T 223 Zl S4 1876b Copy 1 Ki^ceB""' Class. Book. SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT :^V Of CO:, rm G "1 1902 'WSONIAN THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Eefekence Book. A COMPENDIUM OF USBFU-L INFORMATION roB INVENTORS AND MECHANICS, CONTAINDSra THE Complete Patent Laws of the TJkited States ; Synopsis of the Patent Laws of Foeeign Counteies ; Rules and Dibections . roB Patent Office Peactice ; Foems foe Patents, Cave- ats, Assignments, Licenses, and Shop Rights ; Hints on THE Yalue and Sale of Patents ; How to Obtain and Inteoduce Patents ; the Complete Census of the United States, by Counties and by States ; the Abea of the States and Teeeitoeies ; Tables of the Weights and Measuees of the United States ; the Peincipal Me- chanical Movements, with 160 Dia- GEAMS, TOGETHER WITH EnGEAV- INGS AND DeSCEIPTIONS OF THE Condensing Steam-Engine, AND Valuable Tables, Calculations, Peob- LEMS, Etc., Etc. ILLUSTHATED WITH ENGRAVINGS. PUBLISHED BY MUNN & CO., AT THE OFFICE OP THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, ]Sro. 37 PARK RCW. 1876. ■V PUBLfiSHED WEEKLY. A. @ I» 3L. E 1?^ I> 1 1> ^WOmsi! LL SHOULD SUBSCEIBE. This paper differs materi- ally from other publications, being an Illustrated Period- ical, devoted to the promul- gation of information relat- ing to the various Mechanical and Chemical Arts, Photo* graphy, Manufactures, Agri- culture, Patents, Inventions, Engineering, Mill Work, etc. Every number of The Scientific American contains sixteen large pages of reading matter, almndantly illustrated. All the most valuable discoveries arc delineated and de- scribed in its issues ; so that, as respects inventions, it may be justly regarded as an Illustrated Repertory, where the inventor may learn what has been done before him in the same field which he is exploring, and where he may bring to the world a knowledge of his own achievements. Publislied ^¥cekly. Terms $3.20 a year. ©pecimon. Copies Ten Cents. Address, MUNN i^ CO., No. 37 Park How, JV. F. 77-3^9SSr VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT-OFFICE, "WASHINGTON. HO^W TO GET RICH. Health, contentment, and a clear conscience, are tliree essentials npon which human happiness depends ; and the majority of people seem to believe that the speediest way of attaining these virtues is by acquiring wealth. At any rate, the idea of " Getting Rich " is in- teresting to everybody, and we have therefore conclud- ed to print this little book upon the subject, which, without j)retense of originality, will oiler many sure and practical directions for success. Dr. Johnson affirms that " Men are seldom more innocently employ- ed than when they are making money," and this is as- suredly true in respect to the methods we here pre- sent. Riches are commonly acquired by manual strength or dexterity, by the investment of capital, or through wealthy relatives. But how can the multitude who lack every one of those requisites ever hope to grow rich ? This book will answer that question. The sugges- tions we here oiBfer apply to everybody, without distinc- tion of race or color, to women and minors, to for- eigners as well as citizens. No preliminary prepa- rations are involved. All that is necessary is to think ; not profoundly, but in a simple, easy way, which every one can do. A standing reward, for new and useful tJioughts is THE RICHNESS OP PATENTS. offered by tlie Government of the United States, pay- able on demand, in Patents, which are of greater or less value according to the usefulness and simplicity of the thoughts,, Experience shows that people get rich more quickly from simple ideas than from deep and complicated cogitations. The thought of Elias Howe, of passing a shuttle through a threaded needle loop, formed the sewing-machine ; and his patent for the little idea brought him princely riches. To govern the slack of Howe's thread, Isaac Singer added a bit of wire. This, with a few other little thoughts, made 'lim vastly wealthy. He recently died, leaving thirteen millions of dollars. These persons were originally obscure and in poverty. Thousands of others who have attained wealth from small inventions might be mentioned. THE RICHNESS OF PATENTS. Such is the demand in this country for new ideas, and so great is the value of property in patents for im- provements, that, according to an estimate made by the Commissioner of Patents, from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United States, or upwards of six thousand millions of dollars, probably, is based upon patents, either directly or indirectly. It is supposed by some persons that the majority of patents are without value ; but this is a mistake. The truth probably is that from six to seven eighths of all patents prove remunerative ; which is the reason why so many are appMed for, and so many millions of capital invest- ed in their working. In an ofl3.cial report a Chief Examiner of the Patent OflB.ce says : " A patent, if it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. These remarks only apply to patents of minor or ordinary value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the planing-machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth millions each. POPULATION- OF THE TINITED STATES. 5 A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning. *' A man obtained a patent for a sliglit improvement in straw-cutters, took a model of bis invention tbrougb the Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned with forty thousand dollars in cash or its equivalent. " Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a machine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it in about fifteen months, for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a patent for a printer's ink, and refused fifty thousand dollars, and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. " These are ordinary cases of minor invention, em- bracing no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hundreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real in- vention, and are to a superficial observer of little value." AGGREaATE PAST, PEESENT, AND PROSPECTIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780 . . 3 1790 . . 3 1800 5 1810 . . . 7 1820 9, 1830 19 1840 17. 1850 23, 1860 31, 1870 38. i,070, ,191,8 ,443,3 TEAE. 1875 44,060,000 (estimated) 1876 45,316,000 1877 46,621,000 1878 47,983,000 1879 49,395,000 1880 50,858,000 Platinum has been drawn into wires only one thirty thousandth (30000) part of an inch, invisible to the eye and one mile's length weighing only one grain. THE FIRST INQUIRY. THE FIBST INQUIRY. The first inquiry that presents itself to one who Las made any improvement or discovery is : " Can I obtain a Patent ?" A positi'ce answer can only be had by pre- senting a complete application for a Patent to the Com- missioner of Patents. An application consists of a Model, Drawings, Petition, Oath, and full Specification. Various ofiicial rules and formalities must also be ob- served. The efforts of the inventor to do all this busi- ness himself are generally without success. Alter a season of perplexity and delay, he is usually glad to seek the aid of persons experienced in patent business, and have all the work done over again. The best plan is to solicit proper advice at the beginning. If the parties consulted are honorable men, the in- ventor may safely confide his ideas to them ; they will advise whether the improvement is probably patenta- ble, and will give him all the directions needful to pro- tect his rights. We (MuNN & Co.) have been actively engaged in the business of obtaining patents for over thirty years. Many thousands of inventors have had benefit from our counsels. A large proportion of all patents granted are obtained by us. All who have made inventions and desire to consult with us in regard to obtaining patents are cordially in- vited to do so. We shall be happy to see them in per- son at our office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases, they may expect from us a careful consideration of their plans, an honest opinion, and a prompt re- ply. For such consultations and advice, we make no charge. A pen-and-ink sketch and a description of the inven- tion should be sent, together with stamps for return postage. Never mind your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawing is not essential ; all we need is to get your idea. Do not use pale ink. Be brief. We will immediately answer and inform you whether or not your improvement is probably patentable ; and if so, give you the necessary instructions for further pro- THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. cedare. We take pleasure in receiving and answering sucli letters. During our long experience in tlie patent business we liave examined and taken patents for many thou- sands of improvements, embracing every class of in- vention ; and in the majority of cases, we can determine at a glance whether or not the invention presented is probably new and patentable. If we find that it is not new, we so advise our correspondent, who, without ex- pense, is thus saved all further trouble. If we are sa- tisfied that the invention is pntentdble, either wholly or partly, we so inform the party, and give him the in- formation necessary to apply for a Patent or file a Ca- veat. All business committed to our care, and all consulta- tions, are kept by us seci^et and strictly confidential. Address MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York. What security have I that my communica- tions to Munn & Co. will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential ? AnsiDcr. — You have none except our well-known in- tegrity in this respect, based upon a most extensive practice of thirty years' standing. Our clients are numbered by hundreds of thousands. They are to be found in every town and city of the Union. Please to make inquiry about us. Such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests, when committed to our profes- sional care, never has occurred, and is not likely to oc- cur. All business and communications intrusted to us are kept secret and confidential. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. THE PRELIMXKrARY EXAMINATION. If we are not entirely satisfied that our correspon- dent's idea is patentable, we advise him to let us make 8 THE PRELIMIIfARY EXAMINATIOIS^. a Preliminary Examination. This consists of a special search, made at tlie U. S. Patent-Office, Washington, through the medium of our house in that city, to as- certain whether, among all the thousands of patents and models there stored, any invention can be found which will prevent the grant of a j)atent. On the com- pletion of this special search, we send a written report to the party concerned, with suitable advice ; and some- times, when necessary, we give sketches of one or more devices that resemble our client's. Our charge for this service is five dollars. Correspondents may, if they prefer, furnish models, or photos, for the Preliminary Examination. Where prehminary examination is wanted upon more than one invention, $5 for each must be sent, as each device requires a separate search. All that we need for this examination is a brief description and sketch sufficient to enable us to get an idea of the in- vention. Address, Munn k Co., 37 Park Row, N.Y. Many obvious advantages attend Preliminary Exami- nation, although the strictest search does not always enable the applicant to know absolutely whether a patent will be granted. Applications for patents are sometimes rejected be- cause the Examining Officer finds a description of the alleged invention in some foreign publication ; or some other person has been previously rejected on an analo- gous device ; or some other Invention, for a similar purpose, partially resembles the applicant's in its con- struction ; or the Government makes an unjust or un- common decision. Against none of these contingen- cies does the Preliminary Examination provide. It will, however, generally inform the applicant whether an improvement similar to his, and used for the same purpose, lias emr 'been patented in this coun- try. CAVEATS. The filing of a Caveat is oftentimes of great impor- tance, as it may be quickly done, and aflfords a limited but immediate protection. The filing of a Caveat pre- vents, during its existence, tlie issue of a patent, vritli- out the knowledge of the Caveator, to any other per- son for a similar device. Should a competitor apply for a patent, the Caveator is notified, and called upon to file in his application for a patent. A Caveat consists of a Specification, Drawing, Oath, and Petition. To be of any value, these papers should be carefully drawn up. No model is required. When specially desired, we can have them ready to{ send to the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or at an hour's notice. The whole expense to file a Caveat is generally $25, of which the official fee is $10, and we generally charge $15 to pre- pare the papers and attend to the business. On filing the Caveat in Washington the Patent-Office issues an Offi cial Certificate thereof, which we forward to the ap- plicant. The existence of a Caveat is an evidence of priority of invention. A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended from year to year. C'aveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, and aliens who have resided here one y^ar and have declared their intention to become citizens. To enable us to prepare Caveat- papers, all that we need is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, and descrip- tion of the invention, with which remit fees as above. Model not required. All Caveats are secret. No one can see or obtain a copy of a Caveat without the order of the Caveator. The filing of a Caveat does not pre- vent other persons from making, using, or selling the invention. No exclusive right of sale is secured under a Caveat. It is only the Patent that secures such a right. All persons are at liberty to use and sell any device until the patent issues. The filing of a Caveat is not an evidence that a Patent will be granted. The Government makes no search as to novelty when a Ca- veat is filed. No portion of the money paid for a Ca- veat applies toward the Patent. 10 HOW TO APPLY POE A PATENT. HOW TO APPLT FOE A PATEIsTT. If tlie invention is simple, tlie wliole cost to apply for a patent is $40, " and wlien allowed, $20 more are payable, making $60 in all.f The applicant lias six months in Which to pay the last installment of $20, after the patent is allowed. If the invention is com- plicated, the costs are somewhat increased, because the preparation of the drawings and specifications involves extra labor. Under the Patent laws, all persons, citizens and fo- reigners, pay the same official fees. There is no dis- tinction as to nationality. Patents are also granted to women and minors ; also to the executors or adminis- trators of deceased inventors. The patent is granted for 17 years, during which time the patentee enjoys the full and exclusive right to make, use, and sell the invention, and grant rights, licenses, or privileges. In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to send a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express, prepaid, with an explanation of the merits and working of the invention. .Never mind spelling or grammar, but be very particular to give your ideas in fall about the invention. Describe • its intended working, and mention all the advantages that you can think of. ' This statement is always of assistance to us in preparing the specification and drawings. Also re- mit $15 on account, and give the inventor's full name, middle name included. We will then prepare the drawings and specification, and send the latter to you, with full instructions, for examination and signature. See page 14 about model. Do not put the money in the box with the model, for it is liable to be stolen. Remit by express, postal or- der, check, or draft. If any of our readers receive more than one copy of * If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses this cost of making the application. t Of this sum the first Government fee is $15, our, Munn & Co.'s, charges, $25, and the second Government fee is S20, making $60 in all. When an appeal is required, there are additional ex- penses. See page 12. HOW WE DO THE BUSINESS. 11 this little book, tbey will do us a favor by handing the extra copy to some friend or neighbor who is interest- ed in things mechanical or scientific. HOW -W^ DO THE BUSIISTESS. On the reception of the model and first payment of $15, the case is duly registered upon our books, and the application proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his examination, signature, and affidavit, with a letter of instruction, etc. Our charges for preparing the case are then due and will be called for. On return of the papers to us, the case will be presented to the Patent-Office, and as soon as the pa- tent is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last installment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the patent will then be printed and issued. In addition to the above service, our patron receives, gratis, a notice in the Scientific American descrip- tive of the merits of the new patent, giving also his name and address. We pi^int and distribute about fifty thousand copies of tJds notice, without a penny of cost to our client. This publication goes before tJwee liun- dred thousand readers, and often proves to be of im- mense value to the patentee in advertising his new in- vention. Were he to do this printing himself, it would cost him, by the most economical method, say on the backs of postal-cards, over five hundred dollars. The printing alone would cost him fifty dollars, and the cards ten dollars per thousand. No Patent Agency in the world does so much for its clients as ours ; and for that reason none so fully com- mands public confidence, or enjoys so great a share of patronage. Persons who do business with us will be notified of the progress of their application in the Patent-Office, when it is possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal attendance of the inventor, unless the in- vention is one of great complication ; the business can be done as well by correspondence. 12 APPEALS. The average time required to procure a patent is six weeks. We frequently get tliem through in less time ; but in otlier cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, and even more. We make a special point to forward our cases as rapidly as possible. We have an extensive Branch House in Washington (see engraving, page 38), employing a corps of skilled assistants, and we make it our special duty to watch over the cases of our clients while they are before the Patent-Office. If the examining officer objects to the grant of the claims, or gives references, or requires amendments, we examine the references, and make the amendments, if we deem them proper, so as to se- cure the allowance of our client's patent as soon as possible. No additional charge is made for these ser- vices. APPEALS. When the examiner refuses to allow a patent, and finally rejects the case, we report the fact to our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtaining a reversal of the examiner's decision by appeal. Three appeals are allowed : namely, to the Examin- ers-in-Chief, to the Commissioner of Patents, to the Supreme Court of the District. The fees and expenses of these appeals are small. First Appeal. — The government fee payable by the applicant, on making an appeal to the Examiners-in- Chief, is $10. Our charges for preparing and conduct- ing this appeal are very moderate, and in part contin- gent upon success. Second Ap2)eal. — From the decision of the Examiners- in-Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of Patents. Government fee, $20. Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commis- sioner of Patents an appeal may be taken to the Su- preme Court of the District of Columbia. The appli- cant pays all the costs. GOIl^G TO WASHINGTOIS". 13 REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES. We shall be happy to take up rejected cases, or to remodel defective papers for parties who have raade application for themselves or through other agents. Terms moderate. Address. Munn & Co., stating the particulars. LAPSED OR REJECTED CASES. Where a patent has been allovred, but forfeited by neglect to pay the second government fee, or where it has stood unjustly rejected for a long time, the case may be renewed by filing a new application. See law, page 62. GOINa TO WASHTKTGTOK-. Some inventors suppose, very naturally, that if per- sonally present in Washington, they can get their cases through more expeditiously, or command other important facilities. Bat this is not so. The journey to Washington is usually a mere waste of time and money ; but, notwithstanding, some persons prefer to go. A good agent must be employed after the inven- tor gets there. No one can possibly have facilities or influence superior to our own ; a very large portion of the entire business of the Patent -Oflice passes through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, charged with the especial duty of watching over and pressing forward the interests of our clients. The Patent-Ofiice does not prepare patent-papers, or make models. These must be provided by the appli- cant or his attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be considered. The law especially requires that all documents depo- sited in the Patent-Ofiice shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly written, and that the drawings shall be of a specified size, and executed in an artistic manner. Persons who visit Washington in person, can have all their patent business promptly attended to, by call- ing at MuNN & Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, corner of 7th and F streets, opposite the Pa- tent-Office. (See engraving on page 38.) ABOUT MODELS AND KEMITTANCES. MODELS, BEMITTAITCES, ETC. ERSONS who apply for pa-.; tents are by law required to furnish a model, iu all cases where the invention can be illustrated or partly illus- trated by a model. The model must not exceed twelve inches in any of its dimensions ; it should be neatly made, of hard wood or metal, or other substan- tial material ; the name of ( the inventor should be engraved or painted upon it con- spicuously. Where the invention consists of an improve--* i ment on some known machine, the model only needs to show the working of the improved parts. A representation of the whole machine in the model will not be necessary. When the invention consists of a new article of manufac- ture or a new composition, samples of the article must be furnished. New medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix- tures of all kinds, are patentable. Samples must be fur- nished, and a very minute statement must be made of the exact proportions and ingredients used. As soon as the model or specimen is ready, it should be carefully boxed and shipped, by express or otherwise, to our address, namely, Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- York City. Prepay the expense, and send the express receipt to us by mail. If the model does not exceed 12 ounces in weight, it can be sent to us by mail. Simultaneously with the model or specimens, the invent- or should remit to us $15 on account. The money may be forwarded either by express, with the model, or by mail. The safest way to remit is by draft on New- York, payable to our order, or by Post- Ofiice order. Always send a letter with the model, and also with the remittance, stating the name and NEW INVENTIONS. address of the sender. We sometimes receive envelopes containing money, but without any name or explanation ; models are also frequently sent us from equally unknown sources. , A full written descriptioR should also be sent with the model, embodying all the ideas of the inventor respecting the operation and merits of the improvement. This statement is often of assistance to us in preparing the specification. On the reception of the model and Government fee, the case is duly registered upon our books, and the application proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his ex- amination, signature and affidavit, with a letter of instruc- tion, etc. Our fee for preparing the case is then due., and will be called for. Immediately on its return, the case will be presented to the Patent Office, and as soon as the patent is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last instalment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the patent will then be issued. Inventors who do business with us will be notified of the state of their application in the Patent Office, when it is possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of great complication % the business can be done as well by correspondence. The average time required to procure a patent is six weeks. We frequently get them through in less time ; but in other cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, and even more. We make a special point to forward our cases as rapidly as Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public ' favor is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous feelings should be cultivated. Never, under any circumstances, assume a responsibility you can avoid consistently with your duty to yourself and others. DESIGN PATENTS. DESiaN PATENTS. The laws for the grant of patents for new designs are of the most liberal and comprehensive character, and their bene- fits may be enjoyed by all persons, with- out distinction as to nationality. Foreign designers and manufacturers who send goods to this country may se- cure patents here upon their new patterns, and thus prevent other makers from sell- ing similar goods in this market. A patent for a design may be granted ^ to any person, whether citizen or alien, ■^ who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented or produced any new and original design for a manu- facture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed pubUcation, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions or dis- coveries. Patents for designs are granted for the term of three and one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for the term of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect in his application. The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other proceedings in the case of applications for letters-patent for a design are the same as for other patents. The applicant must furuisli either a model or draw- ings of the design, or photographs or engraving thereof. Those who desire to obtain patents for Designs are re- DESIGN PATENTS. 17 quested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- York. City residents by calling at our office can have all the business promptly attended to. The expenses for design patents are as follows : Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $25. Patent for seven years, whole expense, $30. Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $45. The above includes government fees and agents' charges. The personal presence of the applicant is not necessary in order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be done by correspondence. Those who reside at a distance should send us tlieir names in full, middle name included, together with twelve photographs of the design not mounted. Also remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal or- der. We will then prepare the petition, oath, and specifica- tion, and forward the same to the applicant for signature. On their return by him, the papers are filed at the Patent- Office, when an official examination is made, and if no con- flicting design is found to exist, a patent is issued. For further information address Munn & Co. as above. HARNESS BLACKING. Melt 1 pound bees-wax, stir in 4 ounces ivory-black, 2 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces Prussian blue ground in oil, and ^ ounce copal varnish. Make into balls. With a brush apply it to harness, and polish with silk gently. EIGHTS OF VTOMlEiN AND MINOKS. Under the laws of the United States, women and minors may obtain patents and copy-rights ; they may also file ca- veats and register trade-marks. The laws make no distinc- tions as to sex or age. A CUBIC foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815 times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 62^ lbs., a gallon 81^0% lbs. *[The government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for seven years, and $30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn & Co.) charges are $15. When it is inconvenient for applicants to fur- nish their own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a reasonable cost.] _ 18 TKADE-MARKS. TRADE-MAKKS. Ant person or firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by the authority of the United States, or of any State or territory thereof, and any per- son, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any for- eign country wliich, by treaty or convention, affords simi- lar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt or use any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by complying with the official re- quirements. Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks, labels, etc., are requested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York. City residents, by calling at our office, can have all the business quickly attended to. Those who live at a dis- tance will please observe the following directions : 1. Send us the names of the parties, their residence, and place of business. 2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de- scription of goods in connection with which the trade- mark is to be used. 3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade- mark has been and is intended to be applied and used. For example, for a trade-mark for sheetings, the statement would be, " The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink, upon the outside of each piece of sheeting " Or, ' The trade-mark is to be printed in black, or red, white, and blue, upon the exterior of a paper Avrapper, which is to cover or extend around each package of the goods." 4. State whether the trade-mark is already in use, and if so, how long it has been used. 5. Send us twelve copies of the trade-mark. Also remit at the same time $40 in full for the expenses, of which $25 are for government fees, and $15 Munn & Co.'s charge. We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration, and oath for signature by the applicant, and shortly there- after forward to him the official certificate of protection. TKADE-MARKS. 19 In applying for protection for a trade-mark, a declaration must be made under oath by the applicant or some member of the firm or officer of the corporation, to the effect that the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has a right to such use, either in the identical form or having such near resemlDlance thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and that the description and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may be renewed for thirty years more, except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed for, and applied to, articles not manufactured in this country, and in which it receives pro- tection under the laws of any foreign country for a shorter j period, in which case it shall cease to have force in this country at the same time that it becomes of no effect else- where. No proposed trade-mark will be received or recorded which is not and can not become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when used by other persons, or which is identical with a trade-mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise and belonging to a different owner, and al- ready registered or received for registration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public ; but any lawful trade-mark al- ready lawfully in use may be recorded The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by any instrument of writing, and such assignment must be recorded in the Patent-Office within sixty days after its ex- ecution. Trade-marks are registered at the Patent-Office in the ex- act order of their reception, the exact time of receipt being noted and recorded. Certified copies of any trade-mark may always be ob- tained. For further information concerning trade-marks address Munn & Co. 20 COPY-RIGHTS. COPY-KIGHTS. Any citizen or i^esident of the United States may obtain a copy-right who is the author, inventor, designer, or pro- prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical com- position, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawmg, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models and designs, intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts. A copy-right can not be obtained unless the title or de- scription is recorded in the library of Congress, before the picblication of the ivork. Those who desire to obtain copy-rights are requested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Kow, New- York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, or article. We will then cause the title to be printed, and recorded at "Washington, as by law required. The Official Certificate of copy-right will then be immediately sent to our client. Our charge to attend to the business of obtaining a copy-right is $5, which please remit with the title. If a copy-right is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send us a brief description thereof and $5. Copy-rights are granted for the term of twenty-eight years, and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the renewal is filed within six months before the expiration of the first term. Copy-rights may be assigned ; the assignment must be recorded by the Librarian of Congress. Infringers of copy-rights are subject to heavy fines and penalties. Foreigners who are not residents of the United States can not obtain copy-rights ; but if residents, they may ob- tain copyrights. Address Munn & Co. for further information. Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- combustible. PATEXTS YOU LABELS AND PRINTS. 21 PATEWTS FOR LABELS AND PRINTS. Labels and prints of all kinds, for bottles, boxes, and packages, for medicines, compounds, and every description of merchandise, may now be patented by- registration in tbe Patent Office. In order to obtain sucli registration, tlie applicant sliould write to MimN & Co., 87 Park Row, New-York, give Ills full name, and send six copies of the label or print, together with sixteen dollars, which covers all expenses.* On receipt thereof, we Avill prepare and file the necessary papers in the Patent Office, and forward the Official Certificate of Registration to the applicant. The whole business only occupies a few days' time. The patent or registration so obtained lasts for twen- ty-eight years, and may be then renewed for an addi- tional period of fourteen years. It secures to the pro- prietor the exclusive right to use the registered label or print during the periods named, and all persons who imitate the same will be liable in damages as infringers. Patents of registration for labels and prints may, like the ordinary patents, be sold either wholly or in part, in state, county, town rights, etc., or subject to royalties. All licenses, agreements, rights of use, or assign- ments, must be recorded at Washington within sixty days after the execution of the document. Messrs. MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, will prepare and attend to the recording of such assignments and agreements. By the word " label," as used in the Act of Congress, is meant a slip or piece of paper, or other material, to be attached in any manner to manufactured ar- ticles, or to bottles, boxes, and packages containing them, and bearing an inscription (not a trade-mark), as, for example, the name of the manufacturer, or the * The Government fee is $6, and our charge (Munn & Co.) is $10, 22 MODELS TRACIXG PAPER. place of manufacture, the quality of goods, directions for use, etc. By the word "print" as used in the said Act, is meant any device, picture, word or words, figure or figures (not a trade-mark), impressed or stamped di- rectly upon articles of manufacture, to denote the name of the manufacturer, or "olace of manufacture, style of goods, etc. But no such print or label can be registered un- less it properly belong to an article of commerce, and be as above defined ; nor can the same be registered as such print or label when it amounts in law to a technical trade-mark. MODELS. It is always better for in- ventors to have their models constructed under their own supervision, even at an in- creased cost in money or time. During the making of the model, the inventor often perceives points where important changes can be made, or where the inven- tion may be rendered more perfect than was at first contemplated. But in some instances, owing to residence in distant parts or other causes, it is impossible for the inventor to furnish a model. In such cases, we (Munn & Co.) can have pro- per models built by experienced and trusty makers, at moderate charges. Good Tracing Paper. — Open a quire of double crown tissue paper, and brush over the first sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and turpentine, equal parts. Proceed with each sheet similarly ; hang the sheets to dry singly, on lines. HOW TO SELL PATENTS. HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 23 In the prefatory portion of this lit- tle work, we have presented hints upon the general success of invent- ors, and the great value of even the simplest inventions. But it must not be supposed, because a patent is granted, that the world will run after an unknown man to buy from him an unknown patent. In order to sell a patent, judicious effort is required on the part of the inventor or his agent. Indeed, his final success will depend, to a considerable extent, upon his business tact and energy. He should make himself thoroughly conversant with the merits of his invention, and sTlould prepare specimens or model machines thereof, made in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the op- erations of the improvement to others. After obtaining a patent, the first grand requisite in ef- fecting its sale is to make the merits and importance of the improvement pnhlicly known. This may be done in various ways : by advertisements in newspapers, by cards, circulars, pamphlets, etc., by local and travelling agents. Some per- sons appoint agents in each town or county, giving them a liberal portion of the net proceeds for the sale of rights, or a handsome per cent upon the receipts for machines sold. In estimating the value of patent rights for different States, counties, etc., one very common method is to fix the price with reference to the amount of population. One of the most comprehensive and powerful methods of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is to have it noticed and engraved in The Scientific Ameri- can. This paper, published weekly, has a large circulation. It is seen by probably not less than three or four hun- dred thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent persons of scientific and mechanical acquire- ments in the country. The fact of publication in The 24 AGENTS TO SELL. Scientific American is a passport to their attention and favor. "Yes, that is a good invention. I have seen it illustrated in The Scientific American, and understand its construction, I advise you to purchase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put together. In view of the interest which the readers of The Scientific American take in all illustrations of new and useful inventions, we make the expense to the patentee as low as possible — generally but very little above the actual cost to us. If any one will take the trouble to count the probable cost to him of printing and circulating, by mail, a mass of circvilars contain- ing an engraving and description of his invention, and then compare that cost with the insignificant figure he would have to pay us to get up the same cut and de- scription, and print and circulate about fifty thousand copies thereof in The Scientific American, he will appreciate the marvelous economy ojBfered by our jour- nal. The circular plan would cost the patentee more for the icliite paper alone, than we (Munn & Co.) should charge for the entire job. Please address Munn & Co. , 37 Park Row, N, Y. After publication, the engravings will be sent to the owner, who can then use them for other papers, cir- culars, etc, AGENTS TO SELL. We are often asked to give the names of parties who make it a business to sell patents. We are rarely enabled to do so. Such concerns are generally quite fugitive in their character. An office is opened, sigus displayed, a few customers engaged, and then sud- denly the shop is closed. The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the business it furnishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many persons. Our ad- vice to patentees is : Take hold of the business of sell- ing yourselves. If you want assistance, search for agents among your friends, and interest them special- ly in your invention. INCOME FKOM PATENTS. EOYALTY. One very profitable source o^ income from patents is roy- alty. This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a patentee and a manufacturer, by which the latter, in consid- eration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the patentee a specified sum upon each article when sold. The patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to fasten chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant li- censes to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, the inventor of the sewing-machine, is said to receive a i royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his i annual income has been estimated at five hundred thousand ij dollars. We might give many examples of success. The license and royalty plan is oftentimes the most profitable method of employing patents. A Circle is the most capacious of all plain figures, or contains the greatest area within the same out- line or perimeter. To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diameter by 3.1416, and the product will be the circumference. To find the diameter of a circle, divide the circumference by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the diam- Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- tains four times the area of the other. 26 FOREIGN PATENTS. FOREIGN PATENTS. SPLEXDID OPPOBTUNITIES FOR AMERICANS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. _____,__,..«^ The patent laws of Z" ^-^— ^^^"^^tZLlI^rr^ -""^ various foreign coim- ~^' """^' If the home patent is likely to become valuable liere, the foreign patent will in most casbs be of equal value. In fact, sucli is the prestige and fame for ingenuity which Americans enjoy in Europe, that many millions of dollars are now invested in tlie manufacture of American devices. Throughout all Europe tliere is a large and increasing demand for American inventions, and those of our in- genious countrymen who neglect to secure Foreign Pa- tents, if their improvements are good, simply tlirow away golden opportunities. The expenses of procuring patents in Europe bave been greatly reduced, so that the obstacle of cost no longer stands seriously in the way of the American patentee. If, however, he is unable to meet the ex- pense, he should find a reliable partner who will pay the costs and share the profits. Partnerships of this kind have in many cases proved highly profitable to all concerned. Arrangements with one j)artner for England, with another for France, and so on, might pr )ve advantageous. Send to MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York, for pamphlet containing full particulars about Foreign Patents. CANADA. The expense to apply for a Canadian Patent is fifty dollars ($50), which includes Grovernment tax, agency, FOREIGN PATENTS. and all charges for five years, after wMcli two addi- tional terms of five years each may be obtained on pay- ment of fifty dollars each— in all, fifteen years. The patent may be applied for at the outset for fifteen years at a cost of one hundred dollars. Inventions that have been already patented in the United States for not more than one year may be secured in Canada by the 1 inventor, who must sign the papers. If patented for more than one year in the United States, the Canadian patent is refused. In order to apply for a patent in Canada, please send to us (Munn & Co.) a description and drawing of the in- vention, and remit $50 in full. If already patented in the United States, a copy of the patent should be sup- plied. We will then immediately prepare the docu- ments and forward them to the applicant for his sig- nature. His personal presence is unnecessary. All the business can be promptly done by correspondence. The patent is granted in full, without a model, but be- fore the document is actually delivered a small model must be furnished, like the United States model. Ca- veats may be filed in Canada for $25, which includes all expenses. Send to Munk & Co., 37 Park Row. New-York, for a free pamphlet containing further information. GREAT BRITAZKr. The British Patent extends over England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Channel Islands, but not the Colonies ; the latter make their own patent laws. The expense to apply for an English patent is sev- enty-five dollars ($75), which includes Government taxes, agency, and all charges for the first period, or provisional patent for six months. No models. The patent issues to the first applicant, whether he be the inventor or merely the introducer. A second installment of $175 is payable in New- York, 3i months after the date of the provisional pat- ent. The patent is then completed, and the great seal attached. The next tax is payable in three years. The patent is granted for fourteen years in all. 28 FOREIGN PATENTS. Tlie Government makes no examinations as to nov- elty, but grants a patent to every petitioner ; but such patent will not be sustained by the courts, if, before its date, the invention had been previously patented in England, or become publicly known there. Grreat Britain has a population of forty millions, and is at present the principal financial, commercial, and manufacturing centre of the world. British-made goods are carried to every quarter of the globe, and go, duty free, into all her Colonies, whose aggregate census exceeds two hundred millions of people. The importance to our citizens of securing English patents for their new inventions can not be overrated. FRANCE AHD BELGIUM. The cost to apply for a French Patent is seventy-five dollars ($75), which covers all expenses, including agency and Government taxes, for the first year. When the patent arrives in New- York, a second installment of $35 is payable, making in all one hundred dollars. No official examination is made ; no model. The long- est term of the patent is fifteen years, subject to a small annual tax. The expense to apply for a Belgian Patent is seven- ty-five dollars ($75). The law and proceedings are substantially the same as in France. When the patent arrives in New- York, $25 more are payable, the whole cost being one hundred dollars. PRUSSIA AND OTHER COUWTRIBS. In the following countries the cost of applying for the patent varies with the period of the grant, which may generally be from five to fifteen years, at the op- tion of the applicant. The costs to apply for a patent for the shortest term are : in Prussia, $100 ; Austria, $100 ; twenty-seven other German States, each $100 ; Norway, $100 ; Sweden, $100 ; Denmark, $100 ; Italy, $150 ; Russia, $300 ; Spain, $400 ; Portugal, $400. No patents granted in Switzerland and Netherlands, FOREIGN PATENTS. 29 Patents are also granted in the British Colonies, and several of the South- American States. N. B. — We would remind all who desire to take For- eign Patents, that (1) we do the business as low as any- body ; (2) we have had over thirty years' experience ; (3) the Foreign Patent, when issued, is noticed iDithout charge in the Scientific American, which has a lame circulation in Europe. This publication is often cop- ied into other papers, and invariably assists the intro- duction and sale of the patent. We furnish free a pamphlet containing additional particulars, and shall be happy to give any further in- formation that may be desired. Address Munn & Co., Solicitors of American and Foreign Patents, 37 Park Row, New-York. COBRESPONDEWCE BY TELEGBAPH. We frequently receive telegrams from distant places concerning' business personal to the sender, who, al- though urgent for an immediate answer by telegraph, seldom thinks to arrange for payment for the reply at his end of the line. In such cases we decline to pay the charges, and send our answer by mail. MONEY SENT BY TELEaBAPH. COERESPONDENTS who dosiro to hasten caveats, patents, or other business, are reminded that they can deposit the necessary fees at the telegraph office, and have the amount remitted to us at once by telegraphic order. Address, MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, ]New- York. The volume of a given mass of air or gas, under a constant pressure, varies directly as the absolute tem- perature. For example, the volume at 600° is twice as great as its volume at 300°. Its volume at 300° is half that at 600°. 30 IT PAYS ! IT PAYS I WHAT PAYS ? IT PAYS ! IT PAYS ! WHAT PAYS ? Read and see. Every business man admits the ne- cessity of advertising. All who have tried it know the advantages and profit of so doing. But it is not all who advertise that do it advantageously. It is the best economy to advertise what one has to sell or wishes to purchase, in papers having the largest cir- culation among that class of persons likely to be inte- rested in the article. Parties having Manufacturing Establishments to sell or lease, or who wish estimates made for Constructing Bridges, Dams, Iron Buildings, Furnaces, Heatinor Apparatus, Steam-Engines, Boilers, Wood and Iron Working Machinery, Agricultural Im- plements, or Contracts for Engineering Works of all kinds, will find that it pays to advertise in The Scien- tific Americak. The value of The Scientific American as an ad- vertising medium can not be overestimated. It goes into all the machine and workshops in the country, and is taken at the principal libraries and reading- rooms in the United States and Europe. A business man wants something more than to see his advertisement in a printed newspaper. He wants circulation. And this he surely gets in The Scien- tific American, for its regular weekly edition is nearly 50,000 copies. If any thing is wanted in the mechanical line, adver- tise for it in The Scientific American. If one has a patent or machinery to sell, advertise in The Scien- tific American. KISE AND PBOaHESS OP TBADE-MARKS. " Examples of the practice of using marks to show the workmanship of various manufactures have been discovered at Herculaneum, such signs having been in vogue among bakers and others. In modern times similar tokens have been adopted in textile and various other fabrics, though the earliest extant are those of paper. After the invention of paper (fifteenth cen- OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS. 31 tury) from pulp of linen rags, water-marks were intro- duced into the fabric, doubtless to show the manufac- tory from which the paper was issued. The process has since become general, and the trade-mark a recog- nized part of the system of commerce, by which a guarantee is given to the purchaser and a legitimate protection afforded to the manufacturer. The legisla- tion of 1862 is a step in the right direction, and has already done service to trade and morality. It is upon the uniform good quality of manufactured commodi- ties that any foreign trade depends for its continuance, and the obligation of the legislature to secure the pur- chasing public from fraud .^whether the purchaser be a home or foreign consumer, is more and more strin- gent when the goodness or badness of the object can not be readily detected by ocular inspection." It is in such cases that the use of trade-marks is most useful. The above, from so good authority as the London Stationer, applies with equal force to our manufac- turers. There are some things in which the slow Britishers excel the more rapid Yankee. In the mat- ter of securing trade-mark protection on their pro- ducts, and the extent of advertising their goods, they are far ahead of our people. By the new law of Con- gress, all persons who do business may register their Trade-Marks, whether new or old, for twenty-eight years. See page 18 OFFICIAL RECOMMEM-DATIOIQ-S. We might fill a large volume with the most flatter- ing testimonials from individuals for whom we have taken patents, American and foreign. Here are a few examples from oflficial personages, who, as the presid- ing officers of the Patent-Office, have had the best and most disinterested opportunities of judging as to the general character and fidelity of our labors. Judge Mason, of Iowa, one of the most able lawyers, upon retiring from the office of Commissioner of Patents, sent us the following complimentary letter : 32 LETTERS FROM THE COMMISSIONERS. COMMISSIONER MASON's LETTER. Messrs. Munn & Co. : I take pleasure in stating that, while I held the office of Commissioner of Patents, more than one fourth of all the BUSINESS OF THE OFFICE CAME THROUGH TOUR HANDS. I have no doubt that the public confidence thus indicated has been FULLY DESERVED, as I liave always observed, in all your in- tercourse with the office, A MARKED DEGREE of prompt- ness, skill, and Jidelity to the intei-ests of your employers. Yours, very truly, Chas. Mason. Judge Mason was succeeded by that eminent patriot and statesman, Hon, Joseph Holt, whose administration of the Patent-Office was so distinguished that he was appointed Postmaster-General of the U. S. Hon. Mr. Holt was subse- quently appointed Judge- Advocate-General He addressed us the following vei'y gratifying communication : commissioner holt's letter. Messrs. Munn & Co. : It affiards me much pleasure to bear testimony to the able and efficient manner in which you discharged your du- ties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of hold- ing the office of Commissioner. Your business was tery LARGE, and you sustained (and I doubt not justly deserved) the reputation of energy, MARKED ABILITY, and tincom- pr omi sing fidelity m ^exioTimn^ your professional engage- ments. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. Holt. Hon. Wm. D. Bishop, late Member of Congress from Connecticut, succeeded Mr. Holt as Commissioner of Par- ents. Upon i-esigning the office, he wrote to us as follows : commissioner bishop's letter. Messrs. Munn & Co. : It gives me much pleasure to say that, during the time of my holding the office of Commissioner of Patents, a very HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 33 large proportion of the business of inventors before the Patent-Office was transacted through your agency ; and that I have ever found you faithful and devoted to the interests of your clients as well as EMINENTLY QUALIFIED to perform the duties of Patent Attorneys with skill and ac- curacy. Yery respectfully, your obedient servant, Wm. D. Bishop. One great reason for our unrivaled success is, that our affairs are so systematized and arranged under our personal direction, that every patent case submitted to our care re- ceives the most careful study during its preparation, the most prompt dispatch, and the most thorough attention at every stage of its subsequent progress. HOW TO CONVEBT PAPER INTO GOLD. Send a subscription in paper money to Munn & Co., and enjoy a year's reading of The Scientific American. Ten to one that the information thus obtained will result in bring- ing into your coifers, before the year is out, a hundred times more money in gold, than the original investment. HE speed of an electric spark traveling over a copper wire, has been ascertained by Wheatstone to be two hundred and eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. Parties sending models to The Scien- tific American office, on which they de- cide not to apply for Letters-Patent, and which they wish preserved, will please to order them returned as early as possible. "We can not undertake to store such mod- els, and if not called for within a reasonable time, we are obliged to destroy them, to make room for new arrivals. 34 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ESTABLISHMENT. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ESTABLISHMENT. Thirty years ago the present proprietors of The Scientific American assumed its publication, and under tlieir care it lias become one of tlie lights of the world. Its hoivi fide weekly edition is nearly 50,000 copies. It is the cheapest and best illustrated weekly paper published. Every number contains from 10 to 15 engravings of New Machinery, Novel Inven- lions, Bridges. Engineering Works, Architecture, im- proved Farm Implements, and various useful improve- ments. The Scientific Americaist stands foremost among industrial papers, having a larger ci7Xulation than any other paper of its kind in the world. The most eminent Scientists and the most talented Ameri- can Engineers and Mechanics are writers for The Scientific American. A year's numbers contain 832 SCIEXTiriC AMEBIC AT^ ESTABLISHMENT. 35 pages and several hundred engravings. Thousands of volumes are preserved for binding and reference. The practical recipes are well worth ten times the subscrip- tion price. Terms, $3.20 a year, sent by mail from our oflBice, post-paid. Specimen copies, 10 cents. The Scientific American can be had at all news stores tJirougliout the United States. Buy it. Try it. You ■will like it. To persons who procure for us subscribers for The Scientific Amekican, wo offer certain reduc- tions and elegant premiums, and also furnish, on ap- plication, Prospectus and an elegant Name List. One of these premiums is a magnificent steel-plate . engrav- inof, three feet long and two feet high, entitled, " Men of Progress," represent- ing, with admirable grouping and life- like portraits, the most distinguished American Inventors. Price, $9. Another premium is the " Science Record," a handsome octavo book of 600 pages, illustrated. Publish- ed annually. Price, $2.50 ; elegantly bound. It is a com- pendium of the new discoveries and most interesting facts made public during the year, in branches of science, embracing Chemistry, Metallurgy, Engineering, Mechanics, Technology, Agriculture, Do- mestic Economy, Horticulture, Botany, Pisciculture, Materia Medica, Natural History, Meteorology, Geo- graphy, Geology, Mineralogy, Astronomy. Another EDITOKIAIi ROOMS. all I he principal SCIENTIFIC AMERICAX ESTABLISHMENT premium is The Scientific American Supplement, a splendid work, issued weekly, uniform in size witli The Scientific American, but separately paged. The Scientific American Supplement contains working drawings of Engineering Works of all de- scriptions, and elaborate papers pertaining to every branch of Science, by the most eminent writers. Price, $5.00 a year. Send 10 cents for a Specimen Copy. Ad- dress MuNN & Co., 37 Park Eow, New- York. The engraving on page 87 gives an idea of the spacious proportions of our main office. It is here that adver- tisements and subscriptions for The Scientific Ame- rican are received ; and here are the head-quarters of our world-renowned Scientific American Patent Agency. All models are ticketed with the names of their owners, and carefully stored in our private model rooms, where no one, excep tour confidential assistants in charge, is permitted to enter. All correspondence relating to patents is carefully preserved for a given time in large fire-proof safes of extra thickness, All drawings of pend- ing patent cases are likewise preserved in similar safes, specially made for us for this purpose. The utmost care is taken to guard the pri- vacy and preserve the safety of the many thou- sands of inchoate inven- tions committed to our care ; and we may here mention with satisfac- tion the fact that dur- ing our long profes- THB MODEL KOOM. SCIENTIFIC AMEUICAN ESTABLISHMENT. 37 1 Jl^^Mi^^^^^r/ s l^lWil ^ ^^^MMiiiiii^gg^ffl^^ ^^^^^^Bi r% l™if— ' ^ Bi ^^S^jl^LLji^i) |M^^^HE i ^B' ^^ ^k ^2 ^^ Km S^ 02 ^ ^5 7^5 ^^^ti^^^^^^^^^^^B"'-. -, nbJiJii /^^ V o|^MBllj^mg^^^^^^MlillllllllillillllifE!9 ^ — W^^SL^^sii^^^^^^S^^^^'"''" '''^^^ii^^^^^ i^ b?-=AlH^^^SS W •^^-^— -. •. \— -.ij^^ m^ ^^^^M 1 r * 1, "> i^^^^HW^ -jiifl || ij I ^a '1 ?pl|^^^^^(^^SMf^'"^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^tf|||l III 1 :r\ 1 ^S^ JB^ „ ^ R ^^W^^ )^ 111^^^^ W Mi^^^^^ll I^^^^H ^ ^^^S |f\W-^^^^^ 38 SCIENTIFIC AMEEICAIS- ESTABLISHMENT. sional career of over thirty years, not one of our clients lias ever found his confidence in us misplaced. In carrying on our extensive Patent Business, we aim to conduct it in the most expeditious and systema- tic manner. BEANCH OFFICE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMEKICAN, WASHINGTON. We are assisted by the most experienced examiners and specification writers, many of whom have been officers in the Patent-Office. The finest mechanical draughtsmen in the country prepare our drawings. We have a large office in Washington, located at the corner of F and 7tli streets, diagonally across the street from the Patent-Office, as shown in the engrav- ing. The first building on the right is the U. S. Patent- Office ; the next on the same side is the General Post- Office ; on the left stands the Scientific American office. Our location is especially convenient for the transaction of business. We employ at Washington a corps of trained assistants, part of whom make it their exclu- sive duty to watch and assist the progress of our cases before the Patent-Office. Another division of our helpers in Washington de- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAIS" ESTABLISHMENT. 39 vote tliemselves to tlie Preliminary Examination of Inventions — a matter tliat is explained more fully on page 8. It is to tlie systematic method and abundant supply of trained helpers, personally supervised by the pro- prietors, that the long-continued prosperity and re- markable success of the Scientific American Patent Agency is due. THE TYPE BOOM. The remaining divisions of our main establishment in New-York are the type room, where we employ a corps of young women to set our types, and the edi- torial rooms (engraving, page 35), where the interesting matter that fills the pages of the Scientific Ameri- can" is prepared. The printing of The Scientific American is done in a neighboring building, where several large steam presses are kept in constant motion, day and night. INFOKMATI023^ CONCERNING PATENTS. GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. COMPILED CHIEFLY FROM THE OFFICIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROCEEDINGS IN THE PATENT-OFFICE, INCLUDING FORMS FOR ASSIGNMENTS. ETC. WIio may obtain a Patent. Any person, whether citizen or alien, being the original and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his invention or discovery. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can claim one separately ; but independent inventors of separate improvements in the same machine can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the in- vention entitle them to take out a joint patent. In case of an assignment of the whole, or of any undivid- ed interest in the invention, the patent may issue to the assignee of the whole interest, or jointly to the inventor and the assignee of the undivided interest, the assignment being first entered of record, and the application being duly made and the specification duly swbrn to by the inventor. The application must be made by the actual inventor, if alive, even if the patent is to issue or reissue to an assignee ; but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath may be made by the executor or administrator. INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 41 Form of Pelition for a Patent with power of Attorney. . To THE Commissioner op Patents: Your petitioner prays that letters-patent may be granted to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- tion ; and he hereby appoints Munn & Co., of the cities of New- York and Washington, D. C, his attorneys, with full power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this ap- plication, to make alterations and amendments therein, to receive the patent, and to transact all business in the Patent- Office connected herewith. Peter Pendent. Two or more distinct and separate inventions may not be claimed in one application ; but where several inventions are necessarily connected each with the other, they may be so claimed. The specification must be signed by the inventor, or if deceased, by his executor or administrator, and must be at- tested by two witnesses. Full names must be given, and all names, whether of applicant or witnesses, must be legibly written. The Oath of Invention. The oath of invention should follow the specification. The following is the official form : State of New- York, County of Albany, ss. : Peter Pendent, the above-named petitioner, being duly sworn, (or affirmed,) deposes and says that he verily he- lieves himself to be the original and first inventor of the im- provement in seed-drills described in the foregoing specifi- cation ; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used ; and that he is a citizen of the United States. Peter Pendent. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13 th day of March, 1876. Simon Shallow, Justice of the Peace. If the applicant be an alien, the sentence, " and that he is 42 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. a citizen of tlie United States," will be omitted, and in lieu thereof will be substituted, " and that lie is a citi- zen of the republic of Mexico," or "and that he is a subject of the King of .Italy," or "of the Queen of Great Britain," or as the case may be. If the applicants claim to be joint inventors, the oath will read, "that they verily believe themselves to be the original, first, and joint inventors," etc. The oath or affirmation may be made before any per- son within the United States authorized by law to ad- minister oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a foreign countrj', before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent, holding commission under the government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be, the oath being attested in all cases, in this and other countries, by the proper official seal of such notary. The Drawings. The rules of the Patent-Office in respect to drawings are stringent. The following rules must be observed : The paper must be thin Bristol board or thick draw- ing-paper, with a smooth or calendered surface. The outlines must be executed in deep black lines, to give distinctness to the i)rint. Pale, ashy tints must be dis- pensed with. In shading, lines of black ink should be used, and siich lines should be distinct and sharp, and not crowd- ed. Brush shadings or shadows will not be permit- ted. All colors, except black, must be avoided in the drawing, lettering, and signatures ; violet and purple inks must not be used. No agent's, attorney's, or other stamp must be placed, in whole or in part, within the margin. The Model. A MODEL is required in every case where the nature of the invention admits of such illustration. Such INFORMATION^ CONCERNING PATENTS. 43 model must clearly exhibit every feature of the ma- chine which forms the subject of a claim of inven- tion. The model must be neatly and substantially made, of durable material. It should be made as small as possible, but not in any case more than one foot in length, width, or height. If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be painted, stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but the parts should be so connect- ed as to resist the action of heat or moisture. 'TliG Official Examination. No application can be examined, nor can the case be placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is paid, the specification, with the petition and oath, filed, and the drawings and model, or specimen, filed or de- posited. All cases in the Patent-Ofl&ce are classified and taken up for examination in regular order ; those in the same class being examined and disposed of, as far as practi- cable, in the order in which the respective applications are completed. When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar importance to some branch of the public service, and when, for that reason, the head of some department of the government specially requests immediate action, the case will be taken up out of its order. These, with applications for re-issues, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a foreign patent has already been obtained, which cases have prece- dence over original applications, are the only exceptions to the rule above stated, in relation to the order of ex- amination. The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent-Office is unnecessary. The business can be done by correspondence or by attorney. The Patent-Office will not return specifications for amendment ; and in no case will any person be allowed to take any papers, drawings, models, or samples from the office. If applicants have not preserved copies of such papers as they wish to amend, the office will fur- nish them on the usual terms. 44 I]!^POEMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. Tlie final fee on issuing a patent must be paid witli- in six months after the time at which the patent was allowed, and notice thereof sent to the applicant or his agent. And if the final fee for such patent he not paid within that time, the patent will be forfeited, and the invention therein described become public property, as against the applicant therefor, unless he shall make a new application therefor within two years from the date of the original allowance. Appeals. Every applicant for a patent or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of which have been twice re- jected, and every party to an interference, may appeal from the decision of the primary examiner, or of the examiner in charge of interferences, in such case, to the board of examiners-in-chief, having once paid a fee of ten dollars. For this purpose a petition in writing must be filed, signed by the party, or his authorized agent or attorney, praying an appeial, and setting forth briefly and distinctly the reasons upon which the ap- peal is taken. All cases which have been acted on by the board of examiners-in-chief may be brought before the Com- missioner in person, upon a written request to that ef- fect, and upon the payment of the fee of twenty dol- lars required by law. A case deliberately decided by one Commissioner will not be disturbed by his succes- sor. The only remaining remedy will be by appeal, in those cases allowed by law, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. The mode of appeal from the decision of the oflSce to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, is by giving written notice thereof to the Commissioner ; said notice being accompanied by the petition address- ed to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, by the reasons of appeal, and by a certified copy of all the original papers and evidence in the case. The rea- sons of appeal must be filed within thirty days after notice of the decision appealed from. INFORMATION CONCERNING PATJENTS. 45 [Note. — Messrs. Munn & Co. liave had over thirty- years' experience in conducting appeals in patent cases.] Interferences. Aisr "interference" is an in- terlocutory proceeding for the purpose of determining which of two or more persons, each or either of whom claims to be the first inventor of a given device or combination, really made the invention first. The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a patent will not prevent an interference ; for, although the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the prior inventor, give him also a pateiit, and thus place them on an equal footing before the courts and the public. Upon the declaration of an interference, each party will be required, before any time is set for the taking of testimony, to file a statement under oath, giving the date, and a detailed history of the invention ; showing the successive experiments, steps of development, ex- tent and character of use, and forms of embodiment. Such statement shall not be open to inspection by the other party until both are filed, or until the time for filing both has expired. In default of such filing by either party, or if the statement of either fails to over- come the prima-facie case made by the respective dates of application, or if it shows that the invention has been abandoned, or that it has been in public use for more than two years prior to the application of the affiant, the other party shall be entitled to an adjudica- tion by default upon the case as it stands upon the record. 46 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. In cases of interference, parties have the same reme- dies by appeal as other applicants, to the examiners-in- chief and to the Commissioner, but no appeal lies, in such cases, from the decision of the Commissioner. Ap- peals in interference cases should be accompanied with a brief statement of the reasons thereof. In cases of interference, the party who first filed so much of his application for a patent as illustrates his invention will be deemed the first inventor in the ab- sence of all proof to the contrary. A time will be assigned in which the other party shall complete his direct testimony ; and a further time in which the ad- verse party shall complete the testimony on his side ; and a still further time in which both parties may take rebutting testimony, but shall take no other. If there are more than tvv^o parties, the times for taking testi- mony shall -be so arranged, if practicable, that each shall have a like opportunity in his turn, each being held to go forward and prove his case against those who filed their applications before him. If either party wishes the time for taking his testi- mony, or for the "hearing, postponed, he must make appli- cation for such postponement, and must show sufficient reason for it by affidavit filed before the time previous- ly appointed has elapsed, if practicable ; and must also furnish his opponent with copies of his affidavits, and with reasonable notice of the time of hearing his application. [Note. — The management of interferences is one of the most important duties in connection with Patent- Office business. Our terms for attention to interfer- ences are moderate, and dependent upon the time re- quired. Address all letters to MuNN & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York.] IXFORMATIOI^" CONCERNING PATENTS. 47 A REISSUE is granted to tlie original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of tlie entire interest, when by reason of a defective or insufficient specification the original patent is inoperative or in- valid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention ; but although the patent has been assigned, the application must be made, and the specification sworn to, by the inventor. The petition for a reissue must show that all parties owning any undivided interest in the patent concur in the surrender. A statement, under oath, of the title of the party proposing to surrender must be filed Avith the application. The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the original invention, and so described or shown that it might have been embraced in the original patent, may be the subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except each by the other ; but, when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner, that such new matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from the specifica- tion by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as afore- said. Reissued patents expire at the end of the term for which the original patent was granted. For this rea- son applications for reissue will be acted upon as soon as filed. • A patentee, in reissuing, may at his option have a separate patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention comprehended in his original patent, by pay- ing the required fee in each case, and complying with 48 INFORMATION" CONCERNING PATENTS. tlie otlier requirements of the law, as in original appli- cations. Each division of a reissue constitutes the sub- ject of a separate specification descriptive of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such division ; and the drawing may represent only such part or parts. All the divisions of a reissue Avill issue simultaneously. If there be controversy as to one, the other will be with- held from issue until the controversy is ended. In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim, if reproduced in the amended specification, is subject to re-examination, and may be revised and re- stricted in the same manner as in original applications ; but if any reissue be refused, the original patent will, upon request, be returned to the applicant. [Note. — The documents required for a reissue are a statement, petition, oath, specification, drawings. The official fee is $30. Our charge, in simple cases, is $30 for preparing and attending to the case. Total or- dinary expense, $60. By means of reissue, a patent may sometimes be divided into several separate patents. Many of the m.ost valuable patents have been several times reissued and subdivided. Where a patent is infringed, and the claims are doubtful or defective, it is common to apply for a reissue with new claims which shall specially meet the infringers. On making application for reissue, the old or origi- nal patent must be surrendered to the Patent-Office, in order that a new patent may be issued in its place. If the original patent has been lost, a certified copy of the patent must be furnished, with affidavit as to the loss. To enable us to prepare a reissue, the applicant should send to us the original patent, remit as stated, and give a clear statement of the points which he wislies to have corrected. We can then immediately proceed with the case. Address Munn & Co., 87 Park Row, New- York. We have had twenty-five years' ex- perience in obtaining reissues.] INFORMATION" CONCEENING PATENTS. 49 Assignments. A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest or any undivided part thereof, by any instru- ment of writing. No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assignment, nor need the instrument be sealed, witnessed, or acknowledged. A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the as- signee or assignees of the entire interest in any inven- tion, or to the inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only of the entire interest has been conveyed. In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an assignee, the assignment must be recorded in the Patent-OflBce at least five days before the issue of the patent, and the specification must be sworn to by the inventor. Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right must be recorded in the Patent-Office within three months from the execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without no- tice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect the assignee or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, whose assignment or grant is not then on record. The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey territorial or shop rights which are not ex- clusive. Such conveyances are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. The receipt of assignments is not generally acknow- ledged by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to the persons entitled to them. Forms of Assignments of the entire interest in an in mntion before the issue of letters-patent. In consideration of one dollar to me paid by Ephraim G. Hall, of Cleveland, Ohio, I do hereby sell and assign to said Ephraim G. Hall all my right, title. 50 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. and interest in and to a certain invention in plows, as fully set forth and described in the specification which I have prepared [if the application has been already- made, say "and filed"] preparatory to obtaining let- ters-patent of the United States therefor. And I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Pa- tents to issue the said letters-patent to the said Ephraim Q. Hall, as my assignee, for the sole use and be- hoof of the said Ephraim G. Hall and his legal repre- sentatives. Witness my hand this 16th day of February, 1876. J, F. Crossette. Of the entire interest in letters-patent. In consideration of five hundred dollars to me paid by Nathan Wilcox, of Keokuk, Iowa, I do hereby sell and assign to the said Nathan Wilcox all my right?, title, and interest in and to the letters-patent of the United States, No. 41,806, for an improvement in loco- motive head-lights, granted to me July 30th, 1864, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said Nathan Wil- cox to the full end of the term for which said letters are granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand this 10th day of June, 1876. Horace Kimball. Of an undivided interest in the letters-patent and exten- sion thereof In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by Obadiah N. Bush, of Chicago, 111., I do hereby sell and assign to the said Obadiah N. Bush one undivided fourth part of all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters-patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an improvement in cooking-stoves, granted to me May 16th, 1856 ; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said Obadiah N. Bush to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, and for the INFORMATION CONCEKNING PATENTS. 51 term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand this 7th day of January, 1876. John C. Moeeis. Exdushe territorial grant hy an assignee. In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by William H. Dinsmore, of Concord, N. H., I do here- by grant and convey to the said William H. Dinsmore the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within the State of Wisconsin, and the counties of Cook and I^ake in the State of Illinois, and in no other place or places, the improvement in corn-planters for which letters- patent of the United States, dated August 15th, 1867, were granted to Leverett R. Hull, and by said Hull assigned to me December 3d, 1867, by an assignment duly recorded in liber X^, p. 416, of the records of the Patent-Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said William H. Dinsmore as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me- if this grant had not been made. Witness my hand this 19th day of March, 1876. Abraham Moore. -sJiop right. In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm of Simpson, Jenks & Co., of Huntsville, Ala., I do hereby license and empower the said Simpson, Jenks & Co. to manufacture, at a single foundry and machine shop in said Huntsville, and in no other place or places, the improvement in cotton-seed planters for which letters-patent of the United States, No. 71,846, were granted to me November 13tli, 1868, and to sell the machines so manufactured throughout the United States, to the full end of the term for which said let- ters-patent are granted. Witness my hand this 22d day of April, 1876. Joel Norcross. 