The Educational Museum at Clark University 
 
 Catalogue of the Department of 
 
 giene 
 
 BY 
 
 WM. H. BURNHAM 
 
 AND 
 
 M. EVELYN FITZSIMMONS 
 
 WORCESTER 
 1912 
 
The Educational Museum at Clark University 
 
 Catalogue of the Department of 
 School Hygiene 
 
 BY 
 
 WM. H. BURNHAM 
 
 AND 
 
 M. EVELYN FITZSIMMONS 
 
 WORCESTER 
 1912 
 
 e^tyjvuL 
 
 X. 
 
A 
 
 •ill 
 JUL 6 MI4 
 
THE EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNI- 
 VERSITY : CATALOGUE OF THE DEPARTMENT 
 OF SCHOOL HYGIENE 
 
 By Wm. H. Burnham and M. Evelyn Fitzsimmons 
 
 Introduction 
 
 The general purpose of the Museum, namely, to show the 
 evolutionary and dynamic aspects of education, is well illus- 
 trated in the department of hygiene. The aim of this depart- 
 ment is fourfold. 
 
 First, the aim is to collect illustrative material of various 
 kinds in the field of general hygiene, with special emphasis on 
 development, nutrition, and preventable diseases. 
 
 Second, the aim is to show the evolution of the modern 
 schoolhouse and the structure and contents of a model school- 
 room from the hygienic point of view. For this purpose 
 charts, ground plans, working drawings, models, photographs, 
 apparatus, and the like are collected. All of these are signifi- 
 cant, whether they represent what is new or what is obsolete 
 to-day. In the case of school furniture, for example, the aim 
 is to show the evolution of the school seat and the school desk. 
 Hence it is desired to collect the oldest seats and desks avail- 
 able and those representing all stages of development, from 
 primitive seats down to the best adjustable seats of to-day. 
 This series is not yet complete, but a good beginning has been 
 made in the seats and desks already purchased and in the 
 charts which show the evolution of the school seat and desk. 
 
 Third, the aim is to collect material illustrating the develop- 
 ment and hygiene of the child, especially at school age. The 
 attempt is made, by a series of models and charts, to show the 
 development of the human being from the earliest embryonic 
 stages throughout the whole period of development to com- 
 plete maturity, and, when it is possible, to supplement this 
 with illustrations of the stages of senescence, thus sketching 
 the whole life history of the human individual. 
 
 The attempt is also made here to collect models and charts 
 illustrating common abnormalities that can be remedied by 
 proper treatment during the period of growth. A good illus- 
 tration of this is the set of models showing normal and maloc- 
 clusion of the teeth. The classification is that of Dr. Angle 
 of St. Louis. The models were prepared by the kindness of 
 Dr. L. W. Baker of Harvard and are all made from actual 
 
527 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 cases. This is a typical case in point, because by suitable 
 treatment, especially if given in the early years, normal devel- 
 opment and normal occlusion can be obtained. The great 
 importance of such treatment is shown by the fact that the 
 investigations of Dr. P. H. Wright and others indicate that 
 with the dental abnormalities several nasal defects are likely 
 to be correlated, and that normal development of the teeth 
 and the arch of the mouth is necessary for the normal develop- 
 ment of the bony structure of the mouth and nose in general 
 and of great importance for the general health of the individual. 
 In many other cases of abnormal development similar results 
 could be obtained probably by proper care and treatment dur- 
 ing the early years. Models and charts illustrating any form 
 of development and remediable abnormalities are desirable. 
 
 Here and in the section on school sanitation the aim also is 
 to show the evolution and present status of our knowledge in 
 child hygiene and the methods and results of work in this field, 
 especially the results of investigations in regard to the various 
 school diseases, the incidence of these diseases, the effect of 
 antitoxins, of cleanliness, etc. 
 
 Fourth, the aim is to obtain material to illustrate the history 
 and evolution of mental hygiene and the hygiene of instruc- 
 tion. While under this head only a small amount of material 
 has as yet been obtained, it is hoped ultimately to make this 
 an important exhibit. 
 
 Only a beginning has yet been made in the hygienic depart- 
 ment of the Museum. The aim, however, is a definite one, 
 namely, to show the evolution of hygiene and especially of 
 child hygiene, and to collect the latest and best hygienic devices 
 and apparatus. While at present in each section the material is 
 inadequate and under many topics nothing has yet been col- 
 lected, new accessions are being constantly made and it is 
 hoped in the near future to fill many of the existing gaps. 
 
 In spite of the incompleteness of the collection, it has 
 seemed wise to publish this catalogue of the present contents 
 of the department of hygiene, together with a statement of 
 its aims, for the convenience of those who use the material 
 and also to illustrate the general plans and purpose of the 
 Educational Museum. 
 
 The classification is elastic, and no effort has been made to 
 prevent a certain amount of overlapping. The divisions are 
 not rigorously logical but made for convenience, and the aim 
 has been to place the emphasis on child hygiene and school 
 hygiene rather than to give what might seem a natural and 
 logical classification of the whole field of hygiene. 
 
 The Museum takes this opportunity to express its cordial 
 thanks to the many persons who have contributed to its con- 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 528 
 
 tents or made suggestions for its development. Many physi- 
 cians, hygienists, and educators have expressed their interest 
 in this cohection and have contributed important information. 
 It is hoped to reahze a large part of these suggestions ; and 
 on behalf of the University the writers wish to express their 
 great indebtedness to those who have responded so generously 
 and have expressed their interest in the aims and scope of the 
 Museum. 
 
 The letters NH on the charts in the Museum refer to the 
 section, Hygiene. The numbers in parentheses are the acces- 
 sion numbers, inserted merely for the convenience of the 
 Museum. The other numbers refer to the following scheme 
 of classification, which is similar to that used in section N, 
 the department of Education, in the University Library. 
 
 1 General 
 
 11 Prevention of disease 
 
 12 Nutrition 
 
 13 Special ph3'siological functions 
 
 2 Architecture and School Sanitation 
 
 21 Playgrounds, outdoor schools, etc. 
 
 22 Building plans etc. 
 
 23 Heating, lighting, ventilation, and w^ater supply 
 
 24 Furniture and apparatus 
 
 241 Blackboards, etc. 
 
 242 Desks and seats 
 
 243 Drinking cups 
 249 Miscellaneous 
 
 25 Cleanliness 
 
 26 Hj'gienic apparatus 
 29 Miscellaneous 
 
 3 Hygiene of the Child 
 
 31 Growth and physiological age 
 
 32 Posture 
 
 33 Eye 
 
 34 Ear 
 
 35 Voice, nose, throat, and teeth 
 
 36 Diseases, first aid, etc. 
 
 361 Scarlatina 
 
 362 Diphtheria 
 
 363 Measles 
 
 364 Typhoid fever 
 369 Miscellaneous 
 
 37 Effects of alcohol 
 39 Miscellaneous 
 
 4 Mental Hygiene and the Hygiene of Instruction 
 
 41 Psychological age 
 
 42 Mental hygiene ■ < ■ 
 
 43 Fatigue 
 
 44 Period of study, etc. 
 
 45 Grading 
 
 46 Physical exercise 
 
 47 Reading, spelling, etc. 
 
 49 Miscellaneous ' " 
 
529 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 I GENERAL HYGIENE 
 
 II Prevention of Disease 
 
 Kean, J. R. — Chart showing mortality and morbidity from typhoid 
 fever, 2nd division, 7th army corps. Jacksonville, Fla., 1898. 
 (From Jour, of Am. Med. Assoc, Aug. 26, 191 1, p. 714.) 34 
 X 42 in. (1007) 
 
 Among 10,759 soldiers there were 2,693 cases of typhoid 
 fever, resulting in 248 deaths, while the total death roll from 
 all causes was only 281. 
 
 Kean, J. R. — Chart showing mortality and morbidity from typhoid 
 fever for maneuver division, San Antonio, Texas, Mar. 10- 
 Jy. 10, 1911. (From Jour, of Am. Med. Assoc, Aug. 26, 1911, 
 p. 714.) 42 X 42 in. (1006) 
 
 This chart shows that among 12,801 soldiers at San Antonio 
 in four months there was only one case of typhoid fever, no 
 deaths from this disease, and only 11 deaths in all, while at 
 the same time there were cases of typhoid fever and some 
 deaths in that city. The difference between this and the 1898 
 mortality (see preceding chart) is attributed to modern sani- 
 tary precautions and preventive inoculation with typhoid anti- 
 toxin. 
 
 Single service milk bottles. (Gift of Single Service Pack. Co.) 
 
 In quart and pint sizes, made of paper coated with par- 
 
 affine. (i49S) 
 
 Tuberculosis exhibit. 34 pictures and 14 mottoes, each 7^ x gyi 
 in., concerning prevention of tuberculosis, mounted in a wooden 
 frame. Brayton. (1413) 
 
 Tuberculosis pictures. "jYz x 9I/2 in. Brayton. (1419) 
 
 63 photographs, showing wholesome and dangerous indus- 
 tries, working conditions, district nursing, outdoor life, etc. 
 
