the result of an annual increase of less than 3.1, which would yield 
 in 10 years 35.7 increase. An increase of 35 per cent in a decade, 
 would make 100 become 182^ instead of 200 in 2 » years. To dou- 
 ble in 20 years, the increase in 10 years must be 42.9 — a greater rate 
 than obtains in the United States as a whole, or in any considerable 
 section. 
 
 The mistaken census of 1870 is surely bad enough, without the 
 aid of loose calculations. 
 
 WILD FIGUKKS. 
 
 The prophets of evil estimate the colored population as doubling 
 ■every 20 years after 1880, until 19:0. Why not pursue the esti- 
 mates a little further? Give the calculators ro_pe^ and look two 
 centuries ahead, instead of one. It is a short period in the life of a 
 nation. At their incredible rates 
 
 PDRSUE THE CALCULATION 
 
 and see what these eight States would then support. In the year 
 ^100 A. D., we should have in the eight States a popul ition of over 
 
72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 eight billions of colored people. In Georgia alone, her teeming 
 millions of blacks, would exceed the present population of the wide, 
 wide world ! 
 
 SOME FIGURES. 
 
 They estimate the increase for 20 years after iSSOat 100 per cent. 
 What was it for the 20 years preceding 1S80? Can you believe it? 
 Not 100 per cent. No, nor 50 per cent. In the 20 years of our 
 laat experience it was not so much as half the increase in which 
 they indulge for the next 20, and run on with it a hundred years 
 ahead. The rate for 20 years, from ISGO to 1880 was 46f per cent,, 
 lacking 3^ of b:3ing half the rate assumed for future periods of 
 twenty years each. 
 
 But perhaps the rate for success! v^e periods increases. Just the 
 reverse. It shows a steady decline. For 20 years from 1800, it 
 was 76.8; from 1820, 62.3; from 1840, 54.6; from 1860, 46.75. 
 
 The early conditions were exceptionally favorable. While the 
 slave trade continued, there was enforced immigration, and the 
 negroes introduced, moreover, were nearly all adults, of the prolific 
 age of life. There were few old people or children imported. 
 
 NARROW BASIS OF INDUCTION. 
 
 To take ten census reports out of the ten at our command, is very 
 unphilosophical. It is mere charlatanism. If we reject eight and 
 accept two only, observe the result. 
 
 In 1870 the estimates would have been the exact reverse of those 
 of 1880. The increase in 1870 was less than ten per cent. The 
 colored population in 1970 would have been estimated at about 
 12,500,000 instead of nearly 200,000,000. Indeed, a plausible 
 case could have been made for Victor Hugo's prophecy of the 
 rapid extinction of the colored race. Consider the argument : Not 
 until 1865 were the old conditions changed. In these four or five 
 years, at the old rate of increase, the negroes ought to have gained 
 about ten per cent. For the remaining years of the decade there 
 would then have been no increase. 
 
 FORE AND HIND SIGHT. 
 
 Comparing the line of sight to a rifle, the census of 1870 being 
 too low, was a false sight. Compared with 1860, our foresight 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 73 
 
 was too low and we shot below the mark. Compared with 188© 
 our hindeight was too low and we shot entirely too high. 
 
 We need the light of all the census reports, of a long experience, 
 to rectify temporary errors and accidents. 
 
 NEW CONDITIONS. 
 
 In all onr estimates we must remember how constantly new con- 
 ditions arise in human affairs. To look one hundred years ahead 
 is looking beyond our ken. We are not prophets, even with ten 
 census reports as a basis, much less with two. 
 
 With increasing density of population, for example, new condi- 
 tions occur. The Northwest and the Southwest will gradually fill 
 up and the South will become 
 
 THE EMIGRATION GROUND 
 
 of the world ; for the North, East, West, and for Europe. The 
 immigration of whites to the South will tend to check ths increase 
 of the colored race, and indeed tend to their dlffasion through the 
 Union, as domestic servants, hotel waiters, agricultural and genersil 
 laborers, etc. Whenever population begins to 
 
 PRESS ON SUBSISTENCE 
 
 the survival of the fittest will begin to tell on the weaker race. 
 
 How new conditions tell on population is seen in the effect of 
 the war. The blacks were but slightly affected. Mr. Kennedy's 
 figures as to them were verified substantially in 1880, and were 
 nearer the truth in 1870 than the census itself. But how as to the 
 whites? The war played havoc with his estimates, based, as they 
 were, on continued peace, i. 6., parity of conditions. The estimate 
 in 1860 of the aggregate population in 1880 was 56,150,211. It 
 really was 50,155,783, a falling off of 6,291,458, and this notwith- 
 standing a great increase of immigration. 
 
 As the South advances from agricultural to manufacturing pur- 
 Buite, the same conditions will occur which drove the negroes grad- 
 ually from the Northern States. They are unfit for the higher 
 processes of industry. The difficulty of making a living will check 
 increase. 
 
 England's growth has been the result of growth in skill, and of 
 
74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 large differentiation in pursuits. Can the negro, in these regards, 
 fipell up to tiie whites ? Hardly. And if not, the disposition to 
 increase and multiply must yield to hard necessity. 
 
 It is interesting to note the relative increase of the negro race in 
 the United States and in the British West Indies. Some valuable 
 figures and comments are to be found in the volume published by 
 the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina entitled " South 
 Carolina," and prepared, in large part, by Major Harry Hammond. 
 
 The importations of negroes into the United States, quoted from 
 Mr. Carey, are as follows : 
 
 Prior to 1714 _ 30,000 
 
 1715 to 1750 90,000 
 
 1751 to 1760 35,000 
 
 1761 to 1776 74,500 
 
 1777 to 1790 34,000 
 
 1791 to 1 808 90,000 
 
 Number imported 353,500 
 
 By the census of 1790 the number then in the country was 757,- 
 208, showing a very large natural increase. The number emanci- 
 pated in 1865 was probably nearly 4,900,000 (accurately estimated). 
 Put it at 4,600,000, and this shows over thirteen emancipated to 
 one brought into the country. 
 
 A CON'l'RAST. 
 
 The number imported into the British West Indies is estimated 
 at 2,000,000; the number emancipated at 600,000, i.e., three were 
 imported to one emancipated. The contrast in favor of the United 
 States is therefore about forty to one. 
 
 Valuable statistical information is given by J. Shahl Paterson in 
 the Popular Science Monthly of September, 1881 (continued in 
 October). His estimates are affected in important particulars by 
 his failure to appreciate the errors of the census of 1870 ; allowing, 
 however, for this element of error, his treatment of the census is 
 suggestive. He furnishes particulars in regard to white immi- 
 grants as follows, for successive decades beginning with 1790 — 1800. 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 75 
 
 Decade White 
 
 ending. immigrants. 
 
 1. 1800 - 43,000 
 
 2. 1810 60,000 
 
 S. 1820 . 98,000 
 
 4. 1830 150,000 
 
 5. 1840 600,000 
 
 6. 1850 1,700,000 
 
 7. 1860 - 2 500,000 
 
 8. Ih70 . 2,400,000 
 
 ^. 1880 .- . 2,800,000 
 
 Total to 1880 10,351,000 
 
 The great tide set this way about 1840. 
 
 The handling Mr. Paterson gives the statistics of emigration is 
 worthy of careful study. His conclucions as to the whites are that 
 the native whites of the North increase at the rate of 15.7 percent., 
 and at the South 30.4 per cent, in a decade. We can scarcely agree 
 with a conclusion which makes the disparity so wide. The esti- 
 mate of colored increase is based on the census of 1S70, allowing 
 1.5 per cent for error, at 33.3 per cent. The error, we tliink, was 
 probably not far from 11 per cent, instead of 1.5. 
 
 Upon his own basis he estimates the native whites of the North 
 one hundred years hence, 1980, (their present number being 24,- 
 403,000) at 105,000,000, while the colored population will have in- 
 creased from 6,577,000 to 117,000,000. 
 
 His estimates on the movement of the colored population are 
 more satisfactory. But new and now unknown conditions are 
 likely to affect the problem, and upset all our calculations based 
 on the past, and supposing the future to be more constant than it 
 will probably be. 
 
 INCREASE OF THE WHITES. 
 
 The relative increase of the whites at the South is somewhat raore 
 difficult to estimate than that of the blacks, because more aff.cted 
 by emigration and immigration. In the census of 1870 the whites 
 were probably better counted than the blacks. By it the increase 
 of the whites in the decade ending in 1880 was 28 per cent., while 
 that of the colored people was 33. The whites lost by excess of 
 
76 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 emigration over immigration, however, much more than the blacks. 
 The blacks lost little by the war, chiefly infants and old people, for 
 a short period after freedom. The proUfio age (corresponding 
 with the military age) was little affected, while the losses of the 
 whites were from this very age, telling, for a time, heavily on ratio 
 of increase. 
 
 ANOTnER TEST. 
 
 In 1870 there were living in the United States, including Geor- 
 gia, 719,124 whites born in Georgia, In 1880, 933,061, an increase 
 of 30 per cent. The enumerntion of the whites was more nearly 
 correct than that of the blacks. A like comparison of the blacks 
 ehows 589,929 in 1870, and 786,306 in 1880, an increase of 33^ per 
 cent. Allowing for errors in 1870, their per cent of increase would 
 be reduced helow that of the whites. 
 
 The South — the whole country — is deeply interested in this 
 question, whether the country is to be Africanized. No State has 
 a deeper interest in it than Georgia, the centre of colored popula- 
 tion. But there is no such black outlook. The wild use of sta- 
 tistics raised the apprehensions, the serious and sober use dispels 
 them. We may safely dismiss these vain fears as unwarranted by 
 the facts. 
 
 COMPARISON or 1870 AND 1880. 
 
 The census of 1870 was unreliable, and its errors aggravated at the 
 South by peculiar conditions. The worst errors related to the 
 black population, and these were concentrated on the Southern tier 
 of States, especially on South Carolina, Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 Georgia herself was then (in June, 1870,) under military rule. 
 
 The census of 1880, on the contrary, was the beat ever taken — ■ 
 vfith improved machinery and with the utmost care. This very 
 fact exaggerated the contrast between it and the 9th census. 
 
 Instead of a gloomy view, we think the future full of hope and 
 promise. This fine country was not conquered from the red man 
 for the black ; it will never cease to be a white man's country, un- 
 less all history is false, and the superior race shall yield to the inferior. 
 Other principles will come into play when any such result is seri- 
 ously threatened. 
 
RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. // 
 
 There was in slavery, whatever its fault?, nothing to retard, but 
 everything to stimulate, the increase of the colored people. As it 
 was with King Lear, " the king lacks soldiers," even so with the 
 master — he wanted slaves. There were no such things as improvi- 
 dent marriages, for there was no difficulty about bringing up chil- 
 dren. There are more drones in the colored hive now than then. 
 
 All this is said in perfect kindness towards the colored race. 
 Such a rate of increase were as bad for them as for the whites. 
 Civilization would perish in their hand?. 
 
 As regards Georgia in particular, we would as soon risk her to 
 take care of herself, as any other State or people. She has before 
 her a future of growth and development, of largely diversified in- 
 dustry, increased agricultural diversity, united with immense in- 
 crease in manufacturing, mining and all other forms of industry. 
 Coal, iron, lumber, water power, cotton, rice, sugar, climate, soil, 
 health, all these she has, and a beautiful country, for a superior 
 race. The tide will turn this way, probably, in a peculiar and de- 
 sirable way, not so much by direct immigration from abroad but 
 rather from the North, overflowing this way, a p ^pulation already 
 assimilated, and in the second generation indistinguishable from our 
 own. 
 
CHAPTER VIL 
 
 PART III— THE PRODUCTIOMS. 
 
