^i^S'^, IN A NUTSHELL COMPLETE COMPENDIUM OF WORLD'S FAIR FACTS. SEVENTH EDITJOM. REVISED AND EflURCEO, JUNE, 1902 500 ACTS BOUT ST. LOUIS PUBLICATION Or^'CT.eOT HOC BUILDING ST LOUfB , rtO , U.:6 rt Book -0 2 - ^ & n !? The First Successful Shoe Manufacturer in St. Louis. ^^h GEO'RCE WA.'R'REJV ^B'ROWJV President of The Brown Shoe Co., the immense St. Louis Corporation making: the justly famous Star=Five=Star Shoes for Men and Women, and Blue Ribbon School Shoes *5* <'n|»noil.v KI«'V4'ii 'I'IioiikhimI I'ltir** ptr l>ii.> . OFFICES AND STONE HOUSf ; Washington Ave. and Eleventh Street, St. Louif, U.S.A. ^nheuser-Busch Brewing Ass'n V ^ ^ ^ MAKES A SPECIALTY OF HIGH-GRADE MM. ^^p Bottled Beers 4J^^\ ^ Qdr^^^^-# > FOR FAMILY USE. Thcif output for the year \90l, 1,006495 Barrels, by far exceeds that of any o ther Brewery in the World and is evidence that QUALITY MERITS REWARD. Belding Bros. 6 Co.'s Spool Sewing SilK Is universally used and recom- mended by all High-class Dress- makers and for tine family sewing. It isSTRONGER, SMOOTHER and FULL MEASURE, and in Every Way meets the Wants of the Consumer. BELDING BROS. 6 CO.'S Wash Crochet Knitting Silk Is universally used and recommended by Knitters and Crocbeters on ac- count of its superior Smoothness, lirilliancy of Dye. its FULL MEASURE and Fast color, as it washes beautifully. BE.LDING BROS. 6 CO.'S "NE.W PROCESS" WASH SILKS- FILO ROYAL, HOXITOX. DRESDEN and other qualities of Wash Silks are now used universally and preferred by all lovers of Art Needle Work. All persons using Helding's "New Process" Wash Silks will lind all the shades true to nature and lo wash perfectly. In fact, the silks will be brighter after washing than before. Artists and Teachers say that thev are the only silks that hold their color and look brighter after washing than before. Ask vour merchant for RKLDING'S HIGH CLASS ART LINEN. They are offering a very choice selection of designs for this season. Coyle & Sargent, Agts., 1121.1123 WASHINGTON AVE., ST. LOUIS. The Handsomest Dry Goods Store in the "West. The Best of everything in exclusive high-class Dry Goods. An unequalled Display of Imported Gowns, Wraps and Hats. Dressmaking, Tailoring of assured correctness. Men's Fine Haberdashery, Boys' Clothing and Furnishings. Sole St. Louis selling agents for many high-class specialties, amongst them being the world celebrated Bonnet Black Silks, the famous United Crafts Artistic Furniture, the ** Ostermoor '* Patent Elastic Felt Mattress and the ** Sorosis " Shoes. Whenever you want something hard-to-find or out-of-the-usual things in Dry Goods, you may be certain of finding it here. Broadway, Olive and Locust Streets. ^ood Uiusiness Openings. ^^ ^^ v^ * A great many new towns have been orgfanized in Oklahoma, Indian Territory and Texas, alongf the recent extensions of the ♦ . • ♦ The majority of these towns are located in agri- cuhural districts of great fertility, and are certain of a rapid and steady growth. Good opportunities offer here for the establishment of all sorts of mercantile enterprises* Anyone looking for a new location would do well to investigate this country. Full information concerning rates, etc., cheerfully furnished, upon application, at * * • • Uicket Office, Sigfitfi and Olive Sts. St. £ouis, SKo.. 71. S. 31, » »»»»»»»»»»»9 »»»»9»»»»»»9»»»»»»»»9S»»»9Su. ACCIDENT INSURANCE » jg ^ ASSETS - - $524,993 66 Jj <|? hJ SURPLUS TO QQ/C on 00 ^ ^ . Policyholders <4>0M-0, J I I iZZ »^ X ^ CAPITAL - - $250,000.00 ^ w * o " Home Office ^ Odd Fellows Building S^t. LouU, Mo* * i>t Let us send you some Interesting Literature. «^ ^^^ Union Casualty (aj AND — ^ I f\ Surety Co. [7 I of ^ % Z ST. LOUIS H I H^ Is the most progressive Accident and Health >-^ o^ ^ Insurance Company in America to-day. Its *^ a> CO Policies are the Broadest, Clearest and Most J^ w ^ Liberal ever issued. It has paid for Claims ^ % ^ under its policies over $2,900,000,000. ^ | *^ It has $250,000.00 Deposited with the In- ^^ ^ surance Department of the State of Missouri |2! w for the Protection of its Policy Holders, . ^ if W ONE OF THE OLDEST AND BEST KNOWN MUSICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Established 18T1. West End Branch, Odeon Building, Cor. Grand and Finney Aves. All Branches of Music Taught Send for Catalogue to... THE BROTHERS EPSTEIN, Directors, 23d and Locust Streets, St. Louis, Mo. ^w^i^ j^E^js.T> OTHE? ^wroi«rvi> Coffins, Caskets ai\d Hearses ST. LOUIS COFFIN CO. New^ Factory, Eighteenth and Chouteau Ave. BUY AND SELL ON COMMISSION LOCAL SECUR'TIES ALSO LISTED AND UNLISTED SECURITIES IN ALL PRINCIPAL MARKETS Francis, U^ro, & C^o. 2J4 NORTH FOURTH STREET. DEALERS IN Governm ent, Steam and Street Siailway SBonds. MEMBERS NEW YORK. ST. LOUIS AND CHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGES. EDWARDS WHITAKER. H. B. COLLINS. WHITAKER & COMPANY, Bond and Stock Brokers. CIRCULAR QUOTING LOCAL SECURITIES MAILED ON APPLICATION. 300 N. FOURTH ST., ST. LOUIS. dERMANIA TRUST HENRY KOEHLER, Jr., President. WM. H. DITTMANN, First Vice-President. MAX R. ORTHWEIN, Second Vice-President. GEO. A. MEYER, Third Vice-President. CAPITAL, - - $1,000,000.00 Full Paid, Ma> 1st, 1902. €. F. BrANKE, President Blanke Tea and Coffee Co. I>. K. CAL.HOUN, Vice-President Ely & Walker Dry Goods Co. J. F. CONRAD, President Conrad Grocer Co. P. J. DOERR, Cashier Lafayette Bank. JOSEPH OIC KS03i, Of Dickson & Smith. W. H. DITTJIA^fX, President G. F. Dittinann Boot and Shoe Co. AUGUST OOFRTS, Manager Germauia Life Insurance Co. HFKRY KOFHI.fr, Jr., President American Brewing Co. A. W. I.A9IBFRT. Treasurer Lambert Pharmacal Co. F. F. MAGILL, President UUman, Magill & Jordan. Interest at the annual rate of 2 per cent, allowed on deposits, subject to check, and credited monthly. Higher rates of interest allowed on savings and time deposits. COMPANY, 720 and 722 OLIVE STREET. W* L. McDonald, Fourth Vice-President and Tfeasurer. THOS. H. WAGNER, Secretary. W. A. BRANDENBURGER, Trust Officer. SURPLUS, - - $1,000,000.00 Full Paid, May 1st, 1903. W. L.. McUOXALD, Fourth Vice-President and Treasurer. GEO. A. MEYER, President Mejer-Schmid Grocer Co. MAX R. ORTHWKIN. President Sempire Clock Co. I.. W. POST, Vice-President and General Manager Blackmer & Post Pipe Co. PAUE ROBYN, Of Roeslein & Robyn. J. A. J. SCHUETZ, President Schultz Belting Co. MEYER E. STERN, Of Treichlinger & Stern. A. C. STUEVER, President Home Brewing Co. JOS. P. WHYTE. President Jos. P. Whyte Realty Co. THOS. H. WAOKER, Secretary of Company; Trusts of every kind carefully executed. Real Estate purchases and sales negotiated on commission, rents collected, and loans made on city real estate. TheThird National Bank of St. Louis CAPITAL, $1,000,000. CHAS. H. HUTTIG, -.--.. President. W. B. WELLS, Vice-President. GEO. W. GALBREATH, - - . . . . Cashier. JOHN R. COOKE, Assistant Cashier. 'DI'RBCTO'RS. GEO. T. CRAM. - Pres't American Central Fire Ins. Co. JNO. W. DRIIM3IOND, Capitalist. JNO. S. DUNHAM, - - . . i>res't Dunham Mfg. Co. H. F. KNIGHT, Treas. A. G. Edwards & Sous Brokerage Co. J. B. 91. KEHJ^OR, - - . - Kehlor Bros., Millers. EDW. S. ORR, - - Gen'l Agent B. & O. S. W. R. R. Co. G. W. GAI.BREATH, Cashier. THOS. WRIGHT, - - Capitalist. r. H. HUTTIG, President. W. B. WEI.I.S, Vice-President. J. R. COOKE, - - ... Assistant Cashier. Condensed Statement of Condition, february 25tl), 1902. RESOURCES. Time Loans $.5 Demand Loans 4 U. S. Bonds to secure de- posits U. S. Bonds to secure cir- culation 2. U. S. Bonds owned Premium on U. S. Bonds. Stocks and Bonds 1. Banking House Other Real Estate Cash and Sight E.xchange,^ $21, ,275,062.93 ,845,302.91 696,000.00 ,000,000.00 1,300.00 100,000.00 ,019,269.37 200,000.00 11,000.00 873.419.77 521,854,98 LIABILITIES Capital Stock $2,000,000.00 Surplus 1,000,000.00 Undivided Profits 135,221.92 Reserve for Interest and Taxes, year 1902 22,000 00 Circulation 2,000,000.00 Deposits, Individual 7,029,744.99 Deposits, Banks and Trust Companies 8,638,388.07 Deposits, United States.. 696,000.00 $21,521,354.98 W. H. LEE, President. GEO. E. HOFFMAN, Cashier. D. R. FRANCIS, Vice-Pres't. R. T. STURGEON, Ass't Cashier. A. L. SHAPLEIGH, 2d Vice-Pres't. D. A. PHILLIPS, 2d Ass't Cashier. The Merchants-Laclede National Bank. ST. LOUIS. CAPITAL, $1,400,000.00 SURPLUS and UNDIVIDED PROFITS, 650,000.00 Fiscal Agent for the State of Missouri. United States Depository. Interest Paid on Time Certificates of Deposit. Letters of Credit Issued available in All Parts of the World. AMERICAN ELXCHANGE, BANK ST. LOUIS. CAPITAL, FULL PAID, - $500,000.00 SURPLUS, • - 600,000.00 ©trtcere. Walker Hill, President. Ephron Catlin, Vice-President. L. A. Battaile, Cashier. Emison Chanslor, AssH Cashier. Directors. Paul Brown, Director Continental Tobacco Co. A. H. Duncan, Vice-Pres't Paris Medicine Co. Sam M. Kennard, Pres't J. Kennard & Sons Carpet Co. A. T. Kelley, Retired Merchant. H. F. Langenberg, of Langenberg, Bros. & Co. Geo. J. Kaime. J. B. C. Lucas, Capitalist. Jas. y. LocKWOOD, Treas. Interstate Car Transfer Co. Geo. a. Meter, Pres't Meyer-Schmid Grocer Co. F. R. Rice, Pres't F. R. Rice Mercantile Cigar Co. L. A. Battaile, Cashier. Ephron Catlin, Vice-President. Walker Hill, President. ANY PROFITABLE BUSINESS SOLICITED. INTEREST PAID ON TIME CERTIFICATES. HELRBERT C. CHIVERS AR.CHITE,CT a a If interested in the erection of a building for either public or private use, you can secure as good or better services at this office than elsewhere, aod at no more cost for plans. The importance of employing an architect, fully capable in design, can hardly be estim- ated. The architecture of to- day should be educational in order to inspire civic pride. WAINWRIGHT BLDG. SAINT LOUIS Continental National Bank OF ST. LOUIS. F. E. Marshall, President. Jos. M. Hates, Vice-Tresident. J. A. Lewis, Cashier. Geo. W. Parker, 2nd Vice-Pres't. G. X. Hitchcock, Ass't Cashier. Capital, $1,000,000.00 Surplus and Undivided Prof is, . 5 00,000.00 Circnlation ..... 1,000,000.00 DepoMfs. ..... 14.000.000.00 We solicit accounts of individuals, banks, bankers, manufacturers and mer- cantile houses to whom terms in detail will be furnished on application. DIRECTORS. A. DOUGLAS, Frisco Ry. GEO. W. PARKER, Capitalist. L. B. TEBBETS, Mansur & Tebbets Imp. Co. B. EISEMAN, Rice, Stix Dry Goods Co. M. M. BUCK, Capitalist, JOS. M. HAYES, Jos. M. Hayes Woolen Co. C. H. SPENCER, Capitalist. WM. J. ORTHWEIN, Chas. F, Orthweln's Sons. H. S. PRIEST, Attorney, Boyle, Priest & Lehman. A. H. BAUER, Bauer Bros. F. E. MARSHALL, President, THE MECHANICS' NATIONAL BANI OF ST. LOUIS. Capital, $1,000,000.00 Surplus, $500,000.00 R. R. HUTCHINSON, President. D. K. FERGUSON, Vice-President. B. B. GRAHAM, CHAS. O. AUSTIN, Cashier. JOSEPH L. HANLEY, Ass*t Cashier. DIRECTORS. R. R. Hutchinson, d. K. Ferguson, Isaac Schwah, R. M. Hubbard, Morris Gi>askr. B. B. Graham, Henrv Nicolaus, Chas. H. Turnkr, C. G. Nnox, W. J. Kinsella, James T. Drummond, James Green, H. T. Miller. J. H. Desnovki we SOLICIT ACCOUNTS OF ALL NEEDING BANKING FACILITIES Sol. E. Waggoner, President J. H. Carr, Secretary. Given Campbell, Vice President. W. H. Fakrar, Assistant Secretar Oi-^^ir^i^oci 1S3T, THE Citizens Insurance Company of Missoui ST. LOUIS. Oldest Fire Insurance Company west of the Allegheny Mountains. Over 05 years of uninterrupted business success and integrit Agencies in all the principal Cities and Towns of America. Lincoln Trust Company, SEVENTH AND CHESTNUT STREETS. Transacts General Trust and Banking Business. Ol^ 2% INTEREST On Savings Deposits. On Regular Check Accounts. O Aprp DEPOSIT BOXeS S5. oo PER ANNUM AND UPWARDS. LINDELL HOTEL NEWLY RENOVATED THROUGHOUT. With Spacious Rooms and EircANT Furnishings. East St. Louis Trust Company, 21 NORTH MAIN STREET. Paid Up Capital, $500,000 M. M. Stephens, S. D. Sexton, W. K. Murphy, A. B. Dobb, Nat. C. McLean, President. . Vice-President. . Second Vice-President. Secretary and Treasurer. Secretary. YOUR PATRONAGE SOLICITED. Strassberger's co"SE"E.«if ""sic ^ 2200 St. Louis Ave . ST. LOUIS, MO. Southwest Branch, Cor. Grand and Cleveland Aves. (viz : Compton Heights). Most Complete and Best Music School in tlie West. ^-^^— ^ ^ IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. %3V^ Terms Reasonable. Psf. Diplomas Awarded. OPEN ALL YEAR DAY AND NIGHT. Southwest Branch. Send for Cataloguks. N, TJ.— Sole Agency of tlie Ccli-hratod C. (:!. CONN WontliT Solo, H.aud and Or- chestra Instruments. North bide. The Odeon, Grand and Finney ^^x)enue>r, W. ALBERT SWASCY. Prest. HARRY J. WALKER, Secv *nd Treas. Most Beautiful Theatre in the West. Seating Capacity, 2000. 30 Boxes. Built in 1900. APPOINTMENTS FIRST-CLASS IN EVERY PARTICULAR. Stage Opening, 75 feet ; Depth, 50 feet ; Height to Rigging Loft, 80 feet. Can be Rented fori I^^fAJVTA, OOIVOE^RT, or any first-class legitimate attraction. Two small halls, seating 400 and 200. Address all communications to HARRY J. WALKER, 1042 N. Grand Ave. A. P. DeCAMP. H. C. OCHTERBECK F. R. JOHNSON. Decamp fuel company, ...SUCCESSOR TO... LOGWOOD, Decamp & co. SOLE AGENTS FOR ^Xross_Qeek ^ehigh Anthracite. FRICK CRUSHED COKE. HIGH GRADE SOFT COAL. O'^'^'^ES (Bell, Main 396. 712-21 UNION TRUST BLDG. telei-hones Klvlooii, B.'>0. Y\rDS ^ '^^^'^ M.\NCHE.STBR AVE. i xMaple and Hojjiamont Aves. Mr. Jacob Mahler's CLASSES IN DANCINO, 5545 Olive Street. OPENS OCTOBER FIRST. CLOSES APRIL FIFTEENTH. Burlington Kansas City, St. Joseph, Omaha, Denver An excellent evening- train for the west is Ihe Bnrlingion's No. 15 from St. lionis at tbe desirable leaving tionr of 9.00 P.M., for Kansas €ily, St. Joseph Omaha, Denver, Nebraska and the Coast. or Kansas City, St. Joseph, Nebraska, Far Northwest, TortLand, Washington. 3 Great9 00a.iii/ 21 r For Denver, Colorado, California, St Joseph, , I 3 p.m. Nebraska, St. Paul, Minneapolis. Trains 9.00 p.in, For Kansas City, Denver, St. Joseph, Omaha, Council Bluffs, Nebraska, Pacitic Coast. Tickets and information at City Ticket Ofllce, S. W. Corner Broadway and Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. Colonial Trti^t Co. Colonial Trust "Bldg, 'Broadtitay i^l Locust i^ Executes all manner of TRUSTS Solicits the accounts of all who wish their idle funds to draw highest rate of in- terest. Special attention given savings deposits and trust fiinds. ^ ^ CAPITAL AND SURPLUS, $3,000,000 FULL PAID ...ALWAYS DRINK... The Choicest Product or ibc Breipcrs' Jlrt THE ONLY A/VIERICAN BEER SERVED AT THE U. S. PAVILION, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1900. SERVED BY THE OFFICIAL CATERERS OF THE PAN AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 1901. *»555^i$€;s6«» Our FALSTAFF . . IS THE CHOICEST OF CHOICE BEERS. THE STORY OF A GREAT CITY IN A NUTSHELL Complete Compendium of j World's Fair Facts. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged, June, 1902. 500 FACTS ABOUT ST. LOUIS Publication Office, ()07 Roe Uuildinu St. Louis, Mo., U. S. A. Title ami Entire Contents Copyrighted. DEDICATION To the Progressive People of St. Louis, tliis little book is most respectfully dedicated, with the suggestion that they bear in mind the Scriptural command found in The Sermon on the Mount — Gospel according to St. Matthew ; Chapter V., Verses 14, 15 and 16. A City tliat is set on a biU cannot be liid. Neitber do men Ilg^bt a candle, and pnt it under a bnsliel, but on a candle sticlc ; and it givetti Ilftrbt to all tbat are in Ibe lionse. L.et your lig^bt so sliine before men that tbey may see yonr g^ood worlds. St. Louis City Officers. 1. Mathew Kiely, Chief of Police. 2. Wm. Desmond, Chief of Detectives. H. Jos, F. Dickman, Sheriff. 4. Rolla Wells, Mayor. 5. Chas.^wingley, Chief Fire Department. R. Jos. L. Hornsby, President Council. 7. Bernard Dierkes, Auditor. 8. L. F. Hammer, Jr., CoUectoi-. 9. James Y. Player, Comptroller. 10. James M. Franciscus, Jr., Treasurer. ^" FACTS, I ASSURE YOU."*! ^itrtt §t. gout© i© anb ©oe©:- Proud of its history. Owned by St. Louisans. A typical American city. Conlident of a great future. Owns its waterworks plant. Most charitable city in the world. Most hospitable city on the continent. The terminus of twenty -four railways. On the best of terms with all the world. Independent of Eastern money lenders. Home of the brainiest and bravest men. The largest millinery market in America. Makes 50,000,000 pounds of candy annually. A city where bank failures do not occur. The third largest grocery market in America. The third largest clothing market in America. Fourth city of the United States in population. The largest horse and mule market in the world. The largest hardwood lumber market in America. A great center for the manufacture of freight cars. The third largest dry goods market in the country. Fourth in rank of American manufacturing centers. Makes more street cars than any other city on earth. Home of the most beautiful and best-dressed women. The first city in the world that used electric mail cars. The second largest shoe distributing point in America. Reduces its bonded debt at the rate of $380,000 annually. Manufactures more chairs than any other city in America. The largest inland coffee distributing center in the Union. World-famous for its production of wagons and carriages. FIVE HUNDRED FACTS Amcrica'*largest receiviug and shipping market for fruits. The second city in the world in the production of Avheat Hour. The commercial metropolis of the richest river basin on earth. Third in the rank of American furniture manufacturing centers. Manufactures three -fourths of America's output of plug tobacco. First city in America to spriukle its streets by municipal contract. Ships and sells more than 75,000,000 pounds of barbed wire yearly. Thii'd city in the United States in the shipment of second-class mail. The world's greatest distributing center for agricultural implements. The third city in the United States in the manufacture of furniture. Manufactures more tobacco than any other city in the United States. Thvi first city in America that illuminated its streets and alleys uni- formly with electricity. The only city in the world that has held Nineteen consecutive and self-supporting expositions. Leads in the production of reclining chairs. Leads in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Leads in the manufacture of hats for America. Leads in the manxifacture of caps for America. Leads in the manufacture of gloves in America. Leads in the manufacture of caskets and coffins. Leads in the output of American-made chemicals. Leads in the manufacture of crackers for the world. Leads in the manufacture of jeans clothing for America. Leads in the production of America's pi'oprietary medicines. Leads in the manufacture of trunks for the western hemisphere. Leads in the saddlery and harness business of the LTnited States. Leads in the sale of bags and bagging for the western hemisphere. gt* gottie ga-sr:— Population 680,000. 7,200 factories of all kinds. A river front of 19.15 miles. An area of 621/2 square miles. 4451/2 miles of improved streets. 20 public parks ; acreage 2,176.59. The best credit of any city in America. $5,887,850 invested in public school property. Seven profit-sharing concerns on a large scale. — A waterworks plant which cost more than $80,000,000, An average elevation above the level of the sea of 504 feet. A bank and trust company capitalization and surplus aggregating $59,337,970. Largest wholesale shipping station in the world (Cupples' station). The largest railroad interlocking switch system in the United States. ABOUT ST. LOUIS. 104 hotels. 27 libraries. 42 hospitals. 28 convents. 3 monasteries. 125 public schools. 17 Baptist churches. 66 .Catholic churches. 108 Parochial schools. 14 Christian churches. 62 asylums, homes, etc. 36 Presbyterian churches. 21 Congregational churches. 15 Southern Methodist chuixhes. 22 Methodist Episcopal churches. 25 Protestant Episcopal churches. 24 German Evangelical churches. 5 Orthodox Hebrew congregations. 4 Reformed Hebrew congregations. 5 English Evan^ijelical Lutheran churches. 18 German Evangelical Lutheran churches. 103 churches of various denominations aot otherwise listed. 54 academies and colleges (classical, scientific and business). 48 Masonic bodies. 21 lodges Harugari. 14 Turners' societies. 6 camps Sons of V^eterans. 43 Odd Fellows lodges, etc. 25 councils Royal Arcanum. 19 lodges Sons of Hermann. 31 councils Chosen Friends. 21 lodges Knights of Honor. 20 councils Legion of Honor. 9 corps Women's Relief Corps. 3d Knights of Pythias lodges, etc. 16 camps Woodmen of the World. 29 tents Knights of the Maccabees. 22 councils Knights of Father Mathew. 65 lodges Knights and Ladies of Honor. 36 branches Catholic Knights of America. 11 groves United Ancient Order of Druids. 65 lodges Ancient Order of United Workmen. 10 councils Junior Order United American Mechanics. 9 posts and national headquarters Grand Army of the Republic. Greatest steel arch bridge in the world (The Eads) , costing $10,000,000. 6 FIVE HUNDRED FACTS 5(i7'.2 miles of sewers. 42 singing societies. 11 public gymnasiums. 136 labor organizations. 291 regular publications. 39 lire engine companies. 196 building associations. One street 15.2 miles long. 19 rowing and athletic clubs. One sewer 24 feet in diameter. One sewer 30 feet in diameter. 12 hook and ladder companies. The largest brewery in America. The finest street cars in the world. The only rubber factory in the West. The world's largest cracker factory. The largest lead works in the world. The largest drug house in the woi'ld. The largest brick works in the world. The largest electric plant in America. The finest botanical garden in America. The largest railroad station in the w-orld. The largest iron rail factory in the world. The largest sewer-pipe factory in America. The largest white lead factory in the world. The largest shoe house in the United States. The largest woodenware house in the world. The largest boot and shoe factory in America. The largest terra cotta factory in the country. The two largest tobacco factories in the world. The largest stove and range factories on earth. The two largest hardware houses in the world. The largest jeans clothing factory in the world. The largest tinware stamping plant in America. The largest street car factories in the United States. The largest exclusively carpet house in the country. Boot and shoe trade amounting annually to $43,500,000. The largest permanent hall in the West (The Coliseum). A bag and bagging trade amounting annually to $4,200,000. A trade in caskets and colfins amounting annually to $3,;)00.0(n. 14 private grain elevators ; aggregate capacity 2,!H)5,000 biislu'ls. 18 public grain elevators with a total capacity of 7,OfK),000 bushels. More miles of streets that are sprinkled than any city in America. Manufactures more extensive than those of Kansas City, Omaha Denver and San Francisco combined. ABOUT ST. LOUIS. 640^2 miles of water mains. 452 miles of street railroads. 115 miles of improved alleys. 7 miles of wood paved streets, 10 miles of brick-paved streets. 211 miles of unimproved alleys. 4451/2 miles of improved streets. 55 miles of granite -paved streets. 12 miles of asphalt-paved streets. 258 miles of macadamized streets. 4351^ miles of tinimproved streets. The tallest shot- tower in America. 10 garden theatres open in summer. 8 regular theatres running in season. 141 miles of underground wire conduits. Annual Hour trade amounting to $.3,900,000. Annual beer trade amounting to $19,000,000. Annual candy trade amounting to $.3,800,0on Annual lumber trade amounting to $25,000,000, ' Annual grocery trade amounting to $85,000,000. Annual millinery trade amounting to $8,000,000. Annual furniture trade amounting to $.31,000,000, Annual hardware trade amounting to $.37,000,000. Annual woodenware trade amounting to $10,000,000. Annual stove and range trade amounting to $5,000,000. Annual trade in jeans clothing amounting to $,3',95o',OfK). Annual piano and organ trade amounting to $3,000,000. Annual hat, cap and glove trade amounting to $7,.500,000. Annual paint and paint oil trade amounting to $7',OOoiooo. Annual tobacco and cigar trade amounting to $45,000,000. Annual glass and glassware trade amounting to $5..5o'o,000. Annual saddlery and harness trade amounting to $5,500,000. Annual dry goods and notions trade amounting to $100,000,000. Annual trade in drugs, chemicals, etc , amounting to $40,000,000. Annual trade in iron and heavy hardware amounting to $lt ooo ooo Annual brick, terra cotta and clay product trade amounting to $4,000,000. "^ Annual agricultural machinery and vehicle trade amountin- to $21,.500,000. A river traffic with merchandise receipts and shipments aggreiratintr r,72,0780.2ir>. St. Louis' longest east and west street is Ar.-enal— 5.82 miles. St. Louis' grain receipts in 1901 aggregated 60,(>59,79S bushels. St. Louis' public parks represents more than $10,000,000 in values. St. Louis' longest north and south street is Broadway— 15.2 miles. St. Louis' manufacturing plants represent investments of $800,000,000. A St. Louis building contains the largest plate-glass window ever made. The Lindell Hotel is onWashington Avenue between Sixth and Seventh Streets. The cash receipts of the St. Louis Post Office in 1901 amounted to $2,240,429. Pieces of mail originating in the St. Louis Post Office during 1901 numbered 245,784,171. The Beers Hotel is on the northwest corner of Grand Avenue and Olive Street. The Merchants' Bridge stretches from the foot of Ferry Street to the Illinois bank. The Custom House building is between Olive, Locust, Eighth and Ninth Streets. St. Louis Court House is between Broadway, Fourth, Chestnut and Market Streets. The Grand Avenue Hotel is on the southeast corner of Olive Street and Grand Avenue. St. Louis' manufactured products for 1902 are expected to approach $1,300,000,000 in value. St. Louis' leading hardware house occupies more floor space than any other building extant. Washington University is one of the most comprehensive educational institutions in the world. Fifteen thousand dollars was sent by the Merchants' Exchange to the Johnstown flood sufi'erers in 1889. A transfer ticket will take a street car passenger from any part of St. Louis to Shaw's Garden or Forest Park. The annual interest charge on St. Louis' outstanding municipal debt amounts to $778,409.28, or 4. il5 per cenl. per annum. Shaw's Garden is at Tower Grove Avenue and Old Manchester Koad. ABOUT ST. LOUIS. 1 5 The Fullerton Building is twelve stories high. The Carleton Building is ten stories in height. The Equitable Building is ten stories in height. The Security Building is eleven stories in height. The Union Trust Building is' fourteen stories high. The Holland Building is thirteen stories in height. The Chemical Building is sixteen stories in height. The Lincoln Trust Bnilding is twelve stories in height. The Merchants' Bridge of St. Louis was erected in 1889. Union Station was formally opened on September 1, 1894. St. Louis cotton receipts in 1901 aggregated 913,228 bales. St. Louis' street railways carried 132,943,251 passengers in 1901. The Archiepiscopal residence of Archbishop Kain is in St. Louis. Forest Park main entrance is at Kingshighway and Lindell Boulevard. Bishop D. S. Tuttle, of the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri, lives in St. Louis. Illuminating gas is sold to ordinary consumers in St. Louis for $1 per 1,000 feet. St. Louis erected in 1901 3722 houses with an aggregate value of $13,207,991. Merchants' Exchange has contributed $785,000 for charitable purposes since 1866. The only shrine in the West blessed by the Pope is at the Visitation Convent, -Cabanne. St. Louis' total city tax, exclusive of public schools and state taxes, is $1.25 per $100 of valuation. Rev. Dr. J. M. Fitzgerald, Resident Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, lives in St. Louis. In 1892 Mississippi River flood sufferers were given $54,000 by the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. St. Louis' rate of taxation in 1901 was $1.95 per $100 of valuation, which is on a basis of about 60 per cent. Lafayette Park Presbyterian Sunday-school is the largest in the world, having an enrollment of 2,344 scholars. Mrs. Elizabeth Avis, founder of the first Methodist missionary society, died recently in St. Louis. She was nearly a hundred years old. The Presbyterian Women's Board of Missions has a circulating library after which many Eastern societies have modeled their work. The new $150,000 Second Presbyterian Church has a magnificent series of stained glass windows, each window in honor of a former pastor. The Presbyterian Church (North) of St. Louis has in the last year contributed $14,570 to home missions and $5,722 to foreign missions. 1 6 FIVE HUNDRED FACTS There are 385 letter carriers in St. Louis, St. Louis is the home of Kuckstuhl, the sculptor. St. Louis' Fair Grounds have an area of 143 acres. St. Louis holds its Forty -second annual fair in 1902. St. Louis received 149,716 horses aud mules during 1901. Tower Grove l*ark is on Grand near Magnolia Avenue. There are 79 Christian Endeavor Societies in St. Louis. The salary of the St. Louis post-master is $6,000 a year. The Southern Hotel is at Broadway and Walnut Street. The Union Station is at Eighteenth and Market Streets. Number of railway postal clerks paid at St. Louis office, 395. Thirty boys handle the special delivery letters for St. Louis. Mary N. Murfree (Charles Egbert Craddock) lives in St. Louis. The total number of employes in the St. Louis post office is 1,400. Winston Churchill, author of Richard Carvel, lives in St. Louis. There are 533 clerks and 38 substitute clerks in the St. Louis post office. The St. Louis Post Office ranks fifth in the country in money receipts. St. Louis is unique in its interdenominational Woman's Missionary Society. The St. Louis Post Office ranks first in the country in ratio of expenses to receipts. A law establishes the rate of cab fare in St. Louis, and provides penal- ties for violation. The Four Courts building (Police headquarters) is at Twelfth Street and Clark Avenue. The $5,000 window at St. James Memorial Church is considered the finest in the West. Sufferers by the Chicago fire in 1871 received $150,000 from the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. St. Louis is the home of Kate Chopin, noted as a writer of charming stories of southern life. Fee Fee Baptist Church w^as the first Protestant house of worship west of the Mississippi. The Eads bridge spans the Mississippi from the foot of Washington Avenue to East St. Louis. The Southern Methodist Orphans' Home in St. Louis is the best equipped in the country. The first $5 for the $100,000 Lindell Avenue M. E. Church was sub- scribed by a washerwoman. The highest church spire in St Louis is that of St. Alphonsus' Church, 235 feet high; the next. Pilgrim Church, 229 feet; the the next, SS. Peter and Paul's, 222 feet; and the fourth highest is tliat of the Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 208 feet high. ABOUT ST. LOUIS. 