^. S. "i^uAxcu^ c>/ &iru^gi(\\f^ lU-Th^uUt ^ /lAA/{Jtl^CX^v\^ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U. BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE E. E. PRATT, Chief MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— No. 25 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I9I5 '^»"»^rap/, ^„. L'^ '' \A ^^i :ii^ ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PEOCURED FEOM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 5 CENTS PEK COPY 0. OF ^^ MAY l£ t CONTENTS. Page. Letter of submittal 5 Introduction 7 United Kingdom 16 Germany 19 France 23 Russia 24 Netherlands 27 Spain 27 Italy 28 Roumania 30 Serbia 31 Greece 32 Bulgaria 34 Switzerland 35 Egypt 36 3 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, March SI, 1915. Sir : There is submitted herewith a report on the European markets for fish, with a few additional paragraphs on the Egyptian industry. With the exception of a few extracts from consular reports, the information and statistics have been compiled in the Bureau. Respectfully, E. E. Pratt, Chief of Bureau. To Hon. William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce. 5 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. INTRODUCTION. Although the catch of the American fisheries is as valuable as that of any other country in the world, it is not so important as some others in proportion to the size and population of the country. In some parts of the United States fish forms an important part of the diet, but in most sections it is looked upon simply as an occasional substitute for the customary meat and not at all as a necessity. It is therefore difhcult for the American to appreciate the importance of fisheries to great sections of Europe, where any diminution in the fish supply would mean actual hardship. The statistics contained in this report have been brought together to show the extent to which various European countries depend upon the fisheries. A glance at these statistics will indicate the seriousness of any prolonged interruption of the European mdustry. For purposes of comparison there are inserted here two tables of statistics relating to the fishing industry in the United States. The first shows the American catch of the more important fishes in 1908, as determined by the Bureau of the Census in conjunction with the Bureau of Fisheries: Species. Poimds. Value. Species. Pounds. Value. Oysters 233,309,000 90,417,000 110,0.54,000 27,641,000 15,279,000 16,717,000 49, 869, 000 34,441,000 59,987,000 42,763,000 41,118,000 52,913,000 33,703,000 394,776,000 12,103,000 12,024,000 125,0.50,000 $15,713,000 3,347,000 2,914,000 2,113,000 1,931,000 1,896,000 1,776,000 1,562,000 1, 308, 000 1,135,000 989,000 912,000 908, 000 893,000 848, 000 800,000 796,000 Catfish 17,817,000 81,869,000 13,8.J4,000 89, 97X, 000 23, 346, 000 15,247,000 622, 000 7, 722, 000 7,f)47,00O 16,729,000 19,080,000 34,340,*K) 29,462,000 183,577,000 $785,000 Salmon Mussel shells, pearls. Cod 692,000 Shad Lobster 589 000 Clams .588, 000 .5S),000 545 000 Halibut Haddock 524 000 Carp, German Bluefish Lake herrings Bull'alo fish 498, 000 494 000 Crabs Shrimp and prawn Hake.: Mullet 464' 000 Menhaden Pollack .. 402 000 Mackerel 6,872 000 Total Herrings, salt-water — 1,893,454,000 54,031,000 Tlie second table indicates the distribution of the American fish- eries; it shows the output of the various State fisheries in 1908: states. Pounds. Value. States. Pounds. Value. 244,313,000 312,515,000 76,485,000 100,456,000 74,087,000 113,796,000 173,843,000 74, 827, 000 66,942,000 47,477,000 101,422,000 44,2.54,000 46,106,000 38,302,000 74,620,000 28,217,000 $7,095,000 4,716,000 4,594,000 3,513,000 3,389,000 3, 306, 000 3, 257, 0(X) 3,069,00) 2, 982, OIX) 1,970,000 1,770,000 1,752,000 1,569,000 1,473,000 1,436,000 1,356,000 1,067,000 840,000 701,000 556,000 70,769,000 11,88S,0{W 10,439,000 10, 665, 000 6, 751,(H)0 14, 104, aw 15,507,000 8,867,000 12,567,000 7,47.5,000 4,.5(.)6,0O0 5,390,000 677, 000 432, 000 399,000 70,000 33,000 8,000 $.541,000 513,000 446, oa) 387, 000 Te.xas Florida 271,000 Maryland 288,000 223, 000 New Jersey Iowa 215, 000 Connecticut 207,000 192, 000 North Carolina 112,000 Rhode Island 110,000 New Hampshire 53,000 28,000 22,000 4,000 30, 953, 000 28,917,000 14,828,000 20,547,000 2,000 Ohio Total 1,893,454,000 54,031,000 8 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. More recent statistics for the total catch of all the American fish- eries are not available, but the Bureau of Fisheries issues annual bulletins that show in considerable detail the extent and value of certain selected fisheries. Such a bulletin relating to the fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester during the calendar year 1914 has just been issued. The Boston and Gloucester fleets in 1914 numbered 393 vessels of all classes. They brought in 7,598 fares or trips of fish, aggregating 162,589,220 pounds, for which the fishermen received $4,395^0:30. The catch of the principal fishes as landed in a fresh, frozen, or salted condition was as follows: Species. Pounds. Value. Species. Pounds. Value. Cod 47,529,025 57, 754, 128 12,752,971 12,4,54,723 5,858,990 $1,359,416 1,381,150 242, 503 199, 730 102, 779 Halibut 3,379,585 10,748,847 0, 088, 850 1,499,844 3,921,657 .1276,3.50 Haddock . . Herrings 227,213 Hake Mackerel 354, 725 Pollack Swordfish 177,669 Cusk All others 73, 483 Practically the entire catch of the vessels discharging at Boston consisted of fresh fish, which were sold in that condition, while about two-fifths of the receipts at Gloucester were salted, and a large part of those brought in fresh were subsequently salted before sale. EXPORTS OF AMERICAN FISH. The only American fish product that is exported on a large scale is canned salmon. This well-laiown article is sold all over the woi-ld, although three-fourths of the exports go directly to England, from which country it is reexported in large quantities. Exports of canned salmoii in 1914 totaled nearly .$8,000,000, of which practi- cally $6,000,000 worth went to England. The exports of all Amer- ican fish and fish products for the fisciil years 1910, 1913, and 1914 are shown by countries of destination in the following table: FRESH FISH, EXCEPT SALMON. 1910 1913 1914 Countries of deslinaliDn. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Europe: 18, 375 .339,010 2,000 43, 101 2,015 5, 100, 950 24. 290 5,4U7 $2, 060 32,0.54 $2, 885 90,815 .1i;i2,;i40 43, 2S0 320 4,978 North America: 346 Canada 4,24.5,054 190, 514 .5,277,775 209,933 200, 089 1,803 32, 222 2,980 10, 104 212 950 64,234 791 IS 47 2,340 034 West Indies- British— 1,500 855,279 i87 Cuba 341,332 637 1,000 ""hi,'ni 14,4.88 09 58 2,876' 48,078 South America: Brazil Oceania: British— Australia "'73,' 1.58 " 5,857' 3, 850 70, 805 188 4,908 Total ... 4,703,413 213,,S70 .5,517,218 291,. 3.32 0,534,400 300,871 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. DRIED. SMOKED, OR CURED COD, HADDOCK, HAKE, AND POLLOCK. Coimtrics of destination. 1910 Pounds. Value 1913 Poimds. 1914 Value. l'oimd.s. Value. Europe: France Germany Greece Italy Portugal United Kingdom— England. . North America: Bermuda British Honduras Canada Central American States — Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador Mexico Newfoundland and Labrador . West Indies- British— Barbados Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Other British Cuba Danish Dutch French Haiti Santo Dommgo South America: Bolivia Brazil ChDo Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Peru Venezuela Asia: China Chosen East Indies — British — Straits Settlements Other British French Hongkong Japan Oceania: British- Australia New Zealand Other British French Germany Philippine Islands Africa: German Africa Liberia 205 21,000 120, 3(50 7, 300 10,000 561 77,259 44,354 23, 760 SO, 191 26,006 27, 450 270, 174 6,020 31,628 1,060 122,994 242,409 174, 189 36,687 880 28, 442 650,117 309,278 5,760 15,348 600 9,770 214, 120 21,134 2,010 61,931 18,310 088 Total. 