52 TABLE OP OFFICIAL FEES. Table of Official Fees. On filinjT every application for a design, for three years and six months $10 00 On filing every application for a design, for seven years 15 00 On filing every application for a design, for fourteen years 30 00 On filing every caveat 10 00 On filing every application for a patent 15 00 On issuing eacli original- patent 20 00 On filing a disclaimer 10 00 On filing every application for a reissue 30 00 On filing every application for a division of a reissue 30 00 On filing every application for an extension 50 00 On tlie grant of every extension 50 00 On filing the first appeal from a primary exami- ner to examiners-in-chief 10 00 On filing an appeal to the commissioner from examiners-in-chief 20 00 On depositing a trade-mark for registration 25 00 For every copy of a patent or other instrument, for every 100 words 10 For every certified copy of drawing, the cost of having it made For copies of papers not certified, the cost of having them made For recording every assignment of 300 words or under 1 00 For recording every assignment, if over 300 and not over 1000 words 2 00 For recording every assignment, if over 1000 words 3 00 IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAIi INVENTIONS. 53 [From the Scientific American.] FIELD FOR CHEMICAL INVENTION. Less than five per cent of all the patents issued are for chemical inventions. The first impression which this fact leaves is that the chemists are not so wide awake as the mechanics. And it seems, too, as if the chemists have the best chance, for they have the range of all the combina- tions, almost infinite in number, of all the sixty or more simple substances or elements, while the mechanic is limited in all his inventions to the use of only five mechanical ele- ments. But this course of reasoning is a little unfair for the chemist, if we wish to determine his real merit as a benefactor of mankind. Thus far the introduction of new substances has been too slow and too much the result of chance. Illuminating gas was known as a chemical product for centuries before any use of it was made ; iodine, chromine, chloroform, aniline, and a hundred other things, now com- mon, were for a very long time only rare specimens on the shelves of the chemist's curiosity-shop, before they were found to be of the greatest value to men, and we cannot have a doubt that much more of the same kind of wealth is soon to be developed. May we not reasonably expect that virtues may be discovered in things now neglected, which will directly lead to the invention of arts more wonderful and more useful than photography or electro-telegraphing ? A correspondent, writing from Buffalo, says, in speaking of the value of The Scientific American to its host of read- ers : " I would as soon think of going without supper on Thursday night as to neglect to call at the book-store for i\\e Paper of papers ; and I am proud to say that I have influenced many others to ' go and do likewise.' I have my volumes complete and nicely bound from volume five ; and should poverty ever compel me to sell my libr?-ry, my Bible and my Scientific American should remain to grace* the otherwise empty shelves." 54 PATENT LAWS OF ISVO. THE PATENT LAWS OF THE UmTED STATES OF AMERICA. PASSED JULY 8, 18TO. AN ACT to revise, consolidate, and amend the statutes re- lating to patents, and copy-rights. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America i7i Congress assembled: That there shall be attached to the Department of the In- terior the office, heretofore established, known as the Pa- tent-Office, wherein all records, books, models, drawings, specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to pa- tents shall be safely kept and preserved. OFFICERS, SALARIES, AND SURETIES. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the officers and employees of said office shall continue to be : one Commis- sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three examiners-in-chief, to be appointed by the President, and by and with the advise and consent of the Senate ; one chief clerk, one examiner in charge of interferences, twenty- two principal examiners, twenty-two first-assistant exami- ners, twenty-two second-assistant examiners, one librarian, one machinist, five clerks of class four, six clerks of class three, fifty clerks of class two, forty-five clerks of class one, PATENT LAWS OF 1870. and one messenger and purchasing clerk, all of whom shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon nomina- tion of the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 3. Aiid be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the Interior may also appoint, upon like nomination, such additional clerks of classes two and one, and of lower grades, copyists of drawings, female copyists, skilled laborers, la- borers, and watchmen, as may be from time to time appro- priated for by Congress Sec. 4. And be it furilier enacted. That the annual sala- ries of the officers and employees of the Patent-Office shall be as follows : Of the Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hun- dred dollars. Of the Assistant Commissioner, three thousand dollars. Of the examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars each. Of the chief clerk, two thousand five hundred dollars. Of the examiner in charge of interferences, two thousand five hundred dollars. Of the principal examiners, two thousand five hundred dollars each. Of the first assistant examiners, one thousand eight hun- dred dollars each. Of the second assistant examiners, one thousand six hun- dred dollars each. Of the librarian, one thousand eight hundred dollars. Of the machinist, one thousand six hundred dollars. Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred dollars each. Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred dollars each. Of the clerks of class two, one thousand four hundred dollars each. Of the clerks of class one, one thousand two hundred dol- lars each. Of the messenger and purchasing clerk, one thousand dol- lars. Of laborers and watchmen, seven hundred and twenty dollars each. Of the additional clerks, copyists of drawings, female 56 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. copyists, and skilled laborers, such rates as may be fixed by the acts making appropriations for them. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted^ That all officers and employees of the Patent-Office shall, before entering upon tlieir duties, make oath for affirmation truly and faithfully to execute the trusts committed to them. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner and chief clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall se- verally give bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United State?, the former in the sum of ten thousand dol- lars, and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, con- ditioned for the faithful discharge of their duties, and that they will render to the proper officers of the treasury a true account of all money received by virtueof their office. DUTIES OF COMMISSIONER, AND OTHERS. Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner, under the direction of the Secre- tary of the Interior, to superintend or perform all the du- ties respecting the granting and issuing of patents which herein are, or may hereafter be, by law directed to be done ; and he shall have charge of all books, records, papers, mo- dels, machines, and other things belonging to said office. Sec. 8. And be it further enacted. That the Commissioner may send and receive by mail, free of postage, letters, print- ed matter, and packages relating to the business of his of- fice, including Patent-Office reports. Sec. 9. Andbeit further enacted, That the Commissioner shall lay before Congress, in the month of January, annually, a report giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for patents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expendi- tures for contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents which were granted during the preceding yeai', designating under proper heads the subjects of such pa- tents; an alphabetical list of the patentees with their places of residence; a list of all patents which have been extended during the year ; and such other information of the condition of the Patent-Office as may be useful to Con- gress or the public. PATENT LAWS OF 1870. EXAMINERS-IN-CHIEF. Sec. 10. And he it further enacted, That the examiners- in-chief shall be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written pe- tition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the va- lidity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applica- tions for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in inter- ference cases ; and when required by the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claims for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may assign them. Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in case of the death, resignation, absence, or sickness of the Commissioner, his duties shall devolve upon the Assistant Commissioner until a successor shall be appointed, or such absence or sick- ness shall cease. Sec. 12. Aiid be it further enacted, That the Commis- sioner sliall cause a seal to be provided for said office, with such device as the President may approve, with which all records or papers issued from said office, to be used in evi- dence, shall be authenticated. Sec. 13. And he it further enacted^ That the Commis- sioner shall cause to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, the models, specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, and designs, which have been or shall be deposit- ed in said office ; and said rooms and galleries shall be kept open during suitable hours for public inspection. Sec. 14. And he it further enacted, That the Commis- sioner may restore to the respective applicants such of the models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them after the application has been finally re- jected for one year, paying the proceeds into the treasury, as other patent moneys are directed to be paid. Sec. 15. And he it further enacted, That there shall be purchased, for the use of said office, a library of such scien- tific works and periodicals, both foreign and American, as PATENT LAWS OF 1870. raay aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, not ex- ceeding the amount annually appropriated by Congress for that purpose. OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES NOT TO HOLD PATENTS. Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all officers and employees of the Patent-Office shall be incapable, during the period for which they shall hold their appointments, to ac- quire or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by said office. Sec. 17. And he it furtJier enacted, That for gross mis- conduct the Commissioner raay refuse to recognize any per- son as a patent agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but the reasons for such refusal shall be duly record- ed, and be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- sioner may require all papers filed in the Patent-Office, if not correctly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the party fihng them. Seq. 19. And be it further enacted, Tliat the Commis- sioner, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the In- terior, may from time to time c&tablish rules and regula- tions, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of pro- ceedings in the Patent Office. Sec. 20. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- sioner may print or cause to be printed copies of the speci- fications of all letters-patent, and of the drawings of the same, and copies of the claims of current issues, and copies of such laws, decisions, rules, regulations, and circulars as may be necessary for the information of the public. Sec. 21. And bait farther enacted, That all patents shall be issued in the name of the United States of America, under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior and countersigned by the Commis- sioner, and they shall be recorded, together with the speci- PATENT LAWS OF 1870. fication, in said office, in books to be kept for that pur- pose. Sec. 22. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall contain a short title or description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of tlie exclusive right to make, use, and vend the said invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories thereof, referring to the specifica- tion for the particulars thereof ; and a copy of said specfii- cations and of the drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. DATE OF PATENTS. Sec. 23. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall date as of a day not later than six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee shall not be paid within that period, the patent shall be withheld. WHAT MAY BE PATENTED. Sec. 24. And be it further enacted, That any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, ma- chine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or in any foreign country, be- fore his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to his applica- tion, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, may, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. FOREIGN INVENTIONS MAY BE PATENTED. Sec. 25. And be it furtlier enacted. That no person shall be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invalid, by rea- 60 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. son of its having been first patented or caused to be patent- ed in a foreign country ; provided the same shall not have been introduced into public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the application, and that the patent shall expire at the same time with the foreign pa- tent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term ; but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION. Sec. 26. A7id be it further enacted, That before any in- ventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery, he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the Commissioner, and shall file in the Patent-Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and pro- cess of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, con- struct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of a ma- chine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he bas contemplated applying that principle so as to distinguish it from other inventions ; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improve- ment, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery ; and said specification and claim shall be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. Sec. 27. And be it further enacted^ That when the na- ture of the case admits of drawings, the applicant shall furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, which shall be filed in the Patent-Ofiice ; and a copy of said drawings, to be furnished by the Patent-Office, shall be attached to the pa- tent as a part of the specification. COMPOSITIONS. Sec. 28, And be it farther enacted, That when the inven- PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 61 tion or discovery is of a composition of matter, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the composition, suflicient in quantity for the purpose of experiment. Sec. 29. AndheitfurtJier enacted^ That in all cases which admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish one of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or discovery. OATH OF INVENTION. Sec, 30. And he it farther enacted. That the applicant shall make oath or affirmation that he does verily believe himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improve- ment for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not tnow and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used ; and shall state of what country he is a citizen. And said oath or affirmation may be made before any per- son in the United States authorized by law to administer oaths ; or when the applicant resides in a foreign country, be- fore any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent, holding commission under the government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be. OFFICIAIi EXAMINATION. Sec. 31, And be it farilier enacted^ That on the filing of any such application and the payment of the duty required by law, the Commissioner shall cause an examination to be made of the alleged new invention or discovery ; and if on such examination it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is suffi- ciently useful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. 62 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. COMPLETION OP APPLICATION. Sec. 32. Andbe it further enacted. That all applications hv patents shall be completed and prepared for examina- 'tion within two years after the filing of the petition, and in default thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prose- cute the same within two years after any action therein, of which notice shall have been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto, un- less it be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that such delay was unavoidable RIGHTS OF ASSIGNEES. Sec, 33. And he it further enacted, That patents may be granted and issued or reissued to the assignee of the in- ventor or discoverer, the assignment thereof being first entered of record in the Patent-Office ; but in such case the application for the patent shall be made and the specifica- tion sworn to by the inventor or discoverer ; and also, if he be living, in case of an application for reissue. PATENTS AFTER DECEASE OP INYENTOR. Sec. 34. And he it further enacted^ That when any per- son, having made any new invention or discovery for which a patent might have been granted, dies before a patent is granted, the right of applying for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his executor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the deceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and conditions a3 the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime; and when the application shall be made by such legal representatives, the oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by them. LAPSED AND REJECTED CASES. Sec. 35. And he it further enacted^ That any person who 1 has an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as in- PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 03 ventor, discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was order- ed to issue upon the payment of the final fee, but Avho has I failed to make payment thereof within six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, shall have a right to make an application for a patent for such invention or dis- covery the same as in the case of an original application : Provided^ That the second application be made within two years after the allowance of the original application. But no person shall be held responsible in damages for the manufacture or use of any article or thing for which a patent, as aforesaid, was ordered^to issue, prior to the issue thereof: And provided further, That when an application for a patent has been rejected or withdrawn, prior to the pass- age of this act, the applicant shall have six months from the date of such passage to renew his application, or to file a new one ; and if he omit to do either, his application shall be held to have been abandoned. Upon the hearmg of such renewed applications abandonment shall be con- sidered as a question of fact. ASSIGNMENTS, GRANTS, AND CONVEYANCES. Sec. 36. And he it further enacted, That every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law, by an instru- ment in writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant afld convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any speci- fied part of the United States ; and said assignment, grant, or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent pur- chaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent-Office within three months from the date thereof. purchasers' rights before PATENT. Sec. 37. And he it further enacted^ That every person who may have purchased of the inventor, or with his know ledge and consent may have constructed any newly invented or discovered machine, or other patentable article, prior to the application by the inventor or discoverer for a patent, or 64 PATENT LAWS OF ISVO. sold or used one so constructed, shall have the right to use, and vend to others to be used, the specific things so made or purchased, without liability therefor. PATENTED ARTICLES TO BE STAMPED. Sec. 38, Atid be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of all patentees, and their assigns and legal represen- tatives, and of all persons making or vending any patented article for or under them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented, either by fixing thereon the word " patented," together with the day and year the patent was granted; or when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to it or to the pack- age wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label con- tainmg the like notice ; and in any suit for infringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall be re- covered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the defendant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. PENALTY FOR FALSE MARKING. Sec. 39. And he it further enacted, That if any person shall, in any manner, mark upon any thing made, used, or sold by him for which he has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitation of the name of any person who has obtained a patent therefor, without the consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in any manner mark upon or affix to any such patented article the word "patent" or " patentee," or the words "letters- patent," or any word of like import, with intent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the patentee, without having the license or consent of such patentee or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in any manner mark upon or affix to any unpatented article the word "patent," or any word importing that the same is patented, for the purpose of deceiving the public, he shall be liable for every such offense to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, with costs ; one moiety of said penalty to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the United PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 65 States, to be recovered by suit in any district court of the United States within whose jurisdiction such ofifense may have been committed. Sec. 40. And be it further enacted, That any citizen of the United States, who shall have made any new invention or discovery, and shall desire further time to mature the same, may, on payment of the duty required by law, file in the Patent-Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protec- tion of his right until he shall have matured his invention ; and such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if ap- plication shall be made within the year by any other person for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specifications, drawings, and model of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and give notice thereof, by mail, to the person filing tbe caveat, who, if he would avail himself of his caveat, shall file his description, specifications, drawings, and model within three months from the time of placing said notice in the post office in Washington, with the usual time required for trans- mitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall be indorsed on the notice. And an alien shall have the privi- lege herein granted, if he shall have resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and made oath of his intention to become a citizen. REJECTIONS. Sec. 41. And be it further enacted, That whenever, on examination, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason whatever, the Commissioner shall notify the applicant thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejections, together with such information and references as may be useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica- tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving PATENT LAWS OF 1870. such notice, the appHcant shall persist in his claim for a patent, with or without altering his specifications, the Com- missioner shall order a reexamination of the case. INTERFERENCES. Sec. 42. And be ii further enacted, That whenever an ap- plication is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would interfere with any pending applica- tion, or with any unexpired patent, he shall give notice thereof to the applicants, or applicant and patentee, as the case may be, and shall direct the primary examiner to pro- ceed to determine the question of priority of invention. And the Commissioner may issue a patent to the party who shall be adjudged the prior inventor, unless the adverse party shall appeal from the decision of the primary ex- aminer, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the Commissioner shall prescribe. AFFIDAVITS AND DEPOSITIONS. Sec. 43. And be it furtJier enacted^ That the Commis- sioner may establish rules for taking affidavits and deposi- tions required in cases pending in the Patent-Office, and such affidavits and depositions maybe taken before any offi- cer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the courts of the United States, or of the State where the officer resides. DUTY OF CLERK OF COURT. Sec. 44. And be it further enacted, That the clerk of any court of the United States, for any district or territory Avherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in the Patent-Office, shall, upon the applica- tion of any party thereto, or his agent or attorney, issue subpoena for any witness residing or being within said dis- trict or territory, commanding him to appear and testify before any officer in said district or territory authorized to take depositions and affidavits, at any time and place in the subpoena stated ; and if any witness, after being duly served with such subpoena, shall neglect or refuse to appear, or PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 67 after appearing shall refuse to testify, the judge of the court whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or punish the disobedience as in other like cases, FEES AND RIGHTS OF WITNESSES. Sec. 45. And be it further enacted, That every witness duly subpcenaed and in attendance shall be allowed the same fees as are allowed to witnesses attending the courts of the United States, but no witness shall be required to attend at any place more than forty miles from the place where the subpoena is