 After the Country and the People naturally come the Produc- 
 tions — the uses made of the country by the people. 
 These divide readily into two heads, viz — 
 
 1. Wealth, the accumulation of past productions, and — 
 
 2. Current or Annual PROoucnoN. 
 
 WEALTH OF GEORGIA. 
 
 We treat of wealth first, because it enters into current produc- 
 tion, as a most important factor. Each successive generation of 
 men has not only nature, but wealth, as its heritage. The portion 
 of wealth devoted to reproduction, i. e.. Capital, has even a larger 
 bearing (incomparably larger) on annual production than nature 
 itself. 
 
 The aggregate waalth of the State by the census of 1880 was 
 $239,000,000. By the Comptroller General's Report of 1884, on 
 the same basis it was $295,000,000. In each sum the railroad prop- 
 erty of the State was omitted. Including this, the aggregate for 
 18S4 was $317,074,271. 
 
 To show its history for several decades, the wealth was as fol- 
 lows for 1850, etc : 
 
 1850 $335,000,000 
 
 1860 672,000,000 
 
 1870— Greenbacks 226,000,000 Gold 189,000,000 
 
 l8S0— Including railroads 251,500,000 
 
 188 1— Including railroads 317,000,000 
 
 The increase between 1850 and 1860, notwithstanding a large 
 emigration westward was 90percen^, almost doubling the wealth 
 of 1850. 
 
 Losses hy War — The next decade embraced the war. No re- 
 turns are to be had of the years 1 865 6 7. In 1868, the comparison 
 stood thus : 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. 79 
 
 1860-Gold $672 000,000 
 
 1868— Greenbacks.... 191,000,000 Gold.... 130,000,000 
 
 Reduction $ 542,000,000 
 
 The wealth of 1868 was not one fifth that of 1860. At the old 
 rate of increase the wealth of 1870 would have been $1,227,000,000 
 instead of $189,000,000 in gold. 
 
 The white population which really possessed all the wealth, 
 numbered in 1S60 not quite $000,000; in 1870, 639,000. The re- 
 duction in wealth of the whites exceeded $800 per capita — the 
 amount left being less than $300. 
 
 The French indemnity of $1,000,000,000 levied on about 37,- 
 000,000 of people was less than $30 a head — not one part in twen- 
 ty-five of the relative loss in Georgia. This gives come idea of the 
 stupendous losses of the war to the South. 
 
 Georgia was in 1850, the sixth State in rank as to wealth ; in 1860, 
 the eighth ; in 187u, the twentieth. Along with her wealth she 
 had lost the cream of her population From 1868 there was a grad- 
 ual advance to 1874 ; then a retrogression, due to the financial 
 crisis, until 1879, and since that time a more rapid progress. 
 
 A historical table showing the wealth for successive years will be 
 given in the Appendix. 
 
 TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. 
 
 By Table No. 1, in the Appendix, it will be seen that North 
 Georgia in 1882 had a total wealth of $44,500,000, being $3,941 per 
 square mile; Middle Georgia, $91,750000— $7,028 per square mile ; 
 Southwest Georgia, $42,750,000- $2,980 per square mile: East 
 Georgia, $33,250,000 — $3,178 per square mile ; Southeast Georgia,, 
 $26,500,000— $2,704 per square mile. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO FORM OF INVESTMENT. 
 
 By the census of 1880, in round numbers, the two g;eat items 
 were — 
 
 Real estate $140,000,000 
 
 Personal 100,000.000 
 
 The value of farms was 112,000,000 
 
 Investments in manufactures 20,672,000 
 
So DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL's REPORT OF 1884. 
 
 Real estate $ 174,452,761 
 
 Personal 120,432,609 
 
 Nearly $70,000,000 of the real estate is city and town property. 
 
 OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
 
 Money and solvent debts $34,230,000 
 
 Bank shares 5,132,OOo 
 
 Stocks and bonds 6,054,000 
 
 Merchandise 18,070,000 
 
 Furniture 11,000,000 
 
 Cotton manufactures 4,832,000 
 
 Shipping 1,420,000' 
 
 Iron works '. 606,000 
 
 Mining 230,000 
 
 The Agricultural investment — land, live stock and tools,!^ $132,- 
 000,000. 
 
 In the ''Augusta Trade Review," published by the "Chronicle 
 and Constitutionalist," of that city, the manufacturing capital of 
 that city alone is represented at nearly $8,000,000, and that of the 
 State as $38,000,000. 
 
 Evidently the tax returns do not at all correctly represent the act'- 
 ual manufacturing capital of the State. 
 
 WEALTH OF WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION, 1884. 
 
 White $309,000,000 
 
 Colored 8,000,000 
 
 RAILROADS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The probable value is about $60,000,000. 
 
 The increase in the wealth of 1884 over 1883 is $10,161,916. 
 
 The debt of Georgia in 1884, is $8,704,635— annual interest, 
 $582,121. 
 
 Tlifi public property, aside from building?, asylums, etc., consists 
 chiefly in the ownership of the Western & Atlantic Railroad — 
 estimated value about $8,000,000. 
 
 The State tax on individual citizens is about $850,000, rail- 
 road tax $75,000, rent of W. & A. R. R. $300,000, other sources 
 about $130,000 making altogether about $1,150,000 to $1,750,000. 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. 8l 
 
 The building of the State Capitol may add something to the annual 
 rate of taxation. 
 
 Georgia, as we have already seen, is eminently a variety State in 
 her resources of soil, climate, and production, manufacturing 
 facilities, mineral wealth, etc. Heretofore her chief industry has 
 been agricultural, but other forms of employment have been 
 developing rapidly, and her future career will probably be greatly 
 dependent on manufacturing. 
 
 The statistics of current production are as yet more im- 
 perfect than those of realized wealth ; they are more difficult to 
 estimate, and the means of analyzing them thoroughly do not 
 exist. 
 
 In the gradual development of the principles of census-taking, 
 we may hope in the future for information which will enable us 
 to give a systematic view of current production ; first its synthesis 
 — a general view of current annual production as a whole; and, 
 second, its analysis, showing the production of its parts. 
 
 Current production goes first to the supply of current wants, and 
 only its excess is added to annual savings. From the gross 
 product must first come the cost of material and other elements of 
 cost, and after tho, net product is ascertained, the cost of living 
 comes out before we reach savings. 
 
 The analysis is not an easy one, but beginning with a tentative 
 effort, we may clear the way for more exact estimates hereafter. 
 
 GKOSS PRODUCTION. 
 
 The gross product of all industries for 18S0 may be roughly 
 estimated at $130,(100,000 to |] 50,000,000, consisting of the fol- 
 owing leading items : 
 
 Industry. Graf's Products 
 
 Agriculture... ...$70,000,000 
 
 Manufactures 36,600,000 
 
 Rail Roads 15,000,000 
 
 Trade 7,000,000 
 
 Professional, Gross Income 5,000,000 
 
 Labor 5,000,000 
 
 Domestic service 10,000,000. 
 
 6 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Except the first two or three, these estimates are perhaps not 
 even approximations. In the Appendix, we may be able to make 
 €uch corrections as more nearly to give probable approximations. 
 
 NET PRODUCTION. 
 
 To determine the net annual production is still more difficult, 
 and the data more imperfect. It would be of inestimable value if 
 in the comparison of State and National advantages and resources, 
 we could analyze the results respectively yielded by land, capital, 
 labor and enterprise. These pass under the names of rent, in- 
 terest, wages and profits. 
 
 To state a problem well, especially in modern times, is half to 
 solve it. We need to fill the blank in a table like the following : 
 
 FORM OF TABLE NEEDED. 
 
 For Agricultural Products. 
 
 Land-Value - tlU.OOOOOO 
 
 Rent-Estimated --- 8.000,000 
 
 Capital-Total 60,000000 
 
 Fixed Capital -Stock, Tools, etc 30,000,000 
 
 Annual Capital-Total 30,000,000 
 
 Fertilizer - 5,000,000 
 
 Supplies 
 
 Advances - 
 
 Interest on Capital. 5,000,000 
 
 Superi ntendence — 
 
 Labor — Wages - - 
 
 Extras --■- 
 
 Material, Seed, etc. - - - - - - ^ ^^^ ^^,^ 
 
 Oross Preductions -..- 70,000,000 
 
 Deduct iMaterial, Labor, Interest, Rent 
 
 Net Profit - 25,000,000 
 
 Cost of Living..... 
 
 Savings - ' ' 
 
 These figures are only intended as suggestive, not as accurate. 
 A like table is needed for manufacturing and other industries. 
 In manufacturing, the items of land and rent perhaps need not ap- 
 «ar. but such only as the following: Capital, fixed and annual 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. 83 
 
 interest, labor, superintendence, wages, advances, material, gross 
 products, the successive reduc'ioas to ascertain net profit, expenses 
 of living, savings. 
 
 Somewhat different items would be needed for the other great 
 divisions of industry given in the census, as professional and per- 
 sonal services, and trade and transportation. 
 
 In professional services, capital is represented by previous expen- 
 ditures in education, library, apparatus, etc. 
 
 In mere personal service, as that of the laborer, the domestic 
 servant, etc., there is scarcely any capital represented. The laborer 
 has himself and his faculties of production. The latter he exchanges 
 for wages. 
 
 In trade, the stock in trade is capital, and beai's a considerable 
 part in production. In transportation a large capital is necessary; 
 say, in railroad transportation, the cost of road and equipment, and 
 a considerable annual capital also, though this may be supplied by 
 earnings. Both trade and transportation require much labor, and 
 so wages enter largely into their results. 
 
 With such tables complete, the comparison of JXational and State 
 production would be much more easy and intelligible ; and also the 
 comparison between different forms of industry and investment. 
 
 The comparison between agricultural and manufacturing wages 
 is usually very defective. Apparently the former suffers in thecom- 
 parison ; this is in appearance much more than in fact. To illustrate 
 how this occurs, suppose the wages of a faim laborer to be $1.00,, 
 and of an operative in a factory $2.00 ; the appearan.ce, when only 
 the money wages are expressed, is quite to the disparagement of 
 agriculture. But usually at the South, besides the money wages, 
 provisions are furnished, worth, say, $30.00 more. Again, the home 
 of the laborer is furnished rent-free ; his fuel costs nothing, and 
 often he has a garden or a patch rent-free. In addition, he has bet- 
 ter opportunities for a pig or two, for poultry, for milk and fruit, 
 and on Sundays and holidays the use of a horse. There are many 
 items of value, and many easements to the farm laborer uncounted 
 in the usual estimates. On the other hand, out of the apparently 
 large money income of the operative or mechanic must come 
 expenses of rent, fuel and supplies, and all the little extras and 
 
84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 comforts also cost money. As^ain, it is to be remembered that the 
 greater number of agricultural laborers are less skilled than me- 
 chanical workmen, and so entitled to less average wages. 
 
 On the whole, the practical choice of agriculture instead of other 
 pursuits, shows that these differences unnoted in statistics are noted 
 in real life, and that a large proportion of mankind prefer farming 
 to any oiher occupation. It seems to be the refuge towards which 
 many minds tend, including professional men and merchants wha 
 wish to close life in the quiet of a farm. 
 
 AGRICULTUKAL PRODLCTION. 
 
 In Georgia the products of the farm are unusually varied. They 
 may be subdivided under two great heads — money crops and pro- 
 vision crops. Of the money crops, cotton takes the lead, far sur- 
 passing all the others combined. There are also rice, sugar and 
 syrup; tobacco and truck products for the market; vegetables, 
 fruits and melons raised for sale. 
 
 Forest products and naval stores occupy also a considerable place 
 among the industries of the State. 
 