320 0,112 7(), 300 3,340 104,310 4, 150 120 9,330 10, 276 24,860 12, 320 17,956 3,051,449 648 4,825 300 475 50 3,111 2,106 1,425 4,738 1,127 1,034 13,210 460 2,300 52 7,000 11,627 6,164 2, 520 20 1,602 24,628 20,911 380 945 53 475 10,425 824 182 4,023 1,395 64 26 440 5,147 249 10,593 290 10 658 584 2,307 290 780 150, 567 2,250 24, 000 1,028 99, 262 91,370 55, 745 125,643 62, 156 40, 522 186, 654 9,980 100, 905 1,607 7,100 34,842 2,904 7, 731 250, 2.S8 184,240 13,844 103,219 1,478,520 458 850, 879 11,547 470 94,000 254,044 13, 132 2,380 06,815 17,229 1,403 200 2,270 1,750 81,990 3,035 61,400 13,912 380 13,080 10, 870 10, 100 4,484,414 .?2O0 1,350 91 5, .303 6,299 3,639 8,610 3,342 2,192 9,919 837 7,705 119 335 2, 030 150 302 10, 5()7 7, 090 1, ISO 1,000 4,905 117,047 113,469 74,265 132,317 67, 702 31,942 140,224 12, 500 108,631 1,080 4,500 17,010 79, 340 4,374 980,071 103, 129 12,947 11,576 70, 361 48 55, 858 804 41 3, 923 10,449 544 223 3,955 1, 434 138 14 164 132 4, 9(i3 275 4,228 1, 062 39 SS9 667 1,121 245, 842 1,393,327 1,550,018 270 391,327 12,407 2,410 217,798 297, 553 8, 108 148 50,218 16,531 563 50 1,6.54 73, 135 2, 600 62, 000 12, 400 280 15, 155 8,:i64 14,950 13, 128 6.156,907 406 6, 180 6,521 4,878 10,110 3, 822 1, 760 10, 133 1, 190 8,454 56 252 905 4, 556 194 59, 846 4,;i77 1, 158 118,058 84,274 23 25, 108 970 248 9,967 12, 565 418 14 2, 5.58 1, 390 57 141 4,917 263 4,:5S9 993 30 1,144 572 1,824 DRIED, SMOKED, OR CURED HERRINGS. Europe: Germanv 750 1.50 2,740 $30 5 70 United Kingdom- England '. 11,980 3, 750 10,949 402, 150 $585 North America: Bermuda 138 British Honduras 1, 888 5,235 67 248 5, 105 329, 193 «216 3,995 389 Canada 9,443 88193°— 15- 10 EUROPEAN MARKETS I OR FISH. DRIED, SMOKED, OR CURED HERRINGS— Continued. Countries of destination. Central American States- Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Mexico West Indies— British— IBarbados Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago . . Other Britisli Cuba Danish Dutch French Haiti Santo Domingo South America: Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Guiana — British Dutch French Peru Venezuela Asia: China Hongkong Japan Africa: British Africa — West. French Africa Liberia Total 1910 4,267 560 100 575 31,965 1,029 88,314 20,296 17,716 6, 600 166, 252 145,092 304 12, 300 1,279 200, 000 338, 100 3, 500 1,200 18,244 1,116,122 Value. $170 20 4 19 1,098 65 1,402 3, 108 745 6SS 246 6, 937 6, 108 505 49 2,000 3,390 75 50 637 28,247 1913 Poimds. Value 3,179 2, 932 4,953 1,738 37, 722 3,575 1,000 1,612 29,080 8, 332 117,596 .35, 425 28, 578 114,690 865, ,S90 263, 512 56,200 251 1,440 23, 569 1,000 3,482,891 3,664,110 5,437,810 1,4,S0 14,539,140 $115 .347 186 66 1,315 133 35 76 1,262 387 4, 518 1,227 1,142 4,3.56 26, .5.55 9,259 2,711 11 43 1,072 39 38,2,58 37, 148 73, 494 70 208, ,880 Pounds. Value 3, 167 7, 823 5,9,58 1, 7.59 55, 242 2, .555 12,400 3, ,865 24,329 7,920 463, 693 48, 759 44,. 342 215, 731 2, 5,50, 930 1,119,590 1,000 3,445 20, 525 12,378 60 3, 745 631,300 3,3.52,205 1,39,8,000 784 10,4,S0,334 $116 263 211 58 2,2,55 105 4,SS 190 993 319 17,095 1,774 1,6,S9 7,090 98, 1.59 41,750 40 810 573 2 151 6,312 36,567 13,980 35 241,701 ALL OTHER DRIED. SMOKED, OR CURED FISH. Europe: 22,201 $1,474 4,50 $26 1,400 125 9,412 240 238 483, 915 4,950 1,047 825 1,3,80 1 1 , 058 47,418 1,1,50 ( $424 16 12 21,760 259 65 57 97 613 4,154 65 301 20 North America: 649 23,592 34 1,732 4,094 89, 365 8,258 11,264 2,236 337 1,7.89 14,974 i65 Canada 7,428 Central American States- ,520 3,673 42 269 112 16,981 191 2 14 4 1,3,30 802 Honduras Nicaragua 94 14 107 Mexico 1,2,83 West Indies — British— [ 8,290 23,092 509 723 1 136 19 Other British 1::;::::;:: 200 258, .543 47,928 17 Cuba 3,900 156 7,4.55 2,140 Dutch . . 200 46 975 34 Haiti 60,033 60, 801 2, ,829 2,8,33 Santo Domingo 58, 259 7.85, 967 2,217 50, 445 48,900 1,883 South America: Chile .. 3,267 270 99 20 Colombia 124 10 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. ALL OTHER DRIED, SMOKED, OR CURED FISH— Continued. 11 Countries of destination. 1910 1913 1914 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. South America— Continued. Guiana — 4,032 $323 Dutch 16,250 $1,622 36,118 $1,465 French 10, .500 400 9, .500 .50,000 3,381,379 100,500 990 483 9,376 176,300 422 4,456 19 Asia: China 3,500 350 1 491 Straits Settlements 843 Hongkong 1,500 150 3,328,185 1,717,390 1,280 600 210 1,8.56 154,968 30,744 88 36 26 75 14.5,536 6,675 61 Oceania: French German Philippine Islands 160 14 3,500 250 Africa: Liberia Total 246,282 14, 101 6,681,334 272,649 4,050,415 177,669 PICKLED FISH. Europe: Denmark . Barrels. Barrels. 1,492 690 .$10,825 7,185 Barrels. 0,046 4.50 3 28 $44,260 4,665 30 France 3 $25 431 5 590 44 5,275 605 762 2,080 250 12 30 64 515 192 55 73 20 84 29 266 589 188 100 116 242 33 12 19,8.55 304 1,743 2 10 275 825 26 6 170 200 61 2,130 358 United Kingdom^ England 6 2 46 15 1 635 Scotland fO North America: Bermuda 5 24 71 172 29 19 15 75 16 f 44 1 251 54 1 131 1,519 391 93 30 14,541 446 41 179 976 2,109 231 138 115 848 200 364 1,982 617 1,022 9,483 2,417 924 219 82,603 4,634 164 British Honduras 3 104 73 13 2 7 147 5 [ 367 605 454 55 5 8,114 39 272 37 1,014 799 158 24 84 1,291 47 4,330 3,978 2,631 582 36 44,254 459 6,165 436 Canada 4 599 Central American States- Costa Rica 1 882 Gautemala 428 Honduras . 569 139 Panama... 960 Mexico 267 West Indies- British— Barbados 2 3.55 Jamaica 3,610 Trinidad and Tobago 2 206 Other British 840 Cuba 1 423 Danish 1 6S9 Dutch 206 French 100 Haiti 102,320 3,335 14,876 22 Santo Domiugo South America: Brazil Chile Colombia 8 491 364 3 93 4,936 3,144 35 25 23 886 9 1 2 14 21 3 3 1 3 247 266 7,247 106 18 20 253 420 34 30 12 33 99 Guiana — British 3,071 6,749 Dutch French 245 Peru Venezuela 5 52 2 20 Asia: China Hongkong 100 1,805 Oceania: British- New Zealand Other British French German 1 19 Philippine Islands 6 66 1 7 Total 11,253 76,106 21,956 143,612 35,887 234,771 12 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. CANNED SALMON. Countries of destination. 1910 1913 1914 rounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Europe: 100 $12 13,000 186,996 2,400 33,120 41,929 2,400 720 9, (m 9, 456 250 $940 17,485 250 2,710 3, 688 2.50 75 732 1,005 26 45,590 75,693 $3,024 6,110 1,878 424 223 51 14,400 85,738 5,100 6,720 2,400 11,000 3,300 1,443 4,870 Gibraltar 541 Italy 644 300 9,744 1,020 1,100 320 11,580 5,100 1,210 506 Spain 1,300 134 3, 795 7,200 1,500 62,318,612 274,080 7,200 43,346 31,486 3, 632, 465 149,848 46, 171 57,387 50, 497 367,678 13,806 754, 172 77,836 188,856 175,590 73,274 306, 749 13,259 34,. 511 894 2,670 77,120 .51,444 26,944 80, 129 2,123,237 183,508 277, 488 132, 455 97,859 7,266 301,374 4,6C)0 186,074 552 45, 504 1,920 365 700 150 United Kingdom- 44,737,072 4,709,160 25,076,343 30,640 2,674,626 3,333 5,982,247 23,906 450 North America: 26,484 28,310 9,022 157,946 16,821 16,240 2S,116 482,717 5,498 697,217 [ 548,561 08,737 14,655 9,838 196 2,038 22,120 229, 461 33,502 267,354 1,556,629 114,274 272, 411 222, 398 57,509 17,724 367,676 11,730 43,144 2,383 2,(i06 7,570 12,237 1,361 1,361 2,066 45, 404 423 50,782 53,939 6, 486 1,512 1,160 18 185 2,058 15,690 2,941 28,241 92,259 9,494 16,487 22,133 6,297 1,784 24,817 1,167 4,887 58,392 27, 153 992,053 100,964 53,991 34,213 128, 597 587,909 17, 136 1,427,853 f 32,303 I 288,243 1 169,123 I 51,239 160, 933 6,716 27,464 270 12,765 94,393 110,404 43,648 219, 492 2,318,720 173,7(.K) 293, 175 214,349 69, 223 21,178 513,311 8,633 148,878 240 83,568 5,633 2,768 105, 813 7,627 4,162 3,146 9,185 48,959 1,373 102,853 3,542 26, 107 17,743 5,865 13,281 742 2,811 28 1,210 7,975 9,984 2,329 22,820 143,574 13,018 17,787 22, 438 6,578 1,605 34,129 883 17,222 21 6, 760 3,986 3,430 Canada Central American States — 314,917 10,247 3,744 5,821 Nicaragua...- 3,880 31,350 Salvador 1,000 53,608 West Indies- British— Barbados 0,013 Jamaica 17,805 Trinidad and Toliago .... 16,171 7, 158 Cuba 21,917 Danish 1,273 Dutch 3,181 French 95 Haiti 260 Santo Domingo 5,682 South Aiiierica: 4,472 1,634 7,211 Chile 134,678 Colombia 12,760 Ecuador 15,280 Guiana- British 13,444 Dutch 8,153 French 065 19,091 Uruguay 351 15,936 Asia: Aden . . . . 28 China 28,522 3,120 2,688 345 3,980 China, leased territory- British 200 192 13,200 550,094 1,635,282 143,856 356, 448 1,011 38,069 116,365 8, 962 31,084 2,016 294,252 918,275 34,224 189,604 220 22,876 76,285 2,458 15,920 2,928 327,817 1,541,408 135,840 331,776 624 480,036 2,614 144 480 4,352 266 East Indies- British— 21,168 Straits Settlements . . . . 90,292 Other British 9,141 Dutch 22,408 French 43 121,558 3,716 12,234 352 767,810 2,256 49,3(J0 289 32, 109 Japan 274 13 Siam 1,008 93 39,360 632 2,208 58 00 420 Other Asia 480 45 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. CANNED SALMON— Continued. 13 Countries of destination. 