1 7 The new Holy Trinity Catholic Church is the grandest church build- ing west of New York. Merchants' Exchange contributed $267,450 for relief of victims of the St. Louis cyclone in 1896. The bonded debt of St. Louis at the beginning of the fiscal year 1900- 1901 was only $18,916,278. Susan K. Blow, a St. Louis woman, is famous as the Mother of the Kindergarten in America. St. Louis' mayor receives a salary of $5,000 per annum. St. Louis' chief of police receives $5,000 per year in salary. Texas flood sufferers in 1900 received $80,000 from St. Louis. nONG before the colonist from Europe had fought and hewed his way to the Valley of the Missis- sippi, an earlier population selected the present site of St. Louis for urban pursuits. Their customs, habits and lives were altogether unlike those of the Caucasians who succeeded them centuries later ; but the geographic and utilitarian advantages of the lo- cality responded as readily to the efforts of the Mound Builders as they did in subsequent ages to the purposes of the pioneer trapper and trader. Archaeologists have been unable to fix the precise era in which the Mounds of North America were constructed. But a number of these queer piles — mute messages from a mystic past — have given St. Louis the name of the Mound City. Aside from the purely speculative interest that clings to these monuments of prehistoric masonry, facts of peculiar significance cluster around the series of mounds which dot the city and its environs. Each mass of strangely-built rock and soil bears silent testimony to 19 20 IN A NUTSHELL. the fact that aeons ago an unknown people delved and toiled and breathed and lived where now modern modes of trade and traffic have established a bustling metropolis. Each mound links the judgment of the past with the enterprise of the present in the selection of the site for a great city. But accepted history is eminently practical, and, eliminating the dreams of theorists on what might have been, tells us that Pierre Laclede Liguest, known to his companions as Laclede, was the founder of St. Louis. It was in 1762 that the New Orleans firm of Maxent, Laclede & Co. obtained from the French Governor General of Louisiana, exclusive control of the fur trade with the Missouri and other tribes of Indians as far North as the River St. Peter. It was necessary to establish a trading post in closer touch with the Indians than New Orleans, and an expedition for that purpose was fitted out. Laclede, the junior member of the firm, was peculiarly qualified for the command of this undertaking, and to him it was intrusted. Leaving New Orleans on August 3, 1763, the hardy band of frontiersmen under Laclede made their way northward to Fort Chartres, where the goods and stores of the party were put away while the members of the expedition pursued their quest for a satisfactory post site. The journey up the Mississippi had consumed three months. Laclede himself, finding the graceful curve in the Mississippi now marked by the Mer- chants' and Eads' Bridges, declared that he would seek no farther. Returning to Fort Chartres, he an- HISTORICAL. 2 1 nounced that he had "found a situation where he intended to establish a settlement which might become hereafter one of the finest cities in America." But a rigorous winter intervened, and it was not until February 14, 1764, that Auguste Chouteau, then in his fourteenth year, arrived on the site of the future St. Louis with thirty men belonging to Laclede's expe- dition. Chouteau, though a beardless youth, was one of those prodigies of pioneer days to whom age merely meant seasoning ; and it was not regarded as extraor- dinary at the time that he should be given charge of the clearing party. So, while Laclede is recorded as the founder of St. Louis, it was Auguste Chouteau who directed the felling of the first tree on the tract now occupied by St. Louis. A tool shed and several log cabins were put together in an open space which was afterward platted into the block now bounded by Washington Avenue, Broadway, St. Charles and Sixth Streets. The settlement was named by Laclede himself. Though the territory had been ceded to Spain in 1762, Laclede — a native of Bion, in Southern France — named the trading post after the patron saint of his sovereign, Louis XV. There was no disposition among the hardy pioneers to transfer their allegiance to the Spanish throne, and in their own rough, honest ways they set about the task of establishing law and order without the aid of the governments across the sea. On August II, 1768, Rios arrived to take charge of the colony for Spain, under the authority of Don Juan 2 2 IN A NUTSHELL. de Ulloe, viceroy of Louisiana. But the settlers were hostile to Spanish sway, and Rios, exercising rare tact, avoided any rupture by neglecting to assert with any- thing akin to ostentation the sovereignty of the crown of Spain. So profitless was this occupation that on July 17, 1769, Spanish troops were withdrawn from Upper Louisiana. During this period the people of St. Louis were liv- ing under a unique local administration. They had given to St. Ange de Bellerive the authority of gov- ernor, but he was reluctant to assume all the responsi- bilities attaching to such office. Maintaining a wise military supervision over the affairs of the settlement, he was aided in the discharge of his civil functions by Judge Lefebvre Inglebert Desbruisseau and Joseph Labusciere. This democratic triune inaugurated the system of registering land grants in 1766, Labusciere officiating as notary. It was in 1770 that the Spaniards formally took charge of the territory, Don Pedro Piernos assuming the governorship. The annals of those days would find fitter place in the pages of romance than in the less flowered records of simple history. Chivalry, courage, hardihood and perilous emprises of varied character and purpose make up most of the anecdotes of that time. The adventurous courtier of Europe, the sun-tinted chieftain of the forest, the silent trapper and the hardy frontiersman met on common terms in the Mississippi trading post. Here came the famous Pontiac to visit friends, and being murdered while on HISTORICAL. 23 an excursion to Cahokia, here his remains were buried. St. Louis, together with the rest of the great pro- vince of Louisiana, was restored to French sovereignty by the treaty cession of 1800, and three years later through purchase from Napoleon became part of the United States of America. Through all the turmoil and carnage that distracted the western hemisphere during those trying years, the trading post thrived with relatively rare fortune. Only one Indian attack was suffered in that time — on May 26, 1780 — when six of the settlers were slain. Tradi- tion has it that the massacre would have become gen- eral had not the plans of the redskins miscarried. The first marriage ceremony performed in St. Louis was solemnized on April 20, 1766. The first news- paper of the settlement was established in 1808. The first brick house which the town could boast was erected in 181 3, followed three years later by the establishment of St. Louis' first banking institution. In 181 7 the people of this frontier settlement heard the whistle of the first steamboat that reached St. Louis, and in the same year the first board of school trustees was organized. The settlement was incorpor- ated as a town in 1809, and was chartered as a city in 1822. Ten years later an epidemic of cholera deso- lated many homes in the growing city, and in 1849 there was another visitation of this dread plague, and about the same time there was a great fire that de- stroyed the business section of the city. In 1851, while St. Louis was yet engaged in shaking off the in- 24 IN A NUTSHELL. . dustrial lethargy produced by the joint calamity of epidemic and conflagration two years before, the first railroad built in the Mississippi valley entered the Mound City. The shock of civil war and the travail and distress of financial panics affected, but they did not stop, the progress of the city. Passing with its sister cities through the national trials and adversities that have befallen the country, St. Louis has been always one of the first to extend aid to the helpless and sympathy to the afflicted. Sharing, too, in the national triumphs and fortunes, St. Louis has outstripped most of her sis- ter cities in growth and advancement, until now, on the threshold of a new century, a world's interest is turn- ing toward the metropolis that is to celebrate with an historic exposition the entry of the Louisiana territory into the dominion of the " Stars and Stripes." On May 27, 1896, St. Louis was swept by a tornado. The terrible storm caused the sacrifice of nearly as many lives in the town of East St. Louis, across the Mississippi, as were lost in the Mound City ; but here it was that the greatest financial damage was suffered. Though there can be no accurate record of the casual- ties caused by the tornado, it is estimated that 215 lives were blotted out and 1,000 persons injured in St. Louis. The money loss approximated $15,000,000. Reaching across the Mississippi River, where it de- stroyed part of the approach to the Eads Bridge, the terrific storm hurled itself through the south central part of the city, demolishing houses and destroying every- HISTORICAL. 25 thing in its path. For several days the community was stunned by the shock. The City Hospital had been razed and the telegraph, telephone, lighting and transit facilities of the community were crippled. But scarcely had the outside world been acquainted with the true ex- tent of the horror before St. Louis arose to the awful occasion. The work of rehabilitation started with the work of rescue and relief. Other cities offered aid, but the mayor of St. Louis declined it. Of course, assistance came in various ways, but practically through her own resources St. Louis picked her way out of the debris and ruins and reared her head aloft, prouder, more beautiful and self-reliant than before. ST. LOUIS TO-DAY D 00 far north to be a Southern city, and too south- ern in its social characteristics to be a Northern city ; with all the polish and finish of an Eastern center, and yet toned by all the warmth and spirit and verve of a Western metropolis, St. Louis cannot be exclusively claimed by one section. "Neither Northern nor Southern, neither Eastern nor Western, but just an all- American city." This is the description proudly applied to his home by a St. Louisan. It reflects with rare accuracy the virtues and merits of the Mound City. And current history impreg- nates St. Louis' Americanism with an important signifi- cance — a significance that will appeal to the civilized universe through the medium of a World's Fair. St. Louis has entered the new century with Progress and Advancement for her handmaidens. Incrested on her diadem of industry is the flaming legend, "Nothing Impossible." The center of universal in- terest is gravitating toward this forward-pointing figure. 26 ST. LOUIS TO-DAY. 27 And no historic enterprise has promised better or more extensive compensation for the interest of civilized peoples than is contained in the plans for St. Louis' World's Fair — an universal exposition in a thoroughly American city to commemorate a thoroughly American event. On April 30, 1803, was consummated the purchase from France of the Louisiana Territory, than which no section of the United States has since done more to increase the puissance of American enterprise or to enrich the possibilities of Columbia's future. It is to celebrate the centennial anniversary of this historic event that St. Louis has taken the lead in the move- ment for a commemorative international exposition. As the city selected to be the scene of a World's Fair, surpassing in importance and grandeur any previous undertaking of its kind, St. Louis ceases to present merely local interests. It assumes the complexion of the vast domain for which the enterprise stands repre- sentative. It becomes the hub of that great, tremen- dously resourceful and incalculably energetic area once comprised in the Louisiana purchase, but now more properly described, in an inclusive sense, as the Trans- mississippi States. St. Louis' strides to the front rank of world's cities were accompanied by an equal advancement on the part of the great section of which she is the metropolis. In the onward career of the United States during the past century, and particularly during the current gen- eration, no region has shared more fully than the 28 IN A NUTSHELL. Transmississippi States. The census of 1890 showed that the increase of wealth in the Transmississippi section for the decade ended with that year was 470.19 per cent, while the enhancement of property in the remainder of the Union during the same period was only 222.67 P^^ cent. During the thirty years ended with 1900 more than half of the national increase of population of 99.16 per cent was in the Mississippi River States and west thereof. The Mound City itself, at the beginning of the century, found itself in the midst of the country's cen- ters of production and population. The center of area is west of her, in Smith County, Kan. ; the center of population, constantly moving westward, was, in 1900, in Bartholomew County, Ind. ; the center of wheat pro- duction that year was in Hancock County, 111., close to the border of Iowa ; the center of corn production was in Lewis County, Mo. ; and the center of manufac- tures was near Canton, O., pursuing a westerly trend. But the relatively phenomenal growth of St. Louis cannot be better indicated than by the fact that in fifty years its assessed valuation has increased nearly nine fold. In i860 the municipal assessor's rolls showed property valued at ^57,537,415; in 1880 the figures were ^160,493,000; in 1896, $345,940,150; and in 1901, 392,722,700. Even more remarkable is the tremendous swelling of the volume of St. Louis' manu- factures. In i860 the value of the city's manufactured products aggregated $27,000,000. Since then they have increased more than 1000 per cent, so that for 30 IN A NUTSHELL. the year 1902 their value becomes beyond the accuracy of computation, and well-informed men hazard the estimate that the amount will be beyond a billion dol- lars. In 1880 the value of these products was ^114,- 333,375 ; in 1895 it was ^300,000,000, and in 1901 it was ^400,000,000. It would be difficult for the most fanciful imagination to conceive a picture of progress equal in scope and extent to that offered by the St. Louis of to-day as compared with the trading post founded by Pierre La- clede Liguest. From a settlement of a few scores of inhabitants it has worked its way by bounds and leaps into the fourth rank of American cities, with a popula- tion in round numbers of 600,000. This count does not include adjacent towns and residence districts reached by electric cars. Counting these, the popula- tion of St. Louis approaches the 800,000 mark. The remote trading post of the eighteenth century has be- come a trade, financial, manufacturing, industrial and social center whose influence and importance are felt in the furthermost circles of civilization. St. Louis trade-marks penetrate to the antipodes and find their way to Kamschatka ; they are sought in the marts of Europe and are found as well in the shops of the Cau- casus and the Ind ; they carry fixed values to the trader of Africa and are common in the markets of South Amer- ica. St. Louis capital has quickened the pulse of in- dustry in every quarter of the globe ; St. Louis manu- factures are sold to every people of every tongue who barter and trade with civilization ; St. Louis banks and ST. LOUIS TO-DAY. 31 financial institutions rate in every counting-house of the world as first-class, solid institutions. With a people whose intelligence and virtues are re- flected by social standards than which there are none higher or more liberal in Christendom ; with an enter- prise and thrift that are typified by the marvelous growth of the city herself ; with a wealth that finds its proof not only inside her corporate limits but on the bourses of Europe as well as in the stock exchanges of all America; with a business conservatism that has given her name to proverbial use among financiers ; with every adjunct of the highest order of civilization- schools, art galleries, universities, libraries, musical conservatories, churches, hospitals, technical acade- mies, scientific exhibits and an annual exposition and fair, St. Louis is proud of her distinction as the most American of American cities. And in this pride, confident of her unfailing capa- bilities and resources, dowered with the trust of her sister cities and inspired by her eager interest of a na- tion and the attention of a whole world, she is prepar- ing to set the crowning jewel in her crest — the record of the Louisiana Purchase Commemorative Exposition of 1904. n FREE CITY OF THE WEST"^ *' HERE is no feature of community life that holds forth more importance than that of the common government. In this regard, St. Louis is at once unique and interesting. It is an independent muni- cipality, sometimes termed the Free City of the West. In an era of intermingling judiciaries and executive functions, St. Louis is peculiarly untrammeled by any of the elaborate technicalities that go to confuse the corporate entities of most cities with the workings of county affairs. The Mound City has its own judiciary, its own legislature and its own executive, re-enforced by an ample constabulary and all those elements that belong to and are necessary for the maintenance of law, order and security. Indeed, St. Louis is unus- ually fortunate in its method of municipal government. The city administration is modeled after the best plan of government in the world — that of the United States. There are three divisions of authority: the legislative, judicial and executive. The first named is vested in 32 FREE CITY OF THE WEST. 33 two houses — fashioned after the national Congress — and the executive. The lower House is composed of Delegates, the apportionment of whom is fixed at one for each ward. The upper chamber or City Council is composed of twelve councilmen chosen from the city at large. The judicial authority is exercised by circuit, criminal, correctional, police and justice courts, the territorial jurisdictions of which are co-ex- tensive with the city limits. The executive authority is vested in the mayor, who serves for four years, as do also the Councilmen, while the Delegates are chosen biennially. St. Louis has its own shrievalty, its own coroner, its own assessor, its own collector, its own constables and all of those offices which in other cities are com- pelled to divide their attentions between county and municipal matters. Beside these there are located in St. Louis the headquarters of the United States Circuit Court for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, the United States District Court, the United States Circuit Court of Appeals and the St. Louis Court of Appeals. The position of the city and its importance as the metropo- lis of the state have caused the headquarters of various officials to be established here instead of at the state capital. Among these offices headquartered in St. Louis are those of the State Board of Health, the In- spector of Oils, the State Grain Inspection Depart- ment, the Excise Commissioner, the Barbers' Examin- ing Board, the Department of Beer Inspection, the Fish Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Tobacco Inspector and the Butterine Inspector, 34 IN A NUTSHELL. No community is desirable for residence purposes unless it offers those safeguards for peace and security which every householder demands from a well regu- lated government. In these features of municipal life, St. Louis is peculiarly fortunate. Its police depart- ment has for decades enjoyed a reputation ominous to evil-doers and gratifying to law-abiders. Its detective department has run down the culprits in some of the most mysterious cases contained in criminal annals. The annual expenditure for the police force approxi- mates $2,000,000, representing the salaries of 850 regular patrolmen, 250 probationary patrolmen, twelve captains, twelve lieutenants, thirty-five turnkeys, ten patrol wagon drivers, 100 sergeants and twenty-five detectives, beside the chief and assistants chief of po- lice, chief and assistant chief of detectives, and the superintendent of the Bertillon system. The depart- ment was reorganized under a state law on August 21, 1899. Every public need and convenience has been pro- vided for, and St. Louis has a water supply double in capacity to the present consumption. The source of this supply is in the Mississippi River. The water- works became municipal property in 1835. The water is drawn chiefly from the river at the Chain of Rocks, at the extreme northern limit of the city. From the settling basins it flows by gravity to a system of reservoirs, whence it is pumped through standpipes and the distributing conduits to the main reservoir. The main conduit is seven miles long, with a carrying capacity of 100,000,000 gallons per day. There are FREE CITY OF THE WEST. 35 additional pumps for high-service needs. There are more than 5,000 water-meters in the city and fully 600 fire hydrants. Ranking among the best fire departments in the world is St. Louis' corps of flame-fighters. Indeed, the Mound City's fire department service has won the encomiums of officials the world over. Its best com- mendation is found in its surpassingly effective record and in the low fire insurance rates that are granted on St. Louis buildings. The municipal fire department embraces thirty-nine engine companies, twelve hook and ladder companies and two water towers. Its sys- tem of control is sedulously maintained on a basis of merit so regulated as to procure the best possible re- sults. Every appliance that modern ingenuity can suggest to facilitate the work of the fire-fighters has been added to the department, among the valuable adjuncts of which is a telegraph signal service that en- ables the transmission of alarms with the certain accu- racy of infallible mechanism and with the marvelous rapidity of electricity. In addition, there is the Sal- vage Corps, maintained by the local underwriters for the purpose of minimizing property losses. This en- ergetic brigade works with the fire laddies, but not to extinguish the flames. Dashing into burning struc- tures, its members exert themselves to protect goods from damage by water. Tarpaulin sheets are thrown over the more valuable contents of buildings, while as- bestos spreads are employed wherever they are avail- able. Altogether, St. Louis' fire department is a model organization. 36 IN A NUTSHELL. However amply St. Louis be provided with govern- mental agencies for the security of the community, its correctional and eleemosynary institutions are no less generous in proportions and capacities. In addition to the municipal establishments, there are scores of charitable concerns, instituted and operated by organ- izations of every character and purpose. In addition to the City and Female Hospitals, the municipality numbers among its institutions the Quarantine and Small-pox Hospital, the Insane Asylum, the City Poor- house, the Workhouse and the House of Refuge. Among these the Female Hospital stands out as an un- usual eleemosynary establishment, conducted, as it is, exclusively for women. Asylums, convents, hospitals, dispensaries, havens of refuge for unfortunates, homes for orphans, and shel- tering abodes for all manners and kinds of frailer per- sons — deaf, dumb, blind, crippled and destitute — are distributed throughout the city to the number of more than 200, Nearly all of these are conducted by or- ganizations solely intended for charitable purposes. Others form adjuncts to societies with more material aims, but all serve the one end of aiding and caring for the unfortunate. The fact that there is very little actual poverty in St. Louis is explained by the sys- tematic work done by the Provident Association, the St. Vincent de Paul Society, and the Hebrew Relief Society, three great charitable organizations conducted respectively by the Protestants, Catholics and Hebrews. P A FINANCIAL FORTRESS. M 19 EACE hath Her victories no less renowned than War." In reckoning the world's military resources, no asset stands forth with a show of more intrinsic importance than Britain's possession of Gibraltar. That rock-ribbed, rock-bo weled, rock- rooted fortress gives to England a strength of leverage that, in the light of war values, is possessed by no holding of any other power. What Gibraltar is to Britain's political puissance, St. Louis is to America's financial solidity. The art and ingenuity which have improved the strength of the natural fortress that frowns above the Straits of Gibral- tar, can scarcely deserve a moiety of the credit due the integrity, energy, enterprise and well-tempered con- servatism which have established in the world's great- est republic its financial Gibraltar. The battlemented structure is a sinister monument to War's horrors ; the great city, no less a factor of national strength,' is a smiling promise of beneficent resource. A whole world 37 A FINANCIAL FORTRESS. 39 shudders at the ugly menace of the fortress' guns ; a happy people count with conscious pride the vast ele- ments of progress and prosperity that are garnered in the bustling thoroughfares of the great city. The Gib- raltar of the Rocks is the world's greatest concentra- tion of destructive agencies ; the Financial Gibraltar of the Western Plains is the world's greatest concen- tration of constructive capacities. In everything that pertains to finances, St. Louis can be fully described only with superlative terms. Statisticians assert that the per capita wealth of the Mound City is the largest of any municipality in the world. This would mean that in real and personal property it is the wealthiest community that the sun brightens. With a population of 700,000, it has an assessed valuation of ^392,826,540. The rate of as- sessment is 60 per cent of the real value, giving the city a wealth, fairly estimated, of nearly ^750,000,000. But it is not only in the holdings of real and personal estates that St. Louisans find the firmest anchorage for the financial superiority of their city. The solidity of its institutions, the world-noted integrity of its busi- ness men and the commercial confidence that its name inspires throughout the country win St. Louis' pre- eminence. Monetary panics may rock and shake the money centers of other sections ; failure and re- verse may paralyze the trade of other cities ; financial syncope may come to the mercantile life of other places ; but amid the crashing of values and the tum- bling of prices, St. Louis has always presented, will al- ways present, the firm front of an unimpaired credit. 40 IN A NUTSHELL. No better instance of this could be given than by the records of the money stress that perturbed the United States during the early part of the decade just ended. Despite the gloom and hysteria that pervaded business circles from one end of the nation to the other, and even communicated their distressful influ- ences to the financial activities of Europe, the progress of the Mound City continued. Affected in a measure, of course, by the stoppage of trade throughout the im- mense industrial and agricultural area of which it is the hub, still the severest shocks were not sufficient to totally suspend the city's onward march. The percentage of failures was smaller and the de- preciation of values less extensive in St. Louis than in any other of the American business centers. And when the revival did come, and forges flashed again with the fires of renewed industry, and the nation ex- ulted in a new era of prosperity, it was St. Louis that bounded to the forefront of commercial expansion. It was she who rode the crest of the onsweeping current of business rehabilitation, while the strength of her in- vestments and the support of her patronage bore on to restored solvency and success her vast tributary sec- tions. Capitalists of other cities and other countries have marveled at the stability of St. Louis' resources and, marveling, sought the reason. Their answer is con- tained in the balance of her business men and the equi- poise of her financiers. With a conservatism, that is a contrast beside fogyism, they are always ready to fos- A FINANCIAL FORTRESS. 4 1 ter new enterprises and engage in new ventures. Nov- elty does not deter them ; all they require is that the investment be legitimate and reasonably safe. •'Gilt-edge" is the description given St. Louis se- curities in every exchange and bourse of the world. The public and private credit of the city has come to constitute a financial maxim. It is the index to the sources of the community's money strength. St. Louis has for generations stood in the lexicon of finances for soundness. A merchant in the remotest corner of the trade world is predisposed in favor of a credit transac- tion with a dealer whose environment bespeaks integ- rity. For this reason, it has been easy for St. Louis capitalists and wholesalers to reach out for the custom, concessions and business of the furthest regions. St. Louis capital has flowed through the channels of de- velopment into South America, Africa, Asia, and even far-off Australasia. It is no wonder, then, that the enormous task of financing a World's Fair, the disbursements in connec- tion with which are practically certain to reach the tremendous aggregate of ^50,000,000, is confidently intrusted to the business leaders of such a city. As the name, St. Louis, attached to any asset, is a certain warrant of worth, so the fact that St. Louis is to devote its energies and genius to the Louisiana Purchase Cen- tennial Exposition is a guaranty of the success of that enterprise. At the end of the fiscal year 1901-1902 the out- standing bonded debt of the municipality of St. Louis 42 IN A NUTSHELL. amounted to $18,916,278.30, and although there has been no actual redaction of the debt the past year, there has been added to the sinking fund during the year $421,590.72, making that fund now $653,865.85. The annual interest charges on the municipality's debt outstanding amount to only $775,409.28, or an average of 4. 