 More varied are the provision crops for home use, or strictly home 
 market. They include all the cereals, the leguminous crops, peas,, 
 beans, etc.; the root crops, all sdrts of vegetables and fruits ; indeed, 
 they embrace almost everything for food of man and beast which 
 is not tropical. So the facilities are excellent for all sorts of live 
 stock, horses, mules and cattle, for dairy products, for poultry, etc. 
 Fuod for stock can be made to cover *-he whole year by a judicious 
 selection. Our comparatively short winter renders the expense of 
 wintering stock small, and with barley or oat patches, little work i* 
 necessary in gathering food. 
 
 The following table shows the statistics of leading crops in Geor- 
 gia for 1S80 ; 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Acres. Crop. 
 
 Tilled land ...7,690/292 
 
 Cotton. 2,617.138 814,441 Bales. 
 
 Corn 2,538,733 23,202,618 Bushels. 
 
 Oats 612,778 5,548,743 Bushels. 
 
 Wheat - 475684 3,159,771 Bushels. 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 61,010 4,397,774 Bushels.. 
 
THE TRODUCTIONS. 85 
 
 Of all the tilled land, it appears that 31 per cent, was in cotton, 
 and nearly as much, say one-third, in corn. There is a growing 
 tendency to increase the oat crop, the corn crop in much of the 
 State being subject to summer drought. 
 
 CURRENT PRODUCTION. 
 
 It is f till impossible, notwithstanding all our census leturns, tax 
 returns and other sources of information, to furnish any accurate 
 statement of the gross annual production of any State. Estimates 
 may be had, iiowever, of certain departments of State industry. In 
 1880 the gross production of the Agricultural class in Georgia was 
 estimated at $07,000,000 ; the gross product in Georgia of manu- 
 factures was $36,'44 1,000. But thei'e were other industries of which 
 no estimates were made or even attempted. Under the denomi- 
 nation of Professional and I*ersonal Services, over 100,000 people 
 were classified, but their annual production not estimated. So, of 
 the large number engaged in trade. 
 
 Some statistics of transportation are attainable, however. The 
 gross receipts of the railroads of the State were probably about 
 $10,000,000. 
 
 The following table gives the form of information needed, with 
 the information itself when the census furnishes it : 
 
 GROSS PRODUCTION — 1880. 
 
 Agricultural $67,028,929 
 
 Manufacturing 36,440,948 
 
 Trade (no estimate.) 
 
 Transportation, about 10,000,000 
 
 Professional (no estimate.) 
 Personal (no estimate.) 
 
 Passing from gross to net production, it is to be observed that 
 the cost of material is first to be deducted and only the increment 
 above that cost regarded as production. 
 
 The cost of material in agriculture is coinparatively small. It 
 consists chiefly of seeds a d fertilizers. Probably of the $67,000,- 
 000 gross, fully $60,000,000 is increment on cost of material con- 
 sumed. No estimates are made of the value of seed, etc., but that 
 of fertilizers is set down at $4,347,000. 
 
86 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The cost of manufacturing material exceeds the entire capital 
 used in manufsctures. Deduct from the gross product, $36,440,918, 
 the cost of material, $24,143,939, and we have the increment, $12,- 
 297,009. 
 
 The increment to vahie is the fund from which to pay rent, in- 
 terest and wages, leaving profits. 
 
 The railroad expenses deducted from gross receipts leave as the 
 increment, say $2,500,000. 
 
 INCREMENT OF VALUES. 
 
 Agricultural $60,000,000 
 
 Manufacturing 12,300,000 
 
 Trade (unknown.) 
 
 Transportation by rail 2,500,000 
 
 Professional (unknown.) 
 Personal (unknown.) 
 
 A rude estimate of gross product and increment might be as 
 follows : 
 
 Gross. Increnient. 
 
 Agricultural $67,000,000 $60,000,000 
 
 Manufacturing 36,441,000 12,300 000 
 
 Trade 15,000000 5,000,000 
 
 Transportation 10,000,000 2,500 000 
 
 Professional 5,000,000 4,500,000 
 
 Personal 15 000 000 12,000,000 
 
 $148,500,000 $96,300,000 
 
 It were very desirable, but is still quite impossible, to determine 
 how the increment of value is distributed, into rent of land, inter- 
 est on capital, wages of labor and profits of enterprise. To such 
 completeness of information statistical science has not yet attained. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PKODUCTION — CROPS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Cotton is the most valuable crop. Of this great staple the pro- 
 duction in Georgia was, in 1850, 500,000 bales; 1860, 702,000 
 bales ; 1870, 474,000 ; 1880, 814,000. The largest crop ever made 
 in the State was in 1882; 942,000. 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. 87 
 
 In 1880 Mississippi alone exceeded Georgia, her crop being 963,- 
 000, and that of Texas 805,000, compared with 814,000 in Georgia. 
 Texa?, with her immense area, now leads all the cotton States. 
 
 Within the State the leading counties in cotton production are 
 as follows by census of 1880 : Burke, 29,172 bales; Washington, 
 23,058; IIouBton, 19,090; Troup, 18,055; Coweta, 16,282; Meri- 
 wether, 15,154; Hancock, 15,010; Floyd, 14,515. 
 
 In the northern tier of counties, and in the southeastern part, 
 comparatively little cotton is produced. Fifteen or twenty conn- 
 ties can be named, the aggregate production of them all being less 
 than 1,000 bales. Towns and Fannin report not one bale. 
 
 The average product of the State in 1880 was one bale to 3,21 
 acres. 
 
 THE CORN CROP. 
 
 On 2,538,733 acres, in 1880, the yield was 23,202,618 bushels— 
 an average of a little over 9 bushels per acre. 
 
 The crops of former census years were as follows : 1850, 30,- 
 000,000 ; 1861, 31,000,000 ; 1870, 17,500,000 bushels, 
 
 OTHER CROPS, 
 
 Acres. Bnshelb, Per acre. 
 
 Oats 612,778 5,548,743 9 
 
 Wheat 475,684 3,159,771 6.6 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 61,010 4,397,774 72 
 
 The oat crop of Georgia has greatly increased since the war. 
 The yield of different crops in former census years is given below : 
 
 I8SO. I860. 1870. 
 
 Oats 3,820,044 1,231,817 1,904,601 
 
 Wheat 1,088,534 2,544,913 2,127,017 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 6 986,428 6,508,541 2,621,562 
 
 There is a marked increase in wheat as well as oats, and a de- 
 crease in sweet potatoes, yet only one other State surpasses her 
 present yield. North Carolina, with 4,576,000 bushels. 
 
S8 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 KICE. 
 
 The rice crop for successive census years has been as follows, in 
 round numbers: In 1850, 40,000,000 pounds ; ISGO, 52,500,000; 
 1870, 22,250,000 ; 18S0, 25,333,000. 
 
 Georgia stands second in rice product, South Carolina 52,000,000 
 pounds, Georgia 25,000,000, Louisiana 23,000,000, and North Car- 
 Molina, 5,500,000. 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 The following table shows statistics of live stock in Georgia for 
 several successive census years : 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN GEORGIA. " 
 
 1880 
 
 Value $25,930,352 
 
 98,520 
 13-J,078 
 50,02(3 
 315,073 
 544,812 
 527,589 
 1,471,003 
 
 Horses, Number. 
 
 Mules, Number 
 
 Oxen, Number . . . 
 
 Cows, Number 
 
 Other Cattle, Number. 
 
 Sheep, Number 
 
 Swine, Number 
 
 1870 
 
 1860 
 
 .$30,156,317!$38 
 81,777' 
 87,426 
 54,332 
 
 2,1,310 
 
 412,261 
 
 419,465 
 
 988,566 
 
 372,731 
 130,771 
 101,069 
 7-1,487 
 299,688 
 631,707 
 512,618 
 ,036,116 
 
 1850 
 
 $25,7 
 
 ,728,416 
 154,331 
 57,379 
 73,286 
 334,223 
 690,019 
 560,435 
 ,168,617 
 
 WOOL IN POUNDS. 
 
 1850 
 
 ^90,019 
 
 I860 
 
 1870 
 
 946,227 
 
 846,947 
 
 FERTILIZEKS- 
 
 -1879. 
 
 18S0 
 
 1,289.560 
 
 Georgia was the largest consumer, using in value $4,347,000 
 worth; Pennsylvania was next with $2,838,000; New York, 
 $2,715,000 ; South Carolina, $2,650,000, and Virginia, $2,137,000. 
 
 THE LEADING COUNTIES IN AGRICDLTUKAL PRODUCTS 
 
 are as follows: (1880) Burke, $1,824,000 ; Washington; $1,484,000 
 Troup, $1,276,000; Houston, $1,265,000; Coweta, $1,174,0C0 
 Meriwether, $1,131,000; Cobb, $1,089,000; Floyd, $1,061,000 
 Gwinnett, $1,019,000. 
 
 MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA. 
 
 By the census of 1880 the aggregate of all manufactures (with a 
 product exceeding $500 per annum), employed a capital of $20,- 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 89 
 
 •C72,'i]0— operatives 24,875 — paid waj^es, $5,206,152 used mate- 
 rial, $24,143,930, and made a product of $36,440,9 iS. 
 
 In the Augusta Trade Review of Ov^tobcr 1S84, the capital in 
 1884 is estimated as nearly double that of 1^80, having increased 
 by $18,109,402, and now amounting to $38,841,822. 
 
 SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES. 1880. 
 
 ■Cotton Mills 
 
 Flour Mills 
 
 Lumber 
 
 Eice 
 
 Tar and Turpentine 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $6,537,657 
 
 3,576,300 
 
 3,101,45-' 
 
 35,000 
 
 513,885 
 
 Wayes. I Material 
 
 $1,141,782 
 3-J7,600 
 534,085 
 
 506,842 
 
 $4,039,673 
 
 8,6 1 i), 092 
 
 3,197,195 
 
 1,309,407 
 
 490,355 
 
 Product. 
 
 $6,513,490 
 9,703,898 
 4,875,310 
 1,488,769 
 1,455,739 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURES. 
 
 The Baltimoie "Manufacturer's Record," quoted in the Augusta 
 Trade Review, makes the increase as follows : 
 
 18S0 1S84 
 
 Looms 4,713 7,843 
 
 Spindles 200,974 340,143 
 
 Hands 6,078 10,000 
 
 Bales used 67,874 100,000 
 
 'Capital $6,632,142 $13,000,000 
 
 The lumber capital is estimated to have iticreased to about 
 .$6,000,000, and the product to about $7,000,001 
 
 The leading counties in manufacturing are Fulton, Richmond, 
 Muscogee, Chatham, Bibb. Cobb, Floyd, Glynn and Clarke. The 
 manufacturing capital in Fulton is estimated at about $6,000,000 ; 
 in Richmond, about $5,500,000, and nearly as much in Muscogee. 
 
 KAILROADS. 
 
 There are nearly 3,000 miles of Riilroad in Georgia, forming a 
 complete net- work, well distributed as to locality and sections, and 
 reaching 100 out of the 137 counties of the State. The Central 
 R. II. Company owns, leases or oparates about forty per cent, of 
 the whole railroad system. If equally distributed there would be 
 over twenty miles of railroad to a county, (counties in Georgia 
 being fmall), one mile to 550 people, one mile of road to 21 square 
 miles of aiea. 
 
90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 There are few localities in which a wagon cannot go and return 
 in a day from a railroad station. The lines of road would suffice 
 to cross the State east and west about fourteen times, or north and 
 south about nine times. 
 
 The leading- Railroad centres are Atlanta and Macon. Savannah 
 and Augusta inaugurated the chief enterprises. 
 
 The capital invested probably exceeds $60,000,000, the gross in- 
 come $10,000,000, and the net income is between $2,000,000 and 
 $2,500,000. 
 
 EFFECT OF RAILROADS ON THE VALUE OF PROPERTY. 
 
 This is illustrated by the following table for the Air Line and 
 N. E. Eailroads. 
 