1910 1913 1914 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Vahie. Oceania: Britisli— Australia 5, .351, 172 123, 646 66,826 241,200 360,576 5,425,404 $538,854 12,458 5,160 22,589 22, 554 396, 604 0,331,184 194,,s:i6 53,006 335, 8(X) 381,744 10, 122, 820 9,400 376, 977 20,936 2,830 $764,379 20,377 4,036 34,790 27,560 590, 12S 1,020 31,170 1,808 305 5,961,723 95, 136 73,984 3,89, 424 534, 484 5,034,252 $006, 703 9,2,89 Other British 5,168 French 37,218 33,247 206, 369 Africa: British Africa- West South 3.57,051 1,440 910 37, 707 120 92 295, 607 15,024 2,860 2,400 36, 650 1,000 24,501 1,0.59 German A frica 300) 230 151,470 14,674 52, 4t)0 800 5,029 85 3,238 113 Total 63, 860, 696 6,314,258 55,290,966 5,103,340 87,750,920 7,999,293 ALL OTHER SALMON. Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 Eiu-ope: $75 "84 ,"727 18,395 3,061 1,837,624 7,5.50 38, 886 South America: $30 173 14 3,162 Belgium $730 .53, 494 12, .582 400 1,8.57,500 2,100 23,516 Brazil Chile $3,029 $83, 5.80 $2.58 Colombia 16. 415 1,223,595 Ecuador 109 Guiana- 823 217 695 470 45, ,88.5 5, 200 42, 725 66, 555 630 Dutch 78 Russia in Eiu-ope French 16 14 44,635 60, 152 34,312 49, .869 324 276 82, 742 127 18 2 395 23 584 -ii 253 United Kingdom- England 311 89 3 60 41 10 90 55 21,913 913 89 1,886 1,189 2,089 1,208 18 Asia: China Chosen 39 25 522 North America: 122 26 British Honduras East Indie.s — British— British 23, 5.59 197 02 11 31,562 227 7 10 1 , 009 28 gtates — Dutch Hongkong 779 33 1,960 292 Tiu-key m Asia Oceania: British- 17,972 2,795 49 1,222 1,727 1,934 1,210 Salvador 555 3,067 97 42 78 19 283 313 450 f 250 1 ^ 20, 559 West Indies — British — New Zealand Other British 364 74 1,425 Jamaica German 727 Trin. and Tobago. Other British Philippine Islands . . . Africa: British Africa — South ... 2,181 Cuba 457 123 233 47 86 385 551 Dutch Egypt 32 49 16 533 1,000 Total Santo Domingo 1,532,640 2,122,566 2,195,309 14 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. CANNED FISH, EXCEPT SALMON AND SHELLFISH. Countries of destina- tion. Europe: AustriarHiingary Azores, and Madeira Islands Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Russia in Europe .... Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom- England Scotland North America: Bermuda British Honduras Canada Central American States- Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador Me.xico Newfoundland and Labrador West Indies- British— Barbados Jamaica Trin. and Tobago. Other British Cuba Danish Dutch French Haiti Santo Domingo South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil 1910 $100 3,39o 572 213 3, 100 32,1 109, 7S6 417 186 310 •1,272 77.S 608 175 695 2,201 236 16,270 1,126 3,063 376 1,3)4 24 551 2,002 688 1,148 5S, 376 1913 $25 10 175 12,205 1,558 924 393 10 400 40 1,136 700 397 752 11,565 363 3,833 4,019 2,787 3,578 633 11,449 97 1,587 49 706 9, 251 261 138 90 585 6,028 940 537 1,5,907 1914 $169 198 30 28 354 627 280 32 630 125 '185 5,140 182 1,167 860 13,763 266 3,877 3,859 4,051 5,931 185 15,546 20 1,301 208 1,508 5,581 169 249 63 754 7,271 1,539 59 14,266 Countries of destina- tion. South America— Contd, Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Paraguay Peru Uniguay Venezuela Asia: Aden China Chosen East Indies — British- British India Straits Settlem't? Other British Dut<-h French Hongkong Japan Russia m Asia Siam Turkey in Asia Oceania: British — Australia New Zealand Other British French German Philippine Islands. . . Africa: British Africa — West South Canary Islands Egypt French Africa German Africa Liberia Portuguese Africa Spanish Africa Total. 1910 $1,357 1,217 342 115 608 446 74 4,028 45 800 764 1,87 916 110 10 196 43 162 218 232 4 229 13 8 182 194 11,946 681 2,101 62 69 390 33 240,389 $1,627 2,261 1,003 53 274 717 2,208 549 1,775 1,4,81 386 374 30 7 162 30 256 301 9 390 310 122 1,187 7.56 8,766 6 1,071 2,274 1,599 1, 243 'i,'469 30 1,861 194 671 104 41 490 226 18 19 18 1,499 608 93 1,452 395 12,672 27 37 187 14 27 22 8 45 25 OYSTERS. Europe: Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Switzerland United Kingdom- England Scotland Ireland North America: Bermuda British Honduras Canada C e n t r a 1 American States- Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador $10 $22 $12 36 142 40 88 579 1,539 1,532 35 123 36 25 12 12 136 41 734 10 163,495 4 159,171 156,315 489 900 1,804 29 8 14 1,,5.50 519 1,112 572 542 635 285,599 340, 4.58 340, 719 2,817 1,513 3,872 1,121 939 1,617 343 1,104 1,459 998 3,780 1,711 5,784 5,161 4,768 359 499 644 North America — Contd Mexico Miquelon, Langley, etc Newfoundland and Labrador West Indies — British — Barbados , Jamaica Trin. and Tobago Other British. Cuba Danish Dutch French Haiti Santo Domingo. South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador 52,399 1,342 166 1,238 518 1,178 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. OYSTERS— Continued. 15 Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 South America — Contd, Guiana — $259 60 58 2,015 2, 793 2,188 73 $236 52 $294 27 Asia — Continued. Japan $218 14 36, 156 1,213 161 105 34 6, 365 $24 British Siam $5 27,801 487 33 180 56 11, 188 23 1,969 17 23 907 Dutch Oceania: British- Peru 1,806 3,584 3,261 744 9 114 99 74 i22" 1,435 2, 132 1,604 1,576 64 98 42 19 66 52 150 Uruguay New Zealand Other British French 956 107 Asia: 263 China German. 103 China, leased terri- tory- Japanese Philippine Islands . . . Africa: British Africa- West 4,206 Chosen 24 87 East Indies — South 3,,S31 1,569 British- French Africa Liberia British India Straits Settle- Portuguese Africa Total 171 174 Dutch. .. . 36 348 594,066 633,332 6G6 432 ALL OTHER SHELLFISH. Europe: Azores, and Madeira Islands Belgium France Germany Greece Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom — England Scotland North America: Bermuda Britisli Honduras Canada Central American States- Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador Mexico Miquelon, Langley, etc Newfoundland and Labrador West Indies- British- Barbados Jamaica Trin. and Tobago Other British.... Cuba Danish Dutch Haiti Santo Domingo $1,240 2,944 4,751 346 50 271 11,576 4,478 15, 686 425 374 756 30, 539 5, 135 440 570 1,102 21,755 1.58 17, 100 2,373 1.5,211 344 332 81 378 $379 835 442 11 338 570 13,955 6, 468 100 52, 682 102 630 1,034 87 23, 550 29 19 1,.535 780 $2, 332 1,420 225 899 17,382 5,771 40 10, 553 163 177 615 679 936 36, 726 47, 544 2, 635 5,616 819 1,733 1,292 2, 569 3, 685 1,878 19,161 24,850 235 378 28,547 8,838 153 774 1,741 650 41,414 68 16 7 525 South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana- British Dutch French Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia: China Chosen East Indies — British- British India Straits Settle- ments Dutch Frencli Hongkong Japan Russia in Asia Siam Oceania: Britisli — Australia New Zealand Other British French German Philippine Islands . . Africa: British Africa^ We.st South Egypt Portuguese Africa Total S49,062 1,440 60,011 10,512 2,192 3, 690 7, 70S 1,9.51 2,720 13, 320 15, 692 1,333 289 48 36 13,046 565 6, 795 1,914 132 250 205 8, 383 34 884 $64,848 1,652 91,417 10,521 2,677 4,786 S, 981 5,737 869 15, 3.39 13, 764 3,025 544 117 520 6 19,831 1,766 6, 552 1,464 401 1,784 357 4,131 1,546 226 277 467,835 $18, 480 1, 0.55 43, .596 12, .507 3,177 4, 793 8, 425 5, 689 503 6,622 17,319 3,414 1,515 30 38 151 6,225 775 32 3,896 23 545 1,0,83 295 1, 7.59 1,791 47 323,428 ALL OTHER FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS. Europe: Austria-Hungary. Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway 12,178 21,226 559 $8,070 3,847 2,992 $150 66 2,070 3, 233 3, 896 850 l,9.so Europe — Continued. Spain United Kingdom- England Scotland North America: Bermuda British Honduras. . Canada $1,389 5.55 (i86 3.5,601 $3, 829 924 371 42, 464 $440 2, 5.53 12 667 1,0,55 61,624 16 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. ALL OTHER FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS— Continued. Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 Countries of destina- tion. 1910 1913 1914 North Aracriea — Coufd. .