E 475 .53 .B87 Copy 1 FOREWORD HIS narrative is written from the viewpoint of the motorist traveling west along the central section of the Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania, the direction in which prob- ably the largest number approach Gettysburg. Tourists coming from the other principal directions need only to somewhat adjust their first angles of observation to enter into and follow with equal advantage the development of the subject here presented. Lee's invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania m the summer of 1863 was a political and mil- itary event of first importance, and Gettysburg was its culmination. Before the battle which took place there has passed from the memory of living men, the field has been made a great na- tional memorial to the soldiers of the North and South; and Ciettysburg has become possibly the most important inland touring center in the United States, large cities of course excepted. The movements of the Army of the Potomac from Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville to Gettysburg, covering a period of more than six months, have been sketched without reference to the military operations in the South and West during that time. Generally speaking, those dis- tant campaigns are of less relative interest to one traveling through Pennsylvania than to the student, whose more convenient leisure is not interrupted by immediate objectives. The motor tourist making even a brief stop to look over the Gettysburg Battlefield has an exceptional op- portunity to make a personal study of an important chapter of history, which may be supple- mented to advantage by a later study of standard references for related or overlapping campaigns, and a strict chront)l()gical order of events through the wider zone of warfare during that period. No attempt has been made to give an exhaustive account of the battle, single phases of which, and even the parts played by individual regiments, have been expanded into volumes. The strictly military reader and the student of tactics will find elsewhere critical discussions, analyses of movements, enumerations of participating corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, etc., in which even minute points have been amply treated. A correct general idea or picture of the military operations, the main reasons therefor and the results therefrom, usually with the topographical background, brought within the limits of the average tourist's stay at Gettysburg, has been the aim. After careful deliberation, and comparisons of views, it has been considered best to leave the visitor free to traverse the battle area in the most convenient way, the direction being traveled, time of arrival and general schedules varying too much in individual cases to make practicable the use of this narrative as an itinerary. When a guide is employed, his suggestions as to the best way to see the battlefield, allowing for individual circumstances, will usually be of practical use. For those with ample leisure, who may desire more extensive views of the entire field, and a better knowledge of the topography of the section than can be secured from the highways, the six observation towers, located at strategic points, offer facilities of unusal advantage. The old, historic and very interesting route from Philadelphia through Downingtovvn, Coates- ville. Lancaster, Columbia, York, Gettysburg, Chambersburg, Bedford and Greensbiirg to Pitts- burgh, is covered in a special volume, the Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania, obtainable from the author. July 1, 1920. R. B. Copyrighted 1020, by Robert Bri On November 19, 1863, the cemetery :it Gettysburg was dedicated, furnishing the occasion for President Lincohi's Gettyslnirg Address. Ihe "brief remarks," intended then principally to add offi- cial character to the program, composed largely of a long and able address by Edward Everett, have become as widely known as the battle. Practically from that time to this, the work of enlarging, im- proving and marking the field has been going on, until nearly the whole area covered in the three day's tight has been made a National memorial to the soldiers of the North and South. SOLDIERS' NAnONAI. MONUMENT TO All. RIIGUI.AR COMMANDS, NATIONAL CEMETERY. GETTYSBURG Ericlid in ISO*>, on the cxnct spot where Abrah.-ini Lincoln dtlivcriil ihc Gtltysburg Address, NovcnibiT I'), l8o3; vie Sl.ilc monument. The small stones in rows on the leri-hnnd side of the picture represent graves of unidentified soldier Ironi top of New \orV "Nor shall ibeir lalor he forgot While fame her record keeps." OCT -6 ;320 ©CI,Ao76772 I with iincovcrcd head S.iluti- the sacnd dead \\ ho went, and rctiirnid nut. — Lowell. Gettysburg Approarln'iKj I he loirn Jmtu (he cast over Ike Lincoln Highivay — Preliminaries to the study of the locality and Battlejield Looking ahead from the downgrade by which Gettysburg is approached from the east, the tour- ist observes the outlines of what would seem to be an ordinary inland Pennsylvania town of some- what imder 5,000, except for two very marked features, its road system and the peculiar topo- graphy immediately south of it. Four basic high- ways or pikes lead straight outward from the square at the center, while others diverge at well-defined angles a short distance from it, and extend m all the principal directions. The street system ot the town resembles a great checker-board of ir- regidar shape, from all sides and ends of which long straight lines have been drawn far outward. Gettysburg is possibly the greatest road center of its size in the United States, a fact made all the more conspicuous by its location off from mam hnes of radway travel. No physical features along the route we have been following attract particular attention; nor are any observed to the north ot it. Cilancing ahead — over the top of Gettysburg — this high- way, as it starts toward South Mountain and Chambersburg, appears like a narrow white band or streamer laid down carefully upon and drawn tightly across the rolling landscape whose minor details are gradually obscured in the distant ht)ri- zon. A totally different scene is presented only a short distance south of where our route is soon to pass through the town. The essential, most striking features of the lo- cality are seen while approaching Gettysburg from this direction, perhaps three or tour miles before reaching the lower levels Lipon which it is situated. South of the town (and the highway), there begin to rise almost at once a series or group ot bluffs and hillocks, which command the sur- rounding country for observation purposes, and make defenses of great natural strength. Trend- ing at first almost due north-and-south, just west ot them, IS Seminary Ridge, the nearest of several minor ranges forming an intermediate stage be- tween the rolling highlands which extend west- ward from the Susquehanna to this section, and the steeper grades a few miles farther west. farther down, however, Seminary Ridge is drawn slightly eastward in a way to form a rough curve, resembling a bended wrist. Just east of that curve, and protected by it on the west, is Big Round lop, a rocky, wooded peak, of which Little Round lop, a tritle farther north, is a spur. This unusual bit of topography has been com- pared by several writers to a fish-hook, whereon Gulp's Hill rises as a barb along the back of Gem- etery Hill, while Gemetery Ridge forms the shank, terminating, east of the curve, in the big and little "round tops. " 1 hese topographical features and the highways are keys to a correct understanding of the military movements leading up to the bat- tle of Gettysburg, and the conflict itself. Reference Books, Maps and Guides Tourists running toward Gettysburg, and stop- ping overnight in a city or town en route with even a fair library will find it advantageous to re- fresh their memories bv examining pages 226-246 of Rhodes' "History of the Givil War (1917)," or pages 354-369 of Schouler's "History of the United States," Vol. 6, both of which go into con- siderable details. For a short, clear exposition, cimsult pages L36-141 of Theodore Dodge's com- pact "Bird's-Eye View of the Civil War," stu- dent's edition. The "Story of the Givil War," by John C. Ropes, continued by Gol. W\ R. Livermore, in 4 volumes (the last one of which. Book 2 of Part 3, includes the Gettysburg campaign), is complete, well arranged and minutely indexed. Its numer- ous maps are admirable, and its critical comments useful to the close student, though the detail is too great tor the limited time of the average tourist. Anyone who may care to study the topography with still greater care may order in advance from Washington the Gettysburg and Fairfield sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey. The street map on pages 16-17, in connection with the special one of the battlefield on page 5, may prove sufficient for ordinary use when passing through with only a brief stop. For complete details, with an abun- dance of maps, it would still be necessary to reter to the Official Records, the munificent provision of the Government for historical investigators and close students of this and related subjects. The motorist entering the battlefield area from any of the principal directions is likely to be met bv one or more guides who solicit the opportunity to show the party about the town and battlefield. Especially when time is short, it may be advan- tageous to employ one of them, agreeing in ad- vance as to the route of observation, time to be spent, fees and the like. Paragraph 26, Regula- tions for the National Military Parks, provides that, "No persons shall be permitted to offer their services or act as guides unless licensed for that purpose by the Commissioners thereof." All ap- plicants are examined by the Commission, and must make an average of 75% in order to secure a license. Last Stretch Into Gettysburg One has hardly more than time to catch the general situation at a distance before noticing, on the left, the first historic marker in this locality. Though the battlefield is still a considerable dis- tance ahead, its related activities extended this 3 Gettysburg n»,h,l,omi„llxJn„K ,'..., . ,,.„ ,.,,. TAHI l-TON SITF. <)I- CllNlUiAl . Ill-I D IIOSI>ll AI I-irst marker (l^j-mllis bifori- r.-.uhini; Om.-r Sc|uarc) s.-.n l>v lli. \vi-5llK,unil tourist running int.. Gi-ttysburi! Ironi York. On llu- tiibl.l is a list i>f tin- lifltl hospitals ol ihc cipht corps participating in the three .lay's fight tar casrwarti along tlie ^ mk Piki-. A w iiK- up- right piicc ot graniti-, with a imtal tahlct tacmg the ri)acl, inilicatcs the location ol Camp Letter- man, the general field hospital. Medical Corps, Army of the Potomac, during the hattle. It was named after Jonathan Letterman, Med- ical Director of that army, anil was situated in the "hospital woods," just outside the zone of military operations. 1 he woods have disap- peared, and the country here is now entirely open. This h()S|)ital, in co-operation with seven siihor- dinate ones for infantry and one for cavalry, cared for ahout 20,000 Union and Confederate officers, soldiers and cavalrymen during and after the hattle. 1 he motorist stopping to reatl the tablet uill ohtain a concrete idea of the total casualties be- fore reaching the central section, just south of which the principal fighting took place. .'\ short distance beyonil, the Western Maryland comes close to the right-hand side of the road, and con- tinues nearly jiarallel to the business center. During the war this was the only railroad to enter Gettysburg; it was then known as the Gettysburg & Hanover, and did nor go farther west. The present name was given to it when a through route was developed from ^'ork and Ciett\sl>nig to Hagerstown, connecting with the original line from Baltimore. Entering Gettysburg, one crosses Rock Creek, flowing southward past the eastern edge of the town, to form the general eastern boimdar\' of the battlefield. This stream flows into the .Mono- cacy, and that into the Potomac above Harpers l''err\. W I- are now in the watershed of that river. On the opposite side of the Gettysburg High .School, prominently '>n our left, the Hanover Roail comes into ^'ork St., a short run along which bungs one to the eastern side ol the square, CJet- t\slniio. Hrii-is .Aiiot'i' rm-: Town and l.ocAi.rrv i'revious to 1S6.