D 523 .W75 Copy 1 Class Book.. Copyright N°. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. iy^l drSi S f^ > GREAT BRITAIN/^ THE ^ WORLD WAR ^ at a Glance ft ^j^ . Essential Facts Concerning ^j^ (5l the Great Conflict between Democracy and Autocracy Vtoun ft CHICAGO: LAIRD & LEE, Inc. PUBLISHERS «E Foreword Never in the world's history has so great a con- flict raged among men as that which to-day engulfs civilization. Nothing we have or do matters if we do not win this war. Before our business, before our family, before our very lives comes this one supreme interest : the necessity of waging to a successful conclusion the great enterprise on which our nation is embarked — protection of liberty under democracy of govern- ment against the menace of absolute autocracy. It is natural, therefore, that the war and all con- nected with it should be uppermost in our minds and our discussions. There is hardly a home from which a near and dear one has not gone forth to fight for Right over Might. Yet how much of our discussion is well informed ; and when, from the passing news, well informed on some detail, how long is it before we have forgotten? When for- gotten, how many have the means at hand ready to refresh their memories? To meet this end this little book has been com- piled. For those at home it affords in convenient form the essential facts on which this world con- flict rests ; for the soldier or sailor in active service it is a compact guide to those great points with which he must be familiar for an intelligent con- ception of the struggle in which he plays a part — an encyclopedia for his pocket. All the data are gathered from the very latest sources ; those on military and naval affairs stop- ping short of furnishing information of value to the enemy. As events progress and changes occur, it will be our aim to keep this little volume up to date, that for current use or future reference it may always afford, as its name suggests, some conception of "T_he World War at a Glance." ©CI. A 4 9 4 5 8 THE PUBLISHERS. Copyright, 1918, by Roberts-Bonner. A WW I h i^.A ^W I INDEX Airplanes 45 Appropriations, war, U. S. 14-15 Areas of nations 12 Armament of forces 35 Armies, strength 9 Army, U. S., administration 32 " " numbering ... 31 " " organization. 32-34 " '* strength 26 " " "training schools, etc. 28-31 " " units, sizes.34-35 Artillery, sizes 35 Aviation 45-47 Aviation, personnel 47 training stations... 31 Battles of 18th and 19th centuries 53 Borrowing of nations 17 Brigade, size of 34 Cabinet, U. S 23 Cantonments 30 Chronology of war 60-64 Colors, army services 36 Cost of modern wars 21-22 Cost of World War, gross... 16 " " " " net ... 13 Council of National Defense 24 Crews, U. S. Navy 41 Debts, national 19 Declaration of war 8 Democracy, growth of.... 78-79 Division, size of 35 U. S. Navy 41 Draft, selective 27 Family allowances 44 Flags of nations 93-94 " U. S. Army 83-84 Fleet, U. S. Navy 41 Fleets, merchant 51 Flying corps 46 Food administration 25 Food, why we must save it 49 Food regulations 50 Food, saving effected 50 Fuel administration 25 Generals commanding armies 9 Germany's losses in war... 12 Governments, U. S. and for- eign 23 Guard, general orders for... 39 Hat cords 36 Insignia, British Army 91 French Army 92 U. S. Army, col- " ors, cords, braids. 36 U. S. Army 85-87 U. S. Navy 88-90 Insurance, war risk 15, 43 Interest on national debts.. 19 Liberty motor 47 Loans by nations to allies. . 16 Loans, war, of nations 17 Machine guns 35 Map, Democracy vs. Autoc- racy 78-79 Marine Corps 40 Merchant fleets 51 Methods of war, new 54 Military record 2 Mobilization camps 29 Money, foreign, values 39 Nations at war 7 National Army 26 National Guard 26 Naval Militia 40 Navies, strength 10 Navy, U. S. commands 41 " " complements . 41 " " crews 41 " " personnel .... 40 Overcoat braiding 3(1 Pay, allotments of 44 *' U. S. Army 37, 45 " II. S. Navy 42 Pay, foreign armies 22 Pistols 35 Populations of nations 11 Pronunciations 57-59 Bailroad administration. .47-48 Ranks, relative. Army and Navy 38 Regiment, size of 34 Relations broken with Ger- many 7 Rifles, U. S. and foreign. 35, 36 Rulers of nations 23 Salutes 38 Shipping, new construction. 51 Shipping board 25 Shipping, losses 51-52 merchant 51 Shoulder straps, colors, etc. 36 Signals, wig- wag 80-81 two-arm semaphore. 82 Squadron, U. S. Navy 41 Submarine record 51, 52 Tax, income 55-56 Taxation 18 Training camps, etc 28-31 Victory bread 50 War aims, our 6 War boards, U. S 24-25 Wealth of nations 20 Weapons of war, new 54 Why we are at war 3 Why we cannot make peace with Prussia 54 Zeppelins 45 MILITARY RECORD Name Rank Company or Battery Regiment. Brigade Division. Date of Enlistment. Where Enlisted Nearest Living Relative. Address Size of Blouse " •' Overcoat " " Breeches " ,: Stockings " " Gloves .. " '• Shoes . . " "Hat " '« Shirt ... Weight pounds. Height feet inches BATTLES PARTICIPATED IN DATES Why We Are at War From President Wilson's War Message to Congress, April 2, 1917. "On the 3rd of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the first clay of February it was its pur- pose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland, or the western coasts of Europe, or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediter- ranean. "That had seemed to be the object of the German submarine warfare earlier in the war, but since April of last year the Imperial Gov- ernment had somewhat restrained the com- manders of its undersea craft in conformity with its promise then given to us that pas- senger boats should not be sunk and that due warning would be given to all other vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy when no resistance was offered or escape at- tempted, and care taken that their crews were given at least a fair chance to save their lives in their open boats. The precautions taken were meagre and haphazard enough, as was proved in distressing instance after instance in the progress of the cruel and unmanly business, but a certain degree of restraint was observed. "The new policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their flag, their character, their cargo, their destina- tion, their errand, have been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board, the vessels of friendly neutrals along with those of belligerents. Even hospital ships and ships carrying relief to the sorely bereaved and stricken people of Belgium, though the latter were provided with safe conduct through the prescribed areas by the German Government itself and were distinguished by unmistakable marks of identity, have been sunk with the same reckless lack of compassion or of prin- ciple. "I was for a little while unable to believe that such things would in fact be done bv any government that had hitherto subscribed to the humane practices of civilized nations .... . . . Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. "It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but ships and people of other neutrals and friendly nations have been sunk and over- whelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment be- fitting our character and our motives as a nation "With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it in- volves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duties I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German (Government to he in fact noth- ing less than wnr against the Government and people of the United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it and that it take immediate steps not only to put the country in a more thorough state of defense, but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war "Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existance of autocratic governments backed by organized force, which is controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people. We have seen the last of neutrality in such circumstances. "Self-governed nations do not fill their neigh- bor states with spies or set the course of in- trigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs which will give them an opportunity to strike and make conquest. Such designs can be successfully worked out only under cover and where no one has the right to ask a.ues- tions "One of the things that has served to con- vince us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting communities, and even our offices of government, with spies and set criminal in- trigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of council, our peace within and without, our industries and our commerce. 'Indeed, it is now evident that its* spies were here even before the war began; and it is un- happily not a matter of conjecture but a fact proved in our courts of justice that the in- trigues which have more than once come peril- ously near to disturbing the peace and dislocat- ing the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation with the support, and even under the personal direction of official agents of the Imperial Government accredited to the Government of the United States. . . . They have played their part in serving to con- vince us at last that that government enter- tains no real friendship for us and means to act against our peace and security at its conven- ience. That it means to stir up enemies against us at our very doors the intercepted note to the German Minister at Mexico City is eloquent evidence. "We are accepting this challenge of hostile purpose because we know that in such a gov- ernment, following such methods, we can never have a friend; and that in the presence of its organized power, always lying in wait to ac- complish we know not what purpose, there can be no assured security for the democratic gov- ernments of the world. "We are now about to accept the gage of bat- tle with this natural foe to liberty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the Nation to check and nullify the pretensions and its power. We are glad, now that we see the facts, with no veil of false pretence about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the Ger- man peoples included; for the rights of nations, great and small, and the privilege of men every- where to choose their way of life and of obedi- ence. The world must be made safe for demo- cracy; its peace must be planted upon tested foundations of political liberty "To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other." Our War Aims Definite program set forth in fourteen para- graphs by President Wilson in his message to Congress January 8th, 1918: 1. Open covenants of peace without private international understandings. 2. Absolute freedom of the seas in peace or war except as they may be closed by interna- tional action. 3. Removal of all economic barriers and es- tablishment of equality of trade conditions among nations consenting to peace and associat- ing themselves for its maintenance. 4. Guarantees for the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon the principle that the peoples con- cerned have equal weight with the interest of the government. 6. Evacuation of all Russian territory and opportunity for Russia's political development. 7. Evacuation of Belgium without any at- tempt to limit her sovereignty. S. All French territory to be freed and re- stored and reparation for the taking of Alsace- Lorraine. J). Readjustment of Italy's frontiers along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 10. Freest opportunity for autonomous devel- opment of the peoples of Austria-Hungary. 11. Evacuation of Roumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, with access to the sea for Serbia and international guarantees of economic and political independence and territorial integrity of the Balkan states. 12. Secure sovereignty for Turkey's part of the Ottoman empire, but with other nationalities under Turkish rule assured security of life and opportunity for autonomous development, with the Dardanelles permanently opened to all na- tions. 13. Establishment of an independent Polish state, including territories inhabited by indis- putably Polish populations, with free access to the sea and political and economic independence and territorial integrity guaranteed by interna- tional covenant. 14. General association of nations under spe- cific covenants for mutual guaranties of political independence and territorial integrity to large and small states alike. THE NATIONS AT WAR With Dates of Their Entry Allies 1. Serbia July 28, 1914 2. Russia* Aug. 1, 1914 3. France Aug. 3, 1914 4 Great Britain Aug. 4, 1914 5. Belgium. .. .Aug. 4, 1914 6. Montenegro. Aug. 9, 1914 7. Japan Aug. 23, 1914 8. Italy May 23, 1915 9. San Marino. May 23, 1915 10. Portugal Mar. 9, 1916 11. Roumania. .Aug. 27, 1916 12. Greece Nov. 28, 1916 13. United States April 6, 1917 14 1917 15. Panama April 7, 1917 10. Siam July 21, 1917 17. Liberia Aug. 4, 1917 18. China Aug. 14, 1917 19. Brazil Oct. 26. 1917 *Withdrawn. The Enemy 1. Austria-Hungary July, 28, 1914 2. Germany Aug. 1, 1914 3. Turkey Nov. 23. 1914 4. Bulgaria.... Oct. 14, 1915 BROKEN RELATIONS Adding their voices as further evidence of what the Civilized World thinks of German Autocracy and Kultur, the following nations have broken diplomatic relations with Berlin and packed the German representatives home, bag and baggage: 1. Bolivia, April 14, 1917 2. Guatemala, April 27, 1917 3. Honduras, May 18, 1917 4. Nicaragua. May 19, 1917 5. Santo Domingo, June 8, 1917 6. Hayti, June 17, 1917 7. Chile, June 29, 1917 8. Costa Rica, Sept. 21. 1917 9. Peru, Oct. 6, 1917 10. Uruguay. Oct. 7, 1917 11. Ecuador, Dec. 8, 1917 THE DECLARATIONS OF WAR Who has declared war against whom is a com- plicated story, told in the following: Austria vs. Belgium, August 28, 1914. Austria vs. Japan, August 27, 1914. Austria vs. Montenegro, August 9, 1914. Austria vs. Portugal, March 15, 1916. Austria vs. Russia, August 6, 1914. Austria vs. Serbia, July 28, 1914. Brazil vs. Germany. October 26, 1917. Bulgaria vs. Roumania, September 1, 1916. Bulgaria vs. Serbia, October 14, 1915. China vs. Austria, August 14, 1917. China vs. Germany, August 14, 1917. Cuba vs. Austria, December 12, 1917. Cuba vs. Germany, April 7, 1917. France vs. Austria, August 12, 1914. France vs. Bulgaria, October 18, 1915. France vs. Germany, August 3, 1914. France vs. Turkey, November 5, 1914. Germany vs. Belgium, August 4, 1914. Germany vs. France, August 3, 1914. Germany vs. Portugal, March 9, 1916. Germany vs. Roumania, August 28, 1916. Germany vs. Russia, August 1, 1914. Great Britain vs. Austria, August 12, 1914. Great Britain vs. Bulgaria, October 16, 1915. Great Britain vs. Germany, August 4, 1914. Great Britain vs. Turkey, November 5, 1914. Greece (Provisional Government) vs. Bulgaria, November 28, 1916. Greece (Provisional Government) vs. Germany, November 28. 1916. Greece vs. Bulgaria, July 2, 1917. Greece vs. Germany, July 2, 1917. Italy vs. Austria, May 23, 1915. Italy vs. Bulgaria, October 19, 1915. Italy vs. Germany, August 28. 1916. Japan vs. Germany, August 23, 1914. Liberia vs. Germany, August 4, 1917. Montenegro vs. Austria, August 10, 1914. Montenegro vs. Germany, August 9, 1914. Panama vs. Austria, December 10. 1917. Panama vs. Germany, April 7, 1917. Roumania vs. Austria, August 27, 1916. Russia vs. Bulgaria, October 19, 1915. Russia vs. Turkey, November 3, 1914. Serbia vs. Germany, August 9, 1914. Serbia vs. Turkey, December 2, 1914. Siam vs. Austria, July 21, 1917. Siam vs. Germany, July 21, 1917. Turkey vs. Allies, November 23. 