 Counties. Value of Property. 1874 1884 
 
 Fulton $20,485,000 $30,736,000 
 
 DeKalb 2,813 000 3,405,000 
 
 Gwinnett 2,745,000 3,048,000 
 
 Hall 2,139,000 2,879,000 
 
 Banks 767,000 1,094,000 
 
 Habersham 806,000 1,004,000 
 
 Milton 808,000 994,000 
 
 Forsvth 1,261,000 1,520,000 
 
 Franklin 1,171,000 1,524,000 
 
 Clarke 4,703,000 5,435,050 
 
 Oconee 960,000 
 
 Jackson 1,686,000 2,491,000 
 
 Madison 958,000 1,010,000 
 
 Total $40,322,000 $56,090,000 
 
 This shows an increase in ten years of nearly forty per cent. 
 The per cent, of increase for the State between 1874 and 1884 
 being but eight per cent., viz : from two hundred and seventy-three 
 to two hundred and ninety-five millions. 
 
 The comparative increase would show to yet greater advantage 
 between 1870 and 1880, because in 1874 (the first date in the 
 table), the appreciation of property had already begun, in antici- 
 pation of the railroads. To illus-trate this, the tax return of Ilall 
 county in 1870 was 1.067,000, and in 1874, 2,139,000— more than 
 double the return four years previous. 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS. QI' 
 
 The property of the nine counties through which the Air Line 
 Kailroad passes increased in four years from $21,171,000 to $32,995,- 
 000 — nearly 56 per cent. During the same period the State in- 
 crease was less than twenty-one per cent. 
 
 GEORGIA A STATE FOR HOME COMFORT. 
 
 No State is more admirably adapted to ample Home Comfort. 
 Many advantages are common to other Southern States — others pe- 
 culiar to Georgia. What is needful to home comfort? Whatever 
 it is, Georgia has it. Land abundant and cheap, a climate excellent 
 for health, comfort and production; with two seasons, giving 
 both summer and winter crops — an excellent year round climate, 
 with moderate summers, moderate winters, delightful spring sea- 
 so.^.p, and Indian summers indescribably fine. 
 
 Building material is cheap, and a good house easily reared. The 
 farmer is the most independent of men, with no rent to pay, no 
 fuel to buy, with supplies of food, easily had, with soil and climate 
 adapted to grain crops, to garden, orchard and dairy products, and 
 equally so to poultry. Cows may be fed through the winter on 
 barley or oat patches. 
 
 The garden, the orchard, the cow and the hen ! What a share of 
 human comfort they contribute I With fruits and vegetables, milk 
 and butter, chickens and eggs, what a start we have towards sup- 
 plying not only an ample but a luxurious table. These facilities exist,. 
 moreover not in a mere pioneer country, but accompanied by the 
 advantages of an already established civilizition ; the land cleared 
 and ready for cultivation, with railroads, schools, churches and so- 
 cial opportunities already provided. 
 
 Erroneous opinions exist as to safety at the South. The sense of 
 security, essential to comfort, obtains in a remarkable degree. No- 
 where does a larger proportion of the population sleep without 
 locks on their doors, fearhjss of violence or theft. Her people, as a 
 rule, are honest, hospitable and friendly to strangers. 
 
 In addition to the mere supply of food, it is easy to have choice- 
 fruits, vegetables, grapes, melons, etc., covering a large part of the- 
 whole year. In addition to provisions, there h the best of all 
 money crops, cotton. Indeed, if one will but make home comfort 
 
■92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 and abundance a piime object, no country is better suited to them. 
 
 A Farm in Georgia, as an investment, is unsurpassed in its re- 
 turns, especially to a poor man or a man of moderate means. A 
 few hundreds or a few thousands invested here, may, with good 
 management, make a home of comfort, health, abundance, and se- 
 curity. Here, as elsewhere, good management is necessary ; but 
 nowhere does it pay better. German and other foreigners remark 
 on the advantage of winter as well as summer crops, and of land not 
 ice-bound in winter. 
 
 In his volume on South Carolina (equally applicable to Georgia 
 with some added advantages here) Pike speaks of it as an "agricultu- 
 ral paradise;" and warmly commends the "inestimable advantages for 
 an agricultural country of having no winter ; and of living in a 
 climate in which ploughing may be carried on in every month of 
 the year.'' He winds up his view Vv^ith these words: "H there be 
 an Elysium for an agriculturist, it is a fruitful soil, a salubrious cli- 
 mate and a delicious atmosphere in which frosts and snows are al- 
 most unknown." 
 
 We have had frequent occasion to refer to Georgia as a variety 
 State. It is not suited alone to agriculture. 
 
 MANUFACTURING INVESTMENTS 
 
 also have especial advantages. In cotton manufactures this is em- 
 inently true. Not to dwell on them, it is sufficient here to say that 
 the cotton and the mills are together — saving freight one way. For 
 many cotton goods there is a home market — thus saving freight both 
 ways. The climate is remarkably suited to the work both in winter 
 and summer. The cost of living is low, and so the wages of labor 
 diminished. In a word, it seems to be the place of all others adapt- 
 ed by nature to cotton manufactures. Many other undeveloped 
 facilities for manufacturing exist. But they begin to be appre- 
 ciated and are rapidly undergoing developmen . 
 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 There is a wide opening and demand for good skilled mechanics, 
 in various departments of industry. The supply of skilled labor is 
 inadequate, owing in part to the superior attractions of farm life. 
 
THE PRODUCTIONS^ 95 
 
 With tlie growing use of improved machinery and the introdnction 
 of engines, reapers and mowers, separators, etc., there is a growing 
 demand for workmen capable of keeping them in repair, distributed 
 better throughout the country, as well as in the cities. 
 
 Take the advantages altogether and the time is not far distant 
 when the advice will be, "young man, go South." We do not hes- 
 itate to say, as the result of observation and experience, that the best 
 immigration for us is from the North rather than from abroad. 
 Northern immigrants are soonest assimilated. Their children and 
 ours are indistinguishable. The best means, moreover, of harmon- 
 izing the sections is by the mutual acquaintance to which immigra- 
 tion gives rise. Sectional antipathies are based on mutual igno- 
 rance, and rapidly disappear before mutual knowledge. 
 
 To bring this outline view of the State to a close, w. quote from 
 the Hand-book of Georgia as to the advantages it present?, 
 
 '•Nature has been prodigal ia her gifts to us ; and man needs 
 only average skill and care to make here as happy homes as the world 
 has ever known. The ground, with its wide range of productions, 
 the sun and air and conditions of climate, the abundant wood and 
 water, and water-power, the present settled state of the country and 
 degree of development, and the future promise of a higher de- 
 velopment — all point to the South as admirably suited for immi- 
 gration ; and to no part of" the South more than to Georgia." 
 
 Her relative claims indeed, are undisputed and her positive claims 
 need only to be investigated to be apparent. 
 
PART II. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE COUNTRY— (Resumed.) 
 
 In the outline view of Georgia, just presented, we have treated 
 briefly of '"''The Country.''' A fuller treatment is needed, however, 
 in certain aspects, e?pecially of its topography and geology, soil, 
 climate and natural products. 
 
 While these are all inter-related, geology is the most fundamental, 
 affecting all the other topics; yet, topography being the most ob- 
 vious factor, is therefore to be first treated. A topogrophical map 
 the State, based on full and proper data, is a great desidera- 
 tum, and would teach the eye at a glance as much as a volume of 
 description. But the material? for such a map are as yet very mea- 
 gre. There is, however, a considerable mass of materials in the 
 possession of the Coast Survey, in Washington City, which cost a 
 large sum, and is perfectly available, yet has never been utilized by 
 the State. It is very valuable. 
 
 EXTERNAL RELATIONS. 
 
 The more distant external relations of Georgia are involved in 
 its situation on the earth's surface. The State, lying between the 
 30th and 35th parallels of latitude, occupies on the Western Conti- 
 nent the same belt with Asia Minor on the east. Hence no people 
 read the Bible narratives and descriptions with more sympathy and 
 clear understanding than do the Southern people. 
 
 At the summer solstice, on the southern border of Georgia, the 
 sun lacks but 8 deg. of being vertical ; and. gives to this region a 
 semi-tropical character. Even the most northern parallel of the 
 State passes entirely south of Europe. 
 
THE COUNTRY. 95 
 
 Tracing our latitude acrofs the western continent, Georgia cor- 
 responds in part with South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
 iana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Upper Georgia 
 would lie on the same parallel with North Carolina, Arkansas and 
 the Indian Territory, 
 
 Traced across the Eastern continent, we fall entirely below Eu- 
 rope, and embrace North Africa, viz : the Barbary States, Morocco, 
 Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli and the island of Cyprus. The same belt 
 passing into Asia, embraces parts of Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanis- 
 tan, upper Hindostan, Thibet, lower Tartary and China. The dif- 
 ference in the elevation of the North Star above the horizon in 
 Northern as compared with Southern Georgia is quite obvious to 
 the eye without instruments. One who goes as far South as Gal- 
 veston or Cape Sable, or as far North as Boston or Montreal, is 
 quite struck with the difference. 
 
 Of the Isothermal belt we shall speak when treating of climate. 
 
 A road to the Pacific coast not far from the thirty-second paral- 
 lel, would cross the continent with the least interruption (ri.-ing 
 above that parallel in parts to avoid mountain?) passing from Savan- 
 nah by Montgomery, Jackson, near Shreveport and Nashville, 
 Tyler, Dallas, Fort Worth and El Paso to San Diego on the Pa- 
 cific. 
 
 Savannah is nearly on the same parallel with Alexandria, Jerusa- 
 lem, the Dead Sea, Lahore and Shanghai; Atlanta wi.h Damascus 
 and Nankin. 
 
 In longitude, Georgia, lying between meridians 81 and So, is 
 nearly one-foi.rth of a full circle (a little less than a quadrant) 
 westcf Greenwich. The sun rising at Savannah at six, touches 
 North America first at Cape Charles at about 9:45, reaches Wash- 
 ington at 11:08, the coast of Georgia at 11:24 and its wester .i boun- 
 dary at 11:44: a. m., nearly noon. 
 
 The whole State lies west of South Ameiica, on the most east- 
 ern meridian, firtt touching Cape Blanco. The sun has risen full 
 on the most western point of South America when it first reaches 
 Georgia. 
 
 Tracing our longitude, the central meridian of Georgia would 
 pass through the Isthmus of Panama, Western Cuba, Florida, 
 
96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and Michigan, passing into West Cana-- 
 da near Ihe junction of the three great lakes — Superior, Michigan 
 and Huron. 
 
 Onr antipodes would be about 1000 miles west of South Austra- 
 lia. 
 
 The meridian of Atlanta passes near Panama, Tallahassee, Frank- 
 fort, Cincinnati, near the center of population of the United States 
 and Lansing and the Straits of Mackinaw. 
 
 BLUE AND RED TIME IN GEOUGIA. 
 
 All the railroads in Georgia use red time, except the Atlanta 
 & Charlotte Air-Lino Road, which uses blue. Red, or Central 
 time corresponds with time on the 90th meridian; blue, with the 
 75th. The Savannah River is on the separating line, nearly be- 
 tween the two standards. 
 
 NEARER EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia,, lying just at the terminus of the great Eastern chain 
 of Mountains — the Appalachians — embraces the first easy gap for 
 many hundreds of miles between the Mississippi Valley and the 
 Atlantic. This gap is penetrated by the Western & Atlantic Rail- 
 road. The next convenient point of passage is the Rabun Gap, in 
 North-East Georgia. 
 
 In addition to her own resources, Georgia lies convenient to 
 South Carolina for phosphates and rice; to Florida, for oranges and 
 early fruits and vegetables; and for her health resorts in winter, to 
 Alabama; for coal, iron and marble, to Tennessee for the same, 
 and for gnin, and hog products, horses, mules, etc.; and to North 
 Carolina for summer resorts. 
 