^, Gettysburg was known princi- pally as the "County town," located in a fertile agiuiiltural country, settled by thrifty people from the older counties in the eastern part of the State, with considerable numbers from Ireland, Scotland, I'.ngland anil (lermany. After more than 50 years since the place itself has been al- most eclipsed by the battlefiekl whose name it took, one examines with curious interest the "Ge- (igrapln of PennsyKania" ( Philadilphia, 1S43), to find Ciettysburg gi\en scarcely more mention than New O.xford or Hanover, its population was then about 2,(XX); and the only buildings noted were the Adams Co. Court House, Penn- sylvania College and Lutheran Theological Sem- inary. A comprehensive system of turnpikes had been developed, however, the results of which are read- ily seen today. A project had also been under- taken to extend the Philadelphia &: Columbia R. R., then in operation between those points, through ^ ork and Gettysburg, to the partly fin- ished C. &; O. Canal near W ilhamsport, .Mary- land, and also to the H. & O. R. R. at Martins- burg, then in \ irginia, now West \ irginia. Sub- sequently that route was divided between the Western Maryland and Cumberland \'alley rail- roads, connecting this section with Hagerstown and the Shenandoah valley. Sixty or more years ago, Gettysburg was a con- siderable manufacturing center for the time, while its location near extensive forests of oak, hickory, pine, ash and poplar developed a large lumber industry, now almost a thing of the past. Many Conestoga wagons, patterned after the staunch vehicles originated a short distance south of this route through Lancaster County, were built in this or surrounding villages. It is said that whereas most of those from the Conestoga country went to Pittsburgh or beyond the Ohio river, those manufactured in Gettysburg found their principal sale in Maryland and \'ir- ginia. The earliest commercial aHiliations of this section were with points south rather than with those west, somewhat because most of the first travel and emigration from Philadelphia, Lan- caster and Columbia passed on to the Cumber- land valley and the western |>arts of the State through what is now Harrisburg, instead of through here. Gettysburg is located farther south than the tirst-time visitor is liki 1\ to imagine. I he .Marv- Gettysburg hind boundary, coinciding tlitrc with the Mason and Dixiin hne, is only about 9 miles away as the crow flics. It is only about 55 miles by highway through Littlestown and Westminster to Balti- more, and less than 86 miles over the indirect route through Emmitsburg, Frederick and Ridge- ville to Washington. In its course westward from \ Ork, the highway makes a long gradual bend southward, reaching its greatest deviation from the direct line at Get- tysburg, and almost immediately thereafter it be- gins a corresponding northward bend toward Chambersburg and Bedford. 1 hough thishigh- v\ay and the main line of the Pennsylvania R. R. are to come together again at Greensburg, less than 150 miles farther west, the latter is at the corresponding point following the Juniata river west from Harrisburg fully 50 air-line miles north of Gettysburg. The distance covered by Lee's army in its invasion of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania during the summer of 1863, and particu- larly on its retreat after the battle, is less than ordinarily supposed. Ibis locality was the ancestral home ot the Studebaker family. The late J. M. Studebaker, Sr., son of a country blacksmith, was born Octo- ber 10, 1833, a few miles north of Gettysburg. He learned his trade, including, no doubt, the "setting" of tires on stage-coaches and freight- wagons, in this section, from which he emigrated to California in the early days of the gold excite- ment. There he accumulated enough capital, OF THE GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD Prepared bylheGetlysburl National Pa"k Commission Col. John P Nicholson .CtiairmdP LTCoI.E.B.Cope, Engineer. ^^^ Redrawn on reduced scale by arrangement '^ wilh the Commission Gettysburg largely h\ making wheelliarrows tor mimrs, rn inahle him to move to Soiirh Rind, Indiana, and with his hrothir lay thr foimdarions tor tht- larg- est individual wagon hiisiniss in the world. Mr. Studehakir died in Mareh, 1917. after having witnessed the evolution ot road trans- portation from the C'onestoga wagon, .iveraging perhaps four or five miles an hour with the average load, to passenger and freight motor vehieles. loiinsts passing through (Jettyshiirg often ask for directions to the old Studehaker homestead. A correspondent residing in the localit\' sends them in brief terms as follows: "From (lettvs- hiirg. go north S miles on the Harrishurg Road; at the Schriver farm, turn right 1 mile to Hunt- erstown. From the si]uare, I limterstown. con- tinue north 2 miles to fork, where take the right- hand road. The Studeiiaker homestead, no lon- ger standing, was the first huilding on that road." 1 he harn and the original Studehaker forge, the genesis ot the great Inisiness now long estaMisiieii under that name, stood for some time aftt r tin- house was torn down; hut ;di of the innldiiigs have since disappeared. SURVEY' OF Mll.l r\m Ol'KR.VriONS CULMINA'llNC; Al (iK I lASHUKC Having become acciuaintcd witii the general situation (if (jett\sburg and environs on the way into the town from any one of the principal di- rections, the tourist will find it ;idvantageous to review the piincip;il movements of the northern and .southern ;irmies from December lS(i2 to |une 1863, inclusive. 1 li;it will connect the leailing events in logical order. ;md give a correct perspec- tive. 1 he (lettysburg viewpoint might ;ippro- priately be called a survey from the heights, r;ik- ing in the whole area. Phat the fighting took place here, rather than where either Meade or Lee had expected, more as a m;itter of chance than of forethought or plan, will subsequently appear. But such ;i meeting of the principal forces on both sides, with ;i supreme test ot arms, w;is t\u- logical result of tin- military operations which |>ieceded it. Let the southern Pennsylvani;i fields and hill- sides fade temporarily into the background, while the mind's eye sweeps southward about l,i,^ ;iir- lint- miles, across both the Mason and Di.xon Line and the Potomac, to the banks of the Rappah;in- nock river in old \ irginni, not f;ir from the home- land of (leorge W;ishington. The (lettvsburg campaign started from there. .'\t Fredericksburg, December l.\ lSf)2, niarl\ UX),(XK) I'ederal troops made repeated ass;iulfs upon about 75,(X)() Confederates, protected bv strong detenses. which Lee had thrown up on the south side of that ii\(r. Rurnside. recently placed in command of the Army of the Potomac, superseding McClellan. came out of that "fier\- holiday" with a loss of about l.i.CHX) men. in the proportion of 5 to 2 of the Confederates. .As a result, his army was more disorg;mi7.ed than at any other time during the war; and Lincoln passed through some trying, melancholy tiays. MAKKI l; U) Nil , ;l. I'l Ws'i 1 \.\M V I \ , ■. , i, , , i ww MiY KIIX.I . lUIIOKI) A\ 1- . Cl-.rnhKUKl. UAl 11 l-lllll) Conserving his strength and his men. while Burnside was spending both with prodigality, Lee emerged from Fredericksburg relatively the victor. Ihe difference in casualties had to some extent removed the earlier disparity in numbers; ;ind the moral advantage was on the Confederate side. .A considerable number of Federal enlist- ments were ;ilso near expiration. Burnside was superseded b\' Hooker, who dur- ing the remainder of the winter recuperated and strengthened his army for the spring campaign of 1 n NNSVI.V.iiNI.'V riieii, if ever in that conflict, the issue was in doubt. Lee, whose first inv;ision of Maryland, the September before, culmin;ired in the battle of Anrietam, followed b\ his return into \ irginia, now phmned a longer, far more haz;irdous north- ern c;imp:iign, hut with far greater advantages to the southern c;iuse in case it should prove success- ful. This w;is the crossing of Maryhind and the invasion of central Penns\lv:inia along the gen- er:il line of the Blue Ridge. West of that r;inge, the Cumberland valley of- fered ;m open door from Hagerstown, Md., north- east to Cireencasrle, I'hamberslniri;. C';irlisle ;ind Gettysburg hy CeoTge W. Kelt /ni UNIQLH \l()Ml\ll M TO THE "Oth INFANTRY, VOL.. 0\K nil I, CEMETER^■ HaiTisburg, which might be hiid under tribute, in money and badiv needed supplies. On the east- ern side t)f the range, reached through convenient passes, were York, Columbia, Lancaster and other |irosperous cities and villages of the Keystone State, a rich and fertile country, traversed by the majestic Susi]uehanna. Baltimore. Wilmington and Philadelphia, all within striking distance ot a large southern army once east of the Blue Ridge, might be threatened if not actually taken. A successful northern campaign might at least force an unwilling recognition of the Confederacy. Some ot the European nations, already half-in- clined to recognize and possibly assist it, were watching the progress both of military and polit- ical events. Such a campaign would probably also hinder the Federal government dispatching more troops to Grant, then conducting the siege of Vicksburg, while the close proximity of the in- vading army to Washington would be the best check against any large force being sent mean- while against Richmond. <■ The Confederate Movement Northward On June 3, 1863, Lee advanced Longstreet's corps from the south side of the Rappahannf)ck (Fredericksburg) toward Culpeper, in the neigh- borhood of which Stuart's fleet, long-ranging cavalry had already assembled. This started a train of events of which the third day at Gettys- burg, exactly a month later, was the culmination. On the Sth and 6th, Ewell's corps followed over the same route, these two ot the three grand divis- ions of Lee's army reaching Culpeper on the Sth. The third corps, under A. P. Hill, was kept back in the defenses at Fredericksburg while the Army of the Potomac, under Hooker, remained on the op- posite side of the Rappahannock. lo break up or at least restrict the operations ot Stuart's cavalry. Hooker sent Pleasonton's cavalry and two brigades of infantry against him over a shorter route than that followed by the main body of Confederates. This resulted in the battle of Brandy Station, named from the nearest point on the Orange & Alexandria R. R. of that time, now part of the main line of the Southern Railway below Washingtf)n. Ihoiigh the Fed- eral casualties in this engagement were greater than those of the Confederates, due partly to an attempted concentration of forces at a point toLmd more strongly occupied than expected, the Federal cavalry, theretofore considered inferior to southern horsemen, showed their mettle, and gained prestige in the estimation both of their ad- versaries and of the northern people. Hence- forth they fought on equal terms with the mount- ed Confederates. 1 he battle of Brandy Station tlid not seriously impede Lee's northward movement; but it was unquestionably a factor in his decision to choose the longer route through the Luray and Shenan- doah valleys to the Potomac river crossings, in- stead ot skirting the eastern bases of the Blue Ridge, screened by Stuart's cavalry, whose su- periority had now been challenged. On the 10th, Ewell's corps left Culpeper C. H., crossing the Blue Ridge through Manassas Gap, and the Shen- andoah river near Front Royal, Va. One of his divisions was now detached and sent to dislodge the small Federal garrison at Berryville, on the Winchester-Charles I own-Hagerstown route, and cut off Federal communications between the Shen- andoah and Potomac valleys, both of which ob- jects were quickly accomplished. Across Maryland into Pennsylvania When, soon afterward, Winchestec and Mar- tinsburg were taken by Ewell's main column, the Federals were driven from that section, with the exception of Harpers Ferry, at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. Without stop to attack the strong Union garrison there, Ewell passed rapidly around to the south and west of it. The Confederate forces were now extended along a line of approximately 100 miles from the Rap- pahannock through the Blue Ridge mountains and the northern Shenandoah valley nearly to the Potomac crossings, which caused Lincoln to make the shrewd suggestion to Hooker that, as the ani- mal must be "very slim somewhere," ir might be possible to "break him." But Hooker, better in preparing an army lor a fight, or in actual ct)mbat, than in mantruvers, and charged with the responsibility of protecting Washington, withdrew toward that city, fearing that if he followed Ewell and Longstreet, A. P. Hill's corps might come north of the Rappahan- nock, turn his right flank and threaten it. [here- upon. Hill started toward the Shenandoah and the Potomac, to add his strength to Lee's more advanced divisions, leaving Hooker far to the east. En route, Hill passed Longstreet's corps, Gettysburg which thioiiRh inti-ntionally tlivrrrinii iiiaiKru- \eis alonf; tlic eastern sidi- ot the Wuv Ridjic had ilroppcd hack troni second to third place. The three iirand divisions of the Confederate army were then following a nortiiwesterly direc- tion. Preceded hv cavalrv hrigades w hich daniaf;etl the \i. & (). R. K' and C' & C). Canal, interriiprinK comniiinicarion, tians|-)ortation and sujiphes hoiii points west into Washington anil i?altimore, I.ee crossed the Potomac at \\ illiamsport, Md., rested for awliile at Hajjerstow n, and then continueil to Chamhershiirc. Stuart's ca\alry was left on the Virginia side to watch llookir, and ohstriict his likely attempt to foll.iw tin Confederates, while Earlv's division was detached from i'.wiirs coips ;)rin( supplied liy (ietlyihujf: \uti(miil I'ark C.