1914. Turkey vs. Roumania, August 29, 1916. Turkey vs. Russia,* October 29, 1914. United States vs. Germany, April 6, 1917. United States vs. Austria, December 7, 1917. • Began hostilities. 8 STRENGTH OF THE OPPOSING ARMIES United States 1,539, 4S5 British Empire 4,000,000 France 4,000,000 Russia (withdrawn) 7,000,000 Italy 2,000,000 Belgium 350, 000 Serbia 300,000 Portugal 150,000 Montenegro 50,000 Japan 300,000 San Marino 1,000 Roumania 500,000 Greece 300,000 Cuba 10,500 Brazil 25,000" Tanama No Army Siam ? Liberia No Army China ? Total, Allies 20,525,985 Germany 7,500,000 Austria Hungary 3,000,000 Turkey 1,000,000 Bulgaria 400,000 Total, The Enemy 11,900,000 * Peace strength. For war, has universal service. Russia, of course, must be deducted, but without her men the Allies still have an immense preponderance while the United States has only begun to tap her resources. The real proportions of man power may be judged from the table on populations on page 11. COMMANDING GENERALS OF THE ARMIES United States Army General John J. Pershing British Army General Sir Douglas Ilaig French Army General Henri P. Petaln Belgian Army King Albert of Belgium Italian Army General Armando Diaz German, Austrian, Bulgarian 1„ ,„,, , . „, ,. ._ and Turkish Armies / Fleld Marshal von Hindenbur*. STRENGTH OF THE OPPOSING NAVIES As of January 1st 1917 Country Battle- stroy- Torpedo Sub- All ships Cruisers ers Boats marines Ships f United Slates Great Britain France Italy Russia (withdrawn). •Belgium Serbia Portugal Montenegro Japan San Marino Roumania (a) Greece (a) Cuba Panama (c) Siam (.1) Liberia (a) China (e)3 Germany Austria Hungary Turkey Bulgaria Total, The Enemy. 63 100 No No 3 No 52 No 4 14 •No No No 100 159 Navy Navy 8 Navy 30 Navy 12 7 Navy Navy Navy Total, Allies 201 279 624 415 47 164 18 63 8 8 No Navy 190 119 (1)1 20 144 20 SO 1 1,863 513 108 23 644 Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, before the ITouse Sub- committee on Naval Affairs, Dec. 19, 1917, stated that the United States Navy had in commission over 1,000 ships, while there were ruder construction 424 ships, not including 350 submarine chasers. (a) Latest figures available prior to January 1st, 1917. (h) United States had also 42 ships out of commission and 177 under construction or authorized on January 1, 1917. (c) Siam had nominally 21 vessels, latest figures, of no fighting value. (d) Liberia had one armed revenue cutter, latest figures. (e) China had also a numher of antequated cruisers, latest figures. (f) Includes ships of all classes, including many not classified hurein. 10 POPULATIONS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR Estimated for January I, 1917 The Allies United States and Possessions ... 104,000,000 United Kingdom of Great Bri- tain 47,000,000 Canada 9,000.000 India and other Possessions . . . 384,000,000 British Empire, entire 440,000,000 France 40,000,000 France, Colonies 58,400.000 Russia (vv i t h- dravvn) 175,000,000 Italy 36,000,000 Japan and De- pendencies . . . 72,000,000 China 400.000,000 24,000,000 Belgium Belgium, Colon- 7,500,000 15,000,000 Portugal Portugal, Colon- 6,250,000 10,000,000 Roumania Serbia Cuba 7,500.000 5,000,000 2,500 000 Panama 500.000 5.000,000 Liberia 2.000.000 8.000,000 500,000 12.000 Montenegro .... San Marina .... The Enemy Germany 68,000,000 Germany, Colon- Total, Allies.. 1,85!>,162,000 ies ... Austria Hungary Turkey . Bulgaria 15,000,000 29,000,000 21,000,000 20,000,000 5,500.000 Total, Enemy. 158,500,000 Even deducting Russia the ratio in favor of the Allies Is over 10 to 1. AREAS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR The Allies United States and Possessions Sq. Miles 3,748,100 British Empire 13,123,712 France 207,100 France. Colonies. . . 5,159,300 Russia ( withdrawn ) 8,770,703 Brazil 3,300,000 Italy 110,623 Italy, Colonies 601,200 Belgium 11,400 Belgium, Colonies.. 909,654 Serbia 34,000 Portugal 35,500 Portugal, Colonies . 804,000 Montenegro 5,800 Japan 140,200 Japan, Dependen- 95,700 San Marino 33 Roumania 52,700 Greece 41,933 Cuba 44.164 Panama 32,380 Liberia 40,000 Siam 195,000 4,300,000 Total. Allies 41,763,202 The Enemy Sq. Mllea Germany 208,780 Germany, Colonies. 1,134,240 Austria 134,634 Hungary 125,400 Turkey 695,000 Bulgaria 42,000 Total, The Enemy 2,340.054 GERMANY'S LOSSES IN THE WAR An estimate of Germany's losses in troops and her troops still available was made by the Echo de Paris in February, 1918, after examination of allied and German documents. The figures are as follows: Men mobilized since 1914 14,000,000 Losses during war 4,225,000 Dead 2,500,000 Disabled 1,725,000 Called, but remaining in Entente or neutral countries 500,000 Rejected as unfit 2,500,000 In hospitals or waiting to be examined 950,000 Employed in military occupations 700,000 Prisoners in other countries 570,000 Men still available 4,805,000 In this is not included the 1920 class, which it is estimated will increase the forces by 450,000 men. 12 THE COST OF THE WORLD WAR The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York in ita book "The Cost of the War," places the first three years cost at $97,450,000,000 and the total cost if the war continues four years at $155,600,000,000. The estimate follows: Average Total Net Cost Cost Per Day 1914 (From August 1) $ 7,900.000,000 $52,700,000 1915 26,200,000,000 71,S00,000 1916 35,650.000,000 97,700,000 1917 (To August 1 ) 27,700.000,000 131,000,000 Total cost three years $97,450,000,000 Three years average per day $ 90;000,000 1917-1918 estimated cost August 1. 1917, to August 1, 1918.... $58, 150,000,000 159,000,000 Estimated cost four years $155,600,000,000 Four years' average per day $107,000,000 The total cost for the first three years of the war. in the aforementioned estimate, is apportioned as follows among the belligerent countries : 1st Three Years Present Total to August I, 1917 Daily Cost United States $ 2.200,000,000 $ 29,400.000 Great Britain 20,750,000,000 35.000,000 France 16,600.(100.000 20,200.000 Russia 15,000,000.000 18,000,000 Italy 4,650.000,000 8,000,000 Belgium, Serbia, Koumania and Portugal 4.750,000,000 5,000,000 Total, Entente Allies $63,950,000,000 $115,600,000 Germany $19,600,000,000 $ 27,200,000 Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey 13,900,000,000 16,000,000 Total, The Enemy $33,500,000,000 $43,200,000 Grand Total $97,450,000,000 $158,800,000 Comparative Costs Why is the war costing the Allies more than twice as much per day as Germany? The difference in cost is the difference in the price of victory and defeat, and Germany would gladly reverse the balance of cost could she reverse the reasons. One fact alone would explain the difference. Germany is holding the center of Europe. THE ALLIES ARE HOLDING THE REST OF THE WORLD! The Allies are patrolling the sea highways of the globe. Their fleets are everywhere. Germany's colonies have been swept away. Moreover in time .Mars the Allies have built up a military machine more powerful than that the Hun has built in a generation of scheming and hording of materials and armaments. And, the Allies are replacing war's destruction as it goes along, while Germany, like the South in the Civil War, is "consuming her insides". 13 WHAT UNCLE SAM IS READY TO SPEND How conservative is the preceeding estimate of the probable cost of the war during the year to August 1, 1918, and what Uncle Sam is prepared to spend should it be necessary to wage the war even longer to assure victory, is shown by the estimates of war and other government expenses laid before Congress by the Treasury Department on December 3, 1917, at the opening of the second war session. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, the esti- mate is for a total expenditure of more than $13,000,000,000, of which about $12,000,000,000 is for the army and navy and other war agencies of the government. The estimates for the various departments, compared with the appropriations for the fiscal year to June 30, 1918, follow: Total Estimates Appropriation* for 1919 for 1918 Legislative $ 15,220,628 $ 15,753,378 Executive 1,241.960 11,522,690 State department 7,349,331 6,568,706 Treasury department 736,621,972 7,635,827,932 Independent offices 920.040,891 1,203,434,878 District of Columbia 18.411.124 15,318,430 War department (Army) 10,102,599.149 7,526,337.716 Panama canal 23,171.624 23,593,299 Navy department 1,047.914,027 1,596,936,455 Interior department 211,530,122 217,574,484 Postofflce department proper 1.825,340 1,943,260 Postal service, payable from postal revenues 331,818.345 331,851,170 Department of Agriculture 49.193.551 56.889.546 Department of commerce 17,734.065 13.605.935 Department of labor 7,285,551 5.452,836 Department of justice 12,400,254 11,349,716 Increase of compensation, all de- partments (estimated) 15,000,000 Total, including the sink- ing fund requirement and postal servic* $13,504,357,939 $18,788,960,437 Deduct sinking fund require- ment 153,814,000 60,748,000 Total, exclusive of the sink- ing fund requirement $13,350,543,939 $18,728,212,437 Deduct postal service, payable from the postal revenues 331.818.345 331.851,170 Total, exclusive of the sink- ing fund requirement and postal service $13,018,725,594 $18,396,361,267 What Uncle Sam Is Ready to Spend — (Continued) In this gigantic total the greatest sums, of course, are to pro- vide for the needs of the army and the navy, the principal items Tor which are the following: FOR THE ARMY For the signal service, which includes the army for the air, $1,138,240,315 is estimated. This sum includes the $640,000,000 previously appropriated for the great air fleet. A billion dollars is asked for pay and miscellaneous expenses of the army; more than two billion dollars for the quartermaster corps, $157,000,000 for hospitals and medicines, $135,000,000 for the equipment of engineer troops and $892,000,000 for the expenses of their opera- tions in the field. Ammunition for the great guns to blast a way through the German fronts is estimated to cost $390,000,000. For machine guns, the deadliest weapons of the war, more than $237,- 000,000 is asked. For armored motor cars more than $75,000,000 is estimated. FOR THE NAVY The navy's total of a little more than $1,000,000,000 is dis- tributed principally in this way: Pay of officers and men, $426,- 000,000; aviation, $94,000,000; improving and equipping navy yards for construction of ships, $4,000,000; pay, provisions and clothing for the marine corps, $61,000,000; recruiting, transportation and outfitting recruits, $15,000,000; arming and equipping naval militia, $1,500,000; organizing naval reserve force, $200,000; schools and camps of instruction for naval reserve recruits, $2,600,000; ord- nance strictly in the bureau of ordnance, $26,500,000; new bat- teries of guns for ships, $38,000,000; ammunition for ships alone, $32,000,000; torpedoes and torpedo appliances, $1,000,000; exten- sion of the naval gun factory at Washington, $2,500,000; reserve supplies of ordnance, $55,000,000; for a new naval proving grounds, $1,000,000; for experiments, $385,000; maintenance of yards and docks and contingent expenses, $12,000,000; for medicine and sur- gery, $6,500,000; care of hospital patients alone, $4,000,000; con- struction and repair of ships, $60,000,000. FOR INSURANCE In the Treasury Department the growth of the war risk insur- ance bureau, which now includes insurance for the lives of sol- diers, sailors and merchant crews, as well as merchant ships, calls for an estimate of $4,000,000. 15 WHAT THE NATIONS HAVE LOANED TO THEIR ALLIES The United States, Great Britain and France are the backbone of the gigantic financial strength of the Allies. In the enemy camp Germany has been compelled to shoulder the financial bur- dens of her weaker accomplices. UNITED STATES Up to November, 1917, the United States Government had ad- vanced the following sums in loans to her allies: To Great Britain $1,835,000,000 To France 860,000,000 To Russia 325,000,000 To Italy 255,000,000 To Belgium 58,400,000 To Serbia 3,000,000 $3,336,400,000 At the end of January, 1918, the total loans of the United States to all of the Allies had reached $4,247,400,000. In addition there were large loans floated among the banks and investors of this country. OTHER NATIONS For the first three years of the war the Governments of France and Great Britain shouldered alone the tremendous burden of financing their weaker sisters, Belgium. Serbia, Koumania. GreeGe, and. largely, Russia. With the amounts advanced to date and the estimated amounts for the current year these two nations will have advanced the following sums should the war go through the present fourth year to August 1, 1918: Great Britain $6,000,000,000 France 1,200,000.000 THE ENEMY Should the war go through its present fourth year Germany's advances of financial assistance to her allies. Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, will have reached approximately $3,600,- 000.000. GROSS COST OF THE WAR TO THE VARIOUS "BANKER NATIONS" To the actual expenditures on waging war by each of what might be called the "Ranker Nations" of the two belligerent camps must be added, of course, these loans to their weaker allies if we wish to arrive at the total amount being paid out by these nations. These amounts, of course, are expected to return event- ually, but must be reckoned with in the current financing. In the total cost to all nations they must not be added, since they already figure in the amounts spent by the borrowing nation. Adding the loans to allies to the actual net costs of the war the gross expenditures of the several "Ranker Nations," should the war go through its present fourth year will have been: Net Cost Loans to Allies Gross Cost United States $13,000,000,000 $5,300,000,000 $18,300,000,000 Per day 27,600,000 10,900.000 38,500,000 Great Britain 34,000.000.000 6,000,000.000 40,000,000,000 Per day 23,300,000 4,100,000 27,400.000 France 23,800,000,000 1,200,000,000 25,000,000,000 Per day 15,800,000 800,000 16,600.000 Germany $29,500,000,000 $3,600,000,000 $33,100,000,000 Per day IS.500,000 2,500,000 21.000,000 16 WHAT THE NATIONS HAVE BORROWED United States- First Liberty Loan of 1917, 3%% (ex. for 4%).$ 2.000,000,000 Second Liberty Loan of 1917. 4% *3. 808, 766,150 Total $ 5,808,766,150 *(On second Loan $4,617,532,300 was subscribed.) Great Britain to August 1, 1917 — Internal Long Term Loans, 3Ms, 4%, 5% $ 9,980,000,000 Internal Short Term Loans 3, 5, 6% 7,700,000,000 Foreign Loans, 5, 5%%. mostly in United States 1,770,000,000 Total $19,450,000,000 France to August 1, 1917 — At home $11,450,000,000 London, Treasury Bills 2,000,000,000 United States 1,250,000.000 Total, mostly 5% and 5%% $14,700,000,000 Russia to August 1, 1917 — Total, mostly 5 and 5%% $11,630,000,000 Italy to August 1, 1917 — Total, mostly 4y 3 and 5% $4,220,000,000 Canada to August 1, 1917— Total. 