 By rail, she connects with all the North- West, the South-Wcst, 
 and North East. And into the latter, also, by steam-boat lines and 
 by sailing vessels. Her ports connect promptly also with the West 
 Indies and South America. 
 
 AREA. 
 
 The original area of Georgia, before the cession of territory to 
 the Federal Government, in 1802, was over 147,000 square miles.. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 STATISTICAL INFORMATION, 
 
 "Know thyself" is a maxim as important to a State, as to a per- 
 son, and even more difficult. The knowledge of a State being too 
 large and wide for individual observation, the need of a Census is 
 obvious even to semi civilized people. The facts must be brought 
 together from afar, and hence the need of 
 
 A SCIENCE OF STATISTICS. 
 
 This substitutes measurement for guess work. But we are still 
 in danger of getting lost in details, and hence is needed also the 
 
 SCIENCE OF TABULATION. 
 
 The crowning triumph of this science was the Census Atlas, ex- 
 hibiting the results of the census of 1870 to that quickest of organs, 
 the eye. But since we know nothing by itself, but only by com- 
 parison with other objects, we need next not only actual but 
 comparative statistics. 
 
 THE COMPARATIVE METHOD 
 
 of study has been one of the chief instruments of modern civiliza- 
 tion. To know Georgia, we must not only know her in herself, but 
 know how she compares with other States, and understand her rel- 
 ative rank. We must also compare her present with her past. 
 History ii^ indeed but the story of a development, showing stages of 
 growth or, alas, of the reverse. A suitable 
 
 UNIT OF COMPARISON 
 
 is needed. States are so wide apart in population, resources, etc. 
 that some common standard is necessary. The needed unit is not 
 area, nor population, nor wealth. We need a standard, even as a 
 farmer does, who speaks of "a one-mule farm," "a two-mule farm," 
 etc.; the mule being the best factor for comparison. The best unit 
 for the comparison of States is, perhaps, 
 
 100,000 PEOPLE. 
 
 This shows per cents readily (by simply omitting the 1,000s), 
 and, when accuracy is needed, avoids fractions. 
 
II DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 There is still a danger to be met, after all our [>ains. We must 
 in statistics, so to speak, 
 
 COMPLETK THE CIRCLE 
 
 just as a surveyor must go entirely around a farm to the point of 
 beginning, or a book-keeper make a balance-sheet. 
 
 In census returns and statistics generally, the needful last line is 
 seldom reached. Indeed, several lines are omitted, viz.: after 
 Wealth, should follow Gross Income, Cost of Production, Net In- 
 come, and the uses made of it in comforts, style of living, etc ; and 
 finally, as the great and last item, 
 
 SAVINGS 
 
 added annually to Natiotial or Htate wealth. These items begin to 
 be more studied than formerly, but we have usually got lost before 
 reaching them. 
 
 In dealing with these items it is difficult, especially in Manufac- 
 tures, to avoid the 
 
 DUPLICATION OF VALUES 
 
 in articles involving successive stages of production. The incrk- 
 MENT (or ADDED value) is to be ascertained, and the cost of this ad- 
 dition to value, so that the net increment alone may be computed. 
 This, which remains after paying cost of material (in the stage at 
 which the new process begins), together with rent, interest and 
 wages, is profit — the compensation of enterprise. 
 
 In Agricultural computations, on the other hand, it is hard to 
 avoid the opposite error, viz.: the 
 
 OMISSION OF VALUES 
 
 which should legitimately go on the credit side ; such are the saving 
 of rent, fuel, and a score of sundries derived from the farm : money 
 thus saved is money gained, yet is seldom included in estimates of 
 the relative profits of farming and other pursuits. 
 In the proper appreciation of statistical data, 
 
 A GUIDE PROPOSITION 
 
 is of great service, and a guide table to correspond, presenting a 
 complete general view, of which the following tables are the amplifi- 
 cation. Some strong statement of salient points may embrace all 
 the factors and complete the circle; such as the following, viz.: 
 
 Georgia, with an area of 58,980 square miles, a population of 
 1,542,180 souls, and a wealth in 1884 returned as about .1f3r7,OO0,00O 
 (probably in reality about $500,000,000), produces annually a gross 
 income of about $100,000,000 (this amount and those that follow 
 given only as illustrations), of which the cost of production is. say, 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION III 
 
 $70,000,000— leaving a net income of, say, $30,000,000— applied to 
 payment of taxes, Federal, State and local; then to the cost of liv- 
 ing, with greater or less comfort, and the residue, constituting the 
 annual savings, is added to the wealth of the State — five millions, 
 ten or twenty, as the case may be. 
 
 With this ''guide proposition" in mind, we follow the tables in- 
 telligently, knowing the goal at which we are aiming, and co-oper- 
 ating in attaining it, or else suspecting and criticising the data. 
 
 After the tables showing actual condition, should follow those 
 showing COMPARATIVE condition, as compared with other States and 
 other times. 
 
 Such an outline will best answer the question — not by guess, but 
 by measurement — What about Georgia? How is she getting on in 
 the world, as compared with her sister States, and (quite as impor- 
 tant) with her opportunities? 
 
 Nor should we forget the object of it all, and of all information — 
 Knowledge is and ever should be but the guide of action. 
 
 The results of 
 
 A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY 
 
 of the State is not disappointing as to the greatness and variety of 
 its magnificent resources. These seem rather to grow than to shrink 
 under investigation. But how is it with the use we make of them? 
 Do we adequately itn prove our fine opportunities? The scale to 
 weigh results — perhaps the final test— in any State or community, 
 is to be found in the 
 
 PRICE OF LAND ; 
 
 not the returned value, however, for even without wrong intent, 
 the habits of tax-payers are lax, and land is returned year after year 
 at the same rates. The actual value, determined by sale, is the 
 ^init which tests progress. Adopting this test, we have no rea.son 
 to be proud of the uses which we, as a people, make of our great 
 heritage. 
 
 Statistics are viitnally National Book Keeping, and the Census 
 is tlie Taking Siock of the Nation. 
 
IV 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 TABLE No. 1. 
 
 Areas, Population and Wealth of Georgia, by dnvu of 1880, 
 
 AREA. POPULATION. 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 Sq. 
 Miles. 
 
 The State 58,980 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 
 North Georgia 11,260 
 
 Middle Georgia 13,060 
 
 8. W. Georgia 14,350 
 
 East Georgia 10,470 
 
 S. E. Georgia 9,840 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Appling 1,080 
 
 Baker 340 
 
 Baldwin 240 
 
 Banks ; 320 
 
 Bartow 500 
 
 Berrien 760 
 
 Bibb 240 
 
 Brooks 530 
 
 Bryan 400 
 
 Bulloch 900 
 
 Burke 1,030 
 
 Butts 1801 
 
 Calhoun 280 
 
 Camden 62o! 
 
 Campbell 240 
 
 Carroll 540 
 
 Catoosa 160 
 
 Charlton 1,060 
 
 Chatham *>..... 400 
 
 Chattahoochee 220 
 
 Chattooga 400 
 
 Cherokee i 470 
 
 Clarke 180 
 
 Clay 200 
 
 Clayton 140 
 
 Clinch 90( 
 
 Cobb 400 
 
 Coffee 980 
 
 Colquitt 550 
 
 Columbia 290 
 
 Coweta 440 
 
 Crawford „ = 340 
 
 Dade 180 
 
 Dawson 180 
 
 Decatur i 1,160 
 
 DeKalb. 
 
 Dodge 
 
 Dooly 
 
 Dougherty. 
 Douglass... 
 
 280 
 580 
 780 
 340 
 190 
 510 
 400 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,542,180 
 
 337,000 
 568,000 
 310.000 
 207,200 
 120,000 
 
 5,276 
 7,307 
 13,806 
 7,337 
 18,690 
 6,619 
 27,147 
 11,727 
 4,929 
 8,053 
 27,128 
 8,311 
 7,024J 
 6,183 
 9,970 
 16,901 
 4,739 
 2,154 
 45,023 
 5,670 
 10,021 
 14,325 
 11,702 
 6,650 
 8,027 
 4,138 
 20,748 
 5,070 
 2,527 
 10,465 
 21,100 
 8,656 
 4,702 
 5,837 
 19,072 
 14,497 
 5,538 
 12,420 
 12,622 
 6,934 
 7,611 
 2.553 
 
 IPer Sq 
 Mile. 
 
 Total. 
 
 26'$ 239,472,599 
 
 .30) 
 43! 
 21 
 20 
 12 
 
 5 
 21 
 58! 
 23i 
 37! 
 
 9 
 
 113 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 26 
 46 
 25 
 10 
 42 
 31 
 
 30 
 2 
 
 113 
 26 
 25 
 30 
 65 
 33 
 57l 
 
 5 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 36 
 48 
 25 
 20 
 32 
 16 
 52j 
 
 91 
 16i 
 37i 
 36j 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 44,530,000 
 91,790,000 
 42,790,000 
 33,280,000 
 26,610,000 
 
 812,316 
 
 590,883 
 1,146,004 
 
 842,740 
 3,259,790 
 
 942,240 
 
 PerSq 
 Mile. 
 
 $ 4,050 
 
 3,941 
 
 7,028 
 2,980 
 3,178 
 2,704 
 
 752 
 1,738 
 4,775 
 2,634 
 6,520 
 1,240 
 
 8,759,462 
 
 1,832,549 
 
 428,088 
 
 1 050,398 
 
 2*308,517 
 
 865,919 
 
 676,810 
 
 619,259 
 
 1,449,009 
 
 1,987,688 
 
 805,115 
 
 217,193 
 
 17,672,222 
 
 504,418 
 
 1,452,245 
 
 1,692.209 
 
 4,430,265 
 
 760,121 
 
 1,225,891 
 
 666,053 
 
 3,338,479 
 
 797,548 
 
 294,634 
 
 892,405 
 
 2,963,015 
 
 712334 
 
 691,392 
 
 567,601 
 
 2,025,725 
 
 2,372,986 
 
 681,244 
 
 1,328,229 
 
 2,398,514 
 
 697,462 
 
 805,308 
 
 244,896 
 
 36,500 
 
 3,457 
 1,070 
 1,167 
 2,241 
 4,810 
 2,417 
 2,091 
 6,037 
 3,680 
 5,032 
 
 543 
 16,672 
 2,293 
 3,630 
 3,600 
 24,613 
 3,800 
 8,756 
 
 751 
 8,346 
 
 814 
 
 535 
 3,077 
 6,734 
 2,095 
 3,846 
 3,153 
 1,746 
 8,475 
 1,174 
 1,703 
 7,054 
 3,671 
 1,579 
 
 608 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 
 
 TABLE No. 1.— Continued. 
 
 COU^fTIES. 
 
 EflBngham... 
 
 Elberr 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 Fannin 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Forsyth 
 
 Fraokliu 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Gilmer 
 
 Glascock 
 
 Glynn 
 
 Gordon 
 
 Green 
 
 Gwinnett 
 
 Habersham . 
 
 Hall 
 
 Hancock , 
 
 Haralson 
 
 Harris 
 
 Hart 
 
 Heard 
 
 Henry 
 
 Houston 
 
 Irwin 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jasper , 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Jones 
 
 Laurens 
 
 Lee 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Lowndes 
 
 Lumpkin 
 
 McDuffie 
 
 Mcintosh 
 
 Macon 
 
 Madison 
 
 Marion 
 
 Meriwether.. 
 
 Miller 
 
 Milton ... 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Murray 
 
 Muscogee , 
 
 Newton , 
 
 Oconee 
 
 Oglethorpe... 
 
 AREA. 
 