¥1,296 1,708 059 2,296 3, 359 305 4,278 $212 1,573 306 847 4,131 223 4,097 $34 605 575 441 1,413 232 1,144 24,0.50 233 645 268 1,010 1,392 360 394 687 1,225 South America — Coiitd. Peru $1,013 839 174 &S3 17 $361 1,235 1,845 490 $.543 287 States — 2,069 Asia: Ciiina 677 Chosen East Indies-^ British— British In- dia 120 70 3, 448 281 234 10 3 248 189 393 Miquelon, Langley, 10 42, 856 786 491 Hongkong 2, 025 2 1 300 34 [ 5(i0 134 40 2, 1.53 8,720 985 Japan 239 Oceania: British- Australia West Indies — British— i 240 2,090 305 11 2, .575 2, KV2 10 8S0 9 494 Barliados New Zealand 30 Other BritLsh Frencli 21 .500 121 1,612 Trill, and Tobago Other British 264 16 Cuba I'hilippine Islands . . . Africa: British Africa- West 107 Dutch Haiti 15 South 50 23 East 10 93 4,021 58 124 Chile Frencli Africa 10 28 50 Colombia 231 00 2,80 2, 0S4 57 94 ""2,' .587 German A f rica Portuguese Africa Total Guiana- British 550 123 4(i 140, .5.59 103,284 122, 504 Dutch UNITED KINGDOM. As a source of the nation's food supply the fisheries of Great Britain are second only in importance to agriculture. The British Isles are in the midst of fishing grounds of exceptional ricluiess, and large numbers of the people are attracted to this means of earning a livelihood. Statistics show that some 25,000 boats are engaged in British fisheries and employ crews of over 100,000 men and ])oys. A corresponding number of persons are engaged on shore in cleaning, curing, packmg, and selling the fish. The following table shows provisional figures for the quantity (in hundredweights of 112 pounds) and value of the fish landed on the English and Welsh, Scotch, and Irish coasts during the years 1913 and 1914: 1913 1914 Kerns. Hundred- weight. Value. Hundred- weight. Value. England and Wales: I'Msh, excludint; sliellfish Shellfish .' 10,1.52,374 $48,710,385 1,593,112 10,124,948 $38. 1.83, 192 1 406,000 Total SO,. 303, 497 39. fi 89, 192 Scotland: Fish, excluding shellfish 7,2.59,883 18,119,717 350,218 0,897,699 14,459,423 Shellfish 310,449 Total 18,469,935 14, 77-!;, 872 Ireland: Fish, ex-clndim,' shellfish Shellfish 036.807 1,367.219 140,262 549,597 1,092,038 95,077 Total 1,507,481 1,187,115 Grand total 70,280,913 55,552,179 EUEOPEA]Sr MARKETS FOR FISH. 17 If the catch for 1913 is taken at 24,000,000 hundredweight of 112 pounds, vakied at 868,000,000, the imports at 3,600,000 hundred- weight, vakied at $23,000,000, and the exports at 11,000,000 hun- dredweight, valued at $36,000,000, the total consumption for the year may be placed at 16,600,000 hundredweight, valued at $55,- 000,000. The per capita consumption for the United Kingdom works out at about 41 pounds a year, using the 1913 statistics as a basis, and omitting the shellfish entirely. This figure will illustrate the tremendous importance of sea food in the British Isles. Of the fisli taken at the English and Welsh fisheries, the catch of herrings is the most important, the total in 1913 being 7,313,425 hundredweight. In 1914 there was a remarkable falling off in the catch of this fish, the final figure being only 2,016,899 hundred- weight. Following the herrings in 1913 came the cod with 2,646,666 hundredweight, the haddock with 1,553,869 hundredweight, and the plaice with 699,298 hundredweight. Other important catches were hake, whiting, coalfish, skates and rays, and mackerel. The oidy catch seriously afl'ected by the war in 1914 seems to have been herrings. The catch of sea fish in the Scotch fisheries in 1913 totaled 7,259,883 hundredweight, the poorest since 1909, although record prices were received. The herring catch was the most important and amounted to 4,449,323 hundredv/eight. Ninety-five per cent of the Scotch herrings are preserved in some manner. Oi the Irish catch of 636,807 hundredweight, over 470,000 hundredweight were herrings and some 290,000 hundredweight mackerel. FOREIGN TRADE IN FISH. Great Britain's expt^rts of herrings are very important and Ger- many has been the most important customer. In 1913 the exports of fresh herrings amounted to 1,166,598 hundredweight, of which Germany took no less than 1,111,548 hundredweight. For the same year the exports of herrings preserved by curing, salting, etc., totaled 8,795,232 hundredweight, ot which 3,996,892 hundrexl weight went to Germany, 3,566,155 to Russia, and 398,810 to the United States. Preserved pilchards were exported to the extent of 37,101 hundred- weight, Italy taking 32,850 hundredweight. The exports of pre- served cod amounted to 441,983 hundredweight, Spain being the principal purchaser with a total of 183,296 hundredweight. Other important buyers of this product were Cuba, Brazil, Italy, and Portugal, in the order named. The United States is the principal purchaser of preserved mackerel, taking 88,913 hundredweight out of a total export of 98,370 hundredweight. The imports of fish into the United Kingdom, while not so impor- tant as the exports, amount to nearly $25,000,000 a year. The table following shows in detail the exports of the various fish by countries of destination (hundredweight = 1 12 pounds; £ = $4.8665). 88193°— 15— 3 18 EUROPEAN MARKETS EOR FISH, Articles, and countries of orisriu. Fresh fish (not of British tak- ing): Herrtnss^ Sweden Norway Other foreign countries. . British possessions Ilundred- weight. Total. Unenumerated— Russia Norway Denmark (including Fa- roe) Germany Netherlands Belgium P"ranee United States Other foreign countries. . British posse-ssions — Canada Deep-sea fisheries Other British jjosses- sions Total. Shellfish: Oysters for food — "Netherlands llnited States Other foreign countries. . British possessions 107,606 1,054, .541 925 73,356 1,236,428 Total. Oysters for Ijreeding pur- poses- France United States Other foreign countries. . Total. Unenumerated — Norway Netherlands Other foreign coimtries. British possessions- British West Indies.. Other British Total Cured or salted fish: Caimed sardines — Norway Germany Belgium France Portugal Spain Other foreign c:)untries. British possessions Total. 3,779 34,799 94,s,sl 59 3S,942 X,902 2, 433 150 10,432 6,710 666,334 Value. 11,032 56, 42S 2,29S $£29, 780 250, 228 394 58,300 5,290 133, 472 2, S72 779 814 127,036 892 403 20, 109 133,249 11,149 672 1,710 295,220 336, 702 10,581 60,249 191,274 168 74,596 19,222 10, 870 50 6,082 24,634 267,312 665,299 46, S96 3S,957 2,619 14 88,4>;6 4,254 1,413 5, 702 10, 797 50,635 9,398 4,022 3,832 415,376 2,927 937 93,841 363, 884 28, 797 1,771 4,591 912,124 Articles, and countries of origin. Cured or salted fish— Contd. Canned salmon- Russia Japan .• United States , Other foreign countries . . British possessions — Canada Newfo u n d 1 a n d and Labrador Other British Hundred- weight. Total. Canned lobsters — France United Slates Other foreign countries . . . British possessions — Canada Newfo u n d 1 a n d and Labrador Other British Total. Caimed, unenumerated — Norway Germany , France Spain Italy , Japan { Including Taiwan and leased Chinese ter- ritory) United States Other foreitrn countries . . British jiosses'^ions — Cape of Good Hope Other British Total. Not canned, all sorts- Norway Denmark (including Fa- roe) Iceland and Greenland. . . Germany Netherlands France Italy United States Other foreign countries . . British possessions — Canada N e w fo u n d 1 a n d and I>abrador Other British Total. Total value of fish imported: From foreign countries . . . . From British possessions. . Total. 27,142 28, 925 265,817 2,798 275,362 298 218 12 545 169 33, 139 1,:361 4 33,156 384 3,331 2, 201 2,539 2,546 2,963 3, l;'8 17,627 2,349 70, 234 165,617 2,S, 195 100, 755 1,540 2,574 1,243 6,258 3,400 16, 709 13,081 31,208 175 S74,561 81,289 098,018 9,739 900, 068 575 687 1,764,937 106 5,372 1,230 308,951 15, 707 45 76,504 1,884 14,589 4,147 6,891 15,643 9,530 7,041 66, 292 10,713 213,2:34 243,509 34,553 108,223 2,663 2, 445 3,815 22, 239 8, 875 10,399 15,853 36, 270 1,504 490,348 3,169.296 1,717,631 4,886,927 DEMAND FOR CANNED SALMON. (From Vice Consul Arthur V. Blackmore, Birmingham, England.) Originally Columbia River salmon had the largest sale in this country, but the color was too pale for the trade and the consumer was encouraged to take red fish; consequently Alaska and Fraser River fish have become more popular. Sockeye and Chinook are now the favorite salmon. Owing, however, to the high prices asked for these fish, pale-pink salmon are again being introduced, and there is a growling demand for an article that can be sold for 1 1 to EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. 