5% 775,000,000 Belgium- War cost defrayed mostly by Great Britain and France and later by United States Serbia — War cost defrayed mostly by allies Roumania — War costs financed by allies TOTAL, ALLIES $56,583,766,150 Germany to August 1, 1917— \ Six Imperial Loans, 5% $19,000,000,000 (Seventh being subscribed.) Austria-Hungary to August 1, 1917 — Total, 5% and 6% 9,000,000,000 Turkey to August 1, 1917 — Issued number of loans taken at home and in Ger- many but war expenses financed largely by Ger- many; paper money in circulation increased from $40,000,000 to $350,000,000 Bulgaria — Financed chiefly by Germany TOTAL, THE ENEMY $28,000,000,000 GRAND TOTAL $S4,5S3,766,150 Germany, it will be noted, has increased her permanent indebt- edness far more than any other belligerent. This is because, unlike the others, she has covered the bulk of her expenditures directly out of long term loans. See data of Taxation, on next page. 17 TAXATION IN THE BELLIGERENT COUNTRIES The relative position of the opposing forces in the financing of the war may be judged adequately only by taking into considera- tion the diametrically opposite policies of the two great groups. This may be summed up briefly in the statement that the Allies to a very great extent are making the war pay as it goes, while Germany is mortgaging the future by paying her war expenditures entirely out of long term loans. The serious effect is seen in her last loan, about one-half the proceeds of which was demanded to meet the bare interest required by the debt she had already con- tracted. This pyramiding obviously leads to a condition continu- ally growing more serious, the burden on her finances tending in- evitably to a ruin which may be averted by only one contingency — which is beyond possibility, namely, an overwhelming victory by which she can demand and obtain, chiefly from the United States, a gigantic war indemnity with which to redeem the deluge of paper securities with which her people are flooded today. Great Britain, more than any other belligerent power, has been paying her way as she goes, raising more than $3,500,000,000 a year by taxation. The present income tax ranges from slightly tinder 1% to as high as 41%% against a range before the war from 2/5 of 1% to 13%. Of all increase in profits over the period before the war 80% is paid over to the Government in the form of an excess profits tax. This tax up to 1917 was 60%. By such taxation the interest on the permanent debt is provided, as is also the sinking fund by which the debt may lie retired, while the per- manent debt, that is. the long term debt, has been held down, as already seen, to about $11,750,000,000 against Germany's $19,000.- 000.000, despite the vastly greater expenditures Great Britain has met. UNITED STATES, THE LIBERTY TAX The United States has been raising less by taxation than Great Britain, but more than any other nation other than Great Britain engaged in the war. Put into tabular form the proceeds of our war tax for a year will be as follows: Excess profits $1,200,000,000 Personal income tax 650,000,000 Corporation income tax 500,000,000 Alcoholic beverages 206,000.000 Commodity taxes 60,000,000 Dues and admissions 50,000,000 Public utility services 170,000,000 Munitions manufacturers 25,000,000 Inheritance taxes 5,000,000 Virgin Island products 20,000 Total $2,866,020,000 For income tax see pp. 60, 61. 18 NATIONAL DEBTS OF THE BELLIGERENT COUNTRIES On August 1, 1917, after three years of war, the national debts, war and civil, of the "Banker Nations" were: Total Per Capita United States $ 3,000,000,000 $28.80 Great Britain 23.000.000.000 487.20 France 21,200.000,000 530.00 Russia 16,200.000,000 92.50 Italy 7,000,000,000 194.50 Total, Allies $ 70,400,000,000 $174.60 Germany $ 24,200,000,000 $355.90 Austria-Hungary 12.700,000,000 239.60 Total, The Enemy $ 36,900,000,000 $305.00 GRAND TOTAL $107,300,000,000 $205.00 ANNUAL INTEREST CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL DEBTS As of August 1, the annual charges falling upon the several belligerents to meet the interest requirements of their national debts were: Average In- terest rate United States $ 85.000.000 2.8% Great Britain 900.000.000 3.9% France 940.000.000 4.4% Russia 825,000,000 5.1% Italy 250.000,000 3.6% Total. Allies $3,000,000,000 4.3% Germany $1.0X0.000.000 4.5% Austria-Hungary 620,000,000 5.0% Total, The Enemy $1,700,000,000 4.6% GRAND TOTAL $4,700,000,000 4.4% It is important to remember that the average interest rates do not reflect accurately the relative credits of the hostile groups, 6ince the average for the Allies is a real basis, the borrowing being in the open markets of the world, while that for the Enemy is artificial, borrowing being among their own people by absolute monarchies, shut off by walls of steel and fire from the free financial markets. Here again, the Enemy's interest burden is, like his expenses, only about half that of the Allies. But what of the ability to stand it? This may be inferred from comparative wealth. THE WEALTH OF TKs ivatiONS Ability to stand the tremendous strain of the war expenditures and the interest on national debt which is being piled up is rela- tive, of course, to the national wealth which stands behind the spender. It is this consideration which may well have made Ger- many pause when President Wilson in his great message to Con- gress December 4, 1917, said: "We shall be willing to pay the full price for peace and pay it ungrudingly. . . . We must make every adjustment of law that will facilitate the full and free use of our whole capacity and force as a fighting unit." The national wealth of the countries is: Total Per Capita United States $250,000,000,000 $2,404 Great Britain 90,000,000,000 1,915 Canada 7,500,000,000 834 India and other British possessions 32,500,000,000 84 British Empire in all 130,000,000,000 300 France 65,000,000,000 1,625 Russia (withdrawn) GO, 000, 0,00', OOd 343 Italy 30,000,000,000 833 Japan 25,000,000,000 347 China 25,000,000,000 62 Belgium 9,000,000,000 1,200 Portugal 3,500,000,000 560 Roumania and Serbia 3,500,000,000 277 Cuba and Panama 1,000,000,000 330 Total, Allies $602,000,000,000 $ 462 Germany $ 85,000,000,000 $1,215 Austria-Hungary 40,000,000,000 756 Turkey and Bulgaria 4,000,000,000 148 Total, The Enemy $129,000,000,000 $ 872 GRAND TOTAL $731,000,000,000 $ 505 The combined wealth of the allied nations is almost five to one greater than that of the enemy nations. *Even deducting Russia it is over four to one. 20 COST OF THE WORLD'S GREAT MODERN WARS EXPENDITURES BY U. S. IN FORMER WARS War of 1812 With Great Britain, From June 18, 1812. to Feb. 17, 1815. Year Total* War Navy 1812 $20,280,000 31,681,000 34,720,000 32,943,000 $11,817,000 19,652,000 20,350,000 14,794,000 $3,959,000 1813 6,446 000 1814 7,311,000 1815 8,660,000 War With Mexico, From April 24, 1846, to July Civil War, From 1861 to 1865 I860.. . 1861... 1862... 1863.. . 1864... 1865... $63,201,000 66,650,000 469.569.000 718,733,000 864,968,000 $16,472,000 23,001,000 389,173,000 603,314,000 690,391,000 295,099,000 1,030,690,000 Spanish-American War, From April 21, 1898, to Dec. 10. 1898. 1,000,000,000 *The sums of the expenditures of the Army and Navy do not equal the total given above. The difference was used for other Government expenses connected with the war. 21 COST OF FORMER WARS TO OTHER NATIONS 1793-1815 1812-1815 1S2S 1830-1840 1830-1847 1848 1854-1856 1859 1864 1866 1864-1870 1865-1866 1870-1871 1876-1877 1900-1901 1904-1905 COC NTH IKS ENGAGED. England and France (Napoleonic Wars) France and Russia Russia and Turkey Spain and Portugal (civil war) .... France and Algeria Revolts in Europe [England | France Sardinia and Turkey [Crimean War I Austria { Russia J France, Sardinia and Austria, Denmark, Prussia and Austria. . . . Prussia and Austria Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. . . France and Mexico ' Germany \ Franco-Prussian \ France. . J War f Russia \Turc~-Russian .Turkey/ War Transvaal Republic and England. . . Russia and Japan $6,250 450 100 250, 190, 50, 371, 332, 128 68 800 253 36 330 240 65 r 954 , 1,580 806 403 1,000 2,500 000,000 ,625,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 ,600,000 000,000 000,000 ,000,000 ,000,000 ,000,000 ,000.000 ,400,000 ,000,000 ,547,489 ,273,745 ,100,000 000,000 Expense of wars. 1793-1860 $ 9,243,225,000 Expense of wars, 1861-1910 14,080,321,240 Total $23,323,546,240 The cost of the Balkan wars 1,264,000,000 FOREIGN ARMIES-PAY Against the American soldier's pay of $30 per month, or prac- tically $1 per day, the pay received by privates in the armies of our principal allies is as follows: Per Day Canadian soldier $1.10 British soldier 60 French soldier 05 RULERS OF NATIONS NATION RULER CAPITAL The Allies United States President Woodrow Wilson Washington D. C, Great Britain (King George V \ Premier Henry Lloyd-George j London France President Raymond Poincare Paris Italy King Victor Emmanual III Rome [Brussels (tempor- Belgium King Albert { arily Le Havre, [ France) Russia ? Petrograd Brazil President Wenceslao Braz Rio de Janeiro China Fang Kuo-Chang Peking Cuba President Mario Menocal Havana Greece /King Alexander \ Premier Venizelos '■Athens Japan Emperor Yoshihito Tokyo Liberia President Daniel E. Howard Monrovia Montenegro King Nicholas Cettlnje Panama President Belisario Porras Panama Portugal President Bernardo Machado Lisbon Roumania King Ferdinand /Bucharest (tem- \ porarily Jassy) Serbia King Peter Belgrade Slam King Vagiravudh Bangkok San Marino 3 "Consoli" elected by people every six months. The Enemy Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II Berlin Austria-Hungary Emperor Charles VIII Vienna Bulgaria King Ferdinand Sofia Turkey Sultan Mehmed V Constantinople THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL GOVERNMENT THE PRESIDENT AND HIS CABINET President Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Secretary of the Navy Secretary of Commerce Postmaster General Secretary of Labor Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Secretary of Agriculture Vice-President and Pres- ident of Senate Thomas Marshall Speaker of the House Champ Clark Chief Justice of Supreme Court Edward D. White Woodrow Wilson New Jersey Robert Lansing New York William G. McAdoo New York Newton D. Baker Ohio Josephus Daniels North Carolina William C. Redneld New York A. S. Burleson Texas William B. Wilson Pennsylvania Thomas Watt Gregory Texas Franklin K. Lane California DavidFranklinHouston Missouri Indiana Missouri GOVERNMENT WAR BOARDS. THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (Organized by Act of Congress Aug. 29, 1917.) MEMBERSHIP Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Chairman. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane. Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston. Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfleld. Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. Director of Council and Advisory Commission — W. S. Gifford. Sections and Board of the Council: General Munitions Board; Munitions Standards Board; Air- craft Production Board; Medical Section; Commercial Economy Board; Interdepartmental Advisory Committee; Co-operative Committee on Purchase of Army Supplies (U. S. Chamber of Commerce); Inventions (Naval Consulting Board; National Re- search Council; Committee on Shipping; Committee on Women's Defense Work; Committee on Coal Production; Section on Co- operation with States. Administrative Organization: Secretary of Council and of Advisory Commission — Grosvenor B. Clarkson. Advisory Commission Daniel Willard, Chairman. President B. & O. R. R., in charge of transportation and communication. Howard E. Coffin, Vice-President Hudson Motor Company, in charge of munitions, manufacturing, including standardization and industrial relations. Julius Rosenwald, President Sears, Roebuck & Co., in charge of supplies, including clothing. Bernard M. Baruci, financier, in charge of raw materials, min- erals and metals. Dr. Ilollis Godfrey, President Drexel Institute, in charge of en- gineering and education. Samuel Gompers, President American Federation of Labor, in charge of labor, including conservation of health and welfare of workers. Dr. Franklin Martin, Secretary-General American College of Sur- geons, in charge of medicine, surgery and sanitation. THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD Created by Council of National Defense July 30, 1917. Bernard M. Baruch, chairman; Lieut-Col. Palmer E. Pierce, repre- senting army; Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, representing navy ; Hugh Frayne and Robert S. Brookings. The Board acts as a clearing house for the war industry needs of the government. 24 GOVERNMENT WAR BOARDS (CONTINUED) THE WEEKLY WAR CONFERENCE Creator! by the Council of National Defense Not. 27, 1917. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane. Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston. Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfleld. Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo. Chairman of the Shipping Board Edward N. Hurley. Food Commissioner Herbert C. Hoover. Fuel Administrator Harry A. Garfield. Chairman of the War Industries Board Chairman of the Council of National Defense W. S. Gifford. WAR TRADE BOARD Created by Act of Congress approved October 6, 1917. Composed of representatives of Secretaries of State, Treasury, Agriculture and Commerce, and of the Food Administrator and the Shipping Board. Regulates exports and imports by granting or refusal of licenses; regulates by license the right to trade with persons suspected of enemy connection, etc. The War Trade Council, composed of the Secretaries of State, Treasury, Agriculture and Commerce, the Food Administrator and the chairman of the Shipping Board, acts as advisor to the War Trade Board. THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION Food Administrator, Herbert C. Hoover. With the help of Department of Agriculture has charge of the increase in food production, prevention of waste of food, intro- duction of new methods of economic housekeeping, control of prices. THE FUEL ADMINISTRATION Fuel Administrator, Dr. Harry A. Garfield. Has control of the distribution of fuel, especially coal, control of prices, adjustment of wage disputes between miners and opera- tors. THE SHIPPING BOARD Chairman, Edward N. Hurley: Bainbridge Colby, R. B. Stevens, John A. Donald and Charles R. Page. Has charge of encouraging, developing and creating a naval aux- iliary, naval reserve and a merchant marine to meet the re- quirements of the United States; regulating carriers by water, etc. Is authorized to construct, equip, purchase, lease or char- ter vessels suitable for use as naval auxiliaries. Is authorized to organize one or more corporations for purchase, operation, lease, charter or sale of vessels. Emergency Fleet Corporation — Manager. Charles Piez. Department of Operations — Director, Edward F. Carry. 25 UNITED STATES ARMY STRENGTH REGULAR ARMY As authorized on January 1, 1917, the strength of the Regular Army was given as: Officers 5,286 Men 137,214 The President on May 14, 1917, ordered the formation of 27 new regiments of infantry, 6 new divisions of cavalry, 12 new regiments of field artillery and all organizations recruited to full war strength. Later the Regular Army gained greatly in strength on the great- est recruiting rush in history, as a result of the enlistment of men of the draft age before the bars against voluntary enlist- ments went up on December 15, 1917, under the new draft regu- lations embodied in the questionnaires. From April 1 to mid- December a total of about 305,000 recruits joined the Regular Army, which with the total in service on the former date brought the strength of this branch to approximately Officers 12,000 Men 430,000 NATIONAL GUARD 442,000 On January 1, 1917, the strength of the National Guard was: Officers and men 132, 194 By an order issued May 5, 1917, all states were required to re- cruit their guard organizations to full war strength. Figures pub- lished in November, 1917, gave the National Guard a strength of 469,000 men. NATIONAL ARMY The first selective draft brought to the colors 687,000 men. After proper organization an additional draft will be made as the emergency requires and the President may designate and after assignments have been made to the existing organization addi- tional units may be organized. It is estimated roughly that the registration of nearly 10.000,000 men between the ages of 21 and 30 will yield an effective fighting force of 2,000,000 men on the first call. TOTAL STRENGTH Secretary of War Newton D. Raker in a statement before the Senate committee investigating military affairs, January 10. 