 Nietner, J. & Lorentz, Fr. — Tuberculosis chart. (Wandtafel zur 
 Tuberkulosebelehrung.) 27y2 x 50^2 in- Miiller. (1149) 
 
 This chart presents seven exhibits on the study of tuber- 
 culosis by the German Central Committee, with explanations 
 by J. Nietner and Fr. Lorentz. 
 
 I. Exposed chest, showing heart, lungs and viscera in situ. 
 
 II. Cluster of air vesicles taken from lungs, highly magnified. 
 
 III. Relation of blood capillaries to air vesicles. IV. Three 
 stages of the development of the disease in a single air 
 vesicle. V. Four stages of development of the disease in a 
 single lobe of the lung. VI. Tubercle bacilli as they would 
 appear under microscope magnifying 2,000 diameters. VII. 
 Curves showing death rate for 10,000 in Prussia since 1875; 
 while general death rate decreases from more than 260 to 
 less than 160 per 10,000, deaths from tuberculosis decrease 
 from 32 to 15 per 10,000 in the same period. 
 
 Pauchet, Victor. — La vie hygienique ; reglement de chaque jour. 
 2il^ X 2914 in. Paulin. (ii53) 
 
 Outline chart of hygienic regulations for each day, as to 
 morning exercises, toilet, breakfast, manner of eating, pre- 
 cautions as to ventilation and temperature during the day, 
 and the hygienic conditions of the sleeping room. The chart 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 53O 
 
 also gives general directions concerning foods, menus, drinks, 
 clothing, houses, etc., as well as concerning the more social 
 factors of sports, recreations, punishments, etc. (Loaned by 
 the Library.) 
 
 See also 369 Miscellaneous diseases. Trumpp, J. — Children's 
 diseases. 
 
 Lantern slides. 
 
 5 Lantern slides on the fly. 
 
 23 " " " hygiene (miscellaneous). 
 
 5 " " " milk. 
 
 12 " " " mosquitoes. 
 
 3 " " " typhoid fever. 
 
 12 " " " tuberculosis. 
 
 Motion picture -films. Kleine. (1414) 
 
 The Fly Pest. 
 
 This is an instructive film for the motion picture machine 
 showing blow flies laying eggs in putrid meat ; eggs attacked 
 by the Ichneumon fly ; the hatch ; maggots in various stages ; 
 pupae ; the fly, wingless, emerging from the earth ; full grown ; 
 tongue and foot of the fly, greatly enlarged; various examples 
 of flies carrying contagion, etc. 
 
 12 Nutrition 
 
 Composition of food materials. — 15 charts prepared by C. F. 
 Langworthy, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 20^ x 26^ in. 
 
 1. Milk and milk products (1164) 
 
 2. Eggs and cheese (1165) 
 
 3. Meat, fresh and cured (1166) 
 
 4. Fish, fish products and oysters (1167) 
 
 5. Butter and other fat-yielding foods (1168) 
 
 6. Cereal grains (1169) 
 
 7. Bread and other cereal foods (1170) 
 
 8. Sugar and similar foods (1171) 
 
 9. Roots and succulent vegetables (1172) 
 
 10. Legumes and corn (1173) 
 
 11. Fresh and dried fruit (1174) 
 
 12. Fruit and fruit products (ii75) 
 
 13. Nuts and nut products (1176) 
 
 14. Compositions, uses and function of food (1177) 
 
 15. Dietary standards (1178) 
 
 20 lantern slides on nutrition. Foltz & Fuller. 
 
 Nutritive value of some of the most important foods. 
 
 Jars containing relative amounts of the various constituents 
 of foods. Bad. Lehr. A. 
 
 Bacon (1909) 
 
 Beer, Brown (1907) 
 
 Bread, Rye (1902) 
 
 Bread, White (1906) 
 
 Butter (1894) 
 
 Cheese, Pot (1901) 
 
 Cheese, Rich (1900) 
 
 Cheese, Skim-milk (1893) 
 
 Cocoa ("Stollwerck") (1912) 
 
 Cream (1899) 
 
531 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 Eggs _ (1910) 
 
 Fish, Dried « (1903) 
 
 Fruit, Dried (1896) 
 
 Fruit, Fresh (1905) 
 
 Kohlrabi (1892) 
 
 Meat, Medium fat ' (1898) 
 
 JNIeat (Medium fat, smoked and salted) (1904) 
 
 Milk, Cow's (1914) 
 
 Mushrooms (1897) 
 
 Peas (1911) 
 
 Potato (1895) 
 
 Wheaten flour (1913) 
 
 Wine, Table (1908) 
 These glass jars contain the exact number of grammes of 
 
 the actual food constituents, water, proteid, etc., in a sample 
 
 of 100 grammes of several of the principal foods, e. g., the 
 five jars for Rich Cheese contain: 
 
 Cheese. Water Protein Fat Salt 
 
 100 grammes 33 35 30 2 
 
 Those for Meat (Medium fat, smoked and salted) 
 Meat Water Protein Fat Salt 
 
 100 grammes 47 31 11 11 
 
 The pedagogical value of a device like the above lies in its 
 concreteness, in the strong sensory appeal it makes, in the live 
 interest it awakens by presenting the exact constituents of 
 foods used every day. 
 
 Milk.— 5 quart milk bottles, each containing one of the ingredi- 
 ents of milk in amount equal to its proportion of the whole 
 quart. Ed. Ex. Co. (1891) 
 
 13 Special Physiological Functions 
 
 Strips of figures for use in a soelrope, showing the movements 
 of the stomach in digestion. Harv. App. Co. (1163) 
 
 Zee trope for above. Int. Inst. Co. (1198) 
 
 2 ARCHITECTURE AND SCHOOL SANITATION 
 
 21 Playgrounds, Outdoor Schools, etc. 
 
 Outdoor schools. — 13 photographs of Chicago outdoor schools. 
 6x8 and 11 x 14 in. McCormick. (1801-1802) 
 
 Eskimo suit, gloves and boots, such as are worn in outdoor 
 schools. McCormick. (i797-i799) 
 
 22 Building Plans, etc. 
 
 Model school buildings at Kirksville, Mo. (1104) 
 
 This shows three floors, heating and ventilating systems, 
 
 seating and lighting facilities, with method of construction, 
 
 drainage, sanitation, etc. (See Bull, of the First District 
 
 Normal School, Kirksville, Mo., June, 1911.) 
 
 School houses. 
 
 14 photographs of school buildings (Chicago) of modern 
 design; bound in booklet form. (mo) 
 
 5 model Texan school buildings. (Procured through the 
 courtesy of Prof. A. C. Ellis, University of Texas.) 
 
 (1793-1796, 1800) 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 532 
 
 Pamphlets on model buildings. Gift of Dr. R. W. Corwin. 
 
 (1421) 
 
 "Little red schoolhouse," Dist. 5, Abbot Hill, Wilton, N. H. 
 
 Colored photograph. Plumer. (1917) 
 
 8 blue prints of the Winsor School, Longwood, Mass. 27 
 X 36 in. R. Clipston Sturgis, Architect. (1696-1703) 
 
 9 blue prints of the Sarah J. Baker primary school, Lewis 
 District, Boston, Mass. 24 x 40 in. J. A. Schweinfurth and 
 John J. Craig, Architects. Gift of Boston Schoolhouse Com- 
 mission through the courtesy of Mr. Charles Logue. 
 
 (1833-1841) 
 
 27 blue prints of the Abraham Lincoln School, Winthrop- 
 
 Brimmer District, Boston, Mass. 24^ x 34^ in. A. W. 
 
 Longfellow, Architect. Makepeace. (1995-2021) 
 
 12 blue prints of the primary school, Eliot and Hancock 
 Districts, Boston, Mass. 23^ x 35^ in. Winslow & Bigelow, 
 Architects. Makepeace. (1842-1853) 
 
 21 blue prints of the Cheverus School, Blackinton District, 
 East Boston, Mass. 22 x 36 in. Brainerd & Leeds, Archi- 
 tects. Cobe. (1955-1975) 
 
 23 Heating, Lighting, Ventilation, and Water Supply. 
 
 Burgerstein, Leo. — Wandtafeln ziir Schulhygiene. 39^ in. x 
 55 in. K. k. Schulb. Verl. (ioi6d-ioi6f) 
 
 1. Water Supply. (ioi6d) 
 This chart deals with the arrangement of wells, arrange- 
 ments for drinking, details of construction and individual 
 cups. F"ig. I, Soil drainage and the virtues of shallow and 
 deep wells ; Fig. 2, Child using sanitary drinking fountain ; 
 Figs. 3-5, Mechanism of sanitary drinking fountains ; Figs. 
 6 and 7, Racks for holding individual drinking cups. 
 
 2. Ventilation. (ioi6e) 
 Fig. I, Proper positions for inlet and exhaust with means 
 
 for preventing back currents in a commercial ventilator. Fig. 
 2, Disadvantages of ventilation through doors and windows ; 
 Fig. 3, Device for cleaning and filtering the air and for secur- 
 ing proper humidity as air enters room ; Fig. 4, Ventilation 
 by streams of air directed from natural wind currents by 
 scoops through pipes. 
 
 3. Heating. (ioi6f) 
 Plans for warm water, low pressure steam, and gas heating 
 
 systems, with special reference to the methods for insuring 
 proper circulation in pipes; also devices for keeping the cur- 
 rent of heated air as near the radiating surface as possible. 
 