19 12 cents per pound tin. There seems to be an opinion in some quarters that not all the goods sold as salmon are rcallj salmon. The bulk of the imported salmon comes by water from Pacific coast ports. The goods are sold by the importer to the wholesaler, who in turn sells to the retailer. The consumers are found princi- pally among the working classes. There is a very large market for good red fish, and the demand is steadily increasing. GERMANY. During the last few years the fishing industry of Germany has been placed on a sounder commercial basis than had formerly existed. This improvement has resulted chiefly from the increased use of steam fisliing vessels and from the cooperation and encouragement offered by the German Government and the German Sea Fishery Association. State aid to the fishing industry takes many forms, such as pecu- niary assistance and subventions and reduced rates for inland rail transportation of fresh fish. The Government has also devoted large sums to building fish harbors at Geestemunde, Emden, Cuxhaven, Altona, and other ports. Geestemunde is the principal fishing port and market in Germany. Of late years there has been an exceptional demand in Germany for all kmds of sea fish, and this has greatly increased prices. In many of the interior cities sea fish, and the best methods of cooldng them, were practically unknown until recently, when the Govern- ment and the Sea Fishery Association undertook a campaign to ex- tend the consumption. The latter organization started a series of cookery lessons in Berhn and other large cities, using moving pic- tures to show the methods of fishing and the varieties of fish and to aid in explaining their food value. As a consequence the taste for fish spread amazingly and the various trawling concerns entered upon an era that seemed likely to be permanent. German vessels by no means lurnish the entire supply of sea fish for this country. Denmark each year exports some 300,000 hun- dredweight of fish to Germany and is one of the chief purveyors to the Berlin market. A considerable number of English ships land con- signments of fish at Geestemunde. The catch of herrings each year, in spite of the shipments continually coming into the country, seems to be insufficient to meet the demand. The German catch in the North Sea for 1912 and 1913 is shown in the following table in kilos of 2.2046 pounds and marks of 23.8 cents: Fish. Marks Kilos. Marks. Herrings Cod Codfish and pollack, Flatfish Shellfish Plaice Turbot Whitinf; All other Total 1,562,400 31,412,700 6,696,000 2,078,500 26,668,300 3,334,900 332,700 4,761,000 10,297,500 306,500 5,541,000 977, 700 1,158,400 7,282,100 1,374,500 571,700 787,200 3,242,600 87, 144, 000 21,241,700 3,964,800 29, 870, 700 9,670,800 1,837,900 22,022,700 3,612,900 449,100 5,176,300 10,708,400 87,313,600 822,100 5, 782, 100 1,325,200 1,072,800 6,337,000 1,374,500 732,200 988, 400 3,422,900 21,857,200 20 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. The German fisheries in the Baltic yield about half the total that is taken in the North Sea, the principal varieties caught being eels, flounders, perch, herrings, sprats, and bleak fish, in the order named. There are also important river and lake fisheries, the Rhine salmon being one of the best known products. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The imports of fish and fish products necessary to supply the de- mand in Germany are important, as is shown by the accompanying table in kilos of 2.2046 pounds and marks of 23.8 cents: Articles and oountries of origin. Tresh fish: Carp — France Netherlands Austria-nimgarj' Russia ." t^woden OiluT countries Total Kels, tench, etc. — Denmark France United Kingdom Italy r Netherlands Norway Austria-IIimgary Russia ."Sweden Switzerland Egypt United States Other countries Total Herrings and sprats— Belgitmi Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands Norway Sweden other coimtries Total Haddock, plaice, sole, etc.— Belgium Denmark France United Kingdom Italy Netherlands Norway Russia. Sweden other coimtries Total Preserved fish: Herrings not cut open, herring milt, and herring pickle — Denmark United Iviugdom 270, rw 2S, .500 1,036,000 39, 800 41,800 39, 100 1,45.5,700 1,262,500 28,200 107,400 .57,800 1,799,300 24(1,000 4Sii, 200 2,034,800 299, 700 108, 200 83, 700 971,900 fi4,400 , .5.50, 100 797, 700 14,4N(i,100 42, 470, .500 l,2l'.2,800 30, 19.5, .500 43,931,100 10, r,oo 133,154,300 1,296,500 16,. 566, 100 175,000 4,082,800 81,400 13,027,800 3,937,100 72, 100 1,495,, 500 7S,00() 40,812,300 a 2,113 n 633,871 284,000 31,000 1,295,000 40,000 50,000 46,000 1,746,000 2,320,000 25, 000 419,000 81,000 2,782,000 520, 000 700, 000 2, 525, 000 362, 000 163,000 84,000 1,283,000 73,000 11,337,000 104,000 2,897,000 9,344,000 164,000 4,227,000 6, 590, 000 1,000 23,327,000 1,400,000 8,449,000 445, 000 3,838,000 118,000 5,863,000 1,. 575, 000 54,000 942, 000 80, 000 22,704,000 55, 000 ,3.55,000 Articles and countries of origin. Preserved fish — Contd. Herrmgs not cut open, herring milt, and herring pickle — Con . Netherlands Norway Sweden other coimtries Total. Herrings other w i s e packed — Netherlands Other countries Total. Salmon, simply pre- pared and salted — Denmark Russia United States Other countries Total. Sardines, simply pre- pared- France Netherlands Other countries Total. Cod and other stock- fish- Denmark Netherlands Norway Other countries Total. Eels, herrings, sprats, simply prepared: fish paste: fish sau- sage: roe; and high- grade fish prepara- tions- Belgium Denmark France Italy Netherlands Norway Other coimtries 0400,038 a 160, 729 6,045 a 2, 157 1,204,9.53 Marks. 11,001,000 4,340,000 121,000 66,000 43,938,000 215, 600 201,700 417,300 233, 700 42,500 4,295,900 36,000 4,608,100 112,600 ,2i3,^00 110,000 3, 466, 400 ISO, 900 86,600 897, 300 16, 500 1,181,300 Total. 142,900 1,641,100 (i3,00ll 192, 800 1,416,500 787, 700 76, 400 4,:i20,400 97,000 86,000 183,000 386,000 70,000 ,088,000 59,000 7,603,000 79,000 2,919,000 77, 000 3,075,000 101,000 48,000 502,000 11,000 662,000 50.000 457,000 32,000 293, (KX) 1,133,000 526,000 40,000 2,5.31,000 a Barrels. EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH, 21 Articles and countries of origin. Kilos. Marks. Articles and countries of origin. Kilos. Marks. Preserved fish — Contd. Caviar and substi- tutes- Russia 373, 300 1,700 9,333,000 18,000 Shellfish and crusta- ceans-Continued. Crawfish, fresh-water crabs, and jirepared crab meat— Austria-Hungary Russia 152,000 039,200 6,100 Other countries , . . 236,000 991 000 Total 375,000 9,351,000 Other countries Total 9,000 Shellfish and crustaceans: Oysters — 120,300 56,600 866,500 29,800 253,000 113,000 823,000 15,000 797,300 1,236,000 Lobster, fresh and camied— Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands 272, 100 100,200 24,200 208,200 584,400 35,700 32, 700 Other countries 1,279 000 471,000 92 000 Total 1,073,200 1,204,000 United Kingdom 1,261^000 2,070,000 128,000 140,000 Mussels- Netherlands 1,924,500 238,300 231,000 29,000 British N. America. . . United States Other countries Total Other countries Total 2,162,800 260,000 1,317,50*0 5 441 000 As might be expected, German fish exports are not of very great importance, although there are good markets for fresh sweet-water fish in Russia and for fresh herrings in Austria-Hungary. The total exports of fresh fish of all kinds in 1912 were 17,456,700 kilos, of which a little more than half was made up of herrings. There is a steady demand in some countries for certain fish and fish products prepared in the German manner, but on the whole the exports of prepared fish are not of great importance comparatively. POPULARITY OF SALTED HERRINGS. The German trade demands three classes of salted herrings, each of which has its season. During May and June there is an extensive sale in the North Sea coast region, as well as in the Netherlands, of Matjes herrings — that is to say, drawn fish lightly salted and of the first equality. It is not considered possible to import herrings of this class from remote fishing countries. Matjes herrings of the first c|uality come in barrels containing 125 pieces, of a gross weight of 330 pounds, and they command as much as $30 per barrel. A second quality comes in barrels containing from 800 to 850 pieces, worth about $9.50 per barrel. These fish are sold in all first-class shops and are a much esteemed table delicacy during a few months of the year. Toward the end of June and throughout July full herrings enter the market. These are hard salted and are worth $7.15 to $9.50 per barrel. In August and September stiU another grade of hard salted full herrings arrives, wortli $ 1 1 .50 per barrel. The full salted herrings are consumed without cooking in the industrial centers of interior Germany by the poorer classes, who eat the entire fish except the bones. As the herring shoals frequent the British coast within the 3-mile limit, the trade is dominated by the Scotch packers, who fuid in this country one of their best markets, Hamburg being the center. 