191S, gave the following as the strength of the United States Army: April, Dec. 31, 1917 1917 Regular Army — Officers 5,571 10,250 Regular Army— Men 121,797 475,000 National Guard/— Officers 3,733 10,031 National Guard— Men 76,713 400,900 Reserve — Officers 84,575 Reserve — Men 4,000 72,750 National Army — Officers National Army — Men 480,000 All Services— Officers 9,324 110,835 All Scrvives— Men 202,510 1,428,650 Total 211,834 1,539,485 This is obviously only a small proportion of the effective fight- ing strength the United States can array against the Central Pow- ers should the need arise. THE SELECTIVE DRAFT According to the plan of Provost Marshal General Crowder sub- mitted to Congress Jan., 1918, America's war army will be sup- plied hereafter from Class 1 of the registered men as determined by the questionnaires. This class includes all under the follow- ing circumstances: MEN REACHING the age of 21 years since June 5, 1917. SINGLE MEN without dependent relatives. MARRIED MEN who have habitually failed to support their fam- ilies. MARRIED MEN who are dependent on wives for support or not usefully engaged. MARRIED MEN whose families are supported by incomes inde- pendent of their labor. UNSKILLED farm laborers. UNSKILLED industrial laborers. REGISTRANTS who fail to submit questionnaire and in respect of whom no deferred classification is claimed or made. When all questionnaires should be returned and the classifica- tion period ended Feb. loth. General Crowder estimated about 1,000,000 physically and otherwise qualified registered men would be found in Class I. To this the extension of registration to men turning 21 since June 5, 1917, will add 700,000 effective men yearly. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST DRAFT, 1917 Total registration of men between 21 and 31 on June 5, 1917 9,586.508 Evaders arrested 5,870 Evaders released after being registered 2,263 First Draft, number examined 3,082,949 Of those examined, number certified for military service. .1,057,363 Of those certified, number mobilized under first call 687,000 Of those certified, number awaiting summons to mobiliza- tion camps, January 1, 1918 370,363 Of those examined, number exempted for physical reasons 730,756 Of those examined, number claiming exemption 1,560,570 Of those claiming exemption, 78 per cent granted, or. . .1,215,049 Of exemptions granted, those for dependent relatives equalled 74% Those for alien birth and nationality 20% Those for industrial or vocational reasons 6% Total cost of first call $5,211,965.00 Average cost per man accepted for military service $4.98 Average cost per voluntary recruit in first nine months, 1917, $28.95 WHERE THE UNITED STATES ARMY IS TRAINED PERMANENT SCHOOLS United States Military Academy... West Point. N. Y. A school fur the practical and theoretical training of officers. Army War College Washington, D. C. For instruction in the highest branches of military science and special work in connection with the general staff. Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kas. For instruction in duties of various staff departments. Coast Artillery School Fort Monroe, Va. Engineei School Washington Barracks, D. C. Cavalry and Field Artillery School. Fort Riley, Kas. Army Medical School Washington, D. C. Infantry School (School of the 1 Line) | Army Signal School \ Fort Leavenworth, Kas. Field Engineering School I Field Service for Medical Officers.. School of Fire Field Artillery j S boo! of Musketry / f San Diego, Cal. Signal Corps Aviation Schools { Chicago, 111. Mineola, Long Island, Is. Y Ordinance School of Application.. Sandy Hook, N. J. f Washington. D. C. I Monterey, Cal. Schools for Rakers and Cooks 4 Kort Sam Houston, Tex. I Fort Shafter, Hawaii [ Fort Riley, Kas. RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CAMPS •Allentown, Pa. *Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Ind. ♦Fort Des Moines, Des Moines, la. ICamp Joseph E. Johnston, near Jacksonville, Flft. tFort Leavenworth, Fort Leavenworth, Kas. Leon Springs, Texas. Fort Logan II. Roots, Little Rock, Ark. Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ca. Fort Meyer, near Washington, D. C. Fort Niagara, near Niagara Falls, N. Y. ♦Fort Oglethorpe, Chicl;aniauga, c;a. Plattsburg Barracks, Plattsburg, N. Y. ♦Fort Riley, Fort Riley, Kas. San Francisco Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. Fort Sheridan, Fort Sheridan, 111. Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, Minn. fVancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington, D. C. •Medical also. t Engineers. t Quartermasters. NATIONAL GUARD MOBILIZATION CAMPS Camp At or Near Division States Greene Charlotte, N. C. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut. Wadsworth Calvert, S, C. 27th New York. Hancock Wheless, Ga. 28th Pennsylvania. McClellan Annicton, Ala. 29th New Jersey, Virginia Maryland, Delaware District of Columbia Sevier Paris, S. C. 30th Tennessee, North Caro- lina, South Carolina Wheeler Macon, Ga. 31st Georgia, Alabama, Flor- ida. MacArthur Waco, Tex. 32nd Michigan, Wisconsin. Logan Houston, Tex. 33rd Illinois. Cody Demlng, N. M. 34th Minnesota, Iowa, Neb- raska, North Dakota, South Dakota. Doniphan Fort Sill, Okla. Bowie Fort Worth, Tex. Sheridan Vandiver Park, Ala. Shelby Hattiesburg, Miss. Beauregard Alexandria, La. Kearney San Diego, Cal. Fremont Palo Alto, Cal. Mills Mlneola. L. I., N. Y. 35th Missouri, Kansas. 36th Texas, Oklahoma. 37th Ohio, West Virginia. 38th Indiana, Kentucky. 39th Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas. 40th California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado. Ari- zona, New Mexico. 41st Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wy- oming. 42nd (Rainbow) Division, now in France. Units from Ala., Cal., Colo., D. C. Ga., 111., Ind., la., Kas., La., Mich., Md.. Mo., Minn., N. Y., N. C, S. C, N. J.. Neb., O., Okla., Ore., Pa.. Tex., Tenn., Va.. Wis. Camf NATIONAL ARMY CANTONMENTS At or Near Division Troops at Station Devena Upton Dlx Mead Lee Jackson Gordon Sherman Taylor Custer Grant Pike Dodge Funston Travis Lewis Fltchburg, Mass. 76th Yaphank, Long Island 77th Wrightstown, N. J. 78th Baltimore, Md. 79th Petersburg, Va. Columbia, S. C. Chamblee, Ca. Chillicothe, o. Dumcsnll, Ky. Maine, New Hampshire Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, part New York. Metropolitan portion of New York City. New York State, Nor- thern Pennsylvania. Southern Pennsylvania Maryland, District of Columbia. 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th New Jersey, Delaware. Virginia Battle Creek, Mich. 85th Rockford. 111. 86th Little Rock, Ark. 87th Des Moines, la. 88th Fort Riley, Kas. 89th San Antonio, Tex. 90th American Lake, Wash. 91st Tennessee, North Caro- lina, South Carolina. Georgia, Alabama, Flor- ida. Ohio, West Virginia. Indiana. Kentucky, part Illinois. Michigan, part Wiscon- sin. Part Illinois, part Wis- consin. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi. Minnesota, Iowa, Neb- raska, North Dakota, South Dakota, part Illinois. Kansas, Missouri, Colo rado. Texas, Arizona, Okla- homa, New Mexico. Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Mon- tana, Wyoming, Alaska. AVIATION TRAINING STATIONS Site Nj San Diego, Cal Rockwell Field. Miueola, Long Island Hazelhurst Field. Hampton, Va Camp Langley. Dayton, O Camp Wright. Mt. Clemens, Mich Selfridge Field. Rantoul, 111 Chanute Field. Belleville, 111 Scott Field. San Antonio, Tex Kelly Field. Omaha, Neb Fort Omaha (Army Ballon School). Fort Sill, Okla Post Field Dallas, Texas Love Field. Essington, Pa Chandler Field. Fairfield, Ohio Wilbur Wright Field. Fort Worth, Texas Taliaferro Field, Jarvis Field, Edwards Field. Houston, Texas Ellington Field. Lake Charles, La Gerslner Field. Memphis, Tenn Park Field. Pensacola, Fla ..Aviation Field. Waco, Texas Rich Field. Wichita Falls, Tex Call Field. UNITED STATES ARMY DIVISIONAL, BRIGADE AND REGIMENTAL DESIGNATIONS By an order issued from the War Department July 18, 1917 the United States Army was divided into three parts, namely the Regular Army, the National Guard and the National Army The Divisions, Brigades and Regiments in these three groups were given numbers in separate series the limits of which are as follows : DIVISIONS Regulary Army, Number 1 to Number 25. National Guard, Number 26 to Number 75. National Army, Number 76 upward. BRIGADES Regular Army, Number 1 to Number 50. National Guard, Number 51 to Number 150. National Army, Number 151 upward. REGIMENTS Regular Army, Number 1 to Number 100. National Guard, Number 101 to Number 300. National Army, Number 301 upward. By the numerical designation of any Division, Brigade or Regiment therefore one may know at once whether the force is composed of soldiers of the Regular Army, National Guard or the National Army. 31 UNITED STATES ARMY ORGANIZATION Commander-in-Chief: The President of the United States ADMINISTRATION General Staff Corps Commander: The Chief of Staff Prepares all plans for National Defense and mobilization and has general supervision of all matters affecting efficiency. By a reorganization announced February 11, 1918, five new divisions of the General Staff were created: 1 — Executive Di- vision; 2— War Plans Division; 3 — Army Operations Division; 4 — Purchase and Supply Division; 5 — Storage and Supply Di- vision. Adjutant General's Department Commander: The Adjutant General Has charge of all records, correspondence, issuance of orders, notices, bulletins, etc. Inspector General's Department Commander: The Inspector General Has general supervision over all matters relating to army effi- ciency, conduct, discipline, condition of uniforms, equipment and supplies and expenditures of public money. Judge Advocate's Department Commander: The Judge Advocate General Has custody of legal records and conducts courts-martial, courts of inquiry and military commissions. Ordnance Department Commander: The Chief of Ordnance Supplies all arms and equipment and maintains arsenals and depots for manufacture, distribution and keeping of military stores. Business Divisions of Ordnance Department The Ordnance Department was reorganized on January 2, 1918 for greater efficiency in the business divisions. The chief of ord nance is now assisted by an extensive administrative and advisory staff. The principal business functions of the department, as dis- tinct from technical designing and other scientific work, are to be carried on by four operating divisions: 1. PROCUREMENT DIVISION: Negotiates all orders and contracts for artillery, small arms, ammunition, etc. 2. PRODUCTION DIVISION: Has general charge of production, following up, supervising and stimulating production of all articles contracted for by Procure ment Division. 3. INSPECTION DECISION: Inspects and accepts or rejects all munitions contracted for by Procurement Division. 4. SUPPLY DIVISION: Receives and distributes all ordnances and stores, operates all store houses and has charge of transportation. UNITED STATES ARMY ORGANIZATION ADMINISTRATION— (Continued) Quartermaster Corps Commander: The Quartermaster General Has charge of all supplies (except ordnance), transportation, payment of troops and distribution of funds. Engineer Corps Commander: The Chief of Engineers Has charge of construction and maintenance of fortifications, military posts, lines of communication and rivers and harbors so far as necessary for military or naval purposes. Coast Artillery Corps Commander: The Chief of Coast Artillery Has charge of garrisoning all coast fortifications and coast and harbor defense and siege work. Signal Corps Commander: The Chief Signal Officer Has charge of all methods of communication by balloons, air- planes, wireless, telephones and visual signaling. Medical Department Commander: The Surgeon General Subdivided into (1) Medical Corps, for care of sick and wound- ed, supervision of physical and sanitary condition of Army, its detachments when serving with troops known as Sanitary Troops, and (2) Dental Corps, in charge of the Army's teeth. Bureau of Insular Affairs Commander: The Chief of Insular Affairs Has charge of all questions of a military nature and of sup- plies that affect the insular possessions of the United States. Bureau of Militia Affairs Commander: The Chief of Militia Affairs Has charge of all matters pertaining to the National Guard. THE FIGHTING FORCES Army Commander: Rank determined by President with Approval of Congress Composed of 1 Army Headquarters; 3 or more Army Corps; Army Troops. Army Corps Commander: General or Lieutenant-General Composed of 1 Army Corps Headquarters; 3 Infantry Divisions; Army Corps Troops. Infantry Division Commander: Major-General Composed of 1 Division Headquarters; 1 Machine Gun Bat- talion of 4 Companies; 2 Infantry Brigades of 2 Regiments and 1 Machine Gun Battalion (3 Companies) each; 1 Field Artillery Brigade of 3 Regiments and 1 Trench Mortar Battery; 1 Engi- neer Regiment; 1 Field Signal Batallion; 1 Train Headquarters and Military Police; 1 Ammunition Train; 1 Supply Train; 1 Engineer Train (less Pontoon and Searchlight Sections) ; 1 Sani- tary Train of 4 Field Hospital Companies and 4 Ambulance Com- panies. UNITED STATES ARMY ORGANIZATION THE FIGHTING FORCES— (Continued) Infantry Brigade Commander: Brigadier-General Composed of 2 Regiments; 1 Machine Gun Battalion of 3 Companies. Field Artillery Brigade Commander: Brigadier-General Composed of 3 Regiments; 1 Trench Mortar Battery. Regiment. Infantry Commander: Colonel Composed of 3 Battalions, 1 Headquarters Company. 