 6 lantern slides on ventilation. Foltz & Fuller. 
 
 24 Furniture and Apparatus 
 
 241 Blackboards, etc. 
 
 Schulivandtafel aus H0I2 im Gestell sum drehen; zwei 
 Schreib-flachen. 100 x 150 cm. Stechert. (485) 
 
 Reversible wooden blackboard on portable wooden frame, 
 horizontal central pivot, adjustable to three heights. Detach- 
 able chalk and eraser box. 
 
533 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 Schwamm- imd Kreide-Behdlter. Stechert. (484) 
 
 An individual wall case for sponge and chalk. 
 
 Dustless removable blackboard trough. (1103) 
 
 Model of shallow screen-top trough for collecting dust 
 from blackboards and erasers. 
 
 242 Desks and seats. 
 
 Chandler desk. Chandler. (1055) 
 
 Non-adjustable desk with lift top and enclosed book 
 receptacle. 
 Chandler desk and chair. Chandler. (1052) 
 
 School desk adjustable as to height, and with top ad- 
 justable to plus and minus distances; lift top, enclosed 
 book receptacle, outside and inside pencil rack, vulcan- 
 ized rubber ink well, etc. Separate stool with back, both 
 stool and back having separate vertical adjustment. 
 
 Chandler desks and chairs. No. 3 and No. 4. Chandler. 
 
 (1053- 1054) 
 Chair and desk each adjustable to height, mounted on 
 portable platform, lift top, enclosed book receptacle, pencil 
 racks, ink well, etc. 
 
 Moulthrop movable school chair. Langslow. (1867) 
 
 This has a simple writing shelf instead of a desk, 
 which is adjustable both as to height and distance, and 
 a box for books under the seat. 
 
 American steel adjustable desk and chair, with sliding top. 
 Am. Seat Co. (1810) 
 
 The aim has been to combine the essentials of a hy- 
 gienic seat, and there is no filigree work or the like to 
 catch the dust. 
 
 Esmarch, E. von. — Anschaiiungstafeln fiir Vortrdge iiber 
 die Schulbank. 39^ x 50^ in. Miiller. (1021-1036) 
 
 Sixteen wall charts representing the numerous problems 
 of adapting school seats to hygienic positions of the 
 body. This set of charts shows the evolution of the school 
 seat and desk. 
 
 1. Origin of school seat; chief proportions. (1021; 
 Relation of seat and desk, illustrating plus and minus 
 
 distances. 
 
 2. Development of seat and back rest. (1022) 
 Relation of seat and back, with numerous types of 
 
 back rests. 
 
 3. Plus and minus distance. _ (1023) 
 Positions of pupils with seats at plus and minus dis- 
 tances, two sitting and two standing postures. 
 
 4. Harmful posture with too great difference. (1024) 
 Improper positions in seat with too great difference ; two 
 
 side and two back views. 
 
 5. Movable desk covers. _ (1025) 
 Movements of desk top for convenience of school 
 
 work; (a) back fold; (b) horizontal swing; (c) hori- 
 zontal slide; (d) lift desk and back swinging seat. 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 534 
 
 6. Movable seats. _ (1026) 
 Movable seats with various positions of the articulat- 
 ing support; (a) low, medium, and high points of sup- 
 port; (b) swinging, sliding, folding, rotating seats, with 
 characteristic movements. 
 
 7. Multiple seats with sections. _ _ (1027) 
 Two patterns of multiple benches with openings. 
 
 8. Standing at side, with double seated bench. (1028) 
 Proper positions in seat for convenience of stepping out 
 
 and standing beside the seat. 
 
 9. Distribution of pupils in the classroom. (1029) 
 Distribution of pupils in a large and a small room, the 
 
 number and width of the aisles, with multiple benches. 
 
 10. Cleaning a classroom; clearing the floor. (1030) 
 This chart shows the width of desks and aisles, with a 
 
 method of hinging the desk on one side to the floor for 
 convenience in sweeping. 
 
 11. Full seat and middle seat system. (1031) 
 This system (a) has seat and back on the same plat- 
 form; (b) has desk and seat on same platform, but uses 
 the adjacent desk as back; (c) desk employs seat attached 
 to it on the same platform with adjacent desk. 
 
 12. The Mittelholm system. (1032) 
 
 13. Double school bench with foot board. (1033) 
 School bench and desk, full size, with points for meas- 
 uring height, distance, etc. 
 
 14. School bench with movable seat. (1034) 
 Simple movable seats, stationary desks. Metal frame of 
 
 standards and bases with wood mountings for desk seat 
 and back. 
 
 15. Home seats. (1035) 
 Adjustments on seat, desk, back and foot rest. 
 
 16. Postures in writing. (1036) 
 Proper and improper positions in seat for both vertical 
 
 and slant writing. 
 
 Library chair; adapted from measurements of the Vienna 
 School Expert Commission, by Dr. William H. Burn- 
 ham. (1057) 
 
 Vienna School Expert Commission's desk, largest size. 
 
 (1056) 
 
 This is a plain box desk with top adjustable to plus 
 and minus distances, arranged so that only minus distance 
 opens ink well for writing. Solid box seat with com- 
 pound curve in both seat and back. The whole is mounted 
 on a portable open frame. 
 Gauge for adjusting chairs and desks. (1052a) 
 
 This standard gauge consists of a stick, with an ordinary 
 inch scale on one side, and on the other side a scale gradu- 
 ated to 11/16 inch divisions. On the stick slide cross 
 arms, one for measuring the pupil in sitting posture, and 
 the other for measuring the chair. The double scale auto- 
 matically gives height of desk when height of chair is 
 
535 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 determined. (See Boston Schoolhouse Dept., Annual Re- 
 port, 1906, p. 86.) 
 
 Walter, Anton. — Schulzimmer-Einrichtung. 2^ x 2gl4 in. 
 (Loaned by the Library.) Walter. (1151) 
 
 This chart shows plans for arrangement of school fur- 
 niture in relation to doors, windows, etc., in the school- 
 room. 
 
 Walter, Anton. — Schulbank. 31 x 40 in. (Loaned by the 
 Library.) Walter. (1152) 
 
 This chart gives working drawings for school seats and 
 desks, of six different sizes, for pupils from 100 to 160 
 cm. in height. It gives also measurements for four dif- 
 ferent sizes. The height of seats for girls should be i 
 cm. less than the chart indicates. These drawings are 
 designed to enable any carpenter to build seats and desks 
 adapted to the needs of children in rural districts. 
 
 " There is a definite conception in regard to the essen- 
 tial features of an hygienic seat and desk. The main 
 points are as follows: (i) The height of the seat should 
 equal the length of the child's leg from the bend of the 
 knee to the sole of the foot. (2) The width of the seat 
 should equal about three-quarters the length of the upper 
 leg. (3) The seats should have a back-rest for the small 
 of the back above the hip-bones opposite the last lumbar 
 vertebra. This is especially important. (4) There should 
 be a support for the back under the shoulders. (5) The 
 seats should be sufficiently large to enable the child to 
 change position, and the front edge of the seat should be 
 a little higher than the back and rounded off. (6) The 
 dimensions of the desk should be sufficient for the ac- 
 commodation of books and the like. (7) The slope 
 should be about 45 degrees for reading and 15 degrees 
 for writing. (8) The difference, or distance from the 
 seat to the edge of the desk, should be such that the 
 child, when sitting erect, can easily place both arms on 
 the desk without lowering or raising the shoulders. A 
 convenient rule is that the difference should equal the dis- 
 tance from the seat-bone to the elbow plus 1.5 cm. (9) 
 The distance of the seat from the desk may be zero, plus, 
 or minus. For convenience in taking the seat and in 
 standing a plus distance is required ; for writing a minus 
 distance of 2 inches is necessary. Such are the essential 
 features, and there is practically a consensus of all au- 
 thorities in regard to them. To insure them, both seat 
 and desk must be adjustable to different heights. And 
 it is of prime importance not only to have the seat of 
 the right height, but also to have the correct difference 
 and the proper distance, since upon these chiefly depends 
 a correct sitting posture. That the distance may be plus 
 for reading and minus for writing, it is necessary to 
 have either a movable seat or a sliding desk. For obtaining 
 a slope of 45 degrees for reading and 15 for writing, the 
 desk must be adjustable to different angles; and an ideal 
 seat would have a back-rest adjustable to the individual, 
 such as some teachers' chairs are provided with. In a 
 word, the seat and desk should be automatically adjustable 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY ^53^ 
 
 as regards height, difference, distance, backrest, and desk- 
 slope." (Quoted from the article on School Hygiene by 
 Wm. H. Burnham in Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1899. Vol. 10.) 
 
 243 Drinking cups. 
 
 Aseptic drinking cup. Gift of Am. Water Sup. Co. 
 
 (1046) 
 Both folding and non-folding patterns, made from par- 
 affine paper. 
 
 Purifold drinking cup. Gift of Burn. Mfg. Co. (1047) 
 
 Aseptic paper drinking cup, folding pattern. 
 
 Sunflower drinking cup. Gift of Meyer Bros. Dr. Co. 
 