< MAJOR-GEN. GEORGE GORDON MEADE CommiiiulInK \\k Union fnrcis :it CcUy-lnirK A n.ilivi- ..f IVnnsyl- soon after it entereil Pennsylvania, and sent o\ir the short-cut through (lettyslmig and ^()lk to the Susquehanna. (iAiHi KING ot Forces at (iEr'i"s siu kg Hooker now Ingan to move northward, cross- ing the Potomac at Point of Rocks, Nolans Ferry and Filwards Ferry (all of which were between Williamspoi t, where the Confederates had cross- ed, antl the Federal capital), to a great con- centration at Frederick, Marxland. He was then exchanging messages with (Jen. Halleck, at Washington, endeavoring to have added to his forces the 1(),(XX) men then in garrison at Harper's Ferry, entirely out of the zone of operations so long as all of Lee's army should he in .Maryland or Pennsylvania. Halleck declining to transfer those troops to the Army of the Potomac, Hooker resigned, and was succeeded by Meade on Jime 2Sth, only three days before the battle of Gettys- burg was to begin. Instead of watching the Army of the Potomac, hindering its progress, and reporting develop- ments to Lee, Stuart's cavalry had crossed the Potomac only a few miles west of Washington, and proceeded into Pennsylvania, expecting to join the main Confederate army in the Cumber- land valley, somewhere between Chambersburg and Harrisburg. IJut when, shortly afterward, l^ee found it necessary to bring his scattered forces together, Stuart was out of communication; and he was kept in ignorance of Hookers movements longer than might otherwise have been the case. Stuart, in a long fatiguing circuit through several Pennsylvania counties, collected vast quantities of provisions; but meanwhile his chief was at great dis;idv;int;ige for hick of the more important ser- vice he was depended upon to render. As soon as Lee le;irned the position of the Un- ion forces, in one ;irmy, moving northward, he loosed his hold upon the .Sus(|ueh;inn;i. Karly w;is ordered back over the same route he had fol- lowed e;ist of Ciettysburg, H)well and Hill brought their divisions south or east, as then locations and the n;iture of the intervening country permitted, ;ind l.ongstreet jirepared to movt- his corps east- ward over the Ch;imbersburg Pike. 1 his (]uick concentration, for the purpose of meeting with his full strength the approaching Army of the Poto- mac, undoubtedly sa\ed H;irrisburg from falling into the hands oj the * "onfetieriites. The supri-me cuish ot arms was impending, but neither comm;mding general knew where it would fake |ilace. Lee planned to hght at Cashtown, a short S miles along our route west of (lettysbiirg, where South Mountain is crossed through a low- pass. From there, if victorious, he would have moved into eastern Pennsylvania; ox. it defeated, he could still go back into the Cumberland valley, down which his lines of communication and sup- plies extended across the Potomac into Virginia. Meade, coming up from Frederick through Taneytown, had tentatively chosen the heights along Pipe creek (in Maryland about Li miles south of (lettysburg), as a favorable battle-ground. His plan, ;is interpreted by military critics, was to drive with full force between Hill ;ind Fwell, he- tore their corps could unite, or Longstreet come to their aid. He would either bring on a battle by such ni;m(i'uvers, or draw the Confederates on and fall b;ick iqion Pipe creek. Neither com- manding gener;il w ;is at (lettysburg w hen the en- gagement started, Meaile being some miles south of the town with his main column, and l>ee with Longstreet's corps at Chambersburg. Olti.inks ok rnK First Day's Baitik Ihus the three widely-sep:irated corps of the Confederate ;irmy were movint; e:ist, west and south to a converging point, which h;ippened to be ( lettNsbuig, meeting phice of m;iiiy pikes. Gettysburg With a front extending almost from Westmmster through Taneytown to Emmitsburg, in Mary- land, the whole Army of the Potomac was moving northward along the main road. Maj.-Gen. John F. Reynolds, commanding the Federal left, advanced Buford's cavalry north and west ot the main body to the Chambersburg Pike, just west of Gettysburg, where the conflict began. Meeting there Heth's division, Hill's corps of Confederate infantry, marching east to join Ew- eil's still separated divisions, Buford dismounted his men and put up a hard preliminary fight, mis- leading Heth to believe that the Federal infantry, still far behind, had come up in force CaleFs Battery A, 2nd U. S. Artillery, Gamble's cavalry brigade, hred the first shot sometime between 7:30 and 8:30 A. M. (authorities give both figures), on July 1st. Riding up the Emmitsburg Road, ahead of his corps, to the center of the town, Reynolds turned west at once on the Chambersburg Pike and found Buford in the cupola of the Lutheran Theological Seminary, from which the movements of forces could be observed to advantage. Taking in the whole situation, Reynolds realized that the mo- mentous conflict was on. He and Buford, carry- ing out his plans, brought on the battle at that time and place. Leaving Buford to hold back Heth's stronger forces as long as possible, while Meade was com- ing up, Reynolds rode back into the town. On the wav he noted the strategic importance ot East Cemetery Hill, and determined to occupy it as soon as enough men could be spared for the pur- pose. Then he started down the Emmitsburg Road, soon meeting Meredith's "Iron Brigade" and Cutler's brigade of infantry, the two com- prising Wadsworth's division of Reynolds' own corps. To send them quickly to the relief of Bu- ford's hard-pressed cavalry, he turned these brig- ades westward to, and then north along Seminary Ridge, to the Chambersburg Pike, placing one of them on either side of it, somewhat west of that ridge. A short time after Reynolds had returned to the battle west of the town, while sitting on his horse along the east side of McPherson's woods, looking anxiously toward the south for reinforcements i Ttpton, Cfttyshurg PENNSYLVANIA STATE MEMORIAI . GETI'^i SBURG BATTLEFIELD Located on Hancock Ave. in llic large angle loniied by Pieasonlon and Hump from the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Comniissinn. lor the Common\ve: Edwin S. Stuart, of Pennsylvania. In bronze lelleri,. ar.mnd or about the ba of the Keystone State, who was at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1803 ireys avenues, along the li th, and dedicated Septen ; of this memorial, is the i .■ofthe third day's battle. er 27, 191U. with an addrcs me of every soldier, officer < Accepted s by Gov. T private. Gettysburg On the cast slope of Seminary KitlEc a sliorl li took place in the vicinity of this building, which u\ I) I uriii.uAN si;minai<'>. (;l■.•|'T^sBUK(; bath i-.iiiu ii aft" Ihc I inc.ln Ilinhwav (Chanibersl)urg Pike ' )ilal. "Note Confederate '' icK of the first day's fiKhting irks in the belfry then t)n the way. he was shot through the head, fell from his horse and died almost instantly. [Col. Livermore says that Reynolds was shot while placing Meredith's "Iron Brigade" in position along McPherson's woods.] Reynolds was considered the most populai gen- eral in the Army of the Potomac, whose chiet com- mand it is understood rluit he declined, feeling that anyone in that capacity would he hampered hy long-range interference from Washington. I K had heen the ranking Federal officer in tin pn- liminaries and during the first stage of the battle, and his death was a great loss to the Union side. Lati;r Kvknts ok iiii Kiksi l)\^ The conflict along the fhamheisluirg Pike con- tinued until about 11 A. M.. and the casualties on both sides were heavy for the numbers en- gaged. Gradually the greater strength and larger reserves of the Confederate infantry enabled IKth to advance his front lines nearer (iettysburg. Several corps of the blue and the gray were then approaching the battlefield from various direc- tions, and taking their places in the struggle, now extending in area, and growing both in complexity and intensity. Doubleday, immediate successor to Reynolds, turned over the command, shortly before noon, to Howard, his senior in rank, who hatl arrived considerably ahead of his own corps, the 11th, which was then placed under Schurz. When that corps came up, two of its divisions were sent across the Chambersburg Pike anil drawn up in the angle of the Mummasburg and llarrisburg roads, to confront Kwell's regiments approaching from the north, while Steinwehr's division was left to hold Cemeterv Hill. The rest of the day was mainly a series of mano'uvers between fractions ot two still ui iMocess of assembling from ints ot the compass. In the course gre.it armi nearlv all lit the afternoon, the Union troops were cleared from the west side of Seminary Ridge. Lee, who during most of the forenoon was sev- eral miles west, and inclined to delay the general battle until a larger proportion of his forces could arri-e, was led by developments to come east to (iettysburg. He reached the battle area about the middle of the afternoon, and made hishead- ipiarters on the south side of the Chambersburg Pike about a mile west of the town. Flarly's division of Kwell's corps, after doubling back from ^ ork and W'rightsville, engaged Bar- low and other Federal troops stationed just north of (iettysburg. 1 he superior Confederate force dislodged the Federals, driving them across our route to the heights south of the town. 1 his dis- advantage was offset, at least in part, by new de- fensi\-e positions on Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, while their general situation was materially improved by the timely arrival of \\ illiams' di- vision, leading the right wing of the Union army, Slocum's 12th Corps, about 4 P. .\I. Records were not kept in the same manner for the northern and southern armies; anil some were lost. Livermiue estimates the Federal troops engaged the first day at 2.i,6(K), and the Confed- erates at 2S,S(X). Had both retired from the field on the night of July 1, the advantage would have been conceded to the southern forces, but their principal units were too much used up b\ marching and fighting to have delivered their ut- most strength on the next dav. Meanwhile, the northern forces had secured fairly strong posi- tions, which they were prepared to hold until the arrival of the main army would give them a pre- |Miiulerance in men and artillery. Gettysburg Last Federal Reserves en Route For awhile, in the swift course of events during the afternoon of the first day, Hancock, comman- der of the 2nd Corps, was in charge of the major operations on the Federal side. Hearing, while yet at I aneytown, of the death ot Reynolds, Meade sent Hancock up to Gettysburg, where he arrived about 3:30 P. M. and assumed command. With the assistance of Howard, he partudly checked the retreating Union troops, and formed a new sectional battle-tront on Cemetery Hill. He also looked caretullv over the whole situa- tion with Gen. Warren, chief engineer. Army of the Potomac, and concluded that the ground here could be held, against superior numbers, until the remaining corps were brought up during the night. Probably a message to that effect sent back to Meade removed any remaining doubt in the mind of the Commander-in-Chief as to Gettysburg be- ing the place to fight. 