1 Supply Company, 1 Machine Gun Company, 1 Detachment Medical Corps. Regiment, Cavalry* Commander: Colonel , Composed of 3 Squadrons, instead of Battalions, and rest same as Infantry. Regiment, Field Artillery Commander: Colonel Composed of 3 Battalions and rest same as Infantry without Machine Gun Company. Battalion, Infantry Commander: Major Composed of 4 Line Companies. Squadron, Cavalry* Commander : Major Composed of 4 Line Troops. Battalion, Field Artillery Commander : Major Composed of 4 Batteries. Line Company, Infantry, Troop, Cavalry*, Battery, Field Artillery Commander: Captain Composed of 6 Platoons. Platoon Commander: First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant or Sergeant Composed of 3 or more Squads. Squad Commander : Corporal Composed of corporal and 7 privates. * No Cavalry in revised Army organization. ARMY UNITS— NUMBERS OF MEN REGIMENT At full war strength the number of officers and men can not he given. The normal strength is: Cavalry 1,579 Mountain Artillery 1,081 Infantry 2,058 Heavy Artillery 1.222 Light Artillery 1,337 Engineers 1,098 Horse Artillery 1,176 INFANTRY BRIGADE Officers 228 to 232 Men 4,918 10 7,984 31 UNITED STATES ARMY INFANTRY DIVISION The War Department of the United States on August 4, 1917, Issued regulations reducing the number of men in a division of infantry to conform with the organization found more effective in the French and British armies in actual modern warfare on the western front. Under the old regulations a division of infantry was composed of 3 brigades of infantry, 1 brigade of field artil- lery, 1 regiment of cavalry, 1 regiment of engineers, 1 battalion signal corps, 1 headquarters troop of cavalry, 2 companies of mili- tary police, 4 ambulance companies, 2 field hospitals, 1 supply train and 1 ammunition train. The principal change was a re- duction to 2 brigades of infantry, instead of 3, while there were added 1 division machine gun battalion and 2 field hospitals. As at present organized one division eauals 27.152 men. It ia approximately the same in the British and French annus. GERMANY AND HER ALLIES It is almost impossible to state just how many men now com- prise an infantry division in the German army, so often has the organization been shifted. Originally a division in the German army comprised 20,000 men. Today it equals 8,000 to 9,000 men. Field Artillery: ARMAMENT Light Artillery: Armed with 3.2 inch guns drawn by six horses. In France will use the famous French "75." Horse Artillery: Armed With 3.2 inch gun as Light Artillery. Heavy Artillery: Armed with 4.7 inch guns of the howitzer or siege type drawn by eight horses. In France will use the modern heavy guns developed since the war began. Mountain Artillery: Armed with small field guns, field howit- zers or machine guns carried on pack animals. Machine Guns: Several varieties in use the best known be- ing the Lewis, Benet-Mercier, Colt, Hotchkiss and Chau- chat. The United States has officially adopted the Browning, a new type. Coast Defense Artillery: Varies greatly in armament, the guns ranging in size of caliber from 16 inches to the smallest machine gun. Also protects harbors and channels by the planting and care of mines, submarine nets and other means of harbor and channel defense. Rifle: Springfield: All branches of the service are armed with the rifle known as the Springfield, named after the Arsenal where they are manufactured. These have a caliber of .30 inch and a length of 3.6 feet without bayonet. With bayonet the length is 4.9 feet. The weight is 8.6 pounds. The magazine holds 5 cartridges. Enfield: The capacity of the Government Arsenal being completely overtaxed by the sudden raising of so great an army, it was derided, to provide the proper small arms, to secure a certain number of the Enfield Uitles used by the British Army for the immediate equipping of extra troops. These are so modified as to permit the use of American ammunition. Pistol : All officers are armed with Colt's Automatic Pistols caliber .45 carrying 10 cartridges in the magazine. Enlisted men are being armed gradually with Automatics. Some branches of the service still carry Colt's Revolvers, caliber .38 or .45, carrying 5 cartridges in the magazine. RIFLES USED BY THE ARMIES Country Rifle Country Rifle United States — SpfingneJd, Portugal— Mauser Verguerro Enfield Roumania — Mannlicner Great Britain— Lee-Enfield Russia— Three Line France — Lebel Serbia— Mauser Italy— Mannlicner Austria-Hungary— Mannlicner Belgium— Mauser Bulgaria— Mannlicner Japan — Ariska Mauser Germany— Mauser Montenegro — Russian Three Turkey — Mauser Line UNITED STATES ARMY COLORS DENOTING BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE Hat Cords, Officers General, Lieutenant-General, Major-General, Brigadier-General Gold All Other Officers Woven Black and Gold West Point Staff Woven Green and White Hat Cords, Enlisted Men Branch Color Cavalry Yellow Infantry Light Blue Artillery Red Engineers Woven Red and White Quartermaster's Corps Buff Signal Corps Woven Orange and White ( Woven Orange and White 01 Aviation "I White Band on Cap for Stu- [ dent Officers. Ordnance Woven Scarlet and Black Medical Department Woven Maroon and White Service Schools Green Dress Shoulder Straps, Facings, Etc. Branch Color General Officers Dark Blue Adjutant General's Department. .Dark Blue Inspector General's Department. . Dark Blue Judge Advocate's Department Dark Blue Cavalry Yellow Infantry Light Blue Artillery Red Engineers Red and White Quartermaster's Corps .Buff Signal Corps and Aviation Orange and White Ordnance Scarlet and Black Medical Department Maroon and White Service Schools Green West Point Staff Green and White Overcoat Sleeve Braiding Strands in C'loverleaf Design 1 Strand. Brown Second Lieutenant 1 Strand, Black First Lieutenant 2 Strands, Black Captain 3 Strands, Black Major 4 Strands, Black Lieutenant-Colonel 5 Strands, Black Colonel Straight Bands 1% Bands, Black Brigadier-, Major- or Lieu- tenant-General or General For Army Insignia, see page 85. 36 UNITED STATES ARMY— PAY Rank Monthly General As the President, with approval of Congress, decides Lieutenant-General $916.87 Major-General .' 666.67 Brigadier -General 500.00 Colonel 333.33 Lieutenant- Colonel 291.67 Major 250.00 Captain 200.00 First Lieutenant 166.67 Second Lieutenant 141.67 Master Signal Electrician; Master Electrician and Band Leader 75.00 Regimental Sergeant -Major ; Regimental Supply Sergeant; Electrician Sergeant, first class; Signal Sergeant, first class, Post Ordnance Sergeant; Sergeant Quartermaster Corps; Battalion Sergeant-Major of Engineers; First Ser- geant 45.00 Battalion and Squadron Sergeant-Major; Master Gunner; Assistant Band Leader 40.00 Electrician Sergeant, second class; Sergeant of Engineers, Ordnance, Signal Corps and Band; Color Sergeant; Drum Major 36.00 Sergeant of Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, or Hospital Corps; Supply Sergeant; Mess Sergeant; Radio Sergeant; Ser- geant Bugler; Stable Sergeant; Fireman; Corporal; Cook ; Horseshoer 30.00 Corporals of Engineers, Ordnance, Signal Corps or Hospital Corps; Mechanics in Coast Artillery; Privates in Band.. 24.00 Corporals of Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery; Mechanic, Farrier, Saddler 21.00 First Class Private 1800 Privates, Hospital Corps 16.00 Privates 1500 Additional Pay Officers below the rank of Brigadier-General are allowed 10% additional for each term of 5 years' service, known as longevity pay. This may not amount to more than 40%. Officers receive 10% additional for service outside the United States. When on aviation duty they receive from 25 to 75% additional. Enlisted men receive additional compensation on re-enlistments and for merit, efficient marksmanship or special duty. When detailed on aviation, 50% addition. Beginning June 1, 1917. and until the end of the present war the pay of enlisted men on active service was increased as follows: Men receiving not over $21.00 per month $15.00 monthly additional Men receiving $24.00 to 30.00 per month 12.00 monthly additional Men receiving 30.00 to 40.00 per month 8.00 monthly additional Men receiving over 40.00 per month 6.00 monthly additional Privates receive 20% of the original pay additional to the above for service outside of the United States. UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY SALUTES Salutes are rendered by individuals in recognition of superior authority or by cannon of a proscribed number for the honoring- of the saluted person. By Individuals Salutes by an individual unarmed are made with the right hand. By an individual armed or by a body of troops armed they are made according to the regulations proscribed for the weapon carried. By Cannon Person Saluted Number of Guns National Salute \ The President of the United States /' .21 The Vice President 1 Foreign Ambassadors i 19 Members of the Cabinet J Governors of States or Territories ] Chief Justice of the United States | Speaker of the House of Representatives .... } 17 General I Admiral J Assistant Secretaries of War and Navy } Foreign Envoy and Ministers i 15 Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral j Ministers accredited to the United States.... 1 Major General or Rear Admiral 13 Charge d' Affairs Brigadier General 11 On July 4 is fired a salute of one gun for each state in the Union. RELATIVE RANKS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS Army Corresponding Rank in Navy General Admiral Lieutenant-General Vice-Admiral Major-General Rear Admiral Brigadier-General Commodore, formerly, now abol- ished Colonel Captain Lieutenant- Colonel Commander Major Lieutenant-Commander Captain Lieutenant First Lieutenant Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Second Lieutenant Ensign Cadet Midshipman GENERAL ORDERS FOR THE GUARD 1. To take charge of this post and all Government property in view. 2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3. To report all violations of orders 1 am instructed to enforce. 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guard house than my own. 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me, all orders from the commanding of- ficer, officer of the day, and officers and non- commissioned officers of the guard only. 7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. 8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm. 9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my post. 10. In any case not covered by instructions to call the corporal of the guard. 11. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased. 12. To be especially watchful at night, and during the time for challenging to challenge all persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority. FOREIGN MONEY, VALUES IN U. S. CURRENCY Approximate Value Austria 1 Heller 1/5 cent 1 Krone= 100 Heller 19 cent* Belgium 1 Centime 1/5 cent 1 Franc = 100 centimes 19 cents England 1 Farthing % cent 1 Halfpenny 1 cent 1 Fenny 2 cents 1 Shilling=12 pence 24 cents 1 Pound or sovereign=20 shillings $4.87 France 1 Centime 1/5 cent 1 Franc = 100 centimes 19 cents Germany 1 Pfennig % cent 1 Mark= 100 pfennig 24 cents Italy 1 Centisimi 1/5 cent 1 Lira= 100 centesimi 19 cents Russia 1 Kopeok % cent 1 Ruble= 100 kopecks 51 cent* UNITED STATES NAVY STRENGTH OF PERSONNEL Regular Navy The strength of the United States Navy on January 1, 1917, was 58.309 officers and men. On May 8, 1917. the President was authorized to raise this to the full war strength, 150,000 officers and men. The number required will rise further by the acqui- sition of additional vessels. Naval Militia Consists of the regular militia of the several states, organized, armed and equipped for the corresponding branches of the service in the Regular Navy. Twenty-four states and territories maintain a Naval Militia, the total strength of which on January 1, 1917, was 8,517 officers and men. All of the states were ordered in April to recruit the organizations to full war strength, bringing the personnel to 24,700 officers and men. Total Strength Officers and Men Regular Navy 150,000 Naval Militia 24,700 Total 174,700 United States Marine Corps An independent branch of the military service. Although it is under the direction of the Navy Department it may be detailed by order of the President for service with the Army. Its duties are to garrison Navy Yards and Naval Stations and defenses erected for their protection. It also furnishes to all battleships, cruisers and other vessels, when necessary, a detachment for guard duty and also to assist in manning the ship's guns. A mobile force is kept in readiness at the Marine Barracks as the first line for foreign service as occasion may demand. It is commanded by a Major General. Strength of Personnel The Marine Corps on January 1, 1917, had a personnel of 15,627 officers and men. The President on May 8, 1917, was authorized to increase this number to the full war strength of 30,000 officers and men. 40 UNITED STATES NAVY CREWS The following figures can be only averages, the number of men composing officers and crews varying so with the great diversity in size, armament and duty of the vessels that it is impossible to give exact complements. The same vessel may vary at different times as it is assigned to different duties. Class of Ship Crew Superdreadnaught Battleships 110 Officers 940 Men 75 Marines Total 1.125 Dreadnaught Battleships 95 Officers 790 Men 64 Marines Total 949 Battleships 75 Officers 730 Men 50 Marines Total 855 Armored Cruisers, Cruisers 80 Officers 810 Men Marines according to duty assigned Total • 890 Destroyers 14 Officers 90 Men Total 104 Complement of Naval Organization Fleet: Theoretically, two or more squadrons. Squadron: Eight vessels (the tactical unit). Division: Usually four vessels. Commands of Naval Officers The Admiral of the Navy may command a fleet, or perform such other duty as may be assigned to him by the Navy Depart- ment. A Rear Admiral may command a fleet, a squadron, a division, or a naval station. A Captain may command a division or a squadron, be chief of staff to a flag officer, command a naval station, a battleship, an armored cruiser, or a ship not rated. A commander may command a division of a squadron, a naval station, a battleship, a protected cruiser of the first rate, a ship of the second or third rate, a torpedo destroyer flotilla, or a ship not rated: may be chief of staff to a flag officer; be assigned to duty as fleet engineer; and may serve as executive officer of a battleship or armored cruiser. A lieutenant-commander may command a ship of the third or fourth rate, a torpedo boat destroyer flotilla, a torpedo boat flotilla, a torpedo destroyer, or a ship not rated, and may in a ship commanded by an officer of superior grade serve as executive officer, or navigator, or ordnance officer, or senior engineer officer. A lieutenant may command a ship of the fourth rate, a torpedo boat destroyer flotilla, a torpedo boat flotilla, a torpedo destroyer torpedo boat, tug tender, or ship not rated. A lieutenant (junior grade) or an ensign may command a tor- pedo boat, tug, tender or ship not rated. A midshipman shall perform such duty afloat as may be as- signed him, including watch and divisions duty (deck or engine room), but shall not be detailed for duty on the personal staff of a flag officer, or as aid to the captain of a ship. 41 UNITED STATES NAVY— PAY Rank Pay Monthly Admiral $1,125.00 Vice-Admiral 750.00 Eear-Admiral 666.67 Captain 333.33 Commander 283.33 Lieutenant-Commander . . . 250.00 Lieutenant 200.00 Ensign 141.67 Midshipman 50.00 Boatswains; Gunners; Sailmakers; Pharmacists; Machin- ists; Pay Clerks $125.00 to 187.50 Mates 93.00 to 125.00 Chief Machinist Mate; Chief Commissary Sergeant 70.00 Chief Master- at- Arms; Boilermaker 65.00 Chief Electrician; Chief Yeoman; Hospital Stewards... 60.00 Ship Cooks, first class; Machinists; Mates, first class. Coppersmiths 55.00 Bandmaster 52.00 Chief Boatswain's Mate; Chief Turret Captain; Chief Gunner's Mate; Chief Carpenter's Mate; Chief Water Tender; Turret Captain; First Class Electrician; First Class Blacksmith 50. 00 Plumbers and Fitters; Bakers, first class 45.00 Master-at-Arms, first class; Boatswain's Mate, first class; Gunner's Mate, second class; Quartermaster, first class; Sailmaker's Mates; Carpenter's Mates, first class; Painters, first class; Yeomen, first class; Ma- chinist's Mate, second class; Electrician, second class; Shipfitters; Ship Cooks, second class 40.00 Oilers 37.00 First Musicians 36. 