 420 
 440 
 1,040 
 390 
 220 
 540 
 250 
 ?30 
 200 
 480 
 100 
 430 
 360 
 340 
 470 
 400 
 540 
 520 
 330 
 470 
 330 
 290 
 400 
 560 
 680 
 360 
 380 
 620 
 260 
 470 
 740 
 360 
 720 
 280 
 470 
 290 
 330 
 530 
 360 
 300 
 360 
 490 
 240 
 110 
 500 
 470 
 720 
 400 
 420 
 210 
 260 
 160 
 510 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 Total. 
 
 PerSq 
 
 Mile 
 
 5,979 
 
 12,957 
 
 9,759 
 
 7,245 
 
 8,605 
 
 24,418 
 
 10,599 
 
 11,453 
 
 49,137 
 
 8,386, 
 
 3,577l 
 
 6,49 7! 
 
 ll,17ll 
 
 17,547| 
 
 19,5311 
 
 8,718' 
 
 15,298: 
 
 16,989! 
 5,976| 
 
 15,7581 
 9,094 
 8,769 
 
 14,193 
 
 22,414 
 2,6961 
 
 16,297 
 
 11,851 
 
 15,671 1 
 4,800! 
 
 11,613! 
 
 10,053! 
 
 10,577j 
 
 10,649 
 6,412 
 
 11,0h9| 
 6,526j 
 9,440 
 6,241 
 
 \ 1,675 
 7,978| 
 8,598! 
 
 17,651 
 3,720 
 6,261! 
 9,392 
 
 18,808! 
 5.3811 
 
 14,032! 
 8,269| 
 
 19, .322 
 
 13,6231 
 6,351 j 
 
 15,400i 
 
 Total. 
 
 14 
 29 
 9 
 19 
 39 
 45 
 42 
 35 
 
 246 
 17 
 36 
 15 
 31 
 52 
 42 
 22 
 28 
 33 
 18 
 34 
 28 
 30 
 35 
 
 40 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 31 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 92 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 640,795 
 
 1,344,549 
 
 1,247,171 
 
 432,883 
 
 863,768 
 
 5,193,583 
 
 1,227,243 
 
 1,227,647 
 
 20,343,525 
 
 557,047 
 
 415,153 
 
 1,170,644 
 
 1,826,924 
 
 2,092,354 
 
 2,405,689 
 
 834,939 
 
 2,074,198 
 
 2,367,398 
 
 630,249 
 
 1 790,073 
 
 '986,781 
 
 933,510 
 
 1,647,632 
 
 2,297,564 
 
 516,515 
 
 1,780,172 
 
 1,133,495 
 
 2,066,606 
 
 531,202 
 
 1,098,849 
 
 1,051,931 
 
 979,310 
 
 888,193 
 
 671,733 
 
 1,29^,606 
 
 539,309 
 
 805,453 
 
 725,.358 
 
 1,327,807 
 
 882,843 
 
 859,588 
 
 1,503,662 
 
 324,027 
 
 840,992 
 
 1,193,900 
 
 2.199,282 
 
 730.631 
 
 2,090,^11 
 
 1,074,565 
 
 7,634.875 
 
 2,024,025 
 
 777,935 
 
 1,601,480 
 
 1,526 
 3,055 
 1,200 
 1,109 
 3,926 
 9,614 
 4,908 
 3,720 
 
 101717 
 1,160 
 4.153 
 2,722 
 5,075 
 6,154 
 5,116 
 2,087 
 3,841 
 4,553 
 1,910 
 3,806 
 2,990 
 3,225 
 4,119 
 4,103 
 760 
 4,923 
 2,983 
 3,349 
 2,043 
 2,.338 
 1 .308 
 2,720 
 1,233 
 2,400 
 2,720 
 1,860 
 2.441 
 1,365 
 3,6-8 
 2,943 
 2,388 
 3,068 
 1,392 
 7.645 
 2;388 
 4,680 
 1,015 
 5,226 
 2.558 
 
 36,356 
 7,615 
 4,862 
 3,140 
 
VI 
 
 DEPARTMENT ()F AGRICULTURE. 
 
 TABLE No. 1.— Continued. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Paulding 
 
 Pickens 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Pike 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Puiijam 
 
 Quitnaan 
 
 Rabun 
 
 Randolph.... 
 Richmond... 
 
 Rockdale 
 
 Schley 
 
 Screven 
 
 Spaulding... 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Talbot 
 
 Taliaferro.... 
 
 Tatuall 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Telfair . 
 
 Terrell 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Towns 
 
 Troup 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 Union 
 
 Uoson 
 
 Walker 
 
 Waiton 
 
 Ware 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 White 
 
 Whitfield... 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 Wilkes 
 
 VVilkins 
 
 Worth 
 
 AREA. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Miie. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 TotaJ. 
 
 840 
 280 
 o40 
 290 
 33U 
 470 
 860 
 ItiO 
 400 
 400 
 3,^0 
 1-20 
 180 
 720 
 220 
 440 
 520 
 800 
 180 
 ,100 
 400 
 420 
 320 
 7SU 
 180 
 430 
 380 
 880 
 810 
 440 
 400 
 620 
 290 
 680 
 740 
 280 
 180 
 880 
 TiUO 
 460 
 440 
 710 
 
 Per Sq. 
 Mile. 
 
 10,887 
 
 6,790j 
 
 4.588 
 
 15,849 
 
 11,952 
 
 14,058 
 
 14,539 
 
 4,892 
 
 4,684 
 
 18,341 
 
 84,665 
 
 0,888 
 
 5,302 
 
 12,786 
 
 12,585 
 
 13,998 
 
 18,2?9 
 
 14,115 
 
 7,039 
 
 6 988 
 
 8,597 
 
 4,828 
 
 10,451 
 
 20,597 
 
 8,261 
 
 20,505 
 
 8,918 
 
 6,481 
 
 12,400 
 
 11,05(3 
 
 15,623 
 
 4,159 
 
 10,885 
 
 21,964 
 
 5,980 
 
 5,237 
 
 5,341 
 
 11,900 
 
 3 109 
 
 15,985 
 
 12,061 
 
 5,891 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 Total. 
 
 32 
 30 
 
 8 
 55 
 30 
 30 
 40 
 27 
 12 
 88 
 l(i8 
 57 
 29 
 18 
 57 
 82 
 85 
 89 
 89 
 
 6 
 21 
 11 
 88 
 26 
 18 
 48 
 27 
 i9 
 40 
 25 
 39 
 
 7 
 88 
 82 
 
 8 
 28 
 30 
 36 
 
 
 35 
 
 Per Sq. 
 Mile. 
 
 1,210,841 
 
 528,469 
 
 544,288 
 
 2,357,048 
 
 1,673,805 
 
 1,566,227 
 
 I,(i82,(i56 
 
 586,078 
 
 316,177 
 
 1,642,084 
 
 15,828,452 
 
 1,160,995 
 
 558,488 
 
 1,081,722 
 
 2,017,879 
 
 1,454,896 
 
 2,991,898 
 
 1,264,018 
 
 684,080 
 
 930,859 
 
 815.213 
 
 658,682 
 
 1,276,405 
 
 2,536,419 
 
 248,277 
 
 2,983,851 
 
 653,647 
 
 429,570 
 
 1,444,657 
 
 1,758, *«9 1 
 
 2,862,910 
 
 550,615 
 
 1,214,270 
 
 2,806,251 
 
 670,978 
 
 625,7 
 
 479,899 
 
 1,920,99U 
 
 402,572 
 
 2,785,087 
 
 1,209,195 
 
 623,345 
 
 $3,561 
 2,297 
 1,008 
 8,128 
 5,072 
 3,332 
 4,674 
 3,664 
 
 790 
 4,105 
 47,90] 
 9,674 
 8,075 
 1,502 
 9,172 
 8, .307 
 5.754 
 3,511 
 3,800 
 
 846 
 2,038 
 l,5ii8 
 3,988 
 3,252 
 1,879 
 6,939 
 1,981 
 1,302 
 4,660 
 8,986 
 5,907 
 
 sss 
 
 4,187 
 4,127 
 
 907 
 2,721 
 2,666 
 5,821 
 
 805 
 6,154 
 2,748 
 
 878 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 
 
 VI] 
 
 TAIU.E No. II. 
 
 Population and Wealth of Oeonfla bi/ Race ( While a/inl Colored), and Per 
 Capita, by Cenbus of 1880. 
 
 The State 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Appling 
 
 Baker 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Banks 
 
 Bartow 
 
 Berrien 
 
 Bibb 
 
 Brooks 
 
 Bryan 
 
 Bullock 
 
 Burke 
 
 Butts 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Camden 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Catoosa 
 
 Cfiarlton 
 
 Cbatham 
 
 Chattahoochee. 
 
 Chattooga 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clinch 
 
 Cobb 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Colquitt 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Coweta 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Dade 
 
 Dawson , 
 
 Decatur 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Dodge 
 
 Dooly 
 
 Dougherty 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Early 
 
 Echols 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Elbert 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 Fannin 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 Per Capiia. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 
 
 V\hite. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 
 Whte 
 
 Cold 
 
 Whte 
 
 Cold 
 
 816,906 
 
 725,133 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 
 $233,708,306 
 
 $5,764,298 
 
 286 
 
 8 
 
 4,0S-t 
 
 1,192 
 
 77 
 
 23 
 
 799,523 
 
 12,798 
 
 187 
 
 11 
 
 1,742 
 
 5,565 
 
 24 
 
 76 
 
 552,203 
 
 38,680 
 
 3i7 
 
 7 
 
 4.512 
 
 9,294 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 1,092,024 
 
 58,940 
 
 24() 
 