1 he problem then became one of gathering all available troops and arrang- ing them to best advantage for the next day. W hen Slocum, vyhose advance had already ar- rived, came up in person, sometime befi)re 6 P. M., Hancock relinquished the command to him. and started back to confer with Meade. In the early part of the night, his own corps, which left Taney- town about 1 :30 P. M., bivouacked for the night south of the town. During the next forenoon it was moved up to a position facing the Emmits- burg Road, south of Cemetery Hill where it was to form the main body of the Union forces which arrived and shattered Pickett's charge. Incidents ok the First Day's Fight Some incidents not found in the standard his- tories throw intimate light upon the personal side of the conflict. In a charge near McPherson's woods, the 151st Pennsylvania, 1st Brigade, Col. Biddle, Doubleday's 3rd Division, charged with 446 men, losing 322 of them and IS commissioned officers in less than 20 minutes. This was more than the entire loss of the United States Army in actual battle during the Spanish-American war. Sergt. Crippen, color hearer of the 143d Penn- sylvania, refused to fall back when his regiment was forced to yield ground. He stood alone with the colors in one hand, and was killed while shak- ing the fist of the other at the Confederates. Hill remarked to an eye-witness. Col. F"remantle. a British officer on Lee's staff, that it was "a shame to kill such a brave Yankee." John Burns, an elderly resident of Gettysburg, came out of the field west of the town, on the morning of the first day, dressed in a blue swallow- tail coat adorned with brass buttons. He wore a tall hat, and brought powder and balls in his pockets. Burns appealed to Maj. Chamberlain, 150th Pennsylvania, to allow him to join that regiment; but was advised by Col. Wister to go back into the woods and fire alone from behind a tree. This he did, and was three times wounded. A monument to Burns, with a large bronze tablet giving the circumstances, has been erected on the spot by the State of Pennsylvania. Col. H. S. Huidekoper, 150th Pennsylvania, was shot in the leg and fell to the ground in front of the McPherson house, but finding no bones broken, resumed the leadership of his men until they had repulsed seven charges, some from Hill's troops on the west and others from Daniel's on the north. Later in the fight he was put out of action, but nt)t until his arm, amputated two hours later, had been bound up and he had re- turned to his regiment. For distinguished gal- lantry on this occasion. Col. Huidekoper was awarded a medal of honor by Congress. This officer, one o( the commissioners for the building of the Pennsylvania State Memorial, died in Philadelphia in 191,^. ing main battle. Subsequently, Lee overruled Longstreet and car- ried out his predetermined plan, losing the battle when Pickett's charge on the thirtl tlay was bro- ken by the Federals. .Military critics take both sides of the great discussion which has resulted. Meade prepared to meet the expected attack from the Confederates, now in great force on the west, b\ placing Hancock's 2nd Corps below Cem- etery Hill, already held by Federal troops, facing the Kmmitsburg Road. Between them and Little Round 1 o|>, he placed Sickles' 3rd Corps, also facing toward the Emmitsburg Road, but farther from it by reason of the southwesterly di- rection tiiken by it from the angle of the Balti- more Pike, south of the town. Calculating that Longstreet might move around to the south of the Round Lops and attack from the rear. Sick- les advanced beyond the points Meade had plan- ned, and also lengthened his line, a move discussed by military critics about as much as the difference of opinion between Lee and Longstreet, already referred to. 1 he second day's Hght started about 4 P. .M. by contact between the sharpshooters and skirm- ishers of Sickles' 3rd Corps with the advance of Longstreet's 1st Corps, which had come down Seiiiin;iry Ridge and partly crossed the Fmmits- burg Road. A conference of Federal corps com- manders about to take place was necessarily giv- en up. Meade saw that Sickles had advanced beyond the line he had been ordered to take and hold; but decided to send him reinforcements, in the effort to keep it, rather than have him retire at a critical stage. Thk SrRuc;c;i,K for Liitlk Round Top Longstreet was driving Sickles back to about where Meade expected he would be at the begin- ning of the battle when the hght for possession of Little Round lop began. Though lower than Round lop, its slopes are easier and less heavily wooded; artillery well placed there would also command Sickles' position, as well as the inter- mediate ground along the line to Cemetery Hill, (len. Warren saw a Confederate force forming to take it, whereujion he summoned such Federal assistance as he could gather in the thick ot bat- tle, ;md succeeded in saving it. The familiar statue of Warren, standing on a large rock at the summit of Little Round lop, surve\ing the b;ittleheld below, recalls this im- portant service. No roads having yet been built up those slopes, it was necessary for the men to ilr;ig the guns to the summit b\- hand and ropes. Many casualties on Little Round Top were caused by Confederate sh;irpshooters located at the Devil's Den and elsewhere, until their ;ictivities Gettysburg Pboto by Brown Broth: Karl Gerbardt, Sculptor LITTLE ROUND TOP. STATUE OF GENERAL WARREN AT THE RIGHT /lew acioss the •■Valley ol Death" to the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard. From the rocks where the statue now stands, Gen. War- en reviewed the battle through his field glasses on the afternoon of July 2nd; and shortly afterward ordered up the emergency defense vhich saved this strategic point to the Union forces. The Warren statue, erected in 1888, was the first one placed by the State of New t'ork on the Gettysburg Battlefield were checked by Federal sharpshooters. Subsequent charges by the Confederates were unsuccessful in taking this position. Though less important than Little Round Top, Long- street moved down and threatened to attempt the capture of Round Top, which was checked by an extension of the Union forces that much farther south. The combats in and about the Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield were important parts of this day's fight along or nearby the Em- mitsburg Road. Longstreet says that Lee count- ed them Confederate victories. Later in the afternoon. Sickles was danger- ously wounded, resulting in the loss of a leg — the second casualty to one of Meade's corps comman- ders. Darkness practically ended operations there; during the night the Federal line of battle was re-formed south of Cemetery Hill to the Round Tops, but no more fighting took place around them. Assaults Upon Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill The principal conflicts of the afternoon along the E'mmitsburg Road and in the vicinity of the Round Tops, had been in progress for some time before actions were started around Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, immediately south and south- east of Gettysburg. Both'positions had been oc- cupied in force by the Federals since the first day; and now determined efforts were made to dislodge them. In a preliminary cannonade, the L^nion artillery on Cemetery Hill practically silenced the Confederate batteries on Benner's hill. Thereupon Hoke's and Hays' brigades, Early's division, Ewell's Confederate Corps, largely Lou- isiana men, were sent to take Cemetery Hill by storm. Hoke's brigade, leading, was riddled by the Union batteries, and forced into the shelter of a ravine; but Hays' brigade, working up a more protected route, though suffering considerable losses, succeeded in reaching the summit. This precipitated a severe hand-to-hand conflict, in which the Federal artillery, notably Rickett's Pennsylvania Battery, unable to use their long- range guns, fought with ramrods, gun swabs, hand spikes, clubbed muskets, stones and even their fists. Reinforcements, mostly from Han- cock's 2nd Corps, aided in repulsing the assault. This was followed by a charge up Culp's Hill by Johnston's division, Ewell's 2nd Confederate Corps. During the conflict farther south, the Union defense here had been weakened, and Johnston's division swept through Green's New \ ork brigade, passing around to the Baltimore Pike close to the Federal reserve ammunition train. Owing to darkness, and fear that strong Union forces might be in the vicinity, Johnston returned to Culp's Hill without discovering it. This status held through the night. Early the next forenoon (the morning of the third day), Johnston was driven out by reinforcements, prin- cipallx' from Geary's division, 12th Union Corps, and Shaler's brigade, 6th Union Corps. No more fighting of importance took place in that locality; the Federals still held both Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, much to Lee's disappointment. Cavalry, used by Buford to great advantage at the opening of the first day's fight, was not much employed on the second day. About noon, how- ever, Kilpatrick's and Gregg's divisions, Army of the Potomac, which on June 30 had fought Stu- art's cavalry at Hanover, took position along the Gettysburg ILiiKiMi Roiitl :ili()iit time mills t:ist of (ifttys- Iniiii. Hen-, tliiiiiif; rlu- r.irly ivinin};, tlii-re was a sliarp conihat witli int;mtr\ skiiiuisluis from lolinston's ilivision ot Kwill's 2iul Con fid t- rat t- Corps. A larfiiT and final inj;af;iiiuin of ia\ ally in this locality was to taki- (daii- the nixt atttr- nooii. iMilllNIS ()!■ illl': SllOM) Dxi ill liu' ihaiui- ordiiid hy llaniciik upon Haiks- dali's hiigadf. MiLaw's division, Loiipstrtit's Isr (."ontidirati' Corps, the 1st Minnesota rifiinifnt, Harrow's hrigadi-, (lihbon's division, 2nd Ked- eral Corps, lost 215 men out of a total of 263, or ahoiit 82 per cent. The loss of the "l^ight Bri- gade" at Balaklava was only 247 out of 673, or about 37 per cent, less than half this percentaue. I hi- 9th Massachusetts Battery, Ca]irain Bigelow, himself wounded, lost hiur out ot si.x guns, six ot seven sergeants, three of four commissioned offi- cers, and eighty of eighty-four horses. Of about lOOO men composing Hays' brigade ("Louisiana Tigers") before its charge up Cenie- ter\' Hill, about 313 were killed, captured or wdunded. I heir exact losses, according to the ofhcial War Records, were 31 3-10 per cent, not- withstanding wliu'h tbe\ continued .is an organ- ization to the ind of the war. "In the Wheat- field and Peach Orchard," remarks Col. I.iver- more, "both sides displa\e(l prodigies of valor with only moderate skill or discretion," which accounts tor the heavy sacrifices as compared with tin- gains made in the ditterent actions. Father Corby, chaplain 2nd (Irish) Brigaile, 1st division, 2nd Federal Corps, Capt. Kelly, mounted a rock and administered absolution to his men be- fore they chargi-d along the Fmitsburg Road. .At the word "Amen," from Corby's lips, Kelly or- dered "Forward." With a shout, "faiigh-a-ba- laiigh!" (clear the way!), they charged over the wheatfield and through the tindn-r b(-\ond. An heroic statue of Father Corby, irecteil by the So- dality Society of the Catholic Church, and dedi- cated by their Philadelphia branch, may be seen on the rock from which he spoke, near where a spur of the P. & R. R.R. crosses Hancock Ave. On the evening of the second day, troops from both armies mingled freely at Spangler's Spring, south of Culp's Hill, between Rock creek and the l?altimore I'ike. to (piench their thirst and wash their wounds. Only when in actual combat were they enemies. This incident is the original of the phrase "meet at Spangler's Spring," to indicate no personal enmity between individuals belonging to rival organizations. Final Positions and Prkparaiions The night of July 2 was one of greatest anxiety on both sides. Ihough his losses had been slightly less than Meade's, Lee had failed in sev- eral attempts to take the Round Tops, Cemetery Hill or Culp's Hill, and was meeting everywhere now an equal or greater strength. He was also about to tight Meade on grounds largely of the latter's own choosing. On the other hand, Stu- art's cavalry had arrived and taken a position be- tween the ^'ork Turnpike and the Hanover Road, about three miles east of Ciettysbiirg. Though exhausted by its hard ride up to and back from Carlisle, it was still an import.int factor in Lee's plans. Pickett's dixision of l.ongstreet's 1st Confed- erate Corps had come over the highway from Chambersburg, and was on the western front of the battlefield, west of Seminary Ridge, the only large unit not yet engaged. .Meade's concentra- tion ot all forces had been completed earlier. The issue was to be decided inside 24 hours by armies now entirely on the held. Both commanding generals held councils of war that night. Meade submitted to his corps com- manders a written (piestion as to whether it would be best to remain where they were and await at- tack, or make further moves. It was decided to remain and Hght, as the next day might Hnd them, though preparations were made to fall back upon the heights at Pipe creek in case of need. Lee announced to his staff the plan to attack the Union center with great force, risking every- thing on the chance of being able to break it. Longstreet protested against a frontal attack, and suggested the counter-plan, already mentioned; but was over-ruled by his chief, and the charge was ordered. PkIMII'AI. FviNIS OI- IHK 1 HIKI) DaV l'..ni\- morning of July 3 saw the last of John- ston's Confederrites driven from Culp's Hill; then rhi re was a lull from 10 A. M. until about 1 P. M. .Meanwhile, Kilpatrick's cavalry worked around to the southwest of Round Top, enabling it to move against the southern forces on either side of the Fmitsburg Ro:id, as circumstances might re- (piire. Shortly ;ifter 1 o'clock, about 138 ciinnon, brought into position along at least two miles ot the Confederate front, opened upon the Federal lines opjiosite, st;irting the heaviest bombardment known up to that timi-. I hese were replied to by about 'H) cannon, ;ill that could be handled in the more limited ;ire;i of the Union battle-tront. Dur- ing this bombardment, exhausting the ammuni- tion on both sides. (Jen. Warren, from the sumniit of Little Round Top, saw great prep;i rations being m;ide for an imminent ch;irge. ;md realized that the critical moments of the battle were at hand. He connniinicated across to Cemetery Ridge with Gen. Hunt, chief of the Union artillery, who ordered ;ill hre to cease. Disabled guns were (]uickly removed and others pLiced in line; all ammunition reserves were brought up and placed nearb\-. Meade had removed his headquarters from their first location :ilong the i aneytown Ro;id to Powers Hill, :i short distance south ot Culp's Hill, .uid about as far east of the Fmmits- biirg Ro;ul, from which the whole field could he observed and mo\-ements directed. Lee :ind .