 (1051) 
 These cups are of the standard pattern, made of 
 aluminum and covered with a metallic lid. 
 
 Finback drinking cup cabinet and cups. Loaned by 
 Stone and Forsyth. (2042) 
 
 Home-made drinking cup. 
 
 249 Miscellaneous apparatus. 
 
 Sanitary pencil holder. Bardeen. (i494) 
 
 Fibre wastebasket. (1422) 
 
 Jacobus pneumatic ink-well. Gift of Jacobus Co. (11 17) 
 Glass non-spillable ink-well for use in school desks. 
 
 Arranged to hold the ink even when the desks are tipped 
 
 over by janitor in sweeping. 
 
 Tannewitz ink-well. Gift of Tannewitz Co. (1832) 
 
 Liquid soap container. Gift of Stone & Forysth. (2043) 
 Rhoads' writing machine. Limeburner. (1919) 
 
 This is a device for writing with closed eyes, not for 
 
 the blind, but to relieve those suffering from eye-strain 
 
 or in danger of it. 
 
 25 Cleanliness 
 
 Scott Tissue Towels. (Gift of Scott Paper Co.) (1108) 
 
 In sanitary fixture. Designed to provide individual clean 
 towels. 
 
 Paper towels. (Gift of Stone & Forsyth.) (2044) 
 
 Brushes. (Gift of the Somerville Brush Co.) 
 
 Sanitary bowl brush. (1220) 
 
 Radiator brush. (1221) 
 
 Wall brush, and handle. (1222) 
 
 Cotton duster. (1223) 
 
 Improved window brush. (1225) 
 
 Improved duster, called a "Dust catcher." (1224) 
 
 Cabinet for disinfecting books by moist hot air. (Ordered) 
 
 "The apparatus consists of a double walled case of galvan- 
 ized iron. The space between the walls is filled with water. 
 Heat is supplied from beneath. The shelves for the books are 
 perforated or of wire. The moisture is supplied by water 
 
537 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 dripping from the roof onto a flat dish of porous material 
 which is soaked full and then gives up the water in the form 
 of vapor. The thermometer and hair-hygrometer are fastened 
 to the inside of the door, which is fitted with a glass pane 
 so that they can be read." (L. B. Nice, Ped. Sem., 1911. Vol. 
 18, p. 201.) 
 
 26 Hygienic Apparatus 
 
 Hygrodeik. Hohmann & Maurer. (1040) 
 
 An instrument for determining the humidity of the atmos- 
 phere by means of the wet and dry bulb thermometers. By 
 adjusting sliding pieces to the height of the mercury in the 
 two thermometers, an index is made to point to a number 
 on a standard chart, indicating the humidity of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hygrometer. Kny-Scheerer. (2055) 
 
 Pettersson-Pahnqvist apparatus for determining carbon dioxide. 
 
 (1044) 
 
 " The instrument consists of a measuring vessel, A,* con- 
 nected with a U-shaped burette, B, from which communica- 
 tion can be made by a small stop-cock, b, a manometer fg, 
 containing a graduated scale nearly horizontal ; and two stop- 
 cocks, f and g, by means of which communication can be 
 made with the air. One side of the manometer, f, is in com- 
 munication with the measuring vessel A. The burette, B, 
 contains a saturated solution of caustic potash (KOH). The 
 flask, E, contains mercury, and by raising it when the stop- 
 cock, c, is open, the mercury will rise in the flask. A, and 
 the air will be forced out. If the flask, E, be lowered, the 
 mercury will flow from the measuring tube, and the amount 
 of air entering A can be measured by the gradations. When 
 the measuring tube. A, is full of air, the stop-cocks, c, b, f, 
 and g. being open, the position of the drop of liquid in the 
 horizontal tube of the manometer is accurately read. The 
 stop-cocks, c, b, f, and g are closed, that at b, opened, and the 
 vessel, E, raised, driving the air out of the measuring tube, 
 A, into the absorption burette, B. This operation of raising 
 and lowering the flask, E, is repeated several times; it is 
 then lowered, and the air is drawn over into the measuring: 
 burette ; the cock, a, is then opened, and the vessel E manipu- 
 lated until the reading on the horizontal scale agrees with that 
 in the beginning of the test. The reading of the graduated 
 tube A, gives directly the amount of carbon dioxide. The 
 determinations are made with air of ordinary humidity, and 
 there is a slight correction due to this fact, which is not likely 
 to equal, in any case, one part of carbon dioxide in one million 
 parts of air." (R. C. Carpenter, " Heating and Ventilating 
 Buildings." Quoted by W. E. McGown in Ped. Sem., 1910, 
 v. 17, p. 487.) 
 Thermograph, Self-recording. — 7 days. Cambridge B. S. Co. 
 
 (1863) 
 
 Scale reads from -30 to no F., subdivided into 1-5 degrees. 
 
 Barograph, Self-recording barometer. — 8 days. Cambridge B. S. 
 Co. (1862) 
 
 * The lettering that follows refers to the cut of the instrument which 
 has not been reproduced here. 
 
I EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 538 
 
 Thermometer, Weather report. Queen. (1869) 
 
 Ozonator. Gen. Elec. Co. (1864) 
 
 A small ozone generator to destroy odors and purify the 
 air. 
 
 Psychrometer, Sling. Hohmann & Maurer. (1154) 
 
 This instrument consists of a wet and dry bulb thermometer, 
 provided with a handle, which permits the thermometers to 
 be whirled rapidly; the bulbs being thus strongly affected by 
 the temperature and moisture of the air, the humidity can 
 be quickly determined. 
 
 Barometer, School. Cambridge B. S. Co. (1483) 
 
 Aluminum scale, graduated into the Metric and English 
 systems. 
 
 Rendtorff air thermometer. Cambridge B. S. Co. (1484) 
 
 Wolpert, H. — Original Carbacidometer. Bad. Lehr. Co. (893) 
 
 Apparatus for testing the amount of carbon dioxide in the 
 
 air. Simple pamphlet text accompanies the set. The apparatus 
 
 is equally serviceable in the home and in the school room. 
 
 ■ Lambrecht's Polymeter. Stechert. (1987) 
 
 A widely used German hygrometer. 
 Sanifacient Humidifier. Sanifacient H. Co. (1918) 
 
 This apparatus consists of a reel, covered with cloth, ad- 
 justed so that it dips into a tank of water when revolved 
 by an electric fan. It is used especially for humidifying the 
 air in large store-rooms for tobacco, but will provide sufficient 
 moisture for humidifying an ordinary small schoolroom. 
 
 Anemometer, Hicks. Cambridge B. C. Co. (1861) 
 
 An instrument for measuring the velocity of the wind. This 
 anemometer has 6 dials, reading to 10,000,000 feet, with dis- 
 connector for fly-wheel. 
 
 Pleier's Raumwinkelmesser. Schmidt & H. (i947) 
 
 An apparatus for testing the light at a school desk by- 
 measuring the " area-angle," i. e., the area of the sky in 
 " square-degrees " that sends light to the desk, reduced to a 
 horizontal plane with regard to the angle of incidence of 
 the light. 
 
 3 HYGIENE OF THE CHILD 
 
 31 Growth and Physiological Age 
 
 6 models of various stages of gestation. Bad. Lehr. A. 
 
 (1948- 1953) 
 
 1. Embryo about 6 weeks old, considerably enlarged. (1948) 
 
 2. Uterus with embryo in first month of gestation. (1949) 
 
 3. Uterus with embryo in third month of gestation. (i9So) 
 
 4. Uterus with foetus (pelvic presentation) in 4-5 month. 
 
 (1951) 
 
 5. Uterus with foetus (breech presentation) in 5th month- 
 
 (1952) 
 
 6. Uterus with foetus (normal presentation, placenta with 
 umbihcal cord visible). (i9S3) 
 
539 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 Human anatomical model (female). Gresham. (2025) 
 
 A life-size reproduction of the dissections of the various 
 
 parts of the human body, showing the relations of internal 
 
 organs to one another as well as the interior of the uterus 
 
 and its contents at the different stages of pregnancy. 
 
 X-ray photographs (16) of the carpal bones and epiphyses of the 
 wrist and hand at different stages of osseous development 
 (taken by Dr. T. M. Rotch of Harvard University). 8 x 10 
 in. and 10 x 12 in. (1715-1716) 
 
 Such illustrations of the development in the wrist and hand 
 are supposed to be correlated with the general physical develop- 
 ment and may be used, in the opinion of Dr. Rotch, as signs 
 of physiological age. (Rotch, T. M. Roentgen ray methods 
 applied to the grading of early life. Proc. 4th Cong. Am. Sch. 
 Hyg. Assoc, 1910, pp. 184-199.) 
 