1 1 per cent. In the presence of these figures it is instructive to recall that an issue of St. Louis 3^ per cent bonds, un- der date of June i, 1898, was sold at $1,045.42 per $1,000 bond. The total taxes in St. Louis amount to $1.95 on the $100 on a basis of a 60 per cent valuation. On a cash valuation, this would mean $11.70 per $1,000. These figures show why the problem of floating the $5,000,000 World's Fair bonds was a simple one for St. Louis. THE SINEWS OF TRADE. 1 0s THE meteorologic table indicates the climate of a section, so the banks and trust companies of St. Louis point out the financial strength of the city. The solidity of the community's business interests is reflected by the conservatism of the institu- tions which handle them. The financial institutions of the city began the year 1902 under conditions most auspicious, and the Clear- ing House records day by day and week by week have told a story of most wonderful growth. A marked feature of the development has been the increase of the number of trust companies and the augmentation of the resources of these great enterprises. Looking back from the beginning of the year, Mr. T. A. Stoddart, Manager of the St. Louis Clearing House, reviews the financial record of 1901 most interestingly. "The year 1901," he says, "broke all previous records of transactions in local financial circles. The increase in capitalization is a remarkable feature, added to which 43 44 IN A NUTSHELL. is a large increase of deposits. The banks and trust companies' distribution of liberal dividends to share holders is evidence that the business of the year has proven profitable. The daily clearings for the year show a steady gain over corresponding dates of all pre- vious years. In comparison with the total for the year 1900, which was the former record year, when the ag- gregate was ^1,688,849,494, the year 1901 foots up $2,270,680,216, an excess of $581,830,722, nearly 35 per cent." Since Mr. Stoddart reviewed the past year's record, several new trust companies have been added to the list, making ten great institutions, and all of them are in a, flourishing condition. The coming of the trust companies may be said to have marked the beginning of a new era in the mone- tary history of the metropolis of the great Mississippi Valley, and the influence of these great industries has come to be almost national. The twenty Clearing House Association banks and their $18,100,000 of capital are as follows: National Bank of Commerce, $5,000,000; Boatmen's Bank, $2,000,000; State National Bank, $2,000,000; Mer- chants-Laclede National Bank, $1,400,000; Third Na- tional Bank, $2,000,000; Continental National Bank, $1,000,000; Mechanics' Bank, $1,000,000; Fourth National Bank, $1,000,000; Franklin Bank, $600,- 000; American Exchange Bank, $500,000; German Savings Institution, $250,000; Northwestern Savings Bank, $200,000; International Bank, $200,000; South THE SINEWS OF TRADE. 45 Side Bank, ;^20o,ooo; German-American Bank, $150,- 000; Lafayette Bank, ^100,000; Jefferson Bank, ^200,000; Southern Commercial and Savings Bank, $100,000; Bremen Bank, $100,000; Vandeventer Bank, $100,000. Tlie total deposits of these twenty establishments aggregate $147,953,900. The capital and surplus of the ten trust companies in St. Louis are as follows: Surplus and _ ^ Undivided Trust Companies. Capital. Profits. St. Louis Union Trust $ 5,000.000 $ 4.000 000 00 Mississippi Valley Trust 3,000,000 4.302.54605 Lincoln Trust 2000.000 1.596.262 29 Mercantile Trust 3 000,000 6,500 000 00 Missouri Trust 1.927,500 286,465 00 Colonial Trust 1.500000 1.500,000 00 Commonwealth Trust 1000.000 1,032,904 ii Germania Trust 1000.000 i. 000. 000 00 Title Guaranty Trust 1,500.000 750.000 00 American Central Trust 1,000,000 500,00000 Total ?20 927,500 $21,468 177 45 The business community of St. Louis owes much to these trust companies. At critical junctures in the city's financial history, they served as the anchors to which the money solidity and integrity of the whole municipality were chained. The development of the trust feature in the financial affairs of St. Louis has been such as to attract the at- tention of the world. Every one of these giant con- cerns is firmly founded, and the conservatism that guides their affairs is of a piece with the financial history of the city. This conservatism is in no wise old fogyism. Thoroughly up to date, and bold with the 46 IN A NUTSHELL. assurance of absolute solidity, not a one of the great concerns would hesitate to finance any enterprise of a legitimate character, if sound business sense showed a probability of success. The officers of all these institu- tions are men whose names mean millions of money, and whose integrity is beyond question. Two of the oldest of these concerns — the St. Louis, established in 1889, and the Union, established in 1890 — have recently consolidated, and present now a financial front that for solidity and enterprise chal- lenges the admiration of the financial world. The Mississippi Valley, the name of which figures in a number of financial successes of recent date running severally into the millions, was established in 1890. Four years later the Lincoln began business, and such was the enterprise and energy shown by its officers that its name figures in the financial history of the nation. The Missouri came here from Sedalia, branched out and prospered so that only recently it purchased and established itself in the great fourteen-story building at Seventh and Olive Street, formerly the home of the Union Trust Company. Later comers were the Com- monwealth, Colonial, American Central, Germania, and Title Guaranty Trust Company. All of these have prospered. Even now in its youth the name of the Colonial Trust Company is linked with solid financial propositions that ramify throughout the length and breadth of the land, and beyond seas. u-^ fc IN TOUCH J it WITH THE WORLD. ?! HECADES ago, before the rush and clang of steam engines, great caravans of wagons and mules, threading the untrammelled prairies and forests of the continent in their search for the Western El Do- rado, found St. Louis the most important point in their itinerary. It was here that the great wagon trains of the voyageurs were organized, the teamsters engaged and the supply stores gathered. Emigrants, com- mencing the long journey from points further East, found St. Louis the depot where final preparations must be made for the plunge into the wilds of the Great Further West. And as the wealth of the products of wood and plain, floating down the tawny bosom of the Mississippi to the Gulf, grew in volume and value, St. Louis came to be the entrepot not only for the river trade North and South, but for the overland commerce East and West as well. Geography made St. Louis a natural center of transpor- tation and trade ; and the readiness of the hardy fron- ts IN TOUCH WITH THE WORLD. 49 tiersman to discover convenience of place and travel accentuated the importance of the Mound City as the starting and relay point of arteries of communication leading to and from the center of the country in all directions to and from all sections. So long as opu- lence and prodigality remain features of trade traditions the story of the Mississippi River traffic of St. Louis' early days will find eager listeners. It is claimed in some quarters that the wealth accumulated here through the enormous shipping on the great Father of Waters furnished the foundation for those fortunes and re- sources which in later days made the city the financial giant that it is. The advent of the railroad revolutionized commercial communication. Of course, it resulted in loss to those peculiar lines of trade which depended for their sub- sistence exclusively on river traffic. The superb sleep- ing cars of the rail, with their incomparably greater expedition, displaced the floating palaces and their accompanying expensiveness of languid leisure. Per- ishable freight, which could not survive the longer period required for a boat trip down or up the river, was shipped on the swift-running trains ; and merchants and tradesmen grew to rely on the iron horse rather than the palatial and slower rolling river craft. But the Mississippi boat-owners struggled vigorously against the railroads. And the fight brought an en- hancement of accommodation and facility in both methods of transport. Perhaps nothing more beneficial to the progress of St. Louis could have transpired than IN TOUCH WITH THE WORLD. 5 1 this competition between great transit interests. Cheaper carriage tariffs brought greater profit to the shipper and lower prices to the consumer. Trade thrived and commerce expanded. The railroads, par- alleling the river at every opportunity and " milking" the transportation sources of the boat traffic, made St. Louis even a more important center of transportation by rail than it had been by water. Thus what the pioneer and frontiersman brought about through necessity and convenience was perpet- uated by the later transit agencies for purposes of profit. St. Louis is to day the greatest interior railroad center in America. Thirty great lines find this their headquarters. Their combined mileage is many thou- sands of miles greater than that of all the railroads of either England, France or Germany. The tremendous extent of this traffic is indicated by the fact that an average of 400 passenger trains, beside interminable strings of freight cars, arrive and depart from the city daily. Every comfort that is attached to the most elaborately furnished railroad system in the world finds its place on the lines running from Union Station. These trains, traveling in all directions, bring 30,000,000 of people into close contact within the brief space of twelve hours. Between the rising and setting of a sun more humanity hear the throb of the same en- gines in the territory surrounding St. Louis than it would be possible to reach by rail in the same time from any other point in the country. It is the proud boast of New Yorkers that 34,000,000 persons are 52 IN A NUTSHELL. domiciled within twenty-four hours of rail distance from Gotham — only 4,000,000 more persons than are reached in half the time from St. Louis. Were the same schedules in vogue on the same number of lines in an equally populated section beyond the twelve-hour limit, as is the case in the first twelve hours' ride from out the Mound City, the trains from St. Louis would reach 50,000,000 of people within twenty-four hours. Certain it is that a twelve hours' journey from this city takes the traveler through a country more diversi- fied in its interests, more prolific in resource and re- sponding more readily to the touch of progress, than any section reached from any of the larger cities in an equal lapse of time. Where there is such an expedition of communication by rail with such an important and extensive area, facil- ities of intercourse by wire and mail necessarily follow. The two great telegraph companies long ago recognized the need and wisdom of being prepared to meet every emergency in St. Louis, and the local offices of both concerns are fitted with means and appliances for the handling of as much telegraphic business as the most extraordinary situation might require. The elasticity of these facilities was proven in 1896, during the Republican National Convention, when more matter was sent out over the wires from St. Louis than had ever before been transmitted by telegraph from one point during the same period. Every civilized corner of the globe is in direct touch with the city through the medium of the telegraph operator's key. IN TOUCH WITH TflE WORLD. 53 Fully as important and gratifying to even a larger percentage of people are the splendid postal conven- iences with which St. Louis is favored. Fast mail trains, inaugurated from St. Louis in 1887 by a " West- ern flyer," now carry the daily newspapers to every hamlet in the city's tributary sections, north, east, south and west. The St. Louis morning papers, by means of these fast mail trains, are on sale in the streets of Burlington, lo., Kansas City, Mo., Little Rock, Ark., and Louisville, Ky., before 10 o'clock each morning. There is no post-office in Christendom that affords a prompter or a more complete service than the one in St. Louis. Indeed, many reforms and improvements inaugurated here have been copied and duplicated in Chicago, New York and other cities. Among these is the latest venture of the Postal Department in the direc- tion of a quicker general service — the registration of letters by carriers. This plan was initiated in St. Louis, approved by the authorities at Washington, and is even now in process of extension to other sections of the nation. Delivery of mail in the suburbs is expedited by the use of postal cars on the various electric street railway lines, in addition to the regular rural carrier de- livery. Altogether, St. Louis' railroad, telegraph and mail facilities, by reason of their superlative effectiveness, annul distance and destroy space, putting the city in as close communication with the furthermost sections of the country as though they were adjacent districts, [^ GRAND MONUMENTS J OF PROGRESS. HARTHAGE, Thebes, Memphis and the other heroic cities of the obscure past are known to us chiefly through the threads of architectural tra- dition that their ruins vouchsafe. Archaeologists find in the crumbled masonry of departed peoples the truest index to their lives, pursuits, hopes, ambitions and happiness. " Show me the market places and temples of a race and I will write you their history." St. Louis could well afford to have its annals based on such a predicate. From the famous structure that spans the Mississippi on the city's eastern edge, through the spacious and conveniently-filled business houses of the down-town district, out among the tasteful cottages and homes of the residence sections to the modern palaces of the ultra-fashionable neighborhood, St. Louis architecture tells a story of artistic and utilitarian sequences. Modern utilities present no more notable industrial monument then the great St. Louis steel bridge across 5i GRAND MONUMENTS OF PROGRESS. 55 the Mississippi River. It deservedly holds place in the front rank of the world's structural and engineering fe-ats. The genius of Capt. James B. Eads and the triumph of St. Louis' progressiveness find lasting union in this memorial of steel and stone. Seven years were occupied in building the great structure. The contract for the masonry work was let in August, 1867, to James Andrews, of Allegheny, Pa. The first stone in the western abutment pier was laid on February 25, 1868; the first stone on the caisson of the east channel pier on October 25, 1869 I and the first stone on the caisson of the west channel pier on January 15, 1870. The total cost of the entire bridge, including the approaches, was ^6,536,729.99, but when the charges for interest, commissions for charters and financial agents, damages, hospital expenses, etc., are added the sum is swelled to nearly ten millions. The bridge was completed and opened to public travel on May 23, 1874, an elaborate celebration to commemo- rate the occasion being held on the following Fourth of July. The structure is without its equal in the world in the way of bridges of the arch or truss pattern. It is the greatest bridge over the greatest river in the world. On June 9, 1874, it supported the first railroad train that crossed the Mississippi from Illinois to Missouri. Each of the side arches of the bridge has a span of 502 feet in the clear, while the central arch stretches 520 feet over deep water. The three magnificent steel arches are fashioned with such engineering finesse that 56 IN A NUTSHELL. the utmost tensile strength is procured, and the burden that can be supported is far beyond the probabilities of ordinary use. The bridge is a two-story structure, the great arches carrying double-track railways with a broad highway, seventy-five feet in width, above. On this highway are promenades on either side, with four tracks or iron tramways for street-cars or other carriages between. Thus four vehicles may easily travel abreast along this great structure without blocking traffic. The purposes for which the bridge was built required the construction of a tunnel through which trains could reach the St. Louis approach ; and this undertaking was in itself a great industrial task. The distance from the entrance of the tunnel at the southern terminus to the terminus of the railway approach east of Cahokia Creek in East St. Louis is two miles 146 yards and two feet, which is really the length of the bridge railway. Fifteen years after the completion of the Eads bridge, ^ number of the railway companies operating east and west lines through St. Louis opened to traffic the sec- ond structure that spans the Mississippi River at the Mound City. It is intended exclusively for railroad uses and is known as the Merchants' Bridge. It is in itself a structure of unusual magnitude and strength, stretching across the great Father of Waters from Bis- sell's Point in North St. Louis to a point on the Illinois shore opposite the town of Madison. Following the great double railway tunnel that leads from the western approach of the mighty Eads bridge, GRAND MONUMENTS OF PROGRESS. 5 7 out under Washington Avenue to Seventh Street, along a curve from that point to Eighth and Locust Streets and thence under Eighth to Poplar Streets, a run of a few blocks brings the traveler to another of St. Louis' architectural wonders, Union Station. When, on September i, 1894, ceremonies were con- ducted in celebration of the formal opening of the St. Louis Union Station, an epoch was marked not only in the accomplishments of modern architecture, but in the history of railroads as well. No other transit depot in the world is entitled to comparison with this magnifi- cent edifice. Affording conveniences and facilities for traffic the recital of which would crowd columns of tab- ulated statements, the station is at the same time an artistic and engineering marvel. It furnishes one of the world-famous spectacles of St. Louis. On Market Street facing north, the Union Station extends from Eighteenth Street west to Twentieth Street, a distance of 606 feet. The station proper, or head house, and the Midway between it and the train shed cover 497,092 square feet or eleven and one- tenth acres. The yards south of the train shed, be- tween it and the power-house, contain 465,970 square feet, making a total area for the Union Station itself, exclusive of all the main track approaches, of 963,062 square feet, or twenty acres. In this space of activity, there are nineteen miles of railroad track, of which the thirty- one tracks under the train shed compose three and one-half miles. The largest inter-locking system in the world is em- J , IN A NUTSHELL. ployed in the yards. It is worked by 122 levers and controls 130 switches and 103 signals. The station electric lighting plant has a capacity for 300 arc and 5,000 incandescent lamps. At the Eighteenth Street end of the great station building, the clock tower rises to a height of 232 feet above the track level and 247 feet above the structure's bottom foundation. It lifts itself from a base forty feet square and its conical roof shelters an arcade and a balcony. The first ground for the construction of the Union Station was broken on April i, 1892. The cost of the site, the buildings and the entire system of tracks and other improvements exceeded ^6,500,000. The train shed is 700 feet in length and 606 feet in breadth ; it covers an area of 424,000 square feet and shelters thirty-one tracks, on which are operated the railroads of twenty-two companies. But the great host of utilitarian devices that are as- sembled in this magnificent structural area do not out- rival in interest the beauty of the architectural inge- nuity with which the whole is garnished. The massive front of Bedford limestone which first greets the be- holder on Market Street gives an augury of the artistic taste with which the arrangement of the interior is car- ried out. Magnificent vestibules, spacious corridors and waiting rooms, exquisite alcoves and dormers, superb frescoings and allegorical figures, all surround- ing and leading to the superb grand central hall, make up an array of separate and collective beauties well worth considerable travel by the artistic sight-seer. 6o IN A NUTSHLLL. This grand central hall, 74x120 feet, with a floor area of 8,880 square feet, laid with mosaic tiles, with a barrel-vaulted ceiling sixty feet above and pierced at either end with arches forty feet in diameter, is one of the most notable chambers designed by modern arch- itects. Altogether, St. Louis' Union Station is a mon- ument of genius and progress in which the great city might well take one of its chiefest prides. A decade has worked wondrous changes in the downtown architecture of St. Louis. One who visited* the city in 1890 and returned at the beginning of the twentieth century would be immeasurably astonished by the character of the office buildings that have mean- while lifted themselves skyward. Indeed, practically all of the great edifices that make St. Louis one of the architectural leaders of the world have been erected in the past ten or fifteen years. It is little more than a decade since two stories were added to the Equitable building at Sixth and Locust Streets, and that structure became the solidly imposing pile that it is. The two tallest structures in St. Louis adjoin each other on the North side of Olive between Seventh and Eighth Streets. They are the Union Trust and Chem- ical Buildings, the former being fourteen and the latter sixteen stories in height. Perhaps no other city in the world can boast finer office structures. The Laclede Building at Fourth and Olive Streets holds the contested credit of being the first fire-proof "sky-comber" erected in St. Louis. The Commer- cial Building at Sixth and Olive Streets soon followed, fiRAND MONUMENTS OF PROORRSS. 6, a.jd then came the Odd Fellows' Hall on Ninth and Ol.ve Streets. Adjoining the Chemical Building on Eighth Street, opposite the mass of granite that com- poses the Post Office, is the ChSmical Annex, in course of construction, which will be one of the most substantial office structures an existence. Next to and north of this building is the Col- umbia. On the other side of the Post Office or Federal Build- ing, on Nmth and Olive Streets, is the Century Build- mg, one of the largest and finest office struciures in the „orld The Holland Budding, on the west side of Seventh, between Olive and Pine Streets, vies with ts neighbor, the Union Trust, in loftiness of eleva- tion. Half a block south is the Fullerton Building, at Seventh and Pine Streets. It, the Carleton Building at Sixth and Ohve Streets, and other of the newer office structures are perhaps a trifle more ornate in appear- ance than the downtown edifices that were erected half a dozen years before; but no office buildings in the world present a larger measure of comfort or a more assuring sense of solidity than such as the Globe- Den^ocrat Building at Sixth and Pine Streets, the Hou- ser Buildmg at Broadway and Chestnut Streets, or the Security Building at Fourth and Locust Streets t J W ^""° f "'^"« "' ^""^"^ ^"'i O"^-^ Streets and the Wainwright Building at Seventh and Chestnut Streets are of the newer patterns, with the latest archi- tectural conceits of symmetry and airiness. The Lincoln Trust Building, just across Chestnut 62 IN A NUTSHELL. Street from the Wainwright, is an imposing structure. The new Mercantile Trust Building at Eighth and Locust Streets, and the Pontiac Building at Seventh and Market Streets, both now nearing completion, are magnificent additions to the city's growth. Though the superb office structures of St. Louis rep- resent tens of millions of dollars in investment, a host of architectural triumphs and an unremitting world of industry, the commercial palaces and business edifices of the community are fully as representative in each of these directions. Perhaps one of the widest known industrial institutions of St. Louis is its leading brew- ery, the Anheuser-Busch plant. It is in itself a whole community, bustling with more energy, swarming with more humanity, and representing a larger financial in- vestment than are comprised in any one of a thousand American towns, each of which boasts a post office and a municipal organization. The Anheuser-Busch plant, unlike most business structures, is worth inspection from a purely architec- tural standpoint. The component edifices, the grounds and plots surrounding them, the auxiliary comforts and arrangements, are designed and fixed with a nicety and tastefulness that compel artistic admiration. Then, when the beauty and magnitude of the buildings are comprehended, comes a sense of the enormous manu- facturing energy that finds its domicile there. More than 60,000,000 gallons of beer are annually brewed there and shipped to all quarters of the globe. There are scores of industrial institutions in St. GRAND MONUMENTS OF PROGRESS. C^ Louis, the proportions of each of which can be described only in superlative terms. There are the two largest tobacco factories in the United States ; the largest shoe house in the world ; the largest drug house in the world ; and there is the most notable wholesale and jobbing concern in the world, Cupples Station. Within a stone's throw of this enormous emporium are the dom- iciles of the largest hardware and the largest wooden- ware concerns in the world, while clustered all about them are the magnificent establishments of immense grocery, iron and implement, candy, drug and other mercantile houses, the structural material gathered there representing an outlay of fully a dozen million dollars. Aside from its private and commercial buildings, St. Louis has a number of public edifices, each of which commands the admiration of architects. In grandeur of construction and elaborateness of design, the new City Hall, when completed, will be one of the finest municipal buildings in the world. Work on the build- ing was commenced in 1891 and thus far it has cost ^1,750,000. Conservative estimates show that $250,- 000 more will be required for the structure's comple- tion. It consists of four stories and a basement, built of granite, brick and stone. The City Hall, with its grounds, occupies two blocks between Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets and Clark Avenue and Market Street. It fronts 250 feet on Market and 358 feet on Twelfth Street. The cost of construction is defrayed out of the municipal revenues, no bonds being issued for the purpose. 64 IN A NUTSHELL. Perhaps no class of buildings gives St. Louisa wider reputation than its hotels. Up to a decade ago, the idea of sumptuous hostelries and superb caravansaries was peculiarly associated with New York and the larger cities of the East. Indeed, Gotham was credited with having the most magnificent hotels in the world. But ten years have worked marvels in the hotel accommo- dations of St. Louis, which to-day rival those of any city in America. The Planter's Hotel, completed in the middle '90's, on Fourth Street, occupies the entire block between Pine and Chestnut Streets. The big structure, repre- senting an investment of more than ^2,000,000, con- tains 450 rooms and accommodates on ordinary occa- sions from 1200 to 1500 guests.' The Southern Hotel occupies the black bounded by Broadway, Fourth, Walnut and Elm Streets. The proprietors claim it is absolutely fire-proof. The St. Nicholas Hotel, a recently-erected structure of splendid design and the highest class of interior arrangements, at Eighth and Locust Streets, is in the front rank of modern hostelries. Its fame is national. The Lindell Hotel, in the heart of the wholesale dis- trict, on Washington Avenue, between Sixth and Sev- enth Streets, is probably one of the best known institu- tions of its kind in America. It contains 240 rooms and frequently registers 1000 guests. No less noted is the Laclede Hotel, at Chestnut and Sixth Streets, with 150 rooms and accommodations for 700 guests. The Laclede and the Lindell, bearing GRAND MONUMENTS OF PROGRESS. 65 names that find frequent occurrence in St. Louis' his- tory, are landmarks of the Mound City. The Imperial Hotel, adjoining the Laclede on Chest- nut Street, with modern equipments and facilities, boasts a capacity for 600 guests. The St. James Hotel, on Broadway, in the Olympic Theater block, has accom- modations for nearly 800 guests ; and with the Moser, on Pine, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, and the Rozier, at Thirteenth and Olive Streets, opposite the Exposition, completes the list of the more important down-town hotels. But a distinctive feature of the hostelry adjuncts of St. Louis is furnished by the large number of excellent hotels in the residence sections of the city beside those which have been established in the vicinity of the great Union Station. Among this last class is the Terminal, in the Union Station building itself, with 100 rooms. Dotting all sections of the city, like oases for transients, are more than 125 comfortable hotels; and out in the West End are several caravansaries with an elegance and convenience of arrangement peculiarly St. Louisan in their spirit and adaptability. Among these are the Hotel Beers, the Grand Avenue Hotel, the West End Hotel, the Hotel Berlin, the Westmoreland, the West- minster and several others, all elegantly appointed and thoroughly up to date, and most of them new. Besides these, six large new hotels are already pro- jected, and work has been commenced on three of them. Hundreds of spacious apartment and lodging houses 66 IN A NUTSHELL. add to the city's capacities for the entertainment of guests during conventions or fetes. Incidental to St. Louis' hotels, interest, especially for visitors and strangers in the city, attaches to the subject of handling travelers and their baggage. The St. Louis Transfer Company maintains an office at the Union Station, and a supply of carriages, coaches and baggage wagons to transport passengers and baggage to and from Union Station and any part of the city. This company checks baggage through from residences to destination, to any part of the United States and Canada to which a traveler can purchase a ticket ; it has its agents on all incoming trains to take up travel- ers, railroad checks and arrange for delivery of baggage to hotels and residences. In addition to the handling of passengers, it operates half a dozen large warehouses for the storage of freight, and receiving depots in St. Louis for the railroads that terminate at East St. Louis, and transports by wagons from the railroads at East St. Louis to the merchant's door in Louis, and vice versa when the merchant is the shipper, the greater bulk of the merchandise hauled by the fourteen railroads ter- minating on the east bank of the Mississippi River. The passenger office is at 506 Chestnut Street, and the general offices of the company at 400 South Broadway, where is located the main warehouse of the company, a six-story building, 270 by 190 feet, of modern fire- proof construction. ,S,ffW CENTERS OF J W COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. §] n N any one of the scores of industrial and trade institutions that give to St. Louis its commercial pre-eminence can be found the evidence of dis- tinctive greatness. Here there is no faltering effort. No better proof of this is possible than is found in the fact that St. Louis has already taken rank as the fourth manufacturing city of America, and that its factories continue to increase in number and capacities with a rapidity which far outstrips those of any other city in the world. It is estimated that in 1902 nearly 8,000 manufacturing concerns are giving occupation to 250,000 St. Louisans, while the total value of the prod- uct which shows the impress of their handiwork will, in the course of one year, aggregate ^400,000,000. Speeding forward in all branches of manufacturing industry, the Mound City has taken an unapproachable lead in a number of them. Such, for instance, is its supremacy in the manufacture of woodenware, crackers, stoves and ranges, tin-plate and street cars. In these r/fi: CENTERS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. 