\lex;mder, his chief of :irtillery, sur- mised tli:it the Federal guns were largely disabled, or that their sujiplN' of ;immumtion li;id given out, Gettysburg either of which circumstances would have been ot inestimable advantage to them. Perhaps never before had the hopes of a Confederate victory been so hifih; the opportunity to break the Union center had apparently come. Longstreet, who was to have given the fateful command, hesitated to the last to do so, and Pickett, understandmg Lee's orders, voluntarily started the advance. Pickett's Famous Charge Between 2:.S0 and 3 P. M., Pickett's division of Longstreet's corps, whose front line was formed by Kemper's and Garnett's brigades, and whose second line was composed of Armistead's bri- gade, started at a "majestic walk" across the in- tervenmg distance, a mile and a quarter ot level, unprotected ground separating them from the Federal lines of artillery and infantry on the east side of the Emmitsburg Road. On their left (north), and helping to make up the attacking front of about a mile, were Archer's, Pettigrew's, Davis' and Brockenborough's brigades of Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps, under Pettigrew. Behind them, for additional support as needed, were Scales' and Lane's brigades, Pender's divis- ion, also of A. P. Hill's corps, under Trimble. There were in this assault more men from Hill's corps than Pickett commanded in Longstreet's corps. In history it is known as "Pickett's Charge," partly because of the prominence of that officer in the preliminaries, and the special de- pendence placed by Lee on these fresh troops. Col. Livermore's estimate of about 14,000 in all is a reasonable compromise between higher and low- er figures; Lee, it is said, had counted upon L^,000. Immediately all the available longer-range Union batteries resumed the cannonade, tearing gaps in the gray brigades before they had covered half of the intervening distance. Some of the Confederate batteries began to fire over their heads into the Federal gun positions. Alexander, in an effort to support Pickett, selected 15 or IS guns, which had some ammunition left, followed in the rear of the advancing charge, and came into action on the rising ground just west of the Emmitsburg Road. Under the shock, the attacking brigades swerved from their true course, but re-formed be- fore reaching the Emmitsburg Road. Their be- havior through this ordeal was beyond praise. It was a magnificent but pathetic spectacle — living masses of men shot down with no chance to fight except a bit at the last, and then against so great odds that their valor was useless. As they approached nearer, the Federals opened with short-range arms, while the artillery along most of the whole line between Cemetery Hill and the Round Tops subjected them to "front, slant and enfilade fire." Repulse of the Charge While ordering one of the brigades of Double- -_«__ ^,.USM^„., '".'• \'-^^%\ PICKETT'S CHARGE. BY EDWIN FORBES, AN ARTIST OF THAT PERIOD This sketch is typical of many illustrations which appeared in the leading periodicals during and for about 25 years after the Civil War, before wood cuts were superseded hy half-tone engravings. Though not claimed to be accurate in details, it unquestionably gives a fair general idea of the Confederate charge across the level ground toward the stone wall, and the Uni0-minute episode in a 3 da\'s battle." I aking place on the afternoon of the third day, when a decision could not have been much longer delayed, may have somewhat emphasized its importance. Ihe verdict of impartial history seems to be that it was a splendid attempt to carry through an impracticable undertaking. I-ee was "shaken hv its fearful consequences," but accepted full re- sponsibility for the failure. Personal incidents, plentiful from the first and second days, are strangely lacking from the last day- Everything else on the Confederate side was subordinated to the attack on the Federal center; and .ill the strength that could be mar- Gettysburg BURG. SEE SEPARATE MAP Ol- THE BATTLEFIELD. PAGE 5 shalled at that vital sector of the Union hne was used to meet and repulse the assault. "Saber Fight," Afternoon of July 3 What is generally considered the great cavalry battle of the war began in the early afternoon be- tween Gregg's division of Federal cavalry, assisted by Custer's brigade, and Stuart's Confederate cavalry, near the junction of the Hanover and Low Dutch roads, about three miles east of Gettysburg. Though the Confederates had larger numbers, one of their units, Jenkins' brigade, carried only ten rounds of ammunition, and made an early re- tii^'ment. Stuart's force was also partially ex- hausted by the severe activities of previous days. This engagement is also known as the "sabre fight," most of the casualties resulting from the use of that weapon. At times horses would en- counter at full speed, rebounding several feet from the shock. Even more than the fight at Brandy Station, just after the start of Lee's northward advance, it proved Union cavalry a fair match for the mounted Confederate forces. Stuart was not decisively defeated, and lost fewer men than the Federals; but he was no longer a factor in the battle. Lee hoped that he would elude or defeat the Union cavalry east of Gettys- burg; and, driving in from that direction at the opportune moment, assist Pickett's charge to cut through the Unicn center. Had these two plans succeeded, the result might have been different. Kilpatrick's cavalry, a smaller division than Gregg's, sent around to the southwest of Round Top, on the forenf)on of the second dav, made an attack upon the Confederate lines after Pickett's charge. But the day was far spent; and only a few manoeuvers of minor importance resulted. During this combat, Farnsworth, commander of one of Kilpatrick's brigades, was killed. A Yew General Conclusions Leaving all fine and subtle points to the critics, it is almost inevitable that the tourist giving some study to the history of this campaign, and looking carefully over the ground, should have come to a few conclusions, very likely about as follows: 1. Halleck was undoubtedly at fault in not adding to Hooker's army the strong garrison at Harper's Ferry, as greater numbers seemed neces- sary to give the Federals a preponderance over the Confederates in Pennsylvania. But Hook- er's petulant resignation, almost on the eve of an important battle, can hardly be excused, although the best interests ot the Union cause were proba- bly served thereby. 2. Meade fought ;i good but not brilliant bat- Gettysburg rif rlirinij;lii)ut. His movcnunts were will pl:in- ncii. ami c.itiittl thi()ii;;h with sinmtl iiKl>;iiu-nt ; he insurtii his risks. A sinnii- larKf misraki: hy himsclt or one of his chief suliordmatcs, itiijiht have hern ainons; rh( nmsr disastrous in Ameriean hist(ir\ . if Meade hail |>r(iin|)tly rolloweil up the advan- tages of the third day. he niiulu liave erushed i.ee and hroiighr tiie war to an earliei ind. I his view, ami also the opinion that he did well to move slowlv and \\\th f;reat caution, haw able partisans. |. I'. Usher, a war-time Secretai\ ol the Interior, i]iiotes Lincoln as saying afterward, "lie ilid so well at ( lettyshiMf; that I cannot com- plain of him." X I.ee, hnlli.iiu srratejiist, imt not infallible, comlucted the ^riat canipaif;n with conspicuous success, in most rtspects, ajiamsf severe handi- ca|is. He had beaten or cluikmatiil three pre- vious commanders ot the .Amu ol the I'otomac, and was in strong hopes ol tiiumpli. 1 hat the lease of life of the C'onfederacx was "bnriu on the saddle-bow ot l.ee's ch.irgei", " was mim tli.in a phrase. I'icki/it's C'ii.\R(;i:: Skkms" 1,i\i In ordering Pickett's charge, he took one great, final risk; hut no more rash than IJurnside's as- sault upon the detenses ot 1' redericksbuig, or (irant's assault at Cold Harbor. Having failed to take the Federal positions on Cemeterv Hill or C'ulp's Hill above, or the Round Tops below, un- able to insure a safe retreat, even if so disposed, and tacing a serious shortage of provisions for men and animals, it might have been justified. Having, in his high capacity, decided upon Pickett's charge, he wdiild seem to have deserved at least more willing co-operation than he re- ceived trom l-ongsrreet. I he counter-plan pre- senteil by l-ongstreet might have been better for the (."(infiilerate cause; bur that was for I,ee to deckU-. \ p:irticip;int in the b;ittle, ;md ever since a close student of men :ind ivents there, m;ikes this intiiesting comment; l.iiiii;striil \v:is <, c^Krounil. I'ii: R..urnl Top. nill shaft lUiir tin ic trees >>n llie extreme rinht are the identical re 2.S feet hi^li, and ..niv «) feel liich when i.i •HIGH WATER MARK Vork Independent Bat CETT'lSBLm. 1!.\1 11. Ll ILLU TV. In the disl.incc (left). O.S, Regulars. OntheriKhl L-s toward which Pickett's men eharjjcd, "I hes Hired a^ain in 1885 ittle Round Top. indislinell.v see: (the open book), is ihc "hixh wate Gettysburg This abounds in interesting details; but is often more argument than narrative, and at least seems inconclusive on some points. Gen. Lee is quoted by his nephew, Fitz Lee, brigade commander in Stuart's cavalry, as havmg said that with "Stonewall" L'ekson at Gettys- burg, the Confederates would have won a great victory. Jackson would probably have acted quickly and vigorously to carry out Lee's plans without question, instead of either protesting or delaying, as Longstreet did. Had he been in command of Stuart's cavalry, it is altogether likely that he might have covered less grf)und and accomplished a great deal more. But Jackson, killed at Chancellorsville less than 60 days before, was safe in his well-deserved fame before Lee and Stuart were put to additional tests in the Pennsylvania campaign. Benjamin Frank- lin's famous cautit)n to Gen. Braddock that "the events of war are subject to great uncertainties," may well be remembered in summing up the momentous events of 186,^. Whether or not Lee and Jackson together could have won at CJettys- burg must always remain an interesting specula- tion. Col. Livermore seems to establish the tact that, on the second day. Sickles was not justified in ad- vancing his lines beyond the points ordered by Meade; that an unnecessary loss of life resulted; and Meade was at great disadvantage in con- forming his plans to the change. On the other hand, the late Capt. James T. Long, of Gettys- burg, basing his judgment on the nature ot the ground and the circumstances of the battle, not only commended Sickles' movement, but always claimed it to have been the saving act to the Un- ion cause at the Round Tops. Summary and Brief Analysis of Losses The stubborn valor shown on both sides is best reflected in the statistics. Col. Livermore esti- mates the number of Federals killed or wounded as 17,684, or 212 to every 1,000 actually engaged; and that of the Confederates as 22,638, or 301 to each 1,000. This higher ratio was partly due, of course, to the heavy casualties from Pickett's charge. The 26th North Carolina, Pettigrew's brigade, Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps, lost on that charge 588 out of 820 men, about 72%, or approximately 10% less than the losses of the 1st Mint^esota, already mentioned. Estimates as to the "missing" vary widely, es- pecially on the Confederate side. It is said that President Lincoln once explained this inevitable but puzzling feature of all casualty reports by a story to the effect that it three blackbirds were seen on a