served upon him, nor be deemed guilty of con- tempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his fees and trav«rling expenses in going to, returning from, and one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or tendered him at the time of the service of the subpoena ; nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery made or owned by himself. Sec. 46. And he it further enacted. That every applicant for a patent or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of v^hich have been twice rejected, and every party to an inter- ference, may appeal from the decision of the primary ex- aminer, or of the examiner in charge of interference, in such case to the boai-d of examiners-in chief, having once paid the fee for such appeal provided by law. Sec. 47. And be it further enacted. That if such party is dissatisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he may, on payment of the duty required by law, appeal to the Commissioner in person. Sec. 48. And be it further enacted, That if such party, except, a party to an interference, is dissatisfied Avith the de- cision of the Commissioner, he may appeal to the supreme court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. Sec. 49, And be itfartlier enacted. That when an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, the appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, and file in the Patent-Office, within such time as the Com- 68 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. missioner shall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writmg. Sec, 50. And he it further enacted^ That it shall be the duty of said court, on petition, to hear and determine such appeal, and to revise the decision appealed from in a sum- mary way, on the eyidence produced before the Commis- sioner, at such early aod convenient time as the court may appoint, notifying the Commissioner of the time and place of hearing ; and the revision shall be confined to the points set forth in the reasons of appeal. And after hearing the case, the court shall return to the Commissioner a certifi- cate of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered of record in the Patent-Office, and govern the further pro ceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the court in any such case shall preclude any person mterested from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any court wherein the same may be called in question. Sec. 51. And he it further enacted^ That on receiving notice of the time and place of hearing such appeal, the Commissioner shall notify all parties who appear to be in- terested therein, in such manner aa the court may pre- scribe. The party appealing shall lay before the court cer- tified copies of all the original papers and evidence in the case, and the Commissioner shall furnish it with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the points involved by the reasons of appeal. And at the re- quest of any party interested, or of the court, the Com- missioner and the examiners may be examined under oath, in explanation of the principles of the machine or other thing for which a patent is demanded. BILL IN EQUITY. Sec. 52. And he it further enacted, That whenever a patent on application is refused, for any reason whatever, either by the Commissioner or by the supreme court of the ^District of Columbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, the applicant may have remedy by bill in ecfuity ; and the court having cognizance thereof, on notice to adverse par- ties and other due proceedings had, may adjudge that such applicant is entitled, according to law, to receive a patent PATENT LAWS OF 1870, 69 for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent, on the application filing in the Patent-Office a copy of the ad- judication, and otherwise complying with the requisitions of law. And in all cases where there is no opposing party a copy of the bill shall be served on the Commissioner, and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the ap- plicant, wliether the final decision is in his favor or not. Sec. 53. And be it further enacted, That whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadver- tence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the sur- render of such patent and the payment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to the patentee, or, in the case of his death or assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, to his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired I^rt of the term of the original patent, the surrender of which shall take effect upon the issue of the amended patent ; and the Commissioner may, in his discretion, cause several patents to be issued for distinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each of such reissued letters-patent. And the specifications and claim in every such case shall be subject to revision and re- striction in the same manner as original applications are. And the patent so reissued, together with the corrected specification, shall have the efiect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes thereafter arising, as though the same had been originally filed in such corrected forms; but no new matter shall be introduced into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the 70 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. model or drawings be amended, except each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from the specification by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. DISCLAIMERS. Sec. 54. And be it further enacted, That whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the orijrinal or first inven- tor or discoverer, his patent shall be valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of the thing patented ; and any such patentee, his heirs, or assigns, whether of the whole or any sectional interest therein, may, on payment of the duty required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose to claim or to hold by vir- tue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent ; said disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in the Patent-Office, and it shall thereafter be considered as part of the original specification to the extent of the inter- est possessed by the claimant and by those claiming under him after the record thereof But no such disclaimer shaM affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, ex- cept so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable neglect or delay in filing it. INFRINGEMENT, SUITS FOR. Sec. 55. A7id be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, controversies, and cases arising under the patent laws of the United States shall be originally cognizable, as well in equity as at law, by the circuit courts of the United States, or any district court having the powers and juris- diction of a circuit court, or by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any teri-itory ; and the court shall have power, upon bill in equity filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions according to the course and PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 71 principles of courts of equity, to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being rctidered in any such case for an infringement, the claimant shall bo entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be account- ed for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has sustained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or cause the same to be assessed under its direction, and the court shall have the same powers to increase the same in its discretion that are given by this act to increase the dama- ges found by verdicts in actions upon the case ; but all ac- tions shall be brought during the term for -svhich the letters- patent shall be granted or extended, or within six years af- ter the expiration thereof. APPEALS TO SUPREME COURT. Sec. 56. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error or appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall lie from all judgments and decrees of any circuit court, or of any district court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any territory, in any action, suit, controversy, or case, at law or in equity, touching patent rights, in the same man- ner and under the same circumstances as in other judg- ments and decrees of such circuit courts, without regard to the sum of value in controversy. RECORD EVIDENCE. Sec. 57. And he it further enacted^ That written or print- ed copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belong- ing to the Patent-Office, and of letters-patent under the sig- nature of the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner, with the seal of office affixed, shall be competent evidence in all cases wherein the originals could be evidence, and any per son making application therefor, and paying the fee required by law, shall have certified copies thereof. And copies of the specifications and drawings of foreign letters-patent, certified in like manner, shall be prima-facie evidence of I the fact of the granting of such foreign letters-patent, and of the date and contents thereof. 72 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. INTERFERENCE EQUITY PROCEEDINGS. Sec. 58. And he it further enacted, That whenever there shall be interfering patents, any person interested in any of such interfering patents, or in the working of the inven- tion claimed under either of such patents, may have relief against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the in- terfering patent ; and the court having cognizance thereof, as herein before provided, or notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had according to the course of equi- ty, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- lar part of the United States, according to the interest of the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But no such judgment or adjudication shall affect the rights of any person except the parties to the suit and those deriving ti- tle under them subsequent to the rendition of such judg- ment. DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT. Sec. 59. And he it further enacted^ That damages for the infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on the case in any circuit court of the United States, or dis- trict court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any territory, in the name of the party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. And whenever in any such action a verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon for any sum above the amount found by the verdict as tlie actual damages sus- tained, according to the circumstances of the case, not ex- ceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together with the costs. PART INFRINGEMENT, SUIT FOR. Sec. 60. And he it farther enacted, That whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any willful default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a patentee shall have (in his specification) claimed to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of any material or PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 73 substantial part of the thing patented, of which he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer as aforesaid, every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as- signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity for the in- fringement of any part thereof which was bona fide his own, provided it shall be a material and substantial part of the thing patented, and be definitely distinguishable from the parts so claimed, without right as aforesaid, notwith- standing the specifications may embrace more than that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor or dis- coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or decree shall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs shall be recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at the Patent-Office before the commencement of the suit ; nor shall he be entitled to the benefits of this section if he shall have unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter said disclaimer. PLEADINGS IN INFRINGEMENT. Sec. 61. And be it further enacted, That in any action for infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, and, having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or more of the following special matters : First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the description and specification filed by the patentee in the Patent-Office was made to contain less than the whole truth relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is ne- cessary to produce the desired effect ; or, Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- ing the same ; or, Third. That it has been patented or described in some printed publication prior to his supposed invention or dis- covery thereof -, or, Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the thing patented ; or, 74 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. Fifth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years before his application for a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. And in notice as to proof of previous invention, know- ledge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state the names of patentees and the dates of their patents^ and when granted, and the names and residences of ths per- sons alleged to have invented or to have had the prior knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defen- ses may be pleaded i.i any suit in equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be given upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and with the like effect. PATENT NOT VOID BECAUSE KNOWN IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY. Sec. 62. And he it further enacted, That whenever it shall appear that the patentee, at the time of making his appli- cation for the patent, believed himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the same shall not be held to be void on account of the inven- tion or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in a foreign country, before his invention or dis- covery thereof, if it had not been patented, or described in a printed publication. EXTENSION OP PATENTS. Sfec. 63. And he it further enacted, That where the paten- tee of an invention or discovery, the patent for which was granted prior to the second day of March, eighteen hun- dred and sixty -one, shall desire an extension of his patent beyond the original term of its limitation, he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the commissioner, set- ting forth the reason why such extension shoijld be grant- ed ; and he shall also furnish a written statement under oath of the ascertained value of the invention or discov- ery, and of his receipts and expenditures on account there- of, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful ac- PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 75 count of the loss and profit in any manner accruing to him by reason of said invention or discovery. And said appli- cation shall be filed not more than six months nor less than ninety days before the expiration of the original term of the patent, and no extension shall be granted after the expira- tion of said original term. Sec. 64. And be it fxirtJier enacted, That upon the receipt of such application, and the payment of the duty required by law, the commissioner shall cause to be published in one newspaper in the city of Washington, and in such other papers published in the section of the country most inter- ested adversely to the extension of the patent as he may deem proper, for at least sixty days prior to the day set for hearing the case, a notice of such application, and of the time and place when and where the same will be consider- ed, that any person may appear and show cause why the extension should not be granted. Sec. 65. And he it further enacted. That on the publica- tion of such notice, the Commissioner shall refer the case to the principal examiner having charge of the class of in- ventions to which it belongs, who shall make to said Com- missioner a full report of the case, and particularly whether the invention or discovery was new and patentable when the original patent was granted. Sec. 66. And he it further enacted. That the Commission- er shall, at the time and place designated in the published notice, hear and decide upon the evidence produced, both for and against the extension ; and if it shall appear to his satisfaction that the patentee, without neglect or fault on his part, has failed to obtain from the use and sale of his invention or discovery a reasonable remuneration for the time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon it, and the in- troduction of it into use, and that it is just and proper, hav- ing due regard to the public interest, that the term of the patent should be extended, the said Commissioner shall make a certificate thereon, renewing and extending the said patent for the term of seven years from the expiration of the first term, which certificate shall be recorded in the Patent-Office, and thereupon the said patent shall have the 76 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. same effect in law as though it had been originally granted for twenty-one years. Sec. 67. And he it further enacted^ That the benefit of the extension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and gran- tees of the right to use the thing patented to the extent of their interest therein. OFFICIAL FEES. Sec. 68. And he it further enacted^ That the following shall be the rates for patent fees : On filing each original application for a patent, fifteen dollars. On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. On filing each caveat, ten dollars. On every application for the reissue of a patent, thirty dollars. On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollars. On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- lars. On an appeal for the first time ffora the primary exami- ners to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- missioner, twenty dollars. For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten cents per hundred words. For recording every assignment, agreement, power ot at- torney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, one dollar ; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars, of over one thousand words, three dollars. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. Sec. 69. And he it farther enacted, That patent fees may be paid to the Commissioner, or to the treasurer, or any of the assistant treasurers of the United States, or to any of the designated depositaries, national banks, or receivers of pub- lic money, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose, who shall give the depositor a receipt or cer- PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 77 tificate of deposit therefor. And all money received at the Patent-Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatev- er, shall be paid into the treasury as received, without any deduction whatever ; and all disbursements for said office shall be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior De- partment. MONEY PAID BY MISTAKE RETURNED. Sec. 70. And he it further enacted, That the treasurer of the United States is authorized to pay back any sum or sums of money to any person who shall have paid the same into the treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the treasurer, as for fees accruing at the Patent-Office through mistake, certificate thereof being made to said treasurer by the Commissioners of Patents. DESIGN PATENTS. Sec. 71. And he it farther enacted^ That any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invent- ed or produced any new and original design for a manufac- ture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configura- tion of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publica- tion, may, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. Sec. 72. And he it further enacted. That the Commis- sioner may dispense with models of designs when the de- sign can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photo- graphs. Sec. 73. And he it further enacted. That patents for de- signs may be granted for the term of three years and six months, or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the ap- plicant may, in his application, elect. 78 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. Sec. 74 And he it further enacted, That patentees of de- signs issued prior to March two, eighteen hundred and sixty-one shall be entitled to extension of their respective patents for the term of seven years, in the same manner and under the same restrictions as are provided for the ex- tension of patents for inventions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty- one. Sec. 75. And be if further enacted, That the following shall be the rates of fees in design cases : For three years and six months, ten dollars. For seven years, fifteen dollars. For fourteen years, thirty dollars. For all other cases in which fees are required, the same rates as in cases of inventions or discoveries. Sec. 76. And be it further enacted, That all the regula- tions and provisions which apply to the obtaining or pro- tection of patents for inventions or discoveries, not incon- sistent with the provisions of this act, shall apply to patents for designs. TRADE-MARKS. Ssc. 77. And he it further enacted, That any person or firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by the authority of the United States, or of any State or territory thereof, and any person, firm, or corpo- ration resident of or located in any foreign country which by treaty or convention affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or Avho intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by com- plying with the follovving requirements, to wit: First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent-Office the names of the parties and their residences and place of busi- ness, who desire the protection of the trade-mark. Second. The class of merchandise and the particular de- scription of goods comprised in such class, by which the trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated. Third. A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac- PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 79 similes thereof, and the mode in which it has been or is in- tended to be applied or used. Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the trade-mark has been used. Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required for patents. Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of the person, or of some member of the firm or officer of the corporation, to the effect that the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical form or having such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and that the description and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. DURATION OF TRADE-MARKS. Sec. 78. And be it further enacted^ That such trade-mark shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such registration, except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed for and applied to articles not manufactured in this country and in which it receives protection under the laws of any foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to have any force in this country by vir- tue of this act at the same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere ; and during the period that it remains in force it shall entitle the person, firm, or corporation registering the same to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards the description of goods to which it is appropriated in the statement filed under oath as aforesaid, and no other per- son shall lawfully use the same trade-mark, or substantially the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, upon substantially the same description of goods : Provided, That six months prior to the expiration of said term of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents, and the fee for such renewal 80 PATENT LAWS OF ISVO. shall be the same as for the original registration ; certifi cate of such renewal shall be issued in the same manner as for the original registration, and such trade-mark shall re- main in force for a further term of thirty years : And pro- vided further, That nothing in this section shall be con- strued by any court as abridging or in any manner affecting unfavorably the claim of any person, firm, corporation, or company to any trade-mark after the expiration of the term for which such trade-mark was registered. DAMAGES rOR IMITATING TRADE-MARKS. Sec. TQ. And he it further enacted^ That any person or corporation who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imi- tate any such recorded trade-mark, and affix the same to goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be li- able to an action in the case for damages for such wrongful use of said trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof, in any court of competent jurisdiction in the United States, and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such wrongful use. The Commissioner of Patents shall not re- ceive and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and can not become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when used by other persons, or which is identical with the trade-mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise and belonging to a different owner, and already registered or received for registration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public: Provided^ That this section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade-mark rightfully used at the time of the passage of this act. REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS. Sec. 80. And he it further enacted^ That the time of the receipt of any trade-mark at the Patent-Office for registra- PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 81 tion shall be noted and recorded, and copies of the trade- mark and of the date of the receipt thereof, and of the state- ment filed therew^ith, under the seal of the Patent-Office, certified by the Commissioner, shall be evidence in any suit in which such trade-mark shall be brought in controversy. TRANSFER OF TRADE- MARKS. Sec. 81. And he it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and pre- scribe forms for the transfer of the right to the use of such trade-marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the re- quirements of law respecting the transfer and transmission of copy-rights. FRAUDULENT TRADE-MARKS. Sec. 82. And he itfurtJier enacted, That any person who shall procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of him- self as the owner thereof, or an entry respecting a trade- mark in the Patent-Office under this act, by making any false or fraudulent representations or declarations, verbally or in writing, or by any fraudulent means, shall be liable to pay damages in consequence of any such registry or entry to the person injured thereby, to be recovered in an action on the case before any court of competent jurisdiction within the United States. Sec. 83. And he it further enacted, That nothing in this act shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity, which any party aggrieved by any wrong- ful use of any trade-mark might have had if this act had not been passed. Sec. 84. And he it further enacted. That no action shall be maintained under the provisions of this act by any per- son claiming the exclusive right to any trade-mark which is used or claimed in any unlawful business, or upon any ar- t'cle which is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been fraudulently obtained, or which has been formed and used with the design of deceiving tha public in the purchase or use of any article of merchandise. PATENT LAWS OF 1870. REPEALING CLAUSE AND SCHEDULE. Sec. 111. And be it further enacted^ That the acts and parts of acts set forth in the schedule of acts cited, hereto aanexed, are hereby repealed, without reviving any acts or parts of acts repealed by any of said acts, or by any clause or provision therein : Provided^ however, That the repeal hereby enacted shall not affect, impair, or take 'away any right existing under any of said laws ; but all actions and causes of action, both in law and in equity, which have arisen under any of said laws may be commenced and pro- secuted ; and, if already commenced, may be prosecuted to final judgment and execution, in the same manner as though this act had not been passed, excepting that the remedial provisions of this act shall be applicable to all suits and proceedings hereafter commenced: And provided also, That all applications for patents pending at the time of the passage of this act, in cases where the duty has been paid, shall be proceeded with and acted on in the same manner as though filed after the passage thereof : And provided fur- ther, That all offenses which are defined and punishable under any of said acts, and all penalties and forfeitures created thereby, and incurred before this act takes effect, may be prosecuted, sued for, and recovered, and such of- fenses punished according to the provisions of said acts, which are continued in force for such purpose. Schedule of statutes cited and repealed^ as printed in the Sta- iutes at Large, including such portions only of the appro- priation bills referred to as are applicable to the Fatent- PATENTS. Act of July 4, 1836, chapter 357, volume 5, page 117. March 3, 1837, chapter 45, volume 5, page 191. March 3, 1839, chapter 88, volume 5, page 353. August 29, 1842, chapter 263, volume 5, page 543. August 6, 1846, chapter 90, volume 9, page 59. May 27, 1848, chapter 47, volume 9, page 231. March 3, 1849, chapter 108, volume 9, page 395. March 3, 1851, chapter 32, volume 9, page 617. August 30, 1852, chapter 107, volume 10, page 75. August 31, 1852, chapter 108, volume 10, page 76. March 3, 1853, chapter 97, volume 10, page 209. April 22, 1854, chapter 52, volume 10, page 276. March 3, 1855, chapter 175, volume 10, page 643. August 18, 1856, chapter 129, volume 11, page 81. March 3, 1859, chapter 80, volume 11, page 410. February 18, 1861, chapter 37, volume 12, page 130. March 2, 1861, chapter 88, volume 12, page 246. March 3, 1863, chapter 102, volume 12, page 796. June 25, 1864, chapter 159, volume 13, page 194. March 3, 1865, chapter 112, volume 13, page 533. June 27, 1866, chapter 143, volume 14, page 76. March 29, 1867, chapter 17, volume 15, page 10. July 20, 1868, chapter 177, volume 15, page 119. July 23, 1868, chapter 227, volume 15, page 168. March 3, 1869, chapter 121, volume 15, page 293. Ocean waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, at which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute. Nearly all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of heat F. Meltkd snow produces from ^ to :^ of its bulk in water. EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. Fahrenheit. Deg. Cast-iron melts 2786 Gold " 2016 Copper " 1996 Brass " 1900 Silver " 1873 •Red heat visible by day, . . 