00 Master-at-Arms, second class; Boatswain's Mate, second class ; Gunner's Mate, second class ; Quartermaster, second class; Fireman, first class; Baker, second class; Carpenter's Mate, second class; Painter, second class; Yeoman, second class; Baker, second class 35.00 Musicians, first class 32.00 Master-at-Arms, third class; Coxswain; Gunner's Mate, third class; Quartermaster, third class; Electrician, third class; Carpenter, third class; Painters, third class; Yeomen, third class; Hospital apprentice, first class; Fireman, second class; Musician, second class; Bugler ; Ship Cook, third class 30.00 Seaman Gunners 26 00 Ship Cooks, fourth class 25.00 Seaman 24.00 Coal Passers 22.00 Hospital Apprentices 20.09 Ordinary Seaman 19.00 Apprentice Seamen ; Landsmen 16.00 Additional Pay Officers receive 10% additional for each 5 years' service, known as longevity pay, not to exceed 40%. On sea duty and outside the United States, 10% additional. 12 INSURANCE FOR SOLDIERS, SAILORS AND NURSES A Bureau of War Risk Insurance was provided in the law approved October 6, 1917, with supervision over a new system of insurance for the "greater protection" of our soldiers, sailors, nurses, officers and their dependents. There are two classes of benefits: (1) Compensation for death or disability without pay- ment of premiums, and (2) Benefits in the form of insurance upon payment of premiums. The entire army and navy, includ- ing coast guard, naval reserves, national naval volunteers, nurses, etc., are eligible. Privates and officers and their dependents are upon the same footing. Under the second class insurance is provided against death or total permanent disability for an amount in any multiple of $500 but not less than $1,000 or more than $10,000. Medical examination is not required. Insurance must be applied for within 120 days after enlistment or entrance into active service. The insurance is payable only to a wife or husband, child, grandchild, parent (father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, stepfather or stepmother), brother, sister, or, during total and permanent disability, to the injured person himself. The insur- ance is limited to 240 equal installments. During the war it is term insurance for successive terms of one year each. Not later than 5 years after the war the term insurance shall be converted without medical examination into any form of insurance requested by the insured, as ordinary life, 20 payment life, endownment, etc. The Treasury Department on October 14, 1917, issued a table of monthly premiums for various ages, in part as follows: Age $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 16 $0.63 $3.15 $6.30 21 65 3.25 6.50 22 65 3.25 6.50 23 65 3.25 -6.50 24 66 3.30 6.60 25 66 3.30 6 60 26 67 3.35 6.70 27 67 3.35 6.70 28 68 3.40 6.80 29 69 3.45 6.90 30 69 3.45 6.90 31 70 3.50 7.00 40 81 4.05 8.10 50 1.14 5.70 11.40 Compensation for Death or Disability Under the first class is made compensation for death or dis- ability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease con- tracted in the line or duty. Such compensation is to be paid monthly in amounts depending upon the family (widow and child or children), or dependents (widowed mother), that are left by the one deceased or disabled. This compensation is without the payment of premiums and is a substitute for existing pension laws. 43 Insurance for Soldiers, Sailors and Nurses — (Cont'd) Allotments of Pay By Officers An officer may transfer his entire monthly pay account, when due, to his family, dependents or anyone whom he may designate, or he may direct that it be deposited in any bank by the quarter- master who pays the account. By Enlisted Men Under the new law of October 6, 1917, there are two kinds of pay allotments for enlisted men: (1) Compulsory: The new law makes compulsory allotments of pay to a wife; to a former wife divorced but not remarried and to whom alimony has been decreed ; to a child, or children. The monthly amount shall not be less than $15 nor more than one-half the man's pay. If one-half the man's pay is not allotted the unallotted portion of such one-half shall be deposited to the man's credit to be held during the period of his service, bearing 4% interest per annum. Principal and interests shall be paid to the enlisted man, if living, if not, to his beneficiaries or heirs. (2) Voluntary: The enlisted man may also allot any portion of his monthly pay after compulsory allotment or prior claims, for such purposes or persons as he may direct. Family Allowances Under the new law there is provided also a family allowance in addition not exceeding $50 i>er month, TO BE GRANTED AND PAID BY THE UNITED STATES, upon written applica- tion to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, by any enlisted man or by or on behalf of any prospective beneficiary. This allowance does Tiot apply to commissioned officers. The family allowances monthly are: Class A: In case of a man to his wife (including divorced) and to child or children: a- Wife but no child $15.00 b — Wife and one child 25.00 c — Wife and two children 32.50 ($5 per month additional for each additional child) d — No wife and one child 5. 00 e — No wife and two children 12.50 f — No wife and three children 20.00 g — No wife and four children 30.00 ($5 per month additional for each additional child) Class B: In case of a man or woman to grandchild, parent, brotber or sister: a — One parent $10.00 b— Two parents 20.00 c — Each grandchild, brother, sister, and additional parent 5.00 In the case of a woman to a child or children: d— One child $ 5.00 e — Two children 12.50 f— Three children 20.00 g— Four children 30.00 ($5 per month additional for each additional child) These family allowances are granted only so long as the en- listed man or woman makes compulsory or voluntary allotments of pay to the dependent. 44 AVIATION No service in the army presents more romance and fascination than that of aviation. The skilled aviator today in war service must be able to take photographs of the country, fight his adver- sary with a machine gun, drop bombs, send wireless reports back to his base, dodge shrapnel, and he must do this in all kinds of weather, meanwhile manipulating his machine. No invention of modern ages has played a more vital part in shaping the course and methods of the World War than America's achievement, the airplane. Enormous masses of men, strung along a continuous front protected on one flank by the sea and on the other by neutral Switzerland, have almost eliminated strategy, but it was the airplane which, by its nearly unlimited capacities for observation, made possible the giant land gun, firing at objects miles beyond the vision of its gunners; and it is the giant gun which has resulted in the extreme development of trench warfare. As the United States entered the war the airplane was looked upon as one of the principal factors to bring the war to speedy and successful termination for the Allies. The number of airplanes required was placed by some estimates as high as 100,000, air craft in droves to blind the enemy, observe his movements and place him at the mercy of our forces. On the best authority it seems probable that 25,000 will be rushed into action as soon as possible. Not only was there the question of the machines, but of more concern, the provision and training of the men to man them. Yet this too is being answered with a spirit typical of America. Men have rushed in steady streams to the aviation camps, enlisting in this, the latest holder of the title to premier service in the army. While serving in the Aviation Section, officers and men, in recognition of their preferred service, are awarded an increase in compensation based on their rating for efficiency and the work they are required to perform. The increases are: Aviation Officers 25 per cent Junior Military Aviators 50 per cent Military Aviators 75 per cent Enlisted Men 50 per cent So great is the variety of airplanes and so rapid is their devel- opment under the stress of war demands that no attempt can be made here to describe them. The principal type is the fighting plane, of extreme swiftness, constructed to carry a machine gun of the Lewis type and a man to operate it, in addition to the aviators. Others are of the observation type, larger and slower, and at the same time less tricky in their operation, used for pur- poses of observing or photographing enemy lines, etc. The Zeppelin has remained a creature of the German Army. No attempt has been made by the Allies to copy it, for the simple reason that it has failed to justify its existence. Germany herself has shown a disposition to abandon it. The Zeppelin is too costly in material, time and labor for construction and when constructed, is too unwieldy and furnishes too large a mark for successful competition with the airplane. 45 AVIATION SECTION Organization and Branches The Signal Corps (see U. S. Army, Administration) has charge of all aviation, but officers and men may be detailed from any branch of the service. The aviation section is divided as follows: (I) Flying Corps The unit of the Flying Corps is the Aero Squadron, commanded by a Major, 5 captains and 12 lieutenants and one medical of- ficer, making a total of 19 commissioned officers. All aviators are commissioned officers, either captains or lieutenants, having passed through the ground school and flying school to the point where they have qualified under the test of reserve military avia- tors. Enlisted men do not fly, being mechanicians, etc., classified as follows: 4 Master Signal Electricians. 1 Sergeant Major. 1 First Sergeant. 2 Clerks (first class sergeants). 1 Truck Master (first class sergeant). 16 Mechanicians (first class sergeants). 1 Assistant Truck Master (sergeant). 1 Mess Sergeant. 1 Supply Sergeant. 1 Mechanic (sergeant). 1 Photographer (sergeant). 1 Chauffeur (sergeant). 11 Mechinicians (sergeants). 33 Corporals. 6 Cooks. 39 First class Privates. 30 Privates. 4 Medical Department. Total enlisted, 154. Total for the Squadron, 173 men. (2) Non-Flying Corps The ground department, composed of executive ground officers, supply officers, disbursing officers, adjutants of squads, command- ing officers of squads, engineering officers, etc. No enlisted men In this corps. (3) Balloon Division For observation of enemy lines, etc., from free or captive bal- loons. Observers have qualified for observation by passing testa and are commissioned officers. This division has charge of radio- telegraphy. Actual observation work is done only by commissioned officers. Enlisted men are called upon for inflation of balloons, mechanical work, etc. (4) Aerial Observers All commissioned officers. Their work is spotting artillery fire, map making, general reconnaissance, photography, etc., for which they ascend as passengers with the aviators. AVIATION SECTION Personnel The strength of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps of the Army was given by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker in a statement to the Senate committee investigating military affairs, February, 1918, as follows: Aprj | | 9(7 Jan> (> | 9 | 8 Officers 65 3,9(10 Men 1,120 82,120 Total 1,185 86,020 THE LIBERTY MOTOR With the new Liberty Motor, American airplanes will he equipped with motors probably better than any 'other now being built. The Liberty Motor lias more power for its weight than any other engine ever devised. No engine ever before created has given 400 horsepower with only 875 pounds weight, as does this product of American genius. The motors are now being turned out and airplanes are being equipped with them every day. Construction is wholly standardized and American factories wi'.l be able to produce at least twice as many per week, it is esti- mated, as they could of any foreign kind of engine. In the Vacuum Chamber of the Bureau of Standards at Wash- ington, where conditions are produced of temperature and air pressure which would be encountered 35,000 feet in the air (two miles higher than any aviator ever has flown) the high pressure Liberty Motor has been run for 50 hours continuously. This is longer than any possible flight, since no airplane could carry the required gasoline. The new motor will develop more than 400 horsepower at 1,625 revolutions per minute. It has twelve cylinders, with two spark plugs to each cylinder. THE RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION By proclamation of the President. December 26, 1917, the railroads of the I'nited States passed under government control for the period of the war at noon. December 28, 1917. Control of the railroads is now under the following administration: Director General of Railroads, William G. McAdoo Assistant to the Director General, Walker D. Hines General Counsel, John Barton Payne Director of Division of Transportation, Carl R. Gray Director of Division of Traffic, Edward Chambers Director of Division of Finance and Pun bases, John Skelton Williams Director of Division of Labor, W. S. Carter Director of Division of Public Service and Accounting, Charles A. Prouty Manager Locomotive Section. Division of Transportation, Frank McManamy Regional Directors In charge of operation Eastern railroads, A. IT. Smith, New York. N. Y. In charge of operation Southern railroads, C. H. Markham, Atlanta, Ga. In charge of operation Western railroads, R. IT. Aishton, Chi- cago. 111. Railroad Wage Commission Franklin K. Lane, Charles C. McChord, J. Harry Covington, William R. Willcox THE RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION— (Continued) No American industry has sprung into the tremendously increased activities necessitated by the War with more unhesitating vigor or more spectacular results than has the industry upon which all others must depend — the American Railways. Caught in the flood of wartime traffic with equipment which had grown inadequately through years of adversity and called upon to meet the demands of a traffic the tremendous proportions of which no one could have dreamed of two or three years ago, they took steps at once to meet the test by marshalling their 260,000 miles voluntarily under unified control, subordinating everything to the needs of the Government in preparing for and carrying on the War. Atop this unprecedented jump in traffic came the need of transporting thousands upon thousands of men to the camps and points of embarkation. Between August 1 and December 1, 1917, the railroads of this country safely transported approximately 1,- 500.000 soldiers to training camps and ports of embarkation. Five hundred thousand of these men made journeys necessitating over- night travel and were moved in tourist or standard sleeping cars. On one of the long hauls 8,000 men were moved from a train- ing camp on the western coast to a point on the eastern coast — a distance of 3,700 miles — in a little less than a week. The men traveled in sixteen sections, each comprising 12 tourist cars and 2 baggage cars. To assure the safety of the men in travel the railroads have adopted an average speed of 25 miles per hour for all troop trains except when freight cars, needed for the transportation of equipment, are included in the trains. The speed then is reduced to 20 miles per hour. The railways took every step possible to safeguard the lives entrusted to them by the Government and to complete the troops movement without delay, without interfering with the abnormal amount of commercial traffic the war has produced, without interruption of the regular passenger train service. This was exceptionally difficult because practically all of the troop move- ment. Regulars, National Guard and National Army, required spe- cial train service. National Guard and National Army alone called for 13,500 passenger cars, including 1,500 standard and tourist sleepers, 2,000 baggage cars and 4,500 freight cars. Some slight conception of what this problem meant may be deduced from the fact that in the National Army movement alone the railroads had to prepare special train schedules covering 4,531 towns and cities designated by the Provost Martial General as the points of local concentration from which the recruits to the new army moved to their cantonments. For the construction of the 16 cantonments 64,000 carloads of materials had to be moved, while for the 16 concentration camps 40,000 carloads more were required. Approximately 2.500 carloads of food and other necessities are being delivered daily by the railroads at cantonments and camps where the new army is being trained for service abroad. The task is a difficult one, involving as it does the supplying of all the necessities of life for 16 non-productive cities with a population of 40,000 each and 56 smaller cities ranging in population from 300 to 3,000. Altogether more than a million men gathered at the various centers must have their daily necessities brought to them by the railways. FOOD— WHY WE MUST SAVE IT TO WIN THE WAR By the United States Food Administration "The men of the Allied Nations are fighting; they are not on the farms. The production of food by these countries has there- fore been greatly reduced. Even before the war it was much less than the amount consumed. The difference came from America and a few other countries. Now this difference is greater than ever and, at the same time, but little food can ba brought in from the outside except from America. "Therefore, our Allies depend on America for food as they have never depended before, and they ask us for it with a right which they have never had before. For today they are our companions in the great war for democracy and liberty. They are doing the fighting, the suffering, and dying — in our war. "WHY WE MUST SEND MORE WHEAT— England, France, Italy and Belgium taken together, import in peace time 40 per cent of their breadstuffs. But now, with their reduction in harvest, they must import 60 per cent. We must increase our normal export surplus of 88. 