 6 
 
 5,830 
 
 1,507 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 821,750 
 
 20.990 
 
 133 
 
 13 
 
 12,419 
 
 6,271 
 
 66 
 
 84 
 
 3,207,986 
 
 51,854 
 
 254 
 
 8 
 
 5,783 
 
 886 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 986,729 
 
 5,511 
 
 156 
 
 7 
 
 11,429 
 
 15,700 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 8,508,904 
 
 255,558 
 
 750 
 
 16 
 
 5,670 
 
 6.057 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 1,774,342 
 
 58 202 
 
 813 
 
 10 
 
 2,368 
 
 2,561 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 403,869 
 
 24,220 
 
 171 
 
 9 
 
 5,797 
 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 1,026,080 
 
 29,818 
 
 170 
 
 11 
 
 6,089 
 
 21,031 
 
 22 
 
 78 
 
 2,145,269 
 
 163,248 
 
 872 
 
 8 
 
 4,277 
 
 4,034 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 845,080 
 
 20,889 
 
 197 
 
 5 
 
 2,354 
 
 4,670 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 648,523 
 
 28,287 
 
 283 
 
 6 
 
 2,091 
 
 4,092 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 577,472 
 
 41,787 
 
 276 
 
 11 
 
 6,085 
 
 3,885 
 
 61 
 
 39 
 
 1,415,494 
 
 88,515 
 
 280 
 
 9 
 
 14,591 
 
 2,310 
 
 87 
 
 13 
 
 1,970,173 
 
 17,515 
 
 130 
 
 8 
 
 4,127 
 
 612 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 804.702 
 
 5,413 
 
 189 
 
 9 
 
 1,794 
 
 360 
 
 83 
 
 17 
 
 312,9C5 
 
 4,288 
 
 109 
 
 12 
 
 17,494 
 
 17,515 
 
 89 
 
 61 
 
 1,772,024 
 
 200,148 
 
 894 
 
 7 
 
 3.130 
 
 3,540 
 
 37 
 
 63 
 
 484,93-1 
 
 19,483 
 
 231 
 
 6 
 
 7,981 
 
 2,040 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 1,434,159 
 
 18,086 
 
 173 
 
 9 
 
 12,699 
 
 1,626 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 1,672,324 
 
 19,875 
 
 121 
 
 12 
 
 5,313 
 
 6,888 
 
 45 
 
 55 
 
 4,289,629 
 
 140 636 
 
 812 
 
 '>'> 
 
 2,798 
 
 3,852 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 738,314 
 
 21,807 
 
 275 
 
 6 
 
 4,938 
 
 3,089 
 
 62 
 
 38 
 
 1,209,685 
 
 16,206 
 
 245 
 
 5 
 
 3,300 
 
 888 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 663,878 
 
 2,175 
 
 201 
 
 3 
 
 14,734 
 
 6,012 
 
 71 
 
 29 
 
 3,287.889 
 
 50,590 
 
 224 
 
 8 
 
 4,028 
 
 1,042 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 775,450 
 
 22,098 
 
 192 
 
 21 
 
 2,423 
 
 105 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 293,659 
 
 975 
 
 121 
 
 9 
 
 3,030 
 
 7,435 
 
 29 
 
 71 
 
 846,170 
 
 46,285 
 
 280 
 
 6 
 
 9,305 
 
 11,797 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 2,899,615 
 
 68,400 
 
 311 
 
 5 
 
 3,940 
 
 4,716 
 
 45 
 
 55 
 
 684,154 
 
 28,180 
 
 173 
 
 6 
 
 3,018 
 
 1.084 
 
 77 
 
 23 
 
 688,621 
 
 2,771 
 
 1 90 
 
 3 
 
 5,479 
 
 356 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 563,924 
 
 3,677 
 
 103 
 
 10 
 
 8,889 
 
 10,183 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 1,919,193 
 
 106,532 
 
 216 
 
 11 
 
 9,954 
 
 4,533 
 
 69 
 
 31 
 
 2,339,778 
 
 33,200 
 
 236 
 
 8 
 
 3,506 
 
 1,S52 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 665,878 
 
 15,366 
 
 190 
 
 8 
 
 (i,592 
 
 5,828 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 
 1.286,356 
 
 41,873 
 
 192 
 
 1 
 
 1,952 
 
 10,670 
 
 15 
 
 85 
 
 2,298,412 
 
 100,102 
 
 1174 
 
 10 
 
 5,463 
 
 1,471 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 683,129 
 
 14,334 
 
 125 
 
 10 
 
 3/)I5 
 
 4,596 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 765,548 
 
 39,760 
 
 253 
 
 9 
 
 :^053 
 
 500 
 
 86 
 
 20 
 
 241,306 
 
 3,590 
 
 118 
 
 7 
 
 3,228 
 
 2,751 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 
 623,539 
 
 17,256 
 
 198 
 
 6 
 
 6,085 
 
 6,872 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 1 ,294,953 
 
 49,646 
 
 212 
 
 1 
 
 (),()60 
 
 3,085 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 1,214,041 
 
 33,180 
 
 182 
 
 11 
 
 7,112 
 
 133 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 442,398 
 
 430 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
VIII 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTU»> 
 TABLE No. II— Continued. 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Forsyth 
 
 Franklin ... 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Gilmer 
 
 Glascock 
 
 Glynn 
 
 Gordon 
 
 Green 
 
 Gwinnett... 
 
 Habersham. 
 
 Hall 
 
 Hancock .... 
 
 Haralson 
 
 Harris 
 
 Hart 
 
 Heard 
 
 Henry 
 
 Houston 
 
 Irwin 
 
 Jjicksou 
 
 Jasper , 
 
 Jefterson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Jones 
 
 Liurens 
 
 Lee o 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Lincoln.. 
 
 Lowndes 
 
 Lumpkin 
 
 McDuffle 
 
 Mcintosh.... 
 
 Macon 
 
 Madison 
 
 Marion 
 
 Meriwether... 
 
 Miller 
 
 Milton 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Murry 
 
 Muscogee , 
 
 Newlon 
 
 Oconee 
 
 Oglethorpe... 
 
 Paulding 
 
 Pickens 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 5,742 
 14,958 
 9,072 
 8,906 
 28,295 
 8.258 
 2,506 
 2,195 
 9,347 
 5,573 
 16,016 
 7,357 
 13,040 
 5,044 
 5,821 
 6,450 
 6,21 
 5,674 
 7,961 
 6,024 
 2,16 
 11,139 
 4,258 
 5,581 
 •-5,455 
 3,7531 
 5,702 
 1,739 
 3,581 
 2,254 
 5,412 
 6,075 
 3,430 
 1,546 
 4,288 
 5,392 
 4,294 
 7,797 
 2,327 
 5,484 
 4,189 
 6,693 
 3,510 
 4,219 
 7,362 
 8,995 
 ',740 
 3,327 
 5,469 
 9,903 
 6,645 
 
 Colored. 
 
 2,863 
 9,460 
 1.48 
 2,54 
 20,842 
 126 
 1,071 
 4,300 
 1,820 
 11,974 
 3,515 
 1,361 
 2,'-58 
 11,943 
 153 
 9.286 
 2,882 
 3,095 
 6,229 
 16,390 
 535 
 5,1571 
 7,593 
 10,090 
 1,345 
 7,8(i0 
 4,-!50 
 8,837 
 7,061 
 4,158 
 5,637 
 451 
 6.019 
 4,6 5 
 7,387 
 2,5S6 
 4,304 
 9,854 
 1,393 
 777 
 5,203 
 12,115 
 1,87] 
 9,s02 
 9 6 
 10,327 
 6,883 
 3,024j 
 9,931 
 984 
 145 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 WhteCol'dl 
 
 67 
 61 
 
 86 
 77 
 57 
 98 
 70 
 36 
 ^ 83 
 32 
 82 
 84 
 85 
 29 
 97 
 41 
 63 
 64 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 72 
 
 32 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 94 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 33 
 39 
 14 
 23 
 43 
 2 
 
 3(") 
 64 
 17 
 67 
 
 18i 
 16; 
 15 
 71 
 3 
 59 
 32 
 36 
 44| 
 731 
 20 
 32 
 64| 
 65 
 28 
 68 
 
 43 
 
 84 
 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 51 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 75 
 
 63 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 37 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 64 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 65 
 
 91 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 White. 
 
 839,496 
 5,105,403 
 1,208,951 
 1,209,2941 
 20,06 1,750| 
 554,815, 
 409,063! 
 l,112,202j 
 2,069,1331 
 1,767,044; 
 2,373,182 
 835,9571 
 2,058,041, 
 2,310,5061 
 627,932i 
 1,729,5271 
 960.259 
 910,610 
 1.610,494 
 2,189,1091 
 503,4871 
 1,742,662 
 1,092,956 
 1,985,860 
 51.p,845 
 1,045,080 
 1,0112431 
 920,6571 
 817,230 
 654,887 
 1,248 203 
 535,210 
 778,173 
 649,31! 
 1,293,303 
 857,863 
 834,439 
 1,456,248 
 320,378 
 830,349 
 1.141,265 
 2,135,560 
 707 320 
 2,023,930 
 1,066,271 
 7,495,810 
 1,973,825 
 755,836 
 1,545,510 
 1,196,809 
 524,784 
 
 Colored. 
 
 24,272 
 88,180 
 18.292 
 18,353 
 281,775 
 
 2,232 
 
 6,090 
 58,442 
 23,221 
 59,880 
 32,507 
 
 8,982 
 16,157 
 56,892 
 
 2,31 
 
 Per Capita 
 
 Whte Col'd 
 
 146 
 340 
 133 
 136 
 
 709 
 
 6; 
 
 163 
 505 
 221 
 317 
 148 
 112 
 158 
 458 
 108 
 
 60,546 28. 
 
 26,522 
 23,030 
 37,138 
 108,4 '5 
 13,028 
 37,510 
 40,639 
 8l),746 
 12,357 
 53,769 
 40,588 
 58,653 
 70,963, 
 16,846 29 
 50, 903 1 231 
 4,094 
 
 156 
 161 
 202 
 364| 
 233 
 156 
 256 
 856 
 150 
 276 
 177 
 529 
 2'^8 
 
 9 
 
 U 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 27,280 
 • 76,047 
 34,504 
 24,980 
 25,149 
 47.414 
 13,649 
 10,643 
 52,63c 
 63,72: 
 23,311 
 66,631 
 
 8,294 
 139,0641 
 50,200| 293 
 22,099 
 55,970 
 14.032 
 
 3,685 
 
 88 
 227 
 418 
 SO 
 159 
 194 
 182 
 139 
 151 
 272 
 316 
 202, 
 476 
 145 
 833 
 
 282 
 121 
 
 9 
 7 
 9 
 7 
 
 10 
 4 
 9 
 9 
 5 
 
 16 
 5 
 ft 
 6 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 13 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 14 
 25 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 
 
 IX 
 
 TABLE No. II— Continued. 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Pike 
 
 Pulk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Q.uitman 
 
 R^bun 
 
 Randolph ... 
 Richmond... 
 
 Rockdale 
 
 Schley 
 
 Screvjn 
 
 Spalding , 
 
 S'ewart 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Trtlbot 
 
 Tdliafeno.... 
 
 Tatnall 
 
 Tavlor 
 
 Telfair 
 
 Terrell 
 
 Thomap 
 
 Towns 
 
 Troup 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 Union 
 
 Upsou 
 
 Walker 
 
 Waltou 
 
 Ware 
 
 Warren 
 
 Wsabington. 
 
 Waj'ne 
 
 "Webster 
 
 "White 
 
 Whitfield 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 Wilkes 
 
 Wilkinson ... 
 Worth 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 White. 
 
 8,(^5 
 7,780 
 7,805 
 5, 24 
 3,518 
 1,773 
 4,437 
 5,545 
 17,185 
 4,14!) 
 2,229 
 6,173 
 5,439 
 4,376 
 6,050 
 4,448 
 2,312 
 6,014 
 4,770 
 2,666 
 4,208 
 8,384 
 3,157 
 6,595 
 2,844 
 6,321 
 6,133 
 9,492 
 9,321 
 3,0l.) 
 4,039 
 9,449 
 4 060 
 2,667 
 4,751 
 9,689 
 2,411 
 5,173 
 6 550 
 4,068 
 
 Colored. 
 
 1,472 
 8,069 
 4,147 
 8,225 
 
 11,021 
 
 2,619 
 
 197 
 
 7,796 
 
 17,464 
 2,689 
 3,073 
 6,613 
 7,146 
 9,62 
 
 12,189 
 9,667 
 4,722 
 1,974 
 3,827 
 2,161 
 6,183 
 
 12,213 
 101 
 
 13,970 
 6,074 
 110 
 6,267 
 563 
 6,.301 
 1,144 
 6,846 
 
 12,515 
 
 1,920 
 
 2,570 
 
 590 
 
 2,210 
 
 698 
 
 10,812 
 5,511 
 1 ,824 
 
 Per Ceni. 
 
 Whte Col'd 
 
 70 
 
 49 
 
 65 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 96 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 61 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 71 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 97 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 98 
 
 49 
 
 86 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 37 
 
 43 
 
 68 
 
 51 
 
 90 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 32 
 
 54 
 
 69 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 30 
 51 
 35 
 59 
 76 
 60 
 
 4 
 58 
 51 
 39 
 58 
 55 
 57 
 69 
 6 
 6^ 
 67 
 29 
 45 
 45 
 59 
 59 
 
 3 
 68 
 68 
 
 2 
 51 
 14 
 40 
 28 
 63 
 5 
 
 32 
 49 
 10 
 19 
 23 
 68 
 46 
 81 
 
 White. 
 