1077 Iron red hot in twilight, . . . 8S4 Common fire, 790 Zinc melts 773 Iron, bright red in dark,. . . 752 Mercury boils 630 Lead melts 612 Linseed oil boils 600 Fahrenheit Deg. Cadmium 450 Tin melts 442 Tin and bismuth, equal parts, melts 283 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, lead 2 parts, melt 212 Sodium 190 Alcohol boils 174 Potassium 136 Ether " 98 Human blood, (heat of,). . . 98 Strong wines freeze 20 Brandy freezes 7 Bismuth melts 497 | Mercury freezes — 39i 84 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- served, so that you can distinguish between the different kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the water is kept in casks Avhich are chan-ed on the inside. Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their color, and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being the mineral portion of the bone. Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition of a gas of Avhicli it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — Hooker. SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. Various devices supposed to have advan- tages over the common crank, have been in- vented. Our diagram shows one of these forms, which has been re-invented many times, by different inventors. A grooved Avheel is employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting rod of a piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the wheel. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 85 PKACTICAIi GEOMETRY. A KNOWLEDGE of geometry, both practical and theoretical, IS of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- ple and generally useful problems for practice, in the hope of thus interesting some of our readers in the subject, so that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- metry can be had at the book-stores. ^, ^ >14 Problem 1. — To divide a line into equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- dicular to another : With a pair of di- viders from the extremities of the line A B as centres, with any distance ex- ceeding the point where the line is to be intersected, describe arcs cutting each other as m w / then a line drawn through m n will divide the line A B equally, and will also be perpendicular thereto. Problem 2. — To find the side of a square that shall be any number of times the area of a given square : Let A B C D be the given square ; then will the diagonal B D be the side of a square A E F G, double in area to the given square A B C D ; the di- agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four times the area of the square A B C D, etc. K L 1 / G 1 -. // D H E B A. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. be the radius of i Problem 3. — ^To find the diameter of a circle that shall be any number of times the area of a given circle : Let A B C D be the given circle; draw the two diameters A B and C D at right angles to each other, and the cord A D will be the radius of the circle o P, twice the area of the given circle nearly ; and half the cord will , circle that will contain half the area, etc. Problem 4. — To describe an ellipsis, the transverse and conjugate diameters be- ing given : From o, as centre, with the difference of the transverse and con- jugate semi-diameters, set off* o c and o d ; draw the diagonal c c?, and continue the line o c to A:, by the addition of half the diagonal c ^ tons. Lbs. 29.6 3. 12.9 10.6 2.6 20.6 10.6 2. 118.1 Lbs. 17.5 5.3 17. 9.2 2.1 25.8 27 16. 129.5 2.4 Lbs. 47.1 8.2 29.9 19.7 7.1 46.3 13.3 3.6 247.8 Lbs. 38.2 12. 44.5 7.1 .6 15.1 9.2 4.1 78.2 Soda.. Magnesia Oxide of Iron... Phosphoric Acid. Sulphuric Acid.. Chlorine Silica Alumina Total... .... 210.00 213.00 423.00 209.00 SOUND Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases when about 8000 vibrations per second are reached. The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. Sound travels at the rate of 1100 feet per second in a still atmospliere. The distance in feet between an observer and the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by multiplying 1100 by the number of seconds that elapse after the flash is seen until the sound is heard. A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS FRANCAIS. Les inventeurs fran^ais non familiers avec la langue an- glaise et qui pi'efereraient nous communiquer leurs inven- tions en frann. ...16,284 25,237 Cook 349,979 Crawford.. 13,889 Cumberl'd . 12,223 DeKalb... 23,265 De Witt... 14,768 Douglas... 13,484 Adams . . . .10,382 ... .43,494 Barlholw .21,133 Benton.... 6,616 Blackford . 6,272 Boone 22,593 Brown.... 8,681 Carroll.... 16, 152 . . . .24,193 Clarke . . . .24,770 Clay 19,084 Clinton 17,330 . 9,851 Lincoln. . . Lowndes . Lumpkin . Macon . . . Madison.. Marion... Mcintosh . Davies Dearb .16,7^ 24,116 I^eKalb... 17,167 .19,030 Dubois 12,537 Henry J0,102 Merriwefr.13,756 Quitman . . 4,160 Houston . . .20,406 MiUer 3,091 Rabun .... 3,266 Irwin 1,837 Milton 4,284 Randolph . .10,561 Jackson ...11,181 Mitchell ..6,633 Richmond .25,137 Jasper ....10,439 Monroe. .. .17,213 Schley 6,129 Jefferson ..12,192 Montgom'y. 3,586 Scriver 9,175 Johnson ... 2,964 Morgan .. .10,696 Spaulding.. 10,205 Jones 9,436 Murray . . . 6,500 Stewart . . .14,204 Laurens . . . 7,834 Muscogee. .16,663 Sumter 16,559 Lee 9,567 Newton .. .14,615 Talbot 11,913 Liberty ...18,912 Oglethorpe.11,782 Taliaferro. 4,796 " • ' 6,413 Paulding . . 7,639 Tatnall. . . . 4,860 8,321 Pickens . . . 6,317 Taylor 7,143 5,161 Pierce 2,778 Telfair 3,245 11,458 Pike 10,905 Terrell .... 9,063 ' 5,227 Polk 7,822 Thomas. ..17,168 " 8,000 Pulaski .. 11,940 Towns .... 2,780 .4.485 Putnam... 10,461 Total ILLINOIS. Are^, 55,405 square miles, Du Page ..16,085 Jo Daviess. 27,810 Mason 16,184 Edgar . . . .21,450 Johnson . . .11,248 Massac. . . . 9,581 Edwards .. 7,565 Kane 39,091 Menard .. .11,735 Effingham.. 15,653 Kankakee .24,352 Mercer. .. .18,769 Fayette . . .19,338 Kendall . . .12,399 Monroe . . .12,892 Ford 9,103 Knox 39,523 Montgom'y.25,316 Franklin . . 12,652 Lake 21,014 Morgan . . .28,463 Fulton 38,292 La Salle . . .60,792 Moultrie . . 10,386 Gallatin ... 1 1 ,134 Lawrence. . 12,533 Ogle 27,493 Green 20,277 Lee 27,171 Peoria 47,540 Grundy ...14,938 Livingston .31,472 Perry 13,723 Hamilton.. 13,014 Logan 23,052 Piatt 10,953 Hancock . .34,461 McDono'h .26,511 Pike 30,768 Hardin.... 6,113 McHenry. .23,762 Pope 11,437 Henderson . 12,582 McLean .. .53,988 Pulaski ... 8,752 Henry 35,607 Macon . . . .20,622 Putnam . . .66,280 Iroquois . . .26,782 Macoupin . . 32,729 Randolph . .20,859 Jackson . . .19,634 Madison . . .44,131 Richland . .12,803 Ja.sper ....11,234 Marion. .. .20,622 Rock Island 29,783 Jefferson . .17,864 MarshaU . .16,966 St. Clair. . .51,069 Jersey 15,054 Total INDIANA.— Area, 33,809 square miles. Elkhart . . .26,026 Jefter.«on . .29,741 Noble 20,389 Fayette ...10,476 Jennings . .16,218 Ohio 6,837 Floyd 23,300 Johnson . . .18,366 Orange. . . .13,497 Fountain ..16,389 Knox 21,659 Owen 16,137 Franklin . .20,223 Kosciusko .23,631 Parke 18,166 Fulton ....12,726 La Grange. 14,148 Perry 14,801 Gibson.... 17,371 Lake 12,339 Pike 13,779 Grant 18,487 La Porte . .27,062 Porter . . . .13,942 Green 19,514 Lawrence. . 14,628 Posey 19,185 Hamilton . .20,882 Madison . . .22,770 Pulaski. . . . 7,802 Hancock... 15,123 Marion. .. .65,245 Puliiam .. .21,514 Harrison . .19,913 Marshall . .20,211 Randolph. .22,862 Hendricks .20,277 Martin .... 1 1 , 1 03 Ripley 20,977 Henry 22,986 Miami 21,052 Rii.sh 17,626 Howard . . . 15,847 Monroe. . . .14,168 St. Joseph .25,322 Huntington 19,036 Monfgomy.23,765 Scott 7,873 Jackson . . . 18,974 Morgan . . . 17,528 Shelby 21,892 "" .5,829 Spencer... 17,998 Upson 9,43^ Walker . . . 9,92, Walton. ...11,031 Ware 2,286 Warren ...10,645 Washing'n. 15,641 Wayne.... 2,177 Webster... 4,677 White 4,606 Whitfield.. 10,117 Wilcox.... 2,439 11,796 Wilkinsc Worth . . 1,194,089 Saline 12,714 Sangamon .46,354 Schuyler ..17,419 Scott 10,530 Shelby.... 25,476 Stark 10,751 Stephenson Tazewell.. 27,903 Union 16,618 Vermilion.. 30,388 Wabash.... 8,841 Warren ...23,174 Washing-n. 17,699 Wayne.... 19,768 White 16,846 Whiteside .27,506 43,013 Williai m 17,3J 29,301 Woodford . 18,956 2,639,638 Stark ... Steuben ,„. Sullivan... 18,463 Switzerlandl2,134 Tipjiecanoe 33,515 Tipton 11,963 6,341 inderb'g 13,146 Vermilion .10,840 Vigo 33,649 Wabash . . .21,305 Warren ...10,204 Warwi( Washing .. .., AVayne.... 34,048 Veils . . .13,61 % 15,000 OWA.— Area. 50,914 square miles. ne 14,676 mer . . . 12,528 Buchanan .17,034 Buena Vista.1,586 Butler 9,951 Calhosn... 1,602 Carroll .... 2,451 , CerroGor' 1 Cherokee . ; Chicka.saw I Clarke... i Clay Clayton . . Clinton. . . Crawford. Dallas Davis .... Decatur . . Delaware . Des Moine Dickinson !8,969 Humboldt . 2,596 '. 1,967 Fayette ...16, 10,180 Floyd ... ■" 8,735 Franklin 1,523 Fremont. Madison... 16,864 ,292 Ida 226 Mahaska . . 2,508 Marion.... 4,434 35,357 Grundy . . 2,530 Guthrie . 12,019 Hamilton ' Johns 1 Jonei ..22,620 1 .22,116 ] .17,839 ] .19,731 . 7,utji Keokuk ...19,434 . 6,065 Kossuth . . . 3,351 . 999 Lee 37,210 .13,686 Lynn 28.785 . 8,931 Louisa 12,869 .21,460 Luca.s 10,288 . 6,282 Lvon 21 Plymouth.. 2,199 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill Porahontas. 1,446 Sac 1,411 Tama 16,131 Warren .. .17,982 WiDneshiek23,570 Polk. .. 27,857 Scott 33,699 Taylor 6,989 Washingfn 18,952 Woodbury. 6,252 Pottawafe 16,893 Shelby 2,540 Uflion 5,986 Wayne ... .11,287 Worth .... 2,892 Poweshiek. 15,581 Sioux 576 Van Buren.17,672 Webster. . .10,484 Wright ... .2,392 Ringgold .5,692 Story 11,651 Wapello .. .22,346 Winnebago 1.562 Total. .1,191,802 KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 square miles. Allen 7,023 Crawford. . 8,160 JefTerson.. .12,526 Nemeha ... 7,339 Rush Anderson .. 5,220 Davis 3,993 Jewell 207 Ness 2 Russell 156 Atchison... 15,507 Dicltinson. . 3,043 Johnson. .. .13,684 Neosho 10,206 Saline 4,246 Barb'rfw.Carley Doniphan. .13,969 Kiowa Norton Sedgwick.. 1,522 Burton.... 2 Douglas .. .20,604 Labette. ... 9,973 Osage 7,648 Shawnee . .13,121 Bourbon... 15,076 Ellis 1,336 Leavenw"rh32,444 Osborne... 33 Smith 66 Brown 6,824 Ellsworth. . 1,185 Lincoln.... 516 Ottawa. ... 2,127 StafTord Butler 3,035 Ford Linn 12,174 Pawnee... 179 Sumner Chase 1,975 Franklin.. .10,385 Lyon 8,024 Phillips Trego 166 Cherokee . .11,038 Graham Marion 768 Pottawafe. 7,848 W.baunsee 3,362 Clarke Greenwood. 3,484 Marshall. . . 6,901 Pratt Wallace ... 538 Clay 2,942 Gove McPherson. 738 Reno Washingfn 4,081 Cloud 2,323 Harp'r (w. Carley Miami ... .11,725 Republic... 1,281 WUson 6,694 Coffee 6,201 Hodgeman Mitchell... 485 Rice 5 Woodson .. 3,827 Comanche Howard ... .2,794 Moutgom'y. 7,564 Riley 5,105 Wyandot . .10,019 Carley et al 1,175 Jackson. ... 6.053 Morris .... 2,225 Rorke Total. .. .362,872 KENTUCKY.— Area. 37,680 square miles. Adair 11,065 Clay 8,297 Harrison . .12,993 Madison . . .19,543 Pike 9,562 Allen 10,296 Clinton 6,497 Hart 13,687 Magoffin.. . 4,684 Powell 2,599 Anderson.. 5,449 Crittenden. 9,381 Henderson. 18,457 Marion 12,838 Pulaski .. .17,670 Ballard 12,576 Cumberld. 7,690 Henry 11,066 Marshall .. 9,455 Robertson .53,099 Barren 17,780 Daviess 20,714 Hickman .. 8,453 Mason 18,126 Rock Castle 7,145 Bath 10,145 Edmondson 4,459 Hopkins .. .13,827 McCracken 13,988 Rowan 2,991 Boone 10,696 Elliott 4,433 Jackson. ... 4,547 McLean ... 7,614 Russell 5,809 Bourbon... 14,863 Estill 9,198 Jefferson .118,953 Meade 9,485 Scott 11,607 Boyd 8,573 Fayette 20,656 Jessamine . 8,638 Menifee ... 1,986 Shelby 15,733 Boyle 9,515 Fleming . . .13,398 John Bell . . 3,731 Mercer. . . .13,144 Simpson. . . 9,573 Bracken . . .11,409 Floyd 7,877 Johnson . . . 7,494 Metcalf. . . . 7,934 Spencer . . . 5,S56 Breathitt .. 6,672 Franklin.. .15,300 Kenton 36,096 Monroe 9,231 Taylor 8.226 Breckin'ge. 13,440 Fulton 6,161 Knox 8,294 Montgom'y. 7,557 Todd 12^612 Bullit 7,781 Gallatin ... 6,074 La Rue 8,235 Morgan. ... 6,975 Trigg 13,686 Butler 9,404 Garrard .. .10,376 Laurel 6,016 Muhlenb'g. 12,638 Trimble ... 5,577 Caldwell... 10,826 Grant 9,529 Lawrence . 8,497 Nelson 14,804 Union 13,640 Calloway .. 9,400 Graves .. ..19,398 Lee 3,055 Nicholas.. . 9,129 Warren .. .21,742 Campbell.. 27,406 Grayson .. .11,580 Letcher 4,608 Ohio.. 15,561 Washing'n. 12,464 Carrol] 6,189 Greene 9,379 Lewis 9,115 Oldham 9,027 Wayne 10,602 Carter 7,509 Greenup.. .11,463 Lincoln. .. .10,947 Owen 14,309 Webster. .10,937 Casey 8,884 Hancock.. . 6,591 Livingston . 8,200 Owsley 3,889 Whiteley .. 8,278 Christian . .23,227 Hardin ... .15,705 Logan 20,429 Pendleton .14,030 Wolfe 3,603 Clark. 10,882 Harlan .... 4,415 Lyon 6,233 Perry 4,274 Woodford . 8,240 Total 1,321,001 liOUISIANA.— Area, 41,255 sauare miles. Ascension. .11,577 Carroll. .. .10,110 Jackson ... 7,646 Plaqueminel0,553 S. Martin's. 9,370 Assumption 13,234 Catahoula . 8,475 Jafferson . .17,767 Pt. Coupee. 12,981 St. Mary's. 13,860 .\voyelles.. 12,926 Claiborne. .20,240 Lafayette .. 10,388 Rapides .. .18,015 St. Tamm'y 5 586 B.Roug.E. 17,817 Concordia . 9,977 Lafourche .14,719 Richland .. 6,110 Tangipaho 7 928 B.Roug.W 5,114 De Soto ...14,962 Livingston . 4,026 Sabine 6,456 Tensas. .12,421 Bienville . .10,636 Felici"na,E. 13,499 Madison 8. Bernard. 3,553 Ter.Bonne 12 451 Bossier. ...12,675 Felici'na,W10,498 Moorehouse 9,387 St. Charles. 4,867 Union 11,685 Caddo 21,714 Franklin .. 5,C78 Natchitoch' 18,265 St. Helena. 5,423 Vermilion 4,528 Calcasieu.. 6,733 Grant 4,517 Opelousas St. James. .10,153 Washing'n 3,330 CaldweU... 4,820 Iberia ....9,042 Orleans . .191,425 S.J.theB'p Winn 4,955 Cameron .. 1,591 Iberville. . .12,347 Ouachita . .11,552 S. Laund'y.24,646 Total .. .732,731 MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. Androsc'n .35,885 Hancock. . .36,470 Lincoln 25,597 Piscataquis 14,403 Waldo 34,535 Aroostook .29,609 Kennebec. .53,206 Oxford 33,488 Sagadahoc .18,803 Washing'n 43 343 Oumberl'd. 82,020 Knox 30,822 Penobscot .74,691 Somerset . .34,611 York 60 174 Franklin . .18,807 Total : 626,463 MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square miles. Alleghany .38,536 CarroU ... .28,619 Harford .. .22,606 Pr. George.21,138 Talbot 16,137 A. Arundel.24,4S7 Cecil 25,874 Howard . . .14,150 Qu'n Anne. 16,083 Washing'n 34,712 EaWmore.330,741 Charles. .. .15,738 Kent 17,102 St. Mary's 14,944 Wicomico 15 802 Calvert 9,865 Dorchester. 19,458 Montgom'y.20,563 Somerset 18,190 Worcester 16 419 Caroline. ..12,101 Frederick .47,572 Total 780,806 MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, 7,800 square miles Barnstable. 32,774 Dukes 3,787 Hampden. .78,409 Nantucket 4,123 Suffolk 270,802 Berkshire .64,827 Essex 200,843 Hampshire.44,388 Norfolk .. .S'',443 Worcester 192,716 Bristol ...102,888 Franklin . .32,635 Middle.ex.274,353 Plymouth. .65,365 Total 1,457,351 112 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. MICHIGAN.— Area, 66,243 square miles. Alcona 636 Crawford Kalamazoo. 32,064 Menominee. 1,892 Ostego Allegan.... 32,1 OS Delta 2,441 Kalcosco . . 424 Michil'nac Ottawa. .. .26,661 Alpena 2,76G Eaton 26,171 Kent 60,403 Midland ... 3,285 Presq. Isle. 365 Antrim 1,985 Emmet 1,211 Keweenaw. 4,205 Missaukee. 130 Roscommon Barry 22,199 Genesee .. .33,900 Lake 648 Monroe. .. .27,483 Saginaw. . .39,097 Bay 16,900 Gladwin Lapeer ... .21,345 Montcalm .. 13,629 St. Clair . .36,661 Benzie.... 2,184 G'd Trave'e 4,443 Leelenaw. . 4,816 Montmor'y Sanilac ... .14,662 Berrien ...35,104 Gratiot. .. .11,810 Lenawee . .46,596 Muskegon 14,894 Schoolcraft .. Branch.... 26,226 Hillsdale . .31,684 Livingston 19,336 Newaygo. . 7,298 Shiawassee 20 Calhoun... 36,669 Houghton. 13,879 Mackinaw . 1,716 Nicosta St. Jo.seph .26,_. , Cass 21,094 Huron 9,049 Macomb .. .27,616 Oakland .. .40,867 Tuscola .. .13,714 Charlevoix. 1,724 Ingham .. .26,259 Manitou . . . 891 Oceana. ... 7,222 Van Buren.28,828 Cheboygan. 2,196 Ionia 27,681 Manistee .. 6,074 Ogemaw... 12 Washtenaw41 ,434 r,^, , ^o„ j^gj.g gjgg Marquette. 15,033 Ontonagon. 2,846 Wayne.. .119,039 Isabell .... 4,113 Ma.son 3,273 Osceola. ... 2,093 Wessford. . 650 Clinton 22,846 J«ck«on .. .36.047 Mecosta ... 6,642 Oscoda.... 70 Total . .1,184,296 MINNESOTA.— Area, 95,274 square miles. Aitken 18 Cottonwood. 634 Kennebec. 93 Otter Tail Sibley 6, ■ ■ 3,940 Crow Wing 200 Lake 135 Pembina.. 64 Stearns 14,206 308 Dakota L. qui Pari. 145 Pierce Steele 8. " 80 Dodge 8,698 Le Sueur. .11,607 Pine 648 Sterens ; 1,658 Douglasetal 4579 McLeod .. .51,643 Pipe Stone Todd 24 Faribault.. 9,390 Manomin Polk Toombs 17,302 Fillmore... 24,887 Martin 13,867 Pope et al. . 2,878 Traverse.. .. Freeborn.. 10,683 Meeker. ... 6,090 Hamsey ,. .23,081 Wabasha w. 16,859 .22,618 Mille Lac. 1,109 Redwood .. 1,829 Wadina . . . 6 Grant Monongalia 3,161 Renville Waseca ... 7,864 286 Hennepin.. 31,666 Morrison .. 1 ,899 Rice IG.PSS Washing'n. 11,810 Carver.... 11,687 Houston .. .11,661 Mower ... .10,447 Rock 2,138 Watonwan. 2,426 Cass IM Isanti Murray.... 209 St. Louis . .11,561 Wilkin 295 Chippewa. . 1.41:7 Itasca 178 Nicollet .... 8362 Scott 11,042 Winona .. .2a,318 Chisago ... 4,358 Jackson ... 1,825 Noble 117 Sherburne. 2,050 Wright. ... 9,467 Clay 92 Kandiyohi . 1.760 Olmsted .. .19,793 Total 436,611 MISSISSIPPI.— Area, 47,156 square miles. Adams 14,774 Covington . 4,753 Jefferson . .13,848 Monroe. .. .22,632 Smith 7,126 Alcorn 10,431 De Soto Jones 3,313 Neshoba Sunflower Amite Franklin .. 7.498 Kemper Newton ... 9,807 Tallahafe . 7,852 Attala Greene 2,038 Lafayette Noxubee . .20,906 Tippah 20,727 Bolivar.... 9,732 Grenada. . .10,671 Lauderdale 13,462 Oktibbeha Tishemingo Calhoun . . . 10,661 Hancock . . 4,239 Lawrence. . 6,720 Panola 12,412 Tunica . . . : 6,358 CarroU....21,047 Harrison .. 5,795 Leake Perry 2,694 Warren .. .26,765 Chickasaw. 19,899 Hinds 26,798 Lee 16,966 Pike 11,303 Washingn. 14,669 Choctaw Holmes 19,370 Lincoln 10,184 Pontotoc Wayne 4,206 Claiborne. .13,386 Issaquena. . 6,aS7 Lowndes . .30,602 Prentiss ... 9,347 Wilkinson Clark 7,606 Itawamba . 7,812 Madison.. .20,948 Rankin. . ..12,977 Winston ... 8,984 Coahoma . . 7,144 Jackson . . . 4,362 Marion. . . . 4,211 Scott 7,848 Yalabusha. 13, Copiah 20,608 Jasper ... .10,884 Marshall . .29,416 Simpson ... 6,718 Yazoo Total 627,117 MISSOURI —Area, €7,380 square miles. i9 Clay 15,664 Iron 6,278 Montgom'y. 10,406 St. Clair.. . 6,742 Andrew ...15,137 Clinton. .. .14,003 Jackson .. .55,041 Morgan ... 8,434 St. Francois 9,741 .Mchison... 8,440 Cole 10,292 Jasper ... .14,929 N. Madrid. 11,339 Ste. Gen've 8,384 Audrain . . .12,307 \Cooper . . . .20,692 Jefferson . .15,380 Newton . . .12,821 St. Louis .351,189 Barry 10,373 Crawford .. 7,982 Johnson .. .24,649 Nodaway. .14,751 Saline 21,672 " ■ ...6,087 Dade 8,683 Knox 10,974 Oregon .... 3,287 Schuyler .. 7,987 ...15,960 Dallas 8,383 Laclede ... 9,380 Osage 10,793 Scotland.. .10,676 ..11,322 Daviess... 14.410 Lafayette. .22,623 Ozark 3,363 Scott 7,3r ..8,162 DeKalb... 9,858 Lawrence.. 13,067 Pemiscot .. 2,059 Shannon ... 2,331 Boone 20,765 Dent 6,357 Lewis 16,114 Perry 9,877 Shelby ... .10,119 Buchanan .30,350 Douglas ... 3,915 Lincoln. .. .14,073 Pettis 18,706 Stoddard .. 8,536 Butler.... 4,298 Dunklin ... 5,982 Linn 15,900 Phelps ... .10,606 Stone S."" Caldwell ..11,390 Franklin . .30,098 Livingston. 16,041 Pike 23,076 Sullivan .. .11 Callaway . . 19,202 Gasconade . 10,093 Macon . . .' .23,230 Platte 1 7,330 Taney 4 Camden ... 6,108 Gentry ... .11,607 Madison. .. 6,849 Polk 12,445 Texas 9,618 C. Girard'nl7,668 Green 21,549 Maries .... 6,915 Pulaski.. 4,714 Vernon. .. .11. "" Carroll . . . .17,445 Grundy . . .10,567 Marion. . . .22,604 Putnam . . .11,217 Warren ... 9, " rrison.. 14,6.35 McDonald . 5,226 Ralls 10,510 Washing'n. 11,719 iry 17,401 Mercer. .. .11,557 Randolph. .16,908 Wayne. ... 6,068 6,452 Miller 6,616 Ray 18,700 Webster. . .10,434 ' '■'" »— -= ^— ^ Reynolds .. 3,766 Worth .... 5,004 ,./u/ jiowartt...j/,z33 Moniteau .. il,335 Ripley .... 3,175 Wright. ... 6,684 i,667 Howell 4,218 Monroe 17.149 St. Charles. 21, 304 Total. . 1,711,796 NEBRASKA.— Area, 75,995 square miles. 19 BlkBird.. 31 Buffalo.... 193 Burt 2,847 Butler .... 1,1 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 Calho Cass. Cedar Cheyt Clay 64 Green Lyon... Colfax 1,424 Hall 1,057 Madison Cuming ...12,345 HamUton.. 130 Merrick Dakota. . . . 2,040 Harrison . . 631 Monroe. Dawson ... 103 Jackson. ... 9 Nemaha Dixon 1,345 Jefferson. . . 2,446 Nucolls Bodge 4,212 Johnson . . . 3,429 Otoe . . . Douglas... 19,982 Jones Pawnee .... Ft. Randall Kearney.. S8 Pierce 103 Wavne.... ,151 FrankUn.. 26 Lancaster . 7,074 Platte 1,899 Webster... ,032 Gage 473 L'E.q.Cou't 261 Polk 136 York 190 Grant 484 Lincoln 17 Richardson. 9,780 Pawnee I.R. " " 78 Saline.... 3,106 Winnebago 133 Sarpy 2,913 Tf -="- ' - Saunders . . 4,547 .235 . ,. 7,593 Shorter 8 Stanton . . . 1,637 ..12,345 Taylor 197 . . 2,637 Washingfn 4,452 Jzed ties) in the Stat( fillmore... _ NEVADA.— Area, 112,090 square miles. Carson Esmeralda. 1,553 Lyon .... 1,837 PahUte... 762 St. Mary': Chnrchill.. 196 Humboldt . 1,916 N.ye 1,087 Roop 133 Washoe.. Douglas... 1,215 Lander. ... 2,815 Ormsby ... 3,668 Storey 11,359 WhitePin . 2,22; Total.. NEW-HAMPSHIKE.— Area, 9,280 square miles. Belknap... 17,681 Cheshire. . .27,265 Grafton .. .39,103 Merrimark.42,151 Strafford.. CarruU 17.332 Coos 14,932 Hillsboro . .64,238 RockingU'm47,£98 Sullivan... Total 3 NEW-JERSEY Area. 3,320 square miles. Atlaniic ...14,093 Cumberl'd. 31,665 Hunterdon. 36,963 Morris ... .43,137 Somerset.. Bergen.... 30,142 Essex. . ..143,845 Mercer ... .46,386 Ocean 13,630 Sussex.... Enrlington.53,038 Gloucester 21,562 Middlesex Passaic. .. .46,416 Union Camden .. .46.038 Hudson . .129,068 Monmouth. 46,196 Salem 23,940 Wairen... Ca^ieMay . 8,349 Total 9 TSTEW-YORK.— Area, 47,000 square miles. Albany . . .133,052 Dutchess . .74,404 Livingston 38,310 Otsego 48,969 Steuben . . . Allegany . .40,814 Erie .....178,695 Madison 43,522 Putnam ... 16,420 Suffolk.... " ...,,- T^ .29,042 Monroe... 117,867 Queens 73,804 Sullivf- Fulton . Cataraugus 43,909 Caynga . . .59,549 Chatauqua. 59,328 Chemung . .35,281 Greene . . Chenango. .40,583 Hamilton Clinton . . . .48,028 Herkimei Columbia.. 47,044 Jefferson Cortland.. .25,174 Kings... Delaware. .42,973 ' ' .30,271 Montgom'y.34,457 Rensselaer. 95,550 Tioga 30,55 ..27,064 New york922,531 Richmond .33,029 Tompkins .33,lf .31,608 Niagara .. .50,430 Rockland . .25,213 Ulster 84,0! ..31,832 Oneida... 110,009 S.Lawrence84,825 Warren .. .22,6! .2,960 Onondaga.104,144 Saratoga . .51,529 Washingfn49,5i .39,932 Ontario 45,108 Schenecta'y21,347 Wayne 47,71 .65,415 Orange.... 80,901 Schoharie. .33,340 Westche'r 132,25 .419,926 Orleans ...27,689 Schuyler . .18,889 Wyoming .29, « . . .28,709 Oswego. . . .77,942 Seneca . . . .27,826 Yates 19,5J Total 4,364.41 NORTH-CAROLINA.— Area, 60.704 square miles. Alamance. .11,874 Chowan ... 6,450 Guilford.. .21,736 Mecklen'g .24,299 Rowan 16,81 Alexander . 6,868 Clay 2,463 Halifax . . .20,407 Mitchell . . . 4,705 Rutherford. 13,15 Alleghany . 3,697 Cleveland. .12,696 Harnett ... 8,895 Montgom'y. 7,487 Sampson . .16,45 Anson 12,428 Columbus.-. 8,474 Haywood .. 7.921 Moore 12,040 Stanly 8,31 Ashe 9,573 Craven. . ..20,516 Henderson. 7,706 Nash 11,077 Stokes ... .11,2G Beaufort.. 13,054 Cumberl'd. 17,036 Hertford .. 9,273 N.Hanover.27,978 Surry 11,2£ Bertie 12,950 Currituck . 5,131 Hyde 6,445 Northam'n. 14,749 Transylv'a. 3,53 Bladen 12,831 Dane 2,728 Iredell 16,931 Onslow ... 7,569 Tyrrel 4,i! Brunswick. 7,754 Davidson . .17,256 Jackson 6,683 Orange 17,507 Union 12,21 Buncombe .15,412 Davie 9,620 Johnson .. .14,158 Pasquotank 8,131 Wake 35,61 Burke 9,777 Duplin ... .15,642 Jones 6,002 Perquim's . 7,945 Warren .. .17,76 Cabarras.. 11,954 Edgecombe 22,970 Lenoir ... .10.434 Person ... .11,170 Washing'n. 6,51 CaldweU... 8,476 Forsyth .. .13.050 LiUington Pitt 17,276 Watauga. . 6,2f Camden ... 5,361 Franklin . .14,134 Lincoln 9,573 Polk 4,319 Wayne 18,14 Carteret. . . 9,510 Gaston 12,602 Macon 6,615 Randolph . .17,565 Wilkes ... .15,53 16,081 Gates 7,724 Madison ... 8,192 Richmond .12,882 Wilson 12,25 .10,984 GranviUe . .24,831 Martin 9,647 Robeson . .13,251 Yadkin. .. .10,69 .19,723 Greene 8,687 McDowell . 7,592 RockingVml5,710 Yancey. ... 5,90 . 8,080 Total 1,065,50 OHIO.