 '■ Figures showing the physical proportions of children at different 
 
 ages according to the canons of Geyer and others. (2026-2040) 
 
 Boy half a year old. (2026) 
 
 Boy one year old. (2027) 
 
 Boy three years old. (2028) 
 
 Geyer's canon for boy three years old. (2029) 
 
 Boy six years old. (2030) 
 
 Girl four to five years old. (2031) 
 
 Geyer's canon for seven-year-old boy. . (2032) 
 
 Boy seven years old. (2033) 
 
 Boy ten years old. _ (2034) 
 
 Geyer's canon for ten-year-old girl. (2035) 
 
 Girl eleven years old. (2036) 
 
 Boy twelve years old. _ (2037) 
 
 Geyer's canon for twelve-year-old girl. (2038) 
 Normal stages of development in youth according to 
 
 Geyer. (2039) 
 
 The proportions of growth. (2040) 
 
 Tables of growth, by Dr. Franz Boas. (2045-2048) 
 
 1. Physiological development. (2045) 
 
 2. Annual increments for different parts of the body. (2046) 
 
 3. Absolute measurements for New England school children. 
 Males. (2047) 
 
 4. Absolute measurements for New England school children. 
 Females. (2048) 
 
 (See the article on Growth in Monroe's Cyclopedia of Edu- 
 cation, vol. 3. N. Y., Macmillan, 1912). 
 
 Burgerstein, Leo. — Wandtafeln sur Schulhygiene. 39^ x 55 in. 
 K. k. Schulb. V. (ioi6a-ioi6b) 
 
 Chart A, Morbidity. (ioi6a) 
 
 Growth in weight and height, study period and sleep ; 
 curves show the relative increase in height and weight between 
 the ages of 12 to 20 inclusive. " Key of Stockholm investi- 
 gated morbidity, increase in height and weight, study periods 
 and sleep in the High School pupils of Sweden. He utilized 
 the method of Hertel of Kopenhagen. The data secured came 
 from over eleven thousand pupils. The details of this investi- 
 gation are here charted by Burgerstein. He shows in figure 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 54O 
 
 No. I, Chart ' A,' among other things, that the percentage 
 of morbidity increases up to fourteen years of age and then 
 decreases up to seventeen years, and then increases to the 
 end of the high school period. He states that these curves 
 may be accepted as representing not only conditions existing 
 in Sweden but conditions as they exist generally; and that 
 the requirements of school work should take into consideration 
 the natural fluctuations of the resistance of the individual 
 against permanently harmful influences and that special care 
 should be taken in arranging school work to prevent the 
 increase of morbidity during the prepubescent period. 
 
 " Figure Two, Chart ' A,' shows that the total working period 
 (recitation and study) among the Swedish children investi- 
 gated by Key is on the average almost seven hours a day 
 for eleven-year-old pupils, and is over eleven hours daily for 
 the pupils in the highest classical and scientific classes; and 
 that, throughout, the average periods of sleep are more than 
 one hour too short — ' nine hours for pupils eleven years old, 
 and seven hours for pupils nineteen years old.' These condi- 
 tions are admitted to be local, but Burgerstein points out the 
 fact that scanty local reports made in other countries lead 
 one to assume that the total day's work is frequently too much 
 and the amount of sleep is frequently too little. 
 
 " The text under Chart ' A ' further brings out general 
 additional interesting facts. First, in general the pupils in 
 Key's investigation who worked in excess of the average 
 number of hours daily showed a higher morbidity by 3.2% 
 than those pupils who worked less than the average number 
 of hours. (In Stockholm this dift'erence was 5.2%.) Second, 
 the pupils who spent less than the average amount of time in 
 home study included 52.2% of those pupils who had difficulty 
 in keeping up with their classes. The pupils who work 
 overtime appear to be the more capable pupils. The text states 
 that Key found that only those pupils get enough sleep who 
 sit in classes that are considerably lower than the class 
 prescribed for their ages." (T. A. Storey, Fed. Sem., 1911. 
 Vol. 18, p. 104.) 
 
 Chart B, influence of season upon resistance to diseases and 
 upon growth. Curves cover all the months except August 
 and September, for the first eight grades of school. (ioi6b) 
 
 "This chart is made up of three parts, (i) A dotted curve 
 represents the admissions by months to five hospitals for 
 children in Vienna for the years from 1898 to 1904, and covers 
 40,144 cases in total. (2) A heavy lined curve represents the 
 absences by months from school in a small Austrian city. 
 The pupils were between eleven and fifteen years of age. 
 
 " The curve of morbidity is based on hospital returns for 
 children of both sexes be'^ween the ages of o and 14 years who 
 came from the poorer classes in a large city. The curve for 
 absences is based on returns from pupils between the ages of 
 eleven and fifteen coming from better homes, and attending boys' 
 schools in a small city. In spite of the variety of conditions 
 concerned both curves show from a hygienic point of view, 
 unfavorable periods of the year for Central Europe. The 
 greatest number of admissions to the children's hospitals and 
 the greatest number of absences from school occurred near 
 the end of the calendar year and during March and April. 
 
541 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 "(3) The third set of facts presented in Chart 'B' refer 
 to the variations in gains in weight in a group of one hun- 
 dred girls observed by Hanssen. These girls were from six 
 to sixteen years old. They were weighed once each quarter 
 for five years. The results of these observations are plotted 
 on the chart and show that the greatest gains came during 
 July and August, the vacation period, and that the gains 
 decreased from September to June in the school period. 
 These facts are taken to indicate a need for a vacation during 
 the month of December and another in March or April." 
 (T. A. Storey, Ped. Sem., March, 1911. Vol. 18, p. 105.) 
 
 32 Posture 
 
 Goldthwail, Joel E. — Photographs illustrating erect posture and 
 malpositions. — 6 photographs. 21 x 30 in. (93oa-93of) 
 
 (See Goldthwait's "Relation of posture to human efficiency," 
 etc., p. 16 et seq.) 
 
 A. Man standing in slouch position, a departure from the 
 normal pose with flexion of the knees and absence of lumbar 
 curvature. (93oa) 
 
 " There are many variations of these met with which demand 
 consideration if anything approaching normal health is the 
 standard desired in the treatment of these individuals." 
 
 B. Boy standing with hands in pocket. (93ob) 
 " If we leave the habit of standing with the hands in the 
 
 low trousers pockets uncorrected, our treatment of the round 
 shoulder will avail little, because in this position the shoulders 
 must drag forward and the chest must be flattened." 
 
 C and D. Early Greek figures, erect, side and front views. 
 
 (930c, 930d) 
 
 "The head is erect and in such balance that all the muscles 
 must be in easy contraction, making possible any movement 
 forward, backward or sidewise. . . . The shoulders are 
 erect, in which position all the muscles are in easy contrac- 
 tion. . . . So, also, of the legs, there is no strain, but 
 every part is ready for full duty with the least waste in either 
 time or energy." 
 
 E. Figure of a modern athlete. (93oe) 
 " As finely balanced as any of the early Greeks. ... It 
 
 is not to be wondered at that such a type is able to win 
 events from less well-poised competitors." 
 
 F. St. Gaudens' figure of Lincoln. (93of) 
 " . . . which is remarkable in that even though the 
 
 figure is depicted in repose, with one knee relaxed, the trunk 
 is perfectly erect so that the poise of the head is free from 
 strain and the visceral function, or support, can in no way 
 be disturbed." 
 
 Spinal curvature. (1485) 
 
 47 photographs from the Children's Hospital, Boston, show- 
 ing spinal curvature. 
 
 Manual training charts. Beijers. (994a-994o) 
 
 16 charts in black and white. These charts show proper 
 positions while working with various tools in manual train- 
 ing room, with one chart (No. 16) showing eflfects of mal- 
 positions. 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 542 
 
 Posture at desk. (1050) 
 
 Chart shows two common malpositions in writing, with the 
 
 type of temporary lateral spinal curvature accompanying each. 
 
 Brillengeradhalter nach Muller. (1045) 
 
 An instrument in the form of open spectacles for pupil to 
 wear, to prevent lowering the head over the desk while read- 
 ing or studying. Arranged to close the visual opening auto- 
 matically when the head is lowered. 
 
 33 Eye 
 
 Cohn, Hermann. — Tdfelchen zur Priifung der Sehleistung und 
 
 SehschUrfe. (Loaned by the Library.) Priebatsch. (1041) 
 
 A simple device for displaying the letter E in various 
 
 positions in testing the child's visual acuity. Brief test gives 
 
 tables and discussion on the use of the device. 
 
 Fitrst, M. — Sehprilfungstafel. Voss. (1058) 
 
 Folding slate crayon book with graduations and distances at 
 which child should distinguish white on black as will be re- 
 quired in blackboard work. 
 
 P Auger — Sehprohen und Sehprufung. Optotypi PHuger. 2. Aufl. 
 Sallmann. (1020) 
 
 A set of charts for testing visual acuity, employing the let- 
 ter E in various positions and sizes from those almost micro- 
 scopic to 15 cm. in length, with chartings of the distance 
 at which a normal eye should distinguish them. Accompany- 
 ing the charts also is a wooden letter E, 6 cm. by 8 cm., 
 for use in the same manner as the charts. 
 
 McCallie, J. M. Eye tests for the illiterate (10 cards). 
 McCallie, J. M. Eye tests for the literate (12 cards). 
 
 Seggel, K. L. F. — Sehprohen-Tafeln sur Priifung des Lichtsinns. 
 (Loaned by the Library.) Riedel. (1042) 
 
 Charts with black letters on a white ground and with black 
 letters on light, medium and dark gray grounds. There is 
 also a brief discussion, with tables for calculating visual 
 acuity with varying degrees of contrast. Put up in booklet 
 form, with charts as folded inserts. 
 