 532,370 
 
 2,296,207 
 
 1,637,089 
 
 1,505,467 
 
 1,624,722 
 
 559,436 
 
 315,256 
 
 1,598,814 
 
 15,062,552 
 
 1,192,058 
 
 528,620 
 
 1,031,548 
 
 1,957,140 
 
 1,399,829 
 
 2,893,250 
 
 1,214,341 
 
 650,021 
 
 904,896 
 
 787,025 
 
 647,507 
 
 1,232,032 
 
 2,435,.533 
 
 247,072 
 
 2,930,413 
 
 615,815 
 
 429,303 
 
 1,410,661 
 
 1,739,514 
 
 2,315,998 
 
 538,051 
 
 1,20?, 179 
 
 2,713,692 
 
 661,609 
 
 611,642 
 
 475,247 
 
 1.901,171 
 
 394,124 
 
 2,712,645 
 
 1,175,150 
 
 606,198 
 
 Colored. 
 
 11,913 
 60,841 
 3(),716 
 60,760 
 57,934 
 2.i,642 
 921 
 43,270 
 265,900 
 18,937 
 24,86! 
 50,174 
 60,739 
 55,067 
 98,448 
 49,677 
 34,059 
 25,463 
 17,188 
 11,175 
 44, '^73; 
 100,886 
 
 1,205| 
 53,438 
 37,835 
 206 
 33,996 
 14,3:7 
 46.912 
 12,564 
 10,091 
 92,559! 
 
 9,369 
 14,644 
 
 4,652 
 19,819 
 
 8,448 
 72,442 
 34,045 
 19,147 
 
 Per Capita. 
 
 •Vhte Col'd 
 
 173 
 295 
 210 
 260 
 4)2 
 316 
 
 71 
 288 
 875 
 27') 
 237 
 162 
 360 
 317 
 478 
 273 
 281 
 181 
 165 
 248 
 288 
 291 
 
 78 
 444 
 217 
 
 68 
 230 
 183 
 250 
 179 
 GOO 
 28 
 163 
 229 
 100 
 195 
 164 
 525 
 179 
 150 
 
 8 
 9 
 3 
 5 
 
 10 
 5 
 6 
 
 16 
 7 
 S 
 8 
 9 
 6 
 8 
 5 
 7 
 
 13 
 5 
 5 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 2 
 6 
 
 26 
 8 
 
 11 
 2 
 8 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 9 
 
 12 
 7 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Note — The valuations in the Tables are derived from the Census of ISSOi^and 
 these were taken from the Comptroller General's Report, being the State Assess- 
 ment for Taxation. The true wealth of Georgia, and of each county, is estimated 
 much higher. To illustrate : By the assessment the wealth of the United States is 
 but 17 billions; by the estimate, the true wealth exceeds 43 billions. The assesse 
 ment is but 40 per cent, of the true value In Georgia, the as.sessed value is 240 
 millions; the true is es'imated at 600 millions. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The 
 
 TABLE No. III. 
 State^ its Sections and its Counties^ Compared as to Area, 
 
 Population 
 
 a?id Wealth, hy Race 
 
 a7ul 
 
 ' Per Capita, 1880. 
 
 
 
 
 
 POi-ULATION. 
 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Per Capita 
 
 
 AREA. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 <u 
 
 T3 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 V. 
 
 •a 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 O 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 o 
 o 
 U 
 
 The State, 137 Co'lies 
 
 8,980 
 
 816.906 725,133 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 
 233,708,306 
 
 5,764,293 
 
 $286 
 
 $ s 
 
 TIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 North Georgia, 33 " 
 
 11,260 
 
 270,616 64,180 
 
 81 
 
 !9 
 
 43,994,496 
 
 591,573 
 
 160 
 
 9 
 
 Mlcklle Georgia, 40" 
 
 13,060 
 
 256,558 307,739 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 89.539,291 
 
 2,254.153 
 
 349 
 
 7 
 
 Southwest Ga., 32 " 
 
 14,350 
 
 123,234 
 
 183,245 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 41,405,522 
 
 1,438,134 
 
 335 
 
 ^■, 
 
 East Georgia, 17 
 
 10,470 
 
 98,511 
 
 107,489 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 32,340,223 
 
 977,160 
 
 328 
 
 '. ' 
 
 Southeast Ga., 15 " 
 
 9,840 
 
 57,912 
 
 61,443 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 26,080,739 
 
 567,603 
 
 450 
 
 !' 
 
 SUB-SECTIO>:S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Northwest Ga., 18 " 
 
 6,400 
 
 157,454 
 
 39,069 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 28,778,892 
 
 372,525 
 
 183 
 
 10 
 
 Northeast Ga., 15 " 
 
 4,860 
 
 113,165 
 
 25,111 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 14,624,031 
 
 219,048 
 
 130 
 
 f 1 
 
 West Middle Ga, 24" 
 
 7,600 
 
 189,477 
 
 179,660 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 64,943,942 
 
 1,429,809 
 
 343 
 
 S 
 
 East Middle Ga, 16 " 
 
 5,460 
 
 67,081 
 
 128,079 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 24,595,349 
 
 824,344 
 
 mi 
 
 - 
 
 Northern Tier, 16 " 
 
 4.990 
 
 102,416 
 
 11,929 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 12,537,000 
 
 05,000 
 
 122 
 
 (■; 
 
 Second Tier, 17... " 6,270 
 
 169,666 
 
 52,261 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 30,866,000 
 
 497,000 
 
 181 
 
 lu 
 
 Average of State. . . . 4.^0 
 
 5,964 
 
 5,297 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 
 1,702,425 
 
 42,075 
 
 286 
 
 s 
 
 " North Georgia.. 341 
 
 8,200 
 
 1,945 
 
 81 
 
 19 
 
 1,333,200 
 
 18,000 
 
 160 
 
 ;t 
 
 " Middle Geogi a.. 1 424 
 
 6,414 
 
 7,693 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 2,276,965 
 
 56,354 
 
 349 
 
 i 
 
 " Southwest Ga. . 446 
 
 3,851 
 
 5,8-J9 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 1,293,922 
 
 43,600 
 
 1 335 
 
 8 
 
 " EastGa 616 
 
 5,795 
 
 6,330 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 1,902,-366 
 
 54,634 
 
 1 32S 
 
 9 
 
 " Sonthe«st Ga.. *656 
 
 3,861 
 
 4,139 
 
 491 61 
 
 1,735,160 
 
 37,840 
 
 1 450 
 
 9 
 
 The State and its Sections 
 
 Compared in Sundnj Particulars. 
 
 
 • 
 
 a 
 
 § 
 o 
 
 137 
 33 
 40 
 32 
 17 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 q 
 o 
 O 
 
 100 
 19 
 22 
 24 
 18 
 16 
 
 Pr. Ct. of Popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Pr. Ct. of Wealth 
 
 Wealth pr capita. 
 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 22 
 37 
 20 
 13 
 8 
 
 100 
 33 
 32 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 •a 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 100 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 "3 
 1 
 
 100 
 8 
 38 
 ]8 
 14 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 100 
 19 
 38 
 18 
 14 
 11 
 
 -73 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 100 
 10 
 39 
 25 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 155 
 132 
 162 
 138 
 161 
 
 Per cent df 
 
 
 O 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 105 
 
 89 
 104 
 143 
 
 
 The Slate 
 
 North Georgia 
 
 Middle Georgia. 
 
 Mmith wp^t Gporffia 
 
 100 
 
 56 
 
 122 
 
 117 
 
 
 HI 
 
 Southeast Georgia 
 
 9 
 
 222 
 
 157 
 
 Note —The Counties forming the Southern tier, nine in number, are large in area, 
 averaging 700 square miles. Small in population ; averaging about.9,000 : and below aver- 
 age in ^Yealth ; about $1,100,000 each. . X 1.1 U 1^ 
 
 Since 18(>0, great changes have occurred in the rank of counties, as to wealth. J? ulton, 
 which now heads the list, then stood as No. 21, Wilkes county being No. 20. The large 
 agricultural counties then had a higher relative stand than they now have. Troup, ^o. 
 4t Houston, 6; Monroe, 7 ; Burke, 8; Meriwether, 9; Talbot, 10; Stewart, 11, m order of 
 wealth. 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 
 
 TABLE No. IV 
 
 The following Counties Compose the Several Sections, viz : 
 
 xr 
 
 North Georgia, 33. 
 
 Middle Georgia, 4". 
 
 CO 
 
 ef 
 
 £ 
 
 ID 
 
 o 
 ■JO 
 
 East Georgia, 17 
 
 cj' 
 
 00 
 
 
 <N 
 
 so 
 
 o 
 o 
 C5 
 
 5 
 
 73 
 
 Bartow 
 
 Catoo.sa 
 
 Chattooga. ... 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Cobb 
 
 Dade 
 
 Banks 
 
 Dawson .... 
 
 Forsyih 
 
 Franklin ... 
 Gwinnett .. 
 Ual)ershain . 
 
 Hall 
 
 Halt 
 
 .Jacksou 
 
 Lumpkin 
 
 Madison. ... 
 
 Rabun 
 
 Towns 
 
 Union 
 
 White 
 
 Bibb 
 
 Butt.s 
 
 Campbell . . . 
 
 Carroll 
 
 0. ay ion 
 
 Coweta 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Harris 
 
 Hea rd 
 
 Henry 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Eiliect 
 
 (xreen . 
 
 HaDcock 
 
 Jones 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 McDutlie 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Oconee 
 
 Oglethorpe.. . 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Talialerro 
 
 Warren 
 
 Willies 
 
 Bakpr 
 
 Berrien 
 
 Brooks. .... 
 (Jalhoun. ... 
 Cnat'hoochee. 
 
 Bullock 
 
 Burke 
 
 Dodwe 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 Glascock 
 
 lefferson . . . 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laurtns 
 
 Montgomery. 
 Pulaski ... 
 Richmond. . . 
 
 Screven 
 
 Tattnall 
 
 Telfair 
 
 Twisgs .... 
 Washington . . 
 Wilkinson . . 
 
 Appling.. 
 Bryan . . . 
 Camden.. 
 Charlton.. 
 Chatham . 
 Clinch. .. 
 
 Fannin 
 
 Fioyd 
 
 (xilmer 
 
 Gordon 
 
 Haralson 
 
 Milton 
 
 Murray 
 
 Paulding . . 
 
 Colquitt 
 
 Crawfird ... 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Dooly 
 
 Dougheity. . . 
 
 Early 
 
 Houston 
 
 Irwin 
 
 Lee 
 
 Lowndes 
 
 Macon 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Echols . . . 
 Efflngh'm 
 Glynn ... 
 Liberty . . 
 Mcintosh. 
 Pierce.. .. 
 Ware..... 
 Wayne... 
 
 Polk 
 
 
 Newton 
 
 Pike 
 
 Walker 
 
 
 Wh'tfield.... 
 
 
 Uockdale 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spalding .... 
 Talbot 
 
 
 Miller 
 
 Mitchell.. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Qttitm:in 
 
 Ka.:do!phi. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stewart 
 
 sumter 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Terrell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 
 
 
 Worth 
 
 
 
 Note. — To Uudy a particular county by the tables: take Fulton county for 
 illustration. By Table No. 1. the area of Fulton is 200 square miies; its popu- 
 lation 49,137, being 246 to the square mile; its wealth, $20,343,52.5, being $101,717 to 
 the square mile. 
 
 This is the assessed, and not the true wealth. The true wealth is near'y two and 
 a ha^f times as great — say nearly $50,000,000 
 
 By Table No. 2 we see the white population of Fulton to be 28,295, and the colored 
 20 S42— the white being 57 per cent., and the colored 43 per cent., of the whole. The 
 wea th of the whites is $20,061,750, being $709 per capita; and of the colored peo- 
 ple, $281,775. being $14 per capita. The true wealth is probably about $1,750 per 
 capita for whites, and ?35 for colored. 
 
 By Table 4 we see that Fulton is embraced in Middle Georgia— Western part. 
 
 By Table 5, Fulton is one of th6 counties of least area — that it has the largest 
 population, the largest white population, and the largest wealth of any county in 
 the State. In wealth per capita, it stands as No. 7; in wealth per square mile, as 
 No. 1. 
 
XII 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 
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