22 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. THE MARKET FOR SALMON. [Consul (^icneral Robert P. Skinner, Hamburg.] The consumption of both fresh and smoked sahnon is very great in Germany. Sahnon were once plentiful and cheap, but at present the river traffic is so heavy that there are no longer any packs and only a few of the fish are caught in local waters. Nevertheless the demand for salmon remains, although the trade in the canned article is comparatively small and unimportant. Before the present high duty of 60 marks per 100 kilos ($6.48 per 100 pounds) was placed on canned salmon, one firm alone imported as many as 30,000 tins a year. The domestic trade is now limited to north Germany. Although the German demand for canned salmon is not great, the im}>ortation at Haml)urg is very laro;e, as purchases are made for reexportation to German colonies in Africa and to other tropical and foreign countries generally. Perhaps this trade could be increased, particularly if exporters visited Ham- burg personally and concluded arrangements with capal)le agents. For the German domestic trade only red salmon in tall, flat, and oval tins is imported. For export the cheap pale and pink grades are required. Shipments are made directly to Hamburg from Pacific ports, Seattle and Vancouver furnishing the principal stocks in perhaps equal proportions. Lately considerable cpiantities are coming from Kamcliatka. There is no complaint on the part of importers in regard to packing methods, nor does the article come into conflict with the food laws. The greatest salmon trade of Germany falls under the head of frozen fish. These fish are usually smoked in this country and are seen for sale in every fish and provision shop in the Empire. It is doubtful if an equally general demand for smoked salmon can be found in any other part of the world, unless perhaps in Russia and vScandinavia. The latter, however, are producing countries. No duty is imposed upon fresh salmon imported into Germany. Fresh salmon are packed in cases of 200 German pounds (100 kilos, or 220 pounds), each fish being wrapped in parchment paper and all packed closely together. Cases are shipped in refrigerator ships, no ice coming into direct contact with the fish itself. These chilled fish are sold at auction in the Hamburg market and command from 9 2 to 21 cents per pound, according to grade. The best grade, known as the "steelhead," commands from 19 to 21 cents per pound. Salmon intended to l)e smoked in Germany come packed in brine of not more than 12 to 14 per cent of salt. When the fish are packed in brine of more than 16 per cent salt they can not be smoked, as the salt can not be extracted and the fish tears and crumbles on being sliced. Fish shipped in this manner are dutiable at the rate of 71 cents per 100 kilos (220 pounds). Smoked salmon in tubs of 200 to 300 poimds is also dutiable at the rate of 71 cents per 100 kilos. Importations of this class of fish are linnted, and the cpiantity is not even mentioned separately in German statistics. vSomo cities in southern Germany consume from 30,000 to 40,000 pounds of smoked salmon monthly. The most highly esteemed fish is taken from the Rhine, l)ut tiie probabili- ties are that the ordinary ]')urchaser seldom concerns himself wdth the c^uestion of origin and takes what his fish dealer has to offer. It EUEOPEAN MARKETS FOE FISH. 23 is the custom of the trade to contract for dchvcries of chilled salmon at stated periods of so many hmidred pounds per month. In 1910 a vessel arrived from Alaska with 3,000 tons on board, but the con- signment was commercially a failure because it overstocked the market, and the surplus was disposed of at a loss in Germany, Bel- gium, Antwerp, and London. FRANCE. The French fisheries are a very important asset of the country, the total catch for 1910, the last year for which statistics are available, being valued at $27,075,625, an increase of about $800,000 over the previous year. Nearly 150,000 men are employed in the industry. The catch of cod by French boats at the Newfoundland fisheries is perhaps the most valuable single item in the fist of French fishery products, being valued at more than $5,500,000 in 1910. Sardines, mackerel, tunny, and herrings are the other more valuable food fishes taken by the French fishermen. The sardine industry has been much disturbed for the last few years, and as a result of small catches, troubles between the fishermen an^i packers, and the competition from Norwegian and Spanisli packers the outlook can not be said to be very bright. Canned sar- dines are consmned in great quantities by the French and are also largely exported, as the excellent quality of the French product is known in all countries. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. The exports of all fish except shellfish and crustaceans in 1912 were valued at $5,717,000, the most important items being dried, salted, and smoked cod, $2,165,000, and sardines, preserved, marinated, or otherwise prepared, $1,649,000. Italy is the principal purchaser of cod, while the United States, Great Britain, and Germany take the largest c^uantitics of sarcUnes, although Denmark, Belgium, and Russia follow rather closely in this respect. The imports by countries in 1912 are shown in the ta})l<^ that follows (franc =19.3 cents; metric quintal = 220.46 pounds): Articles and countries of origin. Metric, quintals. Francs. Articles and countries of origin. Metric quintals. Francs. Fresh fish from fresh water: Salmon family — 6,471 1,030 7,229 600 337 160 150 Fresh fish from salt water: United Kingflom 14,919 2, .591 4,374 8,889 230 4,977 57 United Kingdom Netherlands Germany Netherlands Spain Switzerland other foreign eoimtries Canada Other foreign countries. . Tunis 36,037 Total 15,977 5,272,410 Dried, sailed, and smoked fish: Codfish, including clip- fish— 486 21 198 67 107 428, 250 other- Germany 4,057 9,104 280 9SS 196 1,305 179 1,149 Netherlands Belgium Switzerland United Ivingdom Spain Italy Other foreign countries. . other foreign countries. . Free zone St. Pierre fisheries Total Total 17, 258 1,380,640 429, 129 34 321 760 24 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. Articles aud countries of oritjin. Dried, salted, and smoked fish — Continued. Stockfish- Norway Vm\ ed Kingdom Netherlands Other foreign coimtries. Total Herrings — Norway United Kingdom Belgium (.)ther foreign countries. St. Pierre fisheries Total AH other — ' United ICingdom Germany Belgium Portugal Spain Other foreign coimtries. Algeria St. Pierre fisheries Totd Fish, preserved, marmated, or otherwise prepared: Sardines — United Kingdom Portugal Spain Morocco Other foreign coimtries. Algeria Total Other- Norway United" Kingdom Germany Ne( herlands Portugal Sjiain Italy .lapiin Canada ( Mhcr foreign countries. Preiich possessions Total Metric quintals. 2,076 524 1,173 129 4,502 3,713 1,225 12,744 sdi; 231 18,719 1,745 2(il 29S 3,359 17,3(i2 212 10, llW 9, 701 43,044 41 30,215 57, S04 000 OlS 10,003 105,401 3,209 2,S11 S14 S24 772 915 1,137 3,025 2, 440 572 000 Francs. 3,22S,3(10 13,709,930 17,239 3,620,190 Articles and countries of origin. Oysters: Fresh seed — United Kingdom. Netherlands Total. Other fresh — United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Other foreign coimtries. . Total Preserved — Foreigia coiuitrie.. Lobsters: Fresh- United Kingdom. Netherlands Belgium Portugal Spain Italy Other comi tries... Tunis Total. I'reserved — United Kuigdoin. Japan Canada Other foreign counti'ies. Total Shellfish other than oysters: linited Kuigdom .'. Netherlands Belgium O ther foreign countries St. Pierre fisheries Total Hard roe, cod and mackerel: Norway United Kingdom Germany Belgium' United States Other foreign countries St. Pierre fisheries Total (irand total. Metric quintals. 595 55 650 Number. .'9,240,0(X) 5,507,000 2,411,000 17,000 37,235,000 Metric tons. 11 1,676 4,220 9, 456 1,016 1,912 3,217 1 7, 3,S4 747 15, 628 174 23,933 512 101,403 34,998 473 278 137,064 3S,:546 4, i:j8 6,263 1,262 1 , 0(J0 059 6,830 58,858 Francs. 2,200 5,811,210 1,101,312 1,294,876 81,102,648 RUSSIA. Althoiip;h Russia is one. of the greatest sea-food producing countries in the world, its supply falls short of meeting the rec|uirements of the population. The anniial imports of fish to meet the deficiency of the home fisheries range in value between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000. The domestic production of late years has exceeded 1,500,000 pounds in weight and $50,000,000 in value, while the exports of fish and caviar are valued at something more than $3,000,000. The per capita consumption works out at about 12 pounds a year. The table that ft^Uows will give an idea of the location of the Rus- sian fisheries, although the figures are for 1911 and the production EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. 