rail fence, a good shot ought to kill one, and it might be possible to follow the flight of the other; but that the third one would probably be just "missing." Both Col. Livermore and John M. Vander- slice (author of "Where and how the Regiments fought and whom they Encountered"), have pre- pared tables too detailed for the average reader or tourist making a brief visit. Reducing the sta- Pboto by Tiplon, GetlyshuT/: H.K Bush-Brown, si ulplor EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE G. MEADE Facing Hancock Ave. a slu.r him after the main Uniun for. State of Pennsylvania ;e west of headquarters used by ■ up to Gettysburg. Erected by tistics to convenient round numbers, it may be stated that the Federals lost 23,1)00 out of 93,000 engaged; the Confederates 22,500 out of 80,000 men, besides 5,400 priscmers, taken mostly by the 1st Union corps. When comparing the losses at Gettysburg with those in the civil and other wars, it should be re- membered that, with incidental exceptions, all the casualties occurred in what was practically one gi- gantic action there, divided by natural causes into three parts, each representing a day's fight. Con- sidering the territory covered by Lee's second and longest invasion, there were remarkably tew minor engagements; nothing like the battle of South Mountain preliminary to Antietam in the first invasion. The Confederates encountered no formidable opposition until Meade's forces were marshalled against them at Gettysburg. A Few Striking Comparisons According to statistics by Theodore Dodge, the French losses in 9 battles under Napoleon up to Waterloo were only 22.38*^ j, killed and wounded, which would be slightly more than the Union losses, but still less than those of the Confederates, at Gettysburg alone. The German, Austrian and Gettysburg English losses in the N;ipoleonic wars up to Water- loo were much less than those of the French. At Metz, the Gartleschut/.en battalion lost 46.1% and the 16th W'estphalian lnfanti\ at Mars la lOur (both Franco-dirnian war) 49.4Vf. Though ahiiornially high, those ratios were still materially helow the losses of the 1st Minne- sota. Unless (lepenciahle statistics of the recent European war establish a higher ratio of casual- ties, either for large numbers or small detachments engageil, (Gettysburg apparently holds the record. " Ihe Civil \\ ar," said former (lovernor Edwm S. Stuart, of Pennsylvania, addressing \eteians of the Cieneral (lordon .Meade Post at Philadelphia, in 1919, "is still this country's greatest military effort." .*\ comparison of the proportion of the nation's man-power drawn upon in 1861-'65, and in 191 7-' 18, would fully sustain this opinion. In number of points of fighting contact, the battle of Gettysburg surpassed all others of the civil war. Ihe following generals fell on the Union side: Reynolds, Weed, Farnsworth and Zook, killed; Hancock, Sickles, Doubleday, Buttertield, Bar- low, Warren, Barnes, (libhon and (Jraham, wounded. On the Confederate side, Armistead, Barksdale, Ciarnett, Pender, Pettigrew and Sem- mes, killed or mortally wounded; lletb. I loud, Johnston, Kemper, Irimble and Kimbal wounded, and Archer taken prisoner. High officers on both sides, except the commanding generals, sh;ired the hazards of the held to ;i large extent with their men. One woin;in. Miss \ iigini;i ("Jennie") \\ ;ide, was killed on Jul\ 3. Early in the morning she was mixing dough for bread at her house along the Baltimore Pike, just east of the angle where the Fmniitslnirg Road diverges from it, exposed to the fire of both forces. Just before 8:30 A. M., she was struck by a bullet, prob;ibly from the rifle ot a Confederate sharpshooter, ;ind died al- most instantly. Ihe writer of the chapter, "The women of Gettysburg," in the volume, "Woman's Work in the Civil War" (1867), states that Miss \\ ade was buried the next day in a rude coffin in- tended for ;i Confeder;ite officer, but c;i|irured by a Union column. Rktrkat ok thk CoNKi;nKRATK Armies During the night of July 3, 1863, Ewell's forces which had penetrated farthest into Penn- sylvania evacuated (lettysburg by withdr;iwing to Seminary Ridge. (Jraduiilly his and other corps and divisions of Fee's army, including Stuart's cavalry, returned to the I'otomac, in p;irt by the Hagerstown Road through South Moun- tain gap (Fairfield, Pa.), and p;irtly through the Cashtown gap, on the Chambersburg Pike, and the lower Cumberhind valley. Meade moved too slowly ;ifter them to prevent a safe re-crossing of the river into Virginia, though that movement was delayed by high water. Kil- patrick's cavalry, stationed southwest of Round 1 op during the last stages of the third day's fight, did start pursuit, capturing several miles of Con- federate wagon trains, many guns, horses and mules, and a number of prisoners, in the vicinity of Monterey gap of South Mountain. Lee took as many wounded along as he could transport; but large numbers were left behind. No other important engagement took place north of the Potomac after Gettysburg. Hence- forth the w;ir was confined to the southern states and the Mississijipi v;illey. The prestige of the North was greatly increased, especially when Vicksburg was taken by Grant at almost the same time. ihe intervention of foreign powers was postponed; and the northern "Peace parrv" de- clinetl in numbers antl influence. Still the Army ot Northern \ uginia continued the conflict, un- der Lee, until Appomattox, a year and three- (]uarters alter. 11^ K liusb.Droun Cellysburg National Park MAJOR-GF.N. JOHN lUl.TON REVNOl.DS. U. S. V. CniiinijuukT Ut Corps, Army of the Potomac. This monument is alonR the Lituoln Ifitxhwiiv. within a short distance ol the spot where the gen- eral was killed in the first day's fight Pri-sident Lincoln Invited to Gettysburg B\ midsummer, 1863, the U. S. Sanitary Com- mission ;ind Hospit;il Transport Service had been well oig:ini7.ed; ;ind were c;illed upon to the ut- most for relief ;ifter the battle of Gett\sburg. Thousands of Feder:il and Confederate wounded were supplied with food, and cared for during a period of about three weeks, convalescents being me;mwhile sent away, largely to Baltimore. About 4,(X)(), too badK- wounded to be moved, re- iiKiiiied for a considei ;iblv longer time. I^arge numbers of the blue antl the gray were simply wrapped in blankets and committed to earth. Soon after the departure of the relief organiza- tions, citizens of Gettysburg, led by Judge David Wills, purchased 17 acres of ground on Cemetery Hill, ;idioining the old town cemetery, and set it ;ip;nt for the better interment, especially of the 20 Gettysburg unidentified dead. The fact that soldiers from 17 northern and 11 southern states, with Mary- land troops engaged on both sides, participated in the conflict there, made it more national than any other battlefield of the war. Judge Wills, prob- ably in co-operation with Gov. Andrew G. Cur- tin, of Pennsylvania, decided that it would be appropriate to have special dedication services. Edward Everett, former Secretary of State and ex-Senator of the United States from Massachu- setts, was secured to deliver the oration. It is generally believed that Gov. Curtin invited Lin- coln to be present, and this may have been the case; but the letter of invitation from Gettysburg was written by Judge Wills, probably with little or no anticipation that he was setting the stage J. t. Kelly, sculptor. Pbolo horn Gellyshurg National Park Commission MAJOR-GEN. JOHN BUFORD, U. S. CAV. North side of Lincoln Highway, near the equestrian statue of Gen. Rey- nolds, and in the midst of the locality where the first day's fight started for one of the world's great classics. The follow- ing copy is from the bronze tablet in the National Cemetery: The several States having soldiers in the ■•\rmy of tH-: Potomac who were killed at the Battle of Get- tysburg, or have since died at the various hospitals established in the vicinity, have procured grounds on a prominent part of the battlefield for a cemetery, and are having the de?d removed to them and prop- erly buried. These grounds will be consecrated nnd set apart to this sacred purpose on Thursday the . '.i instant. It is the desire that you, as chief executive of the Na- tion, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks. It will be a source of great gratification to the many widows and or- phans that have been made almost friendless by the great battle here, to have you here personally. It will kindle anew in the breasts of the comrades of these brave dead, now in the tented field or nobly meeting the foe in the front, a confidence that they who sleep in death on the battlefield are not forgotten by those in authority; and they will feel, that should their fate be the same, their remains will not be un- cared for. This remarkable letter was almost a prophecy of the Gettysburg address; and a reading of the two in sequence will show how natural and appro- priate was Lincoln's reply. It may reasonably be surmised that the suggestion in the last few lines made a great impression upon the mind of the President; and that the celebrated Address was an earnest, thoughtful effort to carry out Judge Wills' suggestion. The same feelings permeate both, and their language is strikingly similar. Despite many pressing cares, Lincoln left Wash- ington for Gettysburg on a special train in the forenoon of November 18th. Benjamin Perley Poore, an old-time journalist, states that the President wrote upon a piece of pasteboard held upon his knee, in the car on the way, with persons talking all around him; but James B. Fry, then Provost .Marshal-CJen., and head of the official es- cort on the train, calls this popular impression an error. He adds further that at the time of writing about this journey, 1885 or 1886, he had no recol- lection that Lincoln either wrote or read while en route; and that either would have been difficult. E. W. Andrews, chief-of-stafF to Gen. Morris, then commanding the defenses of Baltimore, and another passenger on the train in an official ca- pacity, giving perhaps the best account of an eye- witness ("Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln," by distinguished men of his time, published 1886), is silent (in the incident quoted by Poore and con- sidered improbable by Gen. Fry, which may well add to our doubt of it. A recent correspondent at Gettysburg, calling attention to the Wills house, still standing on the southeast ctirner of the Square, refers to it as "the building in which the President wrote, or re-wrote, the Address." 1 he whole truth could probably be found only in a composite of these various accounts and opin- ions. It would be strange if Lincoln, even in the midst of the company on the train, to which he told stories, as usual, should not have been pon- dering what he might best say on this important occasion.* A few notes could have been made without much observation in the course of the journey; and its final shape may have been given during his brief stay at the Wills house. Thar it was determined upon, in form and substance, be- fore the President reached the cemetery, admits of little doubt. An Ever-Memorial Occasion It is doubtful if any fresh description could equal the account (condensed) as written by Mr. E. W. Andrews, who says, in part: The ceremo- nies of the dedication were imposing; the great procession, civic and military, the music, impress- ive religious exercises, the oration by Edward Ev- K York State, 18fa4-'68, states A impromptu speaker; but re- ;nt of the thing to be said." In an interesting instance of the :ould say to satisfy the crowd tt advance notice to reply to a ♦Reuben E. Fen ton, governi or of Ne that "Mr. Lincoln was not a successf. quired time lor th( jught and a rrangem* his reminiscences. Mr. Fent.,1 1 quotes President "not kn< )wing just V ™ called upo ihat he < and himself," whei in withoii Gettysburg AliKAHAM I INCOI N Phologri.ph "I liank B. ( ::ir|HiUir's icliljral.cl |> gallery i.l tlu- lJni,.n I c;ikih- CIuI), N.