000,000 bushels to 220,000,000 bushels. It can be done but in one way.: by economizing and substituting. The people of the Allies cannot substitute corn alone for bread as we can. . . . The whole problem can be met if we will substitute one pound of corn or other cereal flour for one pound of wheat flour weekly per person; that is, if we reduce our consumption of wheat flour from five pounds a week to four pounds a week. "WHY WE MUST SEND MORE MEAT— The food animals of the Allies have decreased by 33,000,000 head since the war began; thus the source of their meat production is decreasing. At the same time, the needs of their soldiers and war workers have increased the necessary meat consumption. If we will save one ounce of meat per person per day we can send our Allies what they need. "WHY WE MUST SEND BUTTER AND MILK— The decreas- ing herds and the lack of fodder mean a steady falling off in the dairy products of our Allies. They have been asking for larger and larger exports from us. Last year we sent them three times as much butter and almost ten times as much condensed milk as we used to send them before the war. We must not only keep up to this level, but do still better. "WHY, WE MUST SEND SUGAR— Before the war France. Italy and Belgium produced as much sugar as they used, while England drew most of its supplies from what are now enemy countries. France and Italy are producing less than they need, while England is cut off from the source of seventy per cent of her usual imports. These three Allied countries must now draw 1,500,000 tons more of sugar than they did before the war from the sources from which we draw our supplies. We must divide with them. We can do it by economizing. The usual American consumption per person is just double that of France. "LET US REMEMBER— that every flag that flies opposite the German one is by proxy the American flag, and that the armies fighting in our defense under these flags cannot be maintained through this winter unless there is food enough for them and for their women .and children at home." FOOD REGULATIONS Effective Jan. 28. 1918, the United States Food Administration announced new and more drastic regulations for conservation of wheat, meat, fat, sugar and milk, as follows: 1. Have two wheatless days (Monday and Wednesday) In every week, and one wheatless meal in every day. On these days use no crackers, pastry, macaroni, breakfast food or other cereal food containing wheat; use no wheat flour in any form except the small amount needed for thickening gravies or as binder for corn or other cereal breads. Bake no wheat bread; buy only war bread. We must use 1 3 less wheat than last year. 2. Have one meatless day (Tuesday) in every week and one meatless meal in every day. Have two porkless days (Tuesday and Saturday) in every week. "Meatless" means without cattle, sheep or hog products. On other days use mut- ton and lamb in preference to beef or pork. (Porkless Saturdays and meatless meals temporarily suspended Mar. 3, 1918.) Use fish, poultry, eggs. We eat and waste nearly twice the meat we need. 3. Make every day a fat-saving day. Save butter, lard, lard substitutes, etc. Fry less. Bake, broil, boil and stew foods instead. Save meat drippings. Use butter only on table. Use vegetable oils for cooking. As a nation, we use and waste two and a half times the fat we need. 4. Make every day a sugar-saving day. Use less sugar, less sweet drinks and less candy. We use twice the sugar we need. 5. Use fruits, vegetables and potatoes abundantly. Baise all you can at home. 6. Use milk wisely. Use all, waste none. Children must have whole milk. (Use sour or skimmed for cooking and cheese. 7. Hoarding food. Anyone buying or holding more food now than in peace times is aiding the enemy, unless it is food canned, dried or preserved at home. Beport to the nearest food administrator the name and address of anyone discouraging the production and saving of food. As their part in reducing the consumption of wheat flour, the consumers of the country are called upon, in purchasing such flour, to buy at the same time an equal weight of the other cereals (corn meal, corn starch, corn flour, hominy, corn grits, barley flour, rice, rice flour, oatmeal, rolled oats, buck- wheat flour, potato flour, sweet potato flour, soya bean flour and feterita flours and meals). The housewife may use these separately in linking breads, cake or pastry, or mix them. Consumers will be able to obtain mixed cereal bread from bakers, who are required under the license regulations, begin- ning February 24, to substitute a minimum of 20 per cent of such cereals with their wheat flour. Consumers are urged to buy this bread, to he known as Victory Bread. Graham and whole wheat bread also will be given this name, as they use 25 per cent more of the wheat grain than does white bread, and save wheat flour. Observations of the food regulations, Mr. Hoover estimates, will save 15,000,000 bushels of wheat monthly for shipment to our allies. This will enable our allies to subsist, though their ration will be short. Americans saved 312.000.000 pounds of wheat, 180,000.000 pounds of meat, 24,000,000 pounds of sugar and 8,000,000 pounds of fats, a total of 390.000 tons, during the first six weeks of meatless and wheatless days, according to figures compiled by the Federal Food Administration. 50 MERCHANT FLEETS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR In the year 1915-1916, the latest for which figures are avail- able, the merchant shipping owned by the nations at war were as shown in the following table. Since that time, of course. Germany has lost a vast number of her ships through seizure by the United States and other nations as they declared war; the Allies have lost a large number through submarine sinkings, aa shown on following page, and some have been lest from natural causes. Tremendous speeding up of shipbuilding in Great Britain and the United States especially, however, has added and will add immense tonnages to the Allies' shipping supplies. Steamers and Sailing The Allies Vessels, 100 Tons Total and Up Tonnage Great Britain and Dominions 11,353 21,274,068 United States (inc. lakes) 3,249 5,892,639 France 1,539 2,285,728 Italy 1,177 1,736,545 Japan 1,155 1,826,068 Russia 1,256 1,054,762 Belgium 164 276,427 Brazil 443 317,414 China 81 98,079 Cuba 48 37,882 Greece 510 908,725 Portugal 206 122,726 Roumania 34 54,603 Total, Allies 21,215 35.885.666 The Enemy Germany 2,166 4,706,027 Austria-Hungary 433 1,018,210 Turkey 212 133,162 Total, the Enemy 2.811 5.857.399 Tonnage Loss and Ship Construction Reliable figures published Jan. 3, 1918, gave the following in- dication of the results of the submarine campaign against British shipping: Tons Total tonnage British sea-going ships over 1,600 tons in August, 1914 16,841,519 Loss by enemy action and otherwise, less new con- struction, purchases and captures 2,750,000 Remaining January 1, 1918 14,091,519 Daniel Hurley, chairman of the Shipping Board, stated be- fore the Senate Commerce Committee in January, 1918, that satisfactory progress was being made in ship construction. There were under construction 1,427 ships, 8,573,108 tons. Wooden ships for which contracts had been placed represent 379 bot- toms. There are 58 ships of composite construction also. Of 110 shipyards receiving contracts, 75 have been created since January 1, 1917. 51 SUBMARINE RECORD of British merchantmen by mine or submarine German proclamation of unrestricted torpedoing have follows for the first 52 weeks: Over Under Ending 1.600 1,600 Week— 1917 tons tons First March 3 14 9 Second March 10 13 4 Third March 17 16 8 Fourth March 24 19 7 Fifth March 31 18 13 Sixth April 7 17 2 Seventh April 14 19 9 Eighth April 21 40 15 Ninth April 28 38 13 Tenth May 5 24 22 Eleventh May 12 18 5 Twelfth May 19 18 9 Thirteenth May 26 18 1 Fourteenth June 2 15 3 Fifteenth .Tune 9 22 10 Sixteenth .Tune 16 27 5 Seventeenth June 23 21 7 Eighteenth June 30 15 5 Nineteenth July 7 14 3 Twentieth July 14 14 4 Twenty-first July 21 21 3 Twenty-second July 28 18 3 Twenty-third August 4 21 2 Twenty-fourth August 11 14 2 Twenty-fifth August 18 15 3 Twenty-sixth August 25 18 5 Twenty-seventh September 1 20 3 Twenty-eighth September 8 12 6 Twenty-ninth September 15 8 20 Thirtieth September 22 13 2 Thirty-first September 29 11 2 Thirty-second October 6 14 2 Thirty-third October 13 12 6 Thirty-fourth October 20 17 8 Thirty-fifth October 27 14 4 Thirty-sixth November 3 8 4 Thirty-seventh November 10 1 5 Thirty-eighth November 17 10 7 Thirty-ninth November 24 14 7 Fortieth December 1 16 1 Forty-first December 8 14 7 Forty-second December 15 14 3 Forty-third December 22 11 1 Forty-fourth December 29 18 3 1918 Forty-fifth January 5 18 3 Forty-sixth Fanuary 12 6 2 Forty-seventh January 19 6 2 Forty-eighth January 26 9 6 Forty-ninth February 2 10 5 Fiftieth February 9 13 6 Fifty-first February 16 12 3 Fifty-second February 23 14 4 Total, fifty-second week 822 294 Grand total, 1,316. 52 since the been aa Smaller craft 3 3 21 10 6 6 21 9 8 16 3 3 2 5 6 11 7 8 1 3 2 4 1 2 6 3 1 1 4 1 200 GREATEST BATTLES OF THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Name 18th Century Date Men Engaged Blenheim 1704 116,000 Ramilies 1706 122,000 Oudenard 1708 170,000 Malplaquet 1709 200,000 Dettingen 1743 97.000 Fontenoy 1745 90.000 Prague 1757 124,000 Kollin 1757 87,000 Leuthen 1757 111,000 Breslau 1757 110,000 Zorndorf 1758 84,700 Hoehkirch 1758 132,000 Zullchau 1759 113,000 Torgau 1760 106,000 Castiglione 1796 90,000 19th Century Hohenlinden 1800 106.000 Austerlitz 1805 148,000 Eylau 1807 133,500 Heilsburg 1807 169.000 Friedland 1807 142,000 Eckmeihl 1809 145.000 Aspern 1809 170,000 Wagram 1809 370.000 Talavera 1809 109,000 Borodino 1812 263,000 Baptzen 1813 300.000 Vittoria 1813 143.000 Leipsic 1813 440,000 Le Rothiere 1814 120,000 Laon 1814 112,000 Ligny 1815 159,000 Waterloo ....1815 170.000 Magenta 1859 108,000 Solferino 1859 295,000 Civil War Shiloh 1862 98.000 Seven Pines 1862 90.000 Gaines Mills 1862 90.000 Malvern Hill 1862 150.000 Second Manassas 1S62 127,000 Antietam 1862 128,000 Fredericksburg 1862 190.000 Chiekamauga 1863 128,000 Chancellorsville 1863 192.000 Gettysburg 1863 163,000 Chattanooga 1863 99,000 Stone River 1863 80,712 Spottyslvania 1864 150,000 Cold Harbor 1864 168,000 Wilderness 1864 179,000 Koenigratz 1866 417,000 Worth 1870 135,000 Vionville 1870 168,000 Gravelotte 1870 320,000 Plevna 1877 115,000 53 NEW WEAPONS AND METHODS OF THE WORLD WAR Many weapons of the World War are of a wonder and strange- ness dreamed of a few years ago by only the imagination of a Jules Verne. Others are a return to the warfare and implements of ancient times. Some of the products and methods of this greatest of all conflicts, new achievements of science or borrowings from ancient and mediaeval times or savagery, weapons of offense and weapons of defense in reply to them are: Nation Which In- vented or Introduced Airplane United States Submarine United States Tanks Great Britain Zeppelin Germany Anti- Aircraft Guns Great Britain and France Giant Land Guns Germany High Powered Explosives General Trenches and Dugouts General Anti- Submarine Steel Nets Allies Anti- Submarine Depth Bombs Allies Hand Grenades Germany Steel Darts France Anti- Zeppelin Inflammatory Shells Allies Barbed Wire Entanglements General Poison Gas Germany Anti-Gas Masks Allies Tear Shells Germany Goggles Allies Star Shells Germany Flesh-Burning Gas Shells Germany Smoke Screens on Land and Sea Allies Liquid Fire Germany Bacteria Germany Poisoned Wells and Candy Germany Destruction of Land Fertility Germany Terrorism and Frightfulness Germany Slavery Germany Propaganda Sewing Treachery Among Opponents Germany World-Wide Spies and Plotting Germany Starvation Germany WHY UNITED STATES CANNOT MAKE PEACE WITH THE PRUSSIAN MILITARISTS (Extracts from writings of leaders of Prussian thought.) The supreme aim shall be: Greater Germany, whose task shall be the well-being of Germans." "The purpose must be to crush the [individuality of the] con- quered people and its political and lingual existence." "It [the conquering nation] must spread out over foreign soil, and must displace strangers with the power of the sword." "Keep the subject race in as uncivilized condition as possible, and thus prevent them from becoming a danger to the handful of their conquerors." „ "By right of war the right of strange races to migrate into Germanic settlements will be taken away. By right of war the non-German [population] in America and great Australia must be settled in Africa. * * * By right of war we can send back the useless South American Romance peoples and the half-breeds to North Africa." 