69 and other lines it either has the largest factory or is credited with a larger output of product than any other one city on earth. On this basis of supremacy St. Louis also leads the world in the manufacture of to- bacco, beer, boots and shoes, chairs, saddlery and harness, terra cotta, white lead, sewer pipe, fire brick, pressed brick, chemicals and proprietary medicines. Street cars made in St. Louis carry the peoples of every latitude. They are being sent to the furthermost part of the world ; and wherever the march of progress has brought the modern conveniences of public transit, the trade marks of St. Louis manufacturers herald the industrial supremacy of the Mound City. The only extensive rubber manufacturing establish- ment in the West is among the many new industrial enterprises that have recently added themselves to the community's host of producing agencies. The making of structural iron and steel, the milling of flour and meal, the manufacture of farming and agricultural im- plements, the construction of road vehicles and ma- chinery of every description, and in fact the productive genius as applied to every phase of utility gives em- ployment to workmen and gains profit for investors in St. Louis. The marvelous expansion of the city's manufacturing energies is indicated by the fact that the decade which ended with the century just closed witnessed an average increase of 100 per cent in the number of factories, the number of hands employed and the wages paid to them, while the capital invested in these manufacturing yo IN A NUTSHELL. establishments was during the same period fully trebled. Hand in hand with its manufactures, the wholesale and jobbing interests and activities of St. Louis are striding toward the goal of trade mastery. Perhaps no other inland city in the world presents such a diver- sified array of gigantic commercial institutions. Scarcely a staple handled by trade-carriers on any sec- tion of the globe that does not find a leading dealer in St. Louis. The Mound City's shoes mark the soil from the icelands of Hudson Bay to the mysterious wilds of Patagonia, from the Klondike's new golconda to the distant Philippines, from the tesselated coasts of Europe to the dreary steppes of Siberia. Its dry goods, in the handling of the high grades of which St. Louis proba- bly outrivals any city in America, are shipped wherever the trade of the nation has penetrated. With the largest hardware establishments on earth, St. Louis fur- nishes domestic utensils and field implements to the pioneer in Australia, the explorer in Africa, the traveler and his host in Asia and even to the patrons of out- rivaled European competitors. The tremendous advance that the city has made in these lines of commerce can be readily instanced with the growth of its boot and shoe trade. In two decades, St. Louis' commerce in this line has sprung from less than $1,000,000 to more than $43,000,000. St. Louis is the second largest distributing center of footwear in America. With a colossal trade in clothing, the city is the largest soft hat market in the United States. CENTERS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. 7 1 Its hardware sales for 1902 are estimated at ;^4o,- 000,000. The greatest distributing point in the Western hem- isphere for chemicals of every description, St. Louis boasts the largest drug house in the world, with half-a- dozen competitors ranking among the foremost estab- lishments of their kind. An index to the magnitude of the city's tobacco trade is given by the fact that in one year the sales of smoking and chewing material approximate ^30,000,- 000. St. Louis' yearly business in leather, furniture, bread- stuffs, electrical supplies, live stock, paper, glassware and notions, plumbing material, railway and transit supplies, oranges, bananas, lumber, coffee, flour and groceries, grain, provisions and coal gives it leading rank in each of those lines of trade ; and in some of them it has distanced all other cities. In the saddlery and harness business the city leads the United States, while its annual trade in leather is approaching the ten million dollar mark. Its furniture business is estimated to yearly exceed ^35,000,000, and in many branches of this commerce it has unquestioned supremacy. Always one of the world's leading trade centers for horses, mules, cattle and other live stock, the extra- ordinary demand occasioned at the beginning of the century fo'r international military operations accent- uated St. Louis' superlative importance in this direc- tion. Immense values were involved in the city's ship- ments of horses and mules to foreign countries in 19. and 1 90 1, and the growth continues. )oo 72 IN A NUTSHELL. The rapidly developing lumber trade of the South- land gives impetus to St. Louis' jobbing and wholesale business in this line of commerce. The great extent of the city's coal trade becomes clear when the phenomenal growth of its manufacturing industries is recalled, together with the accompanying necessity for increased fuel. Coal is delivered to man- ufacturers in St. Louis by annual contract at a price practically equivalent to ^i per ton. As no single treasury could store the values repre- sented in the wholesale and jobbing pursuits of St. Louis, so, too, can no one volume adequately describe their details. But their titanic proportions are in part reflected in one representative institution, Cupples Station. That gigantic establishment takes added im- portance from the fact that it is in the center of the coffee district of the greatest inland coffee market of the world. Cupples Station embraces thirteen of the most extensive firms in St. Louis engaged in the handling of groceries and kindred wares. These con- cerns were assembled into one vast establishment for the purpose of expediting receipts and shipments and of reducing transportation charges. The station occu- pies a site on the Terminal Association railroad tracks at Seventh and Spruce Streets, and the ground floors have been bridged over in order to secure the largest possible measure of area. Thus, all the great railroad lines that operate through St. Louis are enabled to de- liver and receive freight at the doors of this gigantic emporium. An idea of the enhanced facilities aftorded CENTERS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. 73 by this aggregation of industry is given by the state- ment that in one month 50,000,000 pounds of freight has been handled at Cupples Station. The greatest ' ' wholesale row ' ' in the West and cer- tainly, on a business basis, one of the world's import- ant thoroughfares, is Washington 'Avenue, from Third Street westward to Thirteenth. The architecture of this stretch of commercial structures tells more than thousands of words of description could — tall, broad and solid buildings, with a depth that indicates a search for room and the need of space in which to transact the enormous business that is annually done there. It is in«these ten blocks of commercial houses that the larger shai»e of St. Louis' wholesale trade in hats, caps, dry goods, boots and shoes, and clothing is regularly transacted. To the utilitarian and materialist, no painted per- spective in artist's tints and conceits could be more im- pressive than a glance out this vista of industry and trade on a sunny forenoon or a bright, early evening. During those seasons when the country merchants and the milliners from neighboring cities flock to St. Louis to make their regular stock purchases, the scene pre- sented along this stretch of Washington Avenue becomes peculiarly imposing. With the breadth of a fashionable boulevard, but in- closed by great buildings of the most compact con- struction, Washington Avenue along those ten blocks is transformed on these occasions into a great human kaleidoscope. Endless lines of street cars ply back and forth through countless mazes of alert, quick-stepping ^4 IN A NUTSHELL. commercial people, the very density of whose throngs puzzles the spectators. To an observer above in a balloon, the picture would seem altogether like the set- tlement of some queer species of ant, whose variegated teguments only set off their marvelous application and industry. Certainly no wholesale district in any city is more advantageously located. In the inner heart of St. Louis' downtown section, it is threaded by street car lines that run to every corner of the community. One big hotel, the Lindell, is in the center of this section, and leading downtown hostelries are practically within a stone's throw. The merchant, who is eager to waste no time while selecting his stock, finds himself in the midst of sample-cases and show counters almost before he has quit his breakfast table. And in the evening, fatigued by the day's work, his hotel is " just across the street," or " right around the corner." Second only to Cupples Station and the Washington Avenue "Row," there are distributed throughout the city other wholesale, jobbing and manufacturing cen- ters, each one of which embraces more industry and capital than are necessary to make up the activities of an ordinary town. These concentrations of business energy are much like the sprouting and growth of the acorn into the oak forest. They nestle in favorable spots, thrive lustily on the auspices and advantages of of the vicinage, and then, rearing aloft their domiciles of diligence — like foliage of progress — drop the seeds of encouragement, from which like institutions spring up about them. CENTERS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. 75 Out along the broad sweep of Twelfth Street, where some of the greatest crockery and glassware firms of the West are located ; down on the sloping reaches of the Levee, along Commercial, Main, Second and Third Streets, where for more than half a century have been quartered wJiolesalers of leather, cotton, hides and a host of other staples, and in a hundred different locali- ties where advantages of traffic and convenience have encouraged them, are gathered groups of wholesale and jobbing establishments. But even more extensive is the distribution of manu- facturing centers. From North St. Louis, w^here the smoke of many monster chimneys shows the factories of furniture, chairs, graniteware and chemicals; down through the throbbing business sections to the valley that holds the Terminal Railroad tracks, and along that valley, following its curve westward and northward beyond the first of the city's terraced elevations until it loses itself among the undulations of Northwest St. Louis, the smoke stacks of scores of manufacturing institutions tell of the spread of industry. And the broad expanses of South St. Louis are dotted with other factories whose hum is echoed and re-echoed westward along the meanderings of the River Des Peres to Cheltenham, where the long strings of factory build- ings are knotted into groups of brick, tile, sewer pipe, and other manufactories. Just across the Mississippi River, and giving occupa- tion to many workingmen of St. Louis, in Madison, Granite City, East St. Louis and other suburban towns, 76 IN A NUTSHELL. are mammoth industrial institutions, such as the National Stockyards and pork and beef packing houses, employ- ing together 2,000 men; Frog and Switch Works in East St. Louis, employing 600 men; Iron and Steel Works in East St. Louis, employing 1,000 men ; Malle- able Iron Works, East St. Louis, 600 employes ; Glass Works, 400 workmen ; Enameling Works at Granite City, 2,000 employes; Steel Foundry at Granite City, 1,200 workmen; and Car and Foundry Company at Madison, employing 1,200 men. Out in St. Louis County, only a few miles from the western limits of the city, a great work is projected that is of vast interest and importance to the indus- tries of the city. A company of capitalists have had surveys made, and have done preliminary work for the creation of a great power plant to be operated by water drawn from the Missouri River near St. Charles. In fact plans have been perfected for harnessing the Missouri River, as Niagara Falls have been harnessed, and to secure from that stream motive power that experts have declared will be almost without limit. The work so far has been done with so little ostentation that but little has been genererally known of the great enterprise. The United States Con- gress has passed a bill allowing the company to tap the Missouri River. Surveys have been run, and all preparatory planning perfected for a canal twenty- three miles long, leading the water from the Missouri into the Meramec River. The total fall will be 54 feet — 45 feet being a sheer descent at the point where CENTERS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. 77 the canal will join the Meramec. The canal will be 190 feet wide at the surface, and no feet at the bot- tom. The company that is pushing this enterprise has been organized on a basis and work is projected on a scale that give promise of splendid results. Mr. Harry J. Cantwell, whose name is identified with many large in- terests, heads the company, and with him are associated Hon. Martin L. Clardy, general attorney of the Mis- souri Pacific Railway system; Hon. James R. Waddill, former Insurance Commissioner of the State ; J. B. Clayton, R. D. O. Johnson, Cortez A. Kitchen, Edward D'Arcy, and several Eastern capitalists. The project was originated by Cortez A. Kitchen. It is estimated that the cost of the canal and power station will be $5,000,000, and two years will be required to complete the work. At the outset 20,000 horse power, electricity or compressed air, will be furnished, but plans allow for increase as demand warrants. The plant will be built eleven miles from the city of St. Louis. Experi- ence shows the project to be entirely feasable. IMPELLING FORCES. USINESS men of other cities, struck by the tremen- dous commercial energy of St. Louis, have often sought to discover the sources of its impelling power. Their search has invariably led them to the symbolic maxim in which the spirit of the nation found its genesis — "In union there is strength." In the lexicon of community life, St. Louis should stand for organization. No progressive enterprise undertaken by the Mound City fails. The reason is plain. Behind each venture to which the name of the city is linked are gathered a host of organized influences that will permit no halt and no turning back. This irresistible, impelling power is embodied in the trade guilds of St. Louis. To them are due most of the city's brilliant commercial achieve- ments and business triumphs. On their numbers and earnestness is founded the larger share of St. Louis' strength as a commercial community. Foremost, of course, among these powerful trade 79 OO IN A NUTSHELL. guilds is the Merchants' Exchange, whose massive building is a monument to St. Louis' business solidity. Organized in 1862, the Exchange now has a member- ship of 2,000 representative business men, whose private fortunes and firm assets aggregate scores of millions of dollars. Perhaps no business organization in the world has set its impress in more indelible characters on the pro- gress of a parent city than has the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. From it radiate countless influences and energies each of which lends impelling force to the on- ward march of the city's business interests. The Mer- chants' Exchange is the back-bone of various auxiliary organizations, whose united purposes find concrete form in St. Louis' commercial advancement. Member- ship in the Exchange is a badge of business integrity and prominence. It is also an obligation to strive for the city's welfare. Geo. J. Tansey is president of the Merchant's Exchange. The vice-presidents are T. R. Ballard and Wm. A. Gardner. Geo. H. Morgan is secretary and treasurer. Younger but no less energetic in its efforts is the St. Louis Business Men's League ; composed of 200 of the leading business and professional men of the city. It was incorporated under its present name in April, 1895, but has really been in active operation since May, 1891, in which month both the Autumnal Festivities Associa- tion and the St. Louis Traffic Association were organized. These two bodies, after completing the work for which they were especially formed, consolidated and incor- porated on a permanent basis the Business Men's IMPELLING FORCES 8 1 League. The objects of this association, as stated in its charter, are: to promote the interests of St. Louis in every avenue of trade and commerce ; to oppose discrimination against the city; to secure increased transportation facilities ; to encourage the holding of conventions in the Mound City; and "to secure, by all legitimate means, the greatest good for the greatest number of our people." In conjunction with the Merchants' Exchange, the Business Men's League maintains the St. Louis Trafific Bureau, under the management of a traffic commis- sioner. It has also a legal department with a regular council. The successful efforts of the League in behalf of St. Louis are recorded in counting rooms of every commercial institution in the city and are recalled by numbers of decisions of the Joint Traffic Association^ by national conventions held in the city, by the construction of new railroad branches, and in scores of other ways. Mr. Sam M. Kennard was president of the League for the first three years. He was succeeded in turn by Mr. John C. Wilkinson and former Mayor C. P. Walbridge, who is now president. Mr. W. F. Saunders is secre- tary and Mr. Walker Hill, treasurer. A trade guild to which St. Louis owes some of its most substantial success is the Interstate Merchants' Association. Composed of many of the foremost mercan- tile men of the section, it devotes itself to the expansion of St. Louis' trade, particularly in the Mississippi Val- ley and the further West. Inducements are secured for and conveniences furnished visiting buyers, Mer- 82 IN A NUTSHELL. chants in other states are shown the wisdom of buying in St. Louis rather than going further for their purchases ; and, altogether, the Association is yearly welding into imperishable strength the bonds that hook the Mound City to the great Southwest as its natural and logical metropolis. No less influential is the St. Louis Manufacturers' Association, organized in 1895, and incorporated in May of that year. The work of this guild consists chiefly in securing for St. Louis all possible material ad- vantages in competition with the most favored .cities. The matters of transportation, taxation, legislation, in- surance and trade expansion receive the closest atten- tion from this association. But much of its work is largely of a private nature, and there is therefore no means of accurately computing the immense benefits that have accrued to the city from the operations of the St. Louis Manufacturers' Association. L. D. Kingsland is the president and C. E. Ware secretary of the asso- ciation. There is no wasteful diffusion of business energies in the Mound City. Each line of trade concentrates its efforts through the agency of some guild for the advance- ment of that particular branch of the city's business. Of course, some of these guilds, by reason of the larger capital invested and the more extensive demands to be met, have domiciles of their own. Others, operating as auxiliary bodies, make their headquarters in the buildings of sister guilds. Among the foremost of these organizations are the Cotton, Lumber, Wool and Drug IMPELLING FORCES. 83 Exchanges. Each of these represents one of the city's most extensive trades, and their members, belonging for the most part to other St. Louis business organizations, are among the leading commercial men of the com- munity. The wholesale and retail grocers and the wholesale and retail druggists of the city have separate organiza- tions, which have accomplished brilliant triumphs in extending St. Louis' trade. One of the most powerful guilds of the Mound City, representing as it does one of St. Louis' leading lines of business, is the Furniture Board of Trade. Perhaps none of the trade guilds in the Mound City gives it wider advertisement or more effective exploita- tion than the fact that it is the national headquarters of the Traveler's Protective Association of America, or, as it is better known, the T. P. A. It is an organization of commercial travelers and their employers, formed and equipped for the prompt promotion of commercial in- terests. A kindred organization whose influences are immense throughout the territory with which St. Louis is pecu- liarly identified, is the Western Commercial Travelers' Association. One of St. Louis' trade guilds embracing a tremen- dous amount of business energy, locally applied, is the City Drummers' Association. This organization of bright young business men makes its influence felt in all branches of commerce. 84 IN A NUTSHELL. A Real Estate Exchange has been in existence in St. Louis since 1877, or for twenty-five years. Its object, as stated in the first prospectus, were " to advance the interests of the city of St. Louis and its inhabitants by promoting pubHc improvements, and to devise, advo- cate and support all measures calculated to improve the city of St. Louis." These have been the objects of the Exchange ever since, and its history has demon- strated what can be accomplished by concerted and persistent efforts on the part of owners of real estate and agents. Its membership comprises nearly all the large agen- cies. Three years ago it secured the right, by legisla- tion, to hold judicial and other legal sales in the Ex- change rooms, instead of at the east front door of the Court House, corresponding to the conveniences offered by other large cities. Its present officers are: W. A. Giraldin, president; Fred G. Zeibig, vice-president; J. P. Blake, treasurer; F. S. Parker, secretary, and Sidney Schiele, assistant secretary. RAPID TRANSIT. BOMPARISON is impossible between the rapid transit facilities of St. Louis and those of other cities. The street car systems of the Mound City were recognized years ago as furnishing the stand- ards by which the methods of urban transportation in other communities could be easiest measured. And St. Louis transit equipments are only mentioned nowadays to instance the closest approach that has been made to perfection in that field of human endeavor. From Baden on the extreme north to Carondelet on the south, from the Mississippi River on the east to the picturesque reaches of St. Louis County on the west, the city is literally gridironed with electric railways. But it is no more in their extensiveness than in the ex- cellence of their service, that the distinguishing features of these arteries of urban life are found. Every oppor- tunity for pubhc convenience has been consulted in the construction of these lines, and arrangements of transfers have been so thoroughly perfected, that it is practically S6 IN A NUTSHELL. possible for a passenger to go from any section of the city to another with the greatest dispatch for one fare. And connections are made with surburban lines that bring a dozen adjacent towns and villages within an hour's ride of the metropolis. So complete are the conveniences and facilities af- forded that, in view of the succession of splendid scenes presented from a street car window in St. Louis, the city's transit lines deserve to rank among the communi- ty's amusement resources. Certainly it is an exhilarating recreation to be whisked a dozen miles in a cushioned seat, along rails that glide under the cars with the smooth- ness of a summer sea, from an eminence that overlooks the majestic Mississippi, with its picturesque craft and mighty bridges, across which gleam the roof tops of East St. Louis and the waving Illinois corn-fields beyond ; from this panorama of two states through a crowd of archi- tectural wonders sheltering the commercial activities of a giant community ; on through long stretches of man- sions and snug cottages reflecting the placid happiness of a prosperous city of homes ; out into broad reaches of a Missouri plain, and on under the spreading foliage of a magnificent park. Such a ride is surely a method of diversion ranking in the highest order of amusement. In 1899 the street railways of St. Louis were as- sembled into two main systems, nearly all the lines be- ing consolidated into the larger concern, owned by the United Railways Company, and operated by the St. Louis Transit Company. The other system is that of the St. Louis and Suburban Company. The St. Louis RAPID TRANSIT. 87 Transit Company has 344- 50 miles constructed and about 75 miles that is authorized, making a total of about 420 miles when all is completed, and now operat- ing 2,000 cars and adding to equipment as construction is completed ; while the St. Louis and Suburban Com- pany owns fully 100 miles of line with over 300 cars. The former concern is extending its services in all directions. Altogether, rapid transit is nowhere more convenient, expeditious or economical than in St. Louis. By the system of transfers adopted, a passenger finds it pos- sible to ride twelve and one-half miles for one fare — at a rate of two-fifths of one cent per mile. When coupled to this cheapness of fare are considered the manifold conveniences and comforts afforded by the most modern adjuncts of street railway service, the ad- vantages of St. Louis' rapid transit facilities become apparent. The remarkable progress and advance made in this direction assume an astonishing phase when it is re- called that less than fifteen years ago drivers were lash- ing street car mules into a semblance of animation on the principal thoroughfares of St. Louis. Then came the cable car. It was regarded in its time as a wonder- ful step of progress. The horse and mule slowly gave way to the cable grip in the street car service, and several years afterward — a decade smce — the trolley lines appeared. Now there is not a street railway in St. Louis that is not fitted with appliances for electric loco- motion. RAPID TRANSIT. S9 This rapid development of transit facilities is reflected in the remarkable expansion of the city's residence districts. As the electric lines reached out toward the city limits, the home-seeker followed. The congestion of down-town affairs was eluded, and St. Louis held forth the attractiveness of ideal residence sections. The far reaching electric lines have carried the hedges of the cottages and the parterres of the mansion-owner out beyond the intramural purlieus into the hills and val- leys of St. Louis County and the sylvan nooks along the Des Peres and Meramec Rivers. The compact busi- ness districts thus find expanded lungs and dilated nos- trils with which to inhale the odor of meadow land and forest, the garden and the orchard, brought to them from the homes of the clerk and the merchant prince at the other end of the car lines. CITY OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES. HREAT as is St. Louis commercially and mdustri- ally, its pre-eminence in material matters is no more marked than its pre-eminence as a place of beauty and comfort. No feature of a residence place is more important than its climate. The son of the balmy Southland hesi- tates before plunging into the chill of the nort|;iern zones ; and the child of the cooler latitudes shudders at the prospect of continuous torridity. But St. Louis is in the happy mean where the heat .of summer and the cold of winter are so tempered with mildness that no stranger finds it necessary to go through the debilitating process of being acclimated. Situated in latitude 38 degrees 37 minutes and 37.5 seconds North, and longi- tude 90 degrees 11 minutes and 19.35 seconds West, it never experiences those extremes of temperature so common in most of the larger cities of the country, where the sun and snow annually claim scores of victims. In fact fatalities from weather causes are practically un- 90 CITY OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES. gi known in St. Louis; and even in the zenith of the heated term the Mound City is a place of relative comfort. From the mightiest river in the world, one of the most beautiful of cities lifts itself in a succession of ter- races to a plain garnished with some of the most taste- ful and costly residential structures in America. St. Louis slopes gently upward from the Mississippi, a mile westward, where at Seventeenth Street the terrace on which its business districts are distributed gains its highest elevation, 150 feet above the river. A softly oudined valley leads up to the next terrace, the summit of which is at Garrison Avenue. Then, there is another undulation, west of which rises the third of the city's terraced divisions, at King's Highway Boulevard, four miles west of and 200 feet above the river. Thence the city reaches westward on a broad plateau whose gentle swells and dales, like the calm heaving of a great lake, add to the beauty of the landscape. Geologists have declared that this series of terraces on which St. Louis has assembled its beauties and its strength mark the flood plains of successive periods. Deposits of aqueous origin that are frequently upturned on the surface of the city's outlying districts, together with the analogous history of other borders of the Mis- sissippi River, bear out this theory. And more practi- cal scientists, who have turned their studies from the formations of the past to the uses of the present, find in these flood-cut table-lands St. Louis' surpassing advantages of natural drainage. 