 Snellen's vision chart for schools. Hardy. (1416) 
 
 Roethlein, B. E. Relative legibility of different faces of printing 
 types. (1412) 
 
 Allport, Frank E. 
 
 Four pamphlets on the eyes and ears of school children, 
 with proof of vision chart. (1420) 
 
 jy lantern slides. 
 
 34 Ear 
 
 See 33 Eye. Allport's pamphlets. 
 
 35 Voice, Nose, Throat, and Teeth 
 
 Model of the larynx, with tongue. Stechert. (36) 
 
 Model of a tooth, much enlarged. Montaudon. (Ordered) 
 
543 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 8 plaster of Paris models showing normal and malocclusion of 
 the teeth. Roberts. (1977-1984) 
 
 The diflferent forms of malocclusion are represented by 
 models made from actual cases, according to Dr. Angle's 
 classification, under the direction of Dr. Lawrence W. Baker 
 of Harvard University. 
 
 lessen. — Sound and decayed teeth. (^IVandtafel iiber gesunde 
 und kranke Z'dhne.) 23% x 3954 in- Lehmann. (70) 
 
 This chart shows (a) milk-teeth and permanent teeth, with 
 tables of age at which the units of each set should appear; 
 (b) superposition of the two sets in growth; (c) various 
 stages of tooth decay; (d) a mouth of decayed teeth, with 
 the same set after having been scientifically treated ; (e) some 
 supernumerous growths of teeth in young children and results 
 of lack of care of teeth. 
 
 Framed photograph of girl shoxving facial distortion caused by 
 poor, neglected teeth. 24^4 x 30^ in. Educ. Ex. Co. (1888) 
 
 Framed photograph of the same girl showing improvement result- 
 ing from treatment for distortion of teeth. 2454 x 303^ in. 
 Educ. Ex. Co. (1889) 
 
 4 lantern slides on the teeth. 
 
 36 Diseases, First Aid, etc. 
 
 Eschncr. — First aid for accidents. 88 x 66 cm. Wachsmuth. 
 
 1. First aid for fractures and zvounds. (Die erste Hilfe bei 
 Knockenbruch und Verwundungen.) Bandaging wounds and 
 broken bones by emergency methods. (327) 
 
 2. Artificial respiration. (Die kunstliche Atmung.) Resusci- 
 tation of the drowning, fainting, etc., according to the Sylvester 
 method of procedure. (328) 
 
 First aid box for schools. (Verbandkastcn fUr Schulen.) Ar- 
 nold. (490) 
 Conveniences for giving first aid to injuries of various kinds, 
 put up in a neat closed box, 5 x 9 x 12 inches. Contains 17 
 articles, including large bandage cloth, prepared aseptic band- 
 ages of mull, cambric, and gauze, medicated cloths for flesh 
 wounds, medicated and aseptic cottons, vials of liniments and 
 disinfectants, medicated salve, gutta percha paper, adhesive 
 tape, pins, etc. The whole kit is for schools, is inexpensive, 
 and in convenient form for emergency use. 
 
 American Red Cross First Aid Box. School sise. Amer. Red 
 Cross. ( 1994) 
 
 American Red Cross First Aid Charts. 5 charts. 20 x 28 in. 
 
 Amer. Red Cross. (1989-1993) 
 
 1. Skeleton. (1989) 
 
 2. Muscles. (i95'o) 
 
 3. Circulation. (1991) 
 
 4. Fracture and dislocation. (1992) 
 
 5. Arteries and points of pressure for controlling hem- 
 orrhages. (1993) 
 
 Lantern slides. 
 
 6 lantern slides on children's diseases. 
 6 lantern slides on hookworm disease. 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 544 
 
 361 Scarlatina. — Chart showing ratio of morbidity and ratio of 
 
 mortality of scarlatina in Boston per 10,000 of the popu- 
 lation, from 1886 to 1909, inclusive. 42 x 61^ in. (Bos- 
 ton City Hospital, South Department, January, 1910. Chart 
 F.) (1039) 
 
 Shows in addition, average ratio of morbidity and mor- 
 tality in Boston, 1886-1894, and 1895-1909. The ratio of 
 morbidity for these two periods decreased 6.97 and the 
 ratio of mortality decreased 1.26. 
 
 Chart showing ratio of mortality of scarlatina per 10,000 
 of the population in Boston, for sixty-nine years, 1841- 
 
 1909, inclusive. (Boston City Hospital, South Depart- 
 ment, January, 1910. Chart E.) (loio) 
 
 Appended note : " Since 1895 when the South Depart- 
 ment was opened there has been no general epidemic of 
 scarlatina in Boston as compared with previous years." 
 This chart also shows that during the 33 years since 1876 
 no year has had a ratio of mortality of scarlatina above 
 6 per 10,000, whereas during the 36 years immediately 
 preceding, 27 years had a ratio above 6 per 10,000. On the 
 other hand, during the 36 years, 1841-1876, but one year 
 (1865) shows ratio of mortality below 3 per 10,000, while 
 since 1876, 23 years have been below 3 per 10,000 and 9 
 years have been below i per 10,000 of the population. 
 
 See also 362 Diphtheria, and 369 Diseases, Trumpp's 
 chart. 
 
 362 Diphtheria. — Chart showing cases of diphtheria and scarlatina 
 
 in Boston, by months, reported to the Board of Health 
 from 1890 to 1909. 42 X 56 in. (Boston City Hospital, 
 
 1910. Chart G.) (1009) 
 Summated by months, showing the summer depression 
 
 of the curves of morbidity. 
 
 Chart based on the report of the Public Health and 
 Marine-Hospital Service for the six largest cities in the 
 U. S. in 1908. 42 X 42 in. (Monthly Report of the State 
 Board of Health of Massachusetts, September, 1910, page 
 400.) (1019) 
 
 Both diphtheria and scarlatina curves show a drop from 
 3,000 and 6,000 respectively to 1,600 and 1,300 during the 
 first two months of vacation, with a characteristic rise, 
 especially in the case of diphtheria, during the month of 
 October. 
 
 Chart based on U. S. Census reports, showing monthly 
 incidence of diphtheria. 42 x 6iJ^ in. (Monthly Bulletin 
 of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, September, 
 1910, page 399.) (1038) 
 
 This chart presents two curves, one for school children, 
 5 to 14 years, and the other for children from birth to 
 5 years. The two are similar, showing a very much lower 
 ratio in vacation months than in school months. 
 
 Chart showing per cent of mortality of diphtheria at 
 the Boston City Hospital proper, and at the South De- 
 partment, from 1888 to 1909. 42 X 44 in. (Boston City 
 Hospital, January, 1910. Chart A.) (1013) 
 
545 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 This chart shows the decrease in the per cent of mor- 
 tality from diphtheria since the introduction of antitoxin 
 in 1894 to be from nearly 40% for the six years 1889-1894, 
 to less than 4% for the six years 1904- 1909. 
 
 Chart showing ratio of the mortality of diphtheria per 
 10,000 of the population in Boston from 1876 to I9'09. 
 (Boston City Hospital, January, 1910. Chart C.) (1014) 
 
 This chart shows decrease from 18.2 to 1.8 during the 
 years 1894 to 1909 under the use of antitoxin with average 
 ratio of mortality from 1876 to 1894 of 14.25 and from 1895 
 to 1909 of 5.17. 
 
 Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
 of the population in Boston and Brooklyn from 1886 to 
 1908, inclusive. 42 x 48 in. (Boston City Hospital, South 
 Department, January, 1910. Chart I.) (1012) 
 
 This chart shows a decrease in mortality for the period 
 1894 to 1908 for Boston, of 18.2 to 3.2 and for Brooklyn, 
 12.2 to 3.6. 
 
 Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
 of the population in Boston and New York (old city) 
 from 1886 to 1908. 42 X 48^ in. (Boston City Hospital, 
 January, 1910. Chart H.) (1008) 
 
 This chart shows a decrease in the ratio of mortality 
 for diphtheria under use of antitoxin from 1894 to 1908 
 for Boston, 18.2 to 3.2, for New York 12.2 to 4.3. 
 
 Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
 of the population in Boston and Philadelphia from 1886 
 to 1908, inclusive. 42 x 47 in. (Boston City Hospital, 
 South Department, January, 1910. Chart K.) (ion) 
 
 This chart shows a decrease in the ratio of mortality 
 since the introduction of antitoxin, 1894 to 1908, for Bos- 
 ton, from 18.2 to 3.2, Philadelphia from 9.3 to 3.3 
 
 See also 369 Diseases, Trumpp's chart. 
 
 363 Measles 
 
 See 369 Diseases, Trumpp's chart. 
 