-w 1'ork Cilv erett (the last public effort of his life), rind the dedication ol the chosen ground hy President Lincoln, made the day one to he remeniinred. Around the piattorm from which the adchxsses were delivered, the military were formed in a hol- low square, several ranks deep. Mr. Kverett's oration, althoujjh perhaps not ecjual in rhetorical beauty and lotr\ eliHiueiice to some of his pre- vious eftorts, was rub in historical instruction and glowinf; with patriotic sintinunt; and \sas greeted with great applause. At length, in the name o\ the American Re- public, the President came forward to formally dedicate the place, pledging the fidelity, honor and power of the (jovernment to its preservation. To Lincoln, graceful movement was a physical impossibilitv; but his awkwardness was forgotten in the interest which the expression of his face and what he said awakened. He stepjied slowK to the front of the platform with his hands clasped before him. his natural sadness of expression deep- ened, head bent forward and eyes cast to the ground. In this attitude he stood for a few sec- onds silent, as if communicating with his own thoughts. When he began to speak aiul throughout the entire address, his manner indicated no con- sciousness of the presence of thousands, but rather of one who. like the prophet of old, w as over-mastered by some unseen spirit; and gave utterance to the feelings with which he was in- spired. In his whole appearance, as well as in his utterances, there was such evidence of wisdom, benevolence and moral grandeur that the great assembly listened almost awe-struck. There are several versions of the Address, varying slightly in the wording. In the office of the National Park Commission, (lettssbiirg, is probably the most authentic copy, given herewith verbatim: \i)i>Ki;ss I)i:i.ivi:ri:i) .' Ckmi;tkrv I'm; DiDICAIKJN OK THE r (iirrr'^siujRc Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers broudlit forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to llie prop- osition tliat all men are created eijual. Now we are engaged in a Ureal civil war, test- ind whether that nation, or any nation so con- ceived and so dedicated, can lond endure. We are met on a jjreat liattlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for lliose who here gave their lives that that nation might li\e. It is altogether filling and proper llial we shouki do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannol consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it. far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what the> did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly ad\aneed. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining for us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ih.it this nation, under (iod, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. It IS griurali\ understood that Lincoln feared that the tew "remarks" were unequal to the im- portance of the occasion, or up to the expectation of the audience; but on that point he was soon re- ;issured by Mr. Kverett. Hugh -McCulloch, Comptroller of the Currency, (1863), states that on the completion of the addressu^ Mr. Everett grasped the President's hand and remarked: "Mv speech will soon be forgotten; yours will ne\er be. How gladly would I exchange my hundred pages for your twenty lines!" .\nother account says that on the following morning Mr. Everett sent a note to Lincoln re- ferring in intimate terms to the eloquent simplic- itv and appropriateness of the address. i he statement by the President that the world "would little note nor long remember" what w'as s;iid ;it the dedication there has, of course, been interpreted difFerently by his countrymen. Nev- ertheless, it required many years for this speech to be appreci:'''il as it is today. i llSIOKIC HaI KCROIM) Mi: .Addrkss Ibis occ;ision grows in impoit;ince ;ind interest when considered, ;is it shoulil be. in the light of politic:il and milit;iry events between that tiine ;itul the b;ittle, a little more than four and a half months before. .After (Gettysburg, and the al- most siiiuiltantdus fall of N'icksbiirg, opening the 22 Gettysburg Mississippi to the Gulf, the President, a shrewd judge of circumstances, must have been tairly confident that the military forces of the Confed- eracy would gradually wear themselves out. 1 mie began to fight on the Union side, and an- other important conflict on northern sod was un- likely. The chances of foreign intervention, which caused so much anxiety at the beginning ot his first term, were now greatly lessened; and his two- fold task of winning the war by force of arms, and at the same time keeping in check the peace party in the North, had become somewhat easier. Pa- triotic feeling increased as new victories were gained. Consciousness of progress already made toward the goal, which at times had seemed al- most impossible ever to reach, strong faith in the final result, and an unshaken determination to maintain the essential Union principles, may be safely read between the lines. It was then less than a year and a quarter to the second inaugural address. On both occasions, Lincoln unquestionably looked forward, beyond the time and place, to the reconstruction period, which he must have felt was not far away, and in which he no doubt hoped to have a large and im- portant part. ". . . to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and orphans . . ." actually spoken at Wash- ington on March 4, 1865, would have fitted per- fectly into the Gettysburg "remarks" of Novem- ber 19, 1863. Criticism of the southern Confed- eracy and its leaders, and sectional feeling, were conspicuously absent from both addresses, which adds to their historical values, and makes them human documents of high order. Lincoln's paramount obiect was to sa\e the LInion; and subsequent history is the best proof of how thoroughly that has been accomplished. I he oaths of allegiance taken by officers and men surrendered by Lee to Grant at Appomattox, and afterwards by Johnston to Sherman in North Car- olina, have been kept inviolate to this day; and the only half century in the history of this gov- ernment without nullification or secession move- ments has been since 1865. Skrvicks at Presbyterian Church: return TO \Vashinc;ton After the ceremonies at the National Ceme- tery, Lincoln rode horseback to the Wills house, where he had spent the previous night (18th). On the evening of the 19th, he walked beside John Burns to patriotic services at the Presby- terian Church, the two occupying pew No. 64. • Exactly 51 years later (evening, November 19, 1914), three tablets commemorating the event, lL ,„ ui/„, oj U-m^lmre Niinunal Park Commission. P. O. Imildinf, Cetlysbure. Pbolo i Tiplonl l,y ,,c LINCOLN'S ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG. NOVEMBER U1, ISol \^ T Kili.r. an ; > good photographs of this see :rated papers ui" that time, dri ould indicate c. and fiw uho heard the n V this pitlurc; the general i nous address ipression prolwblv Gettysburg Monuimnt and markers on ['iBhliilK tiii.k pkuc, ran lif at.li.lcl li.v Sn.itirs4th Ni- IV.p, around which cloiKitfd h\ Ml. J. \\ . Jdliiisroii, (if Rdilu-srci. N. Y., were unveikd with appropriate ceremonies. As the congregation passed out of the ehiireh, a tablet on the outside, presented hy Col. 1'.. H. Cope, was also unveiled. 1 hat same evening the I'resident's s|hcui1 train returned to the National Cajiital. Lincohl never again saw the F^hiiadelphia-Pittshurgh Pike, though his funeral car crossed it at ^'ork, en route from Washington and Baltimore to Harrishurg, Philadelphia and New "\'ork. The "tall, gaunt, melancholv man" left no other utterance so thor- oughly impressed upon the hearts ot his countr\- men as the "(ietf\shurg .Address." The motorist running from Philadelphia to Ciettvsburg will notice the name "Lincoln High- way" on signposts and elsewhere, until it seems overdone. Seldom is the highway referred to h\ any other name. \tt, aside from the large mon- ument passed on the way out through Fairmount Park, near the start of the trip, there have been no visible memorials to the war President. One traveling eastward from Pittsburgh will see only a small Lincoln monument on the way to (letty.s- burg, in an unimportant fork between \\ ilkins- burg and Kast Pittsburgh, hardly out of the larger city. ^uite natiii.dly, therefore, the ipicstion arises as to what extent, if any, .Abraham Lincoln per- sonally knew, or was identified with this route. Careful and extensive e.xamination ot the usual reference material, including the standard biog- raphies, lead to the conclusion that he never went over any part of it; and probably knew very little about the road beyond the fact that in pre-rail- way days it was an important thoroughfare tor stage-coach travel and tnigbr-w agon tiaHic to and from the West. On October 21. 1S47, a few days before leaving llliiuns to take his seat in Congress, he wrote trom Springfield to Morris &c Brown in part as follows: "Unfortunately for my attending to the busmess you sent, 1 start for \\ ashington by zi-ay ol Kt-uliick\ next Monday." He probably came east by stage either through Cumberland Gap into N'irginia, or over the National Pike, in the latter case possibly using an Ohio river steam- boat from some point in northern Kentucky to Wheeling, then in \irginia, now West Virginia, continuing thit)ugh Uniontown, Cumberland, llagerstown and Frederick. It is practically cer- tain that he did not go through Pittsburgh; and e\en if that were the case, road travel from that city to Washington ordinarily turned southeast far west of Ciettvsburg. Through railway ser- vice east from Pittsburgh w.is not opened until December 1S52. Returning to Springfield from Congress, he could hardiv have gone over this route, because hi' stopped awhile at Niagara Falls. His next trip, earlv in 1861, as President-elect, was by train through Indianapolis, Columbus, Buffalo, .Albany and New ^'ork Citv to Lienton, Phila- delphi;i (with a siile-trip to Harrishurg) and Bal- timore. In the latter part of April, 18()5, his re- mains were taken through Harrishurg to Phila- tlelphia, reposing in st;ite at Independence Hall from the 2.2nd to the 24th; thence to New 'S'ork Cit\, and west through Albany, Buffalo and Cleveland to Chicago. It is altogether likely that all he ever saw of (lettysburg was the brief stay there. November ISth-L'th. lS6v FROM BAIIL MIL! ;FiFi.n ro n aiionai \R^ l'\RK Probably more tourists now stop each year at Ciettysburg than there were men on both sides in the three-davs' b;ittle. Large numbers use the Gettysburg same highways that the sdldieis of '63 walked over. Occasionally among them is still a vet- eran of the hlue or gray, with a vivid memory ot the scenes of carnage more than fifty years ago. To such a visitor, views of the town and en- virons from some elevation along any of the sev- eral converging pikes must he inspiring sights. The stage upon which war parts were acted by tens of thousands, is little changed in physical aspect. Time and weather favorable, the tourist may observe sunlight and shadow mingling over the fields, woods and hills where great armies con- tended. Lacking memories possessed hy veterans of the conflict here, later generations need more than detached historical studies to realize the nature and proportions of the battle. Himdreds of mon- uments, tablets and other markers have been placed on the field to identify practically all points of military or general interest. These, also, greatly assist the visitor to folk)W the manani- vers of the two armies and their various sub-di- visions before, during and after the three days" fight. Fiist-class State and Federal roads not onK supplement admirably the highway system which centers at Gettysburg, but make about every point of interest quickly and easily accessible by foot or vehicle. 1 he main-traveled highway be- tween Philadelphia and Pittsburgh running through the northern and western parts ot the battlefield area has made it familiar to many thousands who might not visit it if sitLiated, like Antietam, a number of mdes away. The original organization was formed to carry on the work begun voluntarily by citizens of the town in the establishment and care of a cemetery where unidentified or unclaimed bodies of Union soldiers might have an appropriate final resting place. On April 30, 1864, less than ten months after the battle, and somewhat over five months after President Lincoln dedicated the field with the Gettysburg Address, the Pennsylvania legis- lature, in an act promptly signed by Gov. Curtin, established the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association. Much credit is diie the patriotic people of the town and vicinity for the prompt and thorough way in which they undertook the project. During the early years, while the association was still mostly local, the work was in charge ol a board of directors, mostly residents, who were very successful in enlisting the co-operation of states, and patriotic societies north and south. It gradually widened in scope, and had become the largest, best known memorial to the American soldier, prtbr to the movement to give it National character. In 1893 the work of the local organization was transferred to a park commission, appointed by the Secretary of War, one condition being that should the Federal government ever neglect the grounds, they should revert to the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. By act of Congress, approved February 11, 1895, the Gettysburg National Park was established, and has since been under the di- rection of the War Dejiai tmeiit. Personnel of the Commission Members of the commission have been promi- nent veterans, through whose untiring zeal, good judgment and energy, Gettysburg has been made the most completely marked and best maintained battlefield in the world. Brevet Lieut. Col. |ohn P. Nicholson, a native and still a resident of Philadelphia, was in the advance line, 28th Penna. Infantry, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 12th Corps, on Gulp's Hill in the second day's fight. Col. Nicholson, chairman of the commission since its organization, and now the only surviving one of the original appointees, has made the develop- ment, beautifying and maintenance of the park his principal life work. BREVET LIEUT.