92 IN A NUTSHELL. Nature apparently set apart the Mound City's site for the abiding place of a great community ; and the arts, sciences and felicities of a happy people, directed by an ever-assertive progressiveness, have carried out this natural design. Perhaps no one feature con- tributes more to the pleasantness of life in St. Louis than the characteristics and tendencies of the people, best traced in the history of the city itself. Settled by the courteous and ceremonious French, the traditional chivalry of whom Hngers in every annal of the com- munity, the trading post of Pierre Laclede Liguest en- tered its career mingling the pretty customs and comi- ties of old France with the rough and ready frankness of the plains. It was a pleasant mixture of open- hearted, alert and comradely spirit, tinctured with the fine fancies and polish that the frontiersman from Eu- rope could not entirely forget. Then came the new generation and more pioneers — Englishmen, Germans and adventurous spirits from all parts of the Old World. The young blood of the American-born, infused with the self-reliance and aggresive energy of colonial life, was tempered by contact with the softening influences from abroad. Common dangers and common hard- ships imparted to all a sense of fellowship ; and through the trials of pioneer days grew that sturdy race of men — ready to share cheer with their neighbors — who have since given to the world an understanding of Amer- icanism. From a truly cosmopolitan settlement, St. Louis has grown into a characteristically American metropolis. CITY OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES. 93 Its hospitality is the essence of its existence. Without it St. Louis would not be St. Louis. From the un- couth days when the settler's latch-string hung ready for the touch of the traveler, the community has been a fountain of hospitable amenities. With none of the rigors of the North, and all the balm of the South, with all the industry of the East and the freedom of the West, it has become the most delightful abiding place on the continent. Great gatherings that have passed into the nation's history evoked striking demonstrations of St. Louis hospitality. Delegates to national political x:onventions or to social and fraternal conclaves, re- • turning to their homes, have echoed from one end of the land to the other the incomparable hospitality of the Mound City, giving to it a fame for open cheer that no other community in the world enjoys. It is this hospitable demeanor of the St. Louisan that adds one of the chiefest charms to the city as a place of resi- dence. Social intercourse brings pride of home. Linked with the hospitality of St. Louisans is a pervading spirit of public improvement. The desire to embellish and adorn the community has been the predominant public inclination throughout the municipal life of St. Louis. Encouraged by the wealth of natural beauties that abound on all sides, this desire has thrived and pros- pered on accomplishment until, at the dawn of the Twentieth Century, the finest ingenuity is required. to devise some new means of enhancing the city's attrac- tiveness. 94 IN A NUTSHELL. The progress of the city's development as a place of pleasant residence is traced by the growth of building westward from the Mississippi River. In St. Louis* earliest days the plain but substantial homes of the pioneers were built on the crest of the incline that raises itself from the western bank of the great river. Then, as fortunes accumulated among the settlers, their resi- dences crept away from the noise and bustle of the river traffic and clustered along Lucas Place, on the first reach of the terrace that looks down on the great Father of Waters Perhaps no more comfortable homes were ever erected. The fanciful and fretted architecture of the end-of-the-century palaces presents more sprightly fronts, but certainly none of the latter-day mansions surpass in massive, substantial comfort the old-style, southern homes that were built on Lucas Place in the early days of St. Louis. Many of these structures still stand, quaint monuments of a quaint past, listening to the murmur from the venerable shade trees that sur- round them of those other times when chivalry reigned. As the wealth of the community increased, new resi- dence districts blossomed forth. The arts of the gar- dener and the skill of the builder created new beauties in the Lafayette Park district, along South Broadway on the Bluffs, westward from the Lucas Place environs to Lindell Boulevard and on Grand Avenue. Then came the period of superb palaces. Vandeventer Place was created — an exclusive demesne for the palatial homes of those who sought to test the architect's skill in devising beautiful abodes. CITY OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES. 95 The spirit of emulation among home-builders was abroad and it grew with the erection of each new palace. The residence districts scattered, and, in scat- tering, spread additional beauties of even greater grandeur. Westmoreland, Portland, Westminster, Hor- tense, Cabanne and West Cabanne Places and Washing- ton Terrace were built up into distinctive communities and architectural splendor. The Compton Heights vicinage grew into beauty under the hands of home- builders ; and Hawthorne and Longfellow Boulevards became garden spots, vieing in picturesque magnifi- cence with the finest residence sections in the world. Since then clusters of beautiful mansions have been assembled in scores of neighborhoods throughout the city, until the face of St. Louis has grown like the sur- face of some great garden. On South Grand Avenue, almost in the Compton Heights district, at the other extreme of the city in North St. Louis and wherever the opportunities of site and surroundings were found, the lavish hand of the home-builder has been at work. Some of these beautiful sections still lack the finishing crown that will come when the prospective dwellers have erected their residences. But they have been laid out with great care in exquisite order for home purposes, with granitoid pavements, shaded by well-set trees, and inclosed with pretty walls and gates which mark them as exclusive reservations. These plats are held by their owners until a raise of values shall have come through the utilization of other residence districts. But these vacant spaces only set off the exquisite 96 IN A NUTSHELL. beauties of the idealic homes that group about them. To plunge from the noise and bustle and grime of the industrial centers into these home districts, is like en- tering an Elysian realm. The clang of bells, the hoarse whirr of wheels and the turmoil of trade, change to the chirp of birds in the trees, and the tinkle of musical instruments among the houses that nestle amid the foli- age. The murmur of fountains among vari-colored flower beds, the soft sighing of the willow as it sways under passing breezes, the quiet of home life, and all the sweet fancies that linger where Art and Nature meet, make of these Boulevards and Places veritable havens of happiness. The majestic spread of the elm and the sycamore in- close broad avenues along which rise marvels of the architect's fancy. Here a Parthenon front betrays the classic taste of the owner, and there a castellated annex tells of a leaning toward a different style of architecture. Drive-ways between oaks and maples and bordered by silver-leaf poplars lead to splendid palaces, whose fretted cornices and graceful outlines tell that the builders looked to the Renaissance for their architectural ideals. A walnut coppice across the way shelters a row of Ionic columns; and beyond, a stretch of ash and gum trees show the minaret-Hke projections of a mansion erected along Moorish lines. One of the most striking features of St. Louis' do- mestic palaces is the diversification of architectural styles that attended their construction. Now and then a group of these palatial residences are built with some CITY OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES. 97 similarity of outlines, and the Flemish ideal will pre- dominate in this group, the Gothic in another, and the Doric further on. But the general rule seems to have been a diffusion of styles ; and in any one of the superb residence places, shut off from ordinary traffic at either end by fanciful gates depending from massive columns, and parked along the center of its entire length with series of variegated parterres and luxuriant foliage trees, are found a dozen different representations of archi- tecture. A, search of modern palaces the world over will scarcely reveal a more striking array of homes than are found among these places and boulevards of St. Louis, such as, for example, those of Messrs. J. C. Van Blarcom, Thos. H. West, T. A. Meysenberg and E. C. Sterling, in Westmoreland Place ; of Messrs. J. B. M. Kehlor, H. I. Drummond, R. C. Kerens and H. C. Pierce, in Vandeventer Place; of Messrs. S. M. Ken- nard, W. D. Orthwein, L. B. Tebbetts and J. A. Kolmes, in Portland Place ; of Messrs. D. M. Houser, J. M. Carpenter, G. W. Garrels, J. B. C. Lucas, and scores of others on West Pine Boulevard ; of Messrs. E. A. Busch, Zach W. Tinker, Dr. H. M. von Starkloff and Wm. H. Dittman, on Longfellow Boulevard; of Messrs. C. Stoffregen, W. T. Koken, Prof. C. M. Woodward and L. H. Lohmeyer, on Hawthorne Boulevard ; of Corwin H. Spencer and his neighbors in Washington Terrace; and of other merchant princes and representative St. Louisans in other residence districts. PARKS AND GARDENS. IROXIMITY to public parks has appeared to be one of the desiderata in the selection of St. Louis residence sites. With a score of these "public lungs " scattered from one end of the community to the other, St. Louis might well be termed the city of parks. Stretches of green trees shading bubbling fountains and hiding pretty sylvan nooks, break the continuity of brick and stone in every quarter of the city. St. Louis parks represent a value of more than ^10,000,000, and among them are several that surpass any others in the world in several^ distinctive features. During its park-making career, the municipality has expended ^4,926,087.85 for their purchase. The remainder have either been bequeathed to the city, or are maintained as public re- sorts under special commissions. Thousands of dollars are expended annually in the maintenance and adornment of these beautiful reserva- tions. The skill of the gardener and the horticulturist demonstrate the beauteous issue of Nature's union with PARKS AND GARDENS. 99 Art ; and statuary from the studios of some of the greatest artists of the day lend auspice to the other attractions of the parks. Statues of Washington, Lafayette, Hum- boldt and Shakespeare, of Benton, Clay, Blair and Grant, and of other statesmen, warriors and men of letters, grace opportune coigns in every park in the city. The largest of these stretches of natural beauty in St. Louis, and the second largest in the country, is Forest Park. It is more than a park, it is a place of gladsome resort for rich and poor alike. Entertainment of infinite variety and extent is afforded all classes. Throughout its 1371.94 acres of area are spread natural and artistic beauties, that both enthrall and entrance. The .pictur- esque River Des Peres winds its way through Forest Park, feeding the many lakes and ponds, on which pleasure craft ply on balmy summer afternoons or under the ro- mantic moonlight. There are menageries, aviaries and aquariums to amuse and instruct ; there are fish- hatcheries and plant reservations, in which piscatorial and vegetable specimens are perpetuated ; there are spacious picnic grounds for idlers, courts for tennis players, amphitheaters for athletic contests, and racing courses for wheelmen and horses. All are free to the pubHc, and every citizen of the community is entitled to equal enjoyment of all these opportunities for diver- sion. The hoot of the owl, the croaking of frogs, the musical trill of the feathered songster, and the gurgle of plashing fountains join in one sweet melody that per- vades the great park, and, mingling with the hum of lOO IN A NUTSHELL. voices, tell of peace and rest in Nature's bosom. Hiram W. Leffingwell, whose name indentifies itself with several imperishable institutions in St. Louis, con- ceived the first definite plan for the establishment of Forest Park. A bill to carry out his project was enacted by the state legislature , and approved on March 25,1872. But the enactment was opposed by several interested property holders, and a resort to the courts resulted in a decison that it was unconstitutional. St. Louis' char- acteristic perseverance was involved, and the park pro- moters again appealed to the legislature. There was a new enactment, approved on March 25, 1874, but this was also assailed in the courts. However, a final de- cision sustaining every clause of this second act was rendered before the expiration of another year, and the work of laying out the great park commenced at once thereafter. Three appraisers set the value of lands in- volved at $799,995. This appraisement was approved, and the municipal park board, after the usual processes of condemnation of the selected area, assumed charge of the land. April 15, 1875, witnessed the inauguration of permanent improvements, which have since been carried on with unremitting energy. The western half of Forest Park has been taken for the World's Fair, but under conditions that assure the restoration of its beauties immediately after the close of the great Exposition. To an Enghshman who adopted America as his country and St. Louis as his home, the Mound City owes at least two of its world-famous parks. One, PARKS AND GARDENS. lOI the Missouri Botanical or Shaw's Garden, is peerless in its assemblage of horticultural and floral specimens. In 1858 Mr. Henry Shaw, who had amassed a fortune and retired from commergial life, secured permission to establish his garden at Shaw and Tower Grove Avenues. In that year he organized the collection of plants thai has since given to the botanists of the universe one of their deepest interests, and to millions who have had " an eye for the beautiful," or a sympathy for Nature's charms, one of their keenest pleasures. It is claimed that every flower, plant, tree and shrub in the world is represented in Shaw's Garden. Spread over an area of forty-five acres is a marvelous gathering of plant wonders from every corner of the globe. The giant cacti and lilies of the tropics shelter delicate orchids from the temperate zones ; magnificent forest monarchs, standing here and there in isolated splendor, set off the beauties of gorgeous flowers from near-by parterres. Sylvan grottoes and picturesque dells dot this spread of plant beauties, and between the reaches of floral grandeur hot-houses and conservatories intersperse a number of more fragile growths that require the tender nursing of indoor culture. An extensive botanical library, with more than 10,000 volumes, and two her- bariums — one the work of Dr. George Engelman — form important adjuncts of the great garden. Henry Sha\v died in 1889, bequeathing a large estate valued at more than ^1,000,000 for the maintenance of his matchless garden as a public resort. The directions of his wall are carried out with scrupulous nicety, and hundreds of 102 IN A NUTSHELL. thousands of persons annually marvel at the surpassing grandeur of the botanical collections. Admission is with- out charge, and ample provision is made to render a visit to the garden both instructive and entertaining. Just South of Shaw's Garden is St. Louis' most beauti- ful park. While Tower Grove Park lacks the area of other public reservations, it makes up in exquisiteness of design and beauty of arrangement what it lacks in di- mensions. It is one of the most artistically kept parks in the world. Tower Grove Park is also a gift to St. Louis from Henry Shaw, but its bequest was conditioned on the annual appropriation by the city of $25,000 for its maintenance. The yearly expenditure of this sum insures the most careful preservation and the most in- dustrious 'extension of the park's beauties, and they are countless. It is Tower Grove Park that contains the most beautiful statues in the city's custody. It is Tower Grove Park, too, that contains a mulberry tree which has reared its spreading branches from a slip brought from Shakespeare's tomb on the Avon, and planted here by Adelaide Nielson of histrionic fame. Tower Grove Park has an area of 266.67 acres, and, like Shaw's Botanical Garden, is under the care and supervision of a special Board of Trustees. Carondelet Park, in the extreme southern portion of St. Louis, has an area of 180 acres. Next in point of dimensions ranks O' Fallon Park, at the other end of the city, with 158.32 acres. Besides the parks mentioned are the following: Compton Hill Reservoir Park, on South Grand Avenue ; Benton Park, Jefferson Avenue and Arsenal Street ; Carondelet, at Ninth and Kansas ; PARKS AND GARDENS. 103 Carr Square, between Wash, Carr, Fourteenth and Sixteenth Streets; Clifton, at Simpson and Bowman Avenues; Fountain, at Bayard and Fountain Avenues; Frisco, at Clifton and Wilson Avenues ; Gamble, be- tween Gamble and Dayton Streets and Glasgow and Garrison Avenues ; Gravois, on Louisiana Avenue, be- tween Potomac and Miami Streets ; Hyde, between Salisbury and Bremen and Blair Avenue and Twentieth Street; Jackson Place, Eleventh and North Market Streets ; Kenrick Garden, Lindell Boulevard and Van- de venter Avenue ; Klondike, Grand Avenue and Mer- amec; Laclede, Iowa Avenue near Osage; Lafayette, between Mississippi, Lafayette and Park Avenues; Lemp's, Thirteenth near Utah Street; Lyon, on Broad- way, between Arsenal and Utah Streets; O'Fallon, on Broadway near Bircher Street ; South St. Louis Square, between Broadway, Courtois and Pennsylvania Avenue ; St. Louis, between Benton, Hebert and Twenty-first Streets. In addition to these are the great Fair Grounds and New Sportsman's Park, in Northwest St. Louis; Cherokee Garden, and other pleasure retreats, where entertaintment is offered amid the refreshing odors of foliage and flowers. But St. Louis has not ceased making parks nor stopped its efforts' to beautify the community. A beautiful park is being laid out at Chain of Rocks, overlooking the Mississippi in North St. Louis ; and a great project is under way for a riverside drive that will lead from the center of the city along the western bank of the Father of Waters to Jefferson Barracks on the south, and to the Water Works on the north. EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. nURNING from a scrutiny of material conveniences to the higher needs of mind and soul, one is struck by the educational and moral advantages of St. Louis. The best tribute to its public school sys- tem is found in the fact that numbers of other cities have followed its lead along various plans of education. St. Louisans point to no valued possession of their city with more pride than to its public schools. And this is justly so. No city in the world can boast a better plan of public education more extensively applied. Under the direction of a Board of Education, whose ofificials seek constantly to keep abreast of the times, not only in the matter of curriculum, but in the spirit, means and methods of instruction as well, the public school system of St. Louis easily becomes a source of interest to educational circles throughout the world. For in- stance, an experiment, which is being closely watched by the school boards of a number of the larger cities of the country, is in progress in St. Louis. It consists of 1U4 EDUCATiOM AND LITERATURfc:. lO^ the construction and use of portable schools to meet the changing necessities of the scholastic population in the outlying districts. This venture, which was planned and first placed in operation in 1899, is proving emi- nently satisfactory. There are 125 public school buildings in St. Louis, containing 1,275 separate rooms. These school houses are massive structures, acknowledged models, and the High School on Grand Avenue is a veritable palace of learning. In 1902 there were 1,677 teachers, with an enrollment of over 112,000 pupils. In the higher-grade schools, manual training and domestic science have been added to the course of study. Educators- of in- ternational reputation have . acknowledged that the methods pursued in these schools are excelled nowhere in the world. The range of instruction is considered sufficiently comprehensive to well fit an ambitious youth for a creditable struggle in life. And, indeed, the more liberal plans that obtain nowadays in the uni- versities of the country, a diploma from the St. Louis High School is regarded as sufficient equipment to gain admission to almost any of them. Every phase of the student life has been and is closely studied by those who direct the city's public schools. Not only are the mental and moral elements carefully looked after, but the physical well-being of every pu- pil is safely guarded. Hygiene and physical culture are prominent features of the public schools' manage- ment. So broad is the scope of instruction that at the High Io6 IN A NUTSHELL. School a military training is furnished. There, as at all the other larger educational institutions of the city, is stationed a United States Army officer, who serves as a military instructor. The arms and accouterments are furnished by the Federal Government, while the other expenses of this branch of training are defrayed by the Board of Education, in the case of the High School, and by the universities, colleges and academies them- selves in the cases of the other institutions. Students from every zone and every country attend these latter institutions. The fame of Washington and St. Louis Universities extends to the remotest corner of civilization. Universities these great establishments are in every sense that their name implies, embracing as they do teachings and students of the whole universe. No study is absent from their curriculum, from the last sciences to the most modern utiHties. Washington University is credited with one of the largest aggregate endow- ments ever possessed by an educational establishment. Just beyond Forest Park, being rapidly completed, are a series of mammoth structures in which are to be assembled the University and its auxiliaries, now domi- ciled at Seventeenth Street and Washington Avenue and in other buildings near the center of the city. An idea of the extensiveness of the institution is given by the statement that it comprehends the following estab- lishments: Undergraduate Department, including the College and the School of Engineering, at Washington Avenue and Seventeenth Street ; Henry Shaw School of EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. I07 Botany, 1724 Washington Avenue; St. Louis School of Fine Arts, Nineteenth and Locust Streets; St. Louis Law School, 141 7 Locust Street; St. Louis and Mis- souri Medical College, 1806 Locust Street; and Mis- souri Dental College, 18 14 Locust Street. The follow- ing schools have also been organized under the charter of the University : Smith Academy, Washington Avenue and Nineteenth Street; Mary Institute (for girls), at Locust and Beaumont Streets ; and the Manual Train- ing School, at Washington Avenue and Eighteenth Street. A club house and dormitory building have just been acquired. All the funds required for the establishment of the University on its new site beyond Forest Park are al- ready in the hands of the Board of Directors. The ground, covering 153 acres, admirably adapted to uni- versity purposes, was purchased for ^350,000, sub- scribed by citizens of St. Louis. The new buildings will be as follows: A hall, which will include the ad- ministration offices of the University, and rooms for such subjects of instruction as do not require labora- tories, to cost ^250,000, the gift of Mr. Robert S. Brookings ; two buildings for the engineering depart- ment — civil, mechanical and electrical — together with the architectural branch, to cost $250,000, the gift of Mr. Samuel Cupples ; a building devoted to chemistry, to cost $100,000, the gift of Mr. Adolphus Busch ; and a dormitory, to cost $100,000, the gift of Mrs. John E. Liggett. The Board also holds the gifts of the late Stephen Ridgley, amounting to $100,000, to be ex- Io8 IN A NUTSHELL. pended in the construction and maintenance of a library. Washington University was incorporated under the State laws on February 22, 1853. Considerably older, with a superb structure at Grand Avenue and West Pine Boulevard, is the St. Louis Uni- versity. It was founded as the St. Louis College by the Jesuit Fathers in 1828, and on December 28, 1832, the state legislature granted the institution a charter under its present title. The magnificent domicile in which the University is conducted was built in 1888. In extent, proportions and beauty of design, it is one of the architectural prides of the city. Year by year the great structure has been added to, until the series of buildings now occupies the greater part of an unusually spacious block. Some of the most famous men in Missouri's history have claimed St. Louis Uni- vefsity as their alma mater. One of the prettiest fea- tures of this great University is furnished by its military element. The cadets are regularly organized into military companies in regimental formation, with a drum and bugle corps. One of the most famous educational institutions in the West is the Christian Brothers' College, located on a peculiarly favorable site in the northwestern portion of the city, on Easton Avenue. It was founded in 185 1 at the request of Archbishop Kenrick, by Brothers Patrick, Dorothy, Paulian, Barbas and Noah, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The estab- lishment was incorporated by the state legislature in EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. 109 1855, being empowered "to grant diplomas, confer degrees and bestow all literary honors usually conferred by universities of learning." The aim of the College is to give the highest type of liberal education in liter- ature, the sciences and commerce. The most lavish encomiums are well deserved by its conscientious corps of instructors, and no institution of learning in the world has won a relatively larger measure of success than the Christian Brothers' College. The faculty pays close attention to physical culture and discipline. More than ten acres of the College grounds have been converted into ball fields, tennis courts and athletic arenas, and there are, in addition, two fully-equipped gymnasiums. All the students are required to take part in the regular gymnastic training. Not one whit behind the universities and colleges for boys are St. Louis' great institutions of learning for girls. Mary Institute and Forest Park University are known from one end of America to the other. But it is to the convents of St. Louis that one is naturally di- rected by mention of establishments for the instruction of girls. The sweet incense of maidenhood that lingers around those sacred edifices is mingled with an exalt- ing sense of the great work that is done inside their cloistered halls. The Academy of the Sacred Heart at Maryville in South St. Louis is indissolubly linked with the educational achievements of the Mound City. It is conducted by the Religious of the Sacred Heart, under direction of a Mother Superior. The beautiful grounds surrounding the Academy contain twenty-two no IN A NUTSHELL. acres of wood and lawn on a bluff overlooking the Mis- sissippi River. A unique feature of the institution is that the French language is the only tongue heard within its portals, save in the class-rooms. No less picturesque is the Young Ladies' Academy of the Visitation in Cabanne Place, between Belt and Union Avenues. Its Sixty- Ninth Annual Commence- ment exercises were held in June, 1902. The Aca- demy is conducted by the Religious Sisters of the Order of the Visitation, founded in 16 10 in Haute- Savoie, France, by St. Francis, Count of Sales, and Ste. Jane Frances, Baroness of Chantal. It is located on an elevated site, with shaded walks, ample grounds, an extensive and commodious range of buildings, and a gymnasium and bowling alley for exercise in incle- ment weather. Of course, as in all similar institutions, music, deportment, the polite languages and everything that goes to make up the complement of womanly ac- complishments, receive especial attention in the course of instruction. Another hilly eminence in St. Louis is adorned by the UrsuHne Academy, at Twelfth Street and Russell Avenue. It was opened as a modest school on No- vember 2, 1848, on Broadway — then Fifth Street — by four Sisters of the Ursuline Order. On January 2, 1850, the site of the present Ursuline Academy was selected by Archbishop Kenrick. The building is spacious, and the appointments of the most carefully selected character. St. Vincent's Seminary and a number of other con- EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. Hj vents amplify the capacities of the city for the educa- tion of girls, while several hundred private and paro- chial schools are distributed throughout St. Louis. Beside these are numbers of business, independent and technical colleges, among them being the Barnes Medi- cal College, Bishop Robertson Hall, Marion-Sims Col- lege of Medicine, Hosmer Hall, and the St. Louis Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. The Beethoven and Strassburger Musical Conservato- ries are notable among the city's educational institutions. The city has many fine public libraries, with a scope of books sufficiently extensive in range to meet the tastes and wants of the best educated community in the world, and with a population twice as numerous as that of the Mound City. The Public Library, in the Board of Education Building, at Ninth and Locust Streets, was established in 1865 by the School Board. It now con- tains 140,000 volumes and 27,000 pamphlets. The reading-room is supplied with 549 regularly-furnished periodicals and twenty-one daily newspapers. Admis- sion to this world of literature and knowledge is abso- lutely free. The total issue of books and periodicals at the Public Library aggregates 1,000,000 annually. Rivaling the Public Library in every way is the Mer- cantile Library, at Broadway and Locust Street. In 1901 it numbered 3,700 members, who had access to upward of 112,000 volumes and 480 regularly-furnished periodicals. The annual attendance at the Mercantile Library approximates 125,000. Of course, every institution of learning in St. Louis 112 IN A NUTSHELL. has its library, but in addition to these are a number of public collections of books attached to various organi- zations and establishments. Among these are the St. Louis Law Library, established in 1838, having 26,000 volumes in 1900; the Odd Fellows' Library, at Ninth and Olive Streets; and the Young Men's Christian Association and St. Louis Turn Verein Libraries. With its schools and libraries, the Mound City pos- sesses an abundance of encouragement for literature and the arts. Indeed, St. Louis ranks among the most generous patrons of the worlds of letters and ideals. She has set some of the brightest figures in the dramatic and literary firmaments, while sculptors and painters have gone forth from the Mound City to lasting fame. The success that St. Louisans have won in the literary field has been fostered and is reflected by the city's press. St. Louis boasts eight daily newspapers, each of which is conducted on the most progressive metro- politan plans. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat, the or- gan of Missouri Republicans, is one of the world's foremost morning newspapers. Its energetic com- petitor, the St. Louis Republic, founded in 1808, rep- resents the Democracy in the morning newspaper field. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, one of the leading after- noon newspapers of the country, is famous for its ear- nest championship of the Democratic party ; while one of its competitors, the St. Louis Star, is equally as zealous in the support of RepubUcanism. The St. Louis Chronicle, also an afternoon newspaper, maintains an independent attitude in political affairs, though being recognized as an organ of the masses. EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. 113 The Westliche Post, a morning newspaper printed in German, has an extensive circulation. By many it is accounted the foremost German-American daily news- paper. Its local competitor in the morning newspaper field, the Amerika, is devoted largely to German reli- gious affairs. The Abend Anzeiger, really the after- noon edition of the Westliche Post, is an influential paper with marked energy and progress. The Daily Hotel Reporter occupies a field all its own. A number of high-class weekly, semi-monthly and monthly periodicals add to the current literature of St. Louis. Some of these are technical publications. Others are devoted to certain cults and societies, and a number of them are printed in foreign tongues. Al- together, the Mound City has 291 regular publications. ^^ a - se- a ffxst citr. vitk a wd have seflt^o s of the caitk a ir|w rt aii ii n I pnigECS, sccoBd to Hat of tke sn^ Act kzpc not txai Tzzn t?qr *-al wftA. and no plaj Ante and IcMi'is have ever tlie Mood City, -ne -'XKts and lecieatian am^^idar ffaeatics e alva^ pie- r/it Staeet, - the RECREATION. II5 severity of St. Louis criticism, bat that very criticism taught them a lesson they have found most vahiable. Through it the worid was given warning that --fake shows , * ' frauds and attractions sailing under false colors, would not be accepted in St. Louis. Coupled with this the dramatic world also learned that high-class plays and players could alwa\-5 count on a warm welcome and liberal patronage. The Columbia Theater, on Sixth and St. Charles Streets, is an exclusively vaadeviHe house. Novelties of the season and the best enter- tainers on the vaudeville stage are always to be found there. The Imperial, at Tenth and Pine Streets, is a stock company house, presenting the best plavs at popular prices. At Havlin's, at the comer of Sixth and Walnut Streets, melodrama by traveling companies is presented ; and at the Grand Opera House, on Mar- ket between Broadway and Sixth Street, the lighter comedies and farces are offered. Besides these regular theatres, opera*is presented at Grand Music Hall in the Exposition Building, at OHve and Thir- teenth Streets, and at the Odeon, Finney and Grand Avenues. The Odeon, in fact, is one of the finest music halls in the country, having 2^000 seats and a complete circle of private boxes. It is the home of the Apollo Qub, Choral Symphony Society, Morn- ing Choral and other famous musical oiganizaticHis. Besides these reglar play booses mentioned there are a number of smaller theaters folly equipped and hand- somely appoind, used generally by traveling troops or by amateur talent. Il6 IN A NUTSHELL. The Pickwick is at Washington and Jefferson Avenues, and the Germania, at Fourteenth and Locust Streets. The Union Club and all the turner halls have regularly appointed stages with scenery and every requisite for dramatic entertainments. In the summer season there is even a wider range of amusements offered at the garden theaters. Uhrig's Cave, at Jefferson and Washington Avenues, is known far beyond the limits of St. Louis as the home of comic opera, and from its boards many of the most famous comic opera singers of the world have graduated. Del- mar Garden, in the central western suburbs, Forest Park Highlands, in the southwestern section, and Suburban Garden, in the northwestern, are great places of amuse- ment, at which the very best of musical and dramatic entertainment is offered. In the midsummer season it is not unusual to see ten thousand people at each of these resorts. All are reached by electric cars running direct into the grounds. There are a dozen other garden theaters in the northern and southern sections of the city where stage performances are given. The annual Exposition, now in its i8th year, occupies a great structure occupying what was originally two city blocks — fronting on Olive, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and St. Charles Streets. The annual exhibitions for thirty days are most diversified and entertaining. In the building is the Grand Music Hall, one of the largest halls of its kind in the world, with a seating capacity of over three thousand. The grand Coliseum, with a splendid arena and seating capacity for 12,000 people, RECREATION. 117 is also under the same roof. In this great structure the Annual Horse Show takes place, as well as great athletic events. The annual Fair, an institution with a national reputation, occupies a place in the amusement world all its own. The great amphitheatre, the magnificent park-like grounds, arena, speed rings, and buildings for exhibits might well be classed together as one of the wonders of the Western world. The musical organizations of St. Louis are conducted in a manner that has won them commendation at home and abroad. The Choral Symphony Society, rich in talent and most admirably managed, has a reputation for splendid work, especially in oratorio. The Morn- ing Choral, Apollo club and Lyric club number among their membership men and women of social prominence and artistic ability. The German singing societies, of which the Liederkranz and the Socialen Saengerchor are the more prominent, are strong in talent and member- ship. Entertainments given by the Liederkranz are fre- quently on a scale of magnificence almost dazzling. As a patron of legitimate sport St. Louis stands second to no other .city in the United States. Golf, base ball, foot ball and polo each have a very large following. Amateur athletics are sustained by large memberships in a dozen or more clubs, and most generously patron- ized. The St. Louis Jockey Club's track, adjoining the Fair Grounds, is one of the best running tracks in the country. Year by year the fame of the St. Louis Jockey Club has grown, and the present racing season promises to be I I g IN A NUTbHELL. the most successful in its history. Every effort is made to make the turf indeed the sport of kings, and the fair- ness of the decisions given and the " cleanness " of the sport afforded at the Jockey Club's track have won for it a national reputation. The fall of 1900 witnessed the inaugural race meet- ing of the Kinloch Park Jockey Club, whose track is a short ridewest of the city on the Wabash Railway. The gentlemen composing the club are St. Louisans, and the fall race meetings at Kinloch park are certain to be- come among the fixtures that make St. Louis famous among the sportsmen of America. The German Turners of St. Louis have, ever since they first organized, taken an active and prominent part in the progress of the community. For many years St. Louis was the seat of the Executive Board of the National Turners' organization (Nordamerikanischer Turnerbund), to which it gave some leaders of national renown, among them Henry Braun, E. G. Winter, Wm. Ahrends, Carl Sommer, Professor Nathamenn and Al- bert Haeseler, who filled the highest positions in the " Bund." There are ten Turners' societies in St. Louis, with an aggregate membership of 7000, not in- cluding those smaller organizations in the surrounding towns, which with the St. Louis societies form the St. Louis District, by far the strongest in the "Bund." The speaker of this powerful District is E. G. Winter, member of the St. Louis and South St. Louis Tum- vereins. The names of the organizations are as follows : St. Louis Turnverein, Slid St. Louis Turnverein, Con- RECREATION. I19 COrdiaTurnverein. Xord St. Louis Turnverein. Siidwest Turnverein. Germania Turnverein, Rockspring Turn- verein, West St. Louis Turnverein, Humboldt Turn- verein and Schweitzer National Turnverein. Several of the national festivals have been held in St. Louis, the last one in 1S97, being the most successful in the history of the organization. At these festivals the St. Louis Turners invariably secured the first prizes, individually and collectively, which proves that their gymnastic training is high above the average. ^^2^^^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO ST. LOUIS. 0s in the days of Rome's glory all roads led to the Seven Hilled City, so in modern days all roads lead to the Mound City. St. Louis has close connection by rail and water lines of transportation with the uttermost ends of the earth. One may travel in comfort, even in luxury, from the centers and the outer corners of all countries direct to St. Louis. Take a map of the world and place your pencil point on any one of the great capitals of Europe. Then mark the cap- itals of countries beyond the Pacific Ocean. Look for St. Louis, and note how nearly equi-distant the World's Fair City is from each of her great neighbors on the east and on the west. Passage may be booked straight through, not only from the coast cities of other countries to the seacoast towns of this country, but from all in- terior cities direct to St. Louis, the very heart of the American continent. St. Louis has a multitude of open doors for the people and products of all lands. Through the gateways of New York, Philadelphia and other great 121 122 IN A NUTSHELL. cities on the eastern edge of the continent, through the Golden Gate, and Seattle and other ports of the Pacific the great stream of humanity that will come to the World's Fair can travel with pleasure and profit.' The following tables show the distances, the time required to make the trip and the prevailing price of passage from the principal cities of other countries to New York and Philadelphia on the east, to San Fran- cisco and Seattle on the west, and to New Orleans on the south. The passage prices change slightly from time to time, but a fair idea of the ruling rate is here given : TO NEW YORK OR PHILADELPHIA. MINIMUM FROM — MILES. DAYS. 1ST CLASS. Liverpool 3^040 6 $ 90 00 Southampton 3^121 6 100.00 London 3'200 6 107.08 Queenstown 2 830 6 90 00 Glasgow 2 906 10 55 00 Havre 3 HS ^ 82.50 Paris 4,020 8 88.00 Bremen 3-540 9 100.00 Hamburg 3'590 9 100.00 Antwerp 3-327 10 7ooo Rotterdam.. 3-334 9 55-oo Amsterdam 3»36i 9 55 00 Gibraltar (direct) 3 204 8 Lisbon (via London) 5-335 10 i57-oo Cape Town (via London) 9^099 27 291.00 Cape Town (direct) .... i75-oo St. Helena 8,769 26 275.00 Madeira 5,345 12 157.00 ALL ROADS LEAD TO ST. LOUIS. 123 Aden Bombay Delagoa Bay Durban, Natal... Mauritius, Mad- Zanzibar 7,875 9,765 10,211 9,911 11,459 9825 18 24 30 30 33 30 35 Colombo, Ceylon 9 940 TO SAN FRANCISCO. FROM — MILES. Yokahoma 4-536 Hong Kong 6.388 Singapore 8,187 Honolulu 2.089 Manila 7 055 Sydney 7,179 Melbourne 7-772 Auckland 5-939 Shanghai 6,503 Calcutta 10,120 Bombay Pago Pago 4,160 TO SEATTLE. FROM— MILES. Yokahoma 4,230 Hong Kong 6,082 Singapore 7.081 Honolulu 2,330 Manila 7, 305 TO NEW ORLEANS. FROM — MILES. DAYS. Belize, British Honduras 1,060 7 Bluefields, Nicaragua 1,510 9 Bocas del Toro, Colombia 1,055 7 Ceiba, Spanish Honduras.. i)275 7 DAYS. 16 23 36 7 25 26 27 21 25 41 10 DAYS. 14 20 26 26 411.75 490.50 311.00 301.00 347.00 347.00 314.00 LOWEST 1ST CLASS FARE. $196.75 221.75 291.75 71.75 241-75 196.75 212.50 196.75 221.75 331-75 331-75 228.75 FARE. $140.00 165.00 291-75 75.00 241-75 FARE. $ 59.50 74-50 72.35 64.50 124 IN A NUTSHELL. Port Barrios, Guatemala i-3io 7 64.50 Port Cortez, Spanish Honduras.... 1,304 7 64.50 Port Limon, Costa Rica 1^565 8 75'00 St. Louis is reached by through car lines from more seaports than any other American city. From many ports there are several lines of railroad offering through car service without change, giving the traveler a choice of route. The traveler can get through car service from any of the points named herewith to St. Louis at a lower cost than the same accommodation can be had in any other country in the world. The table following sho.ws the distance between St. Louis and other great cities in the United States ; the number of hours' travel by rail, and the regular first- class fare. The latter figures are slightly changed from time to time, and special reduced rates are made for special occasions : FROM — MILES. HOURS. FARE. New York 1-057 29 $23.50 Philadelphia 967 27 21.00 Boston 1,204 31 25.50 Portland, Me Ii3i9 35 28.00 Baltimore 947 28 20.25 Washington, D. C. ' 895 28 20.25 Charleston, S. C. 918 35 24.20 Jacksonville, Fla 995 35 25.25 Pensacola, Fla 787 32 16.85 Mobile, Ala. 644 23 16. 85 Norfolk, Va 996 32 22.75 New Orleans, La 707 21 18.00 Galveston, Tex 995 36 25.10 San Francisco 2,415 79 57-50 ALL ROADS LEAD TO ST. LOUIS. 1 25 Los Angeles 2,092 .... 5750 Portland, Ore 2,446 75 57-50 Seattle, Wash 2,632 84 57'50 City of Mexico, Mex 2,005 ^4 S^-^S Minneapolis 582 18 16.00 Buffalo 706 .... 18.25 Cleveland 523 .... 15^00 The St. Louis Union Station is the greatest distribu- ting point for passenger equipment and long-distance trains in the world, through cars leaving St. Louis Sta- tion for terminals on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and for the Gulf Coast and City of Mexico daily. From Montreal and Quebec, Canada, passengers can reach St. Louis by making only one change of cars. Members of Board of Lady Managers, World's Fair. Members of Board of Lady Managers, World's Faiu. D HE great Louisiana Purchase Exposition will open its gates to the nations of the earth in 1904, " not later than May i," quoting the words of the act of Congress that placed the seal of national ap- proval on the World's Fair. The original intention was to open the Fair in 1903, and work was shaped to that end. After due deliberation the controlling powers, recognizing the need of more time for prepara- tion on the part of foreign nations and some of the States, decided to set the date one year ahead, and thus avoid anything like dwarfing any of the great features or dimming any of the glories of the Exposition. Ac- cordingly the national Congress was requested to post- pone the Fair to 1904. ISIeantime splendid progress had been made. The period of planning and speculation was passed, and the constructive period entered upon with commenda- ble vigor. Construction work has progressed to a point where, twenty-two months before the date set for THE world's fair. 129 opening the gates, it is possible to give a prospective view of the wonderful picture, which has been con- ceived on a scale that almost attains the sublime in its immensity and grandeur. In many ways the St. Louis Fair will be a departure from all that have preceded it. The scheme by which the main attractions will radiate about a central feature — as the sticks of a fan, as it has been described — is an artistic conception before untried. The topography of the site, and the unique advantage that is to be taken of hill and dale, will insure an effect more superb than any that has preceded it. In magnitude, in form, in conception and scope, it will mark an achievement such as the past century scarcely dreamed of. When the gates of the Exposition are opened, visi- tors will be conducted to the main entrance by five miles of the most stately boulevard scenery in the West. The last mile of this drive will reveal, at the end of the long vista, the Administration Building of the Fair — a permanent granite structure costing more than ^1,000,000 — a structure, by the way, which does not form a part of the main picture of the Exposition, but standing apart, where the business concerns of the Exposition may be transacted without distractions. While the visitor is still a mile from this building, he will find at his left the monumental entrance to the Exposition grounds — an entrance of such magnitude and dignity that he will pause in wonder before passing through. Within, the essence of the Exposition's beauty will 130 IN A NUTSHELL. instantly burst on the sight. He will have an uninter- rupted view of a grand avenue, inclining gradually up- ward, and terminating in a permanent art palace which will crown the brow of a wooded hill. From points seemingly at the base of the palace immense cascades, two in number, will throw their limpid waters down the hillside, to find a place in lagoons and basins centering in the main avenue at the foot of the hill. The living waterways will be interspersed with bridges of rare beauty, and alternating hanging and sunken gardens supplied with the rarest flowers of every clime. The main avenue, of which this striking picture is the dis- tant termination, will be nowhere less than 600 feet wide, will be bordered on either side by double rows of trees, symmetrically planted, of many years' growth. In length it will be half a mile. The distant hill, crowned by the art palace, a permanent and monu- mental structure, is curved in form like a bent bow. Along this elevated curve a noble terrace will extend, no less than one-fourth mile from end to end. It will be ornamented with groups of statuary, one for every State and Territory in the Louisiana Purchase. A cen- tral feature of this terrace will be a music hall of classic form and noble proportions. The art palace, somewhat in the background, will tower over all. The ends of the terrace will be supplied with circular pavilions. Pillars will connect the groups of statuary, giving to the terrace the effect of a colonnade. Forest trees will serve as a somber and stately background for all. From either end of this sweeping colonnade, and THE WORLD S FAIR. 13I from the middle point, immense cascades will rush down in search of a level, finding the mammoth basin which appears in the middle distance in the main avenue. To the right and left of the basin two com- panion structures will stand — the Textiles Building, and the Electricity and Machinery Building. The la- goon effects entirely surround these ; but direct access from one to the other will be provided by bridges and by a subway, running beneath the lagoons, which con- nects the two monster structures. Each of these is provided with large interior courts where visitors may seek a respite from the weariness and heat of the day, surrounded by masterpieces in mural painting and sculpture. From where the entering visitor stands, a transverse street passes between him and the two build- ings named, and under this the River des Peres, a his- toric stream, passes deep in the earth, encased and controlled. On the visitor's right and left, as he stands within the main entrance, are two other companion buildings, the Varied Industries Building on the right, the Manu- factures Building on the left. These two have their interior courts, treated as in the case of the other buildings. Between the last two there is to be main- tained an immense parade ground, where military pageants and contests will be held. The visitor, by passing to the right of the Varied Industries Building, will find himself at the end of an- other of the radial avenues, skirting the Varied Indus- tries Building, and the Electrical Building on the left, 132 IN A NUTSHELL. and passing the Transportation and Machinery Build- ings on the right. This avenue also gives at the end a view of the Art Palace, though in this case the view is a three-quarter one. Or the visitor, from his position at the main entrance, may pass to the left of the Manu- factures Building, and find another radial avenue, skirting the Manufactures and Textiles Building on the right, and passing the Liberal Arts and Mining Build- ing on the right. And again he will obtain a three- quarter view of the Art Palace in the distance. These nine central buildings complete the main Expo- sition picture, the other structures being located irregu- larly in other places. The Government Building, which is to surpass anything of its kind ever before contributed to a World's Fair, will stand on an eminence to the left of the main entrance, somewhat distantly located, but visible from all points by reason of its altitude. The Agricultural Building and others are also outside the main picture. The dimensions of the main exhibit buildings, and the names of their architects, give a fair idea of their importance. The Art Building, designed by Cass Gil- bert, will have, with its attendant effects, a length of a quarter of a mile. The Textiles Building, by Eames & Young, will have an extreme length of about 700 feet, with a width of 525 feet. The Electricity Build- ing, by Walker & Kimball, is of the same dimensions. The Manufactures Building, by Carrere & Hastings, will have an extreme length of 1200 feet, with a width of 525 feet. The Varied Industries Building, by Van THE world's fair. 133 Brunt & Howe, has dimensions similar to those of the Manufactures Building. The dimensions of these four buildings diminish as one approaches the Art Palace' in order to conform to the wedge-shape of the picture. The Machinery Building, by Widman, Walsh and Boisselier, has dimensions of 1,000 by 525 feet. The Transportation Building, by the designers of the department of works, headed by Isaac Taylor, will have dimensions of 1,000 by 525 feet. The Mines and Metallurgy Building, by Theodore C. Link, will be 750 by 525 feet. The Liberal Arts Building, by Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, will be of the same dimensions. The color effect of the Exposition will be a rare and wholly novel combination of ivory and green. The buildings are to be entirely in the former color in all their fagades, showing color only where the mural paintings ornament the walls of the inner courts. The green will be supplied by a veritable forest of trees which will be retained as one of the rarest features of the Exposition. These will border all the avenues — shapely trees of many years' growth — and elsewhere groves and arbors will break the monotony of the archi- tecture and art effects. Over ^1,000,000 has been set apart for landscape gardening, which will largely con- sist of the prevalence everywhere of trees. The ave- nues and other driveways are to be another distinctive feature of the St. Louis World's Fair. Telford roads, a compact combination of earth and sand on a founda- tion of granite chips, will offer the greatest facilities to pedestrians, who were wearied by the gravel walks of THE world's fair. 135 former expositions, or hindered by the melting of asphalt ways. The programme which has been partially outlined includes many features of a panoramic, scientific and social character which have had no counterpart in expositions previously held. Chief among these is an aerial tournament in which the aeronauts of the entire world will be induced to compete for a prize of $100,000. and subsidiary prizes amounting to ^50,000. An immense course has been selected for these con- tests, which are destined to attract more attention than any spectacular entertainment of modern times. One feature in this tournament will be an air ship race to Washington, D. C. , and return. Competitive exhibitions of the military of all nations, demonstrations of the sports of all countries, and congresses composed of the leading men of the world in a dozen fields of science and soci- ology, will be among the other attractions. The Roman baths are to be reproduced, with a setting of forest and flowers, and these are to be open to the Wsiting public. In addition to these special features, all the attractions of former great exhibitions will be present on a scale larger than ever before attempted. ^ WORLD^S FAIR BUILDERS. mlHE officers of THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE U EXPOSITION COMPANY, the corporation organized to create and conduct the World's Fair, are: President, - - David R. Francis, Treasurer, - - William H. Thompson, Secretary, - - Walter B. Stevens. [^Executive and Down Town Headquarters, sixth and seventh floors Laclede Buildings Soiithwest Cor. Fourth and Olive Streets. Working Headquarters., Washington University Buildings, near the site.'\ VICE-PRESIDENTS. CoRWiN H. Spencer, . Samuel M. Kennard, Daniel M. Houser, Cyrus P. VValbridge, Seth W. Cobb, Chas. H. Huttig, August Gehner, Pierre Chouteau. DIRECTORS. D. M. Houser, W. B. Wells, D. R. Francis, Charles F. Wenneker, William H. Thompson, J. J. Wertheimer, F. W. Lehmann, James L. Blair, Nathan Frank, Pierre Chouteau, C. W. Knapp, John Schroers, W. C. Steigers, A. A. Allen, Edwards Whitaker, A. A. B. Woerheide, W. H. Woodward, George M. Wright, B. F. Yoakum, Norris B. Gregg, W. T. Haarstick, A. B. Hart, 136 Officers Louisiana Purchase Exposition Co. 1. Pierre Chouteau. 5. Walter B. Stevens. 9. Charles H. Huttig. 2. Corwin H. Spencer. 6. David R. Francis. 3. Sam. M. Keunard. 7. Daniel M. Houser. i. Wm. H. Thompson. 8. Seth W. Cobb. 10. August Gehner. 11. Cyrus P. \yalbridge. 138 IN A NUTSHF.LL. DIRECTORS Nicholas M. Bell, C. F. Blanke, W. F. Boyle, A. D. Brown, George W. Brown, Paul Brown, Adolphus Busch, James G. Butler, James Campbell, Murray Carleton, Seth W. Cobb, James F. Coyle, George T. Cram, John D. Davis. Alexander N. DeMenil, S. M. Dodd, L. D. Dozier, Harrison I. Drummond, R. B. Dula, George L. Edwards, Howard Elliott, S. M. Felton, A. H. Frederick, August Gehner, J. E. Smith, C. H. Spencer, Charles A. Stix, R. H. Stockton, J, J. Turner, Charles H. Turner, J. C. Van Blarcom, Festus J. Wade, C. P. Walbridge, Julius S. Walsh, C. G. Warner, CONTINUED. Walker Hill, John A. Holmes, C. H. Huttig, Breckinridge Jones, S. M. Kennard, Goodman King, \V. J. Kinsella, Doctor J. J. Lawrence, W. H. Lee, William J. Lemp, Thomns IL McKittrick, Geo. D. IMarkham, F. E. Marshall, Isaac W. Morton, C. F. G. Meyer, F. G. Niedringhaus, W. F. Nolker, D. C. Nugent, Ed. S. Orr, George W. Parker, H. Clay Pierce, Joseph Ramsey, Jr., David Ranken, Jr., Jonathan Rice, Clark H. Sampson, Julius J. Schotten, R. M. Scruggs, John Scullin, A. L. Shapleigh, W. B. Stevens, J. W. McDonald, Stuyvesant Fish, H. W. Steinbiss, Melville E. Ingalls, Samuel Spencer, WORLD S FAIR BUILDERS. 139 INCORPORATORS. Moses C. Wetmore, H. T. Kent, S. W. Fordyce, John H. Terry, L. H. Laidley, W. S. Eames, James Cox, L. C. Nelson, Arthur Ittner, Isaac S. Taylor, F. W. Baumhoff, Emil Preetorious, James W. Bell, H. S. Potter, Dean Cooper, Charles Clark, F. N. Judson, Gerhard Geralds, William H. Thompson, Charles Nagel, Henry Hiemen/, Jr., Charles F. Vogel, Daniel Evans, Nathan Cole. J. E. Marshall, WHO THEY ARE. David R. Francis, President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, is the head of the firm of Francis Bro. & Co. ; vice-president of the Mer- chants-Laclede National Bank; director of the Mississippi Valley Trust Company, and connected oflficially with or interested in many other great financial and business concerns. Thoroughly indentified with the growth of St. Louis from boy- hood, he is recognized as a leader in the city's so- cial, business, and political life. Born in Rich- mond, Ky., Oct. I, 1850; came to St. Louis when only 16 ; graduated from Washington University in 1870; entered commercial life as a clerk ; began business for himself in 1877. He was vice-presi- dent Merchants' Exchange in 1883, and president in 1884. His popularity forced him into poHtics, I40 DC A NTTSHELL. and he was elected Mayor of St. Louis in 1SS5 : elected Governor of Missouri in iSSS ; and served as Secretary of the Interior during a portion of President Cleveland'.' second term. Gov. Fran- cis married in 1876 Miss Jennie Perry. They have six duklien, aH boys. The taasuij residence on Maryland Avenue is : f :: :'-f - rfsomest homes in the city. WniiAM H. Thompsox. Treasirr: r : - iti: :: :he Naticmal Bank of Commr . con- nected with half a huni:;_ :_u. : 11 and ":i5:zrS5 : irns. He is vice-trtsiie-: of the 1 ; : mpany ; treasurer of the : _ - I - -any. an office- =- ' one : : 'It : _ .:- r Commonwe .rr he is or was a ' Huntington, I He Ele - = ^: r T 'ished a factory sheet lead. - — - v^il Company lent of the Bank of :i 1S03. ^- ruerly president s Gas Cc__^„. . Is tiioroughly the financial and commercial ::y. The family residence is on _ — -I Wai ^-o. Secretary, was bom at Meriden world's fair builders. 141 Conn., in July, 1848. His parents moved west when he was five years old. and he grew up in Peoria. 