25 has increased considerably since that year. Later statistics are not available for all the districts. (Pood = 36.1128 pounds; ruble = 51.5 cents.) Regions. Casp ian Upper Volga Black Sea Baltic Sea Lakes region Mourman — White Sea Total European Russia Ob Basin Lower Yenisei Baikal Yakutsk Oblast Far Eastern region Turkestan Total Asiatic Russia Grand total Quantity. Poods. 23,167,000 2,916,000 4, 182, 000 2, 697, 000 1, 809, 000 900, 000 35,671,000 7.53, 000 162, 000 280, 000 57, 000 4,500,000 2,500,000 8,252,000 43,923,000 Value. Rubles. 66, 367, 000 2, 280, 000 6, 262, 000 5,394,000 2, 928, 000 2, 000, 000 85,231,000 2, 379, 000 486, 000 788, 000 71,000 4,200,000 4,000,000 11,924,000 97, 155, 000 Persons 172,000 II), 000 35, 000 21,000 11,000 14,000 263,000 4,300 900 2, .500 500 n 8, 000 17,000 33, 200 296,-200 a This figure is for Russian subjects, in addition to which there were about 10,000 Japanese. The distribution of the various fish is as follows: Sturgeon and carp m the Caspian, Aral, and Black Seas; salmon hi nortliern parts of European and Asiatic Russia, in lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Baikal in the Far East, and m the Black and Caspian Seas; herrings in the Black and Caspian Seas; cod, flounders, and some herrmgs in the Baltic and White Seas and Arctic Ocean; mackerel, mullet, sard els, anchovies, barbel, and chub in the Black wSea. Oysters are confined exclusively to the Black Sea, and sea cole and trepang to the waters of the Far East. STATISTICS OF FOREIGN TRADE. The exports of fish and fish products from European Russia in 1913 were valued at $3,781,000, as compared with $3,123,000 for the year previous. Of the total, caviar made up more than half, being valued at $2,171,000. The value of fishery products exported to the United States was divided as follows: Bladders, $9,262; caviar, $125,447; dried and salted fish, $23,684 ; herrings, $6,383. The principal market for the salmon and other fish taken at the fisheries of eastern Siberia is European Russia, but important exports are also made to Japan. Comparatively small quantities are sold to China and Chosen (Korea), and of course much of the salmon and salmon caviar that find their way to the markets in Germany and other European countries is shipped by way of European Russia. Russia imports important c|uantities of fish, as is shown by the table following for 1912, in which the imports arc shown by articles and countries of origin, in poods of 36.1128 pomids and rubles of 51.5 cents. 26 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. Countries of origin. Kresh fisli. Sardines in oil. Fish, pickled, pre- served in oil, or stuffed. Salted or smoked fisli, except her- ring. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Austria-Hungary Poods. 12,030 Rubles. 32,718 Poods. 1,244 1,525 7,142 02, 770 10,270 5 1,850 1,913 3,554 6 558 Rubles. 14,899 27,728 05,358 827,905 101,479 43 15,520 20, 700 33,222 51 8,107 Poods. 353 284 445 6,513 814 Rubles. 4,807 2,556 7,108 129,966 14,901 10 6,300 Poods. 67 Rubles. 202 United Kingdom. . . . Germany 1,993 353,019 348 9,4(a 1,330,735 1,550 163 8,223 120 2S 92 490 24,678 360 82 8,017 10,900 354 276 Italy 1 250,133 271,805 114,405 10 602, 740 444,711 272, 994 1,975 90 61 20, 405 149 1,354 987 469, 565 447 3,104 3,489 Persia 1,046,801 7,705 82,028 19 800 138,137 890,010 2 8,710 3 40 9 44,282 1,127 07,231 237,383 9, 750 80, 471 8 53 1,108 220 107 United States 91 15,091 80, 088 6 05 2,704 834 33,082 31 10,390 66 3,304 678 1 Sweden 1!.7()3 1,917 o770 300,043 24,431 4,818 13,790 1,400,907 507 423 9 32 20 96 82 Other foreign coun- tries b76 (' 750 11 54,704 339,337 202,680 287,215 Total 1,509,756 4,533,384 195, 007 2,236,271 68,658 570,113 684, 881 1,371,538 Count rii's of origin. Austria-Hungary ... Belgium United Kingdom Germany Netherlands Greece Denmark Spain Italy China Norway Persia." Roumania United States Turkey France Sweden Japan Other foreign coiui- tries Finland Herrings, salted or smoked. Quantity. Value, Total 18,766,200 Poods. 32,83.S 4,386 ,169,157 ,554,160 538, 182 1 42,910 2,836 6, 902 123 , 559, 054 3 27 2,839 5,707 31,507 ,807,381 201 6 7, 920 Rubles. 41 , 898 5,045 8,0(;5,540 4, 474, 909 661,660 1 53,294 3,407 8, 285 174 0,896,533 5 32 3,548 6,849 42,521 3,496,301 353 9 9,812 24,370,176 Cod and all other kinds of fish, dried. Quantity. Value. Poods. 3 112 14 589 6,234 1,900 6 4 1,644 11,186 Quantity. Value. Rubles. 9 424 100 805 17,937 3,2.50 127 15 1,2S6 6 2,630 Fish admitted free of duty. Poods. ' 438, 802 Rubles. '•607,913 1,473,749 lis, 980 (-2 ,329,445 d9,115 :6,780 1,910,531 2,946,473 Lobsters, periwin- kles, etc., fresh, salted, dried, or pickled. Quantity. Value. Poods. Rubles. 1 1,829 11 5 3 6 3,343 93 119 5,469 35,419 560 00 00 76 26,734 303 470 3,100 870 08, 908 n Includes 55 poods of fish, valued at 100 rubles, from Bulgaria. fc Includes 75 poods, valued at 740 rubles, from British India. c Fish of all kinds, imported in Russian vessels at ports of the Government of Archangel by inliabitants of that Govermnent. , d Fresh fish, imported during the winter, on sledges, at the Ismail customhouse, or at the customs toll house of Vilkovsk. In addition to the items shown in the foregoinc]^ table, there were imports of oysters amounting to 5,040 poods, vahied at 90,020 rubles, Germany bemg the principal source of supply. The imports of caviar were considerable, totaling 17,038 poods, valued at 560,513 rubles. EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. 27 NETHERLAND S . The fishing industry is one of the most important in the Nether- lands and suppHes not only most of the home demand, but furnishes enough material for a considerable export. The exports for 1913 amounted to about 418,000,000 pounds and the imports to some 67,000,000 pounds. The total value of the imports is stated to bo $1,947,730, although this is an "official" valuation and may differ considerably from the real value. The quantities of fish imported into the Netherlands in 1913 are shown in the following table in Idlos of 2.2046 pounds: Countries of origin. Herrings, cured and salted. Herrings, smoked. Sea fish, fresh, all kinds. Cod, salted. Smoked, salted, or dried fish, n. e. s. Cod (stock fish), dried. River fish, in- cluding salmon and lamprey, fresh or not. An- chovies. Belgium Kilos. 202, (iS9 Kilos. 20, 412 Kilos. 84,211 Kilos. 7,401 Kilos. 52, 139 Kilos. S,4S1 Kilos. 20, 402 Kilos. 5S,(;S7 12,013 Germany: 203, 595 84,127 03,038 507, 701 IS, 70S 12,225 1,9.50 2,81S 150.847 00, 479 57, 507 37,000 14,696 12,007 27, 742 1,200 530,000 000 12, 730 10,200 88,030 1,812,500 1,704,425 1,391 119, 750 993 911 344,239 5,5.33,035 125,515 5,050 5,432,549 20, 075 1,975 311,930 United States 1,245 13,558 89,348 139,208 7,500 United ICingdom 9,402,322 29,840 2,554,005 30, 025 Total 15,010,933 113,890 3,744,503 73,010 4,215,377 5,400,007 575, 547 459, 135 In addition to the imports given in the table, there were imports of 190,489 kilos of lobsters and oysters and 9,543 kilos of other shellfish. SPAIN. The fishing industry of vSpain is extensive, givmg employment to some 67,000 fishermen. The more important fish caught are sar- dines, tunny, cod, and anchovies. There are no fewer than 400 sar- dine canneries in the county and the exports of Spanish-canned sardines ranges in value from $3,500,000 to nearly $5,000,000 a year. France, Ai'gentina, Germany, and Italy are the most important cus- tomers, and annual shipments of over $100,000 are made to Cuba, Great Britain, the United States, and ChUe. In spite of the importance of the domestic fisheries, great quanti- ties of fish are imported, especially dried cod, which is imported chiefly from Norway, Newfoundland, Labrador, Iceland, France, Germany, and Scotland. Labrador cod is consumed only in the southeastern parts of Spain — from Seville to Valencia — as Barcelona, Madrid, and the more prosperous north prefer the more expensive Icelandic and Norwegian fish. Labrador cod is generally preferred in Malaga for winter consumption, because it is lightly sun cured and also because it is the cheapest. It is too lightly cured for summer 28 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. use. It is not graded and the individual fish weigh li to 2 pounds. It is generally brought in bulk by sailing vessels, in full cargo lots of 150 to 200 tons. It is also brought by steamer in 4-hundredweight and 5-hundredweight casks. Imports of fish by countries for 1912 are shown in the following table (kilo = 2. 