-COl . JOHN I'. NICIIOISON, U. S. V,. OF PHH ADEl.l'lllA Veteran of the l.,iiil, , ; ( ,. i : . 1,1. .: i I, nin, I ih, 1., iin- burg National P;irk( ^..1: .■! ■■•" ■-'■■' -..ili, i--s- ent time. Col. Nii Iv .1 -■. I I: s . r :-( I,,, i , .1 1 1,. M^'-inv Order of the Loval Ia^-.i, .-I 'I,, 1 ,p:, ,1 ^: ,; , . I, ,, •-^^,,,,-. n.lK,- corder of the Commandery, Stat. ..I I', misvlvania. Ir..m IS"., t,, ,latc Brevet Lieut. Col. F. B. Cope, engineer of the commission since its establishment, was aide-de- camp on the stafl^of (len. Ci. K. Warren, who was previously Gen. Meade's chief engineer. At the time of the battle. Col. Cope was a topographer at Meade's headquarters, afterwards detailed by that general to make a complete survey and map of the field. Gettysburg HKI \ I r I II HI ( ()i I li c;()i>i, EnginoLT of tlu- Gcllysburn Niitifiiijil l*ark Cornmission since its organ- ization. Col. Cope's commission as an olliecr in tlie Civil War was signed by President Lincoln From these were desigiud and in.uli tin nliet' maps of the hattlefield, on e.xhihirion ;ir the oHicis of the commission, second floor, Feikral Iniildinfi, (lettysbiirg, seen and admired h\- visitors from all parts of the world. They are a lasting monu- ment to his active mind, detailed knowledge of the suhject, technical skill and industry. Col. Cope h;is h;id in personal ch;nge the work of c:i!- rying out the details, which h;ive had his undi- vided attention and untiring tHnits dining all these years. Mr. William ('. Storrick has been with the com- mission for 1 1 \ e;irs, hrst in chiirge tif the K;ist Cav- alry Field, atterwards transferred to the heatl- (|iiarters of the commission in (Jettyshurg, pro- moted to h)rester, and given charge ot the 1'^ farms on U. S. land. He has rendered long, ex- pert and loyal services, and is thoroughly posted in the history of the Cicttyshiirg campaign. Mr. K. M. Hewitt has heen since 1S9.^ assistant engi- neer in the topographical work of the battlefield. M()NL'Mi:nts .\ni) M.\rki;rs: mmiu.u .\m) ci .ass- !1IC.\TK)N 1 he first mdiiument erected was m 1S7'J to rhc 2nd Massiichusetts regiment. Others soon fol- lowed, hut the larger number and most elaborate have been placed in recent ye;irs. Only perm;i- nent bron/.e or granite monuments or markers are pcrmittitl. According to the last ofhciiil statement (191S| the intantr\ and cavalry battlefields owned by the government and private parties aggregate 24,460 acres, of which the L'liited States now owns 2.428.95 acres, and 45. fX) acres have been ceded by Pennsylvania for paved roads. The avenues and piked roads within the National Military Park total .i4.25 miles, and the earth roads 24.00 miles, making a total of 5,59() are calculated to have been interred here. New ^ iirk State is represented by the largest number, S61. and Pennsylvania is next. In 1872 this cemetery was transferred to the- I'lderal government, and is now under the di- rection ot the (Juartermaster's Department, nut within the National Park Commission. So far as known, no Confederate soldiers were buried at Ciettysburg. Most of the wounded w^ere taken away by Lee's retreating armies; others were returned to their hoines after conva- lescing in the hospitals maintained here for sev- eral months .liter the battle. The bodies of those who ilied while in the hospital were sent south tor burial after the w:ir. Ar TMi- FiFiiiTii Annivkksarv I he semi-ceiuennial ot rh( b.ittle. June 2^>-]u- ly 5, 191.1, was the occasion ot a gre;it reunion be- tween survivors ot the campaign of 1S6.?. For ab()Ut si.x months, a commission appointed by the Feder;il govtnrment made ehiborate preparations, which incliuled the erection of a "tent citv" to ac- commodate about ,S(),(K)()old soldiers. The govern- ment and the several states, north and south, made generous appropri;itioiis, so that every vet- eran who cared to go, and could stand the iouriiev, was taken to Ciettyslnirg, entertained there ;ind returned home without cost. Several states have published the story of their part in this great and iinKiue patrii)tic celebration. During these days, men who fought each other htty years betore fraternized like long-lost broth- ers. Often, as they "messed" together, the air reverberated with the singing of their old-time war songs. The survivors of Pickett's charge staged a repetition of their mighty effort of July, '63, and on the very spot where they were met a h;iil of lead, they clasped hands with some of the men who had defended the Union center in that critical hour. Others set out to hnd their former trails up Round Tops, Cemetery Hill or Ciilp's Hill, only to discover that, in many cases, they had been superseded by hist-class roads. It w;is a genuine reunion, such as veterans of the war between the states can never witness again. The iienehts of that celebration have since been felt throughout the United States, and it is generally conceded that it marked the last stage of the reconstruction which ."MMMbam Lin- coln had hoped for but w:is not permitted to live to see. "We ;ne not enemies, but triends." w;is never better e.xempHHed than on that occasion. liiROLiCH rill-: wi;sii:i»»V'' 7 Park ,^ -' A ■■"' (;i;|-r'isiniKC wi^si' riiROUf.ii rm- ( asiiiown pass oi^ souiii mountain fiivirons. Oiu- wIki Ikis alicaily itiintituil tin- principal ropojiiapliKal tiatiiits, C'ulp's Hill, Ct-nu'ti-rv Hill, tin- Roiiiul Tops and Senunarv Ridgi', will find tlusc- tinal \ifwsot firtat inttiist; and tin- |irt-liniinaiv mditary movements will be more thoroughly understood from these new points of vantage. Passing through this locality, the tourist will see (jettvshurg as the soldiers in Lee's arm\' did w h( n they are saiti to have liter- ally darkened the road from South Mountain to the fair landscapes, soon to In- turned inro a world- famous battlefield. Over to the right, almost parallel with the high- way but in a deep cur tor considerable distance, is the Western Maryland Railway. Projected about 1S4() to connect south-central Pennsylva- nia with Hagersrown, Md., the Potomac river and the Baltimore ik Ohio R. R., this line, aban- doneil for a long period, came to be known face- tiously as "the 1 ape-worm." F.arly in the battle of (lettysburg, part of the contest was carried across this cut; and several markers are north ot it. After the war, the project was revived on a sounder basis; and what is now the Gettysburg line of the Western Maryland was built through Fairfield and Waynesboro to Hagerstown. (lettysburg has begun to grow dim in the dis- tance before we come to the last few markers on the western end of the battlefield. Three miles out. We note on the north side of the highway a tablet upon which it is stated that C'apt. Jones, \VlUtl.\ KNOWN AS "1 1:KS 1 ILAIJOUAK 1 1:KS" Small old slum- dwelling, tysbvirj;. whrrt" Gun Let- a Thompson nuiii lilKh%vav wfst iif Gtt- LTvcd with aluncli by Mrs. With Sergt. Shafer's Carbine Co. K, 1S62 .md ISr.'M. Ui' TO AND Ihrouch Cashtown We are now beyond the battlefield area, though still in the zone of military movements leading up to Ciettysburg. Looking ahe:id, the tourist may now begin to see in the distance the eastern entrance to South Mountiiin gap, occupied by Cashtown village, 30 Gettysburg into which the highway comes without deviating from a straight Hne since leaMng Gettysburg. This is the most direct section of its length between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, recalling the "Long Stretch" on the National Road west of Frost- burg, Maryland, though the latter is less than half as long as this approach to South Mountain from the east. On the wide expanse of nearly level ground in front of the gap. or pass, Lee hoped and planned to fight the battle which took place at Gettysburg; and in fact wrote, as late as the morning of July 1, from his camp west of South Mountain, to the cavalry leader, Imboden, "My headquarters for the present will be at Cashtown, east of the mountain." The strategy of this plan becames apparent from even passing observation ot the locality. Back of a strong (Confederate army concentrated at this point would have been a natural, easily- traveled highway to and from the Cumberland Vallev, rising very gradually from 745 feet at Cashtown to 1,334 feet at the highest point, a short 4 miles almost directly west. Had the Army of the Potomac faced Lee here, on the grounds chosen by him, the .Army of Northern Virginia might have overcome it, and continued east and southeast, tak- ing Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. If defeated in such a position, Lee could have held this long nt)rrow gap with a small force, mov- ing his main army back into the Cumberland \ al- ley, and thence to the Potomac crossings. But that was not to be, for Heth's division, the advance of A. P. Hill's corps, had already pushed on to the eastern edge of Gettysburg, encountering Buford's Union cavalry. Ihe battle was then on — at a place less favorable for the Confederates; and Cashtown just missed its only chance to become famous. As soon as he learned the real situation, Lee galloped eastward over the 7 miles from Cashtown to Seminary Ridge, arriving at the western end ot the battlefield in the afternoon of July 1, as re- called in connection with the first day's fight. Though much shorter, that ride must have been at EduarJ Paunch. SculjM SOLDIER. 26th PENNSYLVANIA EMERGENCY REGIMENT Located in angle formed by Lincoln Highway branching right, in leav- ing Gettysburg for the long straightaway toward the west least as dramatic as Sheridan's, in the Shenandoah valley, somewhat more than a year later. In an hour of supreme responsibility, his plans had to be largely re-made to cope with new and unexpected developments over a large area. This is our last glance backward at Gettysburg, though in running through the gap to Chambers- burg, we will pass the locations where oncoming corps and divisions of the Confederate army camped or halted on their way eastward. On the evening of June 29, Heth's division ot A. P. Hill's corps was here at Cashtown, Hill's other two divisions being either en route through the gap, or in camps west of the mountains. Still farther west, but likewise marching east, were two divi- sions ot Longstreet's corps, Pickett's divisu)ns hav- ing been left at Chainbcrsburg to guard the trains and keep open communication until brought to Gettysburg to make the fatal charge ot July 3. Pbolo liy Tiplon^ Gettysburg Showing knoll in the battle of Gettysburg. New York State. liJOZ PoUcr nnil Fnn SLOCUM AVENUE. GULPS HILL. GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD pied by Stevens' Battery, and equestrian monumerit of Major-Gen. Henry W. Slo ng in Sherman's army operating in the So LIBRORY OF CONGRESS R13 im 923 1 |{\ I III' xiiMii' aiithur I hr National liua«l \ tc.|ii.j;i:ipliK. liisK.ru .mil pktorial dtscription iif the (lUI hiiihwjv frnni Haltiinort- ami Washington acniss ihe Hliu- Kiduc and AlliThanits to tlu-Oliio rivir at Wheeling. (Irik-liKil (I'llh) i'ri. nf nlil.'h only a fi'w hiiiiilrc'il ri'iuiiill (l')2(l) Whil.' Ilii'v lii>.l. IIms.. will ln'si-iil III! i.rd.T ut llii> i.riK- iiKil iiri.-.v $1.:;.-), pnsl|)iiiil \ ii.w.hirKiTiimltliciri.ilitlilyr.'viaiKl r.lill..M »lll Ih.'ii Ih. issn.'.l Ml ^1. .->('. I'lir Lincoln lli<:li\vay in I'onnsylvania l'hil.ul.l|.hia through l.an.asi.r. (.oliMiil.ia, York, (Jcltys- hiiru, Chanihirshiirg, Hidford, Liuonitr and (irecnsbiirK to I'ittsbiirch. Oil llivsuiiu- ["111" »« 'I'll'' Nutiuiml Honil. Imt Inriter. morn com- iil.'lo and iiion- llinnaiKlily illiistrati'.l. l>iibli!iliMl July. 1420. $l..'>ll piLslpaiil. Additional copies of this CK-ttysbiirs bookU-t will be sent on reieipt of .'iO cents each. Any of above publications forwarded "on approval" when desired. (IVi.sp.ilixi'l I hi' Shriiaiiiluali \ all«'> of \ iriiinia Ih, pi., posed Lee lllt;hw.iv) 'I'lii' Nalioiial Koad Across ihe Conlral Vn-sl Wheelini; - Zanesville - Columbus - Indianapolis Terre Haute - St. I.ouis - Kansas City. Till- William I'lnii llij:li\vay in riiins> Ivaiiia Wagons ihal II»1|h