111. In 1866 he went to Ann Arbor and entered the Michigan State University, from which he graduated in 1870. Within ten days of his graduation, when 22^ he began his newspaper work as a reporter on the St. Louis Times. In 1 88 1 he joined the staff of the St. Louis Globe- Democrat, where in a short time he was made city- editor. Later he became traveling correspondent for that paper, and in 1885 was made its Wash- ington correspondent, which position he held until called to the secretaryship of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. While traveling correspondent he wrote several series of articles on • • Convict Camps and Penitentiaries in the South.-'' ••Black Labor in the South," "Among the Mormons: Talks with Saints and Sinners." and others. Among his classmates at Ann Arbor were Wm. R. Day. late secretan,- of state, and now United States Circuit judge : Prof. Bernard Morse, of the L'niversity of California, and now a member of the Philippines Commission: Alfred Noble, member of the Government Isthmian Canal Commission : William L. Penfield, sohcitor for the Department of State at Washington ; and Marcus Baker, United States Geographer of the Geological Survey. Daniel M. Houser. Vice-President, is the president of The Globe Printing Company, publishers of the 42 IN A NL'TSHELL. Globe-Democrat : director of the St. Louis Trust Company, and interested in many other great fi- nancial and business concerns. He has been a prominent figure in public affairs, a power in na- tional, state and city politics, and a leader in the city's progress for almost half a century. Inde- fatigable as a worker, he has built up, in the Globe- Democrat, one of the greatest newspapers in the world. Mr. Houser was born in Washington County. Mar}-land, December 23, 1834; family moved to Missouri four years later, and came to St. Louis in 1846. He was employed by the St. Louis Union in 185 1. remaining with the paper un- til it merged with the Missouri Democrat : became book-keeper and business manager of the Demo- crat. He was one of the founders of the Globe in 1872, that afterwards absorbed the Democrat. The consolidated papers became the Globe-Democrat. Mr. Houser became president of the Company it. 1879, and has directed the destinies of the great paper ever since. Though a very wealthy man, he works as many hours a day and as hard as any one of his hundreds of employes. He can be met at almost any hour of the day, and often as late as midnight, in some part of the great Globe-Demo- crat establishment giving personal directions, or chatting genially with heads of departments or workmen, for all his employes are his personal friends. Mr. Houser has been twice married. The family home is on West Pine Boulevard. world's fair builders. 143 Cyrus P. Walbridge, Vice-President, is presidert of the J. S. Merrell Drug Company. He has been conspicuous in professional, business and official life for thirty years, for he has attained success as a lawyer, a drug merchant and a poHtician. Born at Madrid, New York, July 20, 1849; educated at Carleton College in Minnesota ; took law course at Ann Arbor ; began the practice of law in St. Louis in 1870. Became legal adviser, in 1872, of Jacob S. Merrell, then the city's leading drug merchant. Married Miss Lizzie Merrell, and on the death of his father-in-law became president of the company, and later became president of the Western Wholesale Druggists' Association. In 1 88 1 he was elected to the Municipal Assembly, serving two terms in the House of Delegates. Was elected president of the City Council in 1889, and in 1893 was elected mayor. Mr. Walbridge is a thoroughly progressive man, energetic, enthusiastic and one of the busiest men in town. The family residence is in Westminster Place. Corwin H. Spencer, Vice-President, is a capitalist, whose name is identified with St. Louis' progress and prosperity. He is first vice-president of the Mercantile Trust Company, vice-president St. Louis Transit Company, third vice-president Mer- chants' and Manufacturers' Investment Companv, director of the Continental National Bank. St. Louis Title Guarantee Company, Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad, besides a number of smaller corpora- World's Fair Directors. 1. W. C. Steigers. 5. John Schroers. «. Joseph Ramsev, Jr. 2. James Campbell. 6. Paul Brown. 9. Chas. W. Knapp. '6. Ed. S. Orr. 7. Nathan Frank. 10. R. H. Stockton. 4. F. W. Lehman. world's fair builders. 145 tions. Mr. Spencer was born in Morgan County, Ohio, and began mercantile life as a clerk. After a business college course in St. Louis, he be- came connected with the grain commission house of Harlow, Gelston & Co., and rapidly rose, becoming a member of the firm in 1876, the firm name being changed to Harlow, Spencer & Co. The firm went out of business in 1882, but Mr. Spencer remained identified with the grain com- mission trade, and in 1889 organized the firm C. H. Spencer & Co., which was incorporated a year later as the C. H. Spencer Grain and Elevator Company. July i, 1897, Mr. Spencer closed out his active commercial interests, and became inter- ested in street railways, becoming president of the Southern Electric Road, and president of the National Railway Company. When the street railways in St. Louis were consolidated, Mr. Spencer became, through his properties, interested in the Transit Company and United Railways Com- pany. He served one term as president of the Merchants' Exchange; served as chairman of the St. Louis Traffic Bureau, and as vice-president of the Business Men's League. He belongs to the Noonday, Commercial, St. Louis, Log Cabin and Country Clubs. In 1875 he married Miss Mary E. Harlow. His family residence is in Washington Terrace. Charles H. Huttig, Vice-President, is president of the Third National Bank; president of the Huttig 146 IN A NUTSHELL. Sash and Door Company of St. Louis; director of the American Central Fire Insurance Company ; director of the Mississippi Valley Trust Company ; director of the St. Louis Safe Deposit and Savings Bank, and financially interested in other large enter- prises. Mr. Huttig was born in Muscatine, Iowa, and received his early business training in the bank of Cook, Musser & Co., in that city. Came to St. Louis in 1885, and shortly after established the Huttig Sash and Door Company. A man of pro- gressive ideas, energetic and quick to think and act, he has been a foremost figure in business and pub- lic affairs almost from the day of his arrival in St. Louis. He is a member of the Merchants' Ex- change, and of the Mercantile, St. Louis and Noonday Clubs. Served nearly five years as a member of the Board of Education, and three years as secretary of the Citizens' Smoke Abate- ment Association. In 1892 he married Miss Annie E. Musser of Muscatine, la. The family residence is on Raymond Avenue. Samuel M. Kennard, Vice-President, is president of the J. Kennard & Sons Carpet Company ; president of the Missouri Savings and Loan Company ; direc- tor of the American Exchange Bank ; director of the Mississippi Valley Trust Company ; director of the Kinloch Telephone Company ; director of the St. Louis and Suburban Railway Company, and largely interested in several real estate and other corporations. He has been a resident of St. Louis World's Fair Directors. 1. D. C. Nugent. 5. Xorris B. Gregg, 8. A. D. Brown. 2. J. C. Van Blarcom. 8. Dr. J. J. Lawrence. 9. Jonathan Uiee. 3. Murray Carleton. 7. A. L. Shapleigh. 10. J. J. Schotten. 4. Festus J. Wade. 148 IN A NUTSHELL. since 1857, coming here with his parents from Lexington, Kentucky, where he was born in 1842. During his entire business life he has been con- nected with the great business firm his father founded in 1857. He served in the Confederate Army, and at the close of the Civil War he became a partner in his father's firm. On the death of the senior Kennard the firm was incorporated, with Samuel M. Kennard as president. He is a direc- tor and was once president of the St. Louis Expo- sition and Musical Hall Association. He is a member of the Mercantile, St. Louis, Noonday and Commercial Clubs. In 1867 he married Miss Annie R. Maude, and has six children. The magnificent home of the Kennards is in Portland Place. Seth W. Cobb, Vice-President, is the head of the grain and commission firm of Cobb & Gardner, and has for many years been a prominent figure in the commercial life of St. Louis. He was born in Southampton County, Va., December 5, 1838, and at the beginning of the Civil War entered the Confederate Army as orderly sergeant, rising to the rank of major. Was a grocery clerk in Peters- burg for a short time after the war, and then be- came editor of the Petersburg, Va., Index. In 1867 he came to St. Louis, and after serving as clerk with various firms began business on his own account in 1875, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ some changes still exists. In 1889 he was elected to Congress world's fair builders. 149 from the Twelfth Missouri District and served three terms. He was president of the Merchants' Exchange when the Merchants' Bridge was pro- jected, and became president of the company that built the bridge. In 1876 he married Miss Zoe Desloge. They have one daughter. The family residence is in Westminster Place. August Gehner, Vice-President, is head of the firm of August Gehner & Co. , real estate ; president of the German American Bank ; vice-president of the German Insurance Company ; director of the Mis- sissippi Valley Trust Company ; one of the owners of the Rialto Building, and actively connected with a dozen other concerns. He was born in Hano- ver, Germany, September 18, 1846, and came to St. Louis when only thirteen years old. Entered government employ when he attained man's estate, serving under the United States Surveyor-Gen- eral. In 1868 he established the firm of August Gehner & Co., of which he is still the active head. Pierre Chouteau, Vice-President, is a capitalist. He is the eldest son of Charles Pierre Chouteau, and the family history is a part of the history of St. Louis. He was born in St. Louis in 1849, but was educated abroad, principally at the Royal School of Arts, Mines and Manufactures in Liege, Bel- gium. He adopted the profession of engineering, but followed it only a short time, the control of the family estates calling for all his time and attention. World's Fair Directors. 1. Howard Elliott. 5. W. J. Kinsella. 8. J. J. Wertheimer. 2. Adolphus Busch. fi. C. F. G, Meyer. 9. A. A. B. Woerheide. H. Clark H. Sampson. .7. Walker Hill. 10. 0. F. Blanke. 4. James F. Coyle. world's fair builders. ici STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive.— President D. R. Francis, Chairman; W. H. Thompson, Howard Elliott, C. W. Knapp, Nathan Frank, C.G. Warner, Murray Carleton, John Scullin, L. D. Dozier, A. L. Shapleigh, James Campbell, Breckinridge Jones. Press and Publicity.— R. H. Stockton, Chairman; D. M. Houser, C. W. Knapp, Nathan Frank, John Schroers, W. B. Stevens, W. C. Steigers. Ways and Means.— F. J. Wade, Chairman; T. H. McKittrick, Jonathan Rice, R. B. Dula, W. J. Kinsella, D. C. Nugent' E. S. Orr, Geo. M. Wright, C. F. Wenneker. Transportation.— Julius S. Walsh, Chairman; Jos. Ramsey, Jr., B. F. Yoakum, S. M. Felton, C. H. Turner, A. A. Allen, Geo. W. Parker. Finance— Chairman; W. H. Lee, Edwards Whitaker, Walker Hill, W. H. Thompson, ex-officio. Grounds and Buildings.— W. H. Thompson, Chairman; S. M. Kennard, W. F. Nolker, H. W. Steinbiss, W. b'. Wells, Jno. A. Holmes. Concessions.— G. L. Edwards, Chairman; J. J. Wertheimer, W. B. Wells, J. J. Turner, A. L. Shapleigh. Insurance. —Geo. T. Cram, Chairman; R. M. Scruggs, A. D. Brown. Foreign Relations. — Adolphus Busch, Chairman; W. F. Boyle, W. T. Haarstick, John D. Davis, M. E. Ingalls, D. C. Nugent, J. C. Van Blarcom. Supplies.— Norris B. Gregg, Chairman; James F. Coyle, Vice -Chairman; J. J. Schotten, Charles A. Stix, J. W.' McDonald, R. M. Scruggs. Sanitation.— C. P. Walbridge, Chairman; Alex. N. De Menil, Vice -Chairman; A. D. Brown, Dr. J. J. Lawrence C. F. G. Meyer. Police.— Harrison I. Drummond, Chairman; C, H. Turner Vice- Chairman; J. J. Wertheimer, W. C. Steigers, J. G. Butler. 15^ IN A NUTSHELL. Ceremonies. — C. H. Spencer, Chairinan ; W. H. Lee, Vice- Chairman ; J. G. Butler, J. C. Van Blarcom, L. D. Dozier, C. P. Walbridge, James L. Blair. Legislation. — Daniel M. Houser, Ckair?nan; W. C. Steigers, Vice Chairman ; Nicholas M. Bell, George W. Parker, F. G. Niedringhaus, James Campbell, Seth W. Cobb. Agriculture. — Paul Brown, Chairman; Festus J. Wade, Vice Chairman; Nicholas M. Bell, Julius S. Walsh, David Ranken, Jr., Wm. J. Lemp, John ScuUin. Mines and Mining. — W. J. Kinsella, Chairman; John D. Davis, Vice Chairman; David Ranken, Jr., C. F. G. Meyer, Isaac Schwab. State and Territorial Exhibits. — C. H. Huttig, Chairtnan; Edward S. Orr, Vice Chairman ; A. H. Frederick, B. F. Yoakum, J. J. Schotten, J. W. McDonald, Clark H. Samp- son. Manufactures and Liberal Arts.— Geo. W. Parker, Chair- man; Goodman King, Vice -Chairman; W H. Woodward, James F. Coyle, Geo. Warren Brown, Jonathan Rice, C. F. G. Meyer. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. —J. E. Smith, Chairman; Joseph Ramsey, Jr., Vice -Chairman; Clark, H. Sampson, August Gehner, Charles A. Stix, A. A. Allen, S. M. Dodd. Fish and Fisheries. — Seth W.Cobb, Chairjnan; A. B. Hart, Vice- Chairman; H. Clay Pierce, J. C. Van Blarcom, Geoige M. Wright, Harrison I. Drummond, C. G. Warner. Anthropology. — F. W. Lehman, Chairman ; Goodman King, Vice -Chairman; Walker Hill, Edwards Whitaker, A. A. B. Woerheide. Education.— John Schroers, Chairman; R. B. Dula, Vice- Chairman; A. A. B. Woerheide, A. L. Shapleigh, Wm. H. Woodward, Geo. W. Parker. Historical.— Pierre Chouteau, Chairman; Alex. N. De Menil, Vice- Chairman; A. B. Hart, W. J. Lemp, Wm. H. Woodward, W. T. Haarstick, Geo. T. Cram. Fine Arts.— Isaac W. Morton, Chairman; S, M, Dodd, Vice- Chairman; J. E. Smith, T. H. McKittrick, Adolphus Busch, Samuel Spencer. world's fair builders. 15 j NATIONAL COMMISSIONERS. Hon. Thomas H. Carter of Montana, President. Hon. Martin H. Glynn of New York, Vice-President. Hon. John M. Allen of Mississippi. Hon. George W. McBride of Oregon. Hon. William Lindsay of Kentucky. Hon. John M. Thurston of Nebraska. Frederick A. Betts of Connecticut. Philip D. Scott of Arkansas. John F. Miller of Indiana. BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. Miss Helen M. Gould, New York City; Mrs. Jas. L. Blair, St. Louis, Mo.; Mrs. L. D. Frost, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. Jno. M. Holcombe, Hartford, Conn. ; Mrs. Jno. A. McCall, New York City; Miss Anna L. Dawes, Pittsfield, Mass.; Mrs. Fan- nie L. Porter, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. Frederick Hanger, Little Rock, Ark. ; Mrs. W. E. Andrews, Hastings, Neb. ; Mrs. Helen Boice Hunsicker, Philadelphia; Mrs. Emily Warren Roebling, Trenton, N. J. ; Mrs. Jennie G. Knott, Louisville, Ky. ; Mrs. Belle Everest, Atchison, Kas. ; Mrs. Wm. H. Coleman, India- napolis, Ind. ; Mrs. M. H. De Young, San Francisco, Cal. ; Mrs. Margaret P. Daly, Anaconda, Mont.; Mrs. Fine P. Ernest, Denver, Col. ; Mrs. Edward L. Bookwalter, Springfield, O. ; Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, Portland, Ore. DIVISION CHIEFS. Division of Exhibits, - - - -F.J. V. Skiff. Division of Exploitation, _ _ _ . Division of Works, _ _ _ _ Isaac Taylor. Division of Concessions and Admissions, Norris B. Gregg. WORLD'S FAIR LOCATION. nHE western half of Forest Park and territory ad- jacent thereto, selected as the site of the great Exposition commemorative of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase, is considered an ideal location in every respect. The combined wisdom, experience and foresight of men identified with the progress and prosperity of the community, selected the Forest Park site after most careful deliberation and mature consid- eration ; and their choice was unanimously approved by the National Commission. The location is so easy of access from all directions that it might almost be considered in the heart of the city. From the Union Station it is only twenty minutes ride by electric car, and less than haK an hour allows ample time to reach the location from either of the big down-town hotels or from the business center. The system of transfers in operation will land a passenger by trolley car on the grounds from the extreme limits of the city in any di- rection for one fare — five cents. 154 i56 IN A NUTSHELL. Forest Park, the western half of which will be occu- pied by the Fair, is in the central western part of the city. A line due west from the postoffice, the court house. Union Station, City Hall, Four Courts, or either of the present large down-town hotels, will strike an en- trance to the park. It is the second largest city park in the United States, Fairmount Park in Philadelphia alone exceeding it in size. The exact area is 1371.94 acres. The eastern half is splendidly cultivated and artistically arranged to the limit of the landscape gar- dener's skill and talent. The western half was, before World' Fair work began, almost primeval forest. This portion of the park includes 668 acres. Take a map of the city, and beginning at a point on the southern edge of Forest Park, about midway between Euclid Avenue and the Skinker road, trace a line northward across the park to a point on " The Concourse," directly west of the pagoda, keeping Mirror lake and the music stand to the east, and the big lake to the west; thence north- westwardly to and following the Wabash Railroad to the northern line of the park. Within the space bounded by this line on the east, and the northern, western and southern limits of the beautiful reserve, is a little more than one-half of Forest Park. This and such additional territory as may be required outside the park on either side will be the site of the great World's Fair — between 1000 and 1200 acres, all seemingly especially designed by nature for the purpose. A "jog" or notch at the northwest corner of the site is made necessary by the location of the magnifi- WORLD S FAIR LOCATION. 157 cent new buildings of Washington University, now in course of construction. The University will overlook the western part of the Fair. There is, however, no obstacle, either legal or physical, to extending the Fair site area almost indefinitely on the west, north or south. Because of the natural condition in which the western half of Forest Park had been kept, it had come to be known as " The Wilderness." Over the entire stretch tall, stately shade trees grew luxuriantly. A single driveway, an extension of the Concourse, penetrated this portion, climbing hills and winding around ridges until the level plateau was reached, and then penetrat- ing almost to the western boundary of the park. The eastern portion for perhaps one-third of the distance to , the western line of the park is hilly. There is a suc- cession of three or four of these hills, none of them very high and all with gende slopes. From the Catlin tract on the north and near the Skinker Road on the west, the river Des Peres enters the park and coils and winds about down to the eastern Hmit of the park site and thence into the improved portion of the park. No less than six small tributaries enter it as it journeys to the eastward before reaching the boundary of the Fair grounds. The largest lake in Forest Park is included in the Fair site. Its 'most eastern limit and that of the site itself are practically identical. Just to the west of the lake were the large track and hippodrome of the Gentlemen's Driving Club, the diagonal line drawn in a northwesterly direction in tracing the boundaries of the site almost touching the grand stand. Close by 158 rS A NTTSHELL. were the smoothly-surfaced lawn tennis courts. All of these, of course, have been wiped out by the progress e Baliviere Avenue, inside tiie site. The Transit Company's Clayton line runs on Skinker Road, the western Hmit ol the park, and included in the Fair grounds. All of these lines have their eastern termini in the center of the downtown business district of the city. A line of the Suburban Railway crosses from the north on Union Boulevard and forms a loop inside erf the park. For an of the lines not actuaDy entering the Fair grounds, WORLD 5 FAIR LOCATION. I59 possibilities of extension are offered. At ForsUhe Junction, one block north of the park, and included in the contemplated limits, is a station of the Wabash and Colorado railroads. The Missouri Pacific, Frisco and Iron Mountain lines enter the city a few blocks south of Cla\-ton Road. Between their tracks and the Fair grounds a complete system of tracks and switches have been constructed. The belt line contemplates the loca- tion of a station inside of the grounds. The recent purchase of a great tract of land just north of the site by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific assures that road close connection. sides are thoroughfares of the very finest of street paving construction. Lindell Boulevard, on the north Hmit of the park, is nationally famous as a drive- way. Delmar. McPherson and Maryland Avenues, ap- proaching from the east, all are splendidly paved, beautiful residence streets. Union Boulevard and Goodfellow and Hamilton Avenues, which extend to the grounds from the north, are popular for driving and wheeling purposes. Skinker Road, on the west, and others of the adjacent count)- roads are macadamized and always are in the best of condition. Forest Park is the undisputed property* of the city of St. Louis, the municipal park board haWng assumed charge in 1S74. The use of the park portion of the site was made WORLD'S FAIR LOCATION. l6l possible by the passage of an ordinance by the Munici- pal Assembly. When suggestions for sites were called for, seven locations for the fair were suggested. All these had their ardent advocates : but when the Forest Park site selection was announced all sectional or fac- tional feehng faded, and. with that spirit of ci\-ic pride that is characteristic of St. Louisans, evenbody ap- proved. What little opposition was shown by people whose love for Forest Park prompted them to protest against the destruction of any of its attractions, disap- peared when it was made plain that the eastern half of the park would be preserved, and that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company was obligated to set aside an ample fund for the complete restoration of the park immediately after the close of the great Expo- sition. CHRONOLOGY OF THE « w EXPOSITION. [Tf^ITH a World's Fair assured on a scale of mag- |lAj| nificance never before attempted, in which the Nation, the City of St. Louis as a corporation, and the people of St. Louis are equal factors, the story of how and why the great project was commenced and brought to full fruition is replete with interest for all the world. It is now an accepted fact that the nations of the earth will assemble in St. Louis in 1904 to join in the celebration of the centennial of the purchase by the United States of that vast area known as the Louisiana Territory. Fifteen million dollars have been subscribed for stock in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company — five million by the United States Government, five mil- lion by the City of St. Louis, and five million by popu- lar subscription. The State of Missouri has appro- priated one million dollars to be expended in making a fitting exhibit of the State's resources. Other States have made or will make similar provision for a like CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXPOSITION. 15^ purpose. The Government has appointed a board of commissioners to act in an advisory capacity and guard the Government's interest. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company has perfected organization and got the work under such splendid progress, directed by men of such energy, that the Magic City is already beginning to assume form and shape, and when the gates open there will be no incompleteness. In the spring of 1897 the Missouri Historical Society and the press began the agitation of a plan to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the " Louisiana Purchase " by the United States, and the citizens of the States within the Territory were invited to make suggestions bearing on the celebration. In September, 1898, the Missouri Historical Society appointed a committee of fifty to decide upon the man- ner of holding the celebration, and the committee, in turn, appointed a committee of ten to consider the various methods proposed and to suggest the best and most practicable. November 26, 1898 — The committee of ten reported to the committee of fifty, advocating a celebration by all the States in the Ptirchase, and the committee of fifty approved the recommendation. It was forwarded to Gov. Lon V. Stephens, with a recommendation that a convention of representatives of the Louisiana Pur- chase States be called for St. Louis, to decide upon the place of holding such celebration. December 13, 1898 — Gov. Stephens issued a call for a convention in St. Louis for January 10, 1899. to cany ri^if: l66 rS' A NTT^HELL. ing the National Government's support of the World's Fair project, together with an appropriation of $5,000.- 000, conditioned on the raising of $5,000,000 by pop- ular subscription, and the appropriation of $5,000,000 by the City of St. Louis. January 12. 1901 — Popular subscription of $5,000.- 000 by citizens of St. Louis completed and certificate to that effect prepared for submission to authorities at Washington. January 25. 1901 — Certincaie of the fullfilment of St. Louis' obligation presented to special committee of Congress, and Tawney bill read. March 4, 1901 — Appropriation finally made by L'nited States Senate after some opposition, and the national government became a stockholder in the World's Fair enterprise, without a vote, to the extent of $5,000,000. March 30, 1901 — Appointment by President Mc- Kinley of the national -World's Fair Commission, with instructions to the same to meet within thirty days after the passage of the World's Fair bill. April 23. 1 90 1 — ^The national commission met at the Southern Hotel, in St. Louis. The World's Fair com- pany was incorporated, under the name ** Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company." with a capital stock of ^.000.000. A banquet was given by the Business Men's League of St. Louis at the Planters* Hotel to the national commission and members of Congress who were foremost in effecting the passage of the bill. April 24. 1 90 1 — ^The national commission met at CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXPOSITION". 167 the Southern Hotel and organized, with ex-Senator Thomas H. Carter as president, ex-Congressman Mar- tin H. Glynn as vice-president, and Mr. Jos. Flory of St. Louis, secretary. May 3, 1901 — Meeting of the directors and election of the following officers of the Louisiana Purchase Ex- position : President, David R. Francis ; treasurer, Wm. H. Thompson ; secretary, Walter B. Stevens ; vice-presi- dents, Corwin H. Spencer, Samuel M. Kennard, Dan- iel M. Houser, Cyrus P. Walbridge, Seth W. Cobb, Chas. H. Huttig, August Gehner and Pierre Chouteau. The president, treasurer and eight vice-presidents were appointed as a committee on organization to report at the next meeting recommendations on number and formation of standing committees ; draft of by-laws of in- corporation ; suitable offices for temporary headquarters of incorporation : director general : general counsel for corporation. May 9, 1 90 1 — The Committee on organization re- ported. By-laws were adopted and Mr. Jas. L. Blair, recommended by the committee as counsel general, was elected unanimously. May 10, 190 1 — Municipal Assembly passed ordi- nance authorizing the use of city parks for the World's Fair if desired by the organization. May 28, 1 90 1 — Nine Standing Committees of the company appointed, as follows: Executive; Press and Publicity; Ways and Means; Transportation; Finance; Grounds and Buildings ; Concessions ; Insurance ; For- eign Relations. l6S In A NUTSHfiLL. May 29, 30, 31, June i, 1901 — Seven proposed sites inspected by Executive Committee. June 4, 5, 6, 1901 — Executive Committee listened to arguments of advocates of the seven proposed sites. June 8 to 23, 1901 — Daily meetings of Executive Committee to consider proposed sites, the problem of transportation facilities for materials for building and for exhibits proving a difficult one.. Meetings also of Press and Publicity Committee, at which methods of advertising the Fair, and applications for positions were considered. June 24, 1901 — Executive Committee decided on the Forest Park, but did not announce decision. June 25, 1 90 1 — Meeting of Board of Directors at which selection of Forest Park site was announced and unanimously approved. June 26, 1 90 1 — Meeting of National Commissioners. Forest Park visited. June 27, 28, 1 90 1 — National Commissioners ap- proved the site selection, and formulated a declaration of the legal responsibilities, duties and rights of the Commission. June 30, 1 90 1 — Officers, Members of the Executive Committee and prominent citizens went to Pan-Ameri- can Exposition, Buffalo. July 2, 1 90 1 — Dedication of Louisiana Purchase Building at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo. July 4, 1 90 1 — Commission of architects, headed by Isaac S. Taylor, named. July 9, 1 90 1 — Appropriation of five millions by Board of Directors for construction of buildings, thus CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXPOSITION. 