- Area, 39,964 square miles. .20,750 Clermont . .34,296 Franklin . .63,019 Hocking ... 17,925 Madison. . .15,63 .23,623 Clinton. .. .21,915 Fulton .... 17,789 Holmes. .. .18,178 Mahoning .31,00 .21,933 Columbi'na 38,299 Gallia 26,545 Huron 28,532 Marion. .. .16,18 .32,518 Coshocton.. 23,600 Geauga .. .13,069 Jackson .. 21,759 Medina 20,09 .21,872 Crawford. .25,556 Greene 28,052 Jefferson . .29,188 Meigs 31,46 .20,040 Cuyahoga. 132,012 Guernsey . .23,798 Knox 26,333 Mercer. .. .17,25 .39,715 Darke ... .32,131 Hamilton .260,370 Lake 15,935 Miami ... .32.74 .30,802 Defiance... 15,719 Hancock.. .23,847 Lawrence .31,380 Monroe. . .25,78 .39,912 Delaware. .25,175 Hardin. . ..18,714 Licking .. .36,122 Wontgom-y.6.3,89 uarrou 14,491 Erie 28,188 Harrison . .18,682 Logan 23,028 Morgan. . . .20,36 Champaign 24,188 Fairfield.. .31,139 Henry 14,028 Loraine .. .311.308 Morrow .. .18,58 Clark.. 32,070 Fayette .. .17,170 Highland . .29,103 Lucas 46,783 Muskingum44,8J Caswell . Catawba Chatham Cherokee Athens . . . Belmont . . Butler . '. '. 114 CEXSTJS OF THE UNITED STATES. Noble 19,949 Portage .. .24,577 Scioto 29,302 Tuscaraw's 33,840 Washing'n. 40,609 Ottawa 13,265 Preble 21,809 Seneca 30,828 Union 18,730 AVayne. .. .35,082 Paulding .. 8,544 Putnam .. .17,083 Shelby 20,748 Van Wert .15,824 Williams . .20,991 Perry 18,453 Richland . .32,516 Stark 62,508 Vinton 15,027 Wood 24,596 Pickaway .24,875 Ross 37,097 Summie .. .34,674 Warren .. .26,690 Wyandotte. 18,554 Pike 15,441 Sandusky .25,504 Trumbull. .38,659 Total 2,662,214 OREGON.— Are I, 102,606 square miles. Baker 2,804 Columbia.. 863 Josephine.. 1,204 Polk 4,700 Union 2,652 Benton 4,584 Curry 604 Lane 6,426 Tillamook. 408 Wasco 2,509 Coos 1,644 Douglas... 6,066 Linn 8,717 TJmpqua Wasbing'n. 4,261 Clackamas. 6,993 Grant 2,251 Marion. ... 9,966 UmatiUa .. 2,916 Yam Hill. . 5,012 Clatsop 1.254 Jackson ... 4,778 Multnomah 11,610 Total 90,922 PENNSYLVANIA.— Area, 46,000 square miles. Adams 30,315 Chester. .. .77,806 Franklin . .45,365 McKean.. . 8,825 Snyder ... .15,607 AUegbeny.262,373 Clarion. . . .26,960 Fulton 9,3G0 Mercer. . . .49,979 Somerset . .28,228 Armstrong. 43,382 Clearfield. .25,740 Greene 26,887 Mifflin 17,608 Sullivan ... 6,191 Beaver 36,150 Clinton 23,211 Huntington 30,995 Monroe 18,362 Susqueh'na 37,624 Bedford... 29,635 Columbia. .28,766 Indiana .. .36,139 Montgom.'y.81,772 Tioga 36,100 Berks 106,739 Crawford. .63,794 JefTerson . .21,656 Montour. . .15,324 Union 15,665 Blair 38,051 Cumberl'd. 43,912 Juniata. .. .17,390 Northam-n.61,433 Venango. . .47,935 Bradford . .63,204 Dauphin.. .60,735 Lancaster. 121,340 Northum'd.41,449 Warren .. .23,897 Bucks 64,345 Delaware. .39,403 Lawrence .. 27,298 Perry 26,486 Washing'n. 48,483 Butler 36,510 Elk 8,488 Lebanon.. .34,096 Pliiladel'a.674,022 Wayne. . . .33,lf8 Cambria... 36,569 Erie C/:,972 Lehigh 66,798 Pike 8,436 Westmor'd. 58,720 Cameron .. 4,273 Fayettu .. .43,284 Luzerne. .160,737 Potter 11,265 Wyoming .14,586 Carbon 28,144 Forest 4,010 Lycoming .47,629 SchuyIkiU.109,869 York 76,216 Centre 34,404 To'al 3,499,248 RHODE ISLAND.— Area, 1,306 square miles. Bristol 9,421 Kent 18,595 Newport . .20,050 Proviaen'el49,193 Washing'n. 20,097 Total 217,366 SOUTH-CAROLINA.— Area, 29,335 square miles. AbbeTiIl9..31,129 Clarendon GreeaviKa .20,015 Marion Richland . .13,727 Andersun . .24,043 Colleton .. .34,014 Horry 10,721 Marlboro . .11,814 Spartanb'g.25,784 Barnwell . .36,844 Columbia. . 9,298 Kershaw . .11,754 Newberry .17,983 Sumter. .. .25,268 Beaufort . .40,511 Darlington. 22,391 Lancaster . 12,087 Oconee 10,536 Union 19,248 Charleston Edgefield . .42,486 Laurens .. .22,536 Orangeb'g Williams'g. 15,489 Chester ...18,805 Fairfield Lexington Pickens. .. .10,269 York 12,448 Chesterfi'd GeorgetownI6,161 TENNESSEE.— Area, 45,600 squaro miles. Anderson.. 8,704 Be Kalb. ..11,425 Henderson. 14,219 Marion 6.8G6 Sequatchie. 2,335 Bedford .. .24,.334 Dickson ... 9,940 Henry 20,382 Marshall.. .16,207 Sevier 11,028 Benton 8,234 Dyer 13,706 Hickman .. 9,856 Maury 36,286 Slielby 76,378 Bledsoe 4,870 Fayette .. .26,865 Humphrey. 9,326 Meigs 4,511 Smith 15,994 Blount 14,237 Fentress... 4,717 Jackson .. .12,586 Monroe 12,589 Stewart .. .12,019 Bradley ...11,652 Franklin . .14,970 JeOrcrson . .19,476 Montgom'y.24,703 Sullivan .. .13,136 Campbell.. 7,445 Gibson 25,670 Johnson ... 6,862 Morgan ... 2,969 Sumner .. .23,711 Cannon 10.502 Giles 32,413 Knox 28,994 Obion .,.. .15,608 Tipton 14,884 Carroll.... 19,447 Grainger . .12.461 Lake 2,428 Overton .. .10,989 Union ?,605 Carter 7,303 Greene 21,668 Lauderdalo 10,838 Perry 6,926 Van Buren. 2,725 Cheatham . 6,678 Grundy ... 3,251 Lawrence.. 7,600 Polk 7,363 Warren .. .12,716 Claiborne.. 9,321 Hamilton . .17,341 Lewis 1,983 Putnam ... 8,698 Washing'n. 16,318 Cocke 12,458 Hancock.. . 7,143 Lincoln 28,051 Rhea 4,854 Wayne 10,209 Coffee 10,237 Hardeman. 17,769 Mc.Minn .. .13,969 Roane 15,623 Weakly .. .20,755 Cumberl'd. 3,461 Hardin 11,770 McNairy . .12,726 Robertson .16.166 White 9,228 Davidson . .62,893 Hawkins . .15,848 Macon 6,633 Rutherford.33,289 Williamson 25,352 Decatur ... 7,776 Haywood . .26,096 Madison.. .23,650 Scott 4,054 Wilson 25,884 Total 1,257,983 TEXAS.— Area. 237,504 square miles. Anderson Brown Concho Fannin Haskell Angelino Buchanan Cook Fayette Hays 4,088 Archer Burleson Coryell Fort Bend . 7,114 Henderson Atacosa Burnett Dallas Freestone Hidalgo ... 2,387 Austin 15,087 Caldwell Davis Frio Hill 7,453 Bandera... 649 Calhoun Dawson Galveston. .15,290 Hood Eastrop Cameron . .10,999 Denton Gill3spie Hopkins Bayler Cass De Witt... 6,443 Goliad 3,623 Houston Bee Chambers. 1,503 Dimmitt.. 866 Gonzales Hunt Bell 1,082 Cherokee Duval Grayson Jack 694 Bexar Clay Eastland Grimes Jackson ... 2,278 BexarDis Coleman Edwards Guadalupe Jasper 4,218 Blanco Callahan Ellis 7,614 Hamilton Jefferson .. 1,S06 Bowie ,0S9 Schenec'y, N. Y. 11,026 1,273 Ogdensb'g, N.Y.10,076 Census of the United States— 1870. By States. Alabama 996,961 Maryland . . . 780,894 PennsylTania.3,515,993 Colorado 39,70 Arkansas 483,179 Massacliusettsl,457,351 Rhode Island. 217,356 Dakota 14,18 California... 660,285 Michigan. .. .1,184,296 S.Carolina.. 728,000 Idaho 14,99 Connecticut.. 637,418 Minnesota... 435,511 Tennessee .. .1,257,983 Montana 20,59 Delaware.... 125,015 Mississippi... 834,170 Texas 797,500 New-Mexico. Florida 187,756 Missouri 1,715,000 Vermont 330,552 Utah Georgia 1,200,609 Nebraska 123,000 Virginia 1,224,830 Washington. "•= ' .2,539,638 Nevada 42,491 West- Virginia 445,616 Wyoming... .1,673,046 N.Hampshire 318,300 Wisconsin .. .1,055,167 Total Territo- lowa 1,191,802 New-Jersey.. 905,794 Tofl States 38,092,741 ries 442,500 Kansas 362,872 New- York.. .4,364,411 TPmjiTnnifo Total United Kentucky ...1,321,001 N. Carolina. .1,069,614 li.KKllUKl±.t.. States.... 38,535,241 Louisiana... 732,731 Ohio 2,659,214 D is. Columbia 131,706 ..Total 38,977,741 Maine 626,463 Oregon 90,922 .Arizona.... 9,658 Indiana . 86,786 23,901 9,118 The taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not prejudice a patent previously obtained here, nor does it prevent obtaining a patent here subsequently, unless the invention shall have been introduced into public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the applica- tion ; and provided^ that the patent shall expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term ; but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. When application is made for a patent for an invention which has been already patented abroad, the inventor will be required to make oath that, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, the same has not been in public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the application in this country. An applicant whose invention has been patented abroad, should state the fact that a foreign patent has actually been obtained, giving its date, and if there be more than one, of tWa one having the shortest term. The best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per hour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per horse-power, per hour, is a more common result. 118 THE CONDENSING ENGINE. THE STEAM-ENGINE. Every mechanic and inventor should make himself gen erally familiar with the construction and operation of the steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge, we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of the various parts : «, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- sage ; d^ lower steam port ; e e, parallel motion ; ff, beam ; ff, connecting rod ; A, crank ; i ^, fly-wheel ; k k, eccentric and its rod lor working the steam-valve ; I, steam-valve and casing ; w, throttle-valve ; w, condenser ; o, injection-cock ; p, air-pump ; g, hot well ; r, shifting- valve to create vacuum in condenser previous to starting the engine ; 5, feed-pump to supply boilers ; t, cold-water pump to supply condenser ; u, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow- HINTS TO LETTER-WKITEES. 119 ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. [From The Scientific American.] A HINT TO IiETTER-'WRITING BORES„ E consider, as a general thing, that our correspondents are a fair and high-minded set of men, such as we are most happy to accommodate by answering, so far as it is in our powei', all their inquiries ; but there are a few of whom we can very justly com- plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- tions, to answer which might require a half-day of our valuable time ; and if we snub them off with a short answer, they are likely to reply back in complaining terms. It cannot be reasonably expected of us, that we shall spend our time in such — to us — ^profitless letter-writing. We mean to be accommo- dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting information for correspondents who seem not to know how to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case before us. A correspondent wants us to hunt through our files for a notice of some book which appeared in The Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to find the book. He also wants us to fiind for him an English book which we do not believe can be had in this market. Another correspondent wants us to send to England without delay to get something which would require time and money to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and j you will have no cause of complaint 120 EARN WHAT YOU SPEND. Must I sign the patent papers in the country where my residence is, or can I sign them wherever I happen to be when I desire to apply for the patent ? Answer. You can sign them wherever you happen to be. The affidavit may be made before a Justice of the Peace, Commissioner of Deeds, Notary Public, or any person au- thorized to administer oaths. When the applicant is in a foreign country, the oath must be made before a Notary Public, or before a United States Consul or Minister. A PATENTEE Can not recover damages for any use of his invention prior to the issue of his patent. All persons have a right freely to make, use, and sell any article, process, or invention prior to the grant of the patent. Therefore, the sooner the patent is applied for the better. EARN ^WHAT YOU SPEND. Three fourths of the difficulties and miseries of men come from the fact that most want wealth without earning it, fame without deserving it, popularity without temperance, respect without virtue, and happiness without holiness. The man who wants the best things, and is willing to pay just what they are worth, by honest effort and hard self- denial, will have no difficulty in getting what he wants at last. It is the men who want goods on credit that are snubbed and disappointed, and overwhelmed in the end. Happiness can not be bought by the bottle, nor caught up by the excursion-train, nor put on with any robe or jewels, nor eaten at any feast. It does not exist in any exhilara- tion, excitement, or ownership, but comes from the use of the faculties of body and mind. UxDERDRAiNiNG. — Surface water that flows off the land instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this waste is arrested. LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING-EODS. 121 LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING-RODS. If a man, employed to put up a tin pipe to conduct the rain-water from tlie roof to tlie cistern, were to solder up the bottom of the pipe, thus preventing any flow, his work would be rejected, and he would be stigmatized as a fool. But this is substantially what our lightning-rod men are doing every day. They put up rods for the alleged purpose of conducting the electric fluid, but seal or insulate the bottoms of the rods so that the fluid can not flow into the ground ; and the majority of employers are so ignorant of the subject that they are unable to detect the fraud. Ihe known laws that govern the flow of electricity are almost as simple as those relating to water. If a proper connection exists between the rod and the earth, the building will be protected, for electricity will flow through the rod with the same certainty that water will pass through an open leader from roof to ground. But if the bottom of the pipe be sealed, the water can not run ; and if the bottom of a lightning-rod be sealed or insulated, the electricity can not flow. The common method is to stick the end of the rod three feet down into dry earth, which is about the same as if the rod were inclosed in a glass bottle. Such rods are not safe. The golden rule of safety is, " Provide the largest possible area of conducting surface for the bottom or terminal of the rod under ground." The earth is a very poor conductor of electricity, and the lightning can not pass off harmlessly by the rod, unless its bot- tom has a large conducting surface, over which the electricity may spread, and find its way into the ground. Where the soil is very dry, the conducting surface of a rod terminal should be equal to the area of the roof of the building. If the roof, for example, is 20 x 30 feet, its area will be 600 feet ; and the bottom of the rod under ground should have 600 feet of conducting surface. In moist soils a less area of conductor will do. 122 HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWEE. HOBSE-PCWER. When Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he wished to be able to state their power as compared with that of horses, which were then generally employed for driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, which led him to the conclusion that the average power of a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in vertical height per minute, and this has been adopted in England and this country as the general measure of power. A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. of water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62-|-, the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us th^ horse- power. For example : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per minute — 40X150=6000=:the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. 6000X62|-=3'75,000=the pounds of water flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 3,'750,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 000 by 33,000, and we have 113fi as the horse-power of the fall. < The power of a steam-engine i3 calculated by multiplying together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 33,000. Water-wheels yield from 50 to 91 per cent of the water. The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount, of this loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and the per- fection of the workmanship. HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF BODIES. 123 \ ZUB BEACHTUNG FUR DEUTSCHE ER- i FIN DEB. S)ie llnterjet(^neten ^abm einc Stnteiticiig t>erau§gcgebcn, it^elcjjc angiebt h)a8 ju befolgen ift urn ein patent j^u ftd;ern, unb felbige tinrb auf :|)ortofreie 5Infrage gratis abge* geben. 9^od^ bent iteucn ^atent>©efe^e toiinen SSiirger otter 2anbtx ^45a= . tente in ben SJerettitgten ©toateit gu benfelben SSebingungen erlcn^ gen, tnie bie SSiirger bcr ^ereinig* ten ©taoten jelbft. 5Pttttttt 8^ ^o.. Ho. 37 |)arK Horo^ lleni-l)ork. Scientific American Office. A MOVING load has a much greater effect on a beam than a load at rest. For example, if the breaking weight of a beam is 4150 pounds, the load being at rest, a load of 1'7'78 pounds, moved at 30 miles per hour, will break the same beam. The deflection of girders increases with the velocity of the load. HEAT-COIyrDUCTING PO^WER OF DIFFER- ENT BODIES. Gold, 1000 Platinum, 981 Silver, 9T3 Copper, 898 Tron, 374 Zinc, 363 Tin, 304 Lead, 180 Marble, 24 Porcelain, 12 Fire Clay, 11 Fire Brick, 11 RELATIVE CONDUCTING PO^WER OF FLUIDS. Mercury, 1000 I Proof Spirit, 312 Water 35T | Alcohol, (pure,) 232 125 The knots represented on the preceding page of en- gravings are as follows : 1. Simple overhand knot. 2. Slip-knot seized. 3. Single bow-knot. 4. Square or ruf-knot. 5. Square bow-knot. 6. Weaver's knot. 7. German or figure-of-8 knot. 8. Two lialf-Litcbes, or ar- tificer's knot. 9. Double artificer's knot. 10. Simple galley-knot. 11. Capstan or prolonged knot. 12. Bowline-knot. 13. Eolling-bitcli. 14. Clove-liitch. 15. Blackwall-Mtcli. 16. Timber-hitcli. 17. Bowline on a bight. 18. Running bowline. 19. Catspaw. 20. Doubled running-knot. 21. Double knot. 22. Six-fold knot. 23. Boat-knot. 24. Lark's head. 25. Lark's head. 26. Simple boat-knot. 27. Loop-knot. 28. Double Flemish knot. 29. Running-knot checked 30. Crossed running-knot. 31. Lashing-knot. 82. Rosette. 33. Chain-knot. 34. Double chain-knot. 35. Double running-knot, with check-knot. 36. Double twist-knot. 37. Builders' knot. 38. Double Flemish knot. 39. English knot. 40. Shortening-knot. 41. Shortening-knot. 42. Sheep-shank. 43. Dog-shank. 44. Mooring-knot. 45. Mooring-knot. 46. Mooring-knot. 47. Pigtail worked on the end of a rope. 48. Shroud-knot. 49. A bend or knot used by sailors in making fast to a spar or a bucket-han- dle before casting over- board ; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking : the running end, after passing over the liead of the animal and through the loop, will not jam therein. 50. A granny's knot. 51. A weaver's knot. The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in the same direction if the rope were to slip, should lie alongside of and touching each other. 126 MEASURES OP LENGTH. Length. — The subjoined engraving shows at the left a four-inch non rule, the inch divisions being subdivided into twenty-fifths, twelfths, eighths, and tenths. On the right is the French measure, indicating milli- metres and centimetres. The French metre is Intendedto be the one ten-millionth part of the distance from either pole of the earth to the equator. { t \B. = £ a 3 z 8 9 to i^ i Or CM — ^ E -£ E = E - E— ^^ = 1 ,— ; II II II II II II II II , I s £ I o a " ^ » g s Ijll <%^ TABLES OP WEIGHTS. 12^ TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains 1 pennyweight, dwt. 20 pennyweights .1 ounce = 489 grains. 12 ounces 1 pound = 5T60 grains. Troy weight is used for gold and silver. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. SO grains 1 scruple. 3 scruples 1 dram = 60 grains. 8 drams 1 ounce = 480 grains. 12 ounces 1 pound = 5160 grains. The ounce in the above measures, it will be noticed, is heavier, contains more grains than the common commercial or avoli-du- pois weight, but the avoirdupois pound is the heaviest. AVOIRDUPOIS OR ORDINARY COMMERCIAL WEIGHT. 27.34 4- grains 1 dram. 16 drams 1 ounce = 437^ grains. 16 oimces 1 pound = 7000 grains. 28 pounds 1 quarter. 4 quarters 1 hundredweight = 112 lbs. 20 hundredweight 1 ton = 2240 lbs. The standard of the avoirdupois pound is the weight 27.7015 cu- bic inches of distilled water at 30°. 85 F., barometer 30 inches. A troy oz. = 1.09714 avoir, oz. An avoir, oz. = .911458 troy oz. A stone = 14 lbs. A quintal — 100 lbs. FRENCH WEIGHTS (UNITED STATES STANDARD). 1 milligramme 10 milligrammes make 1 centigramme 10 centigrammes 10 decigrammes ' 10 grammes ' 10 decagrammes 10 hectogrammes ' 10 kilogrammes 10 myriogrammes 10 quintals 1 decigramme 1 GRAMME 1 decagramme : 1 hectogramme 1 KILOGRAMME 1 myriogramme : 1 quintal 1 tonne : .01543316. : .1543316. : 1.543316. : 15.43316. Pounds avoir. : .02204737. : .2204737. : 2.204737. : 22.047.37. : 220.4737. : 2204.737. The gramme is the basis of the French weights, and consists of a cubic centimetre of distilled water. SQUARE OR LAND MEA- SURE, UNITED STATES. 144 sq. inches = 1 sq. foot. 3 sq. feet = 1 sq. yard. SOJsq. yards = 1 sq. rod. 40 sq. rods = 1 sq. rood. 4 sq. roods = 1 sq. acre. DRY MEASURE, UNITED STATES. 2 pints = 1 quart. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 2 gallons = 1 pecK. 4 pecks = 1 bushel. 128 TABLES OP MEASUKES. CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE 1728 cubic ins. = 1 cubic foot. 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. LIQUID MEASURE, UNITED STATES. 4 gills 2 pints 4 quarts 63 gallons — 1 pint. = 1 quart. = 1 gallon. = 1 hogshead. 2 pipes 1 barrel 1 gallon 1 bushel 1 barrel flour : 1 pipe or butt. = 1 tun. = 31^ gallons. = 231 cubic inches. = 1.24445 cub. ft. = 196 lbs. = 3 bush. A cylinder seven inches diame- ter and six inches high contains a gallon. FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE, U. S. 1 square millimetre 1 square centimetre 1 square decimetre 1 square metre 1 square decametre 1 square decare 1 square hectare 1 square kilometre 1 square myriametre Square inches. = .001549. = .154988. = 15.4988. = lo'.TCSOSa = 1076.3058. = 10763.058. U S. acr«s. = 2.47086. = 247.086. = 24708.6. FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE, U. S. Millitre or cubic centimetre = .0610165, 10 millitres make 1 centilitre 10 centilitres 10 decilitres 10 litres 10 decalitres 10 hectolitres 10 kilolitres 1 decilitre = 1 litre 1 decalitre = 1 hectolitre = 1 kilolitre or cubic metre = 1 myriolitre = 610165. 6.10165. 61.0165. 610.165. Cubic feet. 3.53105. 35.3105. 353.105. MEASURING LAND BY WEIGHT. The area of any piece of land, no matter how irregular the boundary lines, may be accurately ascertained by means of a deli- cate balance as follows. Make a drawing of the plot of ground on pasteboard, to a given scale, say a scale of forty rods to one inch. Cut from some part of the sheet of pasteboard a piece exactly one inch square, which represents one acre or forty square rods. Also cut out the plot as drawn. Weigh the square and the plot. The number of times the weight of the square is contained in the weight of the plot indicates the area of the land. For example, if the square which represents one acre weighs twenty grains, and the plot weighs two hundred and forty grams, then the plot con- tains twelve acres. MOLECULES. 129 MOLECULES. * A MOLECULE is tlie smallest mass into wliicli any substance can be subdivided without changing its chemical nature. All substances are aggregations of isolated molecules. A piece of gold having six plane surfaces, each one inch square, is called a cubic inch of gold, and looks as if it solidly filled that space. But it is not solid, for it is composed of individual molecules, which are sepa- rated by comparatively wide intervals. Molecules are, to use the language of Sir William Thompson, " pieces of matter of measurable dimensions, with shape, motion, and laws of action." A molecule of glass, as measured by this philosopher, is one five hundred millionth part of an inch in diameter. Equal volumes of all substances, when in a state of gas, and under like conditions, contain the same num- ber of molecules. The number of molecules in a cubic inch of any per- fect gas, at 33° F. and 30 ins. barometer pressure, is one hundred thousand millions of millions of millions, or W-\ The molecules of bodies are never at- rest, but have a constant motion. The molecules of a gas confined in a vessel have great energy, are always flying about with a high velocity, but in straight lines. They strike against each other and rebound, they drive against the inner walls of the vessel, and the force of this impact of the molecules of the gas against the walls we call the pressure of a gas. At a barometer pressure of 30 inches, or 15 lbs. to the square inch, temperature 32° F., the molecules of hy- drogen have a velocity of 6097 feet per second, or over 4000 miles per hour. The energy of a pound of hydro- gen, under the above conditions, is equal to that of a cannon-ball of the same weight having the same velo- city. A cubic inch of water may by heat be expanded into gaseous form, or steam, occupying the space of a cu- bic foot. In both forms the same number of molecules 130 HOW TO INVENT. of water are found ; but in the gaseous condition, tlie molecules are much more widely separated, than in the liquid ; so widely, in fact, that a cubic foot of alcohol vapor together with a cubic foot of ether' vapor may be introduced into the vessel — or, apparently, just as much of the alcohol, and just as much of the ether, as if there were no water vapor present. All these va- pors remain separate ; they do not chemically unite. lELO'W TO INVENT. In order to succeed, a new invention must be supe rior to any thing- that has preceded it, and must be sold at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. People can not afford to throw away old implements unless the new ones are sufficiently superior to make up for the loss. Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, and they will be sure of success. The readiest way to invent is to Aeep tJiinking ; and to thought add 'practical experiments. Book know- ledge is not essential. Examine things about you, note how they are made, and study how to improve them. Keep your eyes and ears open, ask questions, be a con- tinual seeker after useful information. Those who do this, soon acquire a knowledge of the sciences, and in- sensibly become educated. Among the beneficent in- fluences of the Patent laws is the fact that they incite the humblest individuals to study. To avoid waste of time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be well posted in regard to inven- tions that have already been made. He should also be informed as to the particular classes of devices in which improvements are most urgently demanded. For this purpose, an attentive study of The Scientific American will be almost indispensable. This splendid newspaper is published weekly, and furnishes the latest information concerning the progress of new dis- covery, with elegant engravings. $3.20 a year. MuNN h Co., 37 Park Row, publishers. Send 10 cents for a specimen copy. HISTORY OF THE STEAM-El^fGINE. 131 HISTORT OF THE STEAM-EKGIWE. Papin, of France, was the first (in 1690) to operate a piston by steam, which acted only on one side of the piston. He also invented the safety valve. He was born 1650, died 1710. Savery, 1697, first employed steam-power in doing usefal work. His piston, like Papin's, took steam on one side only, the pressure of the atmosphere being admitted to the other side. James Watt was the first to make the complete steam- engine, or the existing forms in which steam acts on both sides of the piston. He also made the steam-con- denser, the governor, the walking-beam, applied the fly-wheel, and nearly all the parts of the modern en- gine. He was born 1736, died 1819. He made a rotary steam engine in 1782, and patented a locomotive engine in 1784. In 1804, Trevithick and Vivian operated a locomotive which traveled five miles an hour, with a load of ten tons. Cook, in 1808, used fixed engines and ropes to draw railway-cars. Blachett and Hedley, in 1813, discovered that smooth locomotive wheels might be used on railways, instead of toothed wheels and toothed rails before required. George Ste- venson, 1825, made railway locomotion successful by adapting the locomotive to variable speeds and loads, by means of his blast-pipe, and by introducing the tubular boiler, which latter was suggested to him and invented by Booth, 1829. October 6th, 1829, the fa- mous competitive trial of locomotives on the Liverpool and Manchester railway took place, which established the su.periority of Stevenson's locomotives, and inau- gurated the art of railway communication. The first steamboat actually employed in business was a small vessel built by John Fitch of Pennsylvania, 1790, worked on the Delaware ; speed, 7^ miles per hour. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made her first trip from New- York to Albany, August, 1807 ; speed, five miles per hour. The first steam-vessel to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819, from Sa vannah to Liverpool, 36 days. In 1838 the Sirius arrived at New- York, 17 days from London ; and the Great Western, 15 days from Bristol. 132 HEAT.---ITS MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT. HE AT. -ITS MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT. Heat is a peculiar motion of the particles of matter which prevents their contact. Heat and mechanical power are convertible forces. The force of the heat that raises one pound of water 1° F. will lift a weight of 772 lbs. one foot high. The power of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, if applied to a small i^addle wheel turning in one pound of water, will, by friction, raise the temperature of the water 1°F. A heat-unit is the amount of heat that raises a pound of water 1° F., or that lifts a weight of 772 lbs. one foot high. The mechanical equwalent of a heat-unit is the power of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, or of a one-pound weight descending 772 feet. Hence, 772 foot-pounds = 1 heat-unit, 1 heat-unit = 772 foot-pounds. A galvanic battery that produces an electrial current capable of heating one pound of Avater 1° F., will yield magnetic force suflELcient to raise a weight of 772 lbs. one foot high. Thus heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical force are brought into numerical correlation with mechanical power. The illustrious philosopher. Dr. J. P. Joule, of Man- chester, England, first promulgated the mechanical equivalent of heat, a.d. 1845. COPYING-INK. Take two gallons of rain-water, and put into it ^ pound of gutn arable, ^ pound brown sugar, ^ pound clean copperas, f pound powdered nut-galls. Mix and shake occasionally for ten days, and strain. If need- ed sooner, let it steep in an iron kettle until the strength is obtained. VELOCITY AND FORCE OF THE WIND. 133 VELOCITY" AWD FORCE OF THE 'WIND. Pressure on Mn.ES PER Feet per A Square Description of the HOUE. Minute. Foot in Pounds. .Wind. 1 88 .005 Barely observable. 2 3 176 264 .02 .045 j- Just perceptible. 4 352 .08 Light breeze. 5 440 .125 ) 6 528 .18 } Gentle, plsasant wind. 8 704 .32 ) 10 880 5 Fresh breeze. 15 1320 1.125 Brisk blow. 20 1760 2. Stiff breeze. 25 2200 3.125 Very brisk. 30 35 2640 3080 4.5 6.125 j- High wind. 40 3520 8. Very high wind. 45 3960 10.125 Gale. 50 4400 12.5 Storm. 60 5280 18. Great storm. 80 7040 32. Hurricane. 100 8800 50. Tornado. GinNrpov;rDEii. The lieat developed at tlie moment of explosion is 4664° Falir., and the resulting gas pressure, if the powder closely fills the chamber, is 40 tons or 80,000 lbs. to the square inch. Careful experiment by De Saint Robert with rifled cannon of 3^ inches bore, 8^ lbs, shell, 1^ lbs. powder, gives 1300 ft. velocity per second, or a little over 900 miles per hour, for the shell when it leaves the mouth of the cannon, which is equal to a force of 219,000 foot- pounds, or a little less than seven horsepower. But the heat actually developed by the above amount of powder corresponds to almost thirty-two horse-power of work ; seventy -nine per cent of the power of the powder is therefore lost. 134 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Acetic acid , Alcohol .' Aluminium, sheet... Antimony, cast Asphalt Basalt Beech, dry Bell-metal Birch Bismuth, cast Box Brick, common!."} "'^^°'" Cedar, American... . ' Lebanon ' West-Indian. ' Indian Cement, Portland.. *' Roman.... Chalk Chestnut Clay Coal, anthracite bituminous ... Coke Concrete, ordinary.. " in cement. Cork "^P^""' sheet'.".'..".*!! Deal, Norway Earth {^"''^ Ebony Elm Canadian Ether Fir, spruce Firestone Glass, flint Gold !!!'.'.".!!!! Granite Gun metal [10 cop.,1 tin] Gutta-percha Gypsum Hornbeam Hydrochloric acid Iron, cast, average wrought, average. Ironwood India-rubber « . 1 m 1.06 66. .792 49. 2.67 166.6 6.72 419.5 .69 43. .76 47. 2.5 156. 2.95 184. .69 43. 8.05 502.52 .69 43. 9.822 613.1 1.2S 80. 8.4 524.37 8.44 526.86 1.6 100. 2. 125. .554 35. .486 30. .748 48. 1.315 82.15 1.4 87. 1.6 100. 2.33 145. .606 38. 119. 1.53 95. 1.27 79. .744 46. 1.9 119. 2.2 137. .240 15. 8.607 537.3 8.78 548.1 .689 43. 1.52 • 77. 2.00 125. 1.187 74. .579 36. .725 45. .716 45. .512 32. 1.8 112. 3.078 192. 2.52 157. 2.52 158. 2.76 172. 19.36 208.5 2.65 165.75 8.561 534.42 .966 60. 2.286 143, .76 47. 1.2 75. 7.23 451. 7.78 485.6 1.15 71, .93 58. The specific gravity of any liquid or solid body is its weight as com- pared with an equal volume of pure water at 60° F. Water = 1. equal volume of pure air at 60° F. Air = 1. Specific Gravity of Gases. Air = 1. Hydrogen 0.0692 Steam 0.4883 Marsh gas 0.5596 Carbonic oxide 0.967 Nitrogen 0.9713 Oxygen 1.1057 Carbonic acid 1.529 Sulphurous acid.... 2.25 Chlorine 2.47 Specific Heat. If 1 lb. of water, 1 lb. of mercu- ry, 1 lb. of silver, 1 lb. of iron be exposed to a heat sufficient to raise the water 1° F., the temperature of the mercury will be found to be 30°, the silver 17.5°, the iron 8.8°. The specific heat of different sub- stances is found by comparing their temperature with water as above. Thus, the specific heat of water is 1 ; the ipecific heat of mercury is -JL, or one-thirtieth that of wa- ' TT-T "'"'' sh- Friction. A BAG of wheat weighing 200 lbs. is dragged on the floor by means of a spring-balance, the pointer of which indicates 40 lbs. as the force required to move the bag. Make that force, 40, the numerator of a fraction, and the moved weight, 200, the denominator. Then -^rP^r or 4- of the weight is the co-efficient of friction, or the force required to overcome the friction, i of 200 lbs. is 40 lbs., which is the force in- dicated in this come the frictioi load or weight the co-efficient of friction i, then it would take 4- of 400 lbs., or 100 lbs. force, to move the load. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 135 Specific Gravity and Weight of vabious! Substances. Water = 1. | Iron bars, one incii square, roll- ed, weigh 3.38 lbs. per foot ; round bars, one inch diameter, 2.65 lbs. per foot. From 300 to 324 cubic feet of dry clover, or 216 to 243 cubic feet of dry hay, weigh a ton. 270 cubic feet of new hay. in a ton. In this country the average weight of men is 141 1-2 lbs. ; women, 124 1-2 lbs. The weight of horses in this country is from 800 to 1200 lbs. The standard weight of a bushel of wheat is 60 lbs. ; corn and rye, 66 lbs.; oats, 32 lbs. ; barley, 48 lbs. Potatoes, in weight 100 lbs., are made up of 75.9 lbs. water ; albu- men, 2.3 lbs. ; oily matter, 0.2 lbs. ; woody fibre, 0.4 lbs. : starch, 20.2 lbs. ; minerals, 1 lb. A kind of tracing paper, which is transparent only temporarily, is made by dissolving castor-oil in absolute alcohol and applying the liquid to the paper with a sponge. The alcohol speedily evaporates, leaving the paper drj-. After the tracing is made, the paper is im- mersed in absolute alcohol, which removes the oil, restoring the sheet to its original opacity. The diameter of a barrel at the heads is 17 inches ; bung, 19 inches ; length, 23 inches ; volume, 7689 cubic inches. Incubation.— The temperature of hatching eggs is 104° F. Pe- riods : swan, 42 days ; parrot, 40 ; goose and pheasant, 35 ; duck, turkey, peafowl, 23 ; hens, 21 ; pigeons, 14 ; canary birds, 14. Periods of Gestation.— Gui- nea-pig, 3 weeks ; sow, 16 weeks ; cat, 8 weeks ; dog, 9 weeks ; lion, 5 months ; sheep, 5 months ; cow, 9 months ; horse and ass, 11 months; buffalo and camel, 12 months ; ele- phant, 23 months. 11 J 1.82 .543 11.36 11.4 1.333 .564 .843 3.180 .913 .560 .668 .852 .675 2.72 13.596 1.7 1.2 1.217 .*85 .779 ..872 .777 .934 1.068 1.260 .94 .915 .923 2.423 1.978 .590 .554 .461 .660 1.15 21.531 2.267 2.13 2.75 1.88 1.52 1.61 .96 10.474 1.84 .94 1.01 .806 7!29 1.000 1.027 7.31 7 114. 34. 708.5 711.6 35. 53. 198.75 57.06 35. 42. 53. 42. 170. 848.75 106. 75. 75. 62. 53, 49. 54.5 48. 58. 66.75 78.75 68. 57. 58. 151. 37! 34.62 28.81 41.25 69. 1343.9 140. 133. 171. 117, 95. 100. 60. 653.8 180. 115. 69. 63. 50, 113.50 45.51 62.425 64. 456.32 437 .065 .019 .4C8 .41 .048 .02 .03 .02 .024 ,031 ,025 ,098 ,489 ,061 ,044 ,035 ,03 ,028 ,028 .034 .034 .033 .033 .087 .072 .022 ,041 ,775 .082 .099 .067 .054 ,058 ,034 .377 .104 .066 .034 .036 .028 .065 .262 .036 .037 .263 .252 Larc'L Lead, cast " sheet. Lignum vitse Lime, quick. " Nassau " Spanish Maple Marble Mortar, average Muriatic acid Nitricacid Oak, African.. " American, red..... " " white, dry " Canadian....: " English, white, dry " " " green " live, seasoned " " green.... " olive " whale Oolite, Portland stone.. " Bath stone " white, drv " yellow, diV " pitch...... Pitch ... Platinum, average Plumbago " fine.. '. '. Silver Slate Sulphur Tallow Tar. Tin, cast Water, distilled, 39°.... White metal (Babbitt)... ' 136 SMALL STEAMBOATS. SMALL STEAMBOATS. The following is an example of tlie practical way in which special questions put by subscribers to the Scientific American are answered by the editors : *' H. C. E. says : 1. I have a boat, 21 feet long by 7 feet 6 inches beam, drawing 12 or 15 inches of water. I built an engine 3x5 inches, with a link motion. Is the engine large enough for the boat ? A. Yes, 2. I have a .^-inch feed-pipe and f -inch exhaust. Is the exhaust too small for the engine ? A. It will answer very well. 3. What size of propeller should I use ? A. Of 18 or 20 inches diameter, 2i feet pitch. 4. What size of boiler is required ? A. About 2^ feet diameter, 4 feet high. 5. What is meant by the pitch of a pro- peller ? A. It is the distance it would move the boat, at each revolution, if it worked in an unyielding me- dium, like a screw in a nut." The foregoing is an epitome of dimensions sufficient to enable any intelligent machinist to build a fast and serviceable steamer. Hundreds of these little vessels are now in use throughout the country, upon the smaller lakes and shallow streams. Their use has become greatly extended by the pviblication of prac- tical details of construction and management in the Scientific American. Queries relating to steam engineering are answered in the Scientific American by an experienced engineer; those pertaining to electricity, by a practical electri- cian ; chemical inquiries, by a superior chemist ; me- chanical questions, by a talented machinist ; astrono- mical inquiries, by an astronomer ; and so on, for nearly all of the departments of science. The amount of valuable information thus made public through the columns of the Scientific American is very large. It is, on this account, the most positively valuable week- ly newspaper ever published. Copper, if suddenly cooled, becomes soft and mal- leable ; if slowly cooled it hardens and becomes brittle. TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 137 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS, COMPILED FROM THE LAST CE]\^SUS OF THE STATES, A.D. 1870. All occupations (persons en- gaged m) Ageicdxttjee total, Agricultural laborers Apiarists Dairymen and dairj'-women, Farm and plantation over- Farmers and planters Florists Gardeners and nurserymen, Stock-drovers Stock-herders Stock-raisers Turpentine farmers Turpentine laborers Vinegrowers Peofessioi^ai. and pee- SON AXi SEBVICES », . . Actors Apprentices to learned pro- fessions Apprentices to barbers Apprentices to dentists Architects Artists (not specified) Auctioneers Authors and lecturers Barbers and hairdressers. . . Bath-house keepers Billiard and bowling-saloon keepers Bill-posters Boarding and lodging-house keepers Boot-blacks Card-writers Chemists (practicing) Chimney-sweeps Chiropodists Claim agents Clergymen Clerks and copyists Clerks in Governm't offices, Clerks in hotels and restau- rants Dentists Designers and draughts- men 2,977,711 1,085 31,435 3,181 5,590 6,588 361 Professional and Peesonax. Domestic servants 975,734 Employees of companies (not specified) 848 Employees of Government. 14,407 Employees of hotels and restaurants 23,438 Engineers, civil 4,703 Hostlers 17,586 Hotel-keepers 26,394 Hunters and trappers 940 Indian guides and interpre- ters 171 Intelligence-office keepers. . 191 Inventors 352 Janitors 1,769 Journalists 5,286 Laborers (not specified) 1,031,666 Lamp-lighters 276 ■^ .ana-survey ors 2,671 60,906 40,736 Launderers & laundresses, Lawyers Librarians Livery-stable keepers 8,504 Marines (U. S.) 477 Messengers 8,717 Metallurgists 164 Midwives 1,186 Musicians (professional)... 6,519 Naturalists 287 Nurses 10,976 Officers of the Army and Navy 2,286 Officials of companies (not specified) 3,410 Officials of Government 44,743 Painters 775 Physicians and surgeons... 62,383 Restaurant-keepers 35,185 Sailors (U.S. Navy) 780 Scavengers 301 Sculptors 250 Sextons 1,151 Short-hand writers 154 Showmen and showwomen, 1,177 Soldiers (U. S. A.) 22,081 1 Teachers (not specified) ... . 126,822 i Teachers of dancing 149 8,672 Teachers of drawing and painting 108 5,243 Teachers of music 9,491 7,839 Translators 21 Veterinary surgeons 1,166 934 Whitewashers 2,873 138 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. Table of Occupations. {Continued.) Teade and Tkaxspobta- Teade and Teanspoetation. 1 TioiT 1,191,238 Porters in stores and ware- houses 16,631 Sailors 56,663 Agents 10,499 Salesmen and saleswomen. . 14,203 Apprentices in stores 678 Shippers and freighters 3,567 Bankers and brokers 10,631 Steamboat men and women, 7,975 Barkeepers 14,362 Stewards and stewardesses, 1,245 Boatmen and watermen 21,332 Toll-gate & bridge keepers, 2,253 Book-keepers and accoun- Traders and dealers (n.s.). . 100,406 tants in stores 31,177 Traders in agricultural im- Canalmen 7,338 plements 1,939 Clerks and book-keepers in tionery 3,392 7,103 7,019 4,087 Clerks and book-keepers iu Traders in cabinet-ware express companies Clerks and book-keepers iu 767 Traders in cigars & tobacco. Traders in clothing 8,234 7,595 insurance offices 1,568 Traders in cloths and textile Clerks and book-keepers in fabrics 1,163 railroad offices 7,374 Traders in coal 4,143 Clerks and book-keepers iu Traders in coal and wood. . 2,493 191 7,262 1,701 Commercial traveler Traders in crockery, china, Draymen, hackmen, teams- and stoneware 1,765 ters, etc 120,756 Traders in drugs and medi- Employees of trading and transportation companies 4,152 17,369 39,790 Traders in dry-goods Traders in gold and silver Employees of banks (not clerks) 424 ware and jewelry 6,402 Employees of express com- Traders in groceries Traders in hats and caps... 74,410 panies (not clerks) 8,554 3,375 Employees of insurance Traders in ice 1,464 companies (uot clerks)... 11,611 Traders in iron, tin, and cop- Employees of railroad com- per ware 9,003 panies (not clerks) 154,027 Traders in leather, hides, Employees of street railroad companies (not clerks) . . . 2,261 5,103 Traders in lime 310 Employees of telegraph Traders in liquors & wines. 11,718 companies (not clerks) . . . 8,316 Traders in live-stock 7,723 Hucksters Traders m lumber 9,440 Laborers 14,882 Traders in machinery (n.s.), 254 Milkmen and milkwomen. . 3,728 Traders in music and musi- 473 cal instruments Traders in newspapers and 848 Newspaper criers and car- riers... 2,002 periodicals 1,455 Officials of trading and Traders in oils, paints, and transportation companies 976 turpentine 986 2,738 75 762 Traders in optical mstru- 301 11,809 Officials of express co's Officials of insurance co's. . . Traders in produce Officials of railroad co's 1,902 Traders iu provisions 7,528 • Officials ofstreetrailr'd co's. Traders in real estate 8,933 Officials of telegraph co's.. 72 Trad's in sewing-machines, 3,152 Packers 1,421 Undertakers 1.996 Pawnbrokers. 384 Weighers, gangers, and Peddlers.. 16,975 measurers 926 Pilots 3,649 Wreckers 93 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. Table of OcctrPATioNs, {Continued^ 139 Manctfactuees and Min- 2,707,421 Manufactures and Miis Daguerreotypists and pho- tographers Die-sinkers & stamp-mak's. Distillers and rectifiers Employees Engineers and firemen Engravers Fertilizer - establishment operatives File makers, cutters, and grinders ING. Agricultural-implement ma- 3.811 1,169 15,302 866 27,680 3,297 169 296 141,774 4,901 5,155 2,101 208 9,104 171,127 6,080 4,694 11,246 26,070 1,029 1,092 5,816 79 7,511 44,a54 1,272 42,835 1,942 339 2,228 344,596 202 15,669 42,464 3,834 8.634 28,286 5,861 1,779 693 8,219 41,789 2,122 111,606 28,702 479 2,874 20,242 Artificial-flower makers Apprentices (not specified) . Bag -makers Bakers 34,233 4,226 316 1,413 Belting-factory operatives. Blacksmiths Bleachers, dyers, and scour- 101 Fishermen and oystermen. 27,106 1,046 1,191 569 2,086 1,534 9,518 2,329 Blind,door,and sash.makers, Boat-makers '.. Bone and ivory workers... Bookbinders and finishers. . Boot and shoe makers Box-factory operatives Galloon, gimp, and tassel makers Gas-works employees Gilders Glass-works operatives Brass founders and workers, Glue-makers 241 Brewers and maltsters Brick and tile makers Bridge builders and con- tractors Britannia and japanned ware makers Broom and brush makers.. Gold and silver workers Gun and lock smiths Hair cleaners and dressers. Harness and saddle makers, Hat and cap makers Hoop-skirt makers Hose-makers (leather and other) House builders and con- tractors 18,508 8,184 1,026 32,817 12,625 962 248 Builders and contractors 399 143 Button-factory operatives. . Cabinet-makers Candle, soap, and tallow makers Card and fancy-paper ma- kers 78 Iron and steel works and shops operatives Iron-foundry operatives Iron-furnace operatives Iron and steel rolling-mill operatives Knitting and hosiery mill operatives Linen-mill operatives Lumbermen and raftsmen. . Macaroni and vermicelli makers Machinists Manufacturers Marble and stone cutters. . . Masons, brick and stone... Mast, spar, oar, and block makers 22,141 34,245 7,452 17,249 3,653 70S 17,752 Carpenters and joiners Carpet-bag and satchel ma- kers Carriage and wagon makers, Charcoal and lime burners, Cheese-makers . 29 54,755 42,877 Clerks and book-keepers. . . 25,&31 89,710 Confectioners 653 Coopers Copper-workers Cotton-mill operatives Curriers, tanners, finishers of leather 375 Meat and fruit preserving employees Meat packers, curers, and 770 1,164 140 TABLE or OCCUPATIONS. Ta:ble op Occxjpations. {Continued.) MXNUFACTUBES AND MiN Mechanics (not specified).. Mill and factory operatives ma. 16,514 41,619 41,582 92,084 458 152,107 970 1,728 377 164 2,144 576 454 1,747 3,803 667 443 85,123 2,490 12,469 409 3,970 248 2,535 23,577 223 231 11,143 5,060 576 39,860 3,738 1,577 1,672 13,689 '617 436 1,292 200 2,750 Maitotactures and Mining. Rope and cordage makers. . 2,675 Rubber-factory operatives. 3,886 Sai 1 and awning makers 2,309 Salt-makers . 1 751 Millers ........ :::::::::::: Milliners, dress and mantua makers Mineral-water makers Miners Saw-mill operatives Sawyers Scale and rule makers Screw-makers 47,298 6,939 416 780 Mirror and picture frame makers Sewing - machine factory operatives Sewing-machine operators. Shingle and lath makers .. . 3,881 3,042 3,788 15,900 396 Musical instrument makers Ship-smiths Officials of manufacturing companies Officials of mining compa- nies Oil-cloth makers Oil-refinery operatives Oil-well operators & labor's, Organ-makers Ship-calkers,.,. 3,068 Ship-riggers.. . 1,067 4,080 186 3,256 301 229 Shirt, cuff, & collar makers. Shot, cartridge, and fuse makers Silk-mill operatives Spring and axle makers Stave, shook, and headirig makers Steam-boiler makers Steam-engine makers Stereotypers Stove, furnace, and grate makers 'ainters and varnishers 'aper-hangers 'aper-mill operatives 'atent-medicine makers. . . 1,858 6,958 4,172 333 Perfumers 1,54.3 2,029 Plasterers Sugar makers and refiners. . Tailors, tailoresses, and seamstresses Tinners Tool and cutlery makers. . . Trunk and valise makers. . . Tobacco-factory operatives. i;609 161,820 Plumbers and gasfitters Potters 30,524 5,351 1,845 Printers 11,985 Print-works operatives Publishers of books, maps, newspapers 74 Type founders and cutters. Umbrella & parasol makers, Upholsterers Wheelwrights 649 1,439 5,736 Quarrymen Quartz & stamp mill labor's, Rag-pickers Railroad builders and con- tractors Reed and shuttle makers. . . 20,942 609 "Window-shade makers Wire makers and workers. . Woodchoppers "Wood turners and carvers. . "Woolen-mill operatives 245 1,834 8,338 7,947 58,836 GENERAL SUMMARY. Engaged in agriculture 5,922,471 " " professional service 2,684,793 " " trade and transportation 1,191,238 " " manufactures and mining 2,707,421 All occupations 1870, persons in 12,505,923 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENTS. 141 STATE LA^WS COnSTCERNnSTG- PATENT-BiaHTS. In some of tlie States, laws liave been passed by wliich patentees or their agents who offer patent-rights for sale, without complying with certain State regula- tions, are made liable to fine and imprisonment. All such State laws are without bindhig force, and are in direct conflict with the laws of the United States ; and any State judge or officer who should, under pretence of a State law, arrest or interfere with a patentee or his agent in the sale of a patent-right, would be liable for damages and punishment in the Courts of the United States. The United States Court, in the case of John Robin- son, held that this kind of legislation is unauthorized, that property in inventions exists by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that no State has a right to interfere with its enjoyment, or annex conditions to the grant. If the patentee complies with the laws of Congress on the subject, he has a right to go into the open market anywhere within the United States and sell his pro- perty. If this were not so, a State might nullify the laws of Congress and destroy the powers conferred by the constitution. The decision above alluded to may be found in full in the Scientific American of August 26th, 1871. The force of expansion of solids by heat is enor- mous. Thus iron, if heated from 32° F. to 212°, ex- pands .0012 of its length, to produce which change of length by mechanical means would require a force of 15 tons. A ROUND tube, whose external and internal diame- ters are to each other as ten to seven, has twice the lateral strength of a solid cylinder containing the same amount of material. Steel is hardened and made elastic by being sud- denly cooled. It is rendered soft and loses elasticity by being slowly cooled. 142 RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. BIGHTS OF EMPLOYEBS AND EMPLOYEES. The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the Union Paper Collar Company {Official Gazette, 1875), decides substantially as follows in respect to the rights of employers and employees, touching the pro- prietorship of new inventions : Where a person has discovered a new and useful principle in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, he may employ other persons to assist in carry- ing out that principle ; and if they, in the course of experiments arising from that employment, make dis- coveries auxiliary to the plan and preconceived design of the employer, such suggested improvements are, in general, to he regarded as the property of the party who discovered the original principle, and they may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention. Doubt upon that subject can not be entertained. But persons employed as much as employers are en- titled to their own independent inventions : and if the suggestions communicated by the persons employed constitute the whole substance of the improvement, the rule is otherwise, and the patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the real invention or dis- covery belongs to the person who made the sugges- tions. The doctrine held by the Patent-Office is that an in- ventor who is an employer has the right to avail him- self of the mechanical skill of those whom he employs to put his invention into practical form. If the inven- tor-employer gives general directions to his workmen to produce a certain machine, the combination or parts, or arrangement produced, belongs exclusively to the inventor-employer, and the workman has no patentable right therein. But when a workman himself suggests and invents an improvement, without previous direction from his employer, the invention belongs to the workman ; he can patent it, and the employer has no claim thereon, although the device may have been made in the shop of the employer, with his tools, and during time be- longing to him. 143 I isr X5 E s:. PAGE Air 17, 29 Appeals 12, 44, 67 Assignments, Forms 49 A Word to Inquirers 100 Belgian Patents 28 British Patents 27 Canadian Patents 26 Caveats 9, 65, 105 Cement Paint 20 Census of tlie United States 109 Cliarcoal, Properties of 84 Chemical Inventions 53 Circle, Problems 25 Copies of Patents 103 Copying-Ink 132 Copyrights 20 Cost 01 applying for Patents. ... 10 Design Patents 16, 76 Disclaimers 70 Drawings for Patents 42, 60 Earn what you Spend 120 Examination, Official 43, 61 Expansion, Force of 141 Extension of Patents 74 Fees, Official, Table of 52 First Inquiry 6 Foreign Patents 26 French Patents 28 Friction 134 General Information 102 Geometry, Practical 85 Gestation 135 Glues, Liquid 103 Going to Washington 13 Gunpowder 133 Harness Blacking Heat Conductors Heat, Effects of. Table _^ Heat, Mechanical Equivalent... 132 Heirs of Inventor 62 Hints to Letter- Writers 119 Horse-Power 122 How to Get Rich 3 How to Invent 130 How to apply for Patents 10 How to sell Patents 23 How we do the Business 11 Incubation 135 Infringements 70, 72, 73, loz Interferences 45, 6( It pays 3c Joint Inventors 4c Knots 124, 125 Labels, Patents for 21 Lapsed Cases 13, 62 PAGE License, Form for 51 Lightning and Lightning-Rods. 121 Mechanical Movements "" Minerals removed by Crops ___ Models . 14, 22, 42, 57, 61 Molecules 129 Money by Telegraph 29 Multum in Parvo 93 Occupations in U. S., Tables Officials can not hold Patents. . . _ Patent Laws of the United States 54 Patents, General Information. . . Patents, How to obtain Patents, How to sell 23 Patented Articles, Stamping 64 Patentee, Rights of 117 Penalty for Stamping^^ 64 Petition for Patent, Form 41 Platinum 5 Population, U. S., past, present, prospective 5 Power of Water 122 Preliminary Examination 7 Purchasers, Rights of 63 Quick Applications ~-' Recommendations, Official Reissues. 47 Rejected Applications _^ Relating to Patents 107 Richness of Patents 4 Rights of Employers and Em- ployees 142 Rights of Women and Minors. . 17 Royalty 2; Scientific American Establish- ment 34 Soap-Bubbles 103 Sound 108 Specific Gravity 134 State Laws concerning Patents. 141 Steam-Engine, History 131 Steam-Engine, The 117, 118 Steam, Pressure of, Table roo Substitute for Belts and Gears.. 100 Substitute for the Crank 84 Telegraph, Money by 29 Tracing-Paper 135 Trade-Marks 18, 30, 78 Underdraining 120 Value of Brains loi Weights and Measures.. 126, 127, 128 Weights of Substances, Tables. 134 What Security have I ? 7 WillitPay? Wind, Velocity and Force S€lllf If li lllEMIl. 4000 Booh> Images a Year I THE BEST NEWSP APER IN THE WORLD. 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