54 INCOME TAX Income taxes to be paid under the new war revenue bill, com- bined with those required by the old law, are shown below. Single men pay war taxes on incomes over $1,000 and married men on incomes above $2,000. Income exemptions under the old tax law are $3,000 for single men and $4,000 for married men. The first item of war taxes below — $20 — applies to single men with incomes of $2,000. The next item of $20 applies to married men with incomes of $3,000, and the following items apply only to incomes of married men. After passing the $4,000 income, single men pay $40 a year more on the same amounts. Following are the figures: Annual Income Old Tax $1,000 2,000 3,000 4.000 5,000 $20 6,000 40 7,000 60 8,000 80 9,000 100 10,000 120 11,000 140 12,000 160 13,000 180 14,000 200 15,000 220 16,000 240 17,000 260 18,000 280 19,000 300 20.000 320 25,000 470 30.000 620 35,000 770 40,000 920 45,000 1,120 50,000 1,320 55,000 1,520 60,000 1,720 65,000 1,970 70,000 2,220 75,000..: 2,470 War Tax Total Married Man $20 20 $20 40 40 60 80 90 130 120 180 155 235 195 295 235 355 285 425 335 495 390 570 450 650 510 730 580 820 650 910 720 1,000 790 1,090 860 1,180 1,310 1,780 1.760 2,380 2,210 2,980 2,660 3,580 3,260 4,380 3,860 5.180 4,460 5,980 5,060 6.780 5,860 7,830 6,660 8,880 7,460 9,930 55 INCOME TAX (Cont'd) Total Annual Married Income Old Tax War Tax Man 80,000 2.720 8,260 10,980 85,000 3,020 9,260 12,280 90,000 3,320 10,260 13,580 95,000 3,620 11,260 14,880 100,000 3.920 12,260 16.180 110,000 4,620 14,660 19,280 125,000 5,670 18,260 23,930 135,000 6,370 20,660 27.030 150,000 7,420 24,260 31,680 175.000 9,420 31,010 40.430 200,000 11,420 37,760 49.180 225,000 13.670 45,760 59,430 250,000 15,920 53,760 69,680 275,000 18,420 62,760 81,180 300,000 20,920 71,760 92,680 350,000 26,420 91,260 117,680 400,000 31,920 110,760 142,680 450,000 37,420 130,260 167,680 500,000 42,920 149,760 192.680 550,000 48,920 170,760 219,680 600,000 54,920 191,760 246.680 650,000 60,920 212,760 273,680 700,000 66,920 233,760 300,680 750,000 72,920 254,760 327,680 800,000 78,920 278,260 357,180 850,000 84.920 301,760 386,680 900,000 90.920 325,260 416,180 950.000 96.920 348,760 445,680 1,000,000 102,920 372,260 475,180 1,250,000 135,420 502,260 637,680 1,500.000 167,920 632,260 800,180 1,750,000 202.920 762,260 965,180 2,000.000 237,920 892,260 1,130, ISO 2,250,000 275,420 1,022,260 1,297,680 2,500.000 312.920 1,152.260 1.465,180 3,000,000 3S7.920 1,412,260 1,800.180 2,750,000 350,420 1,282,260 1,632,680 56 PRONUNCIATIONS Belgium Aerschot= Air-shot' Alost = Ah'-lawst Andenne = Ahn-den' Antwerp = Ahnt-werp Arlon=Ahr'-long Beaumont = Bo-mong' Binche=Ban'-jhe Blankenberghe=Blan-ken-behr' yeh Bouvigne=Boo-veen'-ye Braine l'Alleud = Brain-luh- leuh' Braine le Conte = Brain -luh- Cont' Bruges =Breezh Brussels = Brus ' - elz Charleroi = Shar-lah-rwah' Chimay = Shin-may' Cortemarck = Kort-mark Courtrai= Koor-tray' Diest = Deest Dinant=Dee-nahng' Dyle=Deel Dixmude = Dee-meehd Eghezee=Egg-a-zay' Enghien = Ahn-yang' Furnes=Feern Gembloux = Ghon-bloo' Genappe=Zheh-napp' Gheel=Gail Grammont = Gram -mong ' Haelen=Hah-len' Hal = Hahl Hamme = Hahm Hasselt=Hah-selt' Herenthals=Heir'-en-tals Heyst=Hiest Huy=Wee Jodoigne= Zho-dwan' -ye Jongres = Zhong'-r Knocke=K'noc-keh La Belle Alliance=Lah-BelT- Ah-lee-anz' Laeken=Lah'-ken La Roche = Lah Rosh Liege =Lee-ayzh' Lierre = Lee-air' Ligny=Leen-yee' Limburh=Lam-bour' Lipramont = Leep'-rah-mong Lokeren=Lo'-ker-yen Lombartzeyde=Lom-bart-zide Louvain = Loo- ven ' Malines=Mah-leen' Manage = Mah-nahzh' Marienbourg=Mah-ree'-om-boor Middelkkerke=Middle-kerk Mons=Mongs Mont St. Jean = Mong Sang Zhong Namur = Nah-muhr' Neerwinden=Nair'-vin-den Neuf chateau = Nuf-shah-to' Nieuport = New -port Nivelles = Nee - vel' Nonove=No-nov' Ostend = Os-tend' Ottignes = Ot-teen'-ye Oudenard = Ood-n-ard Pervyse = Pair- veez Ramillies=Rah-mee-yay' Ramscapelle = Rahms- ken-pel' - leh Renaix=Reh-nay' Roulers=Roo-lay' Sambre= Sahm-br Seraing = Seh-rang' Soignies=Swahn-yee' St. Trond = Sang Trong' Tamise=Tah-meez' Termonde = Tair-mond Tcrveuren = Ter-voo' -ren Thielt=Teelt Thourout=Too-roo' Thuin = Twang Tirlemont = Teer-leh-mong' Tongres = Tong-r Tournay = Toor-nay' Verviers = Vair-vee-ay' Vilvorde=Veel-vort' Virton = Veer-tong' Vise=Vee-zay' Waremme = Wah-rem' Wavre=Wahv-r Ypres=Eep-r Yser = Ee-say' Zeebrugge = Zay' brug-geh France Aire = Air Aisne^Ain Amiens=Ah-mee-ang' Ardennes = Ahr-den' Ardres=Ahrd-r Argonne=Ahr-gon' Arieuxe = Ahr-yuh' Armentierres=Ahr-mahn-tee- air' Arras = Arrah' Audruico=0-dree'-ko Bailleul=Ba-yeul' Barleduc = Bar'-leh-duke' Bavai=Bahv'-ai Beaufort=Bo-for' Beauvais=Bo-vay' Belfort = Bel-for' Bergues = Bairg Berlaimont=Bair-leh-mong' PRONUNCIATIONS (Cont'd) Berry au Bae=Bair-ree'-o-bak Besancon = Beh-zahng-song' Bet hune = Bay- toon' Blamont=Blah-mong' Bordeau = Bor-do' Boulogne = Boo-lone' -ye Bourbourg — Boor-boor' Br urges ^Boorzh B» est = Brest Rreteuil = Bre-toy' Calais=Kah-lay' Cambrai= Kong -bray' Chalons sur Marne = Shah-long' seer-Marn' Chambley = Shahm-blay' Chantilly = Shang-tee-yee' Chaumont= Sho-mong' Cherbourg = Sher-boor' Compiegne=Kong-pee-enn' Conde=Kong-day' (i( < y = Kray-see Denain = Deh-neh' Dieppe = Dee-epp' Douai = Doo-ay' Dunkerque=Daihn-keerk Epernay= Ay-pair-nay' Epinal Ay pee-nal' Etain=Ay'-tang Etappes=Ay'-tapp Fontaine = Fong- ten' Fumay=Fee-may' Givet=Zhee-vay' Gravelincs = Grahv-leen' IIavre = Av'-r Hazebrouck— Ahz-bruk' La Bassee = Lah-Bah-say' Laon = Lohng Lens=Lahng Liancourt=Lee-ong'-coor Lille=Leel Long\vy = Long-vee' Luneville=Leen-veel' Lys=Lees Malplaquet = Mahl-plah-kay' Marne=Marn Marseilles= Mar-say'-yeh Maubert=Mo-bair' Maubeuge=Mo-berzh Meaux=Mo Meurthe et Moselle=Murt-ay- Mo-sel' Meuse— Merz Mezieres=May-shee-air' Montdidier = Mong-tee-'-dyay Montfaucon=Mong-fo-kong / Montmedy = Mong-meh-dee' Montreuil=Mong-troy' Nancy =Nahn- see' Nanteuil = Nong- toy ' Neuilly=Noy-yee' Nord=Nor Novelles=No-vel' Noyon = Nwah-yong' Oise=Wahz Orleans = Or-lay-ong' Oye = Waah Pas de Calais = Pah-d'-Kah-lay' Peronne^Pair-run' Reims=Renh Roubaix=Roo-bay' Rouen=Roo-ong' Sedan = Seh-dong' Senlis=Song'-lee Soissons= Swah-song' Somme=Sum St. Armand = San-Tar-mong' St. Die=Sang-Dee-ay' St. Mihiel=Sang-Meal St. Omer=San-to-mair' St. Pol = Sang-pohl St. Quentin = Sang-kong-tang' st. Remy=Sang-Ruh-me' Toulon = Too-long' Valenciennes = Val-long-s'yenn' Varennes = Vah-ren' Verdun =Vair- dung' Vervins=Ver-vang' Vitry = Vee-tree' Vosges = Vohzh Woevre = Wuh ' - vr Zaydcoote=Zaid'-koht Italy Agordo=Ah'-gor-do Alleghe=Ah-leg'-gay Anipezzo^Ahm-pet'-so Anzignano=Ahn-seen-yah ' -no Arsiero=Ahr-syair'-o A sin go= Ah -see- ah '-go Asolo=Ah'-so-lo Auronzo=Ow-rahn'-so Aviano=Ah-vee-ah'-no I (a ssano= Bah-sah' -no Belluno=Bel-loo'-no Bergamo=Bair'-ga-mo Bologna = Bo-lohn'-ya Borca=Bor'-ca Brenta = Bren ' -ta Brescia =Bray'-sha Butrio=Boo'-tree-o Cainp(iformido=Kahm-po-for'- mee-do Camposampiero=Kahm-po-sahm- pyair'-o Caprino=Kah-pree'-no Casarsa=Kah-zar'-sah 58 PRONUNCIATIONS (Cont'd) L'astelfranco— Kah-stel'-frahn'- ko Cavallino = Kah-vah-lee'-no Chioggia = Kee-od'-ja Chiusa = Kee-oo'-sa Cittadella = Chit-ta-del'-lah Cividale = Chee-vee-dah'-lay Codroipo=Koh-droh-ee'-po Conegliano=Koh-nay-lee-ah'-no Como=Koh'-mo Cremona = Kray-moh'-nah Dolce=Dohl'-chay Falcade = Fahl-kah'-day Feltre=Fel'-tray Faedis = Fah'- ay-dees Garda = Gahr'-dah Gemona = .Tay-moh'-nah Gonars = Goh-nars' Gorizia (Aust. Goritz)=Go-rit' sya Istria=Ees'-tree-ah Lago di Garda=Lah'-go dee Gahr'-dah Laguna = Lah-goo'-nah Latisana = Lah-tee-sah'-nah Lisciaza = Lish-yah'-za Longarone = Lon ' -ga-roh' -nay Lozzo = Loht'-so Maniago = Mah-nee-ah'-go Mantova = Mahn-toh'-vah Marano = Mah-rah'-noh Marostica=Mah-rohs'-tee-ka Mestre= Mess ' -tray Milano (Milan) =Mce-lah'-noh Mirano=Mee-rah'-noh Moggia di Sotto=Mod'-ja dee Soht'-to Mogliano = Mohl-yah'-noh Montebelluna = Mohn'-tay-bel- loo'-nah Montebel1o=Mohn' -tay-bel' -loh Motta=Moht'-tah Muina=Moo-ee' -nah Oderzo=Oh-dair'-so Ospitale=Ohss-pee-tah'-lay Padova = Pah'-doh- villi Palmanova = Pahl-mah-noh'-vah Paluzza = Pah-loot 'sa Pavia = Pah-vee'-ah Peschiera=Pess-kee-ay'-rah Piacenza=Pee-ah-chen'-sa riave=Pee-ah'-vay Pieve di Cadore = Pee-ay'-vay dee Kah'-doh-ray Piove = Pee-oh'-vay Pojana = Poh-ee-yah' nah Pontebba = Pohn-teb'-bah Ponte di Piave=Pohn'-tay dee Pee-ah'-vay Ponton = Pohn-tohn' Pordenone=Pohr-day-noh'-nay Porto di Chioggia=Pohr'-to dee Kee-od'-ja Porto di Ma]amocoo = Pohr'-to dee Mah-lah-mohk'-ko Portogruaro = Pohr'-to-groo-ah'-ro Pradamano= Prah-dah-mah ' -noh Regglo Emilia=Red'-jo-ay- meel'-ya Rigolato=Ree-go-lah'-toh Rocca = Roh'-ka Roma (Rome)=Roh'-mah Roveredo = Roh- vay- ray ' -doh Rovigo=Roh-vee'-goh Saeile = Sah-chee'-lay Salena=Sah-lay'-nah Santa Giustina = Sahn'-ta-jus- tee'-nah San Lorenzo = Sahn Lo-ren'-soh San Pietro=Sahn-pee-ay'-troh Santo Daniele=Sahn'-to Dahn- yay'-lay Sappada=Sah-pah'-dah Serravalle=Sair'-ah-vah'-lay Sile=See'-lay Soii <^ INTERVAL NUMvERfALS U.S. ARMY FLAGS INFANTRY DIVISION HEADQUARTERS FIELD ARMY HEADQUARTERS field hospital Headquarters \K CAVAlRY division headquarters INFANTRY BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS DIVISION ABOVE BRIGADE BELOW % ARTILLERY BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS CAVALRY BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS DIVISION ABOVE BRIGADE BELOW QUARTERMASTER CORPS AND SUPPLY TRAIN HOSPITAL TRAIN REGIMENTAL HOSPITAL, DRESSING STATION. ETC. A AMMUNITION TRAINS AND DISTRIBUTION POINTS CAVALRY GUIDON REGIMENT ABOVE TROOP BELOW ARTILLERY GUIDON REGIMENT ABOVE BATTERY BELOW RED BLUE BELLOW i... 1 SIGNAL CORPS GUIDON CORPS ABOVE BATTALION BELOW AMBULANCE COMPANY GUIDON U.S.ARMY INFANTRY COMPANY MARKING FLAGS D COMPANY K. FIELD TELEGRAPH OR TELEPHONE COMPANY L FIELD POST OFFICE IIHI \f U COMPANY A. COMPANY E J COMPANY C. X ■ "COMPANY D cor APM \IYE COMPANY F X □ ■" COMPANY 6 COMPANY H . COMPANY 1. COMPANY M WHITE BLU E RED BLACK 84 U.S. ARMY INSIGNIA EPAULETTES. GENERAL OFFICERS DISMOUNTED SHOULDER STRAPS WORN ON DRESS COAT BY ALL OFFICERS For Legend see Page 95 85 U.S. ARMY INSIGNIA CHEVRONS OF NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS LEGEND 1. Regimental Sergeant Major. 2. Regimental Supply Sergeant 3. Band Leader. 4. Battalion Sergeant Major. 5. Color Sergeant. 6. Assistant Band Leader. 7. First Sergeant. 8. Drum Major. 9. Company Supply Sergeant. 10. Company Mess Sergeant. 11. Master Electrician. 12. Post Ordnance Sergeant. 13. Sergeant First Class, Corps. 14. Sir-eant First Class, Medical Dept. 15. Signal Electrician, Signal Corps. 16. Sergeant Quartermaster Corps. 17. Electrician Sergeant. 18. Klcctrician Sergeant First Class, Coast Artillery Corps. 19. Sergeant Ordnance Dept. 20. Sergeant, Signal Corps. 21. Bugler Sergeant. Signal 22. Stable Sergeant. 23. Sergeant. 24. Corporal. U.S. ARMY DEVICES FOR BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE CAVALRY INFANTRY FIELD ARTILLERY COAST ARTLLERY BANDSMAN BUGLER IKS) t ELECTRICIAN CHAPLAIN DENTAL CORPS JUDGE ADVOCATE'S SIGNAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT U.S. NAVAL INSIGNIA V Jn lU J EPAULETTES 4 S INSIGNIA j ^i 6 7 8 9 DEPARTMENT DEVICES 5 6 For Legend see Page 95 U.S. NAVAL DEVICES 8 CHEVRONS FOR PETTY OFFICERS ^ ^§^ DEVICE UNDER EAGLE SIGNIFIES BRANCH AS ON PAGE 90 For Legend see Page 95 89 NAVAL DEVICtS - SPECIALTY MARKS 6 9 10 11 °fO 1 12 24 25 For Legend see Page 96 BRITISH ARMY INSIGNIA INSIGNIA WORN ON SHOULDER STRAPS 12 3 4 INSIGNIA WORN ON SLEEVE <& 5 CHEVRONS OF NON COMMISSIONED OFFICERS A ^ ^ 6 7 S 9 10 DEVICES FOR BRANCHES OF SERVICE FRENCH ARMY INSIGNIA INSIGNIA OF RANK i a i — i i — i 1 i 1 3 1=1 r — i 4 CHEVRONS OF NON-COMMISS iiiiiini ONED OFFICERS ^ 12 3 4 5 COLLAR PATCHES FOR BRANCHES OF SERVICE 1 V 0£> Si n 2 3 4 ARM DEVICES ^7 1 2 3 For Legend see Page 96 FLAGS OF THE ALLIES FLAGS OF NATIONS BROKEN WITH GERMANY pz COSTA RICA ECUADOR 1 u URUGUAY LEADING NEUTRALS 1 1 I- DENMARK NETHERLANDS * SWITZERLAND GREEN BLACK £1 LIGHT BLUE ARGENTI NE THE ENEMY BZL ll AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BULGARIA : , — I TURKEY LEGEND— PAGE 85 U. S. Army Insignia: Epaulette, General Officers Dismounted: Gold with Insignia of Rank in Silver: 1. Lieutenant-General. 3. Brigadier-General. 2. Major- General. Insignia of other officers: Insignia of Rank in Silver. Lieutenant-Colonel. Service shoulder strap, (Khaki) to bear appro- priate insignia. Major (Gold Leaf). Captain. White Shoulder Strap all officers, to bear appropri- ate insignia. 9. First Lieut. (Silver Bar). 9. Second Lieut. (Gold Bar). 10. Colonel. 11. Full dress shoulder knot, all officers, gold, to bear appropriate insignia. Shoulder Straps worn on dress coat by all officers; color of field depends on branch of service (page 36); insignia, silver: 1. General. 2. Lieutenant-General. 3. Major-General. 4. Brigadier-General. 5. Colonel. 6. Lieutenant-Colonel ver Leaf). (Sll- 6. Major (Gold Leaf). 7. Captain. 8. First Lieutenant. 9. Second Lieutenant. (Gold Bar). 10. Chaplain. LEGEND— PAGE 88 U. S. NavaJ Insignia: Epaulettes and Insignia worn by all commissioned officers on pad of epaulette or collar of service coat; Insignia in silver: 1. Admiral of the Navy. 2. Admiral. 3. Vice-Admiral. 4. Rear Admiral. 5. Captain. 6. Commander (Silver Leaf). 7. Lieut.-Comdr. (Gold Leaf). S. Lieutenant. It. Lieutenant Junior Grade. Ensign wears plain pad and collar. Department Devices worn on arm of epaulette and collar of service coat instead of anchor: 1. Medical Officer. 2. Pay Officer. 3. Professor of Mathematics. Civil Engineer. Dental Officer. LEGEND— PAGE 89 U. S. Naval Devices; worn on collar of service coat: 1. Chaplain. 0. Chief Saihnaker and Sail- 2. Chief Boatswain. makers. 3. Chief Gunner. 7. Chief Pharmacist and 4. Chief Machinist. Pharmacists. 5. Chief Carpenter. S. Paymaster's Clerks. 9. Mate. Chevrons for Petty Officers: 1. Chief Petty Officer. 2. Petty Officer, Second Class. 3. Petty Officer, First Class. 4. Petty Officer, Third Class. LEGEND— PAGE 90 Naval Devices— Specialty Marks; worn by a Fetty Officer under the Eagle on the chevron, by others on the sleeve: 1 Master at Arms. 15. Bandmaster, Musician. 2 Boatswain's Mate, Coxwain. 16. Commissary Steward. 3.' Quartermaster. 17. Ship Cook, Baker, Offl- 4. Blacksmith. Ship Fitter. eer's Cook, Officers 5. Sailworker's Mate. Steward. 6. Printer. 18. Bugler. 7 Carpenter's Mate, riurnb- 19. Seaman Gunner, er, Fitter. Painter. 20. Gun Pointer. 8 Turret Captain. 21. Radio Operator. 9. Gunner's Mate. 22. Navy "E," worn by men 10. Chief Yeoman. rated "Excellent In 11 Yeoman. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Class. some ship competition. 12. Electrician. 23. Torpedo Man. 13. Machinist's Mate, Boiler- 24. Gun Captain. maker, W a t c r Tender, 25. Ex. Apprentice. Coppersmith, Oiler. 26. First Class Gun Pointer 14. Hospital steward, Hospi- (when worn above regu- tal Apprentice. lar mark). LEGEND— PAGE 91 British Army Insignia: Insignia worn on Shoulder Straps: 1. General. 3. Major-General. 2. Lieutenant-General. 4. Brigadier-General. Insignia worn on Sleeve by all other Officers: 5. Colonel. $. Captain. 6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 9- First Lieutenant. 7. Major. 1°- Second Lieutenant. Chevrons of Non- Commissioned Officers: 1. staff Sergeant Major. 5. Color Sergeant. imental Quartermaster 6. Sergeant. Sergeant. 7. Corporal. 3. Quartermaster Sergeant. 8. Lance Corporal. 4. Company, Battery or 9. Good Conduct Badge. Troop Sergeant Major. 10. Signalman. Devices of branches of the Service: 1. Artillery. 3. Scout. 4. Flying Corps. 2. Machine-gun Corps. 5. Engineer. LEGEND— PAGE 92 French Army Insignia: Insignia of Rank worn on Arm just above Cuff: 1. General. 10. Trench Chevrons worn by 2. General of Division. both officers and men on 3. General of Brigade. arm above elbow; one 4. Colonel. chevron denotes year's 5. Lieutenant-Colonel. service at the front; each 6. Major. 8. Lieutenant. additional chevron six 7. Captain. 9. Sous Lieutenant, months' additional service. Chevrons of Non-Commissioned Officers: 1. Adjutant (black and gold 4. Corporal or Brigadier (col- braid), orcd cloth). 2. Sergeant Major (gold braid). 5. First Class Private (col- 3. Sergeant (gold braid). ored cloth). Color Patches for Branches of Service: 1. Cuirassiers and Dragoons 4. Aviation Corps. 2. Infantry. 3. Artillery. 5. Zouaves (wear khaki) Arm Devices: 1. Aviation Corps. 3. Bandsman. 2. Pioneer. 4. Trumpeter. 96 HMI