204G pounds; peseta=lS.l cents): Articles and countries of of orii,'in. Cod and stockfish: Ceuta Germany Algeria." Argentina Denmark France United Kingdom Greece Italy Norway Portugal Danish possessions in Europe French iiossessions in America British possessions in America , Total Fish, fresh, or with just suHicieut salt to pre- serve it: Canary Islands Ceut a Rio de ()ro Germany France United Kingdom Norway Portugal Total. Quantities. Kilos. 4 121,161 9, 000 7,591,.s.S2 i,f;ir,,s-i2 11,H24,254 2.5, ()S9 100 20, .520, 992 ll.H 2. 1(35, l:U :f9, 131 9, 590, 199 «, 5:59, 793 1.59,579 l,t;oi) 1,710 30 M.MO 13 200 0,305,301 Value. Prsrtaf!. 3 92, 082 7, 524 5, 709,, KM 1,2,50,832 S,9S(i,433 19, COS 76 15,595,954 90 1,645,. 500 29, 740 7,293,111 40,690,243 51,0f,5 512 547 12 27,140 4 64 2,017,696 6,5.53,249 2,097,040 Articles and countries of origin. Salted , smoked , or pickled fish, except in tins: Spain a Ceuta Germany France.". United Kingdom Netherlands Italy Morocco Norway Portugal British possessions in America Total. Oysters for breeding pur- poses, and mussels: Ceuta Melilla Algeria Franco Portugal Total All other oysters: France United Kingdom. Total Quantities. Kilos. 7,357 2 1,754 11,9.33 6.5, 376 8, 278 .30 726 410 1,206,782 1,396 1,304,044 2 0, 240 57,173 371,844 313,091 748,350 62,013 5 62,018 Value. Pesetas. 3,164 1 754 5, 131 28,112 3,560 13 312 176 518,916 600 560, 739 1 2,371 21,726 141,300 118,975 284,373 40,308 3 o So stated Lu original returns of the Spanish Government. ITALY. Although tlie proiluct of the Italian fishing industry is valued at about $4,000,000 a year, it is necessary to import over three times that mucli to supply the wants of the country. The most important of the fish imports is cod and other dried or smoked stocldish, which is valued at more than half of the total imports. The exports of fish from Italy are comparatively unim]:)ortant, the largest item being canned tunny fish. Canned sardines and anchovies are also exported to a limited extent. The table that follows shows the imports of fish mto Italy by countries during 1912, the latest year for which statistics are avail- able (lira =19.3 cents; metric qumtal = 220.46 pounds): EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. 29 Articles and countries of origin. Fresh fish of all kinds: Austria-Hungary Belgium France Germany Greece .'. Malta Montenegro Russia Spain Switzerland Turkey, European Australia Spanish Africa Algeria Tunis United States Total Sardines, packed, and pil- chards, dried or smoked: United Kingdom Montenegro Norway T Portugal Spain United States Total Cod and stockfish, dried or smoked : Belgium Denmark Prance Germany United kingdom Norway Canada United States Total Herrings, dried or smoked: Austria-Hungary Denmark ." France Germany United kingdom Norway Netherlands Spain United States Total All other dried or smoked flsh: Austria-Hungary Germany United kingdom Montenegro Norway , Netherlands , Russia , Switzerland , Tunis , Total Fish in brine: Austria-Hungary France Germany United kingdom Greece Malta Portugal Spain Algeria Quantity Metric quintals. 5,4S4 1,270 9,749 5.56 1,802 34 78 52 64 567 61 8 16 128 753 78 20,700 10,292 19 173 33 15,235 91 25,843 475 62, 828 39, 657 772 54,782 196,543 109,614 9,271 473,942 21 106 119 10 07,944 422 103 141 105 68,971 109 34 897 568 8 20 14 21 149 3,249 49 21 109 9 15 16,089 49, 626 15,250 Value. Lire. S77, 440 207,200 1,559,840 SS, 960 288, 320 5,440 12, 480 8,320 10,240 90,720 9,700 1,280 2,560 20, 4S0 120,4.SO 12, 480 3,316,000 514,000 950 8, 050 1,050 761,750 4,550 1,292,150 40,375 5,340,380 3,370,845 65,620 4,656,470 16,706,1.55 9,317,190 788,035 40,285,070 672 3,392 3,S08 320 2,174,208 13,. 504 3,296 4,612 3,360 2,207,072 5,995 1,870 49, .335 31,240 440 1,100 770 1,155 8,195 100, 100 266,418 4,018 1,722 8,938 738 1,230 1,319,298 4,069,332 1,250,500 Articles and countries of origin. Fish in brine— Continued. Egypt Tripolitania and Cirenaica Timis Canada United States Total Fish, marinated or in oil, in boxes: Sardines and anchovies— Austria-Hungary France Germany United kingdom Norway Portugal Spain Switzerland Japan Tripolitania and Cire- naica Tunis United States Total Tunny — France Germany United Kingdom Portugal Spam Tripolitania and Cire- naica Tunis United States Total All other— Austria-Hungary France Germany United kingdom Malta Norway Netherlands Portugal Spain. Brazil Canada United States Total Fish, marinated or in oil, otherwise packed: Sardines and anchovies — Austria-Hungary France Norway Portugal Total Tunny- Germany Spain Total All other— Austria-Hungary France Germany United Kingdom Spain Total Quantity Metric quintals. 70 4 485 21 11 85,008 119 147 58 12 506 , 250 828 3 4 19 5 4 23, 955 11,1.52 23, 75 1 -1,030 13 213 97 422 3 3 170 39 163 4 Value. Lire. 5,740 328 39,770 1,722 902 0, 970, 656 17,850 22,0.50 8, 700 1 , 800 75,900 3, 337,. 500 124,200 450 600 2, 850 750 600 3,. 593, 2.50 10, 4.55 2, 665 1,4.35 2,2.S6, 160 4,S69,570 1,610 .S26, 1.50 2, 665 8,000,740 1,1.55 35, 145 16,005 09, 630 495 14,3.55 2,610 5,2.^0 1 , 4,85 S25 495 28, 050 175,560 2, 700 600 10,800 6,000 20, 100 585 5,655 600 1,050 5,,S.50 24,450 600 32,550 30 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR FISH. Articles and countries of origin. Quantity. Value. Articles and coimtries of origin. Quantity. Value. Crustaceans and molkisks, edible, fresh: Austria-Hungary Metric qiiintah. 1,626 10 314 s 13 32 1,442 Lire. 73, 170 450 14,130 360 5,S5 1,440 04, ,S90 Crustaceans and mollusks, edible, cooked, or other- wise prepared: France . . ... Metric quintals. S 4S 6 9 Lire. Belgium . 1,20C 7,'JOO Malta Monlenetjro British South Africa United States 900 1,350 Total. Tunis 71 10,650 Grand total Total. 3,445 155,025 744,230 06, 165, 163 ROUMANIA. The Eoumanian fishing industry has made substantial progress in the List decade. Imports are still of importance, ])ut the export trado has been growing and now amounts to more tliaii $400,000 annually. The production of Dobrodgia, Bratesh, and the Crown land of Braila for the fiscal year 1910-11 amounted to 27,484.197 pounds of fresh fish and 3,6o9,795 pounds of salt fish. Carp, pike, tench, and whitefish are caught in large cpiantities. Some fresh fish are imported, but the bulk of the imports are salted, dried, pickled, and canned fish. The imports of dried and salted fish in 1910 amounted to 11,046,899 pounds, and Russia supplied nearly all of this. The table that follows shows the imports of yarious fish by countries in 1910 (kilo = 2.2046 pounds; franc =19.3 cents): Countries of origin. Total. .\rticles. (li-eece. Ger- many. Nether- lands. Russia. Turkey. other coun- tries. Quantity. Value. Carp: Fresh 7w7(i.t,933 260 4,243 1,769 5, 503 76,430 7,994,749 130 612 1,591,721 5, 130 49 10,016 18,819 261,770 14,951 Francs. 3,595 Salted 118,215 283,655 Smoked 2 2 Mullet, sheatlish, tench, and Danube hen-ing: Fresh 4,411 '.I4,(t'.i0 71 2.sf, 324 349 1,711 9,200 101 1,19S 465 1,354 9,000 58,985 50 1,479 1,627 88 2, 759 973 1,611 67,274 43,045 4,579 Salted 16 73,453 312 Huso, sturgeon, sterlet, and other kinds of sturgeon: Fresh 4,243 Salted 7 l,76s; 156 1,220 16 2,123 Salmon, sole, turbot, trout, sea eel, fresh or 421 13, 758 other fish, n. e. s.: Fresh 22,929 3,197,900 Salted or dried 8,146 6 7,S.S3,347 64 104 Stockfish . 476 228,579 136 62, 989 36 3 03 5 S 612 Herrings: Pickled 1,262,672 411 22 37,481 5 636, 688 4,596 82 24 9, 953 18,374 261,762 14, 951 5,143 81 Mackerel: Dried called "Tziri" .. 10,016 440 18,819 Tunny 523, 540 Roacli 17,941 EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR PISH. 31 Sardines: Pickled, in casks Russian Anchovies, pickled, in casks Sardines and anchovies. Pulp Lobsters Oysters, fresh Mussels and other shell- fish Cray fish Smoked fish preserves, sturgeon cutlets ("ba- tog"), cod, and other kinds of sturgeon Smoked trout, salmon, eels, and sprats Fish preserves, in cans, in fat, oil, and vinegar . Preserves of oysters, lob- sters, and other crus- taceans and mollusca, in fat, oil, and vinegar. . Caviar: Fresh Prepared or pressed Botargo (cavair of mul- let) Spawn of pike and carp, and other spawn, fresh or salted Melt, soft roe, and other edible fish remnants Countries of origin. Kilos. 163,312 900 49 Ger- many. Kilos. 166,399 10 197 3,012 23,.33S 6,636 Nether- lands. Kilos. 5,232 14 12S Kilos 2