1 69 making possible the proclaiming of the Fair by Presi- dent McKinley to the world. July 30, 1901 — Commission of architects met and adopted plans for Exposition. Aug. I, 1901 — Dr. David T. Day and Dr. W. S. Ward appointed Chiefs of Department of Mines and Metallurgy. Aug. 5, 190 1 — Appointment of Prof. Halsey C. Ives as Chief of Department of Arts. Aug. II, 1901 — Appointment of Prof. Howard J. Rogers as Chief of Department of Education. Aug. 12, 1901 — Appointment of John Barrett as Commissioner-General to Asia and Australasia. Aug. 21, 1 90 1 — Proclamation issued at Washington by President McKinley. Aug. 27, 1901 — Final announcement made that there would be no Director-General, but several co-ordinate heads of Exposition. Aug. 24, 1 90 1. — Appointment of W. I. Buchanan as representative to South and Central America. Sept. 3, 1 90 1 — First stake driven in World's Fair site by Treasurer Wm. H. Thompson. Sept. 10, 1 90 1 — Second call on subscriptions, for 20 per cent. Sept. 17, 1 90 1 — Appointment of F. J. V. Skiff as Director of Exhibits. Sept. 21, 1 90 1 — Exhibit buildings assigned to mem- bers of commission of architects. Oct. 16, 1 90 1 — Helen M. Gould appointed first member of Board of Lady Commissioners by National Commission. Other appointments made. I 70 IN A NUTSHELL. Oct. 27, 1 90 1— Appointment of T. W. Cridler as commissioner to Europe. Nov. 5, 1 90 1 — Adolphus Busch advises postpone- ment of Fair. Nov. 25, 1 90 1 — Appointment of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean as Chief of Department of Fish and Fisheries. Nov. 27, 1 90 1 — Publication of official poster. Dec. 14, 1901 — World's Fair official colors — red, white, yellow and blue — adopted. Dec. 20, 1 90 1 — First ground broken on site, with ceremonies and banquet at Southern at night. Wash- ington University tract added to site by contract. Dec. 27, 1901 — Contract for transplanting of trees on site let. Dec. 28, 1 90 1 — Letting of contract for straightening and enclosing River des Peres. Jan. 4, 1902 — Executive Committee sets apart ^i,- 000,000 for air-ship exhibited at Exposition, and out- lines plans for a tournament. Jan. 4, 1902 — Sewerage contract let. Jan. 8, 1902 — First actual work begun on site of River des Peres contract. A good force of men put to work. Jan. II, 1902 — Appointment of Col. John A. Ock- erson as Chief of Liberal Arts Department. Jan. 12, 1902 — Appointment of F. W. Taylor as Chief of Agricultural Department. Jan. 14, 1902 — Appointment of Dr. L. H. Laidley as Medical Director. Jan. 16, 1902 — Contract for electrical power plant let. 172 IN A NUTSHELL. Feb. 3, 1902 — Contract for Varied Industries Build- ing let. Feb. 13, 1902 — Col. E. A. Godwin, U. S. A., ar- rived to assume charge of the Jefferson Guard depart- ment. Feb. 18, 1902 — Contract for Textiles Building let. March 4, 1902 — Second election of stockholders. Thirty-one re-elected ; three additions made to fill vacancies caused by death. March 8, 1902 — Contract for Electricity Building let. March 10, 1902 — Bill appropriating $50,000 for State exhibit passed both house of the Minnesota legis- lature. March 11, 1902 — The officers of the Exposition Company were all re-elected. Treasurer Thompson reported $1,496,487.39 as the amount paid to date under the three calls on stock subscribers. March 11, 1902 — France asks for 40,000 square metres of floor space in exhibit buildings and 5,000 square metres for a pavilion. March 14, 1902 — Unanimous vote of St. Louis City Council for bill authorizing the issue of municipal bonds for the Exposition to the amount of $5,000,000. March 20, 1902 — New York Assembly appropriated $100,000 for State exhibit. March 20, 1902 — Notice received of Peru's official acceptance. March 24, 1902 — New York Senate passed the bill appropriating $100,000. CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXPOSITION. 1 73 March 29, 1902 — French Senate passed the billfrom the Chamber appropriating ^120,000 for the exhibi- tions of products of the Government's manufacturing establishments and art museums. March 31, 1902 — C. F. Wennerstrum of Des Moines, la., appointed Commissioner to Sweden, Nor- way and Denmark. April I, 1902 — Directors ratified action of Executive Committee in condemnation proceedings. April I, 1902 — Directors adopted a resolution call- ing all of the remaining 50 per cent, of subscriptions. April 3, 1902 — Treasurer Cook and Secretary Rood of the Wisconsin Commission selected site for the Wis- consin Building. April 4, 1902 — Robert Burns Cottage Association organized. Irish National World's Fair Association appointed committee to raise ^500,000. J. Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department, declared that the structural steel could not be procured in time to complete the Govern- ment Building by May i, 1903. April 5, 1902 — Oiificial notice received that Do- minion Government of Canada will participate in the Exposition. April 8, 1902 — Contract for erection of Machinery Building awarded to Smith & Eastman for 1^497, 957- New York's appropriation of ^100,000 for World's Fair exhibit approved by Gov. Odell. Gov. Jelks of Alabama appointed World's Fair Commissioner. Iowa House of Representatives passed bill appropriating $150,000. CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXPOSITION. 1 75 April 10, 1902 — Santos Dumont of air-ship fame landed in New York. Sir Hiram Maxin in London offers $250,000 for successful flying machine — not a balloon. April II, 1902 — Iowa Legislature — both houses — appropriates $125,000 for World's Fair exhibit. April 15, 1902 — Contract for Machinery Building signed. President Loubet signed decree appointing M. Michael Lagrave Commissioner General for the French section of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. April 16, 1902 — Ordinance permitting erection of Woman's Building on World's Fair site signed by Mayor Wells. April 16, 1902 — Gov. Taft of the Philippines enters into a co-operative arrangement with the Exposition Company in regard to the Philippine exhibits. April 19, 1902 — Arrival in St. Louis of M. Santos- Dumont and M. Aime from Paris to assist in arranging the aerial programme of the Exposition. April 21-22, 1902 — Conference of World's Fair ofifiicials with advisory board of aerial experts, M. San- tos-Dumont, M. Aimee, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch of the Harvard Observatory, and Prof. Woodward of Washington University. Rules and regulations for the aerial features of the Exposition and the distribution of prizes agreed upon. April 24, 1902 — Missouri Day and Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition Day at the South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition at Charleston, S. C. April 26-29, 1902 — Removal of several departments 176 IN A NUTSHELL. and transferal of scene of activity from down town offices to headquarters on World's Fair Grounds. April 30, 1902 — Executive Committee unanimously- agreed on the advisability of postponing the Fair until 1904. May I, 1902 — Board of Directors afifixed their sig- nature to a statement in which they endorsed the de- cision reached by the Executive Committee postponing the Fair. May 8, 1902 — Exposition flag, containing the Expo- sition colors of red, white, blue and yellow, provision- ally adopted by the Exposition Company. May 12, 1902 — Director Isaac Schwab died at At- lantic City. May 13, 1902 — Announcement made by the Execu- tive Committee that the World's Fair aerial tournament would include a race to Washington, D. C, and re- turn. May 16, 1902 — Announcement made that the sum of ^2,000 would be given for the best World's Fair emblem. A board of artists of national reputation ap- pointed as jurors. May 19, 1902 — Work on the Cascades began. May 26, 1902 — Announcement made at Washington that Federal funds will not be available for Exposition purposes until all the members of the Board of Directors have signed the Sunday closing contract. May 28, 1902 — Bids on the Liberal Arts Building opened by the Committee on Grounds and Build- ings. Contract later awarded to The Goldie Construc- tion Co. for ^945,127.50. 17^ tX A NXTSHELL. May 31, 1902 — Stars and stripes and the Exposition flag unfurled above the Administration Building by President D. R. Francis with appropriate ceremonies. June 2. 1902 — Condemnation suits instituted by the Exposition Company against the Catlin tract and hold- ings of the Park View Realty Company, decided against the Worid's Fair Company. June 2, 1902 — Announcement made of the appoint- ment of F. W. Gable and J. W. Dunn in the Auditing Department of the Exposition Company. June 4. 1902 — Michel Lagrave, the first National Commissioner appointed by a foreign government, vis- ited the Administration Building in behalf of the Re- public of France. Was a guest of the Rochambeau j)art\-. June 4. 1902 — Announcement made that site for French Building had been assigned, and that the build- ing would be a reproduction of the Petit Trianon. June 5. 1902 — Announcement by President D. R. Francis that President Loubet of France would be in- Wted to \-isit the Worid's Fair. June II. 1902 — The first pieces of staff adjusted on the Varied Industries Building by Porter \Miite. of the firm of Alexander & AMiite, staff makers. June 18, 1902 — Wm. Hutchison. Canada's Commis- sioner to the World's Fair, \-isited the Administration Building and conferred with President Francis and other officials. THE f^ LOUISIANA PURCHASE. nHE acquisition of the territory of Louisiana from France in 1803 may be regarded, from several points of view, as the most important event in the whole history of the United States. It added 1,171,931 square miles to the United States — a terri- tory greater by 300,000 square miles than the entire domain of the nation as it then existed. The thirteen States and two territories which have since been carved out of the Purchase had, by the census of 1900, a population of 17,777,081, or nearly one-fourth of the population of the United States. Missouri, the fifth State in the Union, is in the Louisiana territory, as is also Texas, the sixth. As the crowning glory of the vast reaches of mining, agricultural and grazing lands embodied in the old Louisiana territory there have arisen great cities — St. Louis, the fourth city in the L'nited States ; San Antonio, one of the oldest towns in the country ; the twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, centers of the summer resort region and the inland lakes ; iTy l8o IN A NUTSHELL. Hot Springs, whither people go by the thousands to re- gain their health; New Orleans, with its Mardi Gras, its opera and its whirl of gay society; Denver, the Mecca of all who seek a tonic of ozone ; rapidly growing Omaha; and the five towns, Dubuque, Des Moines, Davenport, Burlington and Council Bluffs, in that State of Iowa which calls itself proudly the ' ' State of large towns and no cities." Great navigable rivers — the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande, the Arkan- sas, the Red, the White, the Platte, and the Iowa — sweep through the Louisiana territory to their ultimate outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. Pike's Peak, and a large por- tion of the Rockies, kings among the mountains of the earth, are within old Louisiana's borders, and here also is the Yellowstone National Park, set apart by the United States government as a place of sight-seeing for all future generations. But greater than all this is the fact that the purchase of the Louisiana territory, and the opportunities for development that it afforded, for- ever prevented the nation of the United States from being merely a province, a small portion of land set down on the Western Continent between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean, with opposing powers on every side except the east. Instead of this narrow fu- ture there was secured for the youthful nation a vast extent of possession which should be bounded, in the words of the enthusiastic statesman, *'on the east by the Atlantic, on the west by the Pacific, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the north by the Da" of Judgment." THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. l8l The treaty by which the United States purchased the territory of Louisiana from France bore the date of April 30, 1803. That territory has since been divided into thirteen States and two territories. The States — the number identical, by an odd coincidence, with the thirteen original States which formed the Union — are Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, lowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming and a part of Texas. The two territories are Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. The fact that only a part of Texas was contained in the Purchase was the reason why an invitation to the Governor of Texas was omitted in the preliminaries incident to the Louisiana Purchase Conference in January, 1899. Nevertheless, the Gov- ernor of Texas excused the oversight, and was a mem- ber of that body. Although it was early in the history of the United States as a nation that Louisiana became a part of its possessions, the territory of Louisiana had been named and was known to the civilized world more than a cen- tury before the year 1803. La Salle, sailing down the Mississippi in 1682, bestowed upon all the unknown region west of that river the name of Louisiana, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV., King of France. The far-reaching limits of this magnificent and fertile territory became better known in the next century ; and as the island of New Orleans was soon colonized and grew to be the depot of supplies for the entire region, that small portion of land east of the Mississippi became THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 1 83 naturally a part of Louisiana, although all the rest of the territory was west of the river. Louisiana was claimed by France until 1762, when the treaty of Fontainebleau transferred it from France to Spain, to repay Spain for losses suffered in the French and Indian War. The people of Louisiana — for by that time the territory, especially New Orleans, had been settled by many traders and planters — ob- jected to this transfer, protesting so strongly that it was not until 1769 that Spain actually took possession. From that time forward it was the hope of the French to recover this splendid territory for their own. The Americans — by which name the citizens of the United States were called even at that early period — were, on the other hand, better satisfied that Spain should pos- sess Louisiana than that this extensive territory should be owned by France. In case any jealousy or enmity should arise, the Americans argued that Spain would be a more sluggish adversary than France. The situa- tion, from the American standpoint, was expressed in the words of Montesquieu, afterward quoted by Robert R. Livingston, United States minister to France: "It is happy for trading powers that God permitted Turks and Spaniards to be in the world, since they are of all nations the most proper to possess a great empire with insignificance." The people of the present generation, or even of the preceding generation, can with difftculty appreciate the importance of the Mississippi River in the year 1800. Railroads were unknown, neither were there any good 1 84 IN A NUTSHELL. wagon roads west of the State of Pennsylvania. One who wished to go, for instance, from Nashville, Tenn., to New York, must ride in a flatboat — for steamboats were not yet invented — down the Cumberland river to the Ohio, down the Ohio to the Mississippi and on to the mouth of that river, then by sailing vessel out on the Gulf and along the Atlantic coast. It was the only means of travel. For commerce the rivers were an ab- solute necessity, and the Mississippi outranked all other rivers. Madison said of it: "It is the Hudson, the Delaware, the Potomac, and all the navigable rivers of the Atlantic States formed into one stream." New Orleans was the key to the Mississippi River. Without it as a depot the western products could not be taken to a market and western commerce was paralyzed. Therefore, when Morales, Intendant of New Orleans, on October i6, 1802, arbitrarily suspended the right of deposit at New Orleans to all "foreigners," his act excited the greatest indignation among the peo- ple of the United States. It was supposed by American statesmen that this de- cree came from Spain, but that it was dictated by France, for by this time there was a strong suspicion in the minds of Americans that France had succeeded in her cherished desire of regaining Louisiana from Spain. As far as Morales' decree was concerned, the light of sub- sequent history shows that the decree was his own officious act, sanctioned neither by Spain nor France. Nevertheless, France had actually secured possession of Louisiana by the secret treaty of St. Ildefonso on THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 1^5 October i, 1800. Napoleon, with his wondrous power over men, had accomplished this by an empty promise of giving to the Spanish King's son-in-law the kingdom of Tuscany, yet he was afraid to let his triumph be made known, lest England with her great navy should prevent French occupation of Louisiana. It was im- possible for Napoleon to send troops to Louisiana at once because of the rebelHon against France in St. Domingo, where brigade after brigade was brought low by tropical fever as rapidly as they could be transported. In the meantime Rufus King, U. S. Minister in Lon- don, had sent Jefferson positive proof that Louisiana now belonged to France (November 20, 1801), and the President had dispatched Robert R. Livingston as minister to France. The excitement in America was intense. The Westeners went so far as to say that if Congress and the president could not secure for them the right of deposit at New Orleans and the free navi- gation of the Mississippi they would form a separate government of their own. James Ross, of Pennsylvania, made an impassioned speech in the Senate counseling strong measures. " Plant yourselves on the rivers," he said, "fortify the banks, invite those who have an in- terest at stake to defend it. When in possession you will negotiate with more advantage." Mr. Livingston arrived in Paris, in December, 1801, and for the next twelve months consumed his energies in what seemed fruitless measures — first, to learn the truth about the retrocession from Spain to France, and, second, to make some terms with France. This was THE LOUISIANA TURCHASE. loy slow work. On September i, 1802, Livingston wrote to Madison, Jefferson's Secretary of State: "There never was a government in which less could be done by negotiation than here. There are no people, no legislators, no counsellors. One man is everything. His ministers are mere clerks, and his legislators and counsellors parade officers." Rumors were current that Napoleon intended to plant an army in Louisiana. First it was Gen. Gollet, a dis- graced French officer, who was to be sent with a great company of disaffected and exiled English, Scotch and Irishmen. Then a reputed Frenchman named Francis Tatergem appeared on the scene, pretending that he had great friendship with the Creek Indians, that they hated Americans and loved the French, and that he could raise an army in Louisiana of 20,000 Indian warriors. These reports were received in America with varied emotions. Perhaps the most sensible, albeit the mildest view, was that taken by Senator Jackson, of Georgia, who said: " Should Bonaparte send an army of 40,000 men here and should they not be destroyed by our troops, they would within twenty years become Americans and join our arms. No other people can long exist in the vicinity of those of the United States without intermixing and ultimately joining with them." With all the web of mystery which Napoleon wove around himself, however, he was nevertheless seriously considering the advances made on behalf of the United States. Livingston had been aided in France by Dupont de Nemours, a Frenchman, who was a friend of both NATIONAL Commissioners, World's Fair. Hon. Thos. H. Carter, President. 2. Hon. G. W. McBride. 5. Hon. F. A. Betts. 8. Hon. John F.Miller. 3. Hon. Wm. Lindsay. R. Hon. P. D. Scott. 9. Hon. J. M. Thurston. 4. Hon. M. H. Giynn. 7. Hon. John M. Allen. 10. Joseph Flory, Secretary. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. I 89 Jefferson and Bonaparte, and pressure was brought to bear also from Spain through Charles Pinckney, U. S. Minister at Madrid. Some of Napoleon's advisers urged, moreover, that since restoration of slavery had brought about a rebellion in St. Domingo, its existence as an institution in Louisiana might also breed trouble for the French. But the fear of England was a more powerful argument than any other. Jefferson did not hesitate openly to threaten that if the French occupied Louisiana, the United States would form an alliance with England. "From that moment," he said, "we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation." On January 11, 1803, President Jefferson nominated James Monroe as a special minister to France to assist Livingston and Pinckney, as the commission stated, " in enlarging and more effectually securing our rights and interests in the river Mississippi and in the territory eastward thereof." At first, it will be seen, the Presi- dent did not contemplate the purchase of the vast ter- ritory of Louisiana. He desired New Orleans and the Floridas, if he could get them, and for these posses- sions Monroe was instructed that he might pay a sum not to exceed ^10,000,000. Monroe sailed March 8, 1803, and arrived in Paris April 7. After all, Living- ston and Pinckney might have performed the work un- aided, for Monroe found ripened fruit ready for the gathering. Napoleon was as anxious to sell Louisiana as the United States was to buy New Orleans, and there only remained a litde haggling over terms, and the consent of the United States to take Louisiana along I go In A NUTSHELt* with New Orleans. The Floridas were impossible at that time, as when the truth was known it was found that France did not own them. Monroe was presented to Napoleon April i6, 1803, and negotiations were immediately opened between the two countries. It was agreed to include in the pur- chase price the claims of certain American citizens for indemnity against France, amounting to ^3,750,000. The sum agreed upon for the territory itself was ^11,- 250,000, making a total of $15,000,000. The treaty was signed May 2, and the copies in English were made out so that they were all done about May 8 or 9, but the date of the treaty was fixed at April 30, as this was the actual time of the agreement between the min- isters. When the treaty was concluded there was a general handshaking among the ministers. Both sides were pleased with the transaction. Livingston said: "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our lives; "and Napoleon declared: "This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States. I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." Gayarre, a distinguished historian who died a few years ago, spoke of the treaty as ' ' the most important ever signed in the nineteenth century, if it be judged by its conse- quences to the United States and to the rest of the world." The United States Senate ratified the treaty October 19, 1803, and the ratifications of the two countries THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 191 were exchanged October 21. Jefferson signed the document on November 10, and on December 20, 1803, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana peacefully surrendered the province to Laussat, a commissioner appointed by Napoleon, who immediately passed it over to the government of the United States — a little less than eight months after the signing of the treaty. Thus came to a conclusion that great event in his- tory, the looth anniversary of which is to be celebrated in St. Louis in 1904 with the Louisiana Purchase World's Fair. Half the Riding Public use ^'Banner Buggies," The other half ought to, And would if they could only realize what they are missing. Examine, inspect at your first opportunity, the EASIEST RIDING, MEDIUM PRICED, LIGHT VEHICLE, now before the trade. THE BANNER BUGGY COMPANY. R. E. GARDNER. St. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis Theatre Co = ENTE.RPRISES = Grand Opera House MARKtT, NEAR SIXTH. Devoted to High-Class G)medy Combinatioos. Prices, 15, 25, 35, 50 and 75 Cents. Performances every Evening. Matinees, Sunday, "Wednesday and Saturday. The Imperial Theatre Tenth and Pine Streets. Devoted to Combinations. Change of bill weekly. Matinees, Daily. Prices, 15, 25, 35 and 50 Cents. Havlin's Theatre Sixth and Walnut Sts. Devoted to Melodrama Combinations. Change of bill weekly. Matinees, Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Prices, 15, 25, 35 and 50 Cents. JOHN H. HAV'LIN, General Manager. U trig's Cave WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON AVES. Rain or Shine Stjmmef Season of J 902 opened Sunday, June Jst, with the May Howard Extravagan za Co. PRESENTING High Class Musical Comedies and Burlesque Every Evening at 8.30. Matinees Wednesday and Sunday at 2.30. Reserved Seats on Sale at A. A. AAL CLOAK CO.. 515 Locust St., and at OSTERTAG BROS., Florists, Washington and Jefferson Aves. STOCKS L.A.CELLA, Pres. C.A.TILLES.V-Pres. B.ADLER, Secy-Treas. JELLi lission Qo SELL FOR CASH OR H STREET, S UP CAPITAL, $50.0 GRAIN C Qomm BUY AND 200 N. FOURTI PAID mpany MARGIN. T. LOUIS, MO. DO. 00. Being the Best Equipped Wire House West of the Mississippi Enables Us to Render You COTTON SUPERIOR SERVICE Tel.: Bell, Main 1119. PROVISIONS Forest Park Highlands. THE BIG PLACE ON THE HILL. Most Beautiful AI Fresco Park in the World. Most Popular Resort with Ladies and Children. Magnificent Summer Theatre. High-Class Vaudeville. IN THE OROUNDS LATEST SENSATION. LOOP THE LOOP. Only Summer Roof Garden in the City. Immense Covered Walks and Pavilions. Largest and Finest "Soenic Railway. Immense Bowling Alleys. Billiard Pavilion. Two Performances Daily — Rain or Shine. ...Band Concerts Afternoon and Evening... ADMISSION TO GROUNDS FREE. CARS DIRECT TO FOREST PARK HIGHLANDS: Laclede: Route— Over Chestnut St., Laclede Ave. and Euclid Ave. Chouteau: Route— Over Washington Ave., 14th Street and Chouteau Ave. Euclid : Route— Over Taylor and Euclid Aves. ALL OTHER LINES IN THE CITY TRANSFER TO THESE DIRECT LINES. 1^ ft 3 3 S T£SIII WE HAVE MADE CLAIMS OF SUPERIOR MERIT FOR THE HW9 WjF Java and Dkf IV Mocha COFFEE. YOU WILL FIND THAT OUR CLAIMS ARE MODEST WHEN YOU BUY AN AIR-TIGHT CAN 3 POUNDS, ONE DOLLAR. ^ TCDMiNAI UnTCI union station. ST. LOUIS. Rates. $1 and Upwan iLrilTllllML nUlLL, Rooms Reserved by Telegraph. European Plan. ards. ! ^ This Hotel has no equal in fhe U. S. for comfort, convenience, cleanliness and rates. IF YOU EAT CANDY, TRY Wenneker's Prize Medal Chocolate Creams. GUARANTEgP ABSOLUTELY PURE. FOR SALE BY FIRST CLASS DEALERS ONLY. Columbia Brewing Co. ...PINE BEERS EXCLUSIVELY... s^ '^^ BANNER, ^ COLUMBIA PALE, CARLSBERQER, WURZBURQER, MUENCHENER, 41 * ...BOTTLED BEER... * * THE . Great St. Louis Fair COMPETITION OPEN TO THE WORLD. SPACE AND ENTRIES FREE. C. A. TILLES, JOHN HACHMEISTER, PSESIDENT. SECRETARY. (£olumbia Excursion do/s RIVER OUTINGS . Steamers Leave Daily at 930 A.M» and 730 P.M. SUNDAY EXCURSION S, Leave 930 A. M. and 230 P. M. Round Trip, 50 Miles, 25 Cents. AND IRON MOUNTAIN ROUTE :r,:-. GREAT SOUTHWEST StSTEKI Connecting the Commercial Centers and Rich Farms of.... IVIISS013RI. The Broad Wheat and Corn Fields and Thriving Towns of KANSAS. The Fertile River Valleys and Trade Centers of N^^BRASKA. The Grand, Picturesque and Enchanting Scenery and the Famous Mining Dstrctof COLOIIADO The Agricultural, Fruit, Mineral and Timber Lands and Famous Hot Springs of ARKANSAS. The Beautiful Rolling Prairies and Woodlands of the^ . . J^DJ^N TER. The Sugar Plantations of ^ ^ ^ LOUISIANA. The Cotton and Grain Fields, the Cattle Ranges and Winter Resorts of T^XA ^, Historical and Scenic 0|^D 3tld S S ^ NEW MEXICO. And Forms with its Connections the Popular Winter Route to ARIZONA and ^ ^ ^ CALIFORNIA. For Description and Illustrated Pamphlets, Land Folders, Etc., address Company^s Agents^ .S.WARNER. R'JSSELL HARDING. H.C TOWNSEND, 2ndV.-P. 3d V.-P. & Gen Mgr. G. P. & T. A GEO. D. BARNARD & CO. Manufacturing Stationers. j DIRECTORS GEO. D.BARNARD E. T. USTICK 1 W. K. RICHARDS LITHOGRAPHING. e'loTd SHO?r PRINTING. BLANK BOOKS. Laclede and Vandeventer Aves. St. Louis. No order too large for our capacity. No order too small for our careful attention. H)orfi«-U|e$t dm Co. II WHOLESALE ^11 DRUGGISTS, fourth Street and Lucas /Ive., St. Louis, Mo. DISTRIBUTORS OF... Melacliol, Malarion, Rtienmagon, Pbaselin, CHAS. F. VOGEL, REAL ESTATE and FINANCIAL AGENT 624 CHESTNUT STREET, ST. LOUIS. Law Offices of CLINTON ROWELL RIALTO BUILDING, S. E. Cor. Fourth and Olive Sts. St. Louis. Clinton Rowell and J. H. Znrabalen. John H. Douglass, Jr. EBERLE & KEYES iaut)ertafttnG Gompau^ Office and Funeral Rooms: IIOSSt.AngeAve. ST. LOUIS, MO. TELEPHONES t Main 35. Kinloch, C 789. KEYES-MARSHALL BROS.— Six Stables. THE PERRY SCHOOL OF Oratory and Dramatic Art Y. M. C. A. BUILDING, COR. GRAND AND FRANKLIN AVENUES. ST. LOUIS, MO. There is a thorough course for teach- ers in expression. Terms reasonable. . ADDRESS, EDWARD P. PERRY, Director St. James Hotel, BROADWAY AND WALNUT. ^^ Has been greatly improved. New Plumbing, Rooms with Bath, New Furniture, Redecorated, Etc*, Etc. AMERICAN PLAN, $2 00 AND $2.50 P£R DAY. EUROPEAN PLAN. $1.00 TO $1.50 PER Day. ^^ P. SHORT, THOS. P. MILLER, PROPRIETOR. MANAGKR. Si/es UestedS'ree BY Aloe's The Optical Authorities of America. 414 and 416 N. Broadway. Laclede Hotel, Chestnut and Sixth Sts. EUROPEAN PLAN. Rooms Single or En Suite. Rates, $1.00, 1.50 &> 2.00 per Day. Cars to and from Union Station pass the door. Cafe of superior excellence with moderate prices. Meals a-la-carte ; also popular priced regular Breakfast, Dinner and Supper. J. L. GRISWOLD, Owner and Proprietor. WE COVER EVERYTHING. Trinidad Asphalt... Manufacturing Co. 320-22-24 S. 21 St St., St. Loais, Mo. Manufacturers and Refiners ...of... PAVING, ROOFING AND .•. . INSULATING MATERIALS BRANCH AGENCIES AND DELIVERIES TO ANY POINT IN THE WORLD. DELICATESSEN ...LUNCH ROOMS... 716 N. BROADWAY. 116 N. FOURTH ST. 1902 LOCUST ST 718 OLTVE ST. 124 OLIVE ST. WAINWRIGHT BLDG. GEN'L OFFICE AND SUPPLY DEPT 1900 LOCUST STREET. ST. LOUIS. ...714 CHESTNUT STREET . PELMAR fJARDBN The Beauty Summer Garden of the West. A I I NEW ^\L.L. FEATURES. FORTABLE. First-Class Restaurant and Cafe ^ ^ in the Cottage. ^ ^ SEE The Scenic Railway. The Old Mill Wheel. The New Midway. Band Concerts on the Grounds, S v*8 twice daily. .^ ^ Change of Bill "Weekly in Theatre, where Light Comic Opera holds forth nightly and Saturday Matinee. Big Company of Lyric Artists and Pretty Chorus of Cultivated Voices. TAKE ANY CAR LINE. COLUMBIA THEATRE SIXTH AND ST. CHARLES STREETS. COLUMBIA THEATRE CO., Owners. GEORGE MIDDLETON, Pres't. FRANK R. TATE, Sec'y and Treas. DiCVOTKD TO >.>HIGH- CLASS.-. CONTINUOUS VAUDEVILLE *#* ENTIRE CHANGE OF BILL EVERY WEEK. *** PRICES ALWAYS THE SAME, J 5, 25, 30 Cents. *** Orchestra Chairs (Reserved a Week in Advance), 50 Cent?. M. M. GREENWOOD. M. GREENWOOD, Jr. GREENWOOD & CO. Real Estate and Investment Brokers. We nnake a specialty of furnishing information and data for the con- sideration of non-residents contennplating investments. gA