 364 Typhoid fever 
 
 Map of Florin Village, Lancaster Co., Penna., showing 
 schematically source of typhoid infection. Scale : 150 feet 
 to the inch. 211^ x 27 in. Gift of Dr. S. G. Dixon. (i437) 
 
 Cross section of cesspool and zvell in Florin Village, Lan- 
 caster Co., Penna., showing source of typhoid infection. 
 Scale: Horizontal and vertical, 10 feet to the inch. 21^ x 
 27 in. Gift of Dr. S. G. Dixon. (1438) 
 
 369 Miscellaneous 
 
 Trumpp, J. — Die ansteckenden Kinderkrankheiten in Wort 
 tind Bild. 100 x 60 cm. Lehmann. (32) 
 
 Wall chain in colors, with discussions showing: Figs. 1-2, 
 Measles in mouth, throat and body; Fig. 3, German measles, 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 546 
 
 eruptions on face and neck; Figs. 4-Sa, Scarlatina on face and 
 body and in throat; Fig. 6, Diphtheria in mouth and throat; 
 Fig. 7, Chickenpox on back and face ; Fig. 8, Smallpox, 
 eruptions on back and head. There is also a text dis- 
 cussion of the symptoms, period of incidence, time of ex- 
 clusion of the convalescents, etc., of each of these diseases, 
 and in addition, of whooping-cough, influenza, typhoid fever, 
 and mumps. The text is printed on and forms part of the 
 wall chart. 
 
 Refining and concentrating antitoxins in the Lederle Anti- 
 toxin Laboratories. 16 x 395/2 in. Gift of Schiefifelin. 
 
 (1200) 
 Glass-covered case containing samples of the different anti- 
 toxins in the different stages of their preparation. 
 
 37 Effects of Alcohol 
 
 Cabot, Richard & Horsley, Victor, Compilers. — Decreasing med- 
 ical use of alcohol. — (Chart based on statistics from Massachu- 
 setts General Hospital, Boston, and on reports from the Lon- 
 don County asylums.) 22 J^ x 28 J/^ in. Scient. Temp. Fed. 
 
 (183) 
 This chart shows that in the London Country asylums the 
 use of malt liquors has decreased to about 1/160 of its former 
 use. The use of wines and spirits has also decreased, while 
 during the same period the staff and patients have increased. 
 In the Massachusetts General Hospital the decrease in the 
 use of drugs from 1898 to 1907 has been 45.2% and of alco- 
 holic liquors has been 77.7% during the same period. " It 
 indicates a rapid and striking change among the members of 
 the hospital staff, especially in the last five years, when it 
 has become generally known that alcohol is not a stimulant, 
 but a narcotic, and that drugs can cure only about one-half 
 a dozen of the diseases against which we are contending." 
 (Cabot, Richard. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, April 
 15, 1909.) 
 
 Demme — Alcoholism and degeneration. — Investigation made by 
 Prof. Demme, Bern, 1878 1889. (From Ueber den Einfluss des 
 Alkohol auf den Organismus des Kindes. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 
 1891.) 221^ X 28^ in. Scient. Temp. Fed. (181) 
 
 Shows the proportion of physical and mental deformity^ in 
 10 very temperate families and 10 very intemperate families. 
 Among the temperate families, of 61 children 82% are normal 
 and 18% defective. Among the intemperate famiUes, of 57 
 children 17.5% are normal and 82.5% are defective. 
 
 Gruber, Max & Kraepelin, Emil, Editors. — Wandtafeln sur 
 Alkoholfrage. 100 x 78 cm. Lehmann. (3oa-30J) 
 
 1. Expenditure for spirituous liquor among workmen. (30a) 
 This chart shows the relative expenditure for food, clothing, 
 
 books, liquors, etc., in families with large, medium and small 
 incomes, and the way in which it varies in the large and small 
 families. 
 
 2. Price and value of the most important foods. (30b) 
 This shows the amount of food value in proteids, carbohy- 
 drates and fats which can be purchased for one Mark in the 
 
547 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 various food products, including wines and liquors, also the 
 relative amount of food, water and waste in a given amount 
 of various foods. 
 
 3. Alcohol and degeneration. , (30c) 
 The first part of this chart is from the same study as 
 
 Demme's, given above. The third part is Arrive's study of 
 the influence of alcohol on depopulation, based on 81 drinking 
 and 245 temperate families, having respectively 433 and 847 
 children. The infant mortality of the two groups are, before 
 birth, 11.5% and 6.6%; at 'birth, 4.6% and 2.6%; between 
 birth and the sixth year, 33.5% and 21.1%; living at six years 
 of age, 50.4% and 69.7%. The second is Bunge's study of 
 the effect of alcohol on tendencies of children to tuberculosis 
 and nervous and mental diseases even when the parents show 
 none of these tendencies. 
 
 4. Influence of alcohol and tea on the adding of numbers 
 of one place. (Kraepelin's method.) (3od) 
 
 This chart shows three curves : one of the rate of addition 
 under the influence of no artificial stimulation ; second, under 
 stimulation by alcohol ; third, under stimulation by tea. Dur- 
 ing the first half hour no stimulants are taken. The three 
 curves are close together with a range of only 705 to 720. 
 Fifteen minutes later the range is 699 to 846, with alcohol and 
 tea respectively in the extremes, the effect of the former 
 being to decrease the amount of work done, that of the latter 
 to increase it. 
 
 5. Influence of daily indulgence in alcohol on ability to add 
 figures. (3oe) 
 
 This chart represents the amount of addition two people 
 did each morning for 27 days. During the first 6 days neither 
 took stimulation. There is rapid improvement in each. Then 
 for 12 days the one who had been making the highest average 
 began to take alcohol. The one not indulging soon became 
 superior and continued to improve while the other soon reached 
 a maximum and declined. The influence was m.arked. 
 
 6. Alcohol and school. (3of) 
 From R. Hecker's study of the use and influence of alcohol 
 
 among 4,582 children in the people's schools in Munich. 
 (Jahrbuch fiir Kinderheilkunde, N. F., v. 63, p. 470.) _ This 
 chart shows the per cent of chirdren who never use liquor, 
 who drink irregularly, and who drink daily. The per cent 
 of each which do good, medium, and poor work, is also shown, 
 and the relation which each group bears to the entire number 
 of children studied. 
 
 7. Alcohol and mortality. (30g) 
 This chart is based on Westergaard's study of mortality and 
 
 morbidity. The chart shows that for every 1,000 general 
 deaths the rate would be 953 for professional men, 1,642 for 
 hotel and barkeepers, and 1,725 for waiters. The rate for each 
 profession in each of the common diseases is also shown. 
 The chart also gives expectation and actual mortality in the 
 class of abstainers in English life insurance companies. A 
 third section of the chart shows the rate for each of the 
 callings dying at the various ages from 20 to 65. 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 548 
 
 8. Alcohol and personal violence. (3oh) 
 This chart represents cases from Kiirz's study on the 
 
 Prophylaxis of Brutal Crimes. (Zur Prophylaxe der Roheits- 
 delikte, Monatsschrift fiir Kriminalpsychologie, II, 27.) The 
 first part represents the proportion of 1,143 assault cases oc- 
 curring on each of the days of the week, holidays included 
 with Sundays. The second part represents the proportion of 
 1,715 cases of assault occurring in the taverns (742), dwell- 
 ing-houses (86), street (98), places of work (87), place not 
 determined (102). 
 
 9. Alcohol and crime. (3oi) 
 This chart is from Baer's study of alcohol and crime, based 
 
 upon 17,15s cases in reformatories and 7,392 cases in peni- 
 tentiaries. The chart shows the per cent of convicts for each 
 of the various crimes who were moderate drinkers and who 
 were habitual drinkers. It is interesting to note that among 
 cases of immorality and crimes against persons moderate 
 drinkers are in greater number, while habitual drinkers are 
 found guilty more often of crimes against property, arson, etc. 
 
 10. Life history of a common drunkard from birth to his 
 entrance to the insane asylum at the age of 46. (30J) 
 
 This chart shows every month from i860 to 1906, giving 
 time spent at liberty, in jails, prisons, penitentiaries, work- 
 houses, and his final entrance to the asylum. First incarcera- 
 tion is July, 1878, second in August of the same year. After 
 that the longest unbroken period of liberty was from July, 
 1894, to January, 1896, which followed but for two short deten- 
 tions the longest single imprisonment, from June, 1892, to 
 June, 1894. In all the chart shows 56 imprisonments upon 
 various charges. 
 
 MacNicholl, T. Alexander, Compiler. — Alcohol and disabilities 
 of school children. (From Journal of American Medical 
 Association, February 2, 1007.) 22I/2 x 28^ in. Scient. Temp. 
 Fed. (182) 
 
 A study of mental dullness and nervous and organic dis- 
 eases based on 3,711 children of 1,100 families. Mental dull- 
 ness in children of drinking parents but abstaining grand- 
 parents, 7Z% ; in children of abstaining parents but drinking 
 grandparents, 78% ; in children where both parents and grand- 
 parents are abstaining, 4%. Nervous and organic diseases in 
 children having hereditary alcoholic taint, yy% ; in children 
 free from alcoholic taint, 18%. 
 
 Schnyder, L. — " Do you work hard ? " Alcohol and muscle 
 work. — Ergographic experiments in muscle fatigue. (From 
 Alkohol und Muskelkraft. Bonn, Emil Strauss, 1910.) 22^ 
 X 28^ in. Scient. Temp. Fed. (180) 
 
 Shows the comparative amount of work done in ten days 
 without alcohol and in ten days with alcohol. 
 
 39 Miscellaneous 
 
 " Dont's" for children. — Card, "Remember these things," posted 
 in public schools in Providence, R. I. 24^/^ x 30^ in. Ed. 
 Ex. Co. (1890) 
 
549 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 
 
 4 MENTAL HYGIENE AND THE HYGIENE OF 
 INSTRUCTION 
 
 41 Psychological Age 
 
 42 Mental Hygiene 
 
 IS lantern slides on the brain and nervous system. Williams, 
 Brown & Earle. 
 
 43 Fatigue 
 
 Adsersen's chart. — {Kdrpertemperatur und Hautsensibilitdt) 
 showing variations in dermal sensitivity tested by the aesthesi- 
 ometer as compared with diurnal variations in bodily tempera- 
 ture. . (1043) 
 
 44 Period of Study, etc. 
 
 Burgerstein, Leo — Wandtafeln zur Schulhygiene. y^Vz x 55J^ 
 in. K. k. Schulb. V. (ioi6c) 
 
 Chart C. Influence of afternoon sessions on morbidity and 
 voluntary attention. " Fig. One in Chart ' C ' presents the results 
 of the investigations of Schmidt-Monnard of Halle upon sev- 
 eral thousand boys and girls in middle class schools. The 
 figure shows that anemia, habitual headache, nervousness, in- 
 somnia, lack of appetite, etc., were more common among 
 children with afternoon sessions than with children with morn- 
 ing sessions. These complaints were generally more com- 
 mon among the girls than among the boys. 
 
 " Figure Two in Chart ' C ' illustrates the result of Schuyten's 
 observations in the public schools of Antwerp. These obser- 
 vations were made daily and cover over six hundred children 
 between the ages of seven and fourteen years for a period 
 of two years. They indicate that the percentage of cases 
 showing voluntary attention was greater in the morning ses- 
 sions than in the afternoon sessions, save in May, June and 
 July. During these months the noon hour is more favorable 
 for recreation and play. Schuyten regards this as an explana- 
 tion for the increased afternoon attention in May, June and 
 July." (T. A. Storey, Fed. Sent., March, 191 1. Vol. 18, p 105.) 
 
 45 Grading 
 
 Johnson, G. E. Partial perspective of public education in Pitts- 
 burgh. (1037) 
 
 This chart has special reference to physical exercises, play- 
 ground associations, amusement parks, day nurseries, vacation 
 schools, with special reference also to the type of activity for 
 the various ages and leading to the various occupations. The 
 chart is also suggestive as to the best physical and mental 
 preparation for courses in high schools, evening schools, 
 special schools, colleges, and universities. 
 
 Sonderklassen-System der Mannheimer Volksschule. (Internat. 
 
 Kong. f. Schulhygiene, 1904. 4 Bd. S. 210.) (10x5) 
 
 Shows the system of grading in the Mannheim Volksschule 
 
 with diagrammatical sketch of the system of regular and 
 
 irregular promotions, demotions and repetitions. 
 
EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 550 
 
 46 Physical Exercise 
 
 Schmidt, F. A. — Influence and results of physical exercises in 
 youth. 22^ X 30^ in. Buxenstein. (1048) 
 
 Shows various physical exercises for securing strength, 
 skill, quickness, endurance, alertness, etc., with the physiolog- 
 ical effects on lungs, heart, circulation, metaboHsm, muscks, 
 nerves, etc., together with lasting bodily, moral and aesthetic 
 gain for each kind. Verbal statement, not diagrammatical. 
 (Loaned by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 
 
 Schmidt, F. A. — Summary of the physical exercises most bene- 
 ficial at the different ages of life. Bonn, n. d. (1018) 
 Shows physiological character and prevailing needs of 
 exercises for ages in five triennial periods, 6 to 20 years; also 
 the specific kinds of exercises which satisfy these needs and 
 diagrammatically the age at which each exercise should be 
 begun and discontinued. The shading shows the amount of 
 the various exercises suitable for the different ages. (Loaned 
 by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 
 
 Johnson, G. E. — Summary of active plays and games most bene- 
 ficial at different ages, adapted from Dr. F. A. Schmidt's 
 chart of physical exercises. (1017) 
 
 This chart gives specific games for securing the kinds of 
 exercise recommended by Dr. Schmidt (see above), and shows 
 diagrammatically by triennial periods up to 20 years the age 
 at which each should be emphasized. Done in blue print, 
 30 x 60 inches. (Loaned by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 
 
 Rothf eld's Schulturnbefreiungstafel. Muller. (2023) 
 
 The department of Psychology in the University has a large 
 collection of psychological apparatus important in the study 
 of mental hygiene, but the Museum makes no attempt to 
 duplicate this nor the neurological material in the department 
 of Biology. In other departments of the Museum there are 
 also some things related to the subject of hygiene but not 
 mentioned here. It is hoped that catalogues of the rest of the 
 collection will be prepared later. The material of the Museum 
 is largely available for teachers and the writers would 
 request the co-operation of teachers and others, and specially 
 request information when old desks and seats and the like are 
 to be disposed of as such material is often valuable to the 
 Museum. 
 
 The writers wish to express their indebtedness to President G. 
 Stanley Hall, who conceived the original plan of the Museum and 
 collected a large part of the material, for his constant advice and 
 encouragement in regard to its development, to Dr. Louis N. Wilson 
 for valuable suggestions, to Dr. Leroy W. Sackett and Mr. Kirkman 
 K. Robinson for assistance in describing the charts_ mentioned above, 
 and to many others who have rendered valuable aid. 
 
ADDRESSES OF FIRMS 
 
 The names and addresses of the firms mentioned in the text are 
 given below. For further information in regard to illustrative ma- 
 terial one may well consult the " Bibliotheca Paedagogica," a trade 
 list of models, charts and the like offered for sale by German pub- 
 lishers. This catalogue is sold by G. E. Stechert & Co., at a cost 
 of about forty-five cents. 
 
 Where no firm is mentioned in the text, the material was usually 
 made at Clark University. 
 
 American Red Cross, 715 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. 
 
 American Seating Co., 70 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 American Water Supply Co., 251 Causeway St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Arnold, Max, Chemnitz, Germany. 
 
 Bad. Lehrmittel Anstalt. Inhaber: Otto Pezoldt, Karlsruhe i. B., 
 Kaiserstrasse 14, Germany. 
 
 Bardeen, C. W., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Beijers, F. & G., Stockholm, Sweden. 
 
 Boston Schoolhouse Commission, .120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Brayton, George, 1074 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Burnitol Manufacturing Co., 39 Sudbury St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Biixenstein, W., Bonn, Germany. 
 
 Cambridge Botanical Supply Co., Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Chandler Seating Co. 
 
 Cobe, Myer, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Dixon, Dr. Samuel G., Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Educational Exhibition Co., 70 Waterman St., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Foltz & Fuller, Inc., 417 Ninth St. W., Washington, D. C. 
 
 General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 Gresham Publishing Co., 34 Southampton St., London, England. 
 
 Hardy, F. A., & Co., 131 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Harvard Apparatus Co. Back Bay P. O., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Hohmann & Maurer Manufacturing Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 International Instrument Co., 23 Church St., Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Jacobus Pneumatic Ink-well Co., 16 Exchange Place, New York City. 
 
 K. k. Schulbiicher-Verlag, Wien, Austria. 
 
 Kleine, George. 161 No. State St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Kny-Scheerer Co., 404 W. 27th St., New York City. 
 
 Langslow, Fowler Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Lehmann, J. H., Miinchen, Germany. 
 
 Limeburner, J. E., Co., 1720 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Longfellow, A. W., 1124 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. 
 
 McCormick. Elizabeth, Memorial Fund, 315 Plymouth Court, Chi- 
 cago, 111. 
 
 Makepeace, B. L., 387 Washington St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Montaudon, Jean, 56, Rue de Vaugirard, Paris, France. 
 
 Miiller, P. Johannes, Charlottenburg, Spandauerstr. loa, Germany. 
 
 Paulin, Henri, et Cie., Paris, France. 
 
 Plumer, Charles A., 17 Whiting St., Roxbury, Mass. 
 
 Priebatsch's Buchhandlung, Breslau, Germany. 
 
 Queen & Co.. 1211 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Meyer Brothers Drug Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
ADDRESSES OF FIRMS 552 
 
 Riedel, Theodor, Munchen, Germany. 
 
 Roberts, W. N., 206 Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Sallmann, Carl, Basel, Switzerland. 
 
 Sanifacient Humidor Co., 308 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Schiefifelin & Co., 170 William St., New York City. 
 
 Schmidt & Haensch, Berlin, S. 42, Prinzessinnenstr. 16, Germany. 
 
 Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Scott Paper Co., Seventh & Glenwood Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Single Service Package Corporation, 71 Broadway, New York City. 
 
 Somerville Brush Co., 236 Washington St., Somerville, Mass. 
 
 Stechert, G. E., & Co., 121 W. 25th St., New York City. 
 
 Stone & Forsyth, 67 Kingston St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Sturgis, R. Clipston, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Tannewitz Works, Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Voss, Leopold, Hamburg, Germany. 
 
 Wachsmuth, F. E., Leipzig, Germany. 
 
 Walter, Anton, Dornbirn, Germany. 
 
 WilHams